Jabhadihii hubaysnaa ee ka soo horjeeday xukunkii militariga, 1978–1991: SSDF, SNM, USC iyo SPM

Kooban

Dagaalkii Ogaadeen (Ogaden) kadib, mucaaradka ka dhanka ahaa dowladdii militariga ayaa sii xoogaystay. Qaar ka mid ah ayaa hub qaatay. Afar jabhadood oo waaweyn ayaa la dagaalamay dowladdii Maxamed Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre) laga soo bilaabo 1978 ilaa 1991. Badankood taageerada waxay inta badan ka heleen hal qoys-beeleed, inkastoo mid kastaa uu sheegtay inuu u hadlayo qaranka oo dhan (Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study).

Janaayo 1991 waxay dowladda ka saareen xukunka. Sannadkii 1990 waxay ku heshiiyeen inay isku duwaan howlahooda, laakiin weligood si wadajir ah uma dagaallamin, kumana heshiin cidda xukunka qabanaysa marka xigta (Library of Congress).

Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa jabhad kastaa ahayd, meesha ay ku dagaallantay, iyo waxa diiwaannadu ka sheegaan dagaalka, iyadoo laga soo xiganayo ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee la daabacay.

SSDF, 1978

Bogga oo dhan: Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (Somali Salvation Democratic Front).

Abriil 1978, saraakiil ciidan ayaa isku dayay afgambi ka dhacay Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka (Library of Congress) waxay diiwaangelisay in qiyaastii 500 askari lagu dilay dagaalkaas. Kadib 17 sarkaal ayaa la toogtay (Library of Congress).

Dhowr gaashaanle sare ayaa u baxsaday dibadda. Mid ka mid ah, Gaashaanle Sare Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed), ayaa door weyn ka qaatay aasaaskii Jabhadda Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSF). Waxay ahayd ururkii ugu horreeyay ee u heellan in dowladda xoog lagu ridayo. Oktoobar 1981 waxay noqotay Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF). Taageeradeeda waxay inta badan ka timid Majeerteen (isla ishaas).

Sannadkii 1982 dagaalyahannada SSDF, iyagoo la socda cutubyo ka tirsan ciidanka Itoobiya, waxay qabsadeen deegaanno ku teedsan xuduudda, oo ay ku jiraan laba magaalo oo degmooyin ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1988 waxay gacanta ku dhigeen deegaanno kale oo ku yaal galbeedka Mudug iyo koonfurta Nugaal iyo Bari (isla ishaas). Cabdullaahi Yuusuf wuxuu markii dambe noqday madaxweynaha Puntland iyo madaxweynaha Soomaaliya; eeg Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed.

SNM, 1981

Bogga oo dhan: Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Movement).

Sannadkii 1981 Soomaali ku nool London (Landan) ayaa aasaasay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM), si ay dowladda xukunka uga tuuraan. Taageeradiisa waxay inta badan ka timid beelaha Isaaq ee waqooyi-galbeed. Sannadkii 1982 wuxuu xaruntiisa u wareejiyay Diridhabe (Dire Dawa) oo ku taal Itoobiya, wuxuuna bilaabay weeraro uu ku qaado Waqooyi Galbeed (Woqooyi Galbeed) iyo Togdheer (Library of Congress).

Sida SSDF oo kale, wuxuu lahaa garab militari iyo garab siyaasadeed, wuxuuna taageero ka raadsaday beelo kale. Howlgalkiisii hore ee ugu caansanaa wuxuu ahaa weerarkii 1983 lagu qaaday xabsiga Mandheera (Mandera) oo u dhow Berbera, kaas oo lagu sii daayay maxaabiis siyaasadeed oo reer waqooyi ahaa (isla ishaas).

Dagaalkii waqooyiga, laga bilaabo Maajo 1988

Abriil 1988 Siyaad Barre iyo hoggaamiyihii Itoobiya Mengistu Haile Mariam ayaa saxiixay heshiis nabadeed. Taageerada Itoobiya ay siinaysay SNM waxay ahayd inay joogsato (Library of Congress).

SNM waxay markaas dagaalyahannadeeda u gudbisay gudaha Soomaaliya. Maajo 1988 dagaalku wuxuu gaadhay Burco (Burao) iyo Hargeysa (Hargeisa), Agoosto-na SNM waxay qabsatay Hargeysa iyo magaalooyin kale oo waqooyiga ah (Library of Congress). Human Rights Watch waxay diiwaangelisay in dagaalka waqooyigu "qarxay Maajo 1988", uuna weli socday 1990 (Human Rights Watch, World Report 1990, Soomaaliya).

Dowladdu waxay ku jawaabtay xoog. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay "duqeyn hawada ah oo baaxad weyn, oo ay fuliyeen duuliyeyaal shisheeye oo kiro ah, taas oo waxyeelleysay ama burburisay ku dhawaad dhisme kasta oo Hargeysa ku yaal" (Library of Congress). Daraasad kale ayaa sheegtay in dagaalku keenay "burbur ku dhawaad dhammaystiran oo ku dhacay magaalooyinka waqooyiga, gaar ahaan Hargeysa… iyo Burco" (Library of Congress).

Janaayo 1990 Africa Watch waxay daabacday warbixin 268 bog ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka, A Government at War with Its Own People (Dowlad la dagaallamaysa dadkeeda). Waxay baartay "sida ay dagaalka u wadeen ciidamada dowladda iyo jabhadda SNM". Waxay ku qiyaastay in bilowgii 1990 la dilay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 oo qof, ku dhawaad nus milyan oo qofna ay dalka ka carareen, badankoodna u qaxeen Itoobiya (Human Rights Watch, World Report 1990).

SPM, 1985

Bogga oo dhan: Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM).

Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) waxay samaysantay 1985 kadib kala qaybsanaan ka dhacday SSDF. Taageeradeeda waxay inta badan ka timid beesha Ogaadeen (Ogaden), oo qaar badan oo ka mid ahi aanay ku qanacsanayn heshiiskii nabadeed ee 1988 lala galay Itoobiya (Library of Congress).

Sannadkii 1990 saraakiil badan oo Ogaadeen ah ayaa ciidanka ka tagay oo ku biiray SPM. Iyaga oo la jira ayay qabsadeen oo gacanta ku hayeen dhowr saldhig oo ciidamada dowladda ah oo koonfurta ku yaallay (isla ishaas).

USC, 1989

Bogga oo dhan: United Somali Congress (USC).

Hoggaamiyeyaal Hawiye ah oo horay ula shaqeeyay SNM ayaa 1989 sameeyay urur u gaar ah, United Somali Congress (USC) (Library of Congress). Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1990 wuxuu kordhiyay weerarradiisa agagaarka Muqdisho (Human Rights Watch, World Report 1990).

USC wuxuu lahaa laba garab oo waaweyn, oo xiriir la lahaa Abgaal iyo Habar Gidir. Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (Mohamed Farah Aidid) ayaa hoggaaminayay garabka Habar Gidir (Library of Congress).

Jabhado kale

Sannadkii 1990 waqooyigu wuxuu lahaa kooxo hubaysan oo kale. Gadabuursi waxay 1990 sameeyeen Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), qaar ka mid ah Ciisena waxay sameeyeen United Somali Front (USF) (Library of Congress; Library of Congress). Jabhadahaasi waxay ka digtoonaayeen in SNM ay gacanta ku dhigto deegaannadooda.

Cod rayid ah: Manifestadii Maajo 1990

Mucaaradka oo dhammi ma ahayn mid hubaysan. Maajo 1990, 114 muwaadin oo caan ah oo Muqdisho ku noolaa ayaa saxiixay baaq (manifesto) ugu baaqay Siyaad Barre inuu is casilo, doorashooyin xisbiyo badan lehna la qabto. Waxay ka soo jeedeen dhammaan beelaha waaweyn (Library of Congress).

45 ka mid ah saxiixayaasha ayaa la xiray, waxaana lagu soo oogay dembiyo kicin iyo khiyaano qaran ah. Human Rights Watch waxay diiwaangelisay in lagu sii daayay "caddayn la'aan", taasoo ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee maxkamad siyaasadeed oo Soomaaliya ka dhacda eedaysanayaal lagu sii daayo (Human Rights Watch, World Report 1990).

Dhicitaankii dowladda, 1990–1991

Agoosto–Sebtembar 1990. SNM, garabka Caydiid ee USC iyo SPM ayaa ku heshiiyay inay isku duwaan howlahooda. Kadib waxay Itoobiya ku saxiixeen isbahaysi militari (Library of Congress).
Diseembar 1990–Janaayo 1991. Dagaalyahannada USC ayaa soo galay Muqdisho oo halkaas kula dagaallamay ciidamada dowladda. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in tan la sameeyay "iyadoon wax caawimaad ah laga helin SNM, SPM, ama garabka Habar Gidir ee USC" (isla ishaas). Siyaad Barre wuxuu caasimadda ka baxay dabayaaqadii Janaayo 1991.
Janaayo 1991, waqooyiga. SNM waxay qabsatay saldhigyadii ciidan ee ka harsanaa Berbera, Burco iyo Hargeysa (Library of Congress).

Wixii ka dambeeyay

USC wuxuu Febraayo 1991 Muqdisho ku magacaabay dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah. SSDF, SPM iyo SNM waxay sheegeen in aan la la tashan oo aanay aqbalin (Library of Congress).

Waqooyiga, SNM waxay Abriil 1991 Burco ku qabatay shir ay isugu yimaadeen beelaha gobolka. 18 Maajo 1991 waxay ku dhawaaqday Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland (Somaliland), iyadoo Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali "Tuur" oo ka tirsanaa SNM loo magacaabay madaxweyne (isla ishaas; Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay 17 Maajo). Eeg Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur.

Muqdisho, labadii garab ee USC ayaa dagaal dhexmaray laga bilaabo Sebtembar 1991. Dhammaadkii sannadka magaaladu way kala qaybsanayd (Library of Congress). Wixii xigay waxaa lagu sheegay burburkii, 1991–2000.

Yaa dhibaatadu gaadhay?

Iluhu waxay diiwaangeliyeen dhimasho iyo khasaare rayid ah oo dhinac kasta iyo gobol kasta ka dhacay.

Waqooyiga. Africa Watch waxay ku qiyaastay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 oo la dilay bilowgii 1990, iyo ku dhawaad nus milyan qaxooti ah (Human Rights Watch, World Report 1990). 16 Agoosto 1990, askar ku sugnaa Berbera ayaa makhaayad hortiisa ku toogtay 17 nin oo Isaaq ah, iyagoo ka aar goosanaya weeraro SNM (isla ishaas).
Bartamaha iyo koonfurta. Isla warbixintaas ayaa diiwaangelisay in ciidanku dilay dad rayid ah oo aan hubaysnayn, burburiyayna xoolo, berkado biyood iyo guryo ku yaallay Beledweyne, Kismaayo (Kismayo), Boosaaso (Bosaso), Burco iyo meelo kale. Kumanaan beeraley iyo xoolo-dhaqato Hawiye ah ayaa lagu xiray xeryo ciidan oo u dhow Muqdisho iyo Beledweyne (isla ishaas).
Muqdisho. 6 Luulyo 1990 ilaalada madaxtooyada ayaa garoon kubadda cagta ku toogtay in ka badan 100 qof, kadib markii dadweynuhu ku qayliyeen madaxweynaha (isla ishaas).
Dhicitaanka kadib. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in dagaalyahannada labada garab ee USC ay 1991–92 boobeen cunto loogu talagalay dadka abaartu saameysay (Library of Congress).

Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin

Taariikhda ku dhawaaqista Soomaaliland. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay 17 Maajo 1991. Soomaaliland waxay xustaa 18 Maajo.
Dadkii ku dhintay waqooyiga. Qiyaasta Africa Watch ee 50,000 ilaa 60,000 waxay ka timid bilowgii 1990. Qiyaaso kale oo dambe ayaa ka sarreeya. Tiro lagu heshiiyay ma jirto.
Aasaaskii SSDF. Waxay ku bilaabatay SSF kadib Abriil 1978, magaca SSDF-na waxay qaadatay Oktoobar 1981. Xogaha qaarkood waxay SSDF ku taariikheeyaan 1978 ama 1979.

Akhri ilaha asalka ah

Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study (1993): Jabhadaha mucaaradka, Dib-u-heshiisiinta, Isku-xigidda xukunka, Kala-daadashada.
Human Rights Watch (Africa Watch), World Report 1990, cutubka Soomaaliya: qoraalka.
Africa Watch, Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People (1990): diiwaanka kaydka iyo nuqul dijitaal ah, Jaamacadda Halle.