Xasuuqii Isaaq, 1987–1989: dilalkii waqooyiga, sida diiwaannadu u qoreen

Kooban

Maajo 1988 Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) ayaa weeraray Burco iyo Hargeysa. Ciidamada dowladdii Siyaad Barre waxay ku jawaabeen olole ka dhan ah shacabka Isaaq ee waqooyi-galbeed, oo ahaa saldhigga taageerada SNM (Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study).

Daraasad 1989 uu Robert Gersony u sameeyay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka ayaa sheegtay in ciidanku geysteen "weerar baahsan, nidaamsan oo aad u xun oo lagu qaaday shacabka rayidka ah ee Isaaq ee aan hubaysnayn" (Gersony, Why Somalis Flee, Agoosto 1989, b. 60). Isla warbixintu waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay dilal ay SNM geysatay. Wixii ku saabsan beesha Isaaq lafteeda, eeg Isaaq.

Ka hor Maajo 1988

SNM waxay 1982 ilaa xilligaas waqooyiga ku soo duulaysay iyadoo ka soo shaqaynaysa saldhigyo Itoobiya ku yaal (eeg dhaqdhaqaaqyadii hubaysnaa, 1978–1991). Waraysiyada Gersony waxay diiwaangeliyeen tiro yar oo dilal rayid ah oo ciidanku geystay 1982 ilaa 1987: 18 ka mid ah 629-ka dil ee uu tiriyay (bb. 32–33).

1986 ilaa 1988 taliska ciidanka ee waqooyi-galbeed waxaa hoggaaminayay Jeneraal Maxamed Siciid Xirsi "Moorgan". Warbixin qarsoodi ah oo xilligaas ah, oo Somaliland loogu yeero "Warqaddii Dhimashada", ayaa soo jeedisay tallaabooyin adag oo ka dhan ah Isaaq ("Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan", Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa qoraallo cilmiyeed).

Abriil 1988 Siyaad Barre iyo hoggaamiyihii Itoobiya waxay ku heshiiyeen in mid kastaa joojiyo taageerada uu siinayay mucaaradka kan kale. SNM-na kadib waxay dagaalyahannadeeda u soo gudbisay gudaha Soomaaliya (Library of Congress).

Hargeysa iyo Burco, Maajo–Agoosto 1988

SNM waxay Burco weerartay 27 Maajo 1988, Hargeysa-na dhowr maalmood kadib. Library of Congress waxay jawaabtii ciidanka ku qortay "duqayn culus oo hawada ah, oo ay fuliyeen duuliyeyaal kiro ah oo ajnabi ah, taas oo dhaawacday ama burburisay ku dhawaad dhisme kasta oo Hargeysa ku yaal" (Library of Congress).

Gersony wuxuu ogaaday in labada magaaloba askartu "mararka qaarkood ay dhaceen oo dileen shacab aan hubaysnayn" meelo ka fog goobta dagaalka. Markii shacabku u carareen Itoobiya, "waxaa weeraray ciidamada dhulka iyo cirka ee Soomaaliya, taas oo u badan inay dhimasho u keentay boqolaal" (b. 61).

Wuxuu kaloo ogaaday in SNM ay dagaalyahannadeeda, "oo ku labisan dharka ciidanka iyo dhar rayid", ku kala firdhisay xaafadaha cufan ee Isaaq ee Hargeysa. Dhimashada rayidka "ee qayb ahaan ka dhalatay arrintan waxay gaari kartaa kumanaan" (b. 64).

Berbera

Berbera SNM ma weerarin. Haddana qaxootigu waxay Gersony u sheegeen in laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii Maajo ilaa ugu yaraan Sebtembar 1988, askartu "si nidaamsan u ururiyeen tiro badan oo rag Isaaq ah, iyadoo sababta keliya ay ahayd beeshooda" (b. 25).

Badbaadayaashu waxay sheegeen in maxaabiista habeenkii la saari jiray kooxo shan ilaa konton ah, inta badan mindi lagu dili jiray, meel u dhowna lagu aasi jiray. Mid ka mid ah meelaha lagu aasay wuxuu u jiray qiyaastii hal kiilomitir dhammaadka garoonka diyaaradaha. Gersony wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyay in "ugu yaraan shan boqol, oo laga yaabo in ka badan, oo rag Isaaq ah si nidaamsan loogu baabi'iyay Berbera sidan, sababtoo ah keliya inay Isaaq ahaayeen" (bb. 25–26).

Waxa Gersony ogaaday

Kooxda Gersony waxay wareysteen in ka badan 250 qaxooti iyo barakac ah, 31 goobood oo Itoobiya, Soomaaliya iyo Kenya ah (bb. 1–2). Natiijooyinkiisa ugu muhiimsan ee ku saabsan ciidanka (bb. 60–61):

• Tuulooyinka iyo ceelasha. "Qaab nidaamsan oo weerarro ah oo lagu qaaday tuulooyinka rayidka Isaaq, meelaha biyaha iyo daaqa."
• Dilal. "Ururin, dil degdeg ah iyo xasuuq lagu laayay boqolaal, haddii aanay ka badnayn." Wuxuu qoray in "muuqaalka ah in dhibbanayaasha dilalkan loo doortay inta badan sababta aqoonsigooda qowmiyadeed uu yahay mid aan la qarin karin."
• Xabsiyada. Maxaabiistu waxay la kulmeen "garaacis daran, mindiyeyn, ceejin dheer", koronto iyo jirdil kale, mararka qaarkood ilaa dhimasho.
• Tirada. "Qiyaas taxaddar leh waxay muujinaysaa in ugu yaraan 5,000 oo rayid Isaaq ah oo aan hubaysnayn ay si ula kac ah u dileen Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Soomaaliya intii u dhaxaysay Maajo 1988 iyo Maarso 1989."

629-ka dil ee ay sheegeen qaxootiga Isaaq ee la wareystay, 60% waxay ahaayeen rag, 24% dumar, 14% carruur. Qiyaastii 86% waxaa lagu dilay rasaas, 8% duqayn ama rasaasayn hawada ah (b. 32).

Waxa SNM samaysay

Isla warbixintu waxay diiwaangelisay xadgudubyo ay SNM geysatay (bb. 62–63):

• Rayidka. Saddexdii bilood ee ugu horreeyay weerarkeeda, SNM waxay dishay rayid aan hubaysnayn, kuwaas oo "wadar ahaan laga yaabo inay dhimasho u keeneen ugu yaraan dhowr boqol ama ka badan". Qaarkood waxay ahaayeen "rag la raadiyay oo la dilay sida muuqata keliya sababtoo ah ma ahayn Isaaq".
• Burco. SNM waxay fulisay "dil degdeg ah oo konton maxbuus ama ka badan ah", qaar kadib maxkamad ciidan oo gaaban. Dhibbanayaasha qaarkood waxay ahaayeen rayid.
• Xeryaha qaxootiga. Weerarro lagu qaaday xeryaha QM ee qaxootiga Itoobiyaanka, "ugu yaraan afar boqol oo qaxooti rayid ah oo aan hubaysnayn ayaa la dilay".

Gersony wuxuu kaloo ogaaday in dowladdu sannado badan si qasab ah ciidanka ugu qortay qaxooti Itoobiyaan ah oo ka yimid xeryaha QM, Maajo 1988 kadibna qaarkood hub u siisay si ay ula dagaallamaan SNM (b. 63).

Qaxootiga

Intii u dhaxaysay Maajo 1988 iyo Janaayo 1989, qiyaastii 300,000 ilaa 500,000 qof ayaa waqooyiga uga cararay bariga Itoobiya, "mararka qaarkood 4,000 maalintii" (Gersony, b. 1). Janaayo 1990 Africa Watch waxay qiyaastay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 oo la dilay iyo ku dhawaad nus milyan qaxooti ilaa horraantii 1990 (Human Rights Watch, World Report 1990).

Diiwaanka tan iyo markaas

• Daraasad QM, 2001. Daraasad loo sameeyay Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku soo gabagabaysay in "dembiga xasuuqa (genocide) ay dowladda Soomaaliya maleegtay, qorshaysay oo fulisay", sida uu soo xigtay The Nation (Einashe iyo Kennard, The Nation, 22 Oktoobar 2018).
• Xabaalaha wadareedka. Guddiga Baaritaanka Dembiyada Dagaalka ee Somaliland, oo la aasaasay xilligii Madaxweyne Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal, wuxuu ilaa 2018 qoday 11 xabaalood oo wadareed, dibna u aasay 318 lafo. Isla maqaalku wuxuu sheegay in ka badan 200 xabaalood oo wadareed, intooda badan dooxada u dhow Hargeysa ee loo yaqaan Dooxada Dhimashada (isla ilaha).
• Maxkamad madani ah oo Maraykan ah, 2012. Maxkamad federaal ah oo Maraykan ah ayaa $21 milyan ku xukuntay Maxamed Cali Samatar, wasiirkii difaaca ee Siyaad Barre, kadibna ra'iisul wasaare (isla ilaha).
• Xeerbeegti Maraykan ah, 2019. 21 Maajo 2019 xeerbeegti ku taal Virginia ayaa Gaashaanle Sare Yuusuf Cabdi Cali ku heshay mas'uuliyadda jirdilka Farxaan Warfaa, oo ahaa wiil yar oo gacantiisa ku jiray 1980-meeyadii. Waxay diiday eedda isku dayga dil (VOA, Maajo 2019; Center for Justice and Accountability).

The Nation waxay 2018 qortay in "qofna aan dembi ahaan loo ciqaabin" (isla ilaha).

Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay?

Shacabka Isaaq ee da' kasta ahaa ee Hargeysa, Burco, Berbera, tuulooyinka iyo daaqa waa la dilay, la xiray, la jirdilay oo guryahooda waa laga barakiciyay (Gersony, bb. 60–61). Rayid aan Isaaq ahayn oo SNM dishay, iyo qaxootigii Itoobiyaanka ee xeryaha QM, sidoo kale waxay ahaayeen dhibbanayaal (bb. 62–63).

Gersony wuxuu kaloo diiwaangeliyay "dadaallo geesinimo leh oo rayid aan Isaaq ahayn ay ku badbaadiyeen nolosha rayid Isaaq ah", iyo rayid Isaaq ah oo iyaguna badbaadiyay nolosha dad aan Isaaq ahayn (b. 65).

Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin

• Tirada la dilay. Gersony wuxuu bixiyay ugu yaraan 5,000 rayid ah oo "si ula kac ah loo dilay" Maajo 1988 ilaa Maarso 1989, iyo ugu yaraan 500 Berbera. Africa Watch waxay qiyaastay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 dhimasho ilaa horraantii 1990, sababo kasta. The Nation waxay bixisay qiyaastii 200,000, oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan 40,000 oo lagu dilay duqayn iyo weerarro dhulka ah. Tiro la isku raacsan ma jirto.
• Ereyga "xasuuq" (genocide). Daraasaddii QM ee 2001 ayaa adeegsatay, The Nation-na waxay dhacdooyinka ugu yeertay "xasuuqii la illaaway ee Somaliland". Gersony, 1989, wuxuu ka warramay bartilmaameedsi qowmiyadeed isagoon adeegsan ereygaas.
• Cidda mas'uulka ka ahayd dhimashada rayidka Hargeysa. Warbixinno qaar waxay eedda dul dhigeen ciidanka keliya. Gersony wuxuu qoray in xeeladaha SNM ay qayb ka ahaayeen, "iyadoon midna laga dhaafin" mas'uuliyadda (b. 64).
• Daraasaddii 2001. Natiijadeeda waxaa halkan lagu soo xigtay sida ay The Nation (2018) u qortay.

Ilaha asalka ah ka akhriso

• Robert Gersony, Why Somalis Flee: Synthesis of Accounts of Conflict Experience in Northern Somalia, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka, Agoosto 1989: PDF.
• Africa Watch, Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People, Janaayo 1990: PDF la sawiray.
• Human Rights Watch, World Report 1990, cutubka Soomaaliya: qoraalka.
• Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study (1993), "Relations with Ethiopia": qoraalka.