Constitution of Puntland
The Constitution of Puntland: the 1998 Garowe charter, the 2001 and 2012 texts, what the 2012 constitution contains, the 2023 amendments and the dispute around them.
Sharciga iyo dowladda
Law and government
Constitutions and laws, courts and justice, elections and how leaders are chosen, political parties and movements, and IDs, passports and civil registration, as each source records them.
Constitutions and laws
Somali citizenship law: who is a Somali citizen
Somali citizenship law: Law No. 28 of 1962, citizenship by birth through the father, by grant, by marriage, losing it, dual citizenship, the 2012 constitution and the 2016 reform bill.
Somaliland citizenship law (Law No. 22/2002)
Somaliland's Citizenship Law of 2002: citizenship by birth, proof through a registered akil, grants to foreigners after 10 years, marriage, children, loss and re-acquisition, and the 1960 ordinance it builds on.
Laws of Somaliland: list of numbered laws since 1993
A list of Somaliland's numbered laws, 1993 to 2021, by subject: constitution and government, elections and parties, courts and crime, money and tax, business, the sea, and social laws, with links to each text.
Data Protection Act 2023 (Law No. 005)
Somalia's Data Protection Act of 2023: who it covers, the rights it gives, rules on consent, children, breaches and transfers abroad, registration, penalties and the Data Protection Authority.
Sexual offences laws in Somaliland and Somalia
The history of rape and sexual offences laws in Somaliland (Law No. 78/2018 and Bill No. 78/2020) and in federal Somalia (the 2018 Sexual Offences Bill, the 2020 draft and the bill passed by the House of the People in October 2026).
Cybersecurity and cybercrime laws, Somalia
Somalia's Cybersecurity Law and Cybercrime Bill: what each covers, the bodies they create, and each step through Cabinet, the House of the People and the Upper House from 2025 to 2026.
Somalia and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
Somalia and the Convention on the Rights of the Child: ratification in 2015, reservations, the first UN review in 2022, and what the Committee found and recommended.
National Payment System law, Somalia
Somalia's National Payment System law: the payment platform the Central Bank has run since 2021, what the 2025 bill does, its votes in both houses of Parliament, and the system's yearly figures.
Courts and justice
Courts and judiciary of Somaliland
How Somaliland's courts work: the five levels of courts, the Supreme Court and its three roles, the Judicial Commission, the mix of Sharia, statute and xeer, and the history since British rule.
Somalia v. Kenya: the sea border case at the International Court of Justice
The ICJ case Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya), 2014 to 2021: the claims, the timeline, the ruling, the votes, the map and Kenya's response.
Samantar v. Yousuf: the US torture case against a former Somali Prime Minister
The US case Samantar v. Yousuf, 2004 to 2014: who sued, the 2010 Supreme Court ruling on official immunity, the 2012 default, the US$21 million award and the appeals.
Juvenile Justice Law, Somalia
Somalia's Juvenile Justice Law (also called the Youth Justice Bill): what it sets up, its passage through both houses of Parliament in 2025, the 1970 law it updates, and the UN child rights recommendations behind it.
Elections and selection processes
Somaliland's election laws, 2001 to 2020
The laws behind Somaliland's elections: the 2001 presidential and local law and its six amendment schedules, the 2005 parliamentary law, the 2007 voter registration law, and the consolidated Law No. 19/2020.
Somaliland National Electoral Commission
Somaliland's National Electoral Commission: what it does, how its seven members are chosen, each commission since 2002 with House of Representatives votes, and the list of chairpersons.
Political parties and movements
Political parties laws of Somalia, 2016 and 2024
Somalia's federal laws on political parties: the 2016 Political Parties Law, the 2024 law passed with the new election laws, the debate over limits on the number of parties, and party registration for the 2027 elections.
Waddani (Somaliland National Party)
Waddani, the Somaliland National Party: founding in 2012, leaders, every election result from 2012 to 2024, and its place among the three national parties.
Kulmiye (Peace, Unity and Development Party)
Kulmiye, Somaliland's Peace, Unity and Development Party: its founding in 2002, chairs, two presidents, and every election result from 2002 to 2024.
UCID (Justice and Welfare Party)
UCID, Somaliland's Justice and Welfare Party (2001 to 2024): founder Faysal Ali Warabe, its social-democratic programme, every election result, and how it lost party status.
Kaah (Kaah Alliance for Equality and Development)
Kaah, Somaliland's newest national party: founding in 2022, its leader Mohamoud Hashi Abdi, the 2024 party contest, its alliance with Waddani and its positions since.
Justice and Solidarity Party (JSP)
Somalia's Justice and Solidarity Party: its launch in May 2025, leaders, membership figures, results in the 2025 and 2026 votes, and the criticism it has faced.
Tayo Political Party
Tayo, Farmaajo's party: its founding in 2012, its years in power from 2017 to 2022, its leaders, presidential results and its place in the opposition.
Union for Peace and Development (UPD) and the Peace and Development Party (PDP)
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud's first two parties: the Peace and Development Party (2011) and the Union for Peace and Development (2018), their leaders, links and results.
Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF)
The WSLF, 1976 to 1989: its roots in the 1963 rising, founding, leaders, brigades, role in the 1977–78 Ogaden War, the 1980s counter-insurgency, and the birth of the ONLF.
IDs, passports and civil registration
Somaliland passport
The Somaliland passport: history since 1996, the 2014 biometric version, who can get one, the fee, types, where it is accepted, and why many holders also carry a Somali passport.
Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) law, Somalia
The federal Civil Registration and Vital Statistics law of Somalia: what it covers, each step through Cabinet and both houses of Parliament from 2023 to 2025, and how it relates to the national ID system.
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