The Majeerteen Sultanate and the Sultanate of Hobyo ruled the north-eastern coast and signed treaties with Italy in 1889, and kept governing themselves until Italy ended both by force in 1925–1927. Italy's agent Vincenzo Filonardi sought these arrangements (Library of Congress, "Imperial partition"). See the Majeerteen and Hobyo sultanates.
The Dervish movement built its stone capital at Taleh, in today's Sool. See the Dervish movement.
The Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), the first of the armed movements against Siad Barre, was formed. See the armed movements, 1978–1991.
Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf told the UN that his priority was "an administrative structure for the North-East regions at the local level as a constituent unit of a future Somali state".
"The Majerteens, the majority clan in North-East Somalia, held a meeting, together with other smaller clans, at Garowe." It approved "a single regional administration".
A meeting "which included delegates from Sool and Sanaag, agreed to give the name 'Puntland State' to the new regional administration".
The Garowe constitutional conference elected Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed President and Mohamed Abdi Hashi Vice-President, "endorsed an interim charter and established a 69-member parliament". The result was challenged by the SSDF chairman, General Mohamed Abshir Musse, and the traditional leader Boqor Abdullahi Boqor Musse.
The administration's mandate under the Transitional Charter of 30 June 1998 expired on 30 June 2001. Instead of holding elections, the House of Representatives voted on 27 June to extend its own and the executive's terms by three years. "The Chairman of the Supreme Court declared the extension unconstitutional" and assumed office as interim President; Colonel Yusuf suspended him on 29 June (S/2001/963, paras. 23–24).
A conference of over 400 delegates from all five regions opened in Garowe. Colonel Yusuf called it illegal and named Galkayo his interim capital (same source). On 5 and 6 August, fighting between his forces and the Supreme Court chairman's moved UN staff from Bosaso to Hargeisa (para. 52).
The conference elected Jama Ali Jama, "a former member of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front and a well-known opponent of Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf". Yusuf "rejected the outcome and returned with his forces to Garowe" (S/2002/189, para. 7).
Yusuf's forces entered Bosaso "meeting almost no resistance"; Jama Ali Jama "fled to Las Anod" (S/2002/709, para. 8).
Abdullahi Yusuf was elected President of Somalia by the Transitional Federal Parliament. See the Transitional Federal Parliament.
The Indian Ocean tsunami killed about 300 people in Somalia, most on the Hafun peninsula. See the 2004 tsunami.
"After heavy fighting which resulted in at least 10 deaths, 'Somaliland' troops took control of Laascaanood", the capital of Sool. "Puntland" mobilised "to repel what they considered an invasion" (S/2007/658, para. 14).
Suicide bombings hit Bosaso and Hargeisa. See the Hargeisa and Bosaso bombings.
Hijackings were launched from the coasts of Mudug, Nugaal and Bari, peaking in 2009–2011. See piracy off Somalia.
Said Abdullahi Deni became President. For all office-holders, see presidents of Puntland.
Al-Shabaab bombed a tea shop in Bosaso "reportedly targeting elders involved in the electoral process", and two days later attacked Deni's convoy (S/2022/392, para. 17).
Direct local council elections were held in 30 districts. Dhulbahante communities in Las Anod and Sool, part of the area Puntland claims, joined the federation as what is now North Eastern State. See elections in Puntland and North Eastern State.
Puntland said it no longer recognised the federal government's authority after changes to the national constitution. See Puntland.
caught in the fighting of 2001–2002 (S/2001/963; S/2002/709).
in the fighting of 2007 and later (S/2007/658).
in the 2004 tsunami.
In September 2007 alone, 14 boats carrying more than 1,500 people reached Yemen, "with 62 reported dead or missing" (S/2007/658, para. 47).
The UN dates the election of the first President to 23 July 1998. Puntland marks 1 August 1998. See Puntland.