Maxay Soomaalidu ka tageen markay carareen?

Dadkii cararay 1991 laga bilaabo waxay ka tageen guryo, beero, kayd lacageed, waraaqo iyo qabuuro, qaar badanna markay soo laabteen waxay gurigooda ku arkeen dad aysan aqoon. 2014 qiyaastii 80% kiisaska Maxkamadda Sare ee Muqdisho waxay ku saabsanaayeen dhul, weli ma jiro sharci qaran oo hantida dib loogu celiyo (RVI iyo HIPS, Land Matters in Mogadishu, 2017; HIPS, 2023).

Boggan wuxuu sharxayaa waxa laga tagay, waxa ku dhacay, iyo waxa soo noqday. Cidna eed kuma magacaabayo. Wuxuu bixinayaa ereyada iyo tirooyinka il kasta.

Intee dhakhso ah ayay dadku ku qasbanaadeen inay baxaan?

Dagaalku wuxuu gaaray Muqdisho maalmihii ugu dambeeyay ee 1990, qoysaskuna waxay xirxirteen wixii ay qaadi karaan, wayna carareen (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 54). Sharciyadda dhulka (title deeds) inta badan waa laga tagay ama waddada ayay ku lumeen, sida ay isla daraasaddu sheegtay (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017). Milkiilayaasha qaar ayaa guryahooda u daayay qaraabo ama saaxiibbo si ay u ilaaliyaan (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017).

Daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in qaxii horraantii 1991 uu "saameeyay dhammaan beelaha", iyo in malaayiin Soomaali ah ay guryahooda ka tageen (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 42). Waxay sheegtay in Muqdisho ay ahayd meesha ugu dad badan ee laga qaxay, iyadoo saameynta ugu culus ay ku dhacday qoyska beelaha Daarood, Reer Xamar iyo kooxo kale oo laga tirada badan yahay (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017). Dadkii miyiga ka yimid ayaa kadib galay dhismayaashii dowladda iyo guryihii madhnaa, sida ay daraasaddu diiwaangelisay (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017).

Waddooyinka, xeryaha iyo mowjadaha qaxa, eeg Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?.

Maxaa ku dhacay guryihii dadku ka tageen?

Guryo badan waxaa qabsaday dad cusub, qaarkood kadib way iibiyeen (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 54). Marka milkiiluhu soo laabto, qofka halkaas deggan wuxuu inta badan ka doodaa sheegashada, waxaana daba yimaada hawl dheer oo qaali ah (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017). Daraasaddu waxay xustay in sharciga Soomaaliyeed uusan lahayn tusaale hore oo xuquuq siinaya dadka si sharci darro ah hanti u deggan, inkastoo deganayaashu ay inta badan sheegtaan (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 55).

Deganayaashu sababo kala duwan ayay keenaan, sida ay daraasaddu diiwaangelisay. Qaar waxay sheegaan inay halkaas ku noolaayeen 25 sano iyadoo aan cidi ka doodin (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017). Qaar kale waxay sheegaan in dayactirkooda uu ka qiimo badnaa guriga laftiisa (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017).

Milkiilayaasha qaar ayaa heshiisyo galay laga bilaabo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii. Iyagoo odayaal la jira, waxay deganayaasha siiyeen lacag "ilaalinta iyo dayactirka hantida" ah, si guriga loogu celiyo (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 52). Daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in arrintani u shaqaysay tiro yar oo keliya, qaar badan oo guryahoodii dib u helayna ay kadib iibiyeen (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017).

Immisa khilaaf hanti ah ayaa jira?

Qiyaastii 80% kiisaskii Maxkamadda Sare ee Muqdisho dhegeysatay 2014 waxay ku saabsanaayeen dhul (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017). Guddi Banaadir oo khilaafaadka dhulka qaabilsan ayaa saddexdii bilood ee ugu horreysay diiwaangeliyay qiyaastii 200 khilaaf oo cusub, kadibna wuu joojiyay qaadashada kiisaska si uu u dhammeeyo kuwii u yaallay (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 71). Aqoonyahan Kenneth Menkhaus ayaa 2017 u sheegay Reuters in ay jiraan "tobannaan kun" oo khilaaf dhul ah, qaarkood 1970-meeyadii ka soo bilaabmay (Reuters, Arab News, 12 Oktoobar 2017).

Daraasad IIED 2019 ayaa sheegtay afar sababood oo kordhiya qiimaha dhulka Muqdisho, kaas oo ay sheegtay inuu laga yaabo inuu toban laab kordhay tan iyo 2012 (IIED, 2019):

• lahaansho iyo xeerar aan caddayn;
• dhulka dadweynaha oo shakhsiyaad qabsadeen;
• qoysaska barakacayaasha ah oo imanaya;
• dadka soo laabtay, oo ay ku jiraan qurbajoog, oo hantidooda dib u sheeganaya.

Isla daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in xeerka dhaqanku uu u janjeero beelaha waaweyn, taasoo ku adkeysa beelaha laga tirada badan yahay iyo kooxaha kale inay xuquuqdooda sheegtaan (IIED, 2019).

Maxaa ku dhacay waraaqihii hantida?

1960-meeyadii ilaa 1991, Muqdisho waxay lahayd diiwaan dhul oo daboolaya ilaa 70% dhulka magaalada (IIED, 2019). Markii magaaladu dagaal gashay, shaqaalihii hore ee Waaxda Dhulka ayaa diiwaannada iyo khariidadaha la qaatay (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 59). Diiwaanka ugu weyn hadda waxaa haya Soomaali ku nool Iswiidhan, kaasoo lacag ku xaqiijiya sharciyadda, isagoo xafiis Muqdisho ku leh (IIED, 2019; RVI iyo HIPS, 2017).

Sharciyado been abuur ah ayaa badan. Qayb ka mid ah Suuqa Bakaaraha oo loo yaqaan Cabdalla Shideeye ayaa sameyn jirtay dukumentiyo been abuur ah, oo ay ku jiraan sharciyadda dhulka, ilaa maamulka gobolku mamnuucay 2016 (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 59). Maxkamadda Gobolka Banaadir waxay dhegeysatay kiisas dad dibadda jooga oo nuqullo hal sharciyad ah ka iibiyay dhowr iibsade (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017).

Dowladihii dambe lakab cusub ayay ku dareen. Sharciyado laga bixiyay degmada Hodan 2001, oo loo yaqaan "sharciyadda Carta", ayaa la isku khilaafay markii milkiile haystay sharciyad ka da' weyn soo laabtay (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 60). Odayaal ayaa xalliyay, iyadoo deganayaashu milkiilaha siiyeen lacag u dhow qiimihii asalka ahaa (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017).

Diiwaanno kale oo lumay?

Nidaamka diiwaangelinta madaniga ah ee Soomaaliya wuxuu "burburay 1991", taasoo keentay "burbur ballaaran oo diiwaannada ah", sida ay sheegtay hay'adda aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA, ID4Africa 2026). Maanta 3% oo keliya carruurta ka yar shan sano ayaa dhalashadooda la diiwaangeliyay, sida ay UNICEF sheegtay (UNICEF Somalia, 10 Agoosto 2025). Eeg Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA) iyo Shahaadada dhalashada.

Taariikhyahan Dr Safia Aidid (Saafiya Caydiid) waxay ka hadashaa "xumaanshaha, lumitaanka iyo dhaca kaydadka taariikhda iyo agabka dhaqanka Soomaaliya" (Geeska, 5 Agoosto 2025). Kaydiye Cabdimaalik Cali Warsame wuxuu burburka kaydka qaranka ugu yeeraa "bibliocaust" (gubidda buugaagta) (Geeska, 2025).

• Matxafka Qaranka: wuxuu xirnaa ku dhawaad 30 sano; inta badan alaabtii hore waa "la burburiyay ama la dhacay"; wuxuu dib u furmay Luulyo 2020 (UNSOM, 31 Oktoobar 2023). Wuxuu haystay qiyaastii 3,500 shay markii uu dhismo kale u guuray 1985 (UNSOM, 2023).
• Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed: dagaalka ayaa xiray; golaha wasiirradu wuxuu oggolaaday dib u furisteeda 26 Nofembar 2013, waxayna dib u furantay 16 Agoosto 2014 (Somali National University). Xaruntii ugu weyneyd waxaa saldhig ahaan u isticmaalayay AMISOM, waxaana dib loo celiyay 2017 (Africanews, 12 Luulyo 2017).

Maxaa ku dhacay kaydka iyo lacagta?

Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya lacag ma soo saarin tan iyo 1991, dalkuna wuxuu noqday "dhaqaale dhab ahaan doolar ku shaqeeya" (Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2024). Inta badan shilinka la isticmaalo waxaa la daabacay 1991 kadib, iyadoo aysan jirin hal cid soo saarta, sida uu 2026 sheegay Ururka Bangiyada Soomaaliyeed (Dawan Africa, 15 Abriil 2026).

Dowladdu iyaduna hanti ayay waysay. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay inuu weli leeyahay dhul iyo dhismayaal uusan dib u helin tan iyo 1991 (Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 2024). Isagoo kaashanaya Hindisaha Soo Celinta Hantida La Xaday (Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative) ee Bangiga Adduunka, wuxuu dib u helay US$6,984,451 oo ku jiray Intesa Sanpaolo tan iyo 1991 ka hor (Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 2024).

Bangiga dowladda. Bangiga Ganacsiga iyo Kaydka Soomaaliyeed (Commercial and Savings Bank of Somalia) waxaa la sameeyay 1975, iyadoo la isku daray Bangiga Ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed iyo Bangiga Kaydka iyo Deynta Soomaaliyeed, wuxuuna markaas ahaa bangiga ganacsi ee keliya ee dalka (Wikipedia: "Central Bank of Somalia"). Maxamed Dalmar (Mohamed Dalmar), oo hore u ahaa Agaasimaha Guud ee Bangiga Dhexe, wuxuu qoray in 1989 nidaamka bangiyadu "burburay ama uu qarka u saarnaa burbur", iyo in Bangiga Ganacsiga iyo Kaydka "lagu dhawaaqay inuu musalafay" (Dalmar, WardheerNews, 2 Janaayo 2015).

Dalmar wuxuu sheegay in bangigu bixiyay amaah aan dammaanad lahayn oo khiyaano ah oo qiyaastii ah 60 bilyan oo shilin, iyo in 1989 lacagta suuqa wareegaysa ay korortay 96 bilyan oo shilin, sicir-bararku gaaray 110%, shilinkuna lumiyay 278%, isagoo soo xiganaya tirakoobka IMF (Dalmar, 2015). Burburkii dowladda 1991 kadib, lacagta caddaanka ah iyo alaabta qiimaha leh ee Bangiga Dhexe iyo bangiyada kale ee dowladda waa la boobay, dhismayaashoodii waa la burburiyay, diiwaannadooduna waa baaba'een, sida uu qoray.

Lacag been abuur ah. 2017 madaxa IMF ee Soomaaliya ayaa sheegay in ilaa 98% warqadaha shilinka ee suuqa ku wareegaya ay ahaayeen been abuur, inta kalena ay ahaayeen warqado duugoobay oo la daabacay 1990-91 (Africanews, 9 Maarso 2017).

Ka warran beeraha dooxooyinka webiyada?

Sharciga Dhulka 1975 wuxuu dhulka oo dhan ka dhigay dhul dowladeed, wuxuuna waajibiyay diiwaangelin, taasoo ugu firfircoonayd dooxooyinka Shabeelle iyo Jubba (IGAD Land Governance Portal). Cilmi-yaqaanka bulshada Catherine Besteman waxay ogaatay in sharciyadda "si aan sinnayn loo siiyay dad cusub" halkii beeralayda deggan (HIPS, 2023, oo soo xigtay Besteman 1994). 1988, 0.6% oo keliya dhulka Soomaaliya ayaa diiwaangashanaa (HIPS, 2023, oo soo xigtay UN-Habitat 2008).

Golaha Qaxootiga Noorweey (NRC) wuxuu sheegay sheegashooyin is khilaafsan iyo dhul boob ka dhaca webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle, oo inta badan la xiriira dukumentiyo maqan (NRC, minority access to land). Kooxaha beeralayda ah ee laga tirada badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan Soomaali Bantu, waxay ka mid ahaayeen dadkii u guuray Muqdisho kadib macluushii 1991 ilaa 1992 (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 43).

Maxaa ku dhacay qabuuraha?

2024 mas'uuliyiintu waxay amreen in qabuuro laga qodo xabaalaha akadeemiyada booliska ee Xamar Jajab, si loogu dhiso xarun loo qorsheeyay oo ciidanka badda iyo ilaalada xeebaha ah, sida ay Geeska sheegtay (Geeska, 6 Nofembar 2025). Qoysasku waxay bixiyeen US$20 ilaa 25 si ay u helaan ogolaansho qodis, sida ay isla warbixintu sheegtay (Geeska, 2025). Heritage Institute waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay in "meydadka laga soo qoday xabaalaha" intii dhulka la iibinayay (HIPS, Sebtembar 2025).

Yaa hadda guryaha waaya?

Guri ka saaristu way sii socotaa, inta badan qoysaska barakacayaasha ah. Golaha Qaxootiga Noorweey wuxuu tiriyay in ka badan 2 milyan oo qof oo guryo looga saaray Soomaaliya oo dhan 2017 ilaa 2025, in ka badan 1 milyan oo ka mid ah Muqdisho (EUAA, Juun 2026). 2025, 143,548 guri ka saaris ayaa Muqdisho laga diiwaangeliyay, 63,132 ka mid ah hanti dowladeed (EUAA, Juun 2026).

Sahan NRC 2024, 89% qoysaska laga tirada badan yahay iyo kuwa la iska indho tiray ayaa la saaray ama khatar saarid ku jiray (EUAA, oo soo xigtay NRC). Luulyo 2025, 120 qoys ayaa laga saaray aagga xerada Danyar iyadoo aan la ogeysiin, sida ay u sheegeen Radio Ergo (Radio Ergo, 13 Oktoobar 2025).

Dhismayaasha dadweynaha ayaa la bannaynayaa oo la iibinayaa. Heritage Institute waxay sheegtay in hantida "la sheegay in la iibiyay" tan iyo 2024 ay ka mid yihiin xarunta Jaamacadda Ummadda, saldhigga Dab-damiska iyo xarunta Telefishinka Qaranka (HIPS, 2025). In ka badan 90 xildhibaan ayaa cambaareeyay hawshan, saddex madaxweyne oo hore ayaana sheegay in la iska indho tiray ilaalinta sharciga iyo maaliyadda, sida ay hay'addu diiwaangelisay (HIPS, 2025). Febraayo 2026, wasiirka waxbarashada ayaa dadka deggan ku amray inay ka baxaan dhulka jaamacadda si dib loogu dhiso xarunta (SONNA, 9 Febraayo 2026).

Xeerar maxay jiraan oo hantida dib loogu helo?

Heshiisyo nabadeed oo dhowr ah ayaa dhibaatada magacaabay. Axdigii Federaalka ee Ku-meelgaarka ahaa ee 2004 wuxuu dowladda faray inay hantida gaarka ah u celiso "milkiilayaasha xaqa u leh", iyo inay sameyso guddi soo celinta hantida (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 49). Daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in ballanqaadyadaas aan la fulin (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017).

• Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah 2012: Qodobka 43 wuxuu sheegayaa in dowladda federaalku dejin doonto siyaasad dhul qaran (IIED, 2019). Heritage Institute waxay sheegtay in aan la samayn siyaasad dhul qaran ama dib u habeyn dhul tan iyo 1991 (HIPS, 2023).
• Qaab-dhismeedka Banaadir 2013: qaab-dhismeed la saxiixay Sebtembar 2013 ayaa Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir door ku siiyay khilaafaadka dhulka iyo diiwaangelinta (RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 69).
• Siyaasadda qaranka 2019: 2019 dowladdu waxay qaadatay siyaasad ku saabsan dadka soo laabtay iyo barakacayaasha, tilmaamo guri ka saarid, iyo borotokool ku-meelgaar ah oo dhulka guryaha ku saabsan (IDLO, 17 Desembar 2019). EUAA waxay sheegtay in dhaqangelintoodu "weli adag tahay" (EUAA, 2026).
• Sharciyada dowlad goboleedyada: sharciga dhulka magaalooyinka ee Koonfur Galbeed ee 2022 wuxuu caddayn lahaansho u aqbalaa diiwaannada canshuurta, maadaama diiwaanno dhul badan ay lumeen (HIPS, 2023). Galmudug waxay meelmarisay sharci dhulka magaalooyinka Febraayo 2022, Puntland-na waxay leedahay maxkamad khilaafaadka dhulka (HIPS, 2023).

Sidee qoysaskii tagay ula xiriiraan dalka?

Sahan 2012 lagu sameeyay Puntland iyo Somaliland, 48% qoysaska waxay qaraabo ama saaxiibbo ku lahaayeen dibadda (FSNAU iyo FAO, Family Ties, 2013). Kuwa la xiriira dadka lacagta soo dira, 96% waxay isticmaali jireen telefoonka (FSNAU, 2013). Sagaashan boqolkiiba waxay sheegeen inay dareemaan waajib ah inay qaraabadooda caawiyaan, iyagoo xusaya diinta, xiriirka qoyska iyo sharafta qoyska (FSNAU, 2013).

Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro iyo nolosha dibadda, eeg Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?.

Bogag la xiriira

• Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?
• Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?
• Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah
• Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga
• Muqdisho · Shabeellaha Hoose · Jubbada Dhexe
• Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA) · Shahaadada dhalashada

Ilaha

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