Qurbajoogta dalka ku soo laabtay: waa kuwee, maxayse dhiseen?

Ma jiro tiro rasmi ah oo qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed ee dalka ku soo laabtay si ay u noolaadaan ama u shaqeeyaan. Xogta baaxadda soo laabashadu "way maqan tahay", sida ay Heritage Institute sheegtay (HIPS, 2014). Waxa la tiriyay: barnaamijka MIDA ee IOM wuxuu 20 sano gudahood soo celiyay in ka badan 400 xirfadle Soomaaliyeed oo ka yimid 17 dal (UN News, 15 Agoosto 2025).

Boggan wuxuu ku saabsan yahay Soomaalidii dibadda ku noolayd, oo inta badan muwaadiniin dalal kale ah, kuna soo laabtay doorasho. Dadka dib loogu celiyo iyagoo aan raalli ka ahayn waxay ku jiraan Yaa dib loogu celiyaa Soomaaliya, immisase?. Qaxootiga xeryaha ka soo laabanaya waxaa lagu tiriyay Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?.

Immisa qurbajoog Soomaaliyeed ah ayaa dalka ku soo laabtay?

Ma jirto dowlad ama hay'ad Qaramada Midoobay oo daabacda wadar. Heritage Institute for Policy Studies (HIPS) waxay daraasaddeeda Muqdisho, Garoowe iyo Hargeysa ku ogaatay in soo laabashadu "dhif tahay inay joogto noqoto, balse inta badan ay tahay tag iyo imaad" (HIPS, 2014). Daraasaddaas waxay ku salaysnayd 29 wareysi oo dad soo laabtay ah iyo saddex kooxood oo dadkii joogay ah (isla ishaas).

Waxa daraasaduhu cabbiraan:

• Hargeysa: sahan 2010 lagu sameeyay 40 maalgeliye oo gaar ah oo Somaliland jooga, 53% waxay sheegeen inay dibadda ka soo laabteen (Hammond, 2015). Hay'adaha samafalka ee deegaanka, 33% waxay lahaayeen shaqaale qurbajoog ah (isla ishaas).
• Minneapolis ilaa Muqdisho: daraasad University of Minnesota oo ku salaysan 80 wareysi oo dad soo laabtay ah ayaa ogaatay in inta badan Soomaalida Twin Cities ay joogeen wax ka yar hal sano (University of Minnesota, EurekAlert, 4 Maarso 2015).

Hansen wuxuu qaabkan ugu magac daray "dadka soo laabta ee wareegaya" (revolving returnees) daraasaddiisii 2007 ee Somaliland (Hansen, University of Copenhagen, 2007). Hammond waxay ugu yeertaa "qurbajoogta waqtiga dhiman" (part-time diaspora) (Hammond, 2015).

Goormay soo laabteen?

Soo laabashadu waxay timid mowjado, waxayna ka bilaabatay waqooyiga.

• Dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii, Hargeysa iyo Burco: soo laabashada Yurub iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa bilowday inay korodho, marka hore booqasho gaaban oo hantida lagu eegayo (Hammond, 2015). Xaafad Hargeysa ka mid ah ayaa loo bixiyay "Half London" (Nus London) dadka Ingiriiska ka soo laabtay awgood (isla ishaas).
• 2011 laga bilaabo, Muqdisho: qurbajoog ayaa u soo laabtay inay furaan isbitaallo, iskuullo, hoteello iyo makhaayado, markii Al-Shabaab dib loo riixay (VOA, 29 Abriil 2015). Dowladdu waxay 2012 ku dhawaaqday in Muqdisho "u furan tahay ganacsiga" (The National, 4 Sebtembar 2014).
• 2012 kadib: soo laabashadu waxay noqotay "mid sii muuqata", sida ay HIPS sheegtay 2014 (HIPS, 2014). 2015, duulimaadyada maalinlaha ah ee Turkish Airlines ee Muqdisho waxay ahaayeen calaamad muujinaysa korodhka soo laabashada (PRIO, 18 Juun 2015).

Jinsiyadda reer galbeedka ayaa suurtagelisay soo laabashada, sida ay HIPS ogaatay, maxaa yeelay waxay oggolaataa tag iyo imaad iyo in laga daad gureeyo xilli dhibaato (HIPS, 2014). Soo laabashadu waxay inta badan suurtagal u ahayd dadka haysta lacag iyo xiriir shaqo oo Soomaaliya ku yaal (isla ishaas).

Barnaamijyadee ayaa dhakhaatiir, macallimiin iyo shaqaale dowladeed dalka soo celiyay?

Barnaamijyada intooda badan waxay khubarada qurbajoogta ah u bixiyaan mushahar si ay muddo gaaban uga shaqeeyaan hay'adaha dowladda, si ay u tababaraan shaqaalaha deegaanka.

• QUESTS-MIDA (IOM iyo UNDP): wuxuu khubaro qurbajoog ah geeyay hay'adaha dowladda; 126 ayaa la geeyay ilaa Febraayo 2013 (IOM, ReliefWeb, 22 Febraayo 2013). Shaqooyinku waxay socdeen dhowr bilood ilaa 18 bilood (Hammond, 2015). Taageerayaasha waxaa ka mid ahaa Mareykanka, Jabbaan, Holland, Finland iyo Iswiidhan (HIPS, 2014).
• MIDA FINNSOM (IOM, oo Finland maalgelisay): wejigii koowaad, Luulyo 2008 ilaa Desembar 2009, wuxuu sameeyay 22 hawlood oo caafimaad oo Puntland iyo Somaliland ah (IOM, 7 Luulyo 2011). Ilaa Jannaayo 2019, 159 khabiir Soomaaliyeed oo Finland ka yimid ayaa Soomaaliya ka shaqeeyay, qiyaastii 4,000 shaqaale deegaan ah ayaana la tababaray (Finnish Somali League, 24 Jannaayo 2019).
• MIDA FINNSOM Caafimaadka iyo Waxbarashada, wejiga 3 (2023 ilaa 2025): wuxuu qorsheeyay 40 khabiir oo qurbajoog ah iyo tababar ugu yaraan 40 xirfadle deegaan ah iyo 40 qalinjabiye (EU Global Diaspora Facility).
• Connecting Diaspora for Development (CD4D), IOM Holland: 87 hawlood oo Soomaaliya ah tan iyo 2016, wasaaradaha, Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed iyo Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir (CD4D).
• Dhammaan shaqada MIDA ee Soomaaliya: in ka badan 400 Soomaali ah oo ka yimid 17 dal, 20 sano gudahood, iskuullada, isbitaallada iyo wasaaradaha (UN News, 15 Agoosto 2025). IOM waxay sidoo kale liis garaysaa mashaariic MIDA oo lagu maalgeliyay Talyaaniga, JICA, Sida iyo Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika (IOM Somalia).

2015, Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu qoray in hababka xirfadaha qurbajoogta looga faa'iideysto dowladda ay "weli daciif yihiin", isagoo inta badan xusay QUESTS-MIDA (World Bank, Project Appraisal Document 97861-SO, 2015).

Maxay shaqadu ka gaartay isbitaallada?

Natiijooyinka isbitaallada ee barnaamijka Finland waxaa magaalo magaalo loo sheegay 2019 (Finnish Somali League, 24 Jannaayo 2019):

• Hargeysa: dhimashada ilmaha dhashay ee Isbitaalka Guud ee Hargeysa waxay ka dhacday 24% ilaa 5%. Waxaa la furay qaybaha kelyaha (dialysis), xaaladaha daran iyo ilkaha.
• Garoowe: qayb ilmaha dhashay oo laga furay Isbitaalka Guud ee Garoowe ayaa dhimashada bishii ka dhimay 70 ilaa 3 dabayaaqadii 2016.
• Muqdisho: bukaannada Isbitaalka Yardimel waxay ka kordheen 800 ilaa 4,000, 2017 ilaa 2018.

Ganacsiyo iyo hay'ado maxay dhiseen dadkii soo laabtay?

Somaliland, dadka soo laabtay ayaa leh inta badan hoteellada iyo makhaayadaha waaweyn, sida ay daraasad 2015 ogaatay (Hammond, 2015). Waxay saami weyn ku leeyihiin shirkadaha xawaaladaha iyo telefoonnada, mid ka mid ahna wuxuu furay laan Coca-Cola (isla ishaas).

Tusaalooyin la diiwaangeliyay, hay'ad hay'ad:

• Makhaayadaha The Village, Muqdisho: waxaa furay cunto kariye ka soo laabtay London; 2015 silsiladdu waxay Muqdisho ka shaqaysiisay in ka badan 100 qof (VOA, 29 Abriil 2015).
• First Somali Bank, Muqdisho: wuxuu furmay Maajo 2012, qiyaastii US$2 milyan, waxaana furay ganacsade ka soo laabtay 24 sano oo Mareykanka ah (How We Made It In Africa, 18 Juun 2012). Faahfaahinta bangiyada waxay ku jirtaa Bangiyada (Ingiriisi).
• Bandhigga Buugaagta Caalamiga ah ee Hargeysa: sannad walba tan iyo 2008, waxaa qabanqaabiya dad dibadda jooga, iyadoo ay ka qayb galaan tobannaan mutadawacin qurbajoog ah (Hammond, 2015).
• Isbitaalka Jaamacadda Edna Aadan, Hargeysa: waxaa furtay 1998 umulisadii ugu horreysay ee Somaliland la tababaray; wuxuu martigeliyaa shaqaale caafimaad oo qurbajoog ah oo mutadawacin iyo tababarte ah (isla ishaas).
• Iftiin Foundation, Muqdisho: waxaa aasaasay 2012 dad soo laabtay, si ay dhallinyarada hoggaamin u baraan oo ganacsatada cusub ugu xiriiriyaan maalgeliyeyaal (The National, 4 Sebtembar 2014).

Ganacsiyo yaryar oo Muqdisho ah waxaa ka mid ahaa shirkadaha tagsiyada, jimicsiga, dillaallada guryaha, ubaxa iyo dhar-dhaqidda (PRIO, 18 Juun 2015). Hase yeeshee, inta badan dadka soo laabtay waxay ka shaqeeyaan dowladda iyo hay'adaha aan faa'iido doonka ahayn, sida ay HIPS ogaatay (HIPS, 2014). Xeerarka maalgelinta guud waxay ku jiraan Maalgelinta Soomaaliya (Ingiriisi).

Immisa qof oo soo laabtay ayaa dowladda ka shaqeeya?

• Baarlamaanka federaalka: 105 ka mid ah 275 xildhibaan ee Baarlamaanka 10aad ayaa haystay jinsiyad labaad, waxayna ka yaraadeen 198-kii Baarlamaanka 9aad (Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative, 19 Jannaayo 2017). Kooxaha ugu badnaa waxay ahaayeen Ingiriis (29), Mareykan (22) iyo Kenyan (10), sida uu tiriyay kaydka xogta Wakiil (isla ishaas).
• Golaha Aqalka Sare: 20 ka mid ah 54 senator waa qurbajoog soo laabtay, sida ay sheegtay falanqayn 2026 ah (African Arguments, 11 Agoosto 2026).
• Ra'iisul wasaarayaasha: ra'iisul wasaare kasta oo jiray 2000 ilaa 2022 waxaa la sheegay inuu haystay jinsiyad labaad oo reer galbeed ah (isla ishaas).
• Somaliland: 2011, dadka Hargeysa waxay qiyaaseen in 20% ilaa 30% xildhibaannada ay ka yimaadeen qurbaha (Hammond, 2015). Kala bar golihii wasiirrada ee ugu horreeyay ee la sameeyay doorashadii 2010 kadib waxay ahaayeen dad soo laabtay (isla ishaas).

Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee federaalku waxay Oktoobar 2013 sameysay Waaxda Arrimaha Qurbajoogta (HIPS, 2014). Hay'adda Qurbajoogta Somaliland iyo Waaxda Qurbajoogta Puntland labaduba waxay ka bilaabmeen 2010 (isla ishaas). Waaxda federaalku hadda waxay bixisaa caawimo maalgelin iyo taageero muhaajiriinta soo laabtay (Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda).

Soomaaligu ma haysan karaa jinsiyad labaad?

Haa, sida uu dhigayo Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012. Qodobka 8(3) wuxuu leeyahay muwaadin Soomaaliyeed "lagama qaadi karo jinsiyadda Soomaaliyeed, xataa haddii uu noqdo muwaadin dal kale" (Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah, 2012).

Dastuurka la ansixiyay 4 Maarso 2026 wuxuu u diidayaa madaxweynaha, ra'iisul wasaaraha, guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka iyo guddoomiyaha maxkamadda sare inay haystaan jinsiyad kale (Anadolu Agency, 4 Maarso 2026). Xildhibaannada caadiga ah weli waxay haysan karaan laba (African Arguments, 11 Agoosto 2026). Luulyo 2026, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu wasiirrada ku amray inay iska dhiibaan baasaboorrada shisheeye ama is casilaan, sida ay isla falanqayntaasi sheegtay.

Somaliland, Sharciga Jinsiyadda Lr. 22 ee 2002 wuxuu u oggolaanayaa muwaadinka dhalasho ku ah inuu qaato jinsiyad kale isagoo aan waayin jinsiyadda Somaliland (Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative). Xeerarka baasaboorka waxay ku jiraan Baasaboorka Soomaaliya.

Sidee isula noolyihiin dadka soo laabtay iyo kuwii joogay?

Dadkii joogay inta badan way soo dhaweeyaan dadka soo laabtay, waxayna qiimeeyaan sannadihii lacagta loo soo dirayay, sida ay HIPS ogaatay (HIPS, 2014). Waxay magacawday saddex sababood oo xiisad keena: dareen la moodo isla weyni, faa'iido dheeraad ah oo shaqada, iyo inay si gaar ah ugu noolaadaan meelo ammaan badan (isla ishaas).

• Shaqada iyo mushaharka: ardayda Hargeysa ayaa 2012 u sheegay cilmi-baare in dadka soo laabtay "shaqadeenna qaataan", kirada guryahana kordhiyaan (Hammond, 2015). Isla ardaydaas waxay sheegeen in dadka soo laabtay ay keenaan xirfado iyo maalgelin (isla ishaas).
• Qiimaha: soo laabashadu waxay kor u qaadday qiimaha iyo mushaharka, ganacsiyada qaarna waxay inta badan u adeegaan macaamiil qurbajoog ah (PRIO, 18 Juun 2015). Cunto US$10 ilaa US$15 ah ma awoodaan inta badan dadka deggan (The National, 4 Sebtembar 2014).
• Go'aanka: dadkii joogay waxay tag iyo imaadka u arkaan go'aan la'aan (HIPS, 2014). Dadka soo laabtay, dhankooda, waxay sheegeen in dadka deegaanku aysan qiimayn dadaalkooda (World Bank, 2015).

Dadka soo laabtay inta badan waxaa loogu yeeraa "dadka deegaanka" dhowr bilood gudahood, sida ay HIPS xustay (HIPS, 2014). Dhallinyarada qurbajoogta ah ee waalidkood dib ugu soo diraan si ay dhaqanka u bartaan waxaa la yiraahdaa dhaqan ceelis (Hammond, 2015).

Khatarahee ayay la kulmaan dadka soo laabtay?

Al-Shabaab waxay hanjabaad gaar ah u dirtay qurbajoogta soo laabtay, sida ay HIPS sheegtay 2014 (HIPS, 2014). Ganacsiyada qurbajoogta, sida makhaayadda Village, ayaa si ula kac ah loo bartilmaameedsaday (PRIO, 18 Juun 2015).

• Muqdisho, Sebtembar 2012: qarax ka dhacay makhaayadda Village ayaa dilay 15 qof, oo ay ku jiraan saddex suxufi; qurbajoog badan oo soo laabtay ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii dhintay iyo kuwii dhaawacmay (Al Jazeera, 21 Sebtembar 2012).
• Kismaayo, 12 Luulyo 2019: weerar Al-Shabaab ku qaaday Hotel Asasey ayaa dilay 26 qof, oo ay ku jiraan suxufiyad Soomaali-Kanadiyaan ah iyo laba Mareykan ah (PBS NewsHour/AP, 13 Luulyo 2019).

Khataraha kale waa ilaalin sharci oo daciif ah, amaah bangi oo yar iyo caymis ku dhawaad aan jirin (PRIO, 18 Juun 2015). Khubaro badan oo barnaamijyada ka mid ahaa ayaa tagay shaqadooda kadib, maxaa yeelay ma awoodin inay qoysaskooda soo celiyaan (Hammond, 2015).

Maxaa kale oo la soo sheegay?

• Shaqo-gelinta IOM: bogga mashaariicda IOM Soomaaliya wuxuu sheegaa in 186 la-taliye oo qurbajoog ah la geeyay 31 hay'adood oo Soomaaliyeed, mid kasta 3 ilaa 18 bilood; boggu taariikh ma leh (IOM Somalia, projects). Warbixin IOM oo 2016 ah ayaa sheegtay 415 khabiir oo qurbajoog ah oo ka shaqeeyay in ka badan 80 hay'adood oo dowladeed oo ku yaal Puntland, Somaliland iyo koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya (Hiiraan Online, Oktoobar 2016). Labada tiro waxay u muuqdaan inay cabbirayaan laba shay oo kala duwan.
• Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Qurbajoogta: warqad xog ah oo ay soo saartay EU Global Diaspora Facility (EUDiF) ayaa sheegtay in Soomaaliya ay ansixisay Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Qurbajoogta 2023 (EUDiF, Somalia factsheet, 2024). Wakaaladda Wararka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SONNA) ayaa markii dambe sheegtay in wasaaradda arrimaha dibaddu weli dhammaystiraysay la-tashiyada, ka hor inta aan siyaasadda loo gudbin Golaha Wasiirrada (SONNA). Labada warbixin way is khilaafsan yihiin.

Bogag la xiriira

• Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?
• Yaa dib loogu celiyaa Soomaaliya, immisase?
• Maxay Soomaalidu ka tageen markay carareen?
• Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro oo tirooyin ah (Ingiriisi)
• Maalgelinta Soomaaliya (Ingiriisi)
• Bangiyada (Ingiriisi)
• Baasaboorka Soomaaliya

Ilaha

1. Heritage Institute for Policy Studies. "Diaspora Return to Somalia: Perceptions and Implications." Policy Brief 07, June 2014. heritageinstitute.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
2. Laura Hammond. "Diaspora returnees to Somaliland: heroes of development or job-stealing scoundrels?" In Africa's Return Migrants, Zed Books, 2015. ceris.be. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
3. Peter Hansen. "Revolving Returnees: Meanings and Practices of Transnational Return among Somalilanders." PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen, 2007. research.diis.dk. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
4. UN News. "A two-way street: Reversing brain drain in Somalia." 15 August 2025. news.un.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
5. IOM via ReliefWeb. "IOM Somalia QUESTS-MIDA Expert presents Guidelines on 'New Deal Process' for aid effectiveness." 22 February 2013. reliefweb.int. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
6. IOM. "Somali diaspora in Finland helps revitalize northern Somalia's health sector." 7 July 2011. iom.int. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
7. Finnish Somali League. "Finland and IOM are celebrating their co-operation in health care in Somalia." 24 January 2019. somaliliitto.fi. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
8. EU Global Diaspora Facility. "MIDA FINNSOM Health and Education Project, Phase 3." diasporafordevelopment.eu. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
9. Connecting Diaspora for Development (IOM Netherlands). "Somalia." connectingdiaspora.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
10. IOM Somalia. "MIDA projects." somalia.iom.int. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
11. World Bank. "Project Appraisal Document: Somalia Capacity Injection Project." Report No. 97861-SO, 2015. cip.gov.so. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
12. University of Minnesota via EurekAlert. "U of M researchers call for US government to expand role in helping rebuild Somalia." 4 March 2015. eurekalert.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
13. Cindy Horst. "Back in Business? Diaspora Return to Somalia." PRIO, 18 June 2015. prio.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
14. Samira Shackle. "Back to the future: the challenges facing Somalia's returning diaspora." The National, 4 September 2014. thenationalnews.com. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
15. VOA. "Somali Hotel Chain Owner Strives to Make a Difference." 29 April 2015. voanews.com. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
16. How We Made It In Africa. "Opening a bank in Somalia not a crazy idea, says businessman." 18 June 2012. howwemadeitinafrica.com. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
17. Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative (from Radio Dalsan and Wakiil). "Somalia: Number of MPs with dual citizenship falls from 198 to 105." 19 January 2017. citizenshiprightsafrica.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
18. Ismail Abukar. "Somalia: A Government With One Foot Out the Door." African Arguments, 11 August 2026. africanarguments.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
19. Federal Republic of Somalia. "Provisional Constitution," adopted 1 August 2012. Via University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. hrlibrary.law.umn.edu. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
20. Anadolu Agency. "Somali parliament approves new constitution." 4 March 2026. aa.com.tr. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
21. Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative. "Somaliland Citizenship Law No 22 of 2002." citizenshiprightsafrica.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
22. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Somalia. "Department of Diaspora Affairs: overview." web.mfa.gov.so. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
23. Al Jazeera. "Blast cripples Somalia's lively spot." 21 September 2012. aljazeera.com. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
24. PBS NewsHour / Associated Press. "Somali forces end extremist siege of Kismayo hotel; 26 dead." 13 July 2019. pbs.org. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
25. IOM Soomaaliya. Bogga mashaariicda. https://somalia.iom.int/projects. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
26. Hiiraan Online. "IOM reaches out to Somali diaspora through outreach program". Oktoobar 2016. https://hiiraan.com/news4/2016/Oct/118359/iom_reaches_out_to_somali_diaspora_through_outreach_program.aspx. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
27. EU Global Diaspora Facility (EUDiF). Warqadda xogta ka-qaybgalka qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed. 2024. https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/CF_Somalia-v.1.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
28. Wakaaladda Wararka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SONNA). "State Minister for Foreign Affairs gives directions on finalizing the National Diaspora Policy consultation". https://sonna.so/en/state-minister-for-foreign-affairs-gives-directions-on-finalizing-the-national-diaspora-policy-consultation. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.