# Calankii: every page in one file (so) Publisher: Calankii, https://calankii.com. 560 pages. Each page starts with its title and canonical URL. # 1300 ka hor: dhulkii Soomaalida ee qadiimka ahaa, laga soo bilaabo Da'dii Dhagaxa ilaa saldanadihii ugu horreeyay Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dhulka Soomaalidu wuxuu leeyahay taariikh la diiwaangeliyay oo tobanaan kun oo sano ah: ugaarsatadii Da'dii Dhagaxa ee Buur Heybe tan iyo qiyaastii 29,000 sano ka hor, xoolo-dhaqatadii sawirtay Laas Geel qiyaastii kun-sannadkii 3aad CH, xeebtii uunsiga ee Masar ugu yeertay Punt, magaalooyinka dekedaha ee buugga Periplus ee qarnigii 1aad sida Malao (Berbera) iyo Opone (Xaafuun), iyo laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 9aad magaalooyin iyo dowlado Muslim ah oo ku yaallay Saylac, Muqdisho, Marka, Shewa iyo Ifat. Boggani waa jadwal taariikheed oo muddadaas oo dhan ah, oo qayb kasta leh xiriir u gudbiya boggeeda buuxa. ## Kooban 1300 ka hor ma jirin dowlad Soomaaliyeed, laakiin waxaa jiray magaalooyin, waddooyin ganacsi, dekedo, taliyayaal iyo diimo Soomaaliyeed. Waxa ka haray waa afar nooc: waxyaabo dhulka ku jira (qalab, sawirro, qabuuro iyo burburka magaalooyin), waxa ay qoreen booqdayaal iyo juqraafiyahanno shisheeye (Masaari, Giriig, Roomaan, Biizantiin, Carab iyo Shiine), qoraallo dhagax yar, iyo dhaqammo afka ah oo markii dambe la qoray. Saado Mire (Sada Mire), oo madax ka ahayd Waaxda Taariikhda Qadiimka ah ee Soomaaliland, waxay tirisay "in ka badan 200 goob, oo qaar badan oo ka mid ahi yihiin goobo isku urursan" oo laga yaqaan Soomaaliland iyo Soomaaliya, kuwaas oo wax aad u yar mooyee aan la qodin ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Neville Chittick, oo hoggaaminayay qodistii xeebta waqooyi-bari 1975–76, wuxuu qoray in xabagta udgoon ay taariikhda oo dhan ahayd "badeecadda ugu weyn ee ay raadin jireen ganacsatada u imanaysay Geeska Afrika" ([Chittick 1979, *International Journal of Nautical Archaeology* 8.4, b. 273](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). ## Jadwalka taariikhda **Qiyaastii 29,000 ilaa 6,000 sano ka hor: ugaarsatadii Da'dii Dhagaxa.** Dadku mar kasta oo ay doonaan waxay ku soo laabtaan hoyga dhagaxa ee Guli Waabayo ee Buur Heybe, gobolka Bay. Taariikhaheedu waa "caddaynta shucaaca ee ugu horreysa ee degitaanka Da'dii Dhagaxa ee Dambe (LSA) ee koonfur-bari Geeska Afrika" ([Jones, Brandt, Henry iyo Ambrose 2021](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102844)). Bogga buuxa: [Da'dii Dhagaxa ee dhulka Soomaalida](/so/history/prehistory-stone-age-somali-lands/). **Qiyaastii 14,000 ilaa 5,000 sano ka hor: Geesku wuu ka cagaarnaa.** Xilligii Qoyaanka Afrika (African Humid Period), markii waqooyiga iyo bariga Afrika "ay aad uga qoyaan badnaayeen kana cagaarnaayeen sida ay maanta yihiin" ([Reid et al. 2019](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109272)). **Kun-sannadyadii 3aad iyo 2aad CH (Ciise Hortii): xoolo-dhaqatadii ugu horreysay ayaa dhagxaanta sawirta.** Lo' aan kurus lahayn oo qoorta la qurxiyay, dad gacmaha kor u taagay, eeyo, ido, riyo iyo duur-joogta, oo ku yaal Laas Geel, Dhambalin, Karin Heegan, Dhagah Kure iyo tobanaan goobood oo kale ([Gutherz, Cros iyo Lesur 2003](https://hal.science/hal-02155252/document); [Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Bogga buuxa: [Laas Geel iyo sawirrada dhagaxa ee Soomaalida](/so/history/laas-geel-and-somali-rock-art/). **Laga soo bilaabo qiyaastii 2000 CH: taallooyin, dhagxaan waaweyn iyo tiirar la xardhay.** Taallooyinka xabaalaha (*araweelo*), dolmen, qabuuro qolal leh iyo tiirar dhagax ah oo la qurxiyay ayaa ku faafay waqooyiga ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Bogga buuxa: [Xabaalaha qadiimka ah, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/). **Qiyaastii 2500 ilaa 1150 CH: Masar waxay u dhoofaysaa Punt.** Safarrada Masaarida, laga soo bilaabo Sahure ilaa Ramesses III, waxay soo celiyaan malmal, uunsi, abanuus (ebony), dahab iyo daanyeerro (baboons). Xardhaha Hatshepsut ee qiyaastii 1470 CH waxay muujinayaan madaxa Punt, Perehu, iyo qoyskiisa. Daraasad isotope ah oo 2020 ayaa laba daanyeer oo laga keenay Punt u raadisay gobol ay ku jiraan "qaybo ka mid ah Soomaaliya" ([Breasted, *Ancient Records of Egypt*, mug. 2](https://archive.org/details/ancientrecordsof02brea_0); [Dominy et al. 2020](https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.60860)). Bogga buuxa: [Dhulka Punt iyo xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/). **Kun-sannadkii koowaad CH ilaa qarnigii 3aad CD (Ciise Dabadii): qoraal ka yimid Carabta Koonfureed.** Qoraallo far Saba iyo Ximyar ah oo ku yaal Dhagah Nabi Gallay, Dhagah Kure iyo Shalcaw ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). **Qarnigii 3aad CH: Eratosthenes.** Juqraafiyahankii Alexandria (Iskandariya) wuxuu ka warramay "dal malmal dhala" iyo "dal qorfe dhala" oo ka shisheeya marinka, oo leh "[magaalooyin] badan oo gudaha ah oo si qurux badan loo dego" (Strabo 16.4.4). Bogga buuxa: [Qorayaasha Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/). **Qarniyadii ugu dambeeyay CH: Xaafuun Galbeed.** Dhisme dhagax ah oo leh dhoobo rinji leh oo qaab Hellenistic (Giriig) ah, oo ku yaal Xaafuun (Ras Hafun), lana taariikheeyay qarnigii 1aad CH ilaa qarnigii 3aad CD ([Chittick 1979](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf); [Fernández Fernández et al. 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). Bogga buuxa: [Opone iyo Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/). **Qiyaastii 20 CD: "dalka fooxa dhala" ee Strabo.** Juqraafiyahan Giriig ah ayaa ka warramay xeebta ka shisheysa Baab al-Mandab ilaa "Geeska Koonfureed" ([Strabo, *Geography* 16.4.14](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html)). **Qarnigii 1aad CD: buugga Periplus.** Hage Giriig ah oo ganacsatada loo qoray ayaa taxaya Avalites (Saylac), Malao (Berbera), Mundus (Xiis), Mosylon, Suuqa Xawaashka (Raas Caseyr) iyo Opone (Xaafuun), wuxuuna sheegay in "magaalo suuq kastaa ay xukunto madax u gaar ah" ([Schoff 1912](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Bogga buuxa: [Dekedaha Soomaalida ee buugga Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). **Qarniyadii 1aad ilaa 3aad CD: xabaalaha Xiis.** In ka badan 300 taallo, oo 80 ka mid ahi lahaayeen alaab Roomaan, Barti (Parthian) iyo Carabta Koonfureed ah ([Fernández Fernández et al. 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). **Qiyaastii 150 CD: Ptolemy.** Buuggiisa *Geography* wuxuu taxayaa Avalites, Malao, Mondu, Mosylum, raaska Aromata iyo Opone, gudahana wuxuu ugu yeeraa "Barbaria, oo ay ku nool yihiin maroodiyaal badan" ([Stevenson 1932, bb. 107–108](https://archive.org/details/PtolemysGeographyBook4)). **Qarniyadii 2aad ilaa 5aad CD: Xaafuun Dhexe (Opone).** Goob ganacsi oo leh alaab Barti, Roomaan iyo Koonfurta Aasiya ah ([Chittick 1979](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). **Qarniyadii 4aad ilaa 12aad CD: xabaalihii Masiixiga ee hore.** Xabaalo iskutallaab lagu calaamadeeyay oo ku yaal Aw Barkhadle, Dhuxun iyo Dhubato; Mire waxay qortay in gobollada waqooyiga Soomaalida ay xilliyadii Islaamka ka horreeyay qayb ka ahaayeen boqortooyadii Aksum ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). **Bartamihii 500-meeyadii iyo wixii ka dambeeyay: Harlaa.** Magaalo ganacsi oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed Harar, kuna taal waddooyinka u socda xeebta Soomaalida, ayaa la degganaa laga soo bilaabo bartamihii qarnigii 6aad ilaa qarnigii 15aad; masaajideedu wuxuu taagnaa bartamihii qarnigii 12aad ([Insoll et al. 2021](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.169)). Bogga buuxa: [Magaalooyinka burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). **Qiyaastii 550 CD: "dalka fooxa ee la yiraahdo Barbaria".** Cosmas Indicopleustes wuxuu sharraxay sida dadka Barbaria ay foox iyo xawaash uga iibsan jireen gudaha, una dhoofin jireen Adulis, Yemen, Hindiya iyo Faaris ([McCrindle 1897, bb. 51–52](https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosm)). Bogga buuxa: [Fooxa iyo malmalka](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/). **Qarnigii 7aad: masjidka Qiblatayn ee Saylac.** Taariikhda afku waxay sheegtaa inuu yahay "mid ka mid ah masaajidda ugu horreeya, ama xitaa masjidka ugu horreeya, Afrika inta ka hooseysa Saxaraha" ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis, oo halkaas qoday 2001, waxay Islaamka Saylac u taariikheeyeen dabayaaqadii 1100-meeyadii ama horraantii 1200-meeyadii ([Fauvelle-Aymar et al. 2011](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Bogga buuxa: [Saylac hore iyo masjidka Qiblatayn](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). **Qarnigii 8aad: dhoobo Saasaani ah oo laga helay Fardowsa**, magaalo burburtay oo u dhow Sheekh ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). **Bartamihii 800-meeyadii: sharraxaaddii ugu horreysay ee Shiinaha.** Duan Chengshi wuxuu ka warramay Po-pa-li (Berbera), oo "waagii hore… aan weligeed hoos iman awood shisheeye" ([Hirth iyo Rockhill 1911, b. 128](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)). Bogga buuxa: [Diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). **Dabayaaqadii 800-meeyadii iyo 900-meeyadii: Saylac oo ku jirta qoraallada juqraafiyahannada Carabta.** Al-Yacquubi (al-Ya'qubi) wuxuu xusay "Saylac oo ku taal gobolka Mandab". 900-meeyadii al-Istakhri, al-Mascuudi (al-Mas'udi) iyo Ibnu Xawqal (Ibn Hawqal) waxay ku tilmaameen deked u adeegta Yemen iyo Xijaas, oo dhoofisa harag shabeel, haragyo, qolof diin, cambar (ambergris) iyo uunsi ([Fauvelle-Aymar et al. 2011](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). **896–897 CD (283 H): Saldanadda Shewa.** Boqortooyada Makhzuumi waxaa lagu aasaasay bariga Shewa, sida uu sheegayo taariikh qoraal Carabi ah oo ka timid Harar ([Lusini](https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/14305/1/ATRA_3_online-19_Lusini.pdf)). Bogga buuxa: [Saldanadda Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/). **1105 (498 H, Hijriyada): qoraalka xabaasha Baraawe.** Dhagax xabaaleed Carabi ah oo ku yaal Baraawe (Barawa), lana taariikheeyay 498 H, ayaa ah, sida ay sheegayaan daraasadaha Enrico Cerulli, qoraalka Carabiga ah ee ugu da'da weyn ee laga yaqaan Soomaaliya (E. van Donzel, oo lagu soo xigtay [Fauvelle-Aymar et al. 2011](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714), §87). **1154: al-Idriisi.** "Zalegh"-giisa, oo inta badan loo akhriyo Saylac, waa "magaalo yar oo dad badani ku nool yihiin", oo ganacsato shisheeye oo badani booqdaan; Marka (Merca) waa magaalo ka mid ah dalka Berbera ([Jaubert, *Géographie d'Édrisi*, 1836, mug. 1](https://archive.org/details/gographiededrisi01idri)). Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis waxay ku doodaan in Zalegh-ka Idriisi laga yaabo inuu yahay deked kale oo Badda Cas ku taal ([Fauvelle-Aymar et al. 2011](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). **Qarnigii 12aad: Aw Barkhadle.** Sida ay sheegayso taariikhda afka, wadaadka Yuusuf Al-Kawnayn (Yusuf al-Kawnayn) ayaa yimid meesha u dhow Hargeysa ee hadda magiciisa sidata, oo ahayd goob barakaysan Islaamka ka hor ([Mire 2015, "Wagar"](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9181-z)). **1200-meeyadii: Yaaquut iyo Ibnu Saciid oo ka warramay Muqdisho iyo Marka.** Yaaquut (Yaqut) wuxuu sheegay in Muqdisho (Mogadishu) ay maamuli jireen odayaal, ayna dhoofin jirtay qori-cadeed (sandalwood), abanuus, cambar iyo foolmaroodi; Ibnu Saciid (Ibn Sa'id) wuxuu Marka ugu yeeray magaalo Muslim ah, Muqdishona magaalo "magaceedu inta badan soo noqnoqdo" socotada dhexdeeda ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 234–239](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)). Bogga buuxa: [Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe hore](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/). **Horraantii 1200-meeyadii: Saylac waa Muslim.** Yaaquut (dhintay 1229) iyo Ibnu Saciid waxay sheegeen in dadka Saylac ay yihiin Muslimiin doomo u kireeya xujaajta. Il ka warrantay 1270-meeyadii ayaa sheegtay in magaaladu "aysan lahayn boqorro" balse ay lahayd toddoba madax ([Fauvelle-Aymar et al. 2011](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Bogga buuxa: [Saylac hore iyo masjidka Qiblatayn](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). **1225: Zhao Rugua.** Sarkaalkii boqortooyada Song wuxuu ka warramay Pi-p'a-lo oo leh "afar magaalo" iyo Chung-li, "kan keliya ee foox soo saara" dhulalka Muslimka dhexdooda ([Hirth iyo Rockhill 1911, bb. 128–131](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)). **Agoosto 1238 (Muxarram 636 H): qoraalka ugu da'da weyn ee taariikhaysan ee Muqdisho,** oo ku yaal munaaradda masjidka Xamar Weyne ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, b. 612](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)). **1269 (667 H): masaajidda Fakhrudiin iyo Arbaca Rukun** iyo qoraal saddexaad oo taariikhaysan oo Muqdisho ku yaal ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 612–613](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC); [Garlake 1966, b. 10](https://books.google.com/books?id=IRINAQAAIAAJ)). **1285 (684 H): Ifat ayaa kor u kacda.** Qoyska Walashma ee Ifat ayaa xukunka kala wareegay suldaannadii Makhzuumi ee Shewa ([Lusini](https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstream/10077/14305/1/ATRA_3_online-19_Lusini.pdf)). **1300 kadib.** Booqashadii Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta) ee Saylac iyo Muqdisho 1331, dagaalladii Ifat, Cadal (Adal) iyo Ajuuraan (Ajuran): eeg [Dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe iyo kuwii casriga hore, 1300-meeyadii ilaa 1700-meeyadii](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/), [Magaalooyinka burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/), [magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/) iyo [Jadwalka taariikhda, 1300-meeyadii ilaa 1960](/so/history/timeline-1300s-to-1960/). ## Sida diiwaanka loo dhisay - **Taariikhda qadiimka ah (qodista).** Goobo aad u yar ayaa la qoday: Buur Heybe (1935, 1940-meeyadii, 1980-meeyadii), Xaafuun iyo Xiis (1975–76), Hoyga 7aad ee Laas Geel (2000-meeyadii) iyo mar kale Xiis (2018–19). Inta badan goobaha waqooyiga waxaa laga yaqaan sahamin ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - **Qoraallada shisheeyaha.** Mid walba waxaa qoray dad dibadda ah, inta badan iyagoo ka soo xiganaya warbixinnada badmaaxiinta, mid walbana wuxuu diiwaangeliyaa waxa adduunka qoraagiisu ka doonayay xeebta: uunsi Masar, xawaash Roomaanka, foolmaroodi iyo cambar Shiinaha. - **Qoraallada dhagaxa.** Qoraalka Carabiga ah ee ugu da'da weyn ee laga yaqaan Soomaaliya waa qoraal xabaaleed oo Baraawe ku yaal oo taariikhdiisu tahay 1105; masaajidda Muqdisho waxaa ku yaal qoraallo taariikhaysan oo ka tirsan 1238 iyo 1269. - **Dhaqammada afka.** Sheekooyinka aasaaska, taariikh-nololeedka awliyada iyo abtirsiinyada, oo la qoray laga soo bilaabo 1800-meeyadii. Sida aan bog kasta ilihiisa u diyaarinno waxaa lagu sharraxay [sida aan xaqiiqooyinka u hubinno](/en/about/how-we-check-facts/). ## Wax badan oo xilligan ku saabsan - [Yaa meeshee qoday: taariikhda cilmiga qadiimka ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Soomaaliland](/so/history/history-of-archaeology-in-the-somali-lands/) - [Xiis (Heis): dekeddii qadiimka ahayd iyo taallooyinkeeda](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/) - [Qoraallada Saba ee xeebta Soomaalida, qiyaastii 700 CH](/so/history/sabaean-inscriptions-on-the-somali-coast/) - [Taallooyinka Xiis iyo aqoonta xiddigaha ee Soomaalida](/so/history/xiis-cairns-and-somali-star-lore/) - [Burburka qadiimka ah ee waqooyi-bari ee uu diiwaangeliyay Georges Révoil, 1880–1881](/so/history/revoil-ancient-sites-north-east-1880/) - [Wagarka, geedaha barakaysan iyo Waaq, Ilaaha Cirka](/en/history/wagar-sacred-tree-and-waaq/) - [Berbera hore, 1300 ka hor](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/) - [Aksum, qoraalka Adulis iyo Barbaria](/so/history/aksum-adulis-inscription-and-barbaria/) - ['Boqorrada reer guuraaga': taallooyinka waaweyn, qiyaastii 650–1000 CD](/so/history/nomad-kings-great-cairns-650-1000/) - [Harla iyo magaalada Harlaa](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/) - [Abasa (Darbiyah Kola) iyo deriskeeda](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/) - [Fardowsa: magaaladii ganacsiga ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Sheekh](/so/history/fardowsa-medieval-trading-town/) - [Kabab iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolka Gabiley](/so/history/medieval-towns-of-gebiley-and-kabab/) - [Aw Bare, Aiyanle iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee xuduudda ka shisheeya](/so/history/aw-bare-aiyanle-medieval-border-towns/) - [Suuq-carwooyinkii xeebta Berbera iyo alaabtii Aasiya laga keeni jiray](/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/) - [Handoga: magaalo reer guuraa ah oo qarniyadii dhexe ku taalay Jabuuti](/so/history/handoga-medieval-town-djibouti/) - [Reer guuraaga, magaalooyinka iyo dowladda xilligii Ifat iyo Cadal](/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/) - [Masaajiddii qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/) - [Taallooyinka ilaa qabuuraha: xabaalihii Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/) - [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho oo ku jira diiwaannada Yemen xilligii Rasuuliyiinta](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/) - [Marco Polo iyo xeebta Soomaalida, qiyaastii 1298](/so/history/marco-polo-and-the-somali-coast/) - [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Cadal, 1415–1520](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/) - [Awfat, caasimaddii saldanadda Ifat, iyo qabuuraha Walashma](/so/history/awfat-capital-of-ifat-and-walashma-tombs/) - [Harar oo noqotay caasimadda Cadal, 1520–1577](/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/) - [Geerida Suldaan Sacduddiin (Saʿd ad-Din) ee Saylac iyo wiilashiisii Yemen](/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/) - [Toddobada boqortooyo ee Muslimka ah ee Geeska: canshuur, ganacsi iyo lacag](/so/history/seven-muslim-kingdoms-tribute-trade-and-money/) - [Dhammaadkii Cadal, 1543–1583](/so/history/end-of-adal-1543-1583/) - [Culimadii Saylac ee al-Azhar iyo Qaahira, 1300–1500](/en/history/zeila-scholars-at-al-azhar-1300-1500/) - [Culimadii Saylac iyo Geeska ee Yemen qarniyadii dhexe, 1150–1450](/en/history/zeila-and-jabarti-scholars-in-medieval-yemen/) - [Muqdisho iyo Baraawe oo ku jira qoraallada João de Barros, 1503–1510](/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/) - [Saylac iyo Berbera oo ku jira buugga Décadas da Ásia ee João de Barros, 1513–1518](/en/history/zeila-and-berbera-in-joao-de-barros/) --- # Dhaqdhaqaaqyada iyo dowladaha Soomaaliyeed tan iyo 1895: ujeeddooyinka iyo caqabadaha Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/carried-the-banner-since-1895/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boggani wuxuu taxayaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada iyo dowladaha Soomaaliyeed ee waaweyn laga bilaabo 1895 ilaa hadda, xilli xilli: waxa mid kastaa higsaday, iyo caqabadaha ay ilaha u diiwaangeliyeen mid kasta, iyadoo xilli kasta il leeyahay. ## Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta, 1895 ilaa 1920 - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** awood Soomaaliyeed oo uu hoggaaminayo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan si loo soo afjaro xukunka Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya, xaruntiisuna ahayd Taleex. - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** gumeystayaasha oo beelo is-haya ku hubeeyay ka dhan ah, xafiiltanka dariiqooyinka suufiyada, iyo jabka taageerayaashiisii Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka. Taleex waxay dhacday Febraayo 1920. - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish_movement_%28Somali%29) ## Wasaayadda QM, 1950 ilaa 1960 - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** diyaar garow 10 sano ah oo loo marayo xorriyadda. Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed waxay ku guuleysatay doorashooyinkii 1954 iyo 1956, Soomaalidiina waxay maamulka haysay 1956. - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** miisaaniyad yar, dhaqaale moos keliya ku tiirsan, waxbarasho sare oo yar, iyo koonfur ku socotay jid ka duwan kan waqooyiga. - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland) ## Midowga, 1960 ilaa 1969 - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** in laba dhul oo cusub oo xoroobay laga dhigo hal Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** laba nidaam oo sharci, canshuur, boolis, waxbarasho iyo lacag oo la isku daray kadib. Waqooyigu wuxuu dastuurkii 1961 siiyay taageero ka yar 50%. - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Republic) ## Soomaaliweyn, 1960 ilaa 1978 - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** in dhul kasta oo Soomaali ku nool tahay lagu mideeyo xiddigta shanta gees leh. - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** deriska oo haystay Ogaadeenya iyo NFD, codkii NFD ee 1961 oo aan wax laga qabanin, iyo hay'adaha Afrika oo ku adkaystay xuduudaha gumeysiga. - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Republic) ## Xilligii Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991 - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** hal xisbi, fikir ka soo horjeeda qabyaaladda, Af-Soomaali dugsiyada lagu dhigo tan iyo 1972, olole akhris-qoraal oo baaxad leh, iyo waddooyin isku xira waqooyiga iyo koonfurta. - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** xukun lagu maamulay sharciyo ammaan iyo, 1978 kadib, cadaadis lagu beegsaday beelo. Dowladdu waxay burburtay 26 Janaayo 1991. - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre) ## Shirarka dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka, 1991 ilaa 2012 - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** Jabuuti 1991, Addis Ababa 1993, Carta 2000 (wadahadalladii ugu horreeyay ee bulshada rayidku hoggaamiso), wadahadalladii Kenya ee 2004 (axdiga federaalka iyo qaacidada beelaha ee 4.5). - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** hoggaamiyeyaal garab oo bannaanaanta ka faa'iido badnaa, deris awood u leh inuu diido, iyo ku tiirsanaanta taageerayaal shisheeye. - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government) ## Dowladda Federaalka, 2012 ilaa hadda - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** dowlado xubin ah oo federaal ah iyo u gudubka qof iyo cod. - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** 4.5 oo joogto noqday, iyo wax ka beddello xarun-ku-ururin ah oo la ansixiyay afti la'aan. Puntland waxay ka baxday 2024, Jubbaland waxay hakisay xiriirka, Koonfur Galbeedna waa raacday 2026. - [Horn Review](https://hornreview.org/2026/04/21/analysis-of-somalias-constitution-crisis/), [WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/4-5-in-somalia-from-temporary-fix-to-permanent-obstacle/) ## Puntland, 1998 ilaa hadda - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** dowlad is-maamusha oo lagu dhisay shir saddex bilood ah oo Garoowe ay ku yeesheen odayaal, ganacsato iyo bulshada rayidku, iyadoo ah dhagax dhismeed Soomaaliya federaal ah. - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** in lagu qeexo hal qabiil-qoys. Hadda waxay ka madax-bannaan tahay Muqdisho ilaa uu jiro dastuur afti lagu ansixiyay. - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland). Eeg [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/). ## Somaliland, 1991 ilaa hadda - **Waxa ay higsadeen:** ku noqoshada xuduudihii 1960 iyo hay'ado gudaha ka soo baxay. - **Waxa dib u celiyay:** dal xubin ka ah QM oo aan aqoonsan ilaa Israa'iil 26 Diseembar 2025, tallaabo ay Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrika diideen. - [Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1963551). Eeg [Somaliland 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Halka ay hadda marayso 5 Nofembar 2026 Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay in muddada baarlamaanku dhammaatay 14 Abriil 2026, tan madaxweynahana 15 Maajo 2026. Waxay amartay in 30 maalmood gudahood (ilaa 5 Diseembar 2026) lagu heshiiyo qaab doorasho, doorashooyinna la qabto 90 maalmood gudahood (ilaa 3 Febraayo 2027). Dowladdu way diiday xukunka, madaxtooyaduna waxay xilka ka qaadday guddoomiyaha maxkamadda sare 4 Nofembar. Ilaha: [Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-supreme-court-rules-president-parliament-terms-expired-orders-elections-within-90-days), [Eurasia Review](https://www.eurasiareview.com/08112026-somalias-constitution-applies-to-the-presidency-too-court-rules-oped/). Eeg [waxa na dib u celiyay](/so/history/what-held-us-back/). --- # Xilligii Dhagaxa ee dhulka Soomaalida: Buur Heybe, Gogoshiis Qabe, Guli Waabayo iyo Hargeisan Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/prehistory-stone-age-somali-lands/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dadku waxay dhulka Soomaalida ku noolaayeen tan iyo Xilligii Dhagaxa. Goobaha sida ugu fiican loo taariikhaystay waa hoyyo dhagax ah oo ku yaal buurta granite-ka ah ee Buur Heybe ee gobolka Baay, halkaas oo taariikhaynta kaarboonka shucaacu muujinayso in dadku ku soo laabanayeen hoyga Guli Waabayo muddo qiyaastii 20,000 sano ah, qiyaastii 29,000 ilaa 6,000 sano ka hor. Qodistii qadiimiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya halkaas ayaa lagu sameeyay 1935, woqooyigana lakabyada hoose ee hoos yaal sawirrada Laas Geel waxay hayaan qalab dhagax ah oo ka mid ah dhammaadkii Xilligii Barafka ee ugu dambeeyay. ## Si kooban Muddo dheer ka hor intaanay xoolo-dhaqatadu lo' ku sawirin Laas Geel, ugaarsato iyo midho-urursato ayaa ku noolaa dhulka Soomaalida. Qalabkoodii dhagaxa ahaa, lafaha xayawaankii ay cuni jireen iyo aasaskoodu waxay ku badbaadeen hoyyo dhagax ah iyo goobo bannaan. Inta badan waxa la yaqaan waxay ka yimaadeen laba meelood: buuraha keligood taagan (*buur*) ee koonfurta dhexda labada webi, Shabeelle iyo Jubba, iyo buuraha granite-ka ah ee woqooyiga agagaarka Hargeysa. ## Gobolka Buurta: qodistii ugu horreysay Soomaaliya **Buur Heybe**, oo ku taal gobolka Baay, waa tan ugu weyn buuraha granite-ka ah ee keligood ka soo baxa dhul-daaqsimeedka siman ee labada webi u dhexeeya. Magaceeda waxaa loo turjumay "buurta ciidda dheryasameeyaha", waxaana lagu bartay dhaqankeeda dheri-samaynta ee nool iyo taariikhdeeda hore labadaba ([Belkin, Brandt iyo Noor, *The Potters of Buur Heybe, Somalia*, Left Coast Press, 2006](https://search.worldcat.org/title/76174785)). - **1935.** Aqoonyahanka qadiimiga ee Talyaaniga Paolo Graziosi wuxuu qoday hoyga dhagaxa ah ee Gogoshiis Qabe ee Buur Heybe, qodistii xirfadeed ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya. Wuxuu magacaabay saddex warshadood oo qalab dhagax ah, kan ugu hooseeya Xilliga Dhagaxa ee Dhexe, kan ugu sarreeyana Xilliga Dhagaxa ee Dambe, kan ugu dambeeyana wuxuu ugu yeeray "Eibian" ([Brandt, "Early Holocene mortuary practices and hunter-gatherer adaptations in southern Somalia", *World Archaeology*, 1988](https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1988.9980055)). - **1940-meeyadii.** Aqoonyahanka qadiimiga ee Ingiriiska J. Desmond Clark wuxuu qoday hoyga Guli Waabayo ee Buur Heybe iyo goobta bannaan ee Rifle Range ee Buur Hakaba oo u dhow. 1954 wuxuu daabacay *The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa*, taxanihii guud ee ugu horreeyay ee gobolka ([Jones, Brandt iyo Marshall 2018](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.030); [Gutherz iyo kuwo kale 2014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.038)). - **1980-meeyadii.** Steven Brandt wuxuu hoggaamiyay Mashruuca Deegaanka iyo Qadiimiga Buurta isagoo la shaqaynayay saaxiibbo Soomaali ah. Brandt wuxuu 1986 ku dooday in inta badan qaybaha dhaqanka ee Clark ay "u baahnaayeen dib-u-eegis" (tarjumaad) ([Brandt, "The Upper Pleistocene and early Holocene prehistory of the Horn of Africa", *African Archaeological Review*, 1986](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01117035)). - **1989.** Shaqadii goobta ee koonfurta way istaagtay markii dagaalku faafay. Inta badan alaabtii la qoday waxaa loo dhoofiyay daraasad iyadoo ay oggolaatay Akadeemiyadda Cilmiga Soomaaliyeed; ururinnadii lagu reebay Matxafka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed way lumeen markii matxafka la dhacay ([Jones, Brandt iyo Marshall, *Quaternary International*, 2018](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.030)). ## Da'deedu waa imisa? Taariikhaha Guli Waabayo Taariikhayn cusub oo kaarboonka shucaaca ah oo la daabacay 2021, oo lagu sameeyay qolofta ukunta gorayada iyo dhaldhalaalka ilkaha xayawaanka, ayaa muujinaysa "isticmaal soo noqnoqday oo goobta ah muddo ~20,000 sano ah" (tarjumaad). Qorayaashu waxay helaan laba xilli oo waaweyn oo la isticmaalay ([Jones, Brandt, Henry iyo Ambrose, *Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports*, 2021](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102844)): - **Qiyaastii 29,000 ilaa 26,000 ilaa 15,000 ilaa 11,000 sano ka hor**, intii lagu jiray qaybta ugu qabow uguna engegan Xilligii Barafka ee ugu dambeeyay, iyadoo qalab dhagax ah oo warshadda **Eibian** ah. Waxay u yaqaanaan "caddaynta raadiyameetriga ah ee ugu horraysa ee degitaanka Xilliga Dhagaxa ee Dambe (LSA) ee koonfur-bari Geeska Afrika" (tarjumaad). - **Qiyaastii 11,000 ilaa 9,000 ilaa 7,500 ilaa 6,000 sano ka hor**, horraantii iyo bartamihii Holocene, iyadoo qalab warshadda **Bardaale** ah. Goobta Rifle Range ee Buur Hakaba, ugaarsatada iyo midho-urursatadu waxay ku tiirsanaayeen buuraha keligood taagan, ugaarta waaweyn iyo deeroyinka yaryar (sagaaro) qiyaastii 20,000 ilaa 5,000 sano ka hor ([Jones, Brandt iyo Marshall 2018](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.030)). Daraasadda Brandt ee 1988 waxay sharraxday aasaskii horraantii Holocene ee Buur Heybe iyo waxa ay ka muujiyaan sida ugaarsatadu u noolaayeen ([Brandt 1988](https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1988.9980055)). ## Geeska oo cagaar ahaa: Xilligii Qoyanaanta Afrika Qiyaastii 14,000 ilaa 5,000 sano ka hor, waqooyiga iyo bariga Afrika "aad bay uga qoyanaayeen oo uga cagaarnaayeen maanta" (tarjumaad). Isotoobyada oksijiinta ee ilkaha sagaaro iyo duurka (gol) ee Gogoshiis Qabe iyo Guli Waabayo ayaa loo adeegsaday in lagu raadraaco sida dhulku u engegnaa muddadaas ([Reid, Jones, Brandt iyo kuwo kale, *Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology*, 2019](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109272)). Muunad badeed oo laga soo qaaday Gacanka Cadan ayaa muujinaysa in u gudubka iyo ka bixitaanka xilligan qoyan ay ahaayeen kuwo degdeg ah, oo dhacay "qarniyo gudahood ee ma ahayn kumanaan sano" (tarjumaad) ([Tierney iyo deMenocal, *Science* 342, 2013](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240411)). Xayawaanka duurjoogta ah ee lagu sawiray farshaxanka dhagxaanta woqooyiga, sida geri, oo aan halkaas hadda laga helin, waxay ku habboon yihiin taariikhdan cagaaran. Sada Mire waxay qortay in muuqaallada ugaarsiga "ay tilmaamayaan dhaqaale isku dhafan iyo deegaan aad uga cagaaran waxa gobolku maanta bixiyo" (tarjumaad) ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Woqooyiga: Hargeisan iyo Hoyga 7aad ee Laas Geel Clark wuxuu warshad "Hargeisan" ah ka qeexay goobo u dhow Hargeysa, oo isku daraysa astaamaha Xilliga Dhagaxa ee Dhexe iyo kan Dambe, iyo mid dambe oo "Somaliland Wilton" ah. Kooxdii Faransiiska ee diiwaangelisay sawirrada Laas Geel waxay qodday Hoyga 7aad waxayna heleen laba weji. Lakabyada sare waxay hayeen qalab yaryar oo Xilliga Dhagaxa ee Dambe ah. Lakabyada hoose waxay isku darayeen af-dhagaxyo Xilliga Dhagaxa ee Dambe iyo "farsamada Levallois", hab Xilliga Dhagaxa ee Dhexe ah, taas oo "taageeraysa in la barbardhigo 'Warshadda Hargeisan'" (tarjumaad), waxayna ku taariikhaysan tahay dhammaadkii Pleistocene ([Gutherz, Diaz, Ménard, Bon iyo kuwo kale, "The Hargeisan revisited", *Quaternary International* 343, 2014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.038)). Mire waxay taxdaa goobo kale oo Xilliga Dhagaxa ah oo woqooyiga ah oo weli u baahan daraasad: Lukuud oo u dhow Aw-Barkhadle, iyo Gumburaha iyo Aqalo-lamoodka oo u dhow Dhubato ee gobolka Hargeysa ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Ugaarsiga ilaa xoolo-dhaqashada Cutubka xiga waa xoolo-dhaqatadii ugu horreysay, kuwaas oo lo'dooda, idahooda iyo riyahoodu ay ka muuqdaan farshaxanka dhagxaanta woqooyiga laga bilaabo qiyaastii kunkii sano ee 3aad ka hor miilaadiga. Eeg [Laas Geel iyo farshaxanka dhagxaanta Soomaalida](/so/history/laas-geel-and-somali-rock-art/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ka hor 1300: dhulka Soomaalida ee hore](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Aasaska hore, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/) --- # Laas Geel iyo sawirrada dhagaxyada Soomaalida: sawirradii xoolo-dhaqatadii ugu horreysay, qiyaastii 5,000 sano jir Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/laas-geel-and-somali-rock-art/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laas Geel, oo ah buur dhagax-weyn (granite) ah oo u dhow waddada Hargeysa iyo Berbera, waxay leedahay ilaa toban god oo dhagax ah oo lagu sawiray lo' la qurxiyay, dad gacmaha kor u taagay, eeyo iyo geri. Koox Faransiis ah ayaa diiwaangelisay Diseembar 2002, waxayna sawirrada u nisbeysay xilligii xoolo-dhaqashada lo'da ee ugu horreysay ee Geeska Afrika, oo inta badan lagu qiyaaso kunka 3aad iyo 2aad ka hor dhalashadii Ciise (CH). In ka badan 70 goob oo sawirro dhagax leh ayaa laga sheegay waqooyiga, oo ay ka mid yihiin Dhambalin, Karin Heegan, Dhagax Kure iyo Dhagax Nabi Gallay, waxayna hayaan sawirradii ugu horreeyay ee xoolo-dhaqashada ee dhulka Soomaalida. ## Kooban Sawirradii ugu da'da weynaa ee dad ku sameeyeen dhulka Soomaalida waxaa lagu sawiray, lagana qoray dhagaxyada buuraleyda waqooyiga. Waxay muujiyaan lo', ido, riyo, eeyo iyo duur-joog, inta badanna dad ayaa la socda. Khubarada qadiimiga (archaeology) waxay u arkaan farshaxankii xoolo-dhaqatadii ugu horreysay ee Geeska Afrika. Goobta ugu caansan waa Laas Geel oo u dhow Hargeysa (Hargeisa). Sada Mire, oo ahayd madaxdii ugu horreysay ee Waaxda Qadiimiga ee Soomaaliland (Somaliland), waxay 2015 qortay in in ka badan 70 goob oo sawirro dhagax leh loo sheegay waaxda, waxayna khariidad u samaysay qiyaastii 30 ka mid ah ([Mire 2015, "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland", *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Laas Geel: sidii loo diiwaangeliyay Koox Faransiis ah oo uu hoggaaminayay Xavier Gutherz oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Montpellier ayaa raadinayay godad dhagax ah oo leh lakabyo ku aasan xilligii "markii dhaqaalaha wax-soo-saarku ka soo baxay qaybtan Geeska Afrika (qiyaastii kunka 5aad iyo 2aad CH)" (tarjumaad). 4 Diseembar 2002, iyagoo ku soo laabanaya Hargeysa, "waxaa goobta noo sheegay qof deggan Dacar Budhuq (Daarbudhuq), tuulo yar oo ku taal waddada qaranka ee u dhexeysa Hargeysa iyo Berbera; kadibna wuu na geeyay" (tarjumaad) ([Gutherz, Cros iyo Lesur, *Journal of African Archaeology* 1(2), 2003, bb. 227–228](https://hal.science/hal-02155252/document)). Kooxdu waxay u mahadcelisay Cismaan Cali Bile (Osman Ali Bile), oo xilligaas ahaa Wasiirka Dhaqanka iyo Dalxiiska ee Soomaaliland, iyo Maxamed Cumar Ismaaciil (Mohamed Omar Ismaël) iyo Maxamed Cabdi Cali (Mohamed Abdi Ali) "gacantoodii qaaliga ahayd ee goobta" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, b. 228, qoraal-hoosaad 4). Dadka agagaarka deggan waxay sawirrada garanayeen muddo dheer ka hor 2002. **Magaca.** Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in dhagaxu uu ku yaal meel ay ku kulmaan laba tog, oo leh balli xilliyeed iyo biyo dhulka hoostiisa ah oo dusha u dhow, iyo in "magaca Soomaaliga ahi macnihiisu yahay: 'Ceelka geela'" (tarjumaad). Waxay haysteen qoraalka Las Geel iyagoo raacaya talada hagayaashoodii Soomaalida ahaa (isla ishaas, b. 228). ## Waxa sawirradu muujiyaan - **Meesha.** Buurta dhagax-weynta ah waxay 4 km galbeed uga beegan tahay waddada Hargeysa iyo Berbera. Waxay leedahay ilaa 20 god oo yaryar. Sawirradu waxay ku yaalaan dhinaca bari oo keliya, qiyaastii toban god oo ku yaal saddex heer. Kuwa ugu waaweyn waxay qoto dheer yihiin qiyaastii 5 m, ballacooduna waa 10 m (Gutherz iyo kuwo kale 2003, b. 228). - **Midabada.** "Sida ay u badan yihiin: cas (ocher cas), caddaan, jaalle (ocher jaalle) iyo, marar dhif ah, madow" (tarjumaad). Sawirrada intooda badani waa midabo badan (isla ishaas). - **Lo'da.** Lo'du "waa sac leh ugaxda iyo afarta naas oo si cad loo sawiray" (tarjumaad). Waa "sac aan kurus lahayn dhammaantood" (tarjumaad), geesaha dhaadheer, oo inta badan u qaabaysan ciddi ama kataarad (lyre), badiyaa cadcad oo cirifyada ka casaan-bunni ah. Qoortooda waxaa saaran qayb la sawiray oo qorayaashu ugu yeereen "plastron", taasoo "laga yaabo inay tahay maro ama haraggo saarnaa qoorta xoolaha xilliyada xafladaha gaarka ah" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, bb. 228, 234). - **Dadka.** "Dad gaagaaban oo jir adag, lugaha u qaabaysan dun-wareejiye, gacmahana kor u taagay" (tarjumaad) ayaa taagan lo'da agteeda (isla ishaas, soo koobidda). - **Xayawaanno kale.** Eeyo ama xayawaan la jinsi ah oo dadka ag taagan, "geri keliya iyo dhowr deero" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, soo koobidda). - **Lakabyada.** Meelaha qaar, sawir ayaa ka korreeya sawir ka da' weyn, taasoo qorayaashu u qaateen calaamad muujinaysa in goobta la sawiray in ka badan hal mar (isla ishaas, b. 234). Qorayaashu waxay Laas Geel, sababo la xiriira "badnaanta sawirradeeda, tayadooda, iyo sida gaarka ah ee loo sawiray lo'da iyo dadka" (tarjumaad), ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah "goobaha ugu waaweyn ee sawirrada dhagaxyada ee xilligii Holocene ee gobolkan Afrika" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, soo koobidda). ## Imisa sano jir yihiin sawirradu? - **Qaabka gobolka.** Sawirrada Laas Geel waxay ka tirsan yihiin "qaab guud oo gobolka oo dhan ah oo inta badan lagu qiyaaso kunka III iyo II CH, xilligii ay ka bilaabatay oo kobocday dhaqashada lo'da ee Geeska Afrika" (tarjumaad) (Gutherz iyo kuwo kale 2003, b. 234). - **Godkii la qoday.** Sada Mire waxay xustay in qiyaasta da'du ay ku salaysan tahay "jajab yaryar oo midab ah oo laga helay lakabyo la rumaysan yahay inay jiraan 3500–2500 CH" (tarjumaad) oo ku jira Godka 7, godka keliya ee la qoday, halkaas oo aan laga helin wax dheri ah ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - **Qalab dhagax oo ka da' weyn.** Lakabyada hoose ee Godka 7 waxaa ku jiray qalab dhagax ah oo leh astaamaha Xilliga Dhexe ee Dhagaxa (Middle Stone Age), oo ay ku jirto farsamada Levallois, oo ay ku dhex jiraan mindiyo dhagax ah oo Xilliga Dambe ee Dhagaxa (Late Stone Age) ah. Tani waxay la mid tahay warshad (qaab samayn qalab) uu khabiirka qadiimiga J. Desmond Clark markii ugu horreysay 1954 u bixiyay "Hargeisan", oo laga soo bilaabo dhammaadkii Xilligii Barafka ee ugu dambeeyay ([Gutherz iyo kuwo kale, "The Hargeisan revisited", *Quaternary International* 343, 2014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.038)). - **Dheri ma jiro.** Kooxdii 2003 wax dheri ah kama helin Laas Geel iyo goobaha kale ee la degganaa ee ay arkeen. "Haddii aan siino da' Neolithic ama Protohistoric ah, waa inaan qirno in kooxahan xoolo-dhaqatada ahi ay ku noolaayeen deegaanka iyagoon dheri isticmaalin" (tarjumaad) (Gutherz iyo kuwo kale 2003, b. 234). ## Goobaha kale ee sawirrada dhagaxyada - **Karin Heegan (Karinhegane).** Waxaa daraasad ku sameeyay Steven Brandt iyo Nanny Carder sannadihii 1980-yada. Waxay leedahay lo' la sawiray oo qoortu u qurxisan tahay sida Laas Geel. Brandt wuxuu dhuxul laga helay god tijaabo ah oo albaabka ku yaal ku qiyaasay 1600 iyo 2100 sano ka hor maanta, taasoo kooxda Gutherz ay u malaynayso inay muujin karto degitaan dambe ee aysan ahayn da'da sawirrada ([Brandt iyo Carder, "Pastoral rock art in the Horn of Africa", *World Archaeology* 19, 1987](https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1987.9980034); [Gutherz iyo kuwo kale 2003, b. 234](https://hal.science/hal-02155252/document)). - **Dhambalin, Saaxil.** God dhagax-ciid (sandstone) ah oo ku yaal gobolka Saaxil, oo ay Sada Mire diiwaangelisay 2007. Mire waxay ku tilmaantay "goobta ugu horreysa uguna keli ah ee dhulka Soomaalida ee si aan shaki lahayn u muujisa ido iyo riyo" (tarjumaad). Waxay muujisaa ugaarsato qaansooyin iyo eeyo wata, geri, deero iyo ido, riyo iyo lo' la qurxiyay ([Mire, "The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland", *African Archaeological Review* 25, 2008](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-008-9032-2); [Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - **Dhagax Kure (Dhagah Kure) iyo Dhagax Nabi Gallay (Dhagah Nabi Gallay).** Laba goobood oo kale oo leh sawirro lo' oo isla qaabkaas ah. Labaduba waxay kaloo leeyihiin qoraallo Sabaean iyo Himyarite ah oo ka yimid Koonfurta Carabta, kuwaas oo meelaha qaar u muuqda in markii dambe lagu dul qoray sawirrada (Mire 2015). - **Haadh iyo Jilib Rihin, Togdheer.** Sawirro lo' oo qaabka Laas Geel ah, oo Mire diiwaangelisay 2007 (Mire 2015). - **Dhagax Maroodi (Dhagah Maroodi).** Goob sawirro la qoray (petroglyph) leh, halkaas oo lo'da dhagaxa lagu xardhay halkii la sawiri lahaa. Mire waxay sababtaas ugu yeertay "mid gaar ah" (tarjumaad) (Mire 2015). - **Sabeeno Furte, u dhow Ceerigaabo (Erigavo), Sanaag.** Sawirro la tuntay oo 4 ilaa 5 m sare uga yaal jar siman oo ka korreeya il biyo, oo muujinaya fardo la fuushan yahay, rag taagan iyo geel rar sita "qaab socdaal (safar gaadiid)" (tarjumaad) (Mire 2015). God la mid ah, God Hardhane oo u dhow Ceel Afweyn, waxaa ka warbixiyay I. M. Lewis 1958 (waxaa soo xigatay Mire 2015). - **Dacawale, Dhaymoole.** Sawirro ay Mire ku tilmaantay "waxyaabo u muuqda jadwallo dayaxeed, oo muujinaya jadwal 28 maalmood ah, iyo bil cusub iyo dayax buuxa" (tarjumaad), oo ay la socdaan naqshado joometeri ah iyo xayawaanno (Mire 2015). ## Waxa sawirrada dhagaxyadu na baraan Mire waxay qortay in sawirrada dhagaxyadu muujinayaan in intii u dhexeysay kunka saddexaad iyo kunka labaad CH, "dhaqashada lo' aan kurus lahayn… ido iyo riyo… iyo sidoo kale ugaarsiga deerada, geriga iyo duur-joogta kale, ay ahayd saldhigga dhaqaalaha nolol-maalmeedka" (tarjumaad). Muuqaallada ugaarsiga "waxay tilmaamayaan dhaqaale isku dhafan iyo deegaan aad uga cagaarsan kan gobolku maanta leeyahay" (tarjumaad). Goobaha intooda badani waxay ku yaalaan suun bari ilaa galbeed ah oo godad dhagax-weyn iyo dhagax-nuurad ah kaga gudba bartamaha Soomaaliland ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Khataraha Mire waxay taxday nabaadguurka dabaysha iyo roobka, buulasha cayayaanka qaniinya (wasps), daayeerrada waxyeeleeya derbiyada, qoraallada derbiyada lagu qoro, burburin ula kac ah, in dhagaxyada la sawiray loo isticmaalo dhismo, iyo ugu horreynba boobka iyo ganacsiga sharci-darrada ah ee alaabta qadiimiga ah ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ka hor 1300: dhulkii Soomaalida ee qadiimiga ahaa](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Qabuuro qadiimi ah, tiirar dhagax ah iyo magaalooyin](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/) - [Goobaha hiddaha ee Soomaaliya](/en/society/heritage-sites/) --- # Dalka Punt iyo xeebta Soomaalida: waxa ay diiwaannada Masar sheegaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Punt wuxuu ahaa dal ay Masartii hore badda u mari jirtay si ay uga keento malmal, foox, abanuus, dahab iyo xayawaan nool, laga soo bilaabo qiyaastii 2500 ka hor miilaadiga ilaa qiyaastii 1150 ka hor miilaadiga. Meesha saxda ah ee uu ku yaallay waa lagu murmay. Aqoonyahanno badan waxay dhigaan dhinaca Afrika ee koonfurta Badda Cas iyo Gacanka Cadmeed, oo ah aag ay ku jiraan qaybo ka mid ah Ereteriya, Itoobiya, Jabuuti iyo waqooyiga Soomaaliya maanta, daraasad 2020 lagu sameeyay isotoobyada daanyeerro ay Masar ka keentay Punt ayaana isla aaggaas tilmaantay. ## Kooban *Punt* (af-Masaari hore, *Pwnt*) wuxuu ka muuqdaa diiwaannada Masar in ka badan 1,300 sano. Masaaridu waxay sidoo kale ugu yeeri jireen *Ta-netjer*, "Dhulka Ilaahay". Waxay u tagi jireen markab si ay uga keenaan malmal iyo foox ay ku shidaan macbadyadooda, iyo abanuus, fool maroodi, dahab, harag xayawaan iyo xayawaan nool. Ma jiro qoraal Masaari ah oo khariidad bixiya. Meesha Punt ku yaallay weli waa lagu doodaa. Aragtiyaha ugu waaweyn ayaa hoos lagu soo bandhigay, mid kastana ishiisa. Dowlad goboleedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya maanta magaceeda waxay ka qaadatay Punt ([BBC News, Puntland profile](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114727)). ## Xiriir kasta oo Masar la diiwaangeliyay oo ay la yeelatay Punt Aqoonyahanka Mareykanka ah ee taariikhda Masar James Henry Breasted ayaa 1906 isu keenay diiwaannadii hore ([Breasted, *Ancient Records of Egypt*, mug. 2, §247](https://archive.org/details/ancientrecordsof02brea_0)): - **Boqortooyadii Afraad (qiyaastii 2600–2500 CH).** Nin Punt ka yimid ayaa u muuqda adeege u shaqeeya mid ka mid ah wiilashii Boqor Khufu, kii dhisay Ahraamta Weyn. - **Boqortooyadii Shanaad.** Boqor Sahure wuxuu safar u diray Punt. Boqor Isesi wuxuu diray mid kale, kaas oo soo celiyay qof gaaban oo qoob-ka-ciyaar. - **Boqortooyadii Lixaad.** Xilligii Pepi II sarkaal la yiraahdo Enenkhet waxaa dilay "dadka ciidda deggan ee xeebta" (tarjumaad) intii uu markab Punt u socda dhisayay. Safar kale ayaa u baxay iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo kaaliyaha khasnajiga Thethy. - **Boqortooyadii Kow iyo Tobnaad (qiyaastii 2000 CH).** Henu, khasnajiga sare ee Mentuhotep III, wuxuu safar u diray Punt, wuxuuna la raacay ilaa xeebta Badda Cas. - **Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad.** Sarkaal ka tirsanaa Amenemhet II oo la yiraahdo Khentkhetwer ayaa diiwaangeliyay inuu si nabad ah uga soo laabtay Punt. Safar kale ayaa u baxay xilligii Senusret II. Sheeko ka timid Boqortooyadii Dhexe, *Sheekada Badmaaxii Markabkiisu Jabay*, waxay ka dhacdaa safar Punt loo socday. - **Boqortooyadii Siddeed iyo Tobnaad (qiyaastii 1470 CH).** Safarkii Boqoradda Hatshepsut, oo lagu qoray macbadkeeda Deir el-Bahari (eeg hoos). - **Boqortooyadii Labaatanaad (qiyaastii 1150 CH).** Warqadda Papyrus Harris I, oo ka timid xilligii Ramesses III, waxay sharraxdaa maraakiib ka soo laabanaya Punt iyo alaabtoodii oo dhul ahaan loo qaaday Coptos oo ku taal Webiga Niil ([Breasted, *Ancient Records of Egypt*, mug. 4, §407](https://archive.org/details/ancient-records-of-egypt-vol-4_202011)). Breasted wuxuu xusay in, marka laga reebo sawir-qoreedyada Hatshepsut, "ilahaas midkoodna kuma jiro wax ka badan tilmaan aad u yar oo ku saabsan in safarku dhacay" (tarjumaad) (mug. 2, §247). ## Safarkii Hatshepsut, qiyaastii 1470 CH Diiwaanka ugu buuxa ee Punt waa sawir-qoreedyo midab leh oo taxane ah oo ku yaal dabaqa dhexe ee macbadka Hatshepsut ee Deir el-Bahari, magaalada Thebes. Safarku wuxuu soo laabtay wax yar ka hor sannadkii sagaalaad ee xukunkeeda ([Breasted, mug. 2, §246](https://archive.org/details/ancientrecordsof02brea_0)). Shan markab ayaa la muujiyay. **Dalka.** Sawir-qoreedyadu waxay muujiyaan guryaha dadka Punt oo "tiirar la saaray" (tarjumaad), dhex yaal dhir, biyo agtood (§254). **Taliyaha.** Madaxa Punt waxaa la yiraahdaa *Perehu*. Gadaashiisa waxaa socota xaaskiisa, oo magaceedu yahay Eti sida uu Breasted u akhriyay (Ati tarjumaadaha kale), kadibna laba wiil iyo gabar, iyo saddex adeege oo wada "dameerka xaaskiisa sida" (tarjumaad) (§254, 258). **Kulanka.** Qoraalka ka sarreeya dadka Punt wuxuu leeyahay (§257): > "Maxaad halkan ugu timaadeen dalkan, oo aan dadku aqoon? Ma waddooyinka samada ayaad ku soo degteen, mise biyaha ayaad ku soo dhooftaan, badda Dhulka Ilaahay?" (tarjumaad) Qoraallada Masaariga ahi waxay dadka Punt u soo bandhigaan kuwo canshuur bixinaya. Joyce Tyldesley, oo qortay taariikh nololeedka Hatshepsut, waxay u akhrisaa safar ganacsi oo qoraallada macbadku ku sharraxeen luqadda canshuurta ([Tyldesley, *Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh*, 1996, bb. 145–149](https://archive.org/details/hatchepsutfemale00tyld)). **Rarka.** Waxa ka sarreeya maraakiibta (§265): > "Maraakiibta oo si aad u culus loogu raray yaababka dalka Punt; dhammaan qoryaha udgoon ee wanaagsan ee Dhulka Ilaahay, tuulmooyin xabagta malmalka ah, geedo malmal oo cusub, abanuus iyo fool maroodi saafi ah, dahab cagaaran oo Emu ah, qoryo qorfe ah, qoryo khesyt ah, foox ihmut ah, foox sonter ah, kuul indhaha, daanyeerro, shaadi, eeyo, iyo harag shabeelka koonfureed, iyo dadka deegaanka iyo carruurtooda. Weligeed lama keenin wax la mid ah boqor kasta oo jiray tan iyo bilowgii." (tarjumaad) 31 geed oo malmal ah oo nool ayaa la soo celiyay si loogu beero macbadka Amun (§272). Sawir-qoreedyada markii dambe waa la waxyeelleeyay: magaca iyo sawirrada Hatshepsut waa la xoqay dhimashadeeda kadib, magaca Amun-na waa la tirtiray xilligii Amenhotep IV (§246, faallo). ## Halkee buu ku yaallay Punt? Waxa il kastaa sheegto - **Dekedda Masar.** Qodaallo ay hoggaaminayeen Kathryn Bard iyo Rodolfo Fattovich oo laga sameeyay Mersa/Wadi Gawasis oo ku taal xeebta Badda Cas ee Masar ayaa laga helay qoryo maraakiib, barroosinno iyo tiirar dhagax ah oo qoraal leh oo magacaabaya safarrada Punt. Tani waxay ahayd deked safarka loo isticmaalo, sidaas darteed Punt wuxuu ku yaallay koonfurta Badda Cas ([Jaamacadda Boston, mashruuca Mersa/Wadi Gawasis](https://www.bu.edu/archaeology/archaeological-investigations-at-mersa-wadi-gawasis-egypt/)). - **Daraasaddii daanyeerrada, 2020.** Masar waxay Punt ka keeni jirtay daanyeerro hamadryas ah oo barakaysan. Nathaniel Dominy iyo asxaabtiisa waxay cabbireen isotoobyada oksijiinta iyo strontium-ka ee 155 daanyeer oo casri ah oo laga keenay 77 meelood, waxayna barbardhigeen daanyeerro la qalajiyay (mummy). Laba mummy oo Boqortooyadii Cusub ah "waxaa laga raadiyay aag ay ku jiraan inta badan Itoobiya, Ereteriya iyo Jabuuti maanta, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Soomaaliya iyo Yaman" (tarjumaad). Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in tani "xoojinayso inta badan malaha aqoonyahannada ee ku saabsan meesha Punt" (tarjumaad) ([Dominy iyo asxaabtiis, *eLife*, 2020](https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.60860)). - **Daraasaddii DNA-da ee xigtay, 2023.** DNA-da mitochondria ee daanyeer mummy ah oo ka dambeeyay (qiyaastii 800–540 CH) waxay la mid noqotay daanyeerrada casriga ah ee Ereteriya, Itoobiya iyo bariga Suudaan, taas oo tilmaantay dekedda Adulis ee Ereteriya xilligaas dambe ([Grathwol iyo asxaabtiis, *eLife*, 2023](https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.87513)). - **Qodaalayaasha taariikhda ee xeebta Soomaalida.** Neville Chittick wuxuu qoray in "Masaaridii Hore, dalka Punt, oo badanaa lala mid dhigo xeebta waqooyi ee Soomaalida, loo arkayay dalka fooxa" (tarjumaad) ([Chittick 1979, b. 273](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). Sada Mire waxay Punt dhigtaa "malaha meel ka mid ah dhinaca Afrika ee xeebta koonfureed ee Badda Cas" (tarjumaad), waxayna qortay in uu "si fiican u noqon karo aagga Soomaaliya/Soomaaliland maanta" (tarjumaad) ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - **Aragtiyo kale.** Jacke Phillips waxay dib u eegtay caddaymaha isku xira Punt iyo Aksum oo dambe ([Phillips, "Punt and Aksum: Egypt and the Horn of Africa", *Journal of African History* 38, 1997](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853797007068)). Dimitri Meeks wuxuu ku dooday galbeedka Jasiiradda Carabta ([Meeks, "Locating Punt", gudaha O'Connor iyo Quirke, *Mysterious Lands*, 2003](https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse)). - **Magacyada.** W. H. Schoff wuxuu diiwaangeliyay aragtida Eduard Glaser ee ah in magacyada Pano iyo Opone, oo ku yaal xeebta Soomaalida ee kitaabka *Periplus* ee qarnigii 1aad, ay ka dhawaajinayaan "Punt" ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 87](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). ## Sheegashooyinka "Puntite" iyo bililiqada Tan iyo 2012, goobo ku yaal Soomaaliland ayaa lagu sheegay inay yihiin "Fircooni" ama "Puntite". Sada Mire waxaa dowladda Soomaaliland ka codsatay inay baarto 2014. Waxay ogaatay in goobaha la tusay ay ahaayeen taallooyin qabuuro ah oo dhagxaantoodii laga qaaday, iyo in nin uu iibinayay farshaxanno loogu yeero "Fircooni" ilaa US$15,000. Waxay qortay in farshaxannadaas iyo goobahaasba "si sax ah loo baaro" (tarjumaad), iyo in baahida loo qabo ay keentay bililiqo ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Kahor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Dekedaha Soomaalida ee kitaabka Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/) - [Fooxa iyo malmalka: ganacsigii hore ee uunsiga Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/) --- # Dekedaha Soomaalida ee kitaabka Periplus, qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga: Avalites, Malao, Mundus, Mosylon iyo Opone Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qiyaastii 2,000 sano ka hor, ganacsade ku hadla Giriigga oo ka yimid Masar xilligii Roomaanka ayaa qoray buug hagitaan badmaax ah, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, kaas oo taxaya magaalooyin ganacsi oo ku yaal xeebta Soomaalida: Avalites (meel u dhow Saylac), Malao (Berbera), Mundus (Xiis), Mosylon, Suuqa Uunsiga oo u dhow Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui), iyo Opone (Raas Xaafuun). Wuxuu sheegay in magaalooyinkaas ay dibadda u dhoofin jireen malmal, foox, uunsi u eg qorfe, qolofta diinta badda iyo foolka maroodiga, iyo in 'dalkani uusan hoos tagin boqor, balse magaalo suuq kasta uu xukumo madax u gaar ah' (tarjumaad). ## Kooban *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* waa buug hagitaan ah oo Giriig ku qoran, loogu talagalay ganacsatada ka soo dhoofa Masar xilligii Roomaanka una socda Badda Cas iyo Badweynta Hindiya. Qoraagiisa lama yaqaan. Inta badan aqoonyahannadu waxay u nisbeeyaan qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga; qodaalaha taariikhda Neville Chittick wuxuu door biday qarnigii 2aad ama horraantii qarnigii 3aad ([Chittick 1979, *International Journal of Nautical Archaeology* 8.4, b. 273](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). Qaybaha 7 ilaa 14 ee buuggu waxay deked deked u maraan xeebta waqooyi ee dhulka Soomaalida maanta, laga soo bilaabo Gacanka Cadmeed, iyagoo wareegaya Raas Caseyr ilaa Raas Xaafuun. Qoraalku wuxuu dadka xeebtan ugu yeeraa *Barbaroi* (Barbarta), dhulkoodana xeebta "dhinaca kale", maadaama ay ka soo horjeeday Carabta oo badda u dhexaysay. Xigashooyinka hoose waxay ka yimaadeen tarjumaaddii Ingiriisiga ee W. H. Schoff ee 1912, waana tarjumaad Soomaali ah ([Schoff, *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, 1912, bb. 25–28](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). ## Sidii xeebta loo maamulayay Periplus wuxuu sheegay in xeebta dhinaca kale aysan lahayn hal taliye: > "Dalkani ma hoos tago boqor, balse magaalo suuq kasta waxaa xukuma madax u gaar ah." (§14) (tarjumaad) Maraakiibtu waxay ka iman jireen Masar "qiyaastii bisha Luulyo", sidoo kale galbeedka Hindiya, Ariaca iyo Barygaza (Bharuch), iyagoo sida "sarreen, bariis, subag la dubay, saliid macsaro, maro suf ah… iyo malab laga sameeyo cawsda la yiraahdo *sacchari*" (tarjumaad), oo ah qasabka sonkorta. Maraakiibta qaar waxay u dhoofi jireen magaalooyinkan oo keliya; kuwa kalena way ka ganacsan jireen intii ay xeebta sii marayeen (§14). ## Deked deked **Avalites (§7), meel u dhow Saylac (Zeila).** "Tan ugu horraysa waxaa la yiraahdaa Avalites; meeshan ayaa safarka Carabta ilaa xeebta dhinaca kale ugu gaaban" (tarjumaad). Waxay ahayd "magaalo suuq yar… oo lagu gaaro doonyo iyo raraf" (tarjumaad). Waxa la keeni jiray waxaa ka mid ahaa muraayad dhagax-quraarad ah, casiir canab dhanaan oo laga keenay Diospolis ee Masar, maro "loo sameeyay Barbarta", sarreen, khamri iyo qasdiir yar. Waxa dibadda loo dhoofin jiray waxay ahaayeen "uunsi, fool maroodi yar, qolofta diinta badda, iyo malmal aad u yar, balse ka fiican kuwa kale" (tarjumaad). Qoraalku wuxuu ku daray in Barbartu mararka qaar iyagu marinka badda ku tallaabi jireen raraf si ay wax ugu iibiyaan Ocelis iyo Muza ee Carabta, wuxuuna dadka meeshan ku tilmaamay "aad u qalqalsan" (tarjumaad). Schoff wuxuu Avalites la mid dhigay Saylac, wuxuuna xusay tuulada Abalit ee ku taal xeebta waqooyi ee gacanka ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 74](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). **Malao (§8), Berbera.** Qiyaastii 800 stadia (qiyaas ahaan 145 km) ka sii fog, oo leh meel maraakiibtu ku xirtaan oo "ay ka ilaaliso carro dheer oo bari ka soo baxda" (tarjumaad). "Halkan dadka deegaanku way ka nabad badan yihiin" (tarjumaad). Waxa la keeni jiray waxay ahaayeen funaanado, go'yaal laga keenay Arsinoe, koobab wax lagu cabbo, naxaas jilicsan oo yar, bir, iyo lacag dahab iyo lacag-cad ah. Waxa dibadda loo dhoofin jiray waxay ahaayeen "malmal, foox yar… qorfaha adag, *duaca*, xabagta Hindiya iyo *macir*… iyo addoomo, balse dhif" (tarjumaad). Schoff wuxuu Malao la mid dhigay Berbera, oo carrada ciidda ahi weli ilaaliso dekeddeeda ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 80](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). **Mundus (§9), Xiis (Heis).** "Laba ama saddex maalmood oo badmaax ah Malao ka dambeysa", halkaas oo "maraakiibtu si ammaan badan ugu xirtaan gadaasha jasiirad u dhow xeebta" (tarjumaad). Waxay dhoofin jirtay isla alaabtaas iyo "fooxa la yiraahdo *mocrotu*" (tarjumaad). Qoraalku wuxuu leeyahay "ganacsatada halkan degganu way ka murmo badan yihiin" (tarjumaad); tarjumaadda cusub ee ay xigteen qodaalayaashii Xiis ee 2022 waxay u tarjumtay "kuwo gorgortan adag" ( [Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). Schoff iyo qodaalayaashii dambe waxay "jasiiradda u dhow xeebta" la mid dhigeen jasiirad yar oo dhagax ah oo Xiis wax ka yar 200 m u jirta. **Mosylon (§10).** Laba ama saddex maalmood oo bari ah, "xeeb ciid ah, oo meel maraakiibta lagu xiro xun leh" (tarjumaad). Waxay dhoofin jirtay "qorfe aad u badan (sidaas darteed magaalo suuqan waxay u baahan tahay maraakiib waaweyn)" (tarjumaad), xabag udgoon, uunsi, qolofta diinta badda, *mocrotu*, foox, fool maroodi iyo malmal. Waxa la keeni jiray waxaa ka mid ahaa weelal lacag-cad ah, bir yar iyo quraarad. Meesha ay ku tiil waa lagu kala aragti duwan yahay: Schoff wuxuu sheegay in faallo-bixiyeyaasha intooda badani dhigaan Raas Hantara, halka Glaser uu door biday Raas Khamzir oo aad u sii galbeed ah ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 82](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Chittick wuxuu u arkay in dekedda Xiis ay Mundus ugu habboon tahay, iyo in qorayaashii hore laga yaabo inay labada magac isku qaldeen. Wuxuu xusay in Pliny kii Waynaa uu "raaska iyo dekedda Mossylites" ku magacaabay meesha ugu fog ee bari oo uu yiqiin ([Chittick 1979, b. 274](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). **Dhirta fooxa (§11).** Mosylon dabadeed waxaa yimaada "webiga loo yaqaan Niilkii Yaraa", il biyood, "Raaska Maroodiga", iyo "kayn weyn oo dhir ah oo la yiraahdo Acannae, oo ah meesha keliya ee laga helo fooxa dhinaca kale, si aad u badan oo heer kii ugu fiicnaa ah" (tarjumaad). **Suuqa iyo Raaska Uunsiga (§12), Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui).** "Raas kediso ah, oo ku yaal dhammaadka xeebta Barbarta ee dhinaca bari" (tarjumaad). Meesha maraakiibta lagu xiro waxay khatar ahayd marka dabaylaha waqooyi dhacaan. Markii baddu "sii wasakhowdo" duufaan ka hor, maraakiibtu waxay u carari jireen raas la yiraahdo Tabae si ay u gabbadaan. Suuqu wuxuu soo saari jiray "qorfe iyo noocyadiisa kala duwan, *gizir*, *asypha*, *arebo*, *magla* iyo *moto*, iyo foox" (tarjumaad). Chittick wuxuu suuqan ku xiray derbiyo dhagax laga qoray oo xilligii Roomaanka ah oo u dhow tuulada Daamo, kuna yaal galbeedka raaska ([Chittick 1979, b. 275](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). **Pano iyo Opone (§13), Raas Xaafuun.** Tuulada Pano kadib waxaa timaada "magaalo suuq kale oo la yiraahdo Opone", halkaas oo "laga soo saaro qorfaha ugu badan", iyo "addoomo kuwa ugu fiican, oo Masar loo keeno tiro sii kordheysa; iyo qolof diin badeed aad u badan, oo ka fiican tan meelaha kale laga helo" (tarjumaad). Opone waxaa lala mid dhigaa Raas Xaafuun, oo qiyaastii 150 km koonfur ka xigta Raas Caseyr. Eeg [Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/). **Azania (§15).** Opone koonfurteeda, Periplus wuxuu sharraxaa "jarrooyinka yaryar iyo kuwa waaweyn ee Azania", kadibna "Socodyada Azania", kan hore oo la yiraahdo Sarapion kan xigana Nicon, oo ah xeeb "aan deked lahayn" oo u sii fidda dhanka Rhapta ee Tansaaniya maanta. ## Waxay ahaayeen alaabtu - **Malmalka iyo fooxa** waa xabag geed. Waxaa lagu shidi jiray macbadyada Masar, Carabta iyo dunida Roomaanka. Chittick wuxuu xabagta udgoon ku tilmaamay "alaabta ugu weyn ee ay doonayeen ganacsatada u imanaya Geeska Afrika" (tarjumaad) ([Chittick 1979, b. 273](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). - **"Qorfe" (*kasia*)** ee Periplus wuxuu ahaa noocyo uunsi diir geed ah, oo lagu kala qiimeeyo magacyo deegaan. Schoff wuxuu ku dooday in inta badan laga keeni jiray Hindiya iyo Koonfur-bari Aasiya, dib loogana dhoofin jiray dekedaha Soomaalida, halka qaar laga yaabo inay ahaayeen kuwo deegaanka ah ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka bb. 82–87](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). - **Mocrotu** wuxuu ahaa, sida uu Schoff u akhriyay, foox heer sare ah. Wuxuu soo xigtay erayga Carabiga *mghairot* iyo eray Soomaali ah oo loo diiwaangeliyay *mokhr* ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 82](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). - **Qolofta diinta badda, foolka maroodiga iyo addoomo** ayaa sidoo kale dibadda loo dhoofin jiray. Periplus wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in baahida Masar ee dadka la addoonsaday ee Opone laga keeno ay sii kordheysay. ## Waxa ay qodaalka taariikhdu markii dambe heshay - **Xiis (Heis), Sanaag.** 1880-aadkii sahamiyaha Faransiiska Georges Révoil wuxuu halkan taallooyin qabuuro ah ka helay quraarad iyo dheryo Roomaan ah. Chittick wuxuu 1976 helay quraarad Roomaan ah oo qiyaastii qarnigii 4aad ee miilaadiga ah. Qodaalladii 2018 iyo 2019 waxay khariidadeeyeen qabuuro ka badan 300 taallo oo xeebta ku fidsan 1,800 m. Alaab dibadda laga keenay ayaa laga helay 80 ka mid ah: dheryo dhalaal leh oo Barthiyaan ah, quraarad iyo jarar Roomaan ah, iyo jarar Koonfurta Carabta ah oo qarniyadii 1aad ilaa 3aad ee miilaadiga ah. Qabri aan la taaban ayaa waxaa ku jiray qof dhallinyaro ah oo lagu aasay dhalo weyn oo quraarad Roomaan ah oo qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga ah, kaabo bir ah iyo silsilad qoorta ah oo ka samaysan kuul quraarad iyo naxaas ah ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres, *Networked spaces*, MOM Éditions, 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). - **Raas Xaafuun, Bari.** Laba goob oo deked ah, oo taariikhdoodu u dhaxayso qarnigii 1aad ka hor miilaadiga ilaa qarnigii 5aad ee miilaadiga (eeg [Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/)). - **Xiis guryo dhagax ah ma lahayn.** Chittick kama helin Xiis guryo joogto ah. Wuxuu soo jeediyay in ganacsiga ay wadi jireen xoolo-dhaqato dhista guryo la qaadi karo, sida *aqalka* Soomaaliga, xilliga ganacsiga ([Chittick 1979, b. 274](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). - **Doonyo la tolay.** Chittick wuxuu sababta ay xeebtan uga sii jirtay *beden*-ka, oo ah doon la isku tolay oo aan lahayn musmaar bir ah, ku xiray xeebta qallafsan ee aan dekedaha lahayn, maadaama doonyaha la tolay ay u adkaystaan ku soo degidda mawjadaha (isla ishaas). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Kahor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Goobaha hiddaha ee Soomaaliya](/en/society/heritage-sites/) - [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/) --- # Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun: deked Soomaaliyeed oo hore, qarnigii 1aad ka hor miilaadiga ilaa qarnigii 5aad Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Raas Xaafuun, oo ku taal xeebta Badweynta Hindiya koonfurta Raas Caseyr, waxay haysaa laba ka mid ah goobaha dekedaha ee ugu da'da weyn ee la qoday ee dhulka Soomaalida. Qodistii 1975 ilaa 1976 waxay Xaafuun Galbeed ka heshay dhismo dhagax ah oo leh dheryo rinji leh oo qaab Giriig (Hellenistic) ah, Xaafuun Dhexena goob ganacsi oo leh alaab Barthiyaan iyo Roomaan ah. Aqoonyahannada qadiimigu labada goobood waxay ku taariikhaystaan qiyaastii qarnigii 1aad ka hor miilaadiga ilaa qarnigii 5aad ee miilaadiga, Xaafuun Dhexena waxay u aqoonsadaan Opone, magaalo suuq ah oo lagu magacaabay Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ee qarnigii 1aad. ## Si kooban Raas Xaafuun waa madax dhagax-ciideed ah oo ku yaal xeebta Badweynta Hindiya ee gobolka Bari, qiyaastii 150 km koonfur ka xigta Raas Caseyr. Waxay dhulka weyn kaga xiran tahay xariijin ciid ah (tombolo) oo qiyaastii 25 km dherer ah ([Chittick 1979, "Early ports in the Horn of Africa", *International Journal of Nautical Archaeology* 8.4, b. 275](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). Magaalada Xaafuun waxay ku taal madaxa. Laba goobood oo hore ayaa halkan lagu qoday 1975 iyo 1976 oo uu sameeyay howlgal ka tirsan British Institute in Eastern Africa oo uu hoggaaminayay Neville Chittick, "iyadoo lala kaashanayo saaxiibbo Soomaali ah" (tarjumaad), iyo caawimaadda dowladda Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (isla ishaas, b. 273). Waxa ay heleen waxay Xaafuun ka dhigayaan mid ka mid ah goobaha ganacsiga ee ugu horreeya ee la taariikhaystay xeebta Bariga Afrika. ## Waxa Periplus-ku ka sheego Opone *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* ee Giriigga ee qarnigii 1aad wuxuu sharraxaa magaaladii suuqa ee ugu dambeysay ee xeebta "dhinaca fog" ka hor Azania (§13): > "Tabae dabadeed, afar boqol oo stadia kadib, waxaa jirta tuulada Pano. Kadibna, kadib markii afar boqol oo stadia lagu shiraaco madax dhinaciisa, oo meeshaas qulqulkuna kuu jiido, waxaa jirta magaalo suuq kale oo la yiraahdo Opone, taas oo lagu keeno isla alaabta hore loo sheegay, waxaana lagu soo saaraa qorfaha ugu badan (*arebo* iyo *moto*), iyo addoommo heer sare ah, oo Masar loo keeno tiro sii kordheysa; iyo qolof diin oo badan, oo ka fiican tan meelaha kale laga helo." (tarjumaad) ([turjumaadda Schoff, 1912, b. 28](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)) W. H. Schoff wuxuu Opone u aqoonsaday "madaxa cajiibka ah ee hadda loo yaqaan Raas Xaafuun" (tarjumaad), Panona Raas Binna. Wuxuu sidoo kale diiwaangeliyay aragtida aqoonyahanka Jarmalka Eduard Glaser ee ah in magacyada Pano iyo Opone ay ku dayanayaan "Dhulka Punt" ee Masaarida ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 87](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). ## Xaafuun Galbeed: deked qarniyadii ugu dambeeyay ka hor miilaadiga Xaafuun Galbeed waxay ku taal dhinaca haro gacmeed gun-gaab ah oo u dhexeysa madaxa iyo dhulka weyn. Kooxda Chittick waxay heleen haraaga si xun u nabaadguuray ee dhismo qayb ahaan laga sameeyay dhagxaan la jaray. Lakabyada hoose waxaa ku jiray jajab "dheryo rinji leh oo tayo sare leh oo u muuqda asal Giriig (Hellenistic)" (tarjumaad) iyo weelal kayd oo waaweyn ([Chittick 1979, b. 275](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). - **Taariikhda.** Chittick markii hore wuxuu goobta u qaatay "xarun deked yar oo qarnigii 2aad ama 3aad ka hor miilaadiga ah oo juqraafiyayaashii Roomaanku aysan ogeyn" (tarjumaad). Daraasad dambe ayaa Xaafuun Galbeed ku taariikhaysa qarnigii 1aad ka hor miilaadiga ilaa qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511), oo soo xiganaysa Smith iyo Wright, *Azania* 23, 1988). - **Dhulka gudaha.** Tog ka yimaada dooxada Daroor ayaa ku shuba harada. Chittick wuxuu xusay in dooxadu u horseedayso aag "la sheego in malmal tayo fiican laga heli karo" (tarjumaad). - **Isticmaalka dambe.** Qiyaastii qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga dhismaha dhagaxu wuu burburay, dadkuna waxay ku noolaayeen burburkiisa dhexdiisa. Waxay ka tageen lafo diin oo badan laakiin qolof diin ma jirin, taas oo Chittick soo jeedinayo in loo iibiyay dhoofin, sida Periplus-ku sharraxo. Tuul weyn oo qolof *Murex* ah oo agtiisa ah ayaa laga yaabaa in loo adeegsaday samaynta midab guduudan. Cirifyada haradu waxay ku habboon yihiin samaynta milixda iyadoo la uumiyeeyo, taas oo weli halkaas laga sameeyo (Chittick 1979, b. 276). - **Aasaska.** Taallooyin yaryar oo agtiisa ah ayaa lagu dhisay dhagxaan laga qaaday dhismaha weyn. Mid ka mid ah wuxuu hayay meyd la laabay, gacmaha wejiga la saaray, u jeeda galbeed, oo aan alaab la aasay lahayn (isla ishaas). ## Xaafuun Dhexe: suuqii Opone Xaafuun Dhexe waxay ku taal dhinaca koonfureed ee madaxa, oo ku xigta deked laga gaashaamay dabaysha waqooyi-bari. Chittick wuxuu qoray inay "u badan tahay in loo aqoonsado suuqa Periplus-ku ugu magac daray Opone" (tarjumaad) ([Chittick 1979, b. 276](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). - Godad tijaabo ah ayaa helay ilaa 2 m oo lakabyo degitaan ah, inta badan xariijimo dhuxul iyo ciid ah, iyo foorno badan oo laga sameeyay dheryo hore. - Ma jirin guryo dhagax ah, kaliya raadadka godad tiirar waaweyn, taas oo tilmaamaysa dhismayaal alwaax iyo caws ah. - Qabuuro dhagax ah oo hoose oo afar-gees ah oo agtiisa ah ayaa hayay dheryo dhalaal leh oo la xiriira noocyada "Barthiyaanka" iyo quraarad. - Saldhigga weel buluug dhalaal leh oo Saasaani-Islaami ah oo u dhow taallo, oo qodayaashu u akhriyeen calaamad muujinaysa in dadku halkan weli iman jireen qarniyadii dambe. Chittick wuxuu ku-meel-gaar ahaan Xaafuun Dhexe ku taariikhaystay qarniyadii 2aad iyo 3aad ee miilaadiga. Daraasadda dambe waxay bixisaa qarniyadii 2aad ilaa 5aad ee miilaadiga, waxayna sheegtaa in alaabta dibadda laga keenay ay ka timid "Boqortooyada Roomaanka, Khaliijka iyo Koonfurta Aasiya" (tarjumaad) ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). Dheryo cas oo Masaari ah oo qarniyadii 1aad iyo 2aad ee miilaadiga ah oo laga helay Xaafuun ayaa la mid ah waxa laga helay Coptos iyo Myos Hormos, dekedihii Roomaanka ee Badda Cas ee Masar (isla ishaas). ## Sababta Xaafuun muhiim ugu tahay diiwaanka - Waa mid ka mid ah meelaha yar ee Geeska Afrika ee deked lagu magacaabay qoraal Giriig ah lala barbardhigay haraa la qoday. - Qodayaashu waxa la helay waxay u akhriyaan caddayn muujinaysa in xeebta Soomaalidu la ganacsan jirtay Masar-tii Ptolemy iyo Roomaanka, Faaris-tii Barthiyaanka iyo Saasaaniga iyo Koonfurta Aasiya muddo qiyaastii 500 sano ah. - Sada Mire, oo madax ka ahayd Waaxda Qadiimiga Somaliland, waxay Raas Xaafuun ku tilmaantay "goob muhiim ah oo laga bilaabo qarnigii saddexaad ka hor miilaadiga, oo u adeegaysay degmo taageerta ganacsiga Giriig-Roomaanka" (tarjumaad) ([Mire 2015, "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland", *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Doonta beden Chittick wuxuu 1975 ilaa 1976 sawiray *beden*, doon la tolay oo aan musmaar bir ah lahayn, oo sabbaynaysa harada Xaafuun, oo ay agteeda taal huuri (*huri*) leh baroosin dhagax ah ([Chittick 1979, sawirka 4](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). Wuxuu sii jiritaanka doonyaha la tolay ee xeebtan la xiriiriyay meelaha ay ku degaan oo furan oo mawjaddu garaacdo. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/) - [Ka hor 1300: dhulka Soomaalida ee hore](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Goobaha hiddaha ee Soomaaliya](/en/society/heritage-sites/) --- # Fooxa iyo malmalka: ganacsigii uunsiga ee Soomaalida qadiimka ahaa, Masar ilaa Shiinaha Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > In ka badan 3,000 oo sano, xeebta waqooyiga Soomaalida waxaa dibadda looga yaqaanay dhulka uunsiga. Qorayaal Masaari, Giriig, Roomaan, Biizantiin iyo Shiine ah dhammaantood waxay qoreen in fooxa iyo malmalku halkaas ka iman jireen: buugga Periplus ee qarnigii 1aad wuxuu sheegay in fooxa ugu wanaagsan ee 'dhinaca fog' halkaas ka bixi jiray 'tiro aad u badan', wadaadkii Masiixiga ahaa ee Cosmas ee qarnigii 6aad wuxuu gobolka ugu yeeray 'dalka fooxa ee la yiraahdo Barbaria', sarkaal Shiine ahna 1225 wuxuu qoray in xeebta Soomaalidu ahayd dhulka Muslimka ah ee keliya ee foox soo saara. ## Kooban Fooxa iyo malmalku waa xabag la qalajiyay oo geedo laga soo jaro. Fooxu wuxuu ka yimaadaa geedaha *[Boswellia](/so/economy/frankincense-and-myrrh/)*, malmalkuna geedaha *Commiphora*, kuwaas oo labaduba ka baxa buuraha qalalan ee waqooyiga Geeska Afrika iyo koonfurta Carabta. Waqtiyadii hore waxaa lagu shidi jiray macbadyada, waxaana loo isticmaali jiray daawo, cadar iyo aas. Cilmi-baaraha taariikhda qadiimka ah Neville Chittick wuxuu qoray in xabagta udgoon ay ahayd "badeecadda ugu weyn ee ay raadin jireen ganacsatada u imanaysay Geeska Afrika" taariikhda oo dhan ([Chittick 1979, *International Journal of Nautical Archaeology* 8.4, b. 273](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). Boggani wuxuu isu keenayaa waxa il kasta oo qadiim ahi sheegtay, sida ay isugu xigaan. ## Masar: "tuulmooyin xabagta malmalka" ah oo ka yimid Punt, qiyaastii 1470 CH Maraakiibta Masar waxay uunsi u doonan jireen Dhulka Punt ugu yaraan tan iyo qarnigii 25aad CH (Ciise Hortii). Culimo badan waxay Punt dhigaan dhinaca Afrika ee koonfurta Badda Cas iyo Gacanka Cadmeed, oo ah gobol ay ku jirto waqooyiga Soomaaliya (eeg [Dhulka Punt](/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/)). Macbadka Boqoradda Hatshepsut ee Deir el-Bahari wuxuu muujinayaa maraakiibteeda oo lagu rarayo "tuulmooyin xabagta malmalka ah, geedo malmal oo cusub… uunsiga *ihmut*, uunsiga *sonter*". 31 geed oo malmal ah oo nool ayaa dib loo qaaday si loogu beero ilaaha Amun ([Breasted, *Ancient Records of Egypt*, mug. 2, §§265, 272](https://archive.org/details/ancientrecordsof02brea_0)). Qiyaastii 1150 CH, warqadda Papyrus Harris I waxay diiwaangelisay maraakiib ku soo noqonaysa "malmal badan oo Punt ah, oo tobanaan kun lagu raray, aan la tirin karin" ([Breasted, mug. 4, §407](https://archive.org/details/ancient-records-of-egypt-vol-4_202011)). ## Qorayaasha Giriigga iyo Roomaanka: "dalka fooxa dhala" **Strabo, qiyaastii 20 CD.** Isagoo ka faa'iidaysanaya juqraafiyahankii hore ee Artemidorus, Strabo wuxuu sharraxay xeebta ka shisheysa Baab al-Mandab: ka dib raaska Pytholaus "waxaa la gaaraa dalka fooxa dhala", kadibna dhulal webiyo leh "oo foox ka soo saara webiyada agtooda", iyo "dalka qorfaha dhala", wuxuuna ku dhammaanayaa raaska uu ugu yeero Notu-ceras, "[Geeska Koonfureed](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/)" ([Strabo, *Geography* 16.4.14, tarj. H. L. Jones, LacusCurtius](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html)). Chittick wuxuu xusay in aqoonta Strabo ee xeebtan ay "ku dhammaato gobolka Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui)" ([Chittick 1979, b. 273](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). **Buugga *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, qarnigii 1aad CD.** Hagahan ganacsatada wuxuu taxayaa waxa deked kasta oo Soomaaliyeed dibadda u dhoofin jirtay ([tarjumaadda Schoff, 1912, bb. 25–28](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)): - **Avalites (u dhow Saylac):** "malmal aad u yar, laakiin ka wanaagsan inta kale." - **Malao ([Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/)):** "malmal, iyo foox yar (kan loo yaqaan dhinaca fog)." - **Mundus ([Xiis](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/)):** isla waxaas, iyo "uunsiga la yiraahdo *mocrotu*." - **Mosylon:** "qorfe aad u badan", xabag udgoon, *mocrotu*, foox iyo malmal. - **Kaynta Acannae, ee ka shisheysa Mosylon:** "halkaas oo keliya laga soo saaro fooxa dhinaca fog, tiro badan iyo tayada ugu wanaagsan." - **Suuqa Xawaashka, Raas Caseyr:** qorfe shan heer oo magacyo leh, iyo foox. Magaca Roomaanku u bixiyeen raaska, *Aromata*, macnihiisu waa "xawaash". W. H. Schoff, turjumaha, wuxuu soo xigtay warqad uu qoray cilmi-baaraha dabiiciga R. E. Drake-Brockman, oo laga qoray Berbera Janaayo 1910: "Geeska Afrika waxaa Roomaanku u yiqiineen *regio aromatifera* (gobolka udgoonka) sababtoo ah malmalka tirada badan ee laga dhoofin jiray" ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 87](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Schoff wuxuu *mocrotu* u akhriyay heerka ugu sarreeya ee fooxa, oo la xiriira erayga Carabiga *mghairot* iyo eray Soomaali ah oo uu u qoray *mokhr* (isla ishaas, faallooyinka b. 82). ## Biizantiin iyo Aksum: "dalka fooxa ee la yiraahdo Barbaria", qarnigii 6aad Cosmas, ganacsade Giriig ah oo ka yimid Alexandria (Iskandariya) oo Badda Cas maray, wuxuu qiyaastii 550 CD qoray buuggiisa *Christian Topography*. Wuxuu Geeska ugu yeeraa "dalka fooxa ee la yiraahdo Barbaria, oo ku teedsan badweynta". Wuxuu sharraxay sida ganacsigu u shaqayn jiray ([Cosmas Indicopleustes, *Christian Topography*, tarj. J. W. McCrindle, 1897, Buugga II, bb. 51–52](https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosm)): > "Gobolka fooxa soo saara wuxuu ku yaal qaybaha soo taagan ee Itoobiya, wuxuuna ku yaal gudaha dalka, laakiin dhinaca kale badweyntaa garaacda. Sidaas darteed dadka Barbaria, oo u dhow, waxay u kacaan gudaha, oo ganacsi la sameeyaan dadka halkaas deggan, waxayna ka soo qaataan noocyo badan oo xawaash ah, foox, qorfe-cassia, calamus iyo badeecooyin kale oo badan, kuwaas oo ay markaas badda u mariyaan Adule, dalka Homerites-ka, Hindiya Fog iyo Faaris." Adule waxay ahayd dekeddii boqortooyadii Aksum, oo maanta ku taal Eritrea. Homerites-ku waxay ahaayeen Ximyar (Himyarites) ee Yemen. Cosmas wuxuu sidoo kale koobiyeeyay qoraal Giriig ah oo ku yaal Adulis, kaas oo boqor hore oo Aksum ahi ugu faanay duullaanno gaaray "Bariga ilaa dalka fooxa" (isla ishaas, bb. 63–64). ## Shiinaha: "kan keliya ee foox soo saara", 1225 Zhao Rugua (Chau Ju-kua), sarkaal kastamka ah oo ka tirsanaa boqortooyadii Song, kana shaqaynayay dekedda Quanzhou, wuxuu 1225 qoray hage ku saabsan dalalka shisheeye iyo badeecadahooda, *Zhufan zhi*. Wuxuu ka warramay laba dal oo Soomaaliyeed ([Hirth iyo Rockhill, *Chau Ju-kua*, 1911, bb. 128–131](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)): - **Pi-p'a-lo (xeebta Berbera):** "Dhulku wuxuu sidoo kale hodan ku yahay putchuck, xabagta dareeraha ah ee storax, malmal iyo qolof diin oo aad u qaro weyn, oo dalalka kale aad looga baahan yahay." - **Chung-li (xeebta Soomaalida iyo Suqadara/Socotra):** "Dalalka Ta-shi [dhulalka Muslimka] waxaa ka mid ah kan keliya ee foox soo saara." Turjumaanadu waxay ku dareen in "waqtigan xaadirka ah malmalka ugu wanaagsan uu ka yimaado dalka Soomaalida ee u dhow Harar" (isla ishaas, b. 197). Eeg [diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). ## Waxa ay raadadka qadiimka ahi ku daraan - Saado Mire (Sada Mire), oo madax ka ahayd Waaxda Taariikhda Qadiimka ah ee [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/), waxay qortay in fooxa iyo malmalka gobolka "lagu xiri jiray macbadyada ilbaxnimooyin badan oo qadiim ah, oo ay ku jirto Masaaridii hore". Waxay ku tilmaantay xabaalo qadiim ah oo ku yaal [Shalcaw](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/) oo xeebta Badda Cas ah, oo far Saba ah leh, inay fure u yihiin "ganacsiga fooxa iyo malmalka, oo weli qayb weyn ka ah dhaqaalaha aaggan" ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - Waxay xustay in buuraha Shimbiris iyo Daallo ee [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) "ay ku yaallaan goobo badan oo taariikh qadiim ah leh, iyagoo sidoo kale qayb ka ahaa ganacsigii uunsiga ee qadiimka ahaa" (isla ishaas). - Xaafuun (Ras Hafun), dooxo ku dhammaata harada xeebta ayaa u horseedda aag "la sheego in laga heli karo malmal tayo wanaagsan" ([Chittick 1979, b. 276](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Dekedaha Soomaalida ee buugga Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/) - [Opone iyo Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/) - [1300 ka hor: dhulkii Soomaalida ee qadiimka ahaa](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) --- # Maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland, 1884–1960: dhulka waqooyi ka hor xorriyadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska waxay ahayd maxmiyad Ingiriis oo ku taal xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed ee Geeska, laga bilaabo heshiisyadii 1884–1886 ilaa 26 Juun 1960. Ingiriisku wuxuu inta badan u haystay si ay xoolo ugu keento Cadan. Caasimadda waxaa 1940-meeyadii laga raray Berbera loona raray Hargeysa. Waxay 1957 heshay Gole Sharci-dejin, 1960-na doorashadii ugu horraysay ee xisbiyada. 26 Juun 1960 waxay noqotay Dowladda Somaliland oo xor ah, 1 Luulyo 1960-na waxay la midowday koonfurtii Talyaaniga si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. ## Kooban Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska waxay ahayd xeebta waqooyi ee dhulka Soomaalida, laga bilaabo Saylac galbeed ilaa xuduudaha Majeerteen bari. Ingiriisku wuxuu maxmiyad ahaan u haystay 76 sano, laga bilaabo heshiisyadii 1884–1886 ilaa xorriyaddii 26 Juun 1960 ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Shan maalmood xorriyadda kadib, waxay la midowday dhulkii hore ee wisaayadda Talyaaniga si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Tan iyo 1991, [Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) oo iskeed isu sheegtay ayaa sheegata xuduudihii maxmiyadda. Sannadkii 2023 beelaha Dhulbahante ee Laascaanood iyo Sool waxay diideen maamulkeeda, waxayna ku biireen federaalka, hadda oo ah Waqooyi Bari (["Las Anod conflict", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_%282023%29)). ## Sababta Ingiriisku u yimid, 1884 Library of Congress waxay qortay in Ingiriisku xeebta u rabay "il laga helo hilib ari iyo waxyaabo kale oo xoolo ah oo loogu talagalay dekeddiisa ciidanka badda ee Cadan". Cadan-na waxay ilaalinaysay waddada badda ee Hindiya (Ingiriiska) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Qabsashadu waxay si dhab ah u bilaabatay Febraayo 1884, markii Major A. Hunter yimid Berbera si uu heshiisyo ula galo beelaha. Wuxuu ku-xigeenno qunsul ah dhigay Berbera, Bulaxaar iyo Saylac (isla ilaha). Qoraallada heshiisyadaas, iyo sidii ay saaxiibtinimo uga noqdeen maxmiyad, waxaa lagu sheegay [heshiisyadii gumeysiga, 1884–1897](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). ## Baaxaddiisa iyo sida loo xukumay Sannadkii 1910 Lord Curzon wuxuu Aqalka Sare ee Ingiriiska ugu sheegay maxmiyadda inay tahay dhul "300 ilaa 400 mayl dherer ah iyo qiyaastii 200 mayl ballac ah". Dadkeeda wuxuu ku qiyaasay "inta u dhaxaysa 200,000 iyo 300,000" ([HL Deb 6 April 1910, vol. 5, cc. 556–98](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1910/apr/06/somaliland)). Tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay, xukunka Ingiriisku wuu khafiifsanaa. 1899 ilaa 1920 [Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/) ayaa gudaha kula dagaallamay Ingiriiska. 1910 dowladdu ciidamadeeda waxay dib ugu celisay xeebta. Curzon wuxuu taas ugu yeeray "ka tegitaanka" gudaha, wuxuuna dowladda ka dalbaday inay difaacdo (isla ilaha). ## "Dhul la dayacay"? Library of Congress waxay isbarbar dhigtay labada gumeysi. Talyaanigu wuxuu koonfurta ka qorsheeyay beero waaweyn iyo degsiimo. Sida ay qortay, "Somaliland-tii Ingiriisku waxay ahaatay dhul la dayacay", oo loo isticmaali jiray "wax yar oo ka badan meel hilib loogu keeno Cadan" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/11.htm)). Waxay ku dartay in kharashka dagaalladii Daraawiishta uu lacag ka qaaday horumarinta. Markii labada dhul midoobeen 1960, waqooyigu "aad buu uga dambeeyay koonfurta xagga kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha iyo shaqaalaha xirfadda leh" (isla ilaha). ## Burco, 1922 24 Febraayo 1922 Kabtan Allan Gibb, Guddoomiyihii Degmada Burco, ayaa la toogtay isagoo isku dayaya inuu joojiyo isku dhac u dhexeeyay laba kooxood. Xoghayihii Gumeysiga, Winston Churchill, wuxuu Aqalka Hoose u sheegay in Guddoomiyihii Gobolku ka dalbaday laba diyaaradood oo Cadan ka timaada "ujeeddo bandhig". Churchill wuxuu sheegay inaysan "wax bambo ah ridin", iyo in hoggaamiyeyaashu ay "ogolaadeen inay fuliyaan shuruudihii lagu soo rogay" ([HC Deb 14 March 1922, vol. 151, cc. 1953–4](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1922/mar/14/somaliland)). Taariikhyahanno dambe ayaa sheekada si ka faahfaahsan u qoray. Waxay sheegeen in dhibaatadu ka bilaabatay cashuur cusub iyo amar hub ka dhigis, in Guddoomiyuhu soo jeediyay ganaax 2,500 geel ah, iyo in Burco la gubay. Taariikhyahanka James Lawrence wuxuu qoray in "aagga oo dhan lagu baabi'iyay isku-dar duqayn, rasaas mashiinqoryeed iyo gubid". Isla qoraalladaasi waxay sheegeen in cashuurtii la joojiyay, Guddoomiyihii Geoffrey Archer-na wax yar kadib la beddelay (["1922 Burao tax revolt", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Burao_tax_revolt)), iyagoo soo xiganaya Millman, *British Somaliland* (2013), iyo Lawrence, *Imperial Rearguard*, b. 168. ## Dagaalkii, 1940–1941 Agoosto 1940 ciidamada Talyaaniga ayaa soo duulay oo qabsaday Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska. Muddo gaaban dhammaan dhulka Soomaalida, marka laga reebo Jabuuti iyo waqooyiga Kenya, waxay hoos yimaadeen hal taliye. Maarso 1941 ciidamada Ingiriisku way soo laabteen oo dib u qabsadeen maxmiyadda, halkaasna ka bilaabeen inay Talyaaniga ka saaraan Bariga Afrika ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm)). Eeg [xukunkii faashiistaha iyo dagaalkii, 1923–1941](/so/history/fascist-rule-and-the-war-1923-1941/). ## Maamulkii militariga, 1941–1949 1941 kadib guddoomiye militari oo Ingiriis ah ayaa maamulayay maxmiyadda. Library of Congress waxay diiwaangelisay isbeddello ka waaweyn kuwii tobanaan sano ee ka horreeyay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)): - **Caasimad cusub.** Caasimadda waxaa laga raray Berbera, oo ah xeeb kulul, waxaana loo raray Hargeysa oo ku taal dhulka sare. - **Adeegyo.** Waxaa la bilaabay adeegyo caafimaad iyo xannaanada xoolaha. Beeraha waxaa lagu horumariyay dhulka u dhexeeya Gabiley iyo Boorama, ceelal badan ayaa la qoday, waxaana la furay dugsiyadii hoose ee ugu horreeyay ee aan diinta ahayn. - **Maxkamadaha.** Maxkamaduhu waxay isku dareen xeerka Soomaalida, shareecada iyo sharciga guud ee Ingiriiska. - **Ciidamada.** Camel Corps-kii Somaliland, oo la aasaasay intii lagu jiray dagaalladii Daraawiishta, waxaa dib loogu habeeyay shan guuto oo Somaliland Scouts ah. Luulyo 1945 Sheekh Bashiir Sheekh Yuusuf ayaa kacdoon hubaysan ka hoggaamiyay agagaarka Burco, waana la dilay. Eeg [Sheekh Bashiir](/en/people/sheikh-bashir/). ## Xisbiyada [Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/) (SYL) wuxuu laamo ka furtay waqooyiga. Library of Congress waxay magacawday labadii xisbi ee waaweynaa ee waqooyiga ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)): - **Somali National League (SNL),** oo "inta badan lala xiriirin jiray qoyska beelaha Isaaq". - **United Somali Party (USP),** oo ay taageeri jireen Gadabuursi iyo Ciise oo ka mid ah Dir, iyo Dhulbahante iyo Warsangeli oo ka mid ah Daarood. Isla ilahaasu waxay sheegtay in ilaa 1954 aanu jirin xisbi "awood u lahaa inuu abaabulo taageero dadweyne oo hoose" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). ## Hawdka iyo u-wareejinta is-xukunka, 1954–1959 1954–1955 Ingiriisku wuxuu dhulka daaqa ee Hawdka u wareejiyay maamulka Itoobiya. Mudaaharaadyo ayaa xigay, waxaana soo baxay xisbi cusub, National United Front (NUF), oo uu hoggaaminayay Michael Mariano. Eeg [Hawdka, 1954–1955](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/). Library of Congress waxay sheegtay in mudaaharaadyadu "ay Ingiriiska ku qasbeen 1956 inuu maxmiyaddiisa keeno dowlad matalaad leh", oo uu aqbalo midow mustaqbalka ah oo lala galo koonfurta ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)): - **1957.** Gole Sharci-dejin oo lix xubnood ah, oo guddoomiyuhu u magacaabay inay matalaan qoysaska beelaha waaweyn. - **1958.** Waxaa la ballaariyay oo laga dhigay laba iyo toban xubnood oo la doortay, laba la magacaabay iyo shan iyo toban oday iyo waxgarad. Magaalooyinku waxay ku codeeyeen cod qarsoodi ah; miyiga waxaa lagu doortay ogolaansho shirarka beelaha. Juun 1958 xildhibaan Ingiriis ah, Fenner Brockway, ayaa Aqalka Hoose u sheegay in horumarka siyaasadeed uu "aad uga weynaa Somaliya-dii Talyaaniga", iyo in "aanay jirin wasiirro la doortay oo Somaliland-ta Ingiriiska ah" ([HC Deb 26 June 1958, vol. 590, cc. 596–7](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1958/jun/26/future)). ## Doorashadii 1960 1960 waxaa la qabtay doorashadii ugu horraysay ee xisbiyada ee Gole Sharci-dejin oo 33 kursi ah. SNL iyo USP waxay qaateen dhammaan kuraasta marka laga reebo hal. Michael Mariano ayaa kursigii ugu dambeeyay u qaatay NUF ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Library of Congress waxay qortay in guuldarradii xisbigiisa "si cad loogu nisbayn karo inuu Masiixi ahaa", taas oo ay mucaaradkiisu ka dhigeen arrin ololaha ka mid ah (isla ilaha). Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal wuxuu noqday Soomaaligii ugu horreeyay ee hoggaamiya dowladda, isagoo madax u ah gole wasiirro oo afar xubnood ah (isla ilaha). Eeg [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/). ## Xorriyadda iyo midowga, 1960 - **Abriil 1960.** Hoggaamiyeyaasha labada dhul ayaa Muqdisho ku kulmay oo ku heshiiyay in la dhiso dowlad midaysan ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). - **26 Juun 1960.** Maxmiyaddu waxay noqotay Dowladda Somaliland oo xor ah. Maamulka Somaliland Scouts wuxuu u wareegay dowladdeeda ([HC Deb 25 July 1960, vol. 627, cc. 1068–70](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence)). - **1 Luulyo 1960.** Midowga lala galay koonfurta waa la "ansixiyay", safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Ingiriiska ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya-na wuxuu gudbiyay waraaqihiisa aqoonsiga (isla ilaha). Isla diiwaankaasu wuxuu sheegay in qiyaastii 1,500 Soomaali ah oo Ingiriiska ku noolaa ay "ajnabi noqdeen 26 Juun 1960" markii maxmiyaddu xorowday (isla ilaha). Sheekada buuxda ee shantaas maalmood waxaa lagu sheegay [xorriyadda iyo midowga, 26 Juun ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Dagaalladii Daraawiishta, 1899–1920,** dagaalyahanno iyo qoysas gudaha oo dhan ah ayaa la dilay, xoolo badanna dhinac kasta waa ka lumay. Eeg [Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1922,** sarkaal Ingiriis ah ayaa Burco lagu dilay. Taariikhyahanno dambe waxay sheegeen in magaalada la gubay, dadkana lagu soo rogay ganaax geel ah (["1922 Burao tax revolt", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Burao_tax_revolt)). - **1945,** Sheekh Bashiir iyo rag kooxdiisa ka mid ah ayaa lagu dilay kacdoonkii agagaarka Burco. Eeg [Sheekh Bashiir](/en/people/sheikh-bashir/). - **1955 wixii ka dambeeyay,** xoolo-dhaqatadu waxay waayeen maamulkii Ingiriiska ee dhulka daaqa ee Hawdka. Eeg [Hawdka](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada dadka.** Curzon wuxuu 1910 sheegay 200,000 ilaa 300,000, qiyaas ahaan, ma ahayn tirakoob. - **Goorta midowgu dhammaystirmay.** Xoghayihii Arrimaha Dibadda ee Ingiriiska wuxuu 25 Luulyo 1960 Aqalka Hoose u sheegay inay jirto "hubaal la'aan yar" oo ku saabsan ilaa xadka Sharciga Midowga "la dhammaystiray" ([HC Deb 25 July 1960](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence)). - **Burco, 1922.** Churchill wuxuu baarlamaanka u sheegay in diyaaradaha aysan "wax bambo ah ridin". Taariikhyahanno dambe, sida Wikipedia soo xigatay, waxay sheegeen in magaalada la duqeeyay oo la gubay (["1922 Burao tax revolt", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Burao_tax_revolt)). ## Dhaxalka, sida loo diiwaangeliyay 26 Juun 1960 maxmiyaddu waxay noqotay dowlad xor ah oo leh dowlad la doortay, 1 Luulyo-na waxay la midowday koonfurta. Library of Congress waxay qortay in "dalabka dadweynuhu ku qasbay hoggaamiyeyaasha labada dhul inay si degdeg ah u hirgeliyaan qorshayaasha midowga" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay in midowga kadib, farqiga u dhexeeya waqooyiga iyo koonfurta uu "dhaliyay dareen khiyaano iyo xanaaq ah oo waqooyiga ka dhex abuurmay" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/11.htm)). Eeg [arrinta Somaliland maanta](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Ilaha asalka ah ka akhriso - Aqalka Sare ee Ingiriiska, dood ku saabsan ka bixitaanka maxmiyadda, 6 Abriil 1910: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1910/apr/06/somaliland). - Aqalka Hoose ee Ingiriiska, war ku saabsan Burco, 14 Maarso 1922: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1922/mar/14/somaliland). - Aqalka Hoose, su'aal ku saabsan mustaqbalka maxmiyadda, 26 Juun 1958: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1958/jun/26/future). - Aqalka Hoose, xorriyadda Somaliland, 25 Luulyo 1960: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence). - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): [Qaybinta gumeysiga](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm), [Xoojinta xukunka gumeysiga](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/11.htm), [Maamulkii Militariga Ingiriiska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm), [Waddada xorriyadda](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm). --- # Xabaalaha qadiimka ah, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinkii dhulka Soomaalida, qiyaastii 2000 CH ilaa 1200 CD Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Islaamka ka hor, dhulka Soomaalida waxaa ku kala firirsanaa taallooyin dhagax ah oo xabaalo ah (araweelo), qabuuro dhagxaan waaweyn laga dhisay, tiirar dhagax ah oo la qoray lana qurxiyay, xabaalo ay ku qoran yihiin far Saba iyo Ximyar oo laga keenay Carabta Koonfureed, xabaalo Masiixi ah oo hore oo iskutallaab lagu calaamadeeyay, iyo magaalooyin dhagax engegan laga dhisay. Cilmi-baaraha taariikhda qadiimka ah Saado Mire (Sada Mire) waxay khariidad u samaysay goobo badan oo Soomaaliland ku yaal, waxayna u taariikhaysay qiyaastii 2000 CH ilaa 1500 CD, iyadoo ay ka mid yihiin magaalooyin Islaamka ka horreeyay sida Ceeg Weyne iyo Gidheys, iyo goob barakaysan oo Aw Barkhadle ah oo markii dambe noqotay xarun Muslim ah oo la siyaarto. ## Kooban Inta badan waxa laga ogyahay dhulka Soomaalida qiyaastii 1200 CD (Ciise Dabadii) ka hor waxay ka yimaadaan dhagxaanta dhulka ku jira: taallooyinka xabaalaha, qabuuraha, tiirarka dhagaxa ee taagan, qoraallada iyo aasaaska magaalooyinka. Goobahan wax aad u yar ayaa la qoday. Isha ugu weyn waa sahan ay sameeyeen Saado Mire (Sada Mire) iyo shaqaalaha Waaxda Taariikhda Qadiimka ah ee [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/), oo la daabacay 2015, kana warramay ku dhowaad 100 goob oo aan hore loo sheegin. Mire waxay qortay in "wadarta waxyaabaha qadiimka ah ee hore iyo kuwa dhowaan laga helay Soomaaliland (iyo Soomaaliya)… ay ka badan yihiin 200 goob, oo qaar badan oo ka mid ahi yihiin goobo isku urursan" ([Mire 2015, "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire", *African Archaeological Review* 32: 111–136](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Haddii aan il kale la magacaabin, xaqiiqooyinka hoose waxay ka yimaadeen maqaalkaas. ## Taallooyinka xabaalaha: araweelo Taallooyinka dhagaxa ee xabaalaha, oo Af-Soomaali lagu yiraahdo *araweelooyin*, "waxaa laga helaa dalka oo dhan". Meelaha qaarkood waxay u taagan yihiin saf, sida waddada xeebta Badda Cas ee u dhexeysa [Xiis (Heis)](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/) iyo Maydh ee gobolka [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/). Ilaa waqti dhow, iyagu waxay ahaayeen dhismayaasha xabaalaha dhagaxa ah ee keliya ee laga sheego cilmiga taariikhda qadiimka ah ee Soomaalida. Khatar ayay ku jiraan: dhagax-jarayaasha iibiya dhagaxa dhismaha waxay raadiyaan taallooyinkan "maxaa yeelay waa dhagxaan cabbirkoodu ku habboon yahay dhismaha guryaha deegaanka". Xiis, xabaal ka kooban in ka badan 300 taallo oo ku fidsan 1,800 m oo xeebta ah, waxaa laga helay alaab Roomaan, Barti (Parthian) iyo Carabta Koonfureed ah oo laga keenay, laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 1aad ilaa 3aad CD ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). Eeg [dekedaha Soomaalida ee buugga Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). ## Qabuuraha dhagxaanta waaweyn Sahamintii dhowaan la sameeyay waxay heleen "xabaalo dhagxaan waaweyn ah iyo xabaalo tiirar leh oo aan la tirin karin". Mire waxay ku tirisay taallooyin, tuulmooyin ciid ah, dolmen (qabri dhagxaan waaweyn lagu saqafay), xabaalo marin leh iyo tiirar dhagax ah oo taagan (*hawelti*, oo ah eray Kushitig ah oo markii dambe ay amaahdeen luqadaha Saami ee Geeska). - **Gidheys**, oo u dhow [Burco](/so/regions/togdheer/), waxay leedahay xabaalo si qurux badan loo dhisay, dhagxaan keli ah oo la qoray iyo xabaalo tiirar leh, iyo xabaalo qaarkood leh qolal aas. Xabaalaha qaarkood waxay dhulka ka sarreeyaan in ka badan 2 m. - **Gobolka Saaxil iyo Bustanka** (aagga Dhaymoole) waxaa ku yaal qabuuro badan oo wareeg ah ama afargeesood ah oo tiirar taagan leh. - Dadka deegaanku waxay ka sheekeeyaan caadooyin hore oo qofka loo aasi jiray isagoo taagan, fadhiya ama jiifa, iyo xabaalo qaarkood oo lagu sameeyay jirridda geedo waaweyn. Mire waxay qortay in caadooyinka dhagxaanta waaweyn "ay dib ugu noqon karaan xilligii Neolithic-ga (Da'dii Dhagaxa Cusub)", laakiin in qaar badan ay u muuqdaan inay jireen "qiyaastii kun-sannadkii labaad CH ilaa waqti dhow, iyagoo la jaanqaadayay Islaamka". Waxay xustay "isku ekaansho weyn oo ay la leeyihiin goobaha Itoobiya, waqooyiga Kenya, Jabuuti iyo Eritrea". "Kaliya xilligii Islaamka ayaa ay soo baxday isku-midnimo gaar ah, laakiin wax kasta oo ka horreeyay waxay markhaati u yihiin habab aas oo faahfaahsan oo qaab deegaan leh." ## Tiirarka dhagaxa ee la qurxiyay, qiyaastii 1500 CH ilaa 1500 CD Dhagxaanta xabaalaha ee la qoray lana qurxiyay waxay ahaayeen "caado si ballaaran looga dhaqmi jiray Soomaaliland", in kastoo aan hore loo sheegin ka hor sahamintii dhowaa. Waxay inta badan ku urursan yihiin inta u dhexeysa Sheekh ee Saaxil iyo Burco ee Togdheer. - Naqshadaha waxaa ka mid ah "calaamado qorraxda iyo qaabab joomateri ah, iyo sawirro fudud oo xayawaan ah". - **Ximan**, oo ku taal degmada Sheekh, waxay leedahay toogag waaweyn oo ay hareereeyaan tiirar la qurxiyay oo dhererkoodu yahay qiyaastii 1 m, kuwaas oo Mire ay ku xirtay "dhaqammo Kushitig ah oo Islaamka ka horreeyay, oo malaha jiray dhowr kun oo sano". - **Suuqsade (Xaragotir)** waxaa ku yaal taallooyin aad u waaweyn (*araweelooyin/maguurto*), xabaalo tiirar leh iyo xabaalo qaab iskutallaab leh. - **Hayeeti Oodan**, oo u dhow [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), waxaa ku yaal xabaal lagu calaamadeeyay tiir dhagax ah oo lagu xardhay waxa Mire u akhrido taaj, oo laga yaabo inay tahay xabaashii wadaad diimeed Islaamka ka horreeyay. - Goobo kale: Aw Barkhadle, Gidheys, Nagaagir, Qar-Gebi Haqayo Malaas, Siir, Darayley iyo [Bagan](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). Mire waxay tiirarka la qurxiyay ku tilmaantay "mid ka mid ah noocyada waxyaabaha qadiimka ah ee Soomaalida ee ugu khatarta badan", sababtoo ah baahida ka timaadda dadka ururiya ee ku sugan UK (Boqortooyada Ingiriiska), Talyaaniga iyo Khaliijka. ## Qoraal ka yimid Carabta Koonfureed, qiyaastii qarnigii 9aad CH ilaa qarnigii 3aad CD Dhowr goob waxaa ku qoran far Saba iyo Ximyar, oo ahayd farta boqortooyooyinkii hore ee Yemen: - Goobaha sawirrada dhagaxa ee **Dhagah Nabi Gallay** iyo **Dhagah Kure**, halkaas oo qoraalka u muuqdo in lagu daray sawirrada dushooda. - Goob xabaaleed oo ku taal **Shalcaw** oo xeebta Badda Cas ah, oo far Saba ah leh, oo ka mid ah xabaalo qadiim ah oo ay daaha ka qaadeen darbiyada toogagga ay daadadku jareen. - Malaha xabaalaha dhagxaanta waaweyn ee **Qar-Gebi**. - Dhagxaan kale oo qoraal leh oo hareeraha Hargeysa laga helay 2007, kuwaas oo qaarkood "ay burburiyeen cagafyada horumarinta". Mire waxay qortay in gobolku "u muuqdo inuu qayb ka ahaa dhaqammada Ximyar iyo Saba" oo uu xiriir la lahaa boqortooyooyinkii buuraleyda ee Aksum ka horreeyay. 2021 koox culimo ku takhasustay qoraallada hore ah ayaa daabacday toddoba qoraal oo far Saba ah oo laga helay meel cibaado oo la dhacay oo ku taal gobolka [Bari](/so/regions/bari/), kuwaas oo ay u badan tahay inay ka yimaadeen dabayaaqadii qarnigii 8aad ama qarnigii 7aad CH. Isla kooxdaas waxay shaki ka muujisay akhrinta qoraalka Dhagah Kure. Eeg [Qoraallada Saba ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/sabaean-inscriptions-on-the-somali-coast/). ## Xabaalihii Masiixiga ee hore, qiyaastii qarnigii 4aad ilaa qarnigii 12aad CD Maqaalka Mire ee 2015 wuxuu ahaa, sida ay iyadu u qortay, "warbixintii ugu horreysay ee Masiixiyad qadiim ah oo laga helay dhulka Soomaalida". Waxay ku tirisay: - Xabaal ku taal **Aw Barkhadle** oo lagu calaamadeeyay tiir dhagax ah oo ay ku taal iskutallaab "oo malaha muuqaal Biizantiin ah leh". - Qabuuro badan oo qaab iskutallaab leh, oo loo yaqaan *laanqayr*, iyo xabaalo dhagxaan waaweyn ah oo dhagxaantooda loo dhigay qaab iskutallaab, gaar ahaan **Dhuxun** ee Saaxil iyo hareeraha **Dhubato** oo u dhow Hargeysa. - Xabaalo Masiixi ah oo ku yaal Suuqsade (Xaragotir), Gala Caddo oo u dhow Dhagah Kure, Aroori iyo Kal Bare. - Qoraallo gacmeed Masiixi ah oo ku qoran luqado Itoobiyaan ah, oo ay ku jirto Ge'ez. Waxay xustay in xabaalaha Masiixiga inta badan laga helo gudaha magaalooyinkii burburay ee Islaamka hore, taas oo ay u aragto calaamad muujinaysa in "aagagga noqday magaalooyin barwaaqaysan xilligii Islaamka ay u badan tahay inay sidoo kale ahaayeen xarumo muhiim ah Islaamka ka hor". Gobollada waqooyiga Soomaalida, sida ay qortay, waxay xilliyadii Islaamka ka horreeyay qayb ka ahaayeen boqortooyadii Aksum. ## Magaalooyinkii Islaamka ka horreeyay, qiyaastii qarnigii 10aad CH ilaa qarnigii 12aad CD - **Xaafuun (Ras Hafun)**, oo ku taal xeebta Badweynta Hindiya, waxay deked ahayd tan iyo qarniyadii ugu dambeeyay CH (eeg [Opone iyo Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/)). - **Xiis (Heis)**: muraayad Roomaan ah, oo uu daraasad ku sameeyay E. M. Stern 1987. - **Gabiley**: dad ceelal qodayay ayaa helay laba weel, mid ka mid ahi wuxuu lahaa sawirro u eg dheryaha Giriigga iyo Roomaanka. - **Ceeg Weyne**, oo ka koofur marta Burco, iyo **Seeto**, oo u dhow Burco: magaalooyin dhagax engegan laga dhisay oo "u muuqda inay ka da' weyn yihiin magaalooyinkii Islaamka hore". Ceeg Weyne, aasaaska guryaha waxaa ku jira qolofta ukunta gorayada, toogagga u dhowna waxay sameeyaan haro dabiici ah (*haro*). - **Gidheys, Darayley iyo Bagan** ee Saaxil: magaalooyin qadiim ah oo xabaalo leh oo laga yaabo inay ka da' weyn yihiin, ama la da' yihiin, wejigii Islaamka ka horreeyay ee Aw Barkhadle. Mire waxay sidoo kale soo xigatay taariikhyahan George Hourani: diiwaannada Giriigga waxay sheegaan in Barbarkii magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, qiyaastii 300 CH, ay ahaayeen "badmaaxiin ka firfircoon Carabta". ## Aw Barkhadle: goob barakaysan oo Islaamka ka horreysay ilaa xarun Muslim ah oo la siyaarto Aw Barkhadle waxay Hargeysa u jirtaa qiyaastii 30 daqiiqo oo baabuur ah, waddada Berbera. Waxaa ku yaal magaalo burburtay, qabriga wadaadka Aw Barkhadle, iyo xabaalo Masiixi, Muslim iyo Islaamka ka horreeyay, oo ay ku jiraan taallooyin, dolmen iyo dhagxaan xabaaleed qaab xubinta labka leh ([Mire 2015, "Wagar, Fertility and Phallic Stelae", *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9181-z)). - **Taariikhda afka.** Dadka deegaanka ee warka bixiyay waxay sheegaan in qiyaastii 850 sano ka hor uu sheekh Carbeed, [Shariif](/so/society/asharaaf/) Yuusuf Al-Kawnayn (Sharif Yusuf al-Kawnayn), oo loo yaqaan Aw Barkhadle, yimid meeshii markaas la oran jiray Dogor, oo hadda isaga lagu magacaabo. "Sida ay sheegayso taariikhda afka, Aw Barkhadle waxay ahayd xarun ay Muslimiintu siyaarta u tagaan tan iyo qarnigii laba iyo tobnaad". Mire waxay qabrigiisa ku tilmaantay "xarunta siyaarada ee ugu muhiimsan dhulka Soomaalida" (isla ishaas). - **Lakabka ka da'da weyn.** Mire waxay qortay in goobtu "ay ahayd xarun Islaamka ka horreysay", oo leh buur barakaysan, geedo, dhagxaan iyo ceel lala xiriirin jiray ilaahyo, "gaar ahaan Ilaaha Cirka", iyo inay isku xirto "wixii ka horreeyay Islaamka iyo Masiixiyadda iyo Islaamka, iyadoo loo marayo khuraafaad, sheekooyin iyo caabudidda awoowayaasha" ([Mire 2015, "Mapping"](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - **Waaq.** Waxay soo jeedisay in goobta laga yaabo inay ku xirnayd caabudidda Waaq, Ilaaha Cirka "ee ay rumaysnaayeen dadka Kushitigga ah ee Geeska, ka hor iyo inta lagu jiray dhaqanka Masiixiyadda iyo Islaamka" ([Mire 2015, "Wagar"](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9181-z)). - **Sheekada Bu'ur Ba'ayr.** Dhaqanka deegaanku wuxuu ka sheekeeyaa legdan uu Aw Barkhadle kaga adkaaday Bu'ur Ba'ayr, hoggaamiyihii dadka diinta hore, buurta magiciisa sidata (isla ishaas). - **Taliyayaasha.** Mire waxay qortay in boqortooyadii [Walashma](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) ee Ifat iyo Cadal (Adal) ay xukunkeeda ku qiil sanaysay Islaamka, sheegatayna inay si toos ah uga soo farcantay Aw Barkhadle, hoggaamiyayaasheeduna lagu aasay goobta ([Mire 2015, "Mapping"](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Khataraha Mire waxay diiwaangelisay dhac loo geysto ganacsiga waxyaabaha qadiimka ah, dhagax ururin loogu talagalay dhismaha, cagafyo ku burburiya horumarin awgeed, iyo faafidda geedka *Prosopis juliflora*, kaas oo qariyay dolmen-ka Aw Barkhadle. 2015, Soomaaliland ma lahayn sharci ilaaliya hiddaha iyo dhaxalka, mana jirin shuruud lagu hubiyo saameynta deegaanka ([Mire 2015, "Mapping"](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Laas Geel iyo sawirrada dhagaxa ee Soomaalida](/so/history/laas-geel-and-somali-rock-art/) - [Wagarka, geedaha barakaysan iyo Waaq, Ilaaha Cirka](/en/history/wagar-sacred-tree-and-waaq/) - [1300 ka hor: dhulkii Soomaalida ee qadiimka ahaa](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Goobaha hiddaha iyo dhaxalka ee Soomaaliya](/en/society/heritage-sites/) --- # Diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida, 800-meeyadii ilaa 1200-meeyadii: Po-pa-li, Pi-p'a-lo iyo Chung-li Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sharraxaadda ugu da'da weyn ee Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida waxaa badhtamihii 800-meeyadii qoray aqoonyahankii boqortooyadii Tang, Duan Chengshi. Wuxuu ugu yeeray Po-pa-li (Berbera), wuxuuna sheegay in dadkeedu ku noolaayeen hilib, caano iyo dhiig, ka ganacsan jireen fool maroodi iyo cambar, iyo in 'tan iyo waagii hore aysan weligeed hoos imaan quwad shisheeye.' Sannadkii 1225, Zhao Rugua oo ahaa sarkaal kastamka ah xilligii boqortooyadii Song ayaa sharraxay laba dal oo Soomaaliyeed: Pi-p'a-lo, oo leh 'afar magaalo', kuna hodan ah malmal iyo fool maroodi, iyo Chung-li, oo boqorkoodu ku noolaa guri leben ah oo saqafkiisu yahay jaajuur dhalaalaya, wuxuuna ku tilmaamay dalka keliya ee Muslimka ah ee soo saara beeyo (foox). ## Si kooban Qorayaasha Shiinuhu waxay xeebta Soomaalida garanayeen qarniyo ka hor intaan reer Yurub midkoodna si faahfaahsan wax uga qorin. Warkoodu wuxuu ka iman jiray badmaaxiin iyo ganacsato Carab iyo Faaris ah oo joogay dekedaha koonfurta Shiinaha. Labada qoraal ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa qoray Duan Chengshi (badhtamihii 800-meeyadii) iyo Zhao Rugua (1225). Labadaba waxaa Ingiriis u turjumay Friedrich Hirth iyo W. W. Rockhill sannadkii 1911; xigashooyinka hoose waxaa laga soo qaatay daabacaaddaas, waxaana loo turjumay Af-Soomaali ([Hirth iyo Rockhill, *Chau Ju-kua*, 1911](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)). ## Po-pa-li: Duan Chengshi, badhtamihii 800-meeyadii Duan Chengshi wuxuu ahaa sarkaal iyo qoraa xilligii boqortooyadii Tang. Buuggiisa *Youyang zazu* ("Wax kala duwan oo laga soo ururiyay Youyang"), oo la qoray badhtamihii qarnigii 9aad, ayaa ku jirta sharraxaadda Shiinaha ee ugu horreysa ee la og yahay ee xeebta Soomaalida. Wuxuu ugu yeeray *Po-pa-li* (Af-Kantoonis *Pat-pat-lik*). Hirth iyo Rockhill ayaa si buuxda u turjumay (b. 128, faallada 1): > "Dalka Pa-pa-li wuxuu ku yaal Badweynta koonfur-galbeed. Ma cunaan wax hadhuudh ah, hilib bay se cunaan; marar badanna waxay mudaan xidid ka mid ah lo'dooda, dhiigga ayay caano ku qasaan oo ay cunaan iyagoo ceedhin ah. Dhar ma lahan, laakiin dhexda waxay ku duudduubtaan harag ido oo hoos u laalaada oo qariya. Haweenkoodu waa kuwo maqaarkoodu nadiif yahay oo edeb leh. Dadka dalkani waxay maxbuus ka dhigtaan dad ay isku dal yihiin, kuwaas oo ay ka iibiyaan shisheeye qiimo dhowr jeer ka badan inta ay dalkooda ku gadmi lahaayeen. Waxa dalka laga helo waa fool maroodi iyo cadar la yiraahdo *a-mo* [cambar]." Wuxuu sharraxay sida ganacsiga loo samayn jiray: > "Marka ganacsatada Po-ssi [Faaris] doonayaan inay dalkan galaan, waxay sameeyaan safar ka kooban dhowr kun oo nin, kadib markay dadka deegaanka hadiyad uga dhigaan maro jeexjeexan, dhammaantood, yar iyo weynba, ayay naftooda mudaan si dhiig uga yimaado, oo dhaar galaan, kadibna alaabtooda ayay kala iibsadaan." Iyo sida dalku isu difaaci jiray: > "Tan iyo waagii hore dalkani weligiis hoos ma iman quwad shisheeye. Dagaalka waxay waran ahaan u adeegsadaan fool maroodi, feero iyo geesaha lo'da duurjoogta ah, waxay leeyihiin gaashaammo jidhka lagu xirto, iyo qaansooyin iyo fallaaro. Waxay leeyihiin labaatan jeer toban kun oo askari lug ah. Carabtu had iyo jeer way soo weeraraan." "Labaatan jeer toban kun" waa 200,000. *Buugga Cusub ee Tang* (*Xin Tang shu*) ayaa warkan ku celiyay si ka gaaban (Hirth iyo Rockhill, b. 129). ## Pi-p'a-lo: Zhao Rugua, 1225 Zhao Rugua wuxuu ka mid ahaa qoyska boqortooyadii Song, wuxuuna ahaa kormeeraha ganacsiga dibadda ee Quanzhou, oo markaas ahayd mid ka mid ah dekedaha ugu mashquulsan adduunka. Sannadkii 1225 wuxuu qoray *Zhufan zhi* ("Sharraxaadda Dadyowga Shisheeye"). Cutubka 25aad wuxuu ku saabsan yahay *Pi-p'a-lo*, oo turjumaanadu ku tilmaameen "[Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), xeebta Soomaalida guud ahaan" (Hirth iyo Rockhill, b. 128–129): > "Dalka Pi-p'a-lo wuxuu leeyahay afar magaalo; meelaha kale dhammaantood waa tuulooyin had iyo jeer isku colaadsan oo dagaallama. Dadku waxay u tukadaan Samada ee uma tukadaan Buddha. Dhulku wuxuu leeyahay geel iyo ido badan, dadkuna waxay ku noolaadaan hilibka iyo caanaha geela iyo moofo la dubay." > "Waxyaabaha kale ee laga helo waa cambar, fool maroodi waaweyn iyo geesaha wiyisha oo waaweyn. Waxaa jira fool maroodi miisaankiisu ka badan yahay boqol catty (miisaan Shiine ah), iyo geesaha wiyisha oo ka miisaan badan toban catty. Dhulku wuxuu kaloo hodan ku yahay putchuck (xidid udgoon), xabagta dareeraha ah ee storax, malmal, iyo qolofta diinka oo aad u qaro weyn, kuwaas oo dalalka kale aad looga doono." Wuxuu kaloo sharraxay gorayada ("geel-shimbireed"), geriga (*tsu-la*, oo laga soo qaatay Af-Faaris), iyo dameer-farowga, "nooc baqal ah oo leh xariijimo bunni, cad iyo madow ah", oo dadku ku ugaarsadaan "fallaaro sun leh". Turjumaanadu waxay soo jeediyeen in afarta magaalo ay "malaha ahaayeen Berbera… Saylac (Zeila)… Magadoxo [Muqdisho (Mogadishu)]… iyo laga yaabee Baraawe (Brawa)", iyo in "dadku u tukadaan Samada" ay ka dhigan tahay in dadka afarta magaalo ahaayeen Muslimiin (b. 129, faallooyinka 1–2). ## Chung-li: Zhao Rugua, 1225 Cutubka 27aad wuxuu ku saabsan yahay *Chung-li*. Hirth iyo Rockhill waxay qoreen in "aan shaki ku jirin… in gobolka loola jeedo uu yahay xeebta Soomaalida, laakiin waxaa ku jiray jasiiradda Soqotra (Socotra)", iyo in "magaalada uu boqorka Chung-li ku noolaa ay si fiican u noqon karto Magadoxo [Muqdisho]" (b. 131–132, faallada 1). Zhao Rugua wuxuu qoray (b. 130–131): > "Dadka dalka Chung-li waxay socdaan madax-qaawan iyo cago-qaawan, waxay isku duubaan maro suuf ah, laakiin kuma dhiirradaan inay xirtaan jaakado, waayo xirashada jaakadaha iyo cimaamadaha waa mudnaan loo gooni yeelay wasiirrada iyo dadka boqorka u dhow. Boqorku wuxuu ku nool yahay guri leben ah oo lagu daboolay jaajuur dhalaalaya, laakiin dadku waxay ku nool yihiin aqallo laga sameeyay caleemaha timirta oo saqafkoodu yahay caws. Cuntadooda maalinlaha ah waa moofo bur ah oo la dubay, iyo caanaha idaha iyo geela. Waxaa jira lo', ido iyo geel aad u badan." > "Dalalka Ta-shi waxaa ka mid ah kan keliya ee soo saara beeyo (foox)." *Ta-shi* waa magaca Shiinuhu u yaqaannay dalalka Carabta iyo Muslimiinta. Wuxuu kaloo diiwaangeliyay: - **Aaska.** Dadka baroorta waxay la iman jireen seefo, waxayna weydiin jireen sida qofka dhintay u dhintay. Haddii qof dilay, "seefahan ayaan ku aarsan doonnaa kii dilay". Haddii geeridu ahayd "doonista Samada, seefahooda ayay tuuraan oo ooyin culus ayay billaabaan." - **Nibiriyada.** Kalluun waaweyn oo dhintay oo xeebta soo gaadha ayaa saliiddooda loo isticmaali jiray in doonyaha lagu dhejiyo laguna shido laambadaha, lafahoodana loo samayn jiray dhismaha saqafka, albaabbada iyo mooyeyaasha. - **Saaxiriinta.** Dadku waxay sheegi jireen in qaarkood joojin karaan markab ilaa khilaaf ganacsi la xalliyo; "dowladdu si rasmi ah ayay u mamnuucday dhaqankan." - **Buur ama jasiirad** ku taal xadka Pi-p'a-lo, "oo wareeggeedu yahay afar kun oo li (cabbir dherer Shiine ah)", oo laga helo xabagta dhiigga masaha (dragon's blood), dacar, qolofta diinka iyo cambar. Turjumaanadu waxay u qaateen inay tahay Soqotra. ## Waxa qadiimiga (arkiyolojiga) ku daray Sada Mire waxay sheegtay in dhoobo-shiidyo Shiine ah oo ka yimid boqortooyooyinkii Yuan (qarnigii 13aad–14aad) iyo Ming laga helay dusha dhulka magaalada burburtay ee Fardowsa oo u dhow Sheekh, iyadoo ay la socdaan weelal dhoobo ah oo Saasaani ah oo ka yimid qarnigii 8aad. Waxay qortay in Shiinuhu gobolkan la ganacsan jiray "laga soo bilaabo boqortooyadii Tang (si dadban)", iyo in xilliyadii Song iyo Yuan Shiinuhu "aqoon aad u faahfaahsan u lahaa meelaha sida Berbera… iyo magaalooyin kale oo koonfurta Soomaalida ah sida Baraawe… iyo Muqdisho", iyadoo ka soo xiganaysa taariikhyahanka Shiinaha ah ee Li Anshan ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Beeyada iyo malmalka: ganacsigii hore ee udgoonka Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/) - [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/) --- # Saylac (Zeila) hore iyo masjidka Qiblatayn: xeebta waqooyi ka hor 1300 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saylac (Zeila), oo ku taal Gacanka Cadmeed meel u dhow xuduudda Jabuuti ee maanta, waa mid ka mid ah dekedaha ugu da'da weyn xeebta Soomaalida. Inta badan waxaa la isku mid yiraahdaa Avalites oo lagu xusay buugga Periplus ee qarnigii 1aad. Juqraafiyeyaasha Carabtu waxay magaceeda qoreen laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii 800-meeyadii: 900-meeyadii waxay Yemen u dhoofinaysay harag shabeel, harag xoolaad, qolof diin, cambar iyo foox. 1200-meeyadii Yaaquut iyo Ibnu Saciid waxay dadkeeda ku tilmaameen Muslimiin. Taariikhda afka laga sheego ee magaalada waxay leedahay masjidka Qiblatayn wuxuu ka soo jeedaa sannadihii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka. Cilmi-baarayaal Faransiis ah oo halkaas qoday 2001 waxay ogaadeen in masjidku ka dul dhisan yahay dhismo ka da' weyn, waxayna qiyaaseen in magaaladu Islaamka qaadatay dabayaaqadii 1100-meeyadii ama horraantii 1200-meeyadii. ## Si kooban Saylac (Zeila) waxay ku taal xeeb hoose oo ka tirsan Awdal, qiyaastii 80 mayl u jirta marinka Baab al-Mandab (Bab el-Mandeb) ([Schoff, *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, 1912, faallooyinka b. 74](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Waxay ahayd dekedda Soomaalida ee ugu dhow Jasiiradda Carabta, iyo albaabka badda ee waddooyinka ganacsiga ee gala buuraleyda Itoobiya. Boggani wuxuu soo koobayaa waxa laga diiwaangeliyay Saylac ka hor 1300. Booqashadii Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta) ee 1331 iyo warbixinnadii ka dambeeyay waxay ku jiraan [magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/). Daraasadda casriga ah ee ugu buuxda ee Saylac hore waa cutub ay qoreen taariikhyahanno iyo qadiimiga-baarayaal Faransiis ah: François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, Bertrand Hirsch, Régis Bernard iyo Frédéric Champagne. Waxay magaalada sahamiyeen 2001, waxayna dib u akhriyeen il kasta oo Carabi ah oo ka hadashay, laga bilaabo qarnigii 9aad ilaa qarnigii 15aad ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale, "Le port de Zeyla et son arrière-pays au Moyen Âge", gudaha *Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, Centre français des études éthiopiennes, 2011](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714); xigashooyinka laga soo qaatay halkan waxaa laga tarjumay Faransiis). ## Avalites qarnigii 1aad Buugga *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* wuxuu Avalites ku sheegay tan ugu horreysa magaalooyinka suuqyada Barbarta ee "dhinaca fog", tan ay ka gaaban tahay tallaabadu ee Jasiiradda Carabta. Waxay ahayd "magaalo suuq yar ah… oo lagu gaaro doonyo iyo raraf". Waxaa la keeni jiray quraarad, casiir canab, maro "loo sameeyay Barbarta", sarreen, khamri iyo qasdiir, waxaana laga dhoofin jiray "xawaash, fool-maroodi yar, qolof diin, iyo malmal aad u yar, laakiin ka fiican kuwa kale". Dadkeedu mararka qaarkood iyagaa badeecadaha ku qaadi jiray raraf, una gudbin jiray marinka ilaa Ocelis iyo Muza ee Jasiiradda Carabta ([Schoff 1912, §7, b. 25](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Schoff wuxuu Avalites la mid yiraahdaa Saylac, wuxuuna xusay in "magaca hore uu ku sii jiro tuulada Abalit, oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi ee gacanka" (isla ishaas, faallooyinka b. 74). Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis waxay qoreen in "qorayaal qaar" ay Avalites dhigaan Saylac. Koox uu hoggaaminayay Neville Chittick ayaa goobtii hore raadisay 1975, mana helin ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale 2011, §§2, 6](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Eeg [dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). ## Xusyadii ugu horreeyay ee Carabiga, dabayaaqadii 800-meeyadii iyo 900-meeyadii - **Al-Yacquubi, dabayaaqadii 800-meeyadii.** Buuggiisa *Kitab al-buldan* wuxuu "Zaylac oo ku taal gobolka Mandab" ku daray afar meelood oo ku yaal xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeedda Yemen. Kani waa xuska ugu da'da weyn ee la og yahay ee magaalada magaceeda lagu sheego. - **Al-Seyraafi, qiyaastii 916.** Baddu waxay "taabataa Zaylac, halkaas oo laga helo cambar iyo qolof diin". - **Al-Istakhri, 932–950, iyo Ibnu Xawqal (dhintay 988).** Xeebta ka soo horjeedda Cadan "waxaa ku taal meel la yiraahdo Zaylac, oo ah deked laga raaco Xijaas iyo Yemen". Foox, harag dhibco leh iyo inta badan haragga loo jilciyo kabaha Yemen halkaas ayay ka yimaadaan. Ibnu Xawqal wuxuu Saylac ka dhigay lix maalmood oo badda lagu maro Dahlak. - **Al-Mascuudi, dib loo eegay 956.** Wuxuu Gacanka Cadmeed ugu yeeraa *al-Khalij al-Barbari*, "gacanka Barbarta", oo dhererkiisu yahay 500 mayl. Wuxuu Saylac, Dahlak iyo Badic ku tiriyay magaalooyin xeebeed oo "Muslimiin ay degan yihiin, hase ahaatee cashuur siiya dadka deegaanka", wuxuuna sheegay in gobolku dhoofiyo harag shabeel, "kuwa ugu waaweyn uguna quruxda badan ee kooraha", iyo qolof diin oo shanlooyin laga sameeyo. - **Al-Muqaddasi (dhintay 985)** wuxuu qoray in addoommadii la dhufaanay ee lagu iibin jiray Cadan ay ahaayeen "Barbarta". Kuwaas oo dhan waxaa lagu soo xigtay laguna falanqeeyay [Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale 2011, §§53–62](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714). **Yaa maxay ka yiri Saylac 900-meeyadii.** - Aqoonyahanka Talyaaniga ah Carlo Conti Rossini iyo taariikhyahanka Joseph Cuoq waxay qoraalladan u fasireen inay muujinayaan in Saylac ay hoos timid boqortooyadii Masiixiga ahayd ee Itoobiya qarniyadii 10aad iyo 11aad. J. S. Trimingham wuxuu qoray in Ibnu Xawqal leeyahay "Zaylac waxay gacanta ku jirtay Masiixiyiinta Xabashida". - Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis waxay ku doodaan in taasi tahay akhris khaldan. Sida ay qabaan, juqraafiyeyaashu ereyga *Xabasha* waxay u adeegsadaan gobolka oo dhan, ee uma adeegsadaan boqortooyada Masiixiga ah. Waxay qoreen in dekeddu ay u badan tahay inay ahayd "mid ka madax-bannaan awood kasta oo Masiixi ah". Waxay la barbardhigeen magaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee Sawaaxiliga: siyaasad ahaan madax-bannaan, ganacsato Muslimiin ahina ay ku dhex nool yihiin dad aan weli Muslimiin noqon. Waxay xuseen in alaab kasta oo dhoofin ah oo qorayaashii qarnigii 10aad magacaabeen ay ahayd wax deegaanka ka soo baxa, ama xeebta ama gudaha u dhow (§§63–74). ## Al-Idriisi, 1154, iyo su'aasha "Zalegh" Al-Idriisi wuxuu juqraafiyadiisa adduunka ku qoray qasriga Boqor Roger II ee Sisili (Sicily), wuxuuna dhammeeyay 1154. Isaga laftiisu uma safrin Badda Cas; Charles Guillain wuxuu ka digay in Idriisi "uusan Bariga u dhaafin xeebaha Badda Dhexe" ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire… de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 1, 1856, b. 192](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)). Waxaa halkan laga tarjumay tarjumaddii Faransiiska ee P. A. Jaubert ee 1836 ([*Géographie d'Édrisi*, mug. 1, bb. 39–41](https://archive.org/details/gographiededrisi01idri)): > "Zalegh waxay ku taal xeebta badda cusbada leh, oo ku biirta badda Qulzum [Badda Cas]… Zalegh ilaa xeebta Yemen waa si sax ah 300 mayl. Zalegh waa magaalo yar laakiin dad badan leh. Socdaalayaal shisheeye oo badan ayaa halkaas lagu arkaa, maxaa yeelay inta badan maraakiibta Qulzum halkaas ayay ku soo xirtaan, iyagoo wada noocyada kala duwan ee badeecadaha ku habboon Xabashida. Waxa la dhoofiyo waa addoommo iyo lacag (fiddo). Dahabka, wuu yar yahay. Dadka deegaanku… waxay xirtaan dhar suuf iyo cudbi ah." Meel kale oo isla buuggaas ah, Idriisi wuxuu Zalegh ugu yeeray "magaalo ku taal xeebta Badda Cas" oo ganacsatadeedu gudaha kala ganacsan jireen magaalo la yiraahdo Markata (isla ishaas, b. 37). **Yaa maxay yiri.** Tan iyo Conti Rossini, faallo-bixiyeyaashu Zalegh-ta Idriisi waxay u akhriyeen Saylac. Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis waxay tilmaameen in Idriisi uusan magacaabin deked kale oo ku taal xeebta Afrika ee Badda Cas inta u dhexeysa marinka iyo Caydhaab, iyo inuu Zalegh ku xiray caasimad gudaha ah oo tilmaamaysa buuraleyda waqooyiga Itoobiya. Waxay ku doodaan in qoraalkaas "aan loo qaadan karin sharraxaad la hubo oo ku saabsan dekedda Saylac". Waxaa laga yaabaa inuu sharraxayo deked Badda Cas ku taal sida Musawac (Massawa) ama Dahlak, ama inuu isku daray faahfaahin Saylac iyo deked noocaas ah. Waxay soo jeediyeen dekeddii hore ee Aksum ee Adulis, oo weli loo yaqaan Zulla, inay tahay mid ka mid ah meelaha suurtagalka ah. Waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in qarnigii 10aad kadib "dekedda Saylac ay ka baxdo indhaha ilaha Carabiga qarniyadii 11aad iyo 12aad" ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale 2011, §§75–78](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). ## Saylac 1200-meeyadii: deked Muslim ah - **Abu Xaamid al-Gharnaadi, qiyaastii 1162**, wuxuu dadka Saylac ku tilmaamay "kuwa ugu wanaagsan Suudaanta… waa Muslimiin, way soomaan, way tukadaan, sannad walbana Xajka Makka ayay lugeeyaan". Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis waxay qoraalkan u arkaan mid khayaali badan oo aan lagu tiirsanaan karin (§79). - **Yaaquut (dhintay 1229)**, qaamuuskiisa meelaha: Saylac waa "tuulo ku taal xeebta badda, gobolka dhulka Xabashida", dadkeeduna "waa Muslimiin" (§80). - **Ibnu Saciid (qarnigii 13aad):** "Magaalooyinka Xabashida waxaa ka mid ah Zaylac, oo dadkeedu Muslimiin yihiin: waxay doonyo u kireeyaan xujaajta, waxayna aadaan Cadan iyo Zabiid." Waa deked "lagu soo dego laguna raaco", laga dhoofiyo addoommo (§81). - **Abul-Fidaa (1273–1331)** wuxuu sharraxay magaalo "ku taal salka gacan, bannaan dhexdiis", aad u kulul, biyaha ceelasheeduna wasakh yihiin, "beero iyo midho midna lahayn", "magaalo yar oo le'eg Caydhaab". "Shiikhyo qaar ayaa xukuma khilaafaadka dhex mara dadka deegaanka. Ganacsatadu shiikhyada ayay la degaan, martiqaadna way ka helaan; iyaga ayay wax la iibsadaan wax ka iibiyaan" ([tarjumaddii Reinaud, 1848, oo lagu soo xigtay Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale 2011, §83](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). - **Al-Mufaddal**, taariikhyahan Qibdi ah oo wax qoray ka hor 1358, isagoo ka hadlaya dhacdooyinkii 1270-meeyadii: "Dadka Zaylac iyo qabiilooyinkoodu boqorro ma leh, laakiin waxay u qaybsan yihiin toddoba qabiil. Dadkani waa Muslimiin. Imaamyadoodu khudbadda Jimcaha waxay ku akhriyaan magaca toddobadooda madax." Markii boqorka Yemen uu dhagxaan Cadan ka soo diray si masjid weyn looga dhiso Saylac, si khudbadda loogu akhriyo magaciisa, "tiro ka mid ah qabiilka Zaylac ayaa dhagxaanta qaatay oo badda ku tuuray". Boqorku aargoosi ahaan wuxuu markabkoodii Cadan ku haystay sannad dhan (§§84–85). Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis waxay ilahan si wadajir ah u akhriyeen, iyagoo u arka inay sharraxayaan, dabayaaqadii 1200-meeyadii, magaalo Muslim ah oo madax-bannaan oo aan lahayn hoggaamiye keliya, oo ay maamulaan shiikhyo iyo toddoba madax. Waxay ahayd mid xoog u leh inay diiddo gacan-ku-haynta Yemen, weli kamana mid ahayn Ifat (§85). Qiyaastii 1330, qoraaga Masaari ah ee al-Cumari wuxuu leeyahay boqorka Ifat "wuxuu xukumaa Zaylac" (§91). ## Goorma ayay Saylac Muslim noqotay? Yaa maxay yiri - **Taariikhda afka ah ee Saylac** waxay leedahay masjidka Qiblatayn waa "mid ka mid ah masaajidda ugu horreeya, ama xataa masjidka ugu horreeya, Afrika inteeda ka hooseysa Saxaraha", iyo in "qoyska Nabiga (NNKH) ay Saylac soo mareen iyagoo u socda Aksum" qarnigii 7aad ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9), oo soo xiganaya Trimingham, *Islam in Ethiopia*, 1952, bb. 44–46). - **Abebe Kifleyesus (2006)** iyo qaar kale oo badan waxay qoreen in Islaamku gudaha ku faafay "laga soo bilaabo labadaba xeebaha jasiiradaha Dahlak iyo Saylac, qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 7aad" (lagu soo xigtay Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale 2011, qoraal-hoosaadka 104). - **Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis** waxay ilaha qoraalka ah ka soo saareen in Saylac ay Muslim noqotay "dabayaaqadii qarnigii 12aad ugu horrayn, ama xataa horraantii qarnigii 13aad". Waxay xuseen sheeko ku jirta buugga Ibnu al-Mujaawir ee *Ta'rikh al-Mustabsir*, oo la qoray wax yar kadib 1229, oo sheegaysa in Banu Maajid, oo laga soo saaray Yemen 1159, ay qayb ka mid ahi degtay Muqdisho (Mogadishu), qayb kalena Saylac (§86 iyo qoraal-hoosaadka 103, oo soo xiganaya Trimingham 1975, b. 124). Dhinaca diinta ee sida Islaamku u soo gaaray Soomaalida, oo ay ku jirto hijradii koowaad ee Aksum, waxay ku jirtaa [Sida Islaamku u soo gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/). ## Masjidka Qiblatayn iyo qodistii 2001 Burburka Saylac waxaa ka mid ah Masjidka Qiblatayn (Masjid al-Qiblatayn), "masjidka labada qibla". Dadka deegaanku waxay ku tilmaamaan masjidka ugu da'da weyn magaalada. Sheekadu waxay leedahay wuxuu lahaa laba mixraab, mid u jeeda Makka iyo mid u jeeda Qudus (Jerusalem), oo ahayd jihada ay Muslimiintii ugu horreeyay u tukan jireen ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9); [Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale 2011, §13](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Abriil 2001 kooxda Faransiisku waxay sawir-khariidadeed ka sameeyeen magaalada oo baaxaddeedu tahay 50 hektar, waxay nadiifiyeen dusha masjidka, waxayna qodeen god tijaabo ah ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale 2011, §§38–48](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)): - **Masjidka.** Waxaa taagnaa oo keliya derbiga waqooyi (qiblada) iyo mixraabkiisa. Waxay heleen laba marxaladood oo dhismo: hool salaadeed hore oo laga dhisay dhagax-nuurad shacaab ah, iyo ballaarin dambe oo galbeed u fidday oo leh laba qol, ceel iyo biyo-mareen. Sagxadaha dambe waxay ka dul saaran yihiin 1.2 mitir oo burbur ah oo ka hadhay dhismo ka da' weyn, "oo noqon kara masjid ka horreeyay". Mixraab labaad ma aysan helin. Waxay soo jeediyeen in xusuusta magaalada ee "laba mixraab" ay ka imaan karto laba masjid oo goobta isku xigxigay, waxayna tan ugu yeereen "fikrad keliya". - **Godka.** God 2.1 mitir dherer ahaa oo laga qoday 50 mitir bari ka xigta masjidka ayaa lakabyada hoose ka helay dhismayaal dhoobo ah, oo leh dheryo cas oo deegaanka laga sameeyay oo keliya. Dheryaha dibadda laga keenay waxay ka muuqdaan lakabyada sare oo keliya. Kuwa ugu da'da weyn waxay ahaayeen dheryaha Yemen ee "madow-ku-huruud" ah ee bartamihii qarnigii 13aad ilaa bartamihii qarnigii 14aad. Qorayaashu waxay ka digeen in wax badan laga dhex akhriyo god yar oo keliya. - **Agagaarka Saylac.** Kooxdu waxay booqatay jasiiradda Sacadadiin (Saad Din), oo 8 km badda u jirta, halkaas oo Richard Burton iyo sarkaalkii Ingiriiska ahaa A. T. Curle ay burbur ku arkeen, iyo qabuuro la yiraahdo Awdal oo qiyaastii 20 km koonfur-bari u jira. Waxaa loo sheegay magaalo burbursan oo la yiraahdo Ina Dini oo 3–4 km koonfur ka xigta Saylac, laakiin ma aysan booqan karin maxaa yeelay waxaa la sheegay in goobta miinooyin lagu aasay. **Xaaladda masjidka.** Sacda Mire (Sada Mire), oo madax ka ahayd Waaxda Qadiimiga ee Soomaaliland, waxay diiwaangelisay in goobta "ay soo gaartay burbur badan oo ka yimid qodis iyo aasaaska oo bannaanka loo dhigay, iyadoon la ilaalin lana qorin warbixin ilaalin". Qiimayntii ugu horreysay waxay ahayd warbixin 2007 uu UNESCO u gudbiyay qadiimiga-baaraha George Abungu ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Magaalada burbursan waxaa kaloo ku yaal qabriga Sheekh Ibraahim Saylici, oo sheekooyinka deegaanku ku tilmaamaan inuu aasaasay Saylac (isla ilahaas). ## "Dalka Saylac" Al-Cumari, oo wax qoray qiyaastii 1330, wuxuu leeyahay "kani waa dalka Masar iyo Shaam loogu yeero dalka Zaylac; hase ahaatee waa mid keliya oo ka mid ah magaalooyinkooda badda ku yaal… oo magaceeda la siiyay dalka oo dhan" (lagu soo xigtay Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwa kale 2011, §91). Qarni kadib, taariikhyahankii Masaariga ahaa ee al-Maqriisi wuxuu "gobolka Saylac" u adeegsaday dhulalka Muslimka ee Geeska oo dhan. Wuxuu qoray in uu "magaciisa ka qaatay magaalada Zaylac oo ku taal jasiirad-badeed", in dhererkiisu ahaa qiyaastii laba bilood oo socod ah, iyo inuu u qaybsanaa toddoba boqortooyo: Awfat (Ifat), Dawaro, Arababni, Hadiya, Sharkha, Bali iyo Dara ([al-Maqriisi, tarj. Rinck, *Historia regum Islamiticorum in Abyssinia*, 1790, b. 10](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NHGlbEm0h7kC)). Eeg [Saldanadda Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/). ## Saylac oo ku jirta diiwaannada Shiinaha Sarkaalkii boqortooyada Song ee Zhao Rugua wuxuu 1225 qoray in dalka Pi-p'a-lo, oo ah xeebta Berbera, uu "leeyahay afar magaalo". Turjubaannadiisu waxay soo jeediyeen inay u badan tahay inay ahaayeen Berbera, Saylac, Muqdisho iyo, laga yaabee, Baraawe (Barawa) ([Hirth iyo Rockhill, *Chau Ju-kua*, 1911, bb. 128–129](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)). Eeg [diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii Soomaalida ee qadiimiga ahaa](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Magaalooyinka burbursan ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe iyo kuwii casriga hore, 1300-meeyadii–1700-meeyadii](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/) - [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho oo ku jira diiwaannada Yemen-tii Rasuuliyiinta, 1229–1454](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/) - [Geerida Suldaan Sacadadiin (Saʿd ad-Din) ee Saylac iyo wiilashiisii Yemen](/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/) - [Culimadii Saylac ee al-Azhar iyo Qaahira, 1300–1500](/en/history/zeila-scholars-at-al-azhar-1300-1500/) --- # Dastuurkii 1960 ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/1960-constitution/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dastuurkii 1960 wuxuu ahaa sharcigii aasaaska u ahaa Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Golaha Dastuurku wuxuu ansixiyay 21 Juun 1960, wuxuu dhaqan galay 1 Luulyo 1960 markii waqooyiga iyo koonfurtu midoobeen, codbixiyeyaashuna waxay ku xaqiijiyeen afti 20 Juun 1961. Wuxuu Soomaaliya ka dhigay jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo midaysan, muwaadiniinta oo dhanna xuquuq siman. Qoraalka rasmiga ah ee dastuurka ee halkan lagu xiray waa Ingiriisi; xigashooyinka hoose waa tarjumaad Soomaali ah. ## Kooban Dastuurkii 1960 wuxuu dhisay dowladdii waqooyiga iyo koonfurtu wada sameeyeen 1 Luulyo 1960. Waxaa lagu qoray Muqdisho, waxaa ansixiyay Golaha Dastuurka 21 Juun 1960, waxaana lagu daabacay Faafinta Rasmiga ah ee Lambar 1 ee 1 Luulyo 1960 ([Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, qoraalka rasmiga ah ee Ingiriisiga, Golaha Shacabka](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). Wuxuu jiray ilaa 21 Oktoobar 1969, markii ciidamadu xukunka qabsadeen oo ay hakiyeen ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). Dastuur kasta oo Soomaaliyeed oo xigay wuu ka soo dheegtay. ## Maxay ka tiri jamhuuriyadda? Qodobka 1aad wuxuu ku bilaabmaa: Soomaaliya waa dowlad xor ah oo madax-bannaani buuxda leh. Waa jamhuuriyad wakiil ah, dimuqraadi ah oo midaysan. Shacabka Soomaaliyeed waa mid oo lama kala qaybin karo ([Dastuurka 1960, qod. 1](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). Wuxuu kaloo leeyahay madax-bannaanidu waxay u taal shacabka, qayb ka mid ah shacabka ama qof keliyana ma sheegan karo madax-bannaanida. Islaamku waa diinta dowladda (qod. 1). Arartu waxay ku bilaabmaysaa "Bismillaahi Raxmaani Raxiim", waxayna tilmaantaa xaqa barakaysan ee aayo-ka-tashiga shucuubta ee ku jira Axdiga QM. ## Xuquuq siman ma bixiyay? Haa. Qodobka 3aad wuxuu leeyahay: muwaadiniinta oo dhan, iyadoon loo eegin jinsiyad, asal qaran, dhalasho, luqad, diin, lab iyo dheddig, heer dhaqaale ama bulsho, ama fikir, waxay sharciga hortiisa ku leeyihiin xuquuq iyo waajibaad siman ([Dastuurka 1960, qod. 3](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). Qodobka 7aad wuxuu sharciga Soomaaliyeed ku xiray mabaadi'da Baaqa Caalamiga ah ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee 1948. Qodobka 2aad wuxuu sheegay in qofna aan laga qaadi karin dhalashada "sababo siyaasadeed" (isla ishaas). ## Calanka iyo astaanta Dastuurku wuxuu Qodobka 1aad ku cayimay astaamaha qaranka ([Dastuurka 1960, qod. 1](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)): - **Calanka:** midabkiisu waa buluug, waa leydi, bartamihiisana waxaa ku dhex yaal xiddig cad oo shan gees oo siman leh. - **Astaanta:** gaashaan buluug ah oo xuduud dahab ah leh iyo xiddig lacag-midab ah oo shan gees leh, oo ay qabtaan laba shabeel, kuna fadhiya laba waran oo isdhaafsan iyo laba caleen oo timireed. Eeg [calanka](/so/history/the-flag/) si aad u ogaato sida loo naqshadeeyay 1954. ## Midowga dhulalka Soomaalida Qodobka 6aad wuxuu leeyahay: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya waxay kor u qaadaysaa, si sharci iyo nabad ah, midowga dhulalka Soomaalida. Isla qodobkaas, Jamhuuriyaddu waxay diiddan tahay dagaal in loo isticmaalo xallinta khilaafaadka caalamiga ah ([Dastuurka 1960, qod. 6](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). Erayada "si sharci iyo nabad ah" waxay ahaayeen doorasho. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in garab ka mid ah Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed uu doonayay midow "si kasta oo loo baahdo", aqlabiyadduna ay u beddeshay hab nabadeed ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Qodobka 4aad wuxuu dhulka qaranka ka dhigay mid barakaysan oo aan la taaban karin. Isbeddel kasta oo lagu sameeyo wuxuu u baahnaa aqlabiyad shan meelood afar meel ah oo Golaha Shacabka (isla ishaas). ## Sidee awoodda loo qaybiyay? - **Golaha Shacabka** ayaa sameeyay sharciyada. Xildhibaannadiisa waxaa lagu doortay cod guud, xor ah, toos ah oo qarsoodi ah, muddo shan sano ah. Xildhibaanku wuxuu ahaa inuu jiro ugu yaraan 25 sano (qod. 49, 51, 52). - **Islaamka iyo sharciga.** Qodobka 50aad wuxuu caqiidada Islaamka ka dhigay isha ugu weyn ee sharciyada dowladda. - **Madaxweynaha** waxaa doortay Golaha Shacabka, cod qarsoodi ah, muddo lix sano ah, wuxuuna xilka hayn karay ugu badnaan laba xilli oo isku xiga. Musharraxu wuxuu ahaa inuu yahay muwaadin Muslim ah oo jira ugu yaraan 45 sano (qod. 70, 71, 72). - **Dhaarta madaxweynaha:** Magaca Ilaahay ayaan ku dhaaranayaa inaan si daacad ah u gudan doono waajibaadkayga oo dhan sida Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda, oo aan dastuurka ku difaaci doono awooddayda oo dhan danta Dalka iyo Qaranka (qod. 70). - **Maxkamaduhu** waxay burin karayeen sharciyada ka hor imaanaya dastuurka, haddii uu codsado qofka ay saameyso (qod. 5). Dhammaan waxay ka yimaadeen [Dastuurka 1960](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf). ## Yaa saxiixay? Dastuurka waxaa Muqdisho ku saxiixay 1 Luulyo 1960 afar nin ([Dastuurka 1960, bogga ugu dambeeya](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)): - Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sharci-dejinta, oo ahaa Madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah. - Maxamed Sheekh Gabiyow, Wasiirka Dastuurka. - Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud, Ra'iisul Wasaare. - Sheekh Maxamuud Maxamed Faarax, Wasiirka Garsoorka. ## Aftidii 1961 Dastuurku wuxuu dhaqan galay "si ku-meel-gaar ah" 1 Luulyo 1960. Wuxuu sheegay in sannad gudihii loo bandhigo codbixin dadweyne, inta ka horreysana qoraalkiisa lagu dhejiyo xarun kasta oo dowladda hoose si muwaadin kastaa u barto ([Dastuurka 1960, qodobbada ku-meel-gaarka III iyo V](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). Codbixintu waxay dhacday 20 Juun 1961. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ku tilmaantay "dhab ahaantii doorashadii qaran ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). Natiijada la sheegay waxay ahayd ilaa 1.76 milyan cod oo taageersan iyo 183,000 oo diiddan, ilaa 90.6% haa ([1961 Somali constitutional referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Somali_constitutional_referendum), oo soo xiganaya Nohlen, *Elections in Africa*, 1999). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in habka codbixintu muujiyay "shaki waqooyiga" ka qabay midowga ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirooyinka aftida.** Wadarta qaranka waxay ka timid buugaag tixraac doorasho. - **Qoraalka rasmiga ah.** Nuqulka Ingiriisiga ee Golaha Shacabku waa "nuqulka rasmiga ah… sidii loo wax ka beddelay ilaa 31 Diseembar 1963", sidaas darteed qodobbo yar ayaa ka duwan qoraalkii 1960 ([Golaha Shacabka Soomaaliya](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). ## Akhri isha asalka ah - *The Constitution of the Somali Republic*, qoraalka rasmiga ah ee Ingiriisiga ilaa 31 Diseembar 1963, oo uu martigeliyo Golaha Shacabka Soomaaliya: [PDF](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf). Nuqul kale: [Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Somalia-Constitution-1960.pdf). --- # Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta, laga bilaabo Periplus ilaa maanta Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/books-about-somalis/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dadku waxay wax ka qorayeen Soomaalida qiyaastii 2,000 sano: ganacsato Giriig ah qarnigii 1aad, juqraafiyayaal Carab iyo Shiine ah laga bilaabo qarnigii 9aad, Ibnu Batuuta 1331, Futuux al-Xabasha ee Carabiga ahayd 1500-meeyadii, socdaalayaal Bortuqiis iyo reer Yurub ah, saraakiil gumeysi, aqoonyahanno casri ah, iyo qorayaal Soomaaliyeed oo ku qora Af-Soomaali, Carabi, Ingiriis, Talyaani iyo Faransiis. Bogaggani waxay xilli walba ku taxayaan buugaagta ugu muhiimsan, iyagoo leh xiriiriyeyaal bilaash ah. ## Si kooban Buugaagta ku saabsan Soomaalida halkan waxaa loogu taxay lix xilli, iyo buugaagta qorayaasha Soomaalida laftooda. Mid walba wuxuu leeyahay bog u gaar ah oo buug kasta lagu taxay, waxa uu ka hadlo, luqadda lagu qoray iyo halka laga akhriyo. | Xilliga | Cidda qortay | Bogga | |---|---|---| | Qarnigii 1aad ilaa 1500 | Ganacsato Giriig ah, juqraafiyayaal Carab iyo Faaris ah, Ibnu Batuuta, saraakiil Shiine ah | [Ka hor 1500](/so/history/books-about-somalis-before-1500/) | | 1500 ilaa 1884 | Carab Faqiih (Futuux al-Xabasha), taariikhyahanno Bortuqiis ah, admiral Cusmaaniyiin ah, socdaalayaal reer Yurub ah | [1500 ilaa 1884](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1500-1884/) | | 1884 ilaa 1960 | Saraakiil, masuuliyiin iyo aqoonyahanno Ingiriis, Talyaani iyo Jarmal ah | [1884 ilaa 1960](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1884-1960/) | | 1960 ilaa 1990 | Taariikhyahanno, aqoonyahanno bulsho iyo kuwo afafka oo Soomaali iyo ajnabi ah | [1960 ilaa 1990](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1960-1990/) | | 1991 ilaa 2005 | Qoraallo ku saabsan dhicitaankii dowladda, dagaalka iyo nolosha dowlad la'aanta | [1991 ilaa 2005](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1991-2005/) | | 2006 ilaa maanta | Somaliland, al-Shabaab, burcad-badeedda, qurbajoogta | [Tan iyo 2006](/so/history/books-about-somalis-since-2006/) | | Xilli kasta | Qorayaal Soomaaliyeed: gabayaa, qisooyin-qorayaal, taariikhyahanno iyo kuwo xusuus-qor | [Qorayaasha Soomaalida iyo buugaagtooda](/en/society/somali-authors-and-their-books/) | | 1956 ilaa maanta | Buugaag Af-Soomaali lagu qoray | [Buugaagta Af-Soomaaliga](/en/society/books-in-the-somali-language/) | | 1886 ilaa maanta | Naxwaha iyo qaamuusyada Af-Soomaaliga | [Naxwaha iyo qaamuusyada Soomaaliga](/en/society/somali-grammars-and-dictionaries/) | Buugaag qaar waxay leeyihiin bogag u gaar ah: - [Ibnu Batuuta oo jooga Muqdisho iyo Saylac, 1331](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/) - [Futuux al-Xabasha, taariikhdii dagaallada Imaam Axmed](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/) - [First Footsteps in East Africa (1856), Richard Burton](/so/history/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/) - [A Modern History of the Somali, I. M. Lewis](/so/history/a-modern-history-of-the-somali/) - [A Tree for Poverty (1954), gabayadii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay ee Ingiriis lagu daabaco](/so/history/a-tree-for-poverty/) ## Sida qoraalku isu beddelay waqti kadib **Shisheeyaha xeebta (ilaa 1500).** Warbixinnada ugu horreeya waa gaagaaban, waxaana qoray dad badda ku yimid. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ee Giriigga, oo ka mid ah qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga, wuxuu taxaa dekedaha xeebta woqooyi ee Soomaalida iyo waxa ay ka ganacsan jireen ([Periplus, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea); [turjumaadda Schoff, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/theperiplusoftheerythraeansea)). Juqraafiyayaal Carab ah sida al-Idriisi (1154) iyo Yaaquut (1220-meeyadii) waxay sharraxeen Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho. Booqashadii Ibnu Batuuta ee Muqdisho 1331 waxay bixisaa sawirka hore ee ugu buuxa ee magaalo Soomaaliyeed ([turjumaadda Gibb, Fordham](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). Diiwaannada Shiinuhu waxay sharraxaan xeebta Berbera laga bilaabo qarnigii 9aad, Muqdisho iyo Baraawana kadib maraakiibtii Ming ee Zheng He 1410-meeyadii iyo 1420-meeyadii ([Zhu Fan Zhi, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi); [Fei Xin, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei_Xin)). **Dagaal iyo awood badeed (1500 ilaa 1884).** Futuux al-Xabasha, oo Carabi ku qoray xubin ka tirsanayd ciidanka Adal, waxay diiwaangelisaa dagaalladii Imaam Axmed ee 1529 ilaa 1543, waxayna magacawdaa kooxaha Soomaalida ee ku dagaallamay ([Futuh al-Habasha, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). Qorayaal Bortuqiis ah ayaa diiwaangeliyay weerarradoodii dekedaha Soomaalida. Laga bilaabo 1840-meeyadii, socdaalayaal Ingiriis, Faransiis iyo Jarmal ah ayaa qoray warbixinno dhaadheer, kan ugu caansanna waa kii Burton (1856). **Maktabadda gumeysiga (1884 ilaa 1960).** Qaybintii kadib, buugaagta badankood waxaa qoray dad u shaqaynayay Ingiriiska ama Talyaaniga: joornaallo sahan, taariikhaha dagaallada lagula jiray Daraawiishta, naxwaha Af-Soomaaliga, daraasado ku saabsan xeerka dhaqanka iyo Islaamka, iyo turjumaadihii ugu horreeyay ee gabayga Soomaalida. **Daraasaadka Soomaalida (laga bilaabo 1960).** Xorriyadda kadib, taariikhda iyo cilmiga bulshada ee Soomaalida waxay noqdeen qayb cilmi oo u gaar ah, iyadoo Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Daraasaadka Soomaalida la aasaasay 1978, shirweynihiisii ugu horreeyayna Muqdisho lagu qabtay Luulyo 1980 ([Somali studies, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_studies)). Aqoonyahannadu waxay ka doodaan kaalinta qabiilka, dabaqadda, Islaamka, dowladda iyo xukunkii gumeysiga ee taariikhda Soomaalida. **Soomaalida oo sheekadooda qoraya.** Aqoonyahanno Soomaaliyeed ayaa qarniyo badan Carabi wax ku qorayay. Qoraalka Af-Soomaaliga wuxuu kobcay kadib markii farta Laatiinka la ansixiyay 1972 ([Qoritaankii Af-Soomaaliga, 1972](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/)), qorayaal Soomaaliyeed oo qurbaha jooganna hadda waxay ku daabacaan luqado badan. ## Halka buugaggan bilaash looga helo - **Internet Archive** (archive.org): sawirro buugaag socdaal, naxwe iyo warbixinno gumeysi oo badan oo hore, iyo nuqullo la amaahdo oo buugaag casri ah. - **Project Gutenberg** (gutenberg.org): qoraal bilaash ah oo buugaag xuquuqdoodu dhacday, sida First Footsteps ee Burton. - **HathiTrust** (hathitrust.org): sawirro laga soo qaaday maktabadaha jaamacadaha Maraykanka iyo Yurub; buugaagta ka horreeya 1929 inta badan qof walba waa u furan yihiin. - **Gallica** (gallica.bnf.fr): maktabadda qaranka Faransiiska, shaqooyinka Faransiiska sida Guillain iyo Révoil. - **Open Library iyo WorldCat**: kaataloogyo muujiya maktabadda kuu dhow ee buug haysa. ## Liisaskii hore ee buugaagta Soomaaliya Liiska buugaagta ee ugu weyn ee daabacan ee Ingiriisiga ah waa Somalia, mujallada 92 ee World Bibliographical Series, oo ay ururiyeen Mark W. DeLancey iyo kuwo kale (Clio Press, 1988) ([Cambridge, dib-u-eegis ku jirta Africa](https://core-prod.cambridgecore.org/core/journals/africa/article/mark-w-delancey-somalia-world-bibliographical-series-92-santa-barbara-oxford-clio-press-1988-xxviii-191-pp-isbn-1-85109-038-x/E7205D312D50E7398AF7D0BB122C1E09)). Daraasadda dalka Soomaaliya ee Maktabadda Koongareeska (1992) sidoo kale waxay leedahay liis akhris oo dheer ([Library of Congress Country Studies, Mongabay](https://news.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/somalia/REFERENCE.html)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Gabayga Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-poetry/) - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) - [Taariikh-xariiq, 1300-meeyadii ilaa 1960](/so/history/timeline-1300s-to-1960/) --- # Heshiisyadii gumeysiga, 1884–1897: sida dhulalka Soomaalida warqad loogu kala qaybiyay Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Intii u dhexeysay 1884 iyo 1897, odayaal iyo suldaanno Soomaaliyeed waxay heshiisyo la saxiixdeen Ingiriiska iyo Talyaaniga, Ingiriiskuna wuxuu heshiis xuduudeed la saxiixday Itoobiya. Heshiiskii Habar Awal ee 1884 wuxuu ka hadlay 'ilaalinta madax-bannaanideenna'; 1886 heshiisyadii waqooyigu waxay noqdeen heshiisyo maxmiyad; 1889 suldaannadii Majeerteen iyo Hobyo waxay aqbaleen maxmiyadda Talyaaniga; 14 Maajo 1897 Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya waxay xariiq ka dhex jiideen dhulka daaqa Soomaalida iyadoon Soomaali joogin. ## Kooban Dhulalka Soomaalida waxaa warqad lagu kala qaybiyay ka hor intaan xoog lagu kala qaybin. Intii u dhexeysay 1884 iyo 1897, heshiisyo isku xiran ayaa waqooyiga geliyay maxmiyadda (ilaalinta) Ingiriiska, waqooyi-bari iyo bartamaha geliyay maxmiyadda Talyaaniga, dhulka daaqa ee galbeedkana Itoobiya hoos geeyay. Qoraallada heshiisyadu si buuxda ayay ugu jiraan laba ururin tixraac oo Ingiriis ah ([Aitchison, *A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads*, mug XIII, 1909, bb. 189–207](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.93192); [Hertslet, *The Map of Africa by Treaty*, daabacaaddii 3aad, 1909](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytr01hert)). Boggani wuxuu u daayaa iyaga inay hadlaan. ## Ka hor 1884: heshiisyadii ugu horreeyay Heshiiskii ugu horreeyay ee Ingiriiska ee xeebta waqooyiga wuxuu dhacay 1827, wuxuuna la galay odayaasha Habar Awal (Habr Awal), kadib markii markab Ingiriis ah lagu dhacay meel ka baxsan [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) ([Aitchison 1909, b. 189](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.93192)). 1840 madaxa Tajuura (Tajoura) wuxuu Ingiriiska ka iibiyay jasiiradda Musa, taliyihii Saylac (Zeila) wuxuuna u wareejiyay jasiiradda Bab (isla ishaas). 18 Abriil 1855 kooxdii sahamiyaha Richard Burton ayaa lagu weeraray meel u dhow Berbera. Ingiriisku wuxuu xayiray dekedda, heshiis cusubna wuxuu yimid 1856 (isla ishaas). 1877 ilaa 1884 Ingiriisku wuxuu aqoonsanaa sheegashada Masar ee xeebta, ciidamada Masaarida ayaana gacanta ku hayay Saylac iyo Berbera ([Hertslet 1909, mug 1](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytr01hert)). ## 1884: "ilaalinta madax-bannaanideenna" Markii Masar ka baxday 1884, Ingiriisku wuxuu u dhaqaaqay inuu xaqiijiyo xeebtii quudin jirtay ciidankiisa Cadan (Aden). 14 Luulyo 1884 odayaasha Habar Awal waxay heshiis ku saxiixdeen Berbera. Erayadiisa furitaanka waa kuwooda ([Aitchison 1909, Heshiiska LXXXIX](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.93192)): > "Annaga oo ah odayaasha qabiilka Habar Awal ee hoos ku saxiixan, waxaan doonaynaa inaan heshiis la galno Dowladda Ingiriiska si loo ilaaliyo madax-bannaanideenna, loona dhawro nidaamka…" Shanta qodob waxay ahaayeen kuwo gaagaaban: - **Qodobka 1aad.** Habar Awal weligood dhul cidna uma wareejin doonaan "Dowladda Ingiriiska mooyee". - **Qodobka 2aad.** Ganacsiga Berbera iyo Bulahaar (Bulhar) wuu u furnaan doonaa qof kasta. - **Qodobka 3aad.** Dadka Ingiriiska u dhashay waxay ku nabad gelayaan dalkooda. - **Qodobka 4aad.** Ganacsiga addoonta waa la joojin doonaa. - **Qodobka 5aad.** Wakiil Ingiriis ah ayaa dhexdooda ku noolaan kara. Heshiisyo la mid ah ayaa bilo gudahood ku xigay: [Gadabuursi (Gadabursi)](/so/society/gadabuursi/) 11 Diseembar 1884, [Habar Jeclo (Habr Toljaala)](/so/society/habar-jeclo/) 26 Diseembar, Ciise (Esa) 31 Diseembar, iyo Habar Garxajis (Habr Gerhajis) 13 Janaayo 1885 ([Hertslet 1909, mug 1](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytr01hert)). ## 1886: saaxiibtinimo ilaa maxmiyad 1886 wareeg labaad ayaa beddelay macnaha. Heshiiskii dheeriga ahaa ee Habar Awal wuxuu geliyay "maxmiyadda" Ingiriiska. Waxay ogolaadeen inaysan warqad u qorin, heshiisna la gelin, dowlad shisheeye oo kale ([Aitchison 1909, Heshiiska XC](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.93192)). Major F. M. Hunter ayaa Ingiriiska u saxiixay. Habar Jeclo iyo Habar Garxajis waxay heshiisyo maxmiyad saxiixeen 1 Febraayo 1886, [Warsangali](/so/society/warsangali/) na 27 Janaayo 1886 (isla ishaas). Waqooyi-bari, Ingiriisku wuxuu suldaanka Majeerteen (Mijjertayn) siin jiray lacag sannadle ah tan iyo 1866, heshiiskana wuxuu cusboonaysiiyay 1 Maajo 1884 ([Hertslet 1909, mug 1](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytr01hert)). Ingiriisku wuxuu adduunka u ogeysiiyay maxmiyaddiisa Xeebta Soomaalida 20 Luulyo 1887 (isla ishaas). Ingiriiska iyo Faransiisku waxay xariiqda u dhexeysa sheegashooyinkooda agagaarka Saylac iyo Jabuuti (Djibouti) ku dhammeeyeen Febraayo 1887, kadibna heshiis 1888. Hindiya ayaa maamulaysay maxmiyadda ilaa Oktoobar 1898, markii [London](/en/diaspora/london/) la wareegtay ([Aitchison 1909](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.93192)). ## 1889: heshiisyadii Talyaaniga Talyaanigu wuxuu yimid waqooyi-bari iyo xeebta Badweynta Hindiya. 8 Febraayo 1889 calanka Talyaaniga waxaa laga taagay Obbia ([Hobyo](/so/regions/mudug/)), Talyaanigu wuxuuna maxmiyaddiisa ogeysiiyay 2 Maarso 1889 ([Hertslet 1909, mug 3, bb. 1119–1124](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert)). Maajo xuduudaheeda waxaa loo cayimay Warshiikh (Warsheikh) ilaa Raas Cawad (Cape Awad). 7 Abriil 1889, magaalada Bender Caluula (Bender Alula), Suldaanka Majeerteen wuxuu heshiiskiisa la saxiixday Talyaaniga ([Hertslet 1909, mug 3, Lambar 346](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert)): > "Annaga, Suldaan Cismaan Maxamuud Yuusuf (Osman Mahmud Jusuf), Suldaanka Majeerteen oo dhan… rabitaankeenna xorta ah… waxaan dalkeenna… laga bilaabo Ras Auad ilaa Ras-el-Kyle… geliyay ilaalinta iyo xukunka Boqorka Umberto I." Yuusuf Cali Yuusuf (Yusuf Ali Yusuf), [Suldaanka Hobyo](/en/people/yusuf-ali-kenadid/), ayaa markhaati ahaan u saxiixay, isagoo la socda wakiilka Talyaaniga Vincenzo Filonardi (isla ishaas). Heshiisyo kale oo lala galay Majeerteen ayaa xigay 1901. ## 1897: xariiqdii dhex martay dhulka daaqa 14 Maajo 1897, magaalada Addis Ababa, ergayga Ingiriiska Rennell Rodd iyo Boqor Menelik II waxay saxiixeen heshiis saaxiibtinimo. Qodobka II wuxuu dhigay in xuduudda maxmiyadda Ingiriiska lagu cayimo warqado laga qoro Harar ([Hertslet 1909, mug 2, Lambar 99, bb. 423–430](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre02hert)). Warqadahaas, oo taariikhdoodu ahayd 4 Juun 1897, waxay xariiq ka jiideen ceelasha Hadou xagga bari ilaa 44°E 9°N, kadibna ilaa 47°E 8°N. Inta badan dhulka daaqa ee [Hawdka (Haud)](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/) waxay ku dhaceen dhinaca Itoobiya (isla ishaas). Rodd wuxuu codsaday in bulshooyinkii "hore… maxmiyadda Ingiriiska ku jiray" lala dhaqmo "si cadaalad ah". Menelik wuxuu ku jawaabay qoraal (isla ishaas): > "Soomaalida laga yaabo inay heshiisyada xuduudda awgood noqdaan dadka Itoobiya hoos yimaada si wanaagsan ayaa loola dhaqmi doonaa, waxayna yeelan doonaan maamul habsami ah." Warqaduhu waxay ku dareen qodob keliya oo muhiim noqon doona lixdan sano: "Beelaha deggan labada dhinac ee xariiqda waxay xaq u leeyihiin inay isticmaalaan dhulka daaqa ee dhinaca kale", iyagoo leh "marin xor ah oo ay ku gaaraan ceelasha ugu dhow" (isla ishaas). Heshiiska waa la ansixiyay waana la ogeysiiyay 30 Agoosto 1897. ## Yaa qolka joogay? Heshiisyadii 1884 iyo 1886 waxay sitaan calaamadaha odayaal iyo suldaanno Soomaaliyeed. Heshiiskii 1897 ma sito calaamadahaas. Soomaali ma saxiixin xariiqda kala qaybisay Hawdka, inkastoo heshiisyadii hore ay ballan qaadeen in dhulku u gudbi karo Ingiriiska oo keliya. Maktabadda Koongareesku (Library of Congress) waxay diiwaangelisay in heshiiskii 1897 uu noqday saldhigga sharci ee sheegashada Itoobiya ee Hawdka iyo Ogaadeenya (Ogaden) ([Library of Congress, *Ethiopia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/26.htm)). Ingiriisku wuxuu Hawdka u wareejiyay Itoobiya 1955, isagoo ku salaynaya heshiiskaas (isla ishaas). Eeg [dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) si aad u ogaato halka uu horseeday. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda heshiiskii Habar Awal ee 1886.** Soo koobidda Aitchison waxay siisaa 13 Maarso 1886. Hertslet wuxuu siiyaa 15 Maarso 1886, maalintii uu dhaqan galay. - **Waxa odayaashu fahmeen.** Qoraallada Ingiriisiga ah ayaa ah nuqullada keliya ee ku jira ururintan. In nuqullo Soomaali ahi ay isla wax la mid ah sheegeen iyo in kale kuma qorna ilaha aan ku xiri karno. - **Heshiiskii Majeerteen ee 1884.** Hertslet wuxuu u taariikhaynayaa 1 Maajo 1884; Aitchison wuxuu ku daraa heshiiskii lacagta sannadlaha ahayd ee 1866. ## Raadka, sida loo diiwaangeliyay Shan iyo toban sano kadib, 1899, [halgankii Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/) wuxuu bilaabay olole hubaysan oo ka dhan ah xukunka Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya. Laga bilaabo 1943, [Ururka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed (Leegada)](/so/history/somali-youth-league/) wuxuu Qaramada Midoobay hor dhigay dacwadda xorriyadda. ## Adigu akhri ilaha asalka ah - C. U. Aitchison, *A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries*, mug XIII, 1909, qaybta Xeebta Soomaalida, bb. 189–207: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.93192). - E. Hertslet, *The Map of Africa by Treaty*, daabacaaddii 3aad, 1909: [mug 1](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytr01hert), [mug 2](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre02hert) (heshiiskii Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya ee 1897, Lambar 99), [mug 3](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert) (heshiisyadii Talyaaniga, Lambarrada 346–347). --- # Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe hore ka hor 1300: diiwaannadii ugu horreeyay iyo qoraallada masaajidda ee 1238 iyo 1269 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Muqdisho magaceeda waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu arkaa juqraafiga Carabta 1200-meeyadii, markii Yaaquut uu ku tilmaamay magaalo 'ku taal dhulka Barbarka' oo ay maamulaan odayaasheedu, laga dhoofiyana sandal, abanuus, cambar iyo fool maroodi. Dhismayaasha ugu da'da weyn ee taariikh leh waa masaajid: qoraal ku yaal munaaradda Xamarweyne ayaa sheegaya in dhismaheedu bilowday Muxarram 636 hijriyada (Agoosto 1238), qoraallo taariikhdoodu tahay 667 hijriyada (1269) ayaana ku hadhay masaajidda Fakhr ad-Diin iyo Arbaco Rukun. Marka waxaa ku tilmaamay magaalo Muslim ah al-Idriisi 1154 iyo Ibnu Saciid 1200-meeyadii. ## Kooban Xeebta koonfurta Soomaalida, oo markii dambe loo bixiyay Banaadir, waxay lahayd magaalooyin ganacsi muddo dheer ka hor 1300. Diiwaanka ka horreeya booqashadii Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta) ee 1331 waa yar yahay laakiin waa run: saddex juqraafiye oo Carab ah, sarkaal kastam oo Shiinees ah, sheekooyin afka laga sheego oo la qoray 1840-meeyadii, iyo qoraallo lagu xardhay masaajidda Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Boggani wuu isu keenayaa. Ibnu Batuuta iyo socdaalayaashii ka dambeeyay waxay ku jiraan [magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/). ## Xeebtii qarnigii 1aad: Azania Koonfurta Raas [Xaafuun (Ras Hafun)](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/), buugga qarnigii 1aad ee *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* wuxuu ka warramaa "Socdaallada [Azania](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/)", xeeb "aan lahayn dekedo" oo leh meelo maraakiibtu ku xirtaan, "tan koowaad oo la yiraahdo Sarapion, tan xigtana Nicon" ([turjumaadda Schoff, 1912, §15, b. 28](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Buugga Periplus kuma sheegin magaalooyin ama taliyayaal xeebtan. Eeg [dekedaha Soomaalida ee buugga Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). ## Marka 1154: al-Idriisi Al-Idriisi (al-Idrisi), oo wax ku qoray Sicily 1154, wuxuu liiska ku daraa "magaalooyinka Carfouna, Markah iyo El-Nedja" oo uu sheegay inay ka tirsan yihiin dalka [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), oo ku yaal "badda Yemen". Wuxuu qoray in "dadka Berbera ay inta badan ku quutaan hilibka diinka badda, oo ay ugu yeeraan *lebeh*". Wuxuu ka warramaa buur la yiraahdo Khakoui "oo leh toddoba caarood oo aad u dhaadheer", oo Guillain u aqoonsaday Raas Xaafuun, iyo "laba maalmood oo Markah u jira, cidlada dhexdeeda, webi u fatahma sida Niil oo kale, oo lagu beero masago", taas oo ah sharaxaadda [Webiga Shabeelle (Shabelle)](/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/) ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire… de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 1, 1856, bb. 192–193](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC), isagoo ka soo xiganaya turjumaadda Jaubert ee Idriisi; halkan lagu turjumay). ## Muqdisho 1200-meeyadii: Yaaquut Yaaquut al-Xamawi (Yaqut al-Hamawi) wuxuu qaamuuskiisa meelaha, *Mu'jam al-buldan*, qoray "in ka badan qarni ka hor socdaalkii Ibnu Batuuta", sida uu Guillain yiri ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, b. 289](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)). Guillain wuxuu qoraalka Muqdisho ka turjumay nuqulkiisa la soo gaabiyay ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 234–235](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC), halkan lagu turjumay): > "Maqdishu waa magaalo ku taal bilowga dalka Zanjiga, koonfurta Yemen, dhulka Barbarka iyo bartamaha dalkooda. Barbarkan ma aha kuwa reer galbeedka ku nool… Dadka magaaladan qaawan bay socdaan, dhar la'aan. Ma laha suldaan; arrimahooda waxaa maamula oo hagaa *muqaddam*yo [odayaal] oo dhexdooda laga doorto. Haddii ganacsade dalkan yimaado, waa inuu la degaa mid ka mid ah, kaas oo ilaaliya oo u noqda martigeliye. Dalkan waxaa laga dhoofiyaa sandal, abanuus, cambar iyo fool maroodi, kuwaas oo ah hantida ugu weyn ee dalka." Guillain wuxuu raaciyay in, sida ay muujinayaan sheekooyin uu Muqdisho ka ururiyay, warka Yaaquut "uu tilmaamayo waqti aad uga horreeya kii uu wax qoray", maadaama suldaanno ay magaalada xukumayeen bilowgii 1200-meeyadii (isla ishaas, b. 235, faallo). Caadada ah in ganacsaduhu la dego martigeliye deegaanka ah waxay la mid tahay wixii Ibnu Batuuta arkay 1331, markii ganacsade kasta oo yimaadaa uu soo dhaweyn jiray martigeliye isaga u ganacsan jiray ([Gibb, *Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa*, 1929, bb. 110–111](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617)). ## Marka iyo Muqdisho 1200-meeyadii: Ibnu Saciid Juqraafiyihii qarnigii 13aad Ibnu Saciid al-Maghribi (Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi) wuxuu qoray ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 238–239](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC), isagoo ka soo xiganaya juqraafiga Ibnu Saciid; halkan lagu turjumay): - "Magaalooyinka Barbarka ee caanka ka ah xeebta badda waxaa ka mid ah [Marka (Merca)](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/), oo dadkeedu Muslimiin yihiin… Waa caasimadda dalka Hawiye, oo ka kooban in ka badan konton qabiil ama tuulo. Waxay ku taal hareeraha webi ka soo baxa Niilka Maqdishu." - "Marka bariga waxaa ka xiga magaalada Muslimka ah ee Maqdishu, oo magaceeda inta badan ku soo noqnoqda afka kuwa meelahaas ku safray… oo ku taal xeebta Badda Hindiya; dekeddeedu ammaan yar ayay bixisaa." - Wuxuu Berbera ugu yeeraa "caasimadda" magaalooyinka Barbarka, wuxuuna magacaabaa "buur weyn oo ay socdaalayaashu si fiican u yaqaanaan", Hafuni, oo leh toddoba raas oo badmaaxiintu "tiriyaan oo ku farxaan markay dhaafaan". ## Qoraallada masaajidda Muqdisho Sarkaalkii ciidanka badda Faransiiska Charles Guillain wuxuu booqday Muqdisho 1847, wuxuuna koobiyeeyay qoraallada Carabiga ah ee uu helay. Wuxuu ku daabacay turjumaad Faransiis ah ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 289, 612–613](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)): **Munaaradda masjidka Xamarweyne (Hamar Weyne), 636 hijriyada (1238 miilaadiga).** Masjidka weli la isticmaalo ee Xamarweyne, munaaraddiisa waxaa ku qoran qoraalkan: > "Bismillaahi Raxmaani Raxiim. Dhismaha munaaraddan waxaa la bilaabay maalmihii ugu horreeyay ee bisha Muxarram ee sannadka 636 ee hijriyada. Ilaahay ha u naxariisto kii taariikhdan dejiyay. Ilaahay ha u dambi dhaafo kii dhisay oo masuulka ka ahaa; ha u dambi dhaafo isaga, aabbihiis iyo hooyadiis, iyo Muslimiinta oo dhan… Ilaahayow, dhammaan camalka addoonkaaga Maxamed ibnu Cabdi al-Shaddaad adiga ayaa loo sameeyay." Guillain wuxuu bilowga Muxarram 636 u taariikheeyay Agoosto 1238. Wuxuu dhismaha ku tilmaamay masjidka keliya ee duugga ah ee magaalada "ee weli lagu cibaadaysto oo xaalad wanaagsan ku jira, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay dayactirro isdaba joog ah" (b. 289). **Masjid burburay oo u dhexeeya Xamarweyne iyo Shangaani (Shingani), 667 hijriyada (1269 miilaadiga).** Guillain wuxuu koobiyeeyay qoraal leh aayad Qur'aan ah ("Salaadda ooga labada daraf ee maalinta iyo saacadaha habeenka ee u dhow; xasanaadku waxay tirtiraan xumaanta") iyo duco loo sameeyay milkiilihiisa, "al-Xaaj Maxamed ibnu Cabdullaahi al-Baxraani", oo taariikhdeedu tahay "dhammaadka Shacbaan ee sannadka 667", taas oo ah Abriil 1269. **Masaajidda Fakhr ad-Diin (Fakhr al-Din) iyo Arbaco Rukun (Arba'a Rukun), 667 hijriyada (1269 miilaadiga).** Masjidka Fakhr ad-Diin ee Xamarweyne waxaa ku yaal qoraal 667 hijriyada (1269) ah oo magacaabaya cidda dhistay ([Archnet, Masjid Fakhr al-Din](https://next.archnet.org/sites/3781)). Masjidka Arbaco Rukun ee Shangaani wuxuu leeyahay qoraal mixraab oo isla sannadkaas ah oo magacaabaya aasaasihiisa, Khusra ibnu Mubaarak al-Shiiraazi ([Garlake, *The Early Islamic Architecture of the East African Coast*, 1966, b. 10](https://books.google.com/books?id=IRINAQAAIAAJ)). Qoraalladani waxay ka mid yihiin qoraallada Islaamiga ah ee taariikhda leh ee ugu da'da weyn xeebta Bariga Afrika. Qabri-qoraal ka da' weyn oo Baraawe ku yaal ayaa hoos lagu sharraxay. ## Sidee loo aasaasay Muqdisho: yaa maxay leeyahay - **Sheekadii Guillain ururiyay 1847.** Guillain waxaa loo sheegay in degayaashii ugu horreeyay ee Muslimiinta ahaa, oo uu ugu yeeray "Emozeides", ay markii hore dhisteen guryo alwaax iyo caws ah oo harag lagu daboolay, kuwaas oo si tartiib ah loogu beddelay guryo dhagax ah. Xukunku wuxuu ku sii degay qoyska hoggaamiyihii hijrad dambe, boqortooyo la yiraahdo "El-M'doffeur" (Muzaffar). Dhulka u dhexeeya Jubbada hoose iyo Shabeelle "wuxuu markaas ahaa, sida la yiraahdo, mid dad aad u badan leh", agagaarka magaaladana waxaa gacanta ku hayay [Ajuuraan (Ajuran)](/so/history/ajuran-state/), "mid ka mid ah qabiilooyinka waaweyn ee Hawiye", kuwaas oo xiriir saaxiibtinimo la lahaa suldaannadii Muzaffar, alaabta gudahana geel ku keeni jiray. Habeen kasta salaadda caasha kadib, dhawaaqeyaal ayaa magaalada dhex mari jiray iyagoo leh "Kuwa dibadda ka yimid ha baxaan, dadka degganna guryahooda ha joogaan", albaabbadana waa la xiri jiray. Boqortooyadan hoosteeda, sida loo sheegay, Muqdisho waxay noqotay "caasimadda dalka ku hareeraysan oo dhan", qoysas ka soo jeedana waxay aasaaseen Baraawe (Barawa), Marka iyo magaalooyin kale ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 287–288](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)). - **Ibnu Batuuta, 1331.** Wuxuu ogaaday in taliyaha, Abuubakar, uu ahaa "asal ahaan reer [Berberah](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/)", oo ku hadla "afka Maqdishi" iyo Carabiga labadaba ([Gibb 1929, bb. 110–111](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617)). - **Khabiirada qadiimiga Sada Mire** waxay, iyadoo ka duulaysa magaalooyinka burburay ee waqooyiga oo dhan, ku doodaa in dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolku ahaayeen boqortooyooyin deegaan oo degganaa, waxayna "su'aal galinaysaa fikradda ah in Carabtu halkaas saldhigyo ku lahaayeen" ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Muqdisho intee bay jirtaa? Yaa maxay leeyahay - **Enrico Cerulli**, aqoonyahankii Talyaaniga ahaa ee bartay taariikhaha Carabiga ah ee magaalada, wuxuu qabay in Muqdisho ay korortay intii u dhexeysay 900 iyo 1250 iyadoo ah degmo ganacsato Carab ah, oo laga bilaabo qarnigii 10aad loo abaabulay sidii isbahaysi ka kooban 39 qolo oo ka soo jeeda 5 qabiil. Qolooyinka qabiilka Muqri waxay qaateen *nisba*-da al-Khatani, waxayna ku guuleysteen xaqa ah inay qaadiga (garsooraha) isbahaysiga dhexdooda ka doortaan (waxaa soo koobay E. van Donzel, laga soo xigtay [Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale, *Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, 2011, cutubka 2, §§87–88](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). - **Neville Chittick**, oo qodis qadiimi ah ka sameeyay xeebaha Soomaalida iyo Sawaaxiliga, wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyay: "ma jiro caddeyn adag oo muujinaysa in magaalo ka jirtay goobta Muqdisho ka hor dabayaaqadii qarnigii 12aad. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay u badan tahay inay qarnigaas ku kortay ilaa heerkeedii barwaaqada, taas oo sida muuqata ugu horrayn ahayd qarniyadii 13aad iyo 14aad" (Chittick 1982, b. 61, laga soo xigtay isla ishaas, §88). - **Ibnu al-Mujaawir (Ibn al-Mujawir)**, oo wax qoray wax yar kadib 1229, wuxuu sheegay in Banu Majid, oo Yemen laga saaray 1159, ay u kala qaybsameen saddex kooxood, mid ka mid ahi ay degtay Muqdisho, mid Zafar ee Yemen, midna Saylac (waxaa laga soo xigtay Trimingham 1975, b. 124, isla ishaas, faallada 103). ## Qabri-qoraalka Baraawe ee 1105 Sida ay muujinayaan daraasaadka Cerulli, qoraalka Carabiga ah ee ugu da'da weyn ee laga yaqaan Soomaaliya waa qabri-qoraal ku yaal Baraawe oo taariikhdiisu tahay 498 hijriyada, taas oo ah 1105 miilaadiga (van Donzel, laga soo xigtay [Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale, *Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, 2011, cutubka 2, §§87–88](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Taasi waxay ka dhigaysaa mid ka da' weyn qoraallada Muqdisho ee 1238 iyo 1269. ## Muqdisho ee diiwaanka Shiinaha, 1225 Sharaxaadda Zhao Rugua ee Chung-li, oo turjumaanadiisu la mid dhigeen xeebta Soomaalida, waxay ka warrantaa boqor "ku nool guri leben ah oo lagu daboolay jaajuur dhalaalaya", xubno boqortooyo oo keliya xiran kara jaakado iyo cimaamado, iyo dad ku noolaa aqallo caleen timir ah oo cunayay "kibis bur ah oo la dubay, caanaha idaha iyo geela". Turjumaanadu waxay soo jeedinayaan in "magaalada uu boqorka Chung-li ku noolaa ay si fiican u noqon karto Magadoxo" ([Hirth iyo Rockhill, *Chau Ju-kua*, 1911, bb. 130–132](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)). Eeg [diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/) - [Dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe iyo kuwii ka dambeeyay, 1300-meeyadii–1700-meeyadii](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/) - [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ee diiwaannada Yemen ee Rasuuliyiinta, 1229–1454](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/) - [Marco Polo iyo xeebta Soomaalida, qiyaastii 1298](/so/history/marco-polo-and-the-somali-coast/) - [Culimadii Saylac iyo Geeska Afrika ee Yemen qarniyadii dhexe, 1150–1450](/en/history/zeila-and-jabarti-scholars-in-medieval-yemen/) - [Muqdisho iyo Baraawe ee buugga Décadas da Ásia ee João de Barros, 1503–1510](/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/) --- # Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim (Axmed Gurey) iyo duullaannadii Adal, 1527–1543 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim al-Qaasi (Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi), oo loo yaqaan Gurey ama Gran ('gacan-bidixle'), wuxuu hoggaaminayay dowladdii Muslimka ahayd ee Adal, oo xaruntu ahayd Harar, dagaal uu kula jiray boqortooyadii Masiixiga ahayd ee Itoobiya qiyaastii 1527 ilaa 1543. Beelo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ahaa qayb weyn oo ciidankiisa ka mid ah. Wuxuu ku guuleystay Shimbra Kure Maarso 1529, 1540-na wuxuu gacanta ku hayay inta badan Itoobiya, laakiin waxaa lagu dilay Wayna Daga 21 Febraayo 1543 kadib markii Portugal ay 400 askari oo qoryo sita u dirtay inay Itoobiya caawiyaan. ## Kooban 1500-meeyadii (qarnigii 16aad) dowladdii Muslimka ahayd ee Adal, oo caasimaddeedu ahayd Harar, waxay dagaal dheer la gashay boqortooyadii Masiixiga ahayd ee Itoobiya. Hoggaamiyaheedu wuxuu ahaa Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim al-Qaasi (Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi), oo Af-Soomaali loogu yeero *Axmed Gurey*, Af-Amxaarina loogu yeero *Gran*, labaduba waxay la macno yihiin "gacan-bidixle". Laba nooc oo ilo asal ah ayaa sheekada sheega. Midi waa taariikh Carabi ku qoran oo uu qoray nin ka mid ahaa ciidanka Imaamka, *Futuux al-Xabasha* ("[Furashada Xabashida](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/)"). Tan kale waa diiwaanka Bortuqiiska ee askartii loo diray inay la dagaallamaan. Labaduba si buuxda ayay u badbaadeen, iyagoo loo turjumay Faransiis iyo Ingiriis ([Basset, *Histoire de la conquête de l'Abyssinie*, 1897](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog); [Whiteway, *The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543*, Hakluyt Society, 1902](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). ## Muxuu ahaa? Wax yar ayaa laga yaqaan noloshiisii hore. Aqoonyahanka R. S. Whiteway, oo 1902 tifaftiray diiwaannada Bortuqiiska, wuxuu qoray inuu ahaa wiilka Ibraahim al-Qaasi, iyo in aabbaha iyo wiilkuba ahaayeen askar caadi ah oo ka tirsan ciidanka Garaad Aboun ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxiii](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Si degdeg ah ayuu kor ugu kacay. Markii duullaannadiisii Itoobiya bilaabmeen 1528, wuxuu jiray qiyaastii labaatan iyo kow sano oo keliya (isla ishaas). Wuxuu qaatay magaca diineed ee *imaam*, halkii uu ka qaadan lahaa magaca boqornimo ee suldaan ([Basset 1897, hordhaca](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). Wuxuu guursaday Bati Del Wanbara, gabadhii Maxfuud, amiirkii Harar. Iyadu waxay la raaci jirtay duullaannada. Whiteway wuxuu xusay in xitaa taariikhaha Itoobiya, inkastoo ay ninkeeda cadow u ahaayeen, ay "si weyn u ammaanaan naxariisteeda" (tarjumaad) ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxiv](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). ## Doorkii Soomaalida *Futuux al-Xabasha* wuxuu magacaabayaa beelo Soomaaliyeed iyo hoggaamiyeyaashooda markii ay Harar yimaadeen si ay Imaamka ugu biiraan ([Basset 1897, bb. 72–73](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)): - Kuwii ugu horreeyay ee yimid waxay ahaayeen **Habr Magadi**, sida taariikhdu u qorto, oo uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey ibn Xuseen "Soomaaliga", taliye labaad oo isna Gurey la oran jiray. - Waxaa xigay **Geri**, oo uu hoggaaminayay Matan ibn Cusmaan ibn Khaalid "Soomaaliga", oo qabay walaashii Imaamka. - Taariikhdu waxay kaloo magacawdaa **Mareexaan (Marehan)**, oo soo diray sagaashan fardooley ah iyo in ka badan toddoba boqol oo askari lugeeya ah, iyo beelo kale oo gobolka ah. - Hoggaamiye kasta markiiba ma biirin. Qoraallada Basset waxay diiwaangeliyeen in suldaankii Mareexaan, Hirabou, uu markii hore diiday inuu ku biiro duullaanka. Mar dambe wuxuu soo diray ciidan uu hoggaaminayo wiilkiisa Axmed, laakiin wuxuu weli khilaaf la lahaa Harar ([Basset 1897, b. 36, qoraallada](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). Basset wuxuu ku daray in dagaalyahannadii Mareexaan, oo uu hoggaaminayay wasiir Addole, ay "isku muujiyeen" (tarjumaad) dagaalkii Badeqeen, iyagoo qabtay meel webi laga gudbo. Isla qoraalkaas, 1897, wuxuu ugu yeeray "ilaa maanta kuwa ugu saboolsan uguna duurjoogsan Soomaalida" (tarjumaad). Erayadaasi waa faallada Basset laftiisa; kuma jiraan taariikhda (isla ishaas). Taariikhdu waxay sharraxaysaa sida Imaamku koox kasta ugu soo dhaweeyay hadiyado dhar iyo cunto ah. Waxay sheegaysaa inuu iibiyay dahabkii xaasaskiisa iyo alaabtii gurigiisa si uu hub ugu iibiyo ciidanka, isagoon waxba naftiisa u reebin ([Basset 1897, b. 73](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). Whiteway wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyay in Imaamku "laga yaabo" (tarjumaad) inuu isagu laftiisu Soomaali ahaa, maadaama uu xiriir dhow la lahaa Soomaali badan, inkastoo taariikhdu aysan waligeed sheegin asalkiisa ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxiii](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). ## Sidee dagaalku u dhacay? Taariikhaha hoose waxay ka yimaadeen soo koobidda Whiteway ee ilaha Itoobiya, Carabta iyo Bortuqiiska ([Whiteway 1902, bb. xxxv–xxxvi](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). - **Hubka kulul.** Hubka kulul wuxuu Carabta gaaray 1515, ganacsato Muslim ahna waxay keeneen Saylac (Zeila). Itoobiya weli ma haysan. Ciidanka Adal waxaa ku jiray rag qoryo fiyuus ah (matchlock) sita, oo badankoodu ahaayeen Turk ka yimid Zabiid (Zabid) ee Yaman (isla ishaas, bb. xxxii–xxxiii). - **Maarso 1529, Shimbra Kure.** Dagaalkii ugu horreeyay ee weyn. Taariikhdu waxay sheegaysaa in ciidanka Itoobiya ahaa 16,000 fardooley ah iyo in ka badan 200,000 lugeeya ah, halka Adal ay lahayd 560 fardooley ah iyo 12,000 lugeeya ah. Labada dhinacba waxay isku raacsan yihiin in Adal aad uga yaraa, Adalna way guuleysatay. - **17 Luulyo 1530.** Debre Libanos, dayrka (monastery) ugu barakaysan Itoobiya, ayaa la gubay. - **28 Oktoobar 1531, Amba Sel.** Boqor Lebna Dengel waa la jabiyay, waxaana ku sigtay in la qabto. Waligiis mar dambe dagaal fool ka fool ah ma galin. - **1539, Amba Geshen.** Adal waxay weerartay oo qabsatay qalcaddii buurta ee boqortooyada oo qoyskii boqortooyadu ku xirnaa. - **2 Sebtembar 1540.** Lebna Dengel wuxuu ku dhintay Debre Damo isagoo baxsad ah, iyadoo ku dhowaad dhulkiisii oo dhan uu gacanta Adal ku jiray. ## Portugal oo dagaalka ku biirtay, 1541–1543 Itoobiya waxay caawimaad ka codsatay Portugal. 1541 qiyaastii 400 askari Bortuqiis ah oo qoryo sita ayaa ka degay Musawac (Massawa), iyagoo uu hoggaaminayo Christovão da Gama, wiilka Vasco da Gama ([Whiteway 1902](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Imaamku wuxuu ciidan xoojin ah ka codsaday baashihii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Zabiid. Bortuqiisku wuxuu ku guuleystay dagaallo Febraayo iyo Abriil 1542. Agoosto 1542 Imaamku wuu jabiyay, Christovão da Gama waa la qabtay waana la dilay (isla ishaas, hordhaca). 21 Febraayo 1543, Wayna Daga oo u dhow Harada Tana (Lake Tana), Bortuqiiskii badbaaday iyo ciidanka boqorkii cusbaa ee Itoobiya, Galawdewos, ayaa la kulmay ciidanka Imaamka. Imaamka waxaa lagu dilay dagaalkaas ([Whiteway 1902, bb. xxxiv, lxix–lxx](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Wiilkiisii Maxamed, oo dhashay 1531, waa la qabtay, mar dambena waxaa lagu beddelay amiir Itoobiyaan ah oo Adal ay haysay. ## Imaamka kadib Del Wanbara waxay oggolaatay inay guursato kii Imaamka beddelay, Nuur ibn Mujaahid, iyadoo shardi ka dhigtay inuu ninkeeda u aarsado. Nuur wuxuu dagaal ku dilay Boqor Galawdewos 1559 ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxv](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Whiteway wuxuu qoray in dagaalkii dheeraa uu jidka u furay u-guuritaankii Oromada ee buuraleyda laga soo bilaabo qiyaastii 1537, taasoo weligeed beddeshay khariidadda gobolka (isla ishaas, b. xxiv). Adal laftigeedu way sii daciifday tobannaankii sano ee ka dambeeyay 1543 ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Adal)). Taariikh nololeed Qaahira lagu qoray oo ku saabsan wiilka Imaamka, oo leh warka dagaalkii ugu dambeeyay iyo is-weydaarsigii amiirradii la qabtay, eeg [Wiilka Imaam Axmed iyo dhammaadkii dagaalka, 1543–1560](/so/history/imam-ahmads-son-and-the-end-of-the-war-1543-1560/). Amiir Nuur, dhammaadkii saldanadda iyo u-guuritaankii Awsa, eeg [Dhammaadkii Adal, 1543–1583](/so/history/end-of-adal-1543-1583/). ## Yaa dhibaatoodey? Labada dhinacba waxay diiwaangeliyeen khasaare weyn. Taariikhdu waxay sheegaysaa in dadkii Adal ee ku dhintay Shimbra Kure ahaayeen 5,000. Waxay sheegaysaa in dhinaca Itoobiya in ka badan 10,000 oo rag hoggaamiyeyaal ah lagu dilay dagaalkaas keliya ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxvi](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Kaniisado iyo dayrar (monasteries) ayaa Itoobiya oo dhan laga gubay laguna dhacay, dad badanna waa la dilay ama maxaabiis ahaan ayaa loo qaaday. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Asalkiisa.** Taariikhdu ma sheegto. Whiteway wuxuu u maleeyay inuu ahaa Soomaali, laakiin wuxuu qoray in caddeyntu "aysan u muuqan mid go'aan ah" (tarjumaad) ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxiii](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). - **Taariikhda Shimbra Kure.** Warbixinnada Itoobiya waxay sheegaan 7 ama 9 Maarso 1529; taariikhda Muslimkuna waxay leedahay oo keliya "horraantii Maarso" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, b. xxxv). - **Ciidankii Mareexaan.** Qoraalka taariikhdu wuxuu sheegayaa sagaashan fardooley ah iyo in ka badan toddoba boqol oo lugeeya ah. Qoraalka Basset wuxuu sheegayaa siddeetan fardooley ah iyo shan boqol oo lugeeya ah, oo uu hoggaaminayo Axmed ina Hirabou ([Basset 1897, bb. 36, 72–73](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). - **Magaca taliyihii Bortuqiiska.** Warbixinno hore ayaa mararka qaar ugu yeera Pedro da Gama. Diiwaannada Bortuqiisku waxay ugu magac daraan Christovão (Christopher) da Gama ([Whiteway 1902](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). ## Sida loo xusuusto Soomaali badan, Imaam Axmed Gurey waa geesi diinta iyo hubka Soomaalida. Itoobiya waxaa looga xusuustaa hoggaamiyihii duullaan baaba' weyn geystay. Whiteway wuxuu 1902 xusay in sheekooyinka Masiixiyiinta ee isaga ku saabsan ay badnaayeen, halka xusuusta Muslimiinta ee isaga ahi ay sii libdhaysay ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxv](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Labada xusuusba waa qayb ka mid ah taariikhda Geeska. ## Adigu akhri ilaha asalka ah - Shihaab al-Diin Axmed ibn Cabdulqaadir, *Futuux al-Xabasha*, tarjumaadda Faransiiska ee René Basset, *Histoire de la conquête de l'Abyssinie (XVIe siècle)*, 1897: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog). - R. S. Whiteway (tifaftire), *The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543, as narrated by Castanhoso*, Hakluyt Society, 1902: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich). --- # Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-civil-war/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dagaalka sokeeye ee Soomaaliya waa dagaalka dheer ee ka dhashay iska caabbintii hubaysnayd ee loo sameeyay dowladdii militariga ee Maxamed Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre) 1980-meeyadii. Jabhado hubaysan ayaa ciidamada dowladda la dagaallamay laga bilaabo 1988, waxayna Siyaad Barre ka saareen Muqdisho (Mogadishu) Janaayo 1991. Jabhadihii ayaa markaas kala qaybsamay, Muqdisho waa la kala qaybiyay, macluushii 1991–1992-na waxaa ku dhintay qiyaastii 300,000 qof. Ciidamada QM iyo Maraykanka ayaa soo farageliyay 1992 ilaa 1995. Dowlado ku-meel-gaar ah ayaa xigay laga bilaabo 2000, Maxkamadaha Islaamka iyo Itoobiya waxay dagaallameen 2006–2009, tan iyo 2009-na dowladda iyo ciidamada Midowga Afrika waxay la dagaallamayaan Al-Shabaab. Qorayaashu waxay bilowgiisa ku beegaan 1978, 1981, 1988 ama 1991. ## Kooban Dagaalka sokeeye ee Soomaaliya wuxuu "ka dhashay iska caabbintii golihii militariga ee uu hoggaaminayay [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) 1980-meeyadii" (tarjumaad). Wikipedia waxay bilowgiisa u qortay "1978/1981/1988/1991 (lagu muransan yahay)" (tarjumaad), waxayna u aragtaa mid weli socda ([Wikipedia, "Somali Civil War"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War)). Boggani waa dulmar guud. Marxalad kastaa waxay leedahay bog u gaar ah, oo hoos lagu xiray, ilihii oo dhammaystiran. ## 1978–1991: jabhadihii ka soo horjeeday Siyaad Barre - **Jabhadaha.** Afar dhaqdhaqaaq oo hubaysan oo waaweyn ayaa la dagaallamay dowladda: Jabhadda Badbaadinta Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SSDF, laga bilaabo 1978–81), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM, 1981), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniyiinta Soomaaliyeed (SPM, 1985) iyo Golaha Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USC, 1989). Eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqyadii hubaysnaa, 1978–1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). - **Cadaadis.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay in Siyaad Barre uu "ku soo daayay xukun cabsi ah [Majeerteen](/so/society/darod/), Hawiye iyo Isaaq" (tarjumaad), oo ay fulinayeen Duub Cas (Red Berets) ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/28.htm)). Eeg [doorashadii madaxtooyada 1986](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-1986/) si aad u ogaato loollankii awoodda ee 1986. - **Maajo 1988.** SNM waxay weerartay [Burco](/so/regions/togdheer/) (Burao) iyo [Hargeysa](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) (Hargeisa). Ciidanku wuxuu kaga jawaabay "duqeyn cirka ah oo baaxad weyn... oo dhaawacday ama burburisay ku dhowaad dhisme kasta oo Hargeysa ku yaal" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm)). Eeg [xasuuqii beesha Isaaq, 1987–1989](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). - **Oktoobar 1990.** Dagaalyahannada SNM waxay ciidamada dowladda ka saareen ku dhowaad dhammaan Waqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer iyo [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). - **Diseembar 1990 ilaa Janaayo 1991.** "Weerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee lagu qaaday ciidamadii Siyaad Barre" (tarjumaad), dagaalyahannada garabka Abgaal ee USC waxay ku dagaallameen Muqdisho "iyagoon caawimo ka helin SNM, SPM, ama garabka Habar Gidir ee USC" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm)). Siyaad Barre wuxuu caasimadda ka tegay Janaayo 1991. Eeg [xilligii Siyaad Barre](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## 1991–1995: burbur, macluul iyo faragelin - **Dowlad aan la wadaagin.** USC waxay magacawday dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah Febraayo 1991. Xulafadeedii waxay sheegeen in aan la la tashan. SPM iyo SSDF waxay ciidamada USC ka saareen Kismaayo (Kismayo), iyo "iska horimaadyo rabshado wata oo socday Maarso oo dhan ayaa khatar ku ahaa inay dalka dib ugu celiyaan dagaal sokeeye" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). - **Waqooyiga.** Maajo 1991 SNM waxay ku dhawaaqday Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland (Somaliland). Eeg [shirkii Burco iyo ku dhawaaqiddii Soomaaliland](/so/history/somaliland-declaration-1991/). - **Muqdisho oo la kala qaybiyay.** Dagaalyahannada Madaxweynihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa [Cali Mahdi Maxamed](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/) (Ali Mahdi Mohamed) (Abgaal) iyo Jeneraal [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/) (Mohamed Farah Aidid) (Habar Gidir) "waxay galeen dagaal furan laga bilaabo Sebtembar" (tarjumaad) 1991. Dhammaadkii sannadka Caydiid wuxuu haystay koonfurta magaalada, dekedda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha, Cali Mahdina waqooyiga. Labada dhinacba "waxay cuntada u adeegsadeen hub ahaan" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). - **Macluul.** QM waxay qiyaastay in "laga yaabo in 300,000 oo qof ay dhinteen tan iyo Nofembar 1991" (tarjumaad) ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **QM iyo Maraykanka.** Waxaa xigay UNOSOM I (1992–1993), UNITAF oo Maraykanku hoggaaminayay (1992–1993) iyo UNOSOM II (1993–1995). Dagaalkii 3–4 Oktoobar 1993 ee Muqdisho ayaa keenay in Maraykanku ciidamadiisa la baxo. Eeg [UNOSOM I](/en/history/unosom-i-1992-1993/), [faragelintii QM iyo Maraykanka, 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) iyo [dagaalkii Muqdisho, 1993](/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-1993/). - **Inta ka dhiman 1990-meeyadii.** Eeg [burburkii, 1991–2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## 2000–2009: dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka, Maxkamadaha Islaamka iyo Itoobiya - **Laba dowladood.** Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka (TNG) waxay ka dhalatay shirkii Carta (Arta) ee Jabuuti (Djibouti) 2000, Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (TFG) waxay ka dhalatay wadahadalladii Kenya ee 2002–2004. Eeg [dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka, 2000–2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/). - **2006.** Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ayaa qabsaday Muqdisho bishii Juun. Ciidamada Itoobiya waxay soo galeen Diseembar. Eeg [dagaalkii Soomaaliya, 2006–2009](/en/history/war-in-somalia-2006-2009/). ## 2009 ilaa hadda: Al-Shabaab Tan iyo 2009 dagaalka ugu weyn wuxuu u dhaxeeyay dowladda, oo ay taageerayaan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, iyo Al-Shabaab. Al-Shabaab waxay ka baxday Muqdisho 6 Agoosto 2011, xilli macluul socotay oo daraasad dambe ay ku qiyaastay ilaa 258,000 dhimasho, weli waxay haysaa deegaanno miyi ah oo ballaaran. Eeg [dagaalka Soomaaliya, 2009 ilaa hadda](/so/history/somali-civil-war-2009-present/) iyo [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Beesha Isaaq ee waqooyi-galbeed,** ololihii ciidamada ee 1988–1989 ([xasuuqii beesha Isaaq](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/)). - **Dadka ku noolaa aagagga macluusha ee 1991–1992,** oo lagu qiyaasay 300,000 dhimasho (QM), iyo kuwii 2010–2012, ilaa 258,000 dhimasho ([FSNAU, 2013](https://fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine-)). - **Dadka Muqdisho,** dagaalladii 1991–1992, 1993, 2006–2011, iyo qaraxyadii tan iyo markaas. - **Qaxootiga.** 1992 QM waxay tirisay "ku dhowaad hal milyan oo Soomaali ah" (tarjumaad) oo u qaxay dalalka deriska ah iyo meelo kale ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Goorta uu bilaabmay.** Qorayaashu waxay sheegaan 1978 (kacdoonkii SSDF), 1981 (aasaaskii SNM), 1988 (weerarkii SNM) ama 1991 (dhicistii Siyaad Barre) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War)). - **Soomaaliland.** Dowladda Soomaaliland waxay qabtaa in midowgii 1960 la buriyay Maajo 1991. Dowladda Federaalku waxay qabtaa in Soomaaliland ay qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya. Eeg [Soomaaliya iyo Soomaaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Maktabadda Koongareeska (Library of Congress), *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Tallaabooyinkii cadaadiska ee Siyaad Barre"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/28.htm), ["Siyaasadda dib-u-heshiisiinta"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm), ["Siyaasadda xil-ku-beddelka"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm), ["Siyaasadda kala-daadashada"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm), ["Xiriirka dibadda"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm). - Nabad-ilaalinta QM, *UNOSOM I: background*: [qoraalka](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html). - [FSNAU](/en/institutions/fao-somalia/) iyo FEWS NET, daraasadda dhimashada, 2010–2012 (Maajo 2013): [PDF](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia_Mortality_Estimates_Final_Report_8May2013_upload.pdf). --- # Calanka Soomaaliya: cidda naqshadaysay, goorta, iyo waxa xiddigtu ka dhigan tahay Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/the-flag/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Calanka Soomaaliya waa xiddig cad oo shan gees leh oo dul saaran dhul buluug khafiif ah. Waxaa naqshadeeyay Maxamed Cawaale Liibaan, waxaana ansixiyay golaha dhulka 12 Oktoobar 1954, lix sano ka hor xorriyadda. Shanta gees waxay u taagan yihiin shanta dhul ee Soomaalidu ku nooshahay. ## Calanka hal sadar Xiddig cad oo shan gees leh, oo bartamaha dhul buluug khafiif ah ku taal. Af-Soomaali waa *Calanka Soomaaliya*, xiddigtana inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan *xiddigta*. ## Cidda samaysay iyo goorta Calanka waxaa naqshadeeyay **Maxamed Cawaale Liibaan**, oo ahaa aqoonyahan Soomaaliyeed, kadib markii golaha dhulku ku heshiin waayay soo jeedinno hore ([Flag of Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaya CRW Flags iyo Costantino 2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia); [Mohammed Awale Liban, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Awale_Liban)). Goluhu wuxuu ansixiyay **12 Oktoobar 1954**, xilligaas oo koonfurtu weli ahayd Dhulka Wasaayadda Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya oo uu Talyaanigu maamulayay ([Flag of Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaya diiwaanka Golaha Guud ee QM ee 14 Diseembar 1954](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia)). Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen, oo ka mid ahaa hoggaamiyeyaasha Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) kadibna noqday ra'iisul wasaare, ayaa sheekada ku qoray xusuus-qorkiisa ([Hussein, *My Role in the Foundation of the Somali Nation-State*, 2017, bb. 97–98, sida uu Wikipedia soo xigtay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia)). 26 Juun 1960 waqooyigu wuxuu xor ku noqday Dowladda Somaliland. 1 Luulyo 1960 wuxuu ku biiray koonfurta, calanka xiddigtana wuxuu noqday calanka Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ([Flag of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia)). Soomaalidu 12 Oktoobar waxay u dabaaldegaan Maalinta Calanka. ## Waxa uu ka dhigan yahay **Xiddigta.** Shanteeda gees waxay u taagan yihiin shanta dhul ee Soomaalidu ku nooshahay: Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska, Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga, Somaliland-tii Faransiiska (maanta Jabuuti), Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, iyo Gobolka Waqooyi Bari ee Kenya ([Znamierowski, *The World Encyclopedia of Flags*, 1999, b. 222, sida uu Wikipedia soo xigtay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia)). Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka waxay bixisaa isla shantaas: dhulalkii Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska, Ogaadeenya, Jabuuti iyo NFD-dii Kenya ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Shantaas laba ka mid ah, waqooyiga iyo koonfurta, ayaa midoobay 1960. Jabuuti waxay dal xor ah noqotay 1977. **Buluugga.** Ilaha intooda badan waxay sheegaan in buluugga khafiifka ahi markii hore sharfayay Qaramada Midoobay, oo kormeeraysay jidka xorriyadda koonfurta 1950 ilaa 1960 ([Flag of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia)). Tixraaca calammada Jarmalka ee Flaggenlexikon wuxuu leeyahay tani "la sheegay" inay ka timid Liibaan laftiisa ([Flaggenlexikon](https://flaggenlexikon.de/fsomali.htm)). Buugga CIA World Factbook wuxuu bixiyaa macnaha maanta la isticmaalo: cirka iyo badaha ku wareegsan xeebta Soomaaliyeed ([CIA World Factbook, kayd 2012, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia)). **Caddaanka.** Caddaanka xiddigta waxaa inta badan loo fasiraa nabad iyo barwaaqo. ## Calanka iyo sharciga Dastuur kasta oo Soomaaliyeed tan iyo xorriyadda wuxuu calanka ku qoray qodobbadiisa ugu horreeya. - **1960.** Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurkii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya wuxuu leeyahay: calanka qaranku waa buluug, waa leydi, bartamihiisana waxaa ku dhex yaal xiddig cad oo shan gees oo siman leh ([Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, 1960, qod. 1(4)](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). - **2012.** Qodobka 6aad ee Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah wuxuu leeyahay calanka Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya waa leydi buluug khafiif ah oo bartamihiisa ay ku taal xiddig cad oo shan gees oo siman leh. Isla qodobku wuxuu u oggolaanayaa dowlad xubin kasta inay yeelato calan iyo astaamo u gaar ah ([Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Soomaaliya, 2012, qod. 6](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012?lang=en)). Jadwalka Kowaad wuxuu sawir ahaan u muujinayaa calanka iyo astaanta. Astaanta dowladdu isma beddelin tan iyo 1960: gaashaan buluug ah oo xuduud dahab ah leh iyo xiddig lacag-midab ah, oo ay qabtaan laba shabeel, kana sarreeya laba waran oo isdhaafsan iyo laba caleen oo timireed ([Dastuurka 1960, qod. 1(5)](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). ## Midabbada Buluugga khafiifka ahi wuxuu u dhow yahay hex #418FDE (RGB 65, 143, 222). Xiddigtu waa caddaan saafi ah ([Flag of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia)). ## Waxa maanta la ogaado Calanka waxaa laga taagaa inta badan dhulalka Soomaalida iyo qurbaha. Somaliland, oo isticmaalaysay calan u gaar ah tan iyo 1996, dad ayaa lagu xiray taagidda calanka xiddigta. Sebtembar 2015, afar fannaan oo ka tirsan kooxda Horn Stars ayaa lagu xiray garoonka Hargeysa kadib markii ay wadaageen sawirro ay calanka xiddigta ku haystaan bandhig Muqdisho ka dhacay. Maxkamad Hargeysa ah ayaa sii daysay maalmo kadib ([Hiiraan Online, 2015](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2015/Sept/101797/somaliland_detains_musicians_after_mogadishu_show.aspx); [Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-somaliland-court-frees-singers-after-outcry)). ## Wax la xiriira Eeg [labada heesood ee qaranka](/so/history/national-anthems/) iyo [Toosoo: baaqa](/en/toosoo/). --- # Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida ka hor 1500: qorayaal Giriig, Carab iyo Shiine ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/books-about-somalis-before-1500/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Warbixinnada qoran ee ugu da'da weyn ee xeebta Soomaalida waa Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ee Giriigga (qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga), juqraafiyada Carabiga sida al-Idriisi (1154) iyo Yaaquut (1220-meeyadii), warbixinta Ibnu Batuuta ee Muqdisho 1331, iyo diiwaannada Shiinaha ee qarniyadii 9aad ilaa 15aad. Boggani wuxuu taxayaa mid walba, waxa uu sheego iyo halka bilaash looga akhriyo. ## Buugaaggani waa maxay Ka hor 1500, xeebta Soomaalidu waxay ka muuqataa buugaag ay qoreen shisheeye halkaas ka ganacsan jiray ama u safri jiray. Ganacsato Giriig ah, juqraafiyayaal Carab iyo Faaris ah, socdaale reer Marooko ah iyo saraakiil Shiine ah mid walba wuxuu qoray waxa uu arkay ama maqlay. Qorayaashan midkoodna Soomaali ma ahayn, badankoodna weligood gudaha uma gelin, sidaa darteed buugaagtu waxay aad uga badan sharraxaan dekedaha marka loo eego gudaha. Qorayaasha Carabtu inta badan dadka xeebta woqooyi waxay ugu yeeraan **Barbar**, dhulkana **Bilaad al-Barbar**, xeebta ka koonfureysana waxay ku tilmaamaan dhulka **Sanjiga** ([Periplus, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea)). Qorayaasha Giriiggu waxay adeegsan jireen magaca la xiriira ee **Barbaria** ([Periplus, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea)). Qorayaasha Shiinuhu waxay xeebta Berbera ugu yeeri jireen **Bobali** ama **Bibaluo** ([Zhu Fan Zhi, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi)). ## Waxa ay diiwaangeliyaan Qarniyo badan waa diiwaanka qoran ee keliya ee meelaha sida Saylac, Berbera, Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe. Taariikhyahannadu waxay u adeegsadaan inay taariikhaystaan imaatinka Islaamka, kobaca Muqdisho ee magaalo ganacsi, iyo xiriirka xeebta Soomaalida iyo Carabta, Faaris, Hindiya iyo Shiinaha. Booqashadii Ibnu Batuuta ee 1331 ayaa ugu faahfaahsan: wuxuu sharraxaa suldaanka Muqdisho, maxkamaddiisa, qaadiga iyo cuntada iyo dharka magaalada ([Ibnu Batuuta, Rixlada, turjumaadda H. A. R. Gibb, Fordham Medieval Sourcebook](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). Wax badan oo ku saabsan magaalooyinkan waxay ku jiraan [Magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, 1331 ilaa 1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/) iyo [Dowladihii qarniyada dhexe iyo kuwii hore ee casriga](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/). ## Sida loo akhriyo Shaqooyinkan badankood waxaa lagu qoray Carabi, Giriig ama Shiine, markii dambena waxaa loo turjumay Ingiriis ama Faransiis qarniyadii 19aad iyo 20aad. Xiriiriyeyaasha bilaashka ah ee hoose waxay geynayaan turjumaado ama daabacado la sawiray halka ay jiraan. Halka aan nuqul bilaash ah la helin, xiriiriyaha WorldCat wuxuu muujinayaa maktabadda kuugu dhow ee buugga haysa. ## Buugaagta, kuwa ugu da'da weyn marka hore ### Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (qiyaastii 40 ilaa 70 M) **Ganacsade Giriig ah oo aan la aqoon** · Giriig Dekedaha ganacsiga ee xeebta woqooyi ee Soomaalida (Malao, Mundus, Mosylon, Opone) ee waxa Giriiggu ugu yeeri jireen xeebta Barbaria; uunsi, qorfe iyo qolofta diinka. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/theperiplusoftheerythraeansea) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Periplus+of+the+Erythraean+Sea+Anonymous+Greek+merchant) ### Geographia (qiyaastii 150 M) **Claudius Ptolemy** · Giriig Wuxuu taxaa meelo ku yaal xeebta Soomaalida iyo Gacanka Cadan. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5077) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16104620W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Geographia+Claudius+Ptolemy) ### Youyang Zazu (Jajab kala duwan oo Youyang ah) (qiyaastii 863) **Duan Chengshi** · Shiine Wuxuu sharraxaa dhulka Bobali (xeebta Berbera) iyo dadkiisa, lo'da iyo ganacsiga foolka maroodiga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youyang_Zazu) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Youyang+Zazu+Duan+Chengshi) ### Muruj al-Dhahab (Seerayaasha Dahabka) (947) **al-Mas'udi** · Carabi Badmaaxidda dhulka Barbarta iyo Sanjiga ee xeebta Bariga Afrika. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/meadowsofgold0000masu) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Muruj+al-Dhahab+al-Mas%27udi) ### Surat al-Ard (qiyaastii 977) **Ibn Hawqal** · Carabi Wuxuu Saylac ku xusaa deked ku taal waddada Xabashida. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Surat+al-Ard+Ibn+Hawqal) ### Nuzhat al-Mushtaq (Tabula Rogeriana) (1154) **al-Idrisi** · Carabi Wuxuu sharraxaa Saylac, Berbera iyo xeebta 'Barbar' ee koonfur u socota ilaa Marka. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Nuzhat+al-Mushtaq+al-Idrisi) ### Mu'jam al-Buldan (Qaamuuska Dalalka) (1224 ilaa 1228) **Yaqut al-Hamawi** · Carabi Wuxuu sharraxaa Muqdisho iyo dadkeeda, oo loo yaqaan 'Barbar', iyo ganacsigooda cuud, abanuus iyo cambar. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Mu%27jam+al-Buldan+Yaqut+al-Hamawi) ### Zhu Fan Zhi (Sharraxa Dadyowga Shisheeye) (1225) **Zhao Rugua** · Shiine Wuxuu sharraxaa dalka Bibaluo (Berbera) iyo geelkiisa, idihiisa iyo beeyadiisa, iyo Zhongli. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork0000ruku) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Zhu+Fan+Zhi+Zhao+Rugua) ### Kitab al-Jughrafiya (qiyaastii 1250 ilaa 1286) **Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi** · Carabi Wuxuu magacaabaa Muqdisho, Marka iyo Berbera; Muqdisho wuxuu ugu yeeraa magaalo Muslimiin. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id_al-Maghribi) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Kitab+al-Jughrafiya+Ibn+Sa%27id+al-Maghribi) ### Masalik al-Absar (qiyaastii 1340-meeyadii) **al-Umari** · Carabi Wuxuu sharraxaa dowladihii Muslimka ahaa ee Geeska oo ay ku jiraan Adal (Awfat/Ifat) iyo taliyayaashoodii. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Umari) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Masalik+al-Absar+al-Umari) ### Rihla (Safarrada) (1355) **Ibn Battuta** · Carabi Booqashadiisii 1331 ee Saylac iyo Muqdisho: maxkamadda suldaanka, qaadiga, martigelinta magaalada, cuntada iyo ganacsiga dharka. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/the-travels-of-ibn-battuta-01) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20167593W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Rihla+Ibn+Battuta) ### al-Ilmam bi-akhbar man bi-ard al-Habasha min muluk al-Islam (qiyaastii 1430-meeyadii) **al-Maqrizi** · Carabi Taariikhda boqortooyooyinkii Muslimka ahaa ee Geeska, oo ay ku jiraan Ifat iyo boqortooyadii Walashma. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=al-Ilmam+bi-akhbar+man+bi-ard+al-Habasha+min+muluk+al-Islam+al-Maqrizi) ### Xingcha Shenglan (Sahanka Guud ee Doonta Xiddigta) (1436) **Fei Xin** · Shiine Booqashooyinkii maraakiibta Ming ee Muqdisho (Mugudushu), Baraawe (Bulawa) iyo Jubba; guryo dhagax ah iyo dhul engegan. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei_Xin) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Xingcha+Shenglan+Fei+Xin) ### Yingya Shenglan (1451) **Ma Huan** · Shiine Safarrada Zheng He; qoraallo ku saabsan dekedaha Bariga Afrika ee maraakiibtu booqatay. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/ying-yai-sheng-lan-j.-v.-g-mills) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Huan) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Yingya+Shenglan+Ma+Huan) ### Kitab al-Fawa'id (qiyaastii 1490) **Ahmad ibn Majid** · Carabi Hage badmaaxeed oo magacaaba calaamadaha iyo dekedaha xeebta Soomaalida. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C4%81jid) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Kitab+al-Fawa%27id+Ahmad+ibn+Majid) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1500 ilaa 1884](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1500-1884/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida: Abasa, Camuud, Fardowsa iyo magaalooyinkii dhagaxa ee jidadka ganacsiga Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Tobanaan magaalo oo dhagax ah oo burburay ayaa ku kala firirsan gudaha Soomaalida, intooda badanna waxay ku yaallaan Awdal, Waqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag iyo dooxada Nugaal. Waxay leeyihiin masaajiddo, guryo laga dhisay dhagax iyo dhoobo, ceelal, derbiyo iyo xabaalo, waxaana laga helay dheryo Shiinaha laga keenay (porcelain), dheryo Yemen ka yimid, quraarad iyo lacag Carbeed. Qadiimi-yaqaannadu intooda badan waxay ku xiraan jidadkii ganacsiga ee u dhexeeyay xeebta iyo buuraleyda, iyo dowladihii Muslimka ahaa ee Ifat iyo Cadal (Adal), iyadoo waxyaabaha la taariikheeyay ay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii qarnigii 12aad ilaa qarnigii 16aad, goobaha qaarkoodna laga helay waxyaabo ka da' weyn. Wax yar oo ka mid ah ayaa la qoday. ## Kooban Gudaha Soomaalida oo dhan waxaa ku yaal burburka magaalooyin dhagax ah oo leh masaajiddo, guryo, ceelal iyo xabaalo. Dadka deegaanku waxay tilmaamaan qiyaastii 70 ka mid ah. Markii ugu horreysay waxaa wax ka qoray Richard Burton 1854, waxaa sahamiyay sarkaal Ingiriis ah 1930-meeyadii, waxaana tan iyo markaas booqday kooxo yar, laakiin kuwo aad u yar oo keliya ayaa la qoday ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Boggani wuxuu isku keenayaa wixii booqasho kastaa diiwaangelisay. Inta badan waxyaabaha la taariikheeyay waxay ka yimaadeen qarnigii 12aad ilaa qarnigii 16aad, oo ahaa xilligii jidadka ganacsiga ee Saylac (Zeila) iyo Berbera ilaa buuraleyda, iyo xilligii saldanadihii [Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) iyo Cadal (Adal). Goobaha qaarkood waxaa laga helay waxyaabo ka da' weyn. ## Yaa diiwaangeliyay **Richard Burton, 1854.** 9 Diseembar 1854, isagoo u socda Harar, Burton wuxuu booqday laba magaalo oo burburay oo ku yaal buuraha galbeed ka xiga Hargeysa (Hargeisa): Darbiyah Kola ("qalcaddii Kola") iyo Aububah. Darbiyah Kola wuxuu ku arkay guryo, ceelal "qashin ka buuxo" (tarjumaad), qasri "derbiyadiisa dhagax iyo dhoobo ah ay dhex maraan lakabyo alwaax ah" (tarjumaad), iyo masjid saqaf la' oo leh "laba iyo toban tiir oo afargeesle ah oo dhagax qallafsan laga dhisay" (tarjumaad) iyo mixraab qaanso leh: "mil iyo bar oo dherer ah wax walba waxay ahaayeen burbur—burbur—burbur" (tarjumaad). Hagayaashiisu waxay u sheegeen in labada magaalo ay is dagaallameen ilaa ay labaduba burbureen, qiyaastii 300 sano ka hor. Aububah wuxuu ku arkay qabriga qubbadda leh ee Shaykh Aububah, laba masjid, munaarad yar iyo xabaal weyn, wuxuuna maqlay magaalo saddexaad oo la odhan jiray Ahammed. Burton wuxuu ugu yeeray "haraadiga degsiimooyinka Galla" (tarjumaad) ([Burton, *First Footsteps in East Africa*, 1856, Project Gutenberg ebook 6886](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886)). Eeg [First Footsteps in East Africa](/so/history/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/). **A. T. Curle, 1930–1934.** Alexander Curle, sarkaal siyaasadeed oo Ingiriis ah oo calaamadaynayay xadka Itoobiya, wuxuu joornaalka *Antiquity* ku soo sheegay qiyaastii labaatan magaalo oo burburay ([Curle, "The Ruined Towns of Somaliland", *Antiquity* 11, 1937, bb. 315–327](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00012928)). Sida ay soo koobeen Fauvelle-Aymar iyo saaxiibbadiis ([*Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, 2011, cutubka 2, §§2, 21](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714), halkan lagu tarjumay): - Saddex iyo toban ka mid ah magaalooyinka waxay koox cufan ka sameeyeen koonfur-galbeedka Soomaaliland iyo Hawdka Itoobiya, inta u dhexeysa 1,500 iyo 2,000 mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. - Afarta ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Abasa, Camuud (Amud), Aw Bare (Au Bare) iyo Gogeysa (Gogesa). Mid kastaa wuxuu lahaa qiyaastii 200 oo guri, derbiyadooduna weli waa taagan yihiin ilaa 5 mitir oo dherer ah. Masaajiddadu waxay ahaayeen dhismayaasha sida ugu fiican u badbaaday. - Curle wuxuu magaalooyinka ku taariikheeyay qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad. Wuxuu soo ururiyay "dhawr kun oo shay" (tarjumaad), oo ay ka mid yihiin dheryo dhalaalaya, dheryo Shiineed oo celadon ah oo ka yimid boqortooyooyinkii Song iyo Ming (qarniyadii 12aad–15aad), lacag Carbeed iyo Masri ah, iyo quraarad. Ururintaas waxaa la geeyay Matxafka Ingiriiska (British Museum). - Wuxuu qoday hal god oo tijaabo ah oo keliya, oo ku yiil meel qashinka lagu tuuri jiray oo Camuud ah, wuxuuna hoos u galay 1.37 mitir isagoo dhex maraya dambas, lafo iyo qashin. **Neville Chittick, 1975.** Sahankii Ingiriis-Soomaali ee uu hoggaaminayay Chittick wuxuu booqday Abasa iyo Saylac. Abasa wuxuu ku helay guryo "si dhexdhexaad ah oo fiican looga dhisay dhagax si caadi ah u siman laakiin aan la jarin, oo dhoobo lagu xiray… intooda badan yaryar, oo ka kooban hal ama laba qol" (tarjumaad) (waxaa soo xigtay Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §22). **Sahankii Faransiiska, 2001.** Fauvelle-Aymar, Hirsch, Bernard iyo Champagne waxay Soomaaliland ku qaateen laba safar oo mid kastaa toddobaad ahaa, Febraayo iyo Abriil 2001, iyagoo booqday Saylac, Abasa, Camuud, Sheekh iyo Berbera, iyadoo ay taageerayaan maamulka Soomaaliland. Wixii ay soo ururiyeen waxay ku wareejiyeen Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Dhaqanka ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §3 iyo faallada 4](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). **Sada Mire iyo Waaxda Qadiimiga ee Soomaaliland, laga bilaabo 2007.** Sahanka Mire wuxuu khariidad ku sameeyay qiyaastii 40 magaalo oo burburay, kuwo Islaamka ka horreeyay iyo kuwo Islaami ahba, oo ka mid ah "ku dhawaad 70" ee ay dadka deegaanku sheegaan. Waxay kooxo ka heshay saddex-xagalka Sheekh–Hargeysa–Burco, halkaas oo ay "ku yaallaan qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka burburay ee ugu horreeyay Soomaaliland" (tarjumaad), iyo hareeraha Boorama ee galbeedka ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). **Kooxda Isbaanishka, 2015–2020.** Mashruuc qadiimi ah oo Isbaanish ah oo ay hoggaaminayeen Alfredo González-Ruibal iyo Jorge de Torres Rodríguez, oo la shaqaynayay qadiimi-yaqaanno Soomaaliland ah, ayaa daraaseeyay kow iyo toban goobood oo ku yaal bartamaha Soomaaliland, inta u dhexeysa Berbera iyo Hargeysa ([González-Ruibal iyo kuwo kale, "Exploring long distance trade in Somaliland (AD 1000–1900)", *Azania* 52, 2017, bb. 135–172](https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2017.1328214); [de Torres Rodríguez, González-Ruibal, Franco Fernández, Martínez Barrio iyo Gutiérrez de León Juberías, "Towns in a sea of nomads: territory and trade in Central Somaliland during the Medieval period", gudaha *Shaping Cultural Landscapes*, Sidestone Press, 2022, bb. 255–274](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/SomaliaMedieval-Torres2022.pdf)). Natiijooyinkooda waxaa lagu sharxay qaybta "Bartamaha Soomaaliland" ee hoose. **Dooxada Nugaal, 2021.** Said M-Shidad Hussein wuxuu soo sheegay dhawr magaalo oo burburay oo cusub oo laga helay dooxada Nugaal, saddex ka mid ahna ay yihiin kuwo ballaaran. Wuxuu xusay inay ku yaallaan "isla gobolkii markii ugu horreysay 1154 laga soo sheegay magaaladii gudaha ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad), wuxuuna soo jeediyay in mid ka mid ah laga yaabo inay tahay magaaladaas ([Hussein, "Ruined towns in Nugaal: a forgotten medieval civilisation in interior Somalia", *Azania* 56.2, 2021, bb. 250–271](https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2021.1925025), soo koobidda). ## Goobaha - **Abasa (Abbasa)**, oo u dhow tuulada Boon ee Awdal, qiyaastii 1,536 mitir oo sare. Magaalo dhawr hektar ah oo ku taal bannaan uu dhex maro webi xilliyeed. Curle wuxuu masjideeda ku qiyaasay qiyaastii 60 x 54 fiit, oo leh "laba iyo toban tiir oo si aan siman loo dhigay oo qaabab kala duwan leh" (tarjumaad), qaar wareeg ah qaarna iskutallaab u eg, saqaf laamo ah iyo mixraab leh "afar qaansoo wareegsan oo gudaha u galaya" (tarjumaad). Chittick wuxuu ogaaday in qaansada mixraabku dhacday intii u dhexeysay 1934 iyo 1975. Kooxdii 2001 waxay meel bannaan oo laga yaabo inay suuq ahayd ka heleen alalaas (cowrie), qaarkood la duleeyay ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §§21–26](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Mire waxay Abasa ku tilmaantay "mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka burburay ee Soomaaliland ee sida ugu fiican u badbaaday" (tarjumaad), oo hadda "ay daboosho tiin-shawki ka ilaalisa tuugada" (tarjumaad) ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Sahankii 2018 ee Abasa iyo laba goobood oo u dhow waxaa lagu qoray [Abasa (Darbiyah Kola)](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/). - **Camuud (Amud)**, qiyaastii 1,504 mitir oo sare, kuna taal jiinka sare ee dhagax-nuurad ah ee Awdal. Dhawr boqol oo guri oo si cufan loo dhisay. Curle wuxuu sharraxay masjid leh mixraab qaanso afaysan leh iyo "qol hore oo ay ku jirto ceel kayd ah oo 8 fiit qoto dheer, kana dahaaran malaaq, si loogu kaydiyo biyaha weysada" (tarjumaad). Kooxdii 2001 waxay masjidka ku heleen ceelkiisa, iyo xabaal ay ku jiraan ugu yaraan boqol qabri oo Muslim ah oo aan qoraal lahayn. Goobta waxaa markaas loo isticmaalayay meel dhagax laga qaado oo loogu talagalay hawlaha dadweynaha ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §§27–30](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). - **Sheekh (Fardowsa)**, oo ku ag taal magaalada Sheekh, qiyaastii 60 km koonfur ka xigta Berbera. Kooxdii Faransiiska ee 2001 waxay arkeen qiyaastii 10 hektar, oo leh derbi magaalo oo suurtagal ah, qabuuro, aasaasyo guryo iyo ceel qoto dheer. Dadka deegaanku waxay sheegeen in magaceedii qarniyadii dhexe ahaa Ferdussa. Kooxdu waxay arkeen dheryo, jijimo quraarad ah, alalaas iyo lacag Carbeed, waxayna dhawr ka mid ah ku taariikheeyeen qarniyadii 14aad iyo 15aad ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §§32–34](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Kooxda Isbaanishku waxay magaalada ku qiyaaseen qiyaastii 35 hektar (eeg hoos). Mire waxay sheegtay dheryo Saasaani ah oo qarnigii 8aad ah iyo dheryo Shiineed oo qarniyadii 13aad ilaa 17aad ah oo dusha laga helay ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - **Berbera.** Xabaal qiyaastii 3 km dherer ah, 20 ilaa 50 mitirna ballac ah, ayaa xeebta la socota, waxaana ku jira suurtagal ahaan dhawr kun oo qabri, qaarkood lagu calaamadeeyay hal dhagax oo taagan ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §§36–37](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). - **Sanaag iyo bariga,** Mire waxay ku tirisay Maduuna, God Caanood oo u dhow Ceel Afweyn, iyo Shimbiris. Waxay magaalooyinka gudaha ee bariga ku xirtay dekedaha Xiis (Heis), Maydh iyo Laasqoray ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - **Awdal iyo Salal (Selel),** Mire waxay ku tirisay Cad Cad, Camuud Hore (Old Amuud), Jidhi Hore (Old Jidhi), Derbiga iyo Qoorgaab oo u dhow Boorama (isla ishaas). Magaalooyinka u dhexeeya Boorama iyo Hargeysa, oo ay ka mid yihiin Kabab, Gogeysa iyo Cad Cad, waxaa lagu qoray [Kabab iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolka Gabiley](/so/history/medieval-towns-of-gebiley-and-kabab/). - **Aw-Barkhadle**, oo u dhow Hargeysa, waa magaalo burburtay iyo goob aaso oo Mire ku tilmaantay xarun barakaysan oo Islaamka ka horreysay iyo Islaami ahba. Eeg [Xabaalihii hore, tiirarka dhagaxa ah iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/). ## Bartamaha Soomaaliland: Fardowsa, Qalcadda, Biyo Gure iyo Bagan Warbixinta buuxda ee 2024 ee Fardowsa waxaa lagu soo koobay [Fardowsa: magaaladii ganacsiga ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Sheekh](/so/history/fardowsa-medieval-trading-town/). Mashruuca Isbaanishku wuxuu aaggiisa ka helay lix degsiimo oo joogto ah. Dhammaantood si isku mid ah ayaa loo dhisay, iyagoo leh guryo afargeesle ah ama laba-dhinac-dheer ah oo laga dhisay dhagxo fidsan oo dhoobo lagu xiray, midkoodna ma laha derbi difaac ama qorshe waddooyin. Intooda badan waxay ka tirsan yihiin qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad; Fardowsa, tan ugu weyn, waxay u badan tahay inay dib ugu noqoto qarnigii 12aad ([de Torres Rodríguez iyo kuwo kale 2022](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/SomaliaMedieval-Torres2022.pdf), b. 265): - **Fardowsa** waxay ku fadhiday "qiyaastii 35 hektar" (tarjumaad) oo ku taal cagta jid buureed oo ka soo dega buuraha Ogo kuna dhaca bannaanka xeebta, waxayna ahayd meel ay qaafilooyinku sahay ka qaataan. 2020 kooxdu waxay nadiifiyeen qiyaastii 600 mitir oo laba-jibbaaran, waxayna heleen laba guri oo waaweyn oo qaab isku mid ah leh oo daaraddo ku wareegsan, kuwaas oo ay u fasireen xayndaabka "qoys ballaaran oo hodan ah" (tarjumaad). Waxyaabaha la helay waxaa ka mid ah dheryo iyo quraarad ka yimid Shiinaha, Koonfur-bari Aasiya, Faaris (Persia), Yemen iyo Bariga Dhexe, iyo lafo geel oo ku jira godad qashin. Kooxdu waxay qortay in tani tilmaamayso "jiritaanka kooxo mudnaan leh oo degsiimooyinka ku noolaa, wax aan hore loogu diiwaangelin qadiimiga qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland" (tarjumaad). Fardowsa waxaa laga guuray dhammaadkii qarnigii 16aad; ku dhawaad ma jiraan alaab dibadda laga keenay oo qarnigii 17aad ah (b. 265). - **Qalcadda**, oo u dhow jidka buurta Jerato ee ku yaal waddada weyn ee Berbera iyo Hargeysa, waa saldhig qaafilo: dhisme afargeesle ah oo qolal ku wareegsan yihiin daarad dhexe, oo ku ag yaal qalcad laba-dhinac-dheer ah oo leh munaarado wareegsan oo geesaha ku yaal. Magaceeda wuxuu ka yimid ereyga Carabiga ah *qal'a*, "meel la deyrray". Taariikh kaarboon (radiocarbon) oo laga qaaday mid ka mid ah afarteeda sagxadood ee nuuradda ah oo isku xiga waxay bixisay 1486–1646 CD. Kooxdu waxay soo jeedisay in kharashka dhismaheeda iyo ilaalinteeda ay ka dhigayso mid u badan "hindise dowladeed" (tarjumaad) oo xilligii Cadal ahaa, intii ay ahaan lahayd hawl gaar ah (bb. 268–269). - **Biyo Gure**, tuulo ku taal bannaanka xeebta oo leh qiyaastii 30 dhisme, waxaa ku jiray alaab badan oo dibadda laga keenay, oo ay ka mid yihiin porcelain Shiineed, weelasha Martaban iyo celadon, iyo dheryo Yemeni ah oo qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad ah. Waxaa burburiyay dab; kooxdu waxay qortay in aan la garanayn cidda weerartay, "laga yaabee weerarro reer guuraa, askar Boortaqiis ah, ama dad deegaanka ah" (tarjumaad) (bb. 265–268). - **Bagan** (6 hektar) iyo **Gidheys** (2 hektar) waa tuulooyin leh guryo si dabacsan isugu yaal oo alaab dibadda laga keenay aad uga yar tahay (b. 269). Kooxdu waxay sheegtay in ganacsiga xeebtan uu ku xirnaa xilliyada. Dabaysha waqooyi-bari (monsoon) waxay sahlaysay socdaalka badda qiyaastii Oktoobar ilaa Abriil, isla bilihii xoolo-dhaqatadu ku soo noqdaan xeebta iyo ceelasheeda. Kulamada ganacsigu waxay sidoo kale bulshooyinka reer guuraaga u ahaayeen "goobo xiriir bulsho iyo siyaasadeed" (tarjumaad) (bb. 256–257). Waxay weerarkii Boortaqiiska ee Berbera 1518, markii raxanka badda uu magaalada ka helay "dad iyo alaab midna aan lahayn" (tarjumaad), u arkaan mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee soo afjaray nidaamkan ganacsiga (b. 255). ## Ganacsiga iyo taariikhaha Nicholas Tait iyo Timothy Insoll waxay qoreen in goobaha magaalooyinka Soomaaliland "ay ku xiran yihiin Saldanadihii Ifat iyo Cadal, una muuqdaan inay shaqaynayeen intii u dhexeysay dabayaaqadii qarnigii saddex iyo tobnaad iyo dabayaaqadii qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad" (tarjumaad). Alaabta dibadda laga keenay ee goobo badan laga arkay waxaa ka mid ah celadon Shiineed iyo porcelain buluug-iyo-cad ah, dheryo Yemeni ah oo "madow-dul-jaale" ah, kuul quraarad ah iyo jijimo quraarad ah ([Tait iyo Insoll 2021, b. 438](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-021-09435-9)). Mire waxay qortay in waxyaabaha laga helay gobolka Soomaalida ay u dhexeeyaan "boqortooyadii Tang ilaa boqortooyadii Ming ee Shiinaha" (tarjumaad) iyo in "dadka gobolkani ay ka qayb ahaayeen ganacsiga Jidka Xariirta (Silk Road)" (tarjumaad). Waxay xustay in xabaalo Masiixi ah oo qadiimi ah inta badan laga helo gudaha magaalooyinka burburay ee Islaamka hore, waxayna tan u qaadatay calaamad muujinaysa in "meelihii u ubaxay magaalooyin xilligii Islaamka ay u badan tahay inay sidoo kale ahaayeen xarumo muhiim ah ka hor Islaamka" (tarjumaad) ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Harlaa: magaalada la qoday ee ku taal dhinaca kale ee jidka Magaalada sida ugu fiican loo qoday ee jidadkan ku taal waxay ku taal xadka wax yar ka shishaysa, oo ah Harlaa, qiyaastii 40 km waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta Harar ee bariga Itoobiya. Koox ka socota Jaamacadda Exeter iyo Jaamacadda Addis Ababa ayaa halkaas qodday shan xilli laga bilaabo 2015 ([Insoll iyo kuwo kale, "Material cosmopolitanism: the entrepot of Harlaa as an Islamic gateway to eastern Ethiopia", *Antiquity* 95, 2021, bb. 487–507](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.169)): - Qorayaashu waxay soo sheegeen toddoba iyo labaatan taariikhood oo kaarboon ah, kuwaas oo ay u fasireen inay muujinayaan in magaalada la degganaa laga bilaabo bartamihii qarnigii 6aad ilaa qarnigii 15aad, iyadoo ganacsiga iyo farsamada gacantu ay ugu sarreeyeen qarniyadii 12aad iyo 13aad. - Masjideedu wuxuu jiray bartamihii qarnigii 12aad. Qoraallada Carabiga ah ee halkaas laga helay waxaa ka mid ah mid taariikhdiisu tahay 657 H (1259–1260) iyo mid leh taariikh qayb ah oo ah 440-meeyadii H (1048–1057). - Dheryuhu waxay ka yimaadeen Yemen, Iiraan, Hindiya iyo Shiinaha, oo ay ku jiraan 160 jajab oo weelal Shiineed iyo Koonfur-bari Aasiya ah. Alleylka Badda Cas ayaa halkaas looga sameeyay dahab-ku-sharrax (jewellery) ([Insoll 2021, *Journal of African Archaeology* 19](https://doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20210001)). - Afafka dheryaha qaarkood ee Harlaa waxaa loo qurxiyay sida kuwa magaalooyinka Soomaaliland, iyo "afaf badan oo ka mid ah kuwa sida fiican loo qurxiyay ee Harlaa… waxay suurtagal tahay inay yihiin alaab laga keenay Soomaaliland" (tarjumaad). Jajab la dhalaaliyay oo ka mid ah ururintii Curle ee Soomaaliland ee Matxafka Ingiriiska ku jirta ayaa "muuqaal ahaan la mid ah" (tarjumaad) weel Harlaa ah ([Tait iyo Insoll 2021, bb. 438–439](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-021-09435-9)). - Qorayaashu waxay Harlaa u aqoonsadeen Hubat, caasimaddii saldanad yar oo Xarla (Harla) ah oo ku xirnayd Ifat. Waxay Said M-Shidad Hussein u aaneeyeen fikradda ah in ereyga Soomaaliga ah *hoobat* iyo ereyga Carabiga ah *hubut*, oo labaduba macnahoodu yahay inaad meel sare ka soo degto, ay sharxayaan meesha Harlaa ay ku taal oo u dhexeysa buuraleyda iyo dhulka hoose ([Insoll iyo kuwo kale 2021, b. 504](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.169)). ## Yaa dhisay: yaa maxay yiri - **Hagayaashii Burton, 1854**, waxay u sheegeen in magaalooyinka Darbiyah Kola iyo Aububah ay ahaayeen degsiimooyin "Galla" (Oromo), Burtonna sidaas oo kale ayuu qoray ([Burton 1856](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886)). - **Bariga Itoobiya**, magaalooyinka dhagaxa ah ee burburay iyo qabuurahooda waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeraa "Harla", dadka maanta halkaas ku noolna waxay u aaneeyaan "rag waaweyn oo qadiimi ah oo sheekooyinka laga yaqaan" (tarjumaad) ([Insoll iyo kuwo kale 2021, b. 488](https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.169)). - **Sada Mire** waxay ku doodaysaa in faafitaanka magaalooyinka dalka oo dhan uu "su'aal gelinayo fikradda ah in Carabtu halkaas ku lahaayeen saldhigyo" (tarjumaad), waxayna qortay in ay tilmaamayso in boqortooyooyinkii Ifat iyo Cadal "aysan ahayn oo keliya dad deggan, balse ay ka mid ahaayeen waxa loo arki karo Boqortooyo Islaami ah oo hore oo ku taal Geeska Afrika" (tarjumaad) ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). - **Tait iyo Insoll** waxay goobaha magaalooyinka Soomaaliland ku xireen saldanadihii Ifat iyo Cadal ([2021, b. 438](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-021-09435-9)). ## Khataraha Kooxdii 2001 waxay ogaadeen in masjidka Abasa uu aad u yaraaday tan iyo sawirradii Curle, in Camuud laga qaadayo dhagax dhisme, iyo in goobta Sheekh ay qodeen dad khasnad raadinaya, ayna khatar ku tahay ballaarashada magaalada casriga ah ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §§24, 30, 34](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Mire waxay sawirtay goobo la dhacay oo la burburiyay oo Soomaaliland oo dhan ku yaal, oo ay ka mid tahay taallo dhagax (cairn) oo Togdheer ku taal oo la dhacay, waxayna tiirarka dhagaxa ah ee la qurxiyay ku tilmaantay "mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha qadiimiga ah ee gobolkan sida ugu badan khatarta ugu jira" (tarjumaad) ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii Soomaalida ee qadiimiga ahaa](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Saylac hore iyo masjidka Qiblatayn](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/) - [Dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe iyo kuwii ka dambeeyay, 1300-meeyadii–1700-meeyadii](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/) - [Goobaha hiddaha ee Soomaaliya](/en/society/heritage-sites/) - [Abasa (Darbiyah Kola) iyo deriskeeda](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/) - [Kabab iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolka Gabiley](/so/history/medieval-towns-of-gebiley-and-kabab/) - [Aw Bare, Aiyanle iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee xadka ka shishaysa](/so/history/aw-bare-aiyanle-medieval-border-towns/) --- # Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya (SRRC), 2001–2004 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somalia-reconciliation-and-restoration-council/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya (SRRC) wuxuu ahaa isbahaysi ay sameeyeen hoggaamiyeyaal kooxeed Soomaaliyeed oo ka soo horjeeday Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka (TNG), tii lagu dhisay shirkii Carta (Arta) 2000. Hoggaamiyeyaashiisu waxay ku kulmeen Awasa oo ku taal Itoobiya, waxayna ku dhawaaqeen Addis Ababa 23 Maarso 2001. Waxaa hoggaaminayay shan guddoomiye-wadaag, wuxuuna diiday inuu aqoonsado TNG. Xubnihiisa waxaa ka mid ahaa hoggaamiyaha Ciidanka Iska-caabinta Raxanweyn (RRA), Xasan Maxamed Nuur Shaatigaduud (Hassan Mohamed Nur Shatigadud), ciidamadiisana koonfurta waxaa ku amar ku taagnaa Jeneraal Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Morgan. Wuxuu ku biiray wada-hadalladii nabadda ee IGAD ee Kenya 2002, kuwaas oo dhaliyay Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah 2004. ## Kooban "Shir jaraa'id oo Addis Ababa lagu qabtay 23 Maarso, hoggaamiyeyaashii Soomaaliyeed ee ku kulmay Awasa ayaa ku dhawaaqay dhismaha Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya (SRRC). Waxay sheegeen in ujeeddadiisu tahay in la qabto 'shir dib-u-heshiisiin qaran oo qof walba ka qaybgalo lix bilood gudahood si loo dhiso Dowlad Ku-meel-gaar ah oo Midnimo Qaran oo matalaad leh'" (tarjumaad), sidaas ayuu sheegay Xoghayaha Guud ee QM 2001 ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2001/963, faqradda 13](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf)). "Shantiisa guddoomiye-wadaag" waxay ku adkaysteen "diidmo cad oo ah inay aqoonsadaan Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka" (tarjumaad) ([S/2002/189, faqradda 5](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/189&l=en&t=pdf)). Dowladihii sannadahaas, eeg [dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa, 2000–2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/). ## Aasaaskii, 2001 Sida ku cad warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Oktoobar 2001 ([S/2001/963, faqradaha 7–15](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Awasa.** "Laga soo bilaabo horraantii Maarso, hoggaamiyeyaasha kooxaha Muqdisho iyo hoggaamiyeyaashii ku kulmay Ceel Barde ayaa isugu yimid Addis Ababa, kadibna ku shiray Awasa, Itoobiya" (tarjumaad). Saraakiisha Itoobiya waxay QM u sheegeen in ujeeddadu ahayd "madal wadajir ah oo fududeysa wada-hadallada TNG" (tarjumaad), waxayna beeniyeen qorshe kasta oo ah "dowlad barbar socota" (tarjumaad). - **Aragtida TNG.** Hoggaamiyeyaasha TNG "waxay kulanka Awasa u arkeen qayb ka mid ah qorshe Itoobiyaan ah oo lagu wiiqayo TNG" (tarjumaad). Ra'iisul Wasaaraha ayaa Golaha Ammaanka ka codsaday inuu wax ka qabto "faragelinta Itoobiya" (tarjumaad); Itoobiya way diiday eedeymahaas. - **Khilaafaadkii ugu horreeyay.** SRRC iyo Puntland ayaa "isla markiiba cambaareeyay" (tarjumaad) Guddiga Qaran ee Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Xallinta Hantida ee TNG bishii Maajo 2001. - **Shirkii la ballanqaaday.** Sebtembar 2001 SRRC waxay QM u sheegtay in shirkeeda "dib loo dhigay oo hadda la qaban doono dabayaaqada 2002" (tarjumaad). - **Barbardhigga QM.** "TNG iyo SRRC labaduba waxay sheegtaan inay yihiin isbahaysiyo qaran oo beelo badan ka kooban. Labaduba waxay sheegeen inay doonayaan dib-u-heshiisiin qaran. Labadaba waxaa ku jira shakhsiyaad caan ku ahaa xukunkii hore ee Siyaad Barre. Midkoodna uma muuqdo mid ku khilaafsan arrin siyaasadeed oo weyn" (tarjumaad) (faqradda 59). ## Diidmadii TNG, 2001–2002 Sida ku cad warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Febraayo 2002 ([S/2002/189, faqradaha 5–17 iyo 30–33](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/189&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Wada-hadalladii Nairobi, Nofembar 2001.** Hoggaamiyeyaasha SRRC ee Itoobiya joogay waxay sheegeen "inay go'aansadeen inaysan weligood la fadhiisan 'kooxda Carta' inta ay sheeganayso inay tahay Dowladda" (tarjumaad), iyadoo Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan (Abdiqasim Salad Hassan) uu Madaxweyne ahaa. Eeg [Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan](/so/people/abdiqasim-salad-hassan/). - **Eedeymaha Al-Itixaad.** SRRC iyo Kornayl Cabdullaahi Yuusuf (Abdullahi Yusuf) "waxay ku eedeeyeen in hoggaanka Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka uu taageersan yahay Al-Itixaad al-Islaami, isla markaana uu xiriir la leeyahay al-Qaacida" (tarjumaad). Madaxweynaha TNG wuu beeniyay xiriir kasta. - **Kala qaybsanaan.** Wada-hadallo Kenya ka dhacay Diseembar 2001, TNG waxay heshiis la saxiixatay "Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya, oo uu hoggaaminayo Cismaan 'Caato' (midkoodna shanta guddoomiye-wadaag ee Golaha kuma jirin)" (tarjumaad). Eeg [Cismaan Cali Caato (Osman Ali Atto)](/en/people/osman-ali-atto/). Warbixin QM oo 2003 ah ayaa taxday labadaba "Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya" iyo "Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya — Muqdisho" ([S/2003/636, faqradda 42](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Bay iyo Bakool.** Gobolladan waxaa gacanta ku hayay "isbahaysi ka dhexeeya Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya iyo Ciidanka Iska-caabinta Raxanweyn" (tarjumaad). Eeg [Ciidanka Iska-caabinta Raxanweyn](/en/institutions/rahanweyn-resistance-army/). - **Ciidamada.** "Ciidamada Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya, oo uu amar ku leeyahay Jeneraal 'Morgan', waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay leeyihiin 5,000 ilaa 8,000 maleeshiyo ah oo loo tababarayo weerar lagu qaado Kismaayo, laga yaabee Baraawe iyo/ama Marka" (tarjumaad). Eeg [Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Morgan](/en/people/mohamed-said-hersi-morgan/). ## Galitaankii wada-hadallada Kenya, 2002 Sida ku cad warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Juun 2002 ([S/2002/709, faqradaha 4–22](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/709&l=en&t=pdf)): - **1 Maarso 2002.** Kadib kulan ay ku yeesheen Dire Dawa, Itoobiya, Goluhu wuxuu sheegay "inuu ka qaybgali doono shirka dib-u-heshiisiinta qaran ee IGAD ee Soomaaliya ee lagu qaban doono Nairobi" (tarjumaad). Ra'iisul Wasaaraha TNG wuxuu ka welwelsanaa in Golaha iyo Itoobiya "ay filayeen in shirku eber ka bilaabmo, halkii laga dhisi lahaa guulihii hannaankii nabadda ee Carta" (tarjumaad). - **Sinnaan.** TNG iyo Jabuuti waxay doonayeen in TNG loo aqbalo dowladda, halka "Golaha Soo-celinta iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta Soomaaliyeed iyo Itoobiya ay qabaan in dhammaan dhinacyada Soomaaliyeed ay ka qaybgalaan si siman" (tarjumaad). - **1 Abriil 2002.** [Xasan Maxamed Nuur Shaatigaduud](/en/people/hassan-mohamed-nur-shatigadud/), guddoomiyaha Ciidanka Iska-caabinta Raxanweyn iyo "mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha Golaha Soo-celinta iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta Soomaaliyeed" (tarjumaad), ayaa loo magacaabay Madaxweynaha "Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur-Galbeed ee Soomaaliya" oo cusub, oo ka koobnaa Bay, Bakool, Gedo, Shabeellaha Hoose, Jubbada Dhexe iyo Jubbada Hoose. Qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha Golaha, "sida Jeneraal Cabdullaahi Aadan Nuur" (tarjumaad), way ka soo horjeesteen. - **Dagaalka.** Bartamihii Febraayo 2002, maleeshiyaadka Golaha iyo Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba ayaa ku dagaallamay Baardheere (Bardere); Jeneraal Morgan "waxaa la sheegay inuu weeraray magaalada balse laga celiyay" (tarjumaad). Dagaal mar kale dhex maray taageerayaasha TNG iyo Golaha oo Muqdisho ka dhacay, kadib afduub loo geystay shaqaale QM, ayaa hakiyay hawlaha QM, "sidaasna qiyaastii 1 milyan oo ka mid ah dadka magaalada ayaa laga hor istaagay gargaar muhiim ah" (tarjumaad). Shirkii Kenya ee 2003, "hoggaamiyeyaal kale oo badan oo ka tirsan Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad) ayaa ka qaybgalay muddadii oo dhan ([S/2003/636, faqradda 5](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf)). Wada-hadalladu waxay dhaliyeen Baarlamaanka iyo Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah 2004. Eeg [Baarlamaankii Federaalka ee Ku-meel-gaarka](/en/history/transitional-federal-parliament-2004-2012/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Dadka Muqdisho,** oo qiyaastii 1 milyan oo ka mid ah ay waayeen gargaarka QM markii dagaalka u dhexeeyay TNG iyo Golaha uu dib u bilowday 2002 (S/2002/709, faqradda 15). - **Dadka Baardheere iyo Gedo,** oo ku dhex qabsaday dagaalkii u dhexeeyay Golaha iyo Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba 2002 (S/2002/709, faqradda 13). - **Carruurta.** QM waxay SRRC iyo SRRC–Muqdisho labadaba ku dartay "dhinacyada Soomaaliyeed ee qorta ama adeegsada askarta carruurta ah" (tarjumaad) (S/2003/636, faqradda 42). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Magaca.** Warbixinnada QM waxay adeegsadaan "Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council", "Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council" iyo "Somali Restoration and Reconciliation Council". - **Doorka Itoobiya.** TNG waxay kulankii Awasa ku tilmaantay qorshe Itoobiyaan ah oo lagu wiiqayo. Itoobiya waxay beenisay inay qorshaynaysay "dowlad barbar socota" (S/2001/963). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinno ku saabsan Soomaaliya: S/2001/963 (11 Oktoobar 2001), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf); S/2002/189 (21 Febraayo 2002), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/189&l=en&t=pdf); S/2002/709 (27 Juun 2002), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/709&l=en&t=pdf); S/2003/636 (10 Juun 2003), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf). --- # Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1500 ilaa 1884: Futuux, socdaalayaal Bortuqiis, Cusmaaniyiin iyo reer Yurub ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/books-about-somalis-1500-1884/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 1500 ilaa 1884 ilaha qoran ee ugu muhiimsan ee Soomaalida waa Futuux al-Xabasha ee Carabiga ah (qiyaastii 1559), oo ku saabsan dagaalladii Imaam Axmed; warbixinnada Bortuqiiska ee weerarradoodii Muqdisho, Baraawe iyo Saylac; safarrada admiral Cusmaaniyiin ah; iyo socdaalayaal reer Yurub ah sida Guillain (1856), Burton (1856) iyo Révoil (1882). Boggani wuxuu taxayaa mid walba iyo xiriiriyeyaal bilaash ah. ## Buugaaggani waa maxay Saddex nooc oo qoraal ah ayaa sharraxa Soomaalida 1500 ilaa 1884. **Taariikh Carabi ah oo gudaha laga qoray.** Futuux al-Xabasha ("Furashada Xabashida") waxaa qoray Shihaab al-Diin Axmed ibn Cabdulqaadir, oo loo yaqaan Carab Faqiih, waxayna ku saabsan tahay duullaannadii Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim 1529 ilaa 1543 ([Futuh al-Habasha, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). Waxaa Faransiis u turjumay René Basset 1897, Ingiriisna Paul Lester Stenhouse, iyadoo Richard Pankhurst faallooyin ku daray, 2003 ([Tsehai Publishers](https://www.store.tsehaipublishers.com/product_info.php/history/the-conquest-of-abyssinia-p-58)). Waxay magacawdaa kooxo badan oo Soomaali ah oo ku dagaallamay ciidanka Imaamka. Dagaallada laftooda waxay ku jiraan [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal, 1527 ilaa 1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). **Warbixinno Bortuqiis iyo Cusmaaniyiin ah oo badda laga qoray.** Kadib markii Vasco da Gama dhaafay Muqdisho 1499, qorayaal Bortuqiis ah ayaa diiwaangeliyay magaalooyinka xeebta, ganacsigooda iyo weerarradii Bortuqiiska ee Baraawe, Saylac iyo Berbera. Admiral-ka Cusmaaniyiinta Seydi Ali Reis wuxuu wax ka qoray badmaaxiddiisii isla biyahaas 1550-meeyadii. **Socdaalayaal reer Yurub ah laga bilaabo 1840-meeyadii.** Socdaalayaal Ingiriis, Faransiis iyo Jarmal ah ayaa qoray warbixinno dhaadheer oo ku saabsan woqooyiga iyo xeebta Banaadir. Buugga Richard Burton ee First Footsteps in East Africa (1856) wuxuu ka sheekeeyaa safarkiisii 1854 ilaa 1855 ee Saylac ilaa Harar iyo xeradiisii Berbera, oo la weeraray Abriil 1855 ([First Footsteps, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsin01burtuoft)). The Spectator ayaa dib u eegay 2 Agoosto 1856 ([Spectator Archive](https://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/2nd-august-1856/28/burtons-exploration-of-harar)). ## Sida taariikhyahannadu u adeegsadaan Taariikhyahannadu buugaaggan waxay la akhriyaan taariikhda afka ah ee Soomaalida, gabayga iyo abtirsiyada, kuwaas oo isla qarniyadaas gudaha ka sheega. Socdaalayaashu inta badan waxay ku tiirsanaayeen turjubaanno, waxayna wax u qoreen akhristayaal reer Yurub ah, sidaa darteed sharraxaaddoodu waxay ka tarjumaysaa ujeeddooyinkooda iyo fikradahooda iyo waxa ay arkeenba. ## Buugaagta, kuwa ugu da'da weyn marka hore ### Roteiro da primeira viagem de Vasco da Gama (1497 ilaa 1499) **Alvaro Velho (loo nisbeeyay)** · Bortuqiis Maraakiibta Vasco da Gama oo 1499 dhaafaysa Muqdisho oo duqeynaysa. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181606) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Roteiro+da+primeira+viagem+de+Vasco+da+Gama+Alvaro+Velho) ### Livro de Duarte Barbosa (qiyaastii 1516) **Duarte Barbosa** · Bortuqiis Wuxuu sharraxaa Saylac, Berbera, Muqdisho iyo Baraawe, ganacsigooda iyo taliyayaashooda. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.00951) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL26560608W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Livro+de+Duarte+Barbosa+Duarte+Barbosa) ### Lendas da India (qiyaastii 1550-meeyadii) **Gaspar Correia** · Bortuqiis Safarradii Bortuqiiska ee xeebta Bariga Afrika iyo Soomaalida. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_Correia) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Lendas+da+India+Gaspar+Correia) ### Decadas da Asia (1552 ilaa 1563) **Joao de Barros** · Bortuqiis Weerarradii Bortuqiiska ee Baraawe (1506), Saylac (1517) iyo xeebta Soomaalida. Halka laga akhriyo: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Decadas+da+Asia+Joao+de+Barros) ### Mir'at ul-Memalik (Muraayadda Dalalka) (1557) **Seydi Ali Reis** · Turki Cusmaaniyiin Warbixinta admiral Cusmaaniyiin ah oo ku saabsan badmaaxidda Badweynta Hindiya, oo ay ku jirto xeebta Soomaalida. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533014) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002005192969) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19820805W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Mir%27at+ul-Memalik+Seydi+Ali+Reis) ### Futuh al-Habasha (Furashada Xabashida) (qiyaastii 1559) **Shihab al-Din Ahmad bin Abd al-Qader (Arab Faqih)** · Carabi Taariikh goob-joog ah oo ku saabsan dagaalladii Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim ee 1529 ilaa 1543, oo magacaabaysa beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed oo dagaallamay. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Futuh+al-Habasha+Shihab+al-Din+Ahmad+bin+Abd+al-Qader) ### Dos feitos de D. Christovam da Gama (1564) **Miguel de Castanhoso** · Bortuqiis Duullaankii Bortuqiiska ee 1541 ilaa 1543 ee ka dhanka ahaa Imaam Axmed, laga arkay dhinaca Itoobiya. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181670) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL24366868W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_da_Gama) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Dos+feitos+de+D.+Christovam+da+Gama+Miguel+de+Castanhoso) ### Memoir on the Western or Edoor Tribes inhabiting the Somali coast (1848) **Charles Cruttenden** · Ingiriis Sahan uu sameeyay sarkaal ka tirsan Ciidanka Badda Hindiya oo ku saabsan xeebta woqooyi, beelaha iyo ganacsiga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Memoir+on+the+Western+or+Edoor+Tribes+inhabiting+the+Somali+coast+Charles+Cruttenden) ### Documents sur l'histoire, la geographie et le commerce de l'Afrique orientale (1856) **Charles Guillain** · Faransiis Sahankii badda Faransiiska ee 1846 ilaa 1848 ee Muqdisho, Marka, Baraawe iyo xeebta Banaadir. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/2551836) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t9k368j0b) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL12284857W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Documents+sur+l%27histoire%2C+la+geographie+et+le+commerce+de+l%27Afrique+orientale+Charles+Guillain) ### First Footsteps in East Africa, or an Exploration of Harar (1856) **Richard Francis Burton** · Ingiriis Safarkii 1854 ilaa 1855 ee Saylac ilaa Harar iyo Berbera; gabayga Soomaalida, beelaha iyo dhaqanka. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/history/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49414) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044005625124) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL68668W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=First+Footsteps+in+East+Africa%2C+or+an+Exploration+of+Harar+Richard+Francis+Burton) ### What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1864) **John Hanning Speke** · Ingiriis Safarradii Speke ee 1854 ilaa 1855 ee dhulka Warsangeli iyo Dhulbahante. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/whatledtodiscove0000spek) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010960477) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3278756W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=What+Led+to+the+Discovery+of+the+Source+of+the+Nile+John+Hanning+Speke) ### Baron Carl Claus von der Decken's Reisen in Ost-Afrika (1869 ilaa 1879) **Carl Claus von der Decken (tif. Otto Kersten)** · Jarmal Duullaankii webiga Jubba ee 1865 oo von der Decken lagu dilay meel u dhow Baardheere. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL26438678W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Klaus_von_der_Decken) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Baron+Carl+Claus+von+der+Decken%27s+Reisen+in+Ost-Afrika+Carl+Claus+von+der+Decken) ### La vallee du Darror (1882) **Georges Revoil** · Faransiis Safarro dhulka Majeerteen (Bari) 1878 ilaa 1881. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/lavalledudarror00rvgoog) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=La+vallee+du+Darror+Georges+Revoil) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida ka hor 1500](/so/history/books-about-somalis-before-1500/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1884 ilaa 1960](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1884-1960/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Xeebta Soomaalida iyo qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka: Herodotus, Eratosthenes, Pliny, Ptolemy iyo magaca Barbaria Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Juqraafiyahannadii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka waxay xeebta Soomaalida sharraxayeen qiyaastii qarnigii 3aad ka hor Ciise (CH). Eratosthenes iyo Artemidorus, oo Strabo ka soo xigtay, waxay ka warrameen xeeb 'malmal dhalisa' iyo 'qorfe dhalisa' oo ka shishaysa Bab al-Mandab, kuna dhammaanaysa 'Geeska Koonfureed'. Pliny wuxuu magacaabay Gacanka Abalites iyo dekedda Mossylum, 'oo qorfaha loo keeno si loo dhoofiyo'. Ptolemy, qiyaastii 150 kadib Ciise (KC), wuxuu taxay magaalooyinka suuqyada laga bilaabo Avalites ilaa Opone, wuxuuna qoray in gudaha 'loo yaqaan Barbaria, oo ay ku nool yihiin maroodiyaal badan'. 'Itoobiyaankii cimriga dheeraa' ee Herodotus mararka qaarkood waxaa lala xiriiriyaa Geeska, laakiin faallooleyaashiisa How iyo Wells waxay ugu yeereen 'dad khuraafaad ah'. ## Kooban Qorayaashii Carabta iyo Shiinaha ka hor, xeebta Soomaalida waxaa sharraxay juqraafiyahanno Giriig iyo Roomaan ah. Midkoodna lama oga inuu halkaas tegay; waxay ku tiirsanaayeen warbixinnada badmaaxiinta iyo ganacsatada. Qoraalladoodu waxay bixiyaan magacyada raasas (madax-dhulka badda gala), dekedo iyo dadyow laga bilaabo Bab al-Mandab (Bab el-Mandeb) ilaa Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui), iyo koonfur xagga Badweynta Hindiya. Sharraxaadda ugu buuxda, oo ah hagaha ganacsatada ee loo yaqaan *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, waxay leedahay bog gaar ah: [dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). Boggani wuxuu ka hadlayaa kuwa kale, iyadoo loo kala horraysiiyay taariikhda. ## Herodotus iyo "Itoobiyaankii cimriga dheeraa", qiyaastii 430 CH Herodotus wuxuu ka sheekeeyay sida boqorkii Faaris (Beershiya) Cambyses, kadib markii uu qabsaday Masar, u diray basaasiin "Itoobiyaanka 'Cimriga dheer', oo deggan qaybta Liibiya ee ku taal Badda Koonfureed". Boqorkoodii, "kii ugu dheeraa uguna quruxda badnaa dadka oo dhan", wuxuu dib ugu soo diray qaanso iyo farriin ah in Cambyses weeraro oo keliya marka Faarisiyiintu jiidi karaan qaanso intaas le'eg. Dadkiisa badankoodu waxay noolaan jireen ilaa 120 sano, "cuntadooduna waxay ahayd hilib la kariyay cabitaankooduna caano". Cambyses ayaa u duulay, laakiin ciidankiisa ayaa cuntadu ka dhammaatay intaanay gaarin shan meelood meel jidka, dibna way u noqdeen (Herodotus, *Histories* 3.17–25, [tarjumaadda Macaulay, buugga elektaroonigga ah ee Project Gutenberg 2707](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2707)). Meel kale Herodotus wuxuu Itoobiya dhigaa cirifka koonfur-galbeed ee ugu fog dunida la deggan yahay, oo soo saarta dahab, maroodiyaal, alwaax madow (ebony) "iyo rag dadka oo dhan ugu dheer, ugu qurux badan, uguna cimri dheer" (3.114, isla ilihii). **Yaa maxay yiri.** Herodotus ma bixiyo magacyo meelo oo khariidad lagu sugi karo. Faalladii 1912 ee W. W. How iyo J. Wells waxay Itoobiyaankii cimriga dheeraa ugu yeertay "dad khuraafaad ah", oo sharraxaaddoodu tahay "qayb ahaan mid ku salaysan Homer… qayb ahaanna sheekooyinka socotada", oo la buunbuuniyay maxaa yeelay "waxay ku nool yihiin dhammaadka dunida" ([How iyo Wells, *A Commentary on Herodotus*, mug. 1, 1912, faallada 3.17–26](https://archive.org/details/commentaryonhero0001wwho)). Isla faalladaasi waxay xustay aragtidii hore ee taariikhyahan Heeren, oo sheekada u helay "aasaas xaqiiqo ah" warbixintii Cosmas ee qarnigii 6aad ee ku saabsanayd ganacsiga beeyada (lubaanta), iyo jawaabtii How iyo Wells ee ahayd in "caddaynta Cosmas ay aad u dambaysay oo shaki leedahay". ## Eratosthenes, qarnigii 3aad CH, sida Strabo ka soo xigtay Eratosthenes, oo ahaa maamulaha maktabadda Iskandariya (Alexandria), ayaa sharraxay xeebta ka shishaysa marinka. Strabo ayaa ka soo xigtay: jasiiradaha marinka kadib, "safarka xiga, oo raacaya qalloocyada gacannada, una socda dalka malmalka dhaliya xagga koonfur iyo bari ilaa dalka qorfaha dhaliya, waa qiyaastii shan kun oo stadia; ilaa hadda, sida la sheegay, qofna ma gaarin wixii ka dambeeya dalkaas; inkastoo aysan magaalooyin badani xeebta ku oollin, haddana gudaha waxaa ku yaal qaar badan oo si qurux badan loo dejiyay" (Strabo, *Geography* 16.4.4, [tarjumaadda Loeb, 1932, LacusCurtius](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html)). "Qorfaha" ee qorayaashan Giriigga ah wuxuu u soo maray dekedahan; in qaar ka mid ahi halkaas ka bixi jiray iyo in kale waa su'aal kale, oo laga hadlay [Beeyada iyo malmalka](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/). ## Artemidorus, qiyaastii 100 CH, sida Strabo ka soo xigtay Artemidorus oo reer Ephesus ah ayaa bixiya liiska ugu faahfaahsan ee ka horreeya Periplus. Strabo, oo qorayay qiyaastii 20 KC, ayaa raaca. Marinka Deirê kadib waxaa yimaada "dalka beeyada dhaliya", kadib dhul webiyo leh oo soo saara malmal iyo beeyo, kadib "dalka qorfaha dhaliya", buurta Elephas "ee badda u fidsan", dekedda Psygmus, meel biyo laga dhaanto oo ay leeyihiin "Cynocephali" (daayeerro), iyo "raaska ugu dambeeya ee xeebtan, Notu-ceras", Geeska Koonfureed. "Marka la wareego raaskan oo qiyaas ahaan koonfur loo jeesto, ma hayno, ayuu yiri, wax diiwaan ah oo dekedo ama meelo ah." Xeebta waxaa ku taagnaa "tiirar iyo meelo allabari oo ay leeyihiin Pytholaüs iyo Lichas iyo Pythangelus iyo Leon iyo Charimortus". Dalku "waxaa ku badan maroodiyaal" waxaana ku nool shabeello iyo wiyil (Strabo 16.4.14–16, [isla ilihii](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html)). Buurta Elephas, oo magaceeda sidoo kale ku jira Periplus iyo Ptolemy, "waxay u muuqataa inay tahay Ras el Fil, ama Filuk, ee casriga ah", oo ah raas 800 fiit dherer ah oo qiyaastii 40 mayl galbeed ka xiga Raas Caseyr ([Schoff, *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, 1912, faallooyinka b. 85](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Eeg [dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). ## Pliny the Elder, qiyaastii 77 KC Buugga Pliny ee *Natural History* wuxuu raacaa xeebta Afrika ee Badda Cas isagoo dhaafaya Adulis: "Kuwan dabadood waxaa yaal Gacanka Abalites, jasiiradda Diodorus, iyo jasiirado kale oo cidla ah; sidoo kale, dhulka weyn, lamadegaanno isdaba joog ah, kadibna magaalada Gaza, iyo raaska iyo dekedda Mossylum, oo tan dambe qorfaha loo keeno si loo dhoofiyo: halkan ayuu Sesostris ciidankiisa ilaa keenay." Wuxuu ku daray in Boqor [Juba](/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/) oo reer Mauretania ahaa uu qabay in Mossylum "ay ka bilaabanto Badda Atlantigga", taas oo macnaheedu yahay inuu u malaynayay in xeebta Afrika ay halkaas galbeed uga leexato (Pliny, *Natural History* 6.34, [tarjumaadda Bostock iyo Riley, mug. 2, 1855, b. 96](https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof00plin)). Abalites waa Avalites-ka Periplus, gacanka Saylac (Zeila). Mossylum waa Mosylon-ka Periplus, oo goobtiisa laga hadlay [dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). Avalites waxaa lagu aqoonsadaa Saylac; eeg [Saylac hore](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). ## Ptolemy, qiyaastii 150 KC Buugga Claudius Ptolemy ee *Geography* wuxuu meel kasta siiyaa dhigga (longitude) iyo loolka (latitude). Buugga 4aad, cutubka 7aad, "Itoobiya ee ka hoosaysa Masar", wuxuu si isku xigta u taxaa xeebta Soomaalida ([tarjumaadda Stevenson, 1932, bb. 107–108](https://archive.org/details/PtolemysGeographyBook4)): - "Marinka Badda Cas kadib": Dire, kadib "gacanka Avalites" suuqa Avalites, suuqa Malao, suuqa [Mondu](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/), "raaska iyo suuqa Mosylum", suuqa Cobe, buuraha Elephas, suuqa Acanna, iyo "raaska iyo suuqa Aromata", Raas Caseyr. - "Gacanka Barbaricus": tuulada Pano, suuqa Opone, raaska Zingis, buuraha Phalangis, Apocopa, "Austri Cornu" (Geeska Koonfureed), Xeebta Yar iyo Xeebta Weyn, Essina, "saldhigga iyo suuqa Sarapionis", suuqa Tonice, iyo webiga iyo magaalada Rhapta. - Dadyowga: Avalitae waxay deggan yihiin "agagaarka gacan magacan leh, Mosyli-duna waxay ka sarreeyaan raaska leh suuq magacan leh. Xeebta badda oo dhan ilaa raaska Rhaptum waxaa loo yaqaan Azania; gudaha waxaa loo yaqaan Barbaria, oo ay ku nool yihiin maroodiyaal badan." Ptolemy wuxuu Opone dhigaa 4° 15′ waqooyi, raaska Aromata 6° waqooyi, Avalites-na 8° 25′ waqooyi (isla boggaggaas). Eeg [Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/). ## Cosmas Indicopleustes, qiyaastii 550 KC Ganacsadihii reer Iskandariya ee Cosmas wuxuu qoray in wiilashii Xaam (Ham) ay heleen dhulalka "laga bilaabo Gadeira xagga galbeed ilaa badweynta Itoobiya, oo loo yaqaan Barbaria, oo ka shishaysa Gacanka Carabta", iyo in "Zingium… ay ka shishayso dalka loo yaqaan Barbaria ee beeyada soo saara" ([McCrindle, *The Christian Topography of Cosmas*, 1897, Buugga II](https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosm)). Warkiisa ku saabsan ganacsiga beeyada ee Barbaria wuxuu ku jiraa [Beeyada iyo malmalka](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/). ## Magaca Barbaria, Barbar iyo Bilad al-Barbar Xeebta waqooyi ee Soomaalida waxaa qiyaastii 1,500 sano loo aqoonsanaa magac ka dhisan *barbar*: - **Giriig, qarnigii 1aad.** Periplus wuxuu xeebta Afrika ee koonfur ka xigta Berenice, oo ku taal koonfurta Masar, ugu yeeraa "dalka Barbarta" (§2), dekedaha marinka ka shishayana, laga bilaabo Avalites ilaa Raas Caseyr, magaalooyinka suuqyada Barbarta ee "dhinaca kale" (§7) ([Schoff 1912](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). - **Giriig, qarnigii 2aad.** Ptolemy wuxuu gacanka koonfur ka xiga Raas Caseyr ugu yeeraa "gacanka Barbaricus", gudahana "Barbaria" (kor ku xusan). - **Giriig, qarnigii 6aad.** Cosmas: "dalka loo yaqaan Barbaria ee beeyada soo saara" (kor ku xusan). - **Carabi, qarnigii 10aad.** Al-Mas'udi wuxuu Gacanka Cadmeed (Gulf of Aden) ugu yeeraa *al-Khalij al-Barbari*, "gacanka Barbarta" ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale, *Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, 2011, cut. 2, §56](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). - **Carabi, qarnigii 13aad.** Yaqut wuxuu Muqdisho (Mogadishu) dhigaa "dalka Barbarta" wuxuuna ku daraa: "Barbartani ma aha kuwa ku nool galbeedka" ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire… de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 1, 1856, bb. 234–235](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC), halkan lagu tarjumay). Eeg [Muqdisho hore](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/). - **Carabi, 1331.** Ibn Battuta wuxuu Saylac ugu yeeraa "caasimadda [Barbarta](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/)", dhulkoodana "lamadegaan socod laba bilood ah ku fidsan, kana bilaabma Zayla' kuna dhammaada Maqdashaw" (laga soo xigtay Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §93). Fauvelle-Aymar iyo asxaabtiisu waxay xuseen in Barbarta ([Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/)) ee qorayaasha Carabta "guud ahaan lagu aqoonsado Soomaalida" (§94). - **Shiine, qarniyadii 9aad iyo 13aad.** Po-pa-li iyo Pi-p'a-lo, oo turjubaannadu u akhriyeen Berbera. Eeg [Diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). - **Maanta.** Dekedda Berbera ayaa wali magacan sidata. **Ereyga laftiisa.** Schoff wuxuu 1912 qoray in magacu "u muuqdo mid shisheeye ku ah dadka", wuxuuna soo jeediyay inuu "u badan yahay inuu la xiriiro ereyga Carabiga ah *bar*, oo ah lamadegaan", wuxuuna xusay isla magacan oo Afrika oo dhan laga helo: dekedda Soomaalida ee Berbera, magaalada Niilka ku taal ee Berber, iyo Barbarta (Berbers) Waqooyiga Afrika ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka, b. 56](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Ereyga Giriigga ah *barbaros* wuxuu ula jeeday qof kasta oo aan ku hadlin Giriigga. Yaqut laftiisu wuxuu xusay in ereyga Carabiga ah loo isticmaali jiray laba dad oo kala duwan, Geeska iyo Waqooyiga Afrika. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Dalkii Punt iyo xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida ka hor 1500](/so/history/books-about-somalis-before-1500/) --- # Shirweynihii Burco iyo ku dhawaaqiddii Somaliland, Maajo 1991 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somaliland-declaration-1991/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Kadib markii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) qabsaday Hargeysa, Burco iyo Berbera dhammaadkii Janaayo 1991, wuxuu madaxda beelaha woqooyiga ugu yeeray shir Burco ah Abriil ilaa Maajo 1991. Shirku wuxuu ansixiyay go'aanno ku saabsan xorriyadda woqooyiga ee ka madax bannaan koonfurta. Maajo 1991 SNM waxay ku dhawaaqday Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland oo ku dhow xuduudihii Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska hore, iyadoo Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali 'Tuur' madaxweyne ahaa. Dal kale ma aqoonsan xilligaas. ## Si kooban 1991, kadib dhicitaankii dowladdii Siyaad Barre, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) ayaa gacanta ku hayay waqooyi-galbeed. Shir Burco ka dhacay gu'gii 1991, madaxda beelaha waaweyn ee woqooyiga ayaa ka dooday mustaqbalkiisa, Maajo 1991na SNM waxay ku dhawaaqday Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, iyadoo, aragtideeda, soo afjartay midowgii 1960 ee koonfurta ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). Human Rights Watch waxay dhammaadkii 1992 qortay in SNM "ay si hal dhinac ah ugu dhawaaqday xorriyad Maajo 1991, si ay u abuurto Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, oo ah hay'ad aan dal kale aqoonsan" (tarjumaad) ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1993*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)). Sheekada tan iyo markaas waxay ku jirtaa [Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Shirka ka hor - **Oktoobar 1990.** Dagaalyahannada SNM waxay ciidamada dowladda ka saareen ku dhowaad dhammaan Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer iyo Sanaag ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). - **Dhammaadkii Janaayo 1991.** SNM waxay qabsatay saldhigyadii hadhay ee Berbera, Burco iyo Hargeysa. Way diiday inay gacanta u wareejiso dowladdii cusbayd ee Golaha Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USC) ee Muqdisho, wayna diiday inay ku biirto wadahadalladii midnimada ee USC (isla ishaas). - **Dhammaadkii Febraayo 1991.** Shir SNM ah ayaa "si dhab ah uga dooday" laalidda sharcigii midowga 1960 (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Kooxaha kale ee woqooyiga.** Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDA), oo inta badan Gadabuursi taageerayeen, iyo Jabhadda Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USF), oo Ciise sameeyeen, waxay "ka walaacsanaayeen suurtagalnimada inay SNM gacanta ku dhigto deegaannadooda" (tarjumaad). Iska horimaadyo SNM iyo USF ayaa ka dhacay agagaarka Saylac Febraayo (isla ishaas). Dagaalkii ka horreeyay, eeg [Xasuuqii Isaaq, 1987 ilaa 1989](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/) iyo [dhaqdhaqaaqyadii hubeysnaa, 1978 ilaa 1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). ## Shirweynihii Burco Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay diiwaangelisay ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)): - **Cidda timid.** SNM waxay "ku qanacsiisay madaxda dhammaan beelaha waaweyn ee woqooyiga inay ka qayb galaan shir Burco ah Abriil 1991" (tarjumaad). - **Waxa la go'aamiyay.** Ergadu waxay "ansixiyeen dhowr go'aan oo la xiriira xorriyadda mustaqbalka ee woqooyiga ee ka madax bannaan koonfurta" (tarjumaad). - **Dastuur.** Wuxuu sameeyay "guddi joogto ah, oo si taxaddar leh loogu dheellitiray matalaadda beelaha, si uu u diyaariyo dastuur" (tarjumaad). - **Xukun ku-meel-gaar ah.** Wuxuu ku baaqay dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah "ilaa doorashooyin xisbiyo badan la qabto" (tarjumaad). - **Doorka SNM.** Guddiga Dhexe ee SNM wuxuu inta badan go'aannada shirka u ansixiyay siyaasadda xisbiga. "Inkastoo qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha SNM ay ka soo horjeedeen go'itaanka" (tarjumaad), wuxuu sii waday qorshayaasha dowlad madax bannaan. ## Ku dhawaaqidda iyo dowladdii ugu horreysay - **Maajo 1991.** SNM waxay ku dhawaaqday Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. Xuduudeeda "waxay qiyaas ahaan la jaan qaadaysay kuwii gumeysigii hore, Somaliland-ta Ingiriiska" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). Eeg [Somaliland-ta Ingiriiska, 1884 ilaa 1960](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/). - **Hoggaamiyayaasha.** Xoghayaha Guud ee SNM [Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali "Tuur"](/en/people/abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur/) ayaa loo magacaabay madaxweyne, Xasan Ciise Jaamacna madaxweyne ku xigeen. Tuur wuxuu magacaabay gole wasiirro oo 17 xubnood ah (isla ishaas). - **Waajibkeeda.** SNM waxay ugu yeertay "dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah oo leh waajib ay ku xukunto inta laga gaarayo doorashooyinka loo qorsheeyay 1993" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **1991 ilaa 1992.** Dowladdii ku-meel-gaarka ahayd waxay shareecada ka dhigtay sharciga ugu weyn ee jamhuuriyadda, waxay dooratay calan, waxayna ballan qaadday xorriyadda saxaafadda, doorashooyin xor ah iyo xaqa samaynta xisbiyada, waxayna "isku dayday, inkastoo aysan ku guulaysan, inay hesho aqoonsi caalami ah" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). ## Sannadkii ugu horreeyay Human Rights Watch waxay ka warbixisay 1991 iyo 1992 ([HRW, *World Report 1993*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)): - **Dib-u-dhiska.** 1991 dowladdu "waxay u muuqatay mid horumar ka samaynaysa dhisidda nabadda iyo amniga" (tarjumaad), dib-u-dhiska kaabayaashii la burburiyay 1988, iyo dhiirrigelinta soo laabashada "400,000-kii qaxooti ee u qaxay Itoobiya" (tarjumaad). - **Kheyraadka.** "Ku dhowaad ma lahayn wax kheyraad ah, gargaarka caalamiguna wuu ka soo daahay aqoonsi diblomaasiyadeed la'aan" (tarjumaad). - **Miinooyinka.** Miinooyin ku jira magaalooyinka iyo miyiga ayaa dilay oo dhaawacay "boqollaal qof" (tarjumaad), xoolona way dileen. - **Janaayo 1992.** Dagaal u dhexeeyay laba laamood oo Isaaq ah oo Burco ka dhacay ayaa "ka tagay in ka badan 150 dhimasho, kumanaan kalena ku qasbay inay cararaan" (tarjumaad). - **Maarso 1992.** Dagaal ayaa ka qarxay Berbera wuxuuna u fiday Sheekh iyo Hargeysa. "Dadka rayidka ah badankoodu waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay ka cararaan Berbera" (tarjumaad). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Qaxootiga soo laabtay iyo qoysaska barakacay** ee magaalooyinkii la burburiyay 1988 (HRW). - **Dadka miinooyinku dileen ama curyaamiyeen,** boqollaal sida ay HRW tirisay. - **Dadka Burco iyo Berbera** dagaalladii 1992: in ka badan 150 dhintay Burco, iyo dadka rayidka ah ee Berbera badankood oo la barakiciyay (HRW). - **Bulshooyinka agagaarka Saylac,** iska horimaadyadii SNM iyo Jabhadda Midowga Soomaaliyeed Febraayo 1991 ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda.** Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay ku dhawaaqidda u bixisaa 17 Maajo 1991. Somaliland waxay 18 Maajo u dabaaldegtaa maalinteeda qaran (eeg [Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/)). - **Taariikhaha shirka.** Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay sheegtaa in shirku fadhiyay "Abriil 1991". Ku dhawaaqiddu waxay timid Maajo. - **In midowga la soo afjari karo iyo in kale.** Dowladda Somaliland waxay qabtaa in midowgii 1960 aan weligiis la dhammaystirin oo la laalay 1991. Dowladda federaalka iyo dalalka badankoodu waxay qabaan in Somaliland ay qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya sida uu dhigayo midowgii 1960. Eeg [xorriyadda iyo midowga, 26 Juun ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/). - **Taageerada woqooyiga.** Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay diiwaangelisay in "qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha SNM ay ka soo horjeedeen go'itaanka", iyo in kooxaha aan Isaaq ahayn ay ka baqeen gacan ku hayntii SNM. 2023 madaxda Dhulbahante ee Laascaanood waxay diideen xukunka Somaliland (eeg [Dowlad-goboleedka Waqooyi Bari](/so/states/north-eastern-state/)). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993), "Politics of succession": [qoraal](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm). - Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1993*, cutubka Soomaaliya: [qoraal](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm). --- # Saldanadda Muqdisho: magaalada iyo taliyayaasheeda, 900-meeyadii ilaa 1800-meeyadii Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/sultanate-of-mogadishu/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Muqdisho (Mogadishu) waxay ahayd magaalo ganacsi oo Muslim ah oo ay xukumi jireen suldaanno u gaar ah ugu yaraan laga soo bilaabo 1300-meeyadii. Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta) ayaa booqday 1331 wuxuuna la kulmay taliyaheeda, Abuubakar, oo ahaa 'asal Barbarah'. Badmaaxiyiin Boortaqiis ah ayaa ag maray 1499, qiyaastii 1516-na waxay ku tilmaameen magaalo hodan ah oo boqor leh. Hiddaha deegaanka ee Guillain diiwaangeliyay 1840-meeyadii waxay sheegaan in boqortooyadii hore, Muzaffar, magaalada ku waayeen Abgaal, kuwaas oo imaamyadoodu weli lahaayeen magaca suldaan waqtigiisii. ## Si kooban Muqdisho (Mogadishu) waxay ka mid ahayd magaalooyinka ganacsi ee Muslimka ah ee ugu muhiimsanaa xeebta Bariga Afrika. 1300-meeyadii waxay lahayd taliye u gaar ah, oo dadkeedu ugu yeeri jireen "Sheekha". Socotooyin iyo badmaaxiyiin ka yimid Marooko, Boortuqaal iyo Shiinaha ayaa ka warbixiyay intii u dhexeysay 1300-meeyadii iyo 1500-meeyadii ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). Inta badan waxa laga yaqaan taliyayaasheeda waxay ka yimaadaan booqdayaashan, lacagihii la shubay, iyo hiddaha magaalada lagu sheegi jiray ee uu qoray sarkaalkii ciidanka badda Faransiiska Charles Guillain 1840-meeyadii ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire... de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 2, mujallada 1, bb. 524–525](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis21guil)). ## Hiddaha aasaaska - **Islaamka ka hor.** Guillain wuxuu soo sheegay "hidde deegaan oo duug ah" (tarjumaad) oo leh magaalo ayaa goobta ka jirtay ka hor dhalashada Islaamka. Wuxuu qoray in "arrintaasi ma aha wax aan suurtagal ahayn" (tarjumaad) (b. 524). - **Magaalada Muslimka ah.** Magaalada hadda jirta, oo ay aasaaseen Carab Muslim ah, wuxuu u taariikheeyay sannadka 295 ee Hijriyada, qiyaastii 907–908 miilaadiga (b. 524). - **Qarnigii sagaalaad.** Library of Congress (Maktabadda Kongareeska Mareykanka) waxay qortay in Muqdisho "ay soo jirtay ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad, markii soo-galooti Faaris iyo Carab ahi ay la dhex galeen dad Soomaaliyeed" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). - **Magaca.** Isla ishaasi waxay bixisaa laba fasir: Carabi-Faarisi *maqad shah*, "kursiga shaaha", ama weedh Sawaaxili ah oo macneheedu yahay "magaaladii ugu dambaysay ee woqooyi". Waxay sheegtay in macnuhu "aanu caddayn" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Xeebta ka hor 1300, eeg [Muqdisho hore iyo xeebta Banaadir ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/). ## Ibnu Batuuta, 1331 Socotada reer Marooko Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta) wuxuu shan iyo toban maalmood ka shiraacday Saylac (Zeila), wuxuuna gaaray "Maqdashaw", oo uu ku tilmaamay "magaalo aad u weyn" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu qoray in dadkeedu ahaayeen ganacsato maalin kasta qali jiray boqollaal geel ah ([Ibnu Batuuta, turjumaadda Gibb 1929, bb. 110–111](https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16353)). - **Taliyaha.** "Suldaanka waxay ugu yeeraan 'Sheekha'" (tarjumaad). Magaciisu wuxuu ahaa Abuubakar, wuxuuna ahaa "asal Barbarah, wuxuuna ku hadlaa afka Maqdishi, inkastoo uu Carabiga yaqaan" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Maxkamadda.** Waxaa u adeegi jiray *qaadi* (garsoore) iyo *wasiirro*. Maalinta Jimcaha wuxuu masjidka ilaa qasrigiisa ku lugayn jiray isagoo hoos socda "afar dallad oo xariir midabaysan ah, mid walbana dushiisa shimbir dahab ah saaran tahay" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Ganacsiga.** Dhallinyaro doonyo yaryar saaran ayaa soo dhaweyn jiray markab kasta, mid walbana ganacsade ayuu martidiisa ka dhigan jiray. Martigeliyaha ayaa u iibin jiray una iibsan jiray, iib la sameeyay iyadoo martigeliyuhu aanu joogin "waxay u arkeen mid aan ansax ahayn" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Booqashadiisa oo dhan waxaa lagu sheegay [Ibnu Batuuta ee Muqdisho iyo Saylac, 1331](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/). ## Xiriirka Shiinaha, 1400-meeyadii Qoraal ku jira daabacaaddii Hakluyt ee 1898 ee buugga maalinlaha ah ee Vasco da Gama, oo soo xiganaya aqoonyahankii Ruushka ahaa Bretschneider, ayaa diiwaangelinaya in "1417 ergo laga diray Mu-ku-tu-su (Magadoxo) loona diray Shiinaha" (tarjumaad) ([Ravenstein, *A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama*, 1898](https://archive.org/details/ajournalfirstvo00ravegoog)). ## Boortaqiiska, 1499–1506 - **2–3 Janaayo 1499.** Iyagoo ka soo laabanaya Hindiya, maraakiibta Vasco da Gama waxay ag mareen "magaalo weyn, oo leh guryo dhowr dabaq ah, qasriyo waaweyn oo bartamaheeda ku yaal, iyo afar munaaradood oo ku wareegsan", oo la oran jiray Magadoxo (tarjumaad). Buugga maalinlaha ahi wuxuu leeyahay: "Markii aan aad ugu soo dhowaannay waxaan ridnay madfac badan" (tarjumaad) ([Ravenstein 1898, b. 88](https://archive.org/details/ajournalfirstvo00ravegoog)). Faalladda Ravenstein waxay sheegaysaa in "aan la caddayn" haddii ay ahayd "calaamad farxadeed ama cadaawad aan sabab lahayn" (tarjumaad) (isla bogga). - **1500 iyo 1506.** Sida ay sheegayaan faallooyinka Dames ee Barbosa, Cabral wuxuu 1500 ku tilmaamay "magaalo Muuris ah oo aad u hodan ah oo qurux badan" (tarjumaad) isagoon ku degin, Tristão da Cunha-na wuu ag maray isagoon ku degin 1506 ([Barbosa, turjumaadda Dames, mujallada 1, b. 31](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans)). ## Sida Barbosa u sharxay, qiyaastii 1516 Sarkaalkii Boortaqiiska ahaa Duarte Barbosa wuxuu qoray ([Barbosa, turjumaadda Dames, mujallada 1, b. 31](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans)): - **Magaalada.** "Magaalo Muuris ah oo aad u weyn oo la yiraahdo Magadoxo; waxay leedahay boqor xukuma" (tarjumaad). - **Ganacsiga.** Maraakiib ayaa ka iman jiray Cambay oo Hindiya ku taal iyo Cadan (Aden), iyagoo keena dhar iyo xawaash, "waxayna qaadan jireen dahab badan, foolmaroodi, shamac iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan" (tarjumaad). - **Cuntada.** "Hilib aad u badan, sarreen, shaciir, fardo iyo miro noocyo kala duwan ah, sidaas darteed waa meel hodan ah" (tarjumaad). - **Dadka.** "Waxay ku hadlaan Carabi. Raggu badankoodu waa maarriin iyo madow, laakiin qaar yar ayaa cadcad. Hub yar ayay leeyihiin, haddana fallaarahooda geedo ayay mariyaan" (tarjumaad). Dames wuxuu raaciyay in "xukunka Boortaqiisku aanu waligii xoogaysan ilaa woqooyi ee Magadoxo" (tarjumaad) (isla bogga). Library of Congress waxay qortay in magaalooyinka Soomaalida dhexdooda "Muqdisho oo keliya ay si guul leh isaga caabisay weerarradii soo noqnoqday ee Boortaqiiska" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). ## Boqortooyadii Muzaffar iyo Abgaal Guillain wuxuu diiwaangeliyay hiddaha magaalada lagu sheegi jiray 1840-meeyadii (bb. 524–525): - **Muzaffar.** Muqdisho waxay barwaaqowday xilligii "boqortooyadii suldaannada M'doffeur" (tarjumaad), oo inta badan loo qoro Muzaffar. - **Ajuuraan.** Magaaladu waxay ku taallay xeebta dhulka "Odjourane", oo ah Ajuuraan (Ajuran). Eeg [dowladdii Ajuuraan](/so/history/ajuran-state/). - **Abgaal.** "Waqti aanan go'aamin karin" (tarjumaad), koox Abgaal ah ayaa u soo guurtay dhulka Ajuuraan. "Dagaal dheer kadib" magaaladu "waxay gacanta u gashay madaxii Abgaal, Omar Djéloulé (Cumar Djéloulé)" (tarjumaad), farcankiisuna waxay sii hayeen awoodda "iyagoo wata magaca suldaan" (tarjumaad). - **Sababta, sida loo sheegay.** Waxaa la sheegay in weerarka ku boorriyay nin magaalada ka mid ahaa oo sare, kaas oo uu si xun ula dhaqmay "suldaan Fekheur-ed-Din" (tarjumaad), suldaankii Muzaffar ee xukunka hayay, kuna magangalay Abgaal. Ravenstein, 1898, wuxuu qoray in magaaladu heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay gaartay xilligii Muzaffar, "oo ay Abgaal Soomaalidu saartay, malaha qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad" (tarjumaad) ([Ravenstein 1898, b. 88, faallo](https://archive.org/details/ajournalfirstvo00ravegoog)). Guillain wuxuu qoray in "xukunka guulaystayaashan badh-duurjoogta ah hoostiisa, hoos-u-dhaca magaalada Carabtu ay tahay inuu si degdeg ah u dhacay" (tarjumaad), iyo in magaaladu u kala qaybsantay laba xaafadood, Xamarweyne iyo Shingaani (b. 525). Kuwani waa erayadiisa, ma aha natiijo cilmi-baaris dambe. ## Imaamyadii Abgaal, sida loo liis gareeyay 1840-meeyadii Guillain waxaa la siiyay liiskan taliyayaashii Abgaal, laga bilaabo aasaasihii ilaa taliyihii waqtigiisa (b. 525): | Kala horreynta | Taliyaha | |---|---| | 1 | Imaam Djéloulé | | 2 | Imaam Cumar | | 3 | Imaam Axmed | | 4 | Imaam Maxamed | | 5 | Imaam Axmed | | 6 | Imaam Maxmuud | | 7 | Imaam Cali | | 8 | Imaam Cusmaan | | 9 | Imaam Maxamed | | 10 | Imaam Axmed, *sheekha* xukunka hayay markii Guillain booqday | Guillain wuxuu guulaystihii ugu magac daray "Omar Djéloulé"; liiskiisuse wuxuu Imaam Cumar iyo Imaam Djéloulé u bixiyaa laba magac oo kala duwan. Wuxuu qoray in Suldaan Axmed u ballanqaaday abtirsiin ka kooban "soddon magac" (tarjumaad) oo gaarta Yacquub, aasaasihii qoyska, laakiin uu ilaaway inuu xasuusiyo (b. 525). ## Xukunkii dambe - **1586.** Sida uu Dames sheegay, magaaladu "waxay gacanta u gashay weeraryahankii Turkiga ahaa Cali Bey 1586, laakiin xukunka Turkigu muddo dheer ma socon" (tarjumaad) ([Barbosa, turjumaadda Dames, mujallada 1, b. 31, faallo](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans)). - **1828 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Dames wuxuu qoray in Sayid Saciid ee Masqat (Muscat) "uu la wareegay 1828" (tarjumaad), kadibna ay ka mid noqotay dhulka Masqat iyo Zanzibar (isla faalladaas). Eeg [saldanadaha, xeebta iyo xeerka dhaqanka, 1700-meeyadii ilaa 1880-meeyadii](/so/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Goorta la aasaasay magaalada.** Guillain wuxuu bixiyaa 295 Hijriyada (qiyaastii 907–908 miilaadiga). Library of Congress waxay leedahay "ugu yaraan" qarnigii 9aad. Qaar kale waxay saldanadda lafteeda u taariikheeyaan qarnigii 13aad ama qiyaastii 1330 (["Sultanate of Mogadishu", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu)). - **Cidda taliyayaashu ahaayeen.** Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu Abuubakar ku tilmaamay "asal Barbarah", eray uu Soomaalida ugu yeeri jiray. Taariikhyahanno dambe oo qaarkood, sida ay Wikipedia soo xigatay, waxay aasaasihii boqortooyada, Fakhrudiin (Fakhr ad-Din), ku tilmaamaan inuu Carab ka soo jeeday (isla ishaas). - **Magaca Fakhrudiin.** Wikipedia waxay u bixisaa aasaasihii boqortooyo hore. Guillain wuxuu u bixiyaa suldaankii Muzaffar ee ugu dambeeyay ka hor intaanay Abgaal qabsan magaalada. - **Goorta ay Abgaal qabsadeen magaalada.** Guillain ma uu go'aamin karin taariikh. Ravenstein wuxuu qoray "malaha qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad". - **Sida Barbosa u sharxay dadka.** Barbosa wuxuu qoray in dadku "ku hadlaan Carabi". Ibnu Batuuta, laba qarni ka hor, wuxuu sheegay in taliyuhu ku hadlayay "afka Maqdishi". ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Ibnu Batuuta, *Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354*, turjumaadda H. A. R. Gibb (1929), bb. 110–111: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16353). - *A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499*, turjumaadda E. G. Ravenstein (Hakluyt Society, 1898), b. 88: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/ajournalfirstvo00ravegoog). - *The Book of Duarte Barbosa*, turjumaadda M. L. Dames (Hakluyt Society, 1918), mujallada 1, b. 31: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans). - Charles Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire, la géographie et le commerce de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 2, mujallada 1 (Paris, 1856), bb. 524–525, af Faransiis: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis21guil). - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993), "Mogadishu and its Banaadir hinterlands": [qoraalka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Muqdisho iyo Baraawe ee buugga João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia, 1503–1510](/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/) --- # Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1884 ilaa 1960: xilligii gumeysiga Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/books-about-somalis-1884-1960/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Intii u dhaxaysay 1884 iyo 1960, buugaagta badan ee ku saabsan Soomaalida waxaa qoray saraakiil, masuuliyiin, sahamiyayaal iyo aqoonyahanno Ingiriis, Talyaani iyo Jarmal ah: joornaallo ugaarsi iyo sahan, taariikhaha rasmiga ah ee dagaalladii lagula jiray Daraawiishta, naxwaha luqadda, daraasado ku saabsan xeerka iyo Islaamka, iyo gabayadii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay ee Ingiriis loo turjumo. Boggani wuxuu taxayaa kuwa ugu muhiimsan, iyagoo leh xiriiriyeyaal bilaash ah. ## Buugaaggani waa maxay Kadib qaybintii dhulalka Soomaalida ee laga bilaabo 1884 ([Qaybintii, 1884 ilaa 1926](/so/history/partition-1884-1926/)), tirada buugaagta ku saabsan Soomaalida si degdeg ah ayay u korortay. Badankood waxaa qoray dad u shaqaynayay dowladihii gumeysiga. - **Joornaallada sahamiyayaasha iyo saraakiisha.** Buugga Harald Swayne ee Seventeen Trips through [Somaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) (1895) iyo buugga Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti ee Somalia e Benadir (1899) waxay sharraxaan dhulka, waddooyinka iyo dadka ([Swayne, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/seventeentripsth00sway)). - **Dagaalladii lagula jiray Daraawiishta.** Xafiiska Dagaalka ee Ingiriiska ayaa daabacay Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901 to 1904 (1907), buugga Douglas Jardine ee The Mad Mullah of Somaliland (1923) wuxuuna bixiyay sida dowladda gumeysigu u aragtay dhaqdhaqaaqa Sayidka ([Official History, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory01stafgoog)). Dhaqdhaqaaqa laftiisa waxaa looga warramay [Daraawiishta, 1899 ilaa 1920](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **Luqadda iyo xeerka.** Leo Reinisch (1900 ilaa 1903) iyo J. W. C. Kirk (1905) waxay qoreen naxwihii hore ee Af-Soomaaliga ([Kirk, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/grammarofsomalil00kirkuoft)). Massimo Colucci (1924) wuxuu wax ka qoray xeerka dhaqanka ee koonfurta. - **Cilmi-baarista taariikhda iyo Islaamka.** Daraasadaha Enrico Cerulli, oo saddex mujallad lagu ururiyay laga bilaabo 1957, waxaa ku jira taariikho Carabi ah oo ku saabsan Muqdisho (Mogadishu) iyo dariiqooyinka suufiyada. Buugga J. Spencer Trimingham ee Islam in Ethiopia (1952) wuxuu ka warramaa Soomaalida iyo Adal. - **Suugaanta Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreysay ee Ingiriisi.** Buugga Margaret Laurence ee A Tree for Poverty (1954) wuxuu ahaa buuggii ugu horreeyay ee gabayo iyo sheekooyin Soomaaliyeed lagu turjumo Ingiriis ([Margaret Laurence, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Laurence)). Andrzejewski iyo [Muuse Xaaji Ismaaciil Galaal (Musa Galaal)](/en/people/musa-galaal/) waxay daabaceen Hikmad Soomaali 1956. ## Sida maanta loo akhriyo Buugaaggan waxay diiwaangeliyaan magacyo, meelo, gabayo iyo sida xukunka gumeysigu u shaqaynayay. Aqoonyahanno dambe, Soomaali iyo kuwo aan Soomaali ahayn, ayaa sidoo kale wax ka qoray sida aragtida gumeysigu u qaabaysay buugaaggan, tusaale ahaan buugga [Cali Jimcaale Axmed (Ali Jimale Ahmed)](/en/people/ali-jimale-ahmed/) ee The Invention of Somalia (1995), oo ku jira [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1991 ilaa 2005](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1991-2005/). Wax badan oo ku saabsan xilligan waxay ku jiraan [Dhulka Biritishka ee Soomaaliya (British Somaliland), 1884 ilaa 1960](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/) iyo [Xukunkii faashiistaha iyo dagaalka, 1923 ilaa 1941](/so/history/fascist-rule-and-the-war-1923-1941/). ## Buugaagta, kuwa ugu da'da weyn marka hore ### Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas (1893-1896) **Philipp Paulitschke** · Jarmal Daraasad dadyow oo laba mujallad ah oo ku saabsan Soomaalida, Cafarta (Afar) iyo Oromada. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/ethnographienor00paulgoog) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822027031038) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL10327536W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Ethnographie+Nordost-Afrikas+Philipp+Paulitschke) ### Seventeen Trips through Somaliland (1895) **Harald G. C. Swayne** · Ingiriis Safarradii ugaarsiga iyo sahanka ee sarkaal Ingiriis ah ku sameeyay woqooyiga, 1885-1893. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/seventeentripst01swaygoog) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044012424537) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL205155W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_George_Carlos_Swayne) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Seventeen+Trips+through+Somaliland+Harald+G.+C.+Swayne) ### Il Giuba esplorato (1895) **Vittorio Bottego** · Talyaani Socdaalkii 1892-1893 ee kor loogu raacay webiga [Jubba](/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/). Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/viaggidiscopert00btgoog) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Bottego) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Il+Giuba+esplorato+Vittorio+Bottego) ### Somalia e Benadir (1899) **Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti** · Talyaani Markii ugu horreysay ee qof reer Yurub ahi uu ka gudbo jasiiradda Soomaalida, isagoo ka ambabaxay Hobyo (Obbia) ilaa [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) (1891). Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL34075679W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Robecchi_Bricchetti) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia+e+Benadir+Luigi+Robecchi+Bricchetti) ### Die Somali-Sprache (1900-1903) **Leo Reinisch** · Jarmal Qoraallo Af-Soomaali ah, naxwe iyo qaamuus laga soo ururiyay socdaalkii reer Vienna. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/diesomalisprache01rein) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Reinisch) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Die+Somali-Sprache+Leo+Reinisch) ### In Pursuit of the Mad Mullah (1902) **Malcolm McNeill** · Ingiriis Warbixinta sarkaal Ingiriis ah oo ku saabsan duullaankii 1901 ee lagu qaaday Daraawiishta. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.105962) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL9436017W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=In+Pursuit+of+the+Mad+Mullah+Malcolm+McNeill) ### Lugh: emporio commerciale sul Giuba (1903) **Ugo Ferrandi** · Talyaani Nolosha iyo ganacsiga [Luuq](/so/regions/gedo/) oo ku taal webiga Jubba, 1890-meeyadii. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/lughemporiocomm00ferrgoog) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044012931655) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18041946W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Lugh%3A+emporio+commerciale+sul+Giuba+Ugo+Ferrandi) ### A Grammar of the Somali Language (1905) **J. W. C. Kirk** · Ingiriis Naxwe ay la socdaan qoraallo iyo gabayo Soomaaliyeed oo laga soo ururiyay woqooyiga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/grammarofsomalil00kirkuoft) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044086560521) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5749282W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+Grammar+of+the+Somali+Language+J.+W.+C.+Kirk) ### Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04 (1907) **Xafiiska Dagaalka (Taliska Guud)** · Ingiriis Taariikhda militari ee rasmiga ah ee Ingiriiska ee afartii duullaan ee ugu horreeyay ee lagu qaaday Daraawiishta. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory01stafgoog) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL28475066W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Official+History+of+the+Operations+in+Somaliland%2C+1901-04+War+Office) ### Nel Benadir: la citta di Merca (1910) **Gherardo Pantano** · Talyaani Nolosha Marka (Merca) intii hore ee xukunka Talyaaniga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Nel+Benadir%3A+la+citta+di+Merca+Enrico+Cerulli+%2C+Gherardo+Pantano) ### Somaliland (1911) **Angus Hamilton** · Ingiriis Warbixin wariye oo ku saabsan Dhulka Biritishka ee Soomaaliya iyo dagaalladii Daraawiishta. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somaliland+Angus+Hamilton) ### British Somaliland (1912) **Ralph E. Drake-Brockman** · Ingiriis Sahan uu sameeyay dhakhtar u shaqaynayay gumeysiga, oo ku saabsan dadyowga, dhaqanka, dhirta iyo xayawaanka. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=British+Somaliland+Ralph+E.+Drake-Brockman) ### Ai confini meridionali dell'Etiopia (1913) **Carlo Citerni** · Talyaani Sahankii xadka Itoobiya iyo Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya ee 1910 ilaa 1911. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/aiconfinimeridio00cite) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL12336620W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Ai+confini+meridionali+dell%27Etiopia+Carlo+Citerni) ### The Mad Mullah of Somaliland (1923) **Douglas Jardine** · Ingiriis Taariikhda dowladdii Daraawiishta iyo dagaalladii 1899-1920, oo uu qoray xoghayihii gumeysiga Ingiriiska. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland) · [Bilaash ka akhri HathiTrust](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015001538811) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7094254W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Jardine) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Mad+Mullah+of+Somaliland+Douglas+Jardine) ### Principi di diritto consuetudinario della Somalia italiana meridionale (1924) **Massimo Colucci** · Talyaani Xeerka dhaqanka ee koonfurta. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL44002885W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Principi+di+diritto+consuetudinario+della+Somalia+italiana+meridionale+Massimo+Colucci) ### Major Dane's Garden (1925) **Margery Perham** · Ingiriis Sheeko-faneed ka dhacday Dhulka Biritishka ee Soomaaliya, oo ay qortay kadib joogitaankeedii 1922. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/majordanesgarden00perh) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001398793) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1239944W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margery_Perham) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Major+Dane%27s+Garden+Margery+Perham) ### Ferro e fuoco in Somalia (1931) **Francesco Saverio Caroselli** · Talyaani Dagaalladii Daraawiishta sida loogu arkay Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya, oo ay daabacday Wasaaradda Gumeysigu. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL44817292W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Ferro+e+fuoco+in+Somalia+Francesco+Saverio+Caroselli) ### Orizzonti d'impero: cinque anni in Somalia (1935) **Cesare Maria De Vecchi** · Talyaani Warbixinta guddoomiyihii faashiistaha ahaa oo isagu ka warramaya sannadihii 1923-1928 ee Soomaaliya. Halka laga akhriyo: [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008852691) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL22134379W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Maria_De_Vecchi) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Orizzonti+d%27impero%3A+cinque+anni+in+Somalia+Cesare+Maria+De+Vecchi) ### Somalia italiana (1937) **Guido Corni (tifaftire)** · Talyaani Sahan rasmi ah oo laba mujallad ah oo ku saabsan Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia+italiana+Guido+Corni) ### Ex-Italian Somaliland (1951) **Sylvia Pankhurst** · Ingiriis Sannadihii maamulka Ingiriiska iyo doodii ku saabsanayd gumeysigii hore ee Talyaaniga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/ExItalianSomaliland) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001609755) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3421705W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Ex-Italian+Somaliland+Sylvia+Pankhurst) ### Islam in Ethiopia (1952) **J. Spencer Trimingham** · Ingiriis Taariikhda Islaamka ee Geeska Afrika, oo leh cutubyo dhaadheer oo ku saabsan Soomaalida, dariiqooyinka suufiyada iyo Adal. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Spencer_Trimingham) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Islam+in+Ethiopia+J.+Spencer+Trimingham) ### A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose (1954) **Margaret Laurence** · Ingiriis Ururintii ugu horreysay ee gabayo iyo sheekooyin Soomaaliyeed oo Ingiriis loo turjumay, oo lagu sameeyay Dhulka Biritishka ee Soomaaliya. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/history/a-tree-for-poverty/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/treeforpovertyso0000unse) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1751538W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Laurence) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+Tree+for+Poverty%3A+Somali+Poetry+and+Prose+Margaret+Laurence) ### Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho (1955) **Ioan M. Lewis** · Ingiriis Sahan dadyow oo loo sameeyay Machadka Caalamiga ah ee Afrika (International African Institute). Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/peoplesofhornofa0000lewi) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009908066) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL135974W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Lewis) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Peoples+of+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+Somali%2C+Afar+and+Saho+Ioan+M.+Lewis) ### Somalia: scritti vari editi ed inediti (1957-1964) **Enrico Cerulli** · Talyaani Saddex mujallad oo ah daraasadaha Cerulli ee taariikhda Soomaalida, xeerka, Islaamka, beelaha iyo suugaanta, oo ay ku jiraan taariikho Carabi ah. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6758303W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Cerulli) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia%3A+scritti+vari+editi+ed+inediti+Enrico+Cerulli) ### Somalia (International Conciliation no. 522) (1959) **A. A. Castagno** · Ingiriis Dalka oo xorriyadda ku sii jeeda. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia+A.+A.+Castagno) ### The Prophet's Camel Bell (1963) **Margaret Laurence** · Ingiriis Xusuus-qor ku saabsan noloshii ay ku qaadatay Dhulka Biritishka ee Soomaaliya, 1950-1952. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/the-prophets-camel-bell-laurence/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/prophetscamelbel0000laur_k5o8) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001609746) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL10612107W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Prophet%27s+Camel+Bell+Margaret+Laurence) ### Warriors and Strangers (markii dambe Warriors: Life and Death among the Somalis) (1971) **Gerald Hanley** · Ingiriis Xusuus-qorka sarkaal Ingiriis ah oo la shaqeeyay askar Soomaaliyeed 1940-meeyadii. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/warriors-hanley/) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Hanley) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Warriors+and+Strangers+Gerald+Hanley) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1500 ilaa 1884](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1500-1884/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida laga bilaabo 1960: taariikh iyo cilmi-baaris](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1960-1990/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Dowladdii Ajuuraan: taliyayaashii webiyada iyo xeebta koonfureed Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ajuran-state/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ajuuraan (Ajuran) waxay ahaayeen beel Hawiye ah oo taliyayaasheedu, reer Gareen, ay xukumi jireen dooxooyinka Shabeelle iyo Jubba iyo xeebta Banaadir qarniyadii ka horreeyay qiyaastii 1700. Library of Congress (Maktabadda Kongaraska Mareykanka) waxay dowladdooda ku taariikhaysaa qiyaastii 1550–1650. Hiddaha la qoray 1840-meeyadii waxay leeyihiin xukunka Ajuuraan ee Marka (Merca) wuxuu socday 'shan iyo toban jiil', wuxuuna dhammaaday markii Abgaal ay qabsadeen Muqdisho, koox uu hoggaaminayay Amiir ay qabsatay Marka, Tunni iyo Digilna ay qabsadeen Baraawe (Brava). ## Kooban Ajuuraan (Ajuran) waxay ahaayeen beel ka mid ah Hawiye. Taliyayaashoodu waxay xukumi jireen dhulka beeraha ee webiyada [Shabeelle](/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/) iyo Jubba iyo magaalooyinka xeebta Banaadir ka hor qiyaastii 1700. Library of Congress (Maktabadda Kongaraska Mareykanka) waxay "dowladda Ujuuraan (oo sidoo kale loo qoro Ajuuraan)" ku taariikhaysaa "inta u dhexeysa 1550 iyo 1650", oo ay xukumaysay "beesha Gareen" ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). Ku dhawaad wax kasta oo Ajuuraan laga yaqaan waxay ka yimaadeen hiddaha afka laga sheego. Qoraalka ugu horreeya ee iyaga laga hayo wuxuu ku jiraa xusuus-qorka sarkaalka ciidanka badda Faransiiska Charles Guillain, oo xeebta ka soo ururiyay hiddaha 1846–1848 ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire... de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 2, mug 2](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis22guil)). Inta badan sheekada casriga ah waxay ku tiirsan tahay buugga Lee Cassanelli ee *The [Shaping of Somali Society](/so/books/the-shaping-of-somali-society-cassanelli/)* (1982), oo laga dhisay taariikh afka laga sheego oo la ururiyay 1970-meeyadii. ## Taariikhaha - **Library of Congress.** Dowladdu waxay soo kacday "inta u dhexeysa 1550 iyo 1650", waxayna barwaaqowday "dhinaca hoose ee gobolka u dhexeeya labada webi". Awoodeeda lama yarayn "ilaa markii Boortaqiisku galeen xeebta Bariga Afrika qarniyadii toddoba iyo tobnaad iyo siddeed iyo tobnaad" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). - **Guillain.** [Marka (Merca)](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) waxaa loogu sheegay in xukunka Ajuuraan "uu socday, sida la yiraahdo, shan iyo toban jiil", wuxuuna qoray in "ay ahayd inuu la mid ahaa xilligii Boortaqiiska ee badaha Hindiya" (qaybta 2, mug 2, b. 141). - **Warar kale.** Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Cassanelli iyo kuwo kale, waxay leedahay Ajuuraan waxay soo kaceen dabayaaqadii 1300-meeyadii, waxayna xukunka hayeen qiyaastii saddex qarni (["Ajuran Sultanate", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate)). ## Cidda ay ahaayeen Guillain wuxuu Marka ku diiwaan geliyay in Ajuuraan "ay ka mid ahaayeen qoyska weyn ee Soumal-Haouiya", oo ah Hawiye. Wuxuu qoray in arrintaasi la jaanqaadayso sheegashadii juqraafiyahii qarnigii 13aad Ibn Saciid (Ibn Said) ee ahayd in Marka ay ahayd "caasimadda Hawiya" (qaybta 2, mug 2, b. 140). Qoyska talada hayay waxaa loo yaqaan reer Gareen. Library of Congress waxay ugu yeertaa "beesha Gareen" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Cassanelli, waxay leedahay taliyayaashiisu waxay qaadan jireen magaca *imaam*, awooddoodana waxay ka heleen inay ka soo farcameen nin awliya ah (["Ajuran Sultanate", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate)). ## Sida ay u xukuntay, sida ay sheegayso sheekada casriga ah Wikipedia waxay bixisaa sheekadan, iyadoo qodobbada intooda badan ka soo xiganaysa Cassanelli (1982) (["Ajuran Sultanate", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate)): - **Biyaha.** Taliyayaashu waxay maamuli jireen ceelasha iyo biyaha webiyada Shabeelle iyo Jubba, waxaana loo nisbeeyaa gidaarro biyo-celin ah, biyo-xireenno iyo ceelal dhagax ah. - **Canshuurta.** Beeralayda waxay ka qaadi jireen canshuur hadhuudh ah, xoolo-dhaqatadana xoolo, waxaana ururin jiray saraakiil loo yaqaanay *wasiirro*. - **Ciidanka.** Cassanelli (bb. 90 iyo 104, sida la soo xigtay) wuxuu sharraxaa ciidan joogto ah, oo mararka qaarkood la kiraysan jiray askar Carab, Faaris iyo Turki ah, iyo qalcado dhagax ah oo ku yaal degmooyinka xeebta (b. 92). - **Baaxadda.** Markii ay ugu xoogga badnayd, sida sheekadani sheegayso, dhulkeedu wuxuu ka fidsanaa [Hobyo](/so/regions/mudug/) waqooyiga ilaa Kismaayo (Kismayo) koonfurta iyo ilaa Qalaafe (Qelafo) galbeedka (Cassanelli, b. 102, sida la soo xigtay). - **Magaalooyinka.** Mareeg, Qalaafe iyo Marka ayaa lagu sheegaa inay ahaayeen xarumaha taliyayaasheeda. Buugga Cassanelli wuxuu yaal Internet Archive, laakiin si xaddidan ayaa loo heli karaa ([Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/shapingofsomalis0000cass)). ## Marka xilligii Ajuuraan Guillain wuxuu diiwaan geliyay hiddaha Marka 1840-meeyadii (qaybta 2, mug 2, bb. 140–141): - **Ka hor.** Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee magaalada laga yaqaan waxay ahaayeen "Ouélloun". Ajuuraan ayaa ka saaray. - **Koritaanka.** Xilligii Ajuuraan magaaladu, oo markii hore ahayd "aqallo caleen, derin iyo laamo ah", way kortay, waxaana loo qaybiyay laba xaafadood, Khéroubi oo waqooyiga ah iyo Eurgouci oo koonfurta ah, kooxo lix ahna mid walba ku jireen. - **Guryaha dhagaxa.** Mid ka mid ah kooxihii waqooyiga waxay ahaayeen "soo-galooti ka yimid Muqdisho (Mogadishu)" oo "dhisay guryo dhagax ah". - **Xoogga.** Guillain wuxuu xukunka Ajuuraan ku tilmaamay "mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xoogga badnaa ee laga abaabulay dadyowga dhulka u dhashay". ## Muqdisho iyo reer Muzaffar Guillain wuxuu qoray in Muqdisho ay ku taallay "xeebta" dhulka Ajuuraan, ayna xukumi jireen suldaannadeeda Muzaffar (qaybta 2, mug 1, b. 524, [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis21guil)). Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa taariikhyahanno dambe, waxay reer Muzaffar ku tilmaantaa inay hoos imaanayeen Ajuuraan (["Ajuran Sultanate", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate)). Eeg [Saldanadda Muqdisho](/so/history/sultanate-of-mogadishu/). ## Baraawe iyo Boortaqiiska, 1506 Sarkaalkii Boortaqiiska Duarte Barbosa wuxuu Baraawe (Brava) ku sharraxay "magaalo weyn oo Muuro (Muslimiin) ah, leh guryo aad u qurux badan oo dhagax iyo nuuradi ah". Wuxuu qoray: "Boqor ma leh, laakiin waxaa xukuma odayaal" ([Barbosa, tarjumaadda Dames, mug 1, b. 30](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans)). - **Weerarka.** Barbosa wuxuu qoray in Boortaqiisku "ay dadkeeda wax badan ka laayeen, qaar badanna maxbuus ahaan u kaxeeyeen, oo ay boob badan oo dahab, lacag (fiddo) iyo alaab ah ka qaadeen" (isla bogga). - **Taariikhda.** Tifaftirihiisa Dames wuxuu tan u aqoonsaday weerarkii Tristão da Cunha ee 1506, kadib markii magaaladu diiday canshuur la ballan qaaday 1503. Baraawe "waa la jabiyay kadib difaac geesinimo leh iyo dil badan" (isla bogga, faallada). - **Kadib.** Barbosa wuxuu qoray in magaalada mar dambe dib loo degay, "si ay hadda ugu barwaaqaysan tahay sidii ay hore u ahayd" (isla bogga). 1840-meeyadii, Guillain wuxuu ogaaday in Baraawe aysan haysan "wax xusuus ah" oo ka horreeyay xukunka Ajuuraan, xusuus Boortaqiiska ahna aysan haysan (qaybta 2, mug 2, bb. 169–170). ## Sida ay ku dhammaatay Guillain wuxuu magaalo kasta u diiwaan geliyay dhammaad gaar ah: - **Muqdisho.** Koox Abgaal ah ayaa duullaan ku qaaday dhulka Ajuuraan, "kadib dagaal dheer" Muqdisho waxay gacanta u gashay madaxdii Abgaal Cumar Djéloulé (qaybta 2, mug 1, b. 524). - **Marka.** Madax la oran jiray Amiir (Amir), "oo laga yaabo inuu ahaa [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/)", ayaa taageerayaal soo ururiyay, "qabsaday magaalada oo ka saaray Odjourane". Awooddiisu "waxay socotay soddon iyo afar sano", ilaa dagaal uu la galay [Biimaal](/so/society/dir/) (qaybta 2, mug 2, b. 141). - **Baraawe.** Ajuuraan waa laga saaray "sida qaar sheegaan Galla [Oromo], sida qaar kalena Tunni-ga hadda jira". Waxay u carareen gudaha xagga Ganaane ([Luuq](/so/regions/gedo/)), waxayna ku biireen Digil (qaybta 2, mug 2, b. 169). Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Cassanelli iyo Lewis, waxay leedahay dabayaaqadii 1600-meeyadii taliyayaashu waxay kordhiyeen canshuuraha, waxaana lagu eedeeyay inay ka tageen shareecada. Waxay u magacawday imaamyadii Abgaal ee Muqdisho iyo Ibraahim Adeer (Ibrahim Adeer), aasaasihii qoyska Gobroon ee Afgooye, inay ahaayeen hoggaamiyayaashii kacdoonnadii soo afjaray xukunka Ajuuraan (["Ajuran Sultanate", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate)). Taliyayaashii Gobroon ee Afgooye waxaa lagu sheegay [Saldanadda Geledi](/so/history/geledi-sultanate/). ## Ajuuraan kadib 1700 Guillain wuxuu la kulmay bulshooyin Ajuuraan ah oo weli ku noolaa hareeraha Shabeelle 1840-meeyadii. Wuxuu diiwaan geliyay tuulada Ferâlé, "oo ay degganaayeen Odjourane, suldaankooduna, oo la yiraahdo Abdi-ben-Aïça, uu deggan yahay Koubad" (qaybta 2, mug 2, b. 48). Beesha Ajuuraan ee maanta, eeg [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhaha.** Library of Congress waxay bixisaa 1550–1650. Hiddaha Guillain wuxuu bixiyaa shan iyo toban jiil, oo la mid ah xilligii Boortaqiisku joogeen Badweynta Hindiya (1498 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay). Wikipedia waxay bixisaa dabayaaqadii 1300-meeyadii ilaa dabayaaqadii 1600-meeyadii. - **Cidda xukuntay Baraawe.** Barbosa, oo qoray qiyaastii 1516, wuxuu yiri Baraawe "boqor ma leh", waxaana xukuma odayaal. Sheekooyinka casriga ahi waxay Baraawe xilligaas dhigaan gudaha dhulka Ajuuraan. - **Goorta Boortaqiisku wiiqeen.** Library of Congress waxay sheegtaa qarniyadii 17aad iyo 18aad. Weerarka Barbosa ee Baraawe wuxuu dhacay 1506. - **Cidda Ajuuraan ka saartay Baraawe.** Kuwii xogta siiyay Guillain waxay sheegeen Oromada ama Tunni. - **Inta ay le'ekayd.** Sheekada dowlad ka fidsan Hobyo ilaa Kismaayo iyo Qalaafe waxay ka timid taariikh afka laga sheego. Cassanelli wuxuu ka dhisay wareysiyo la duubay 1970-meeyadii. ## Adigu akhri ilaha asalka ah - Charles Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire, la géographie et le commerce de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 2, mug 1 (Paris, 1856), b. 524, af Faransiis: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis21guil). - Charles Guillain, isla buuggaas, qaybta 2, mug 2, bb. 48, 140–141 iyo 169–170, af Faransiis: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis22guil). - *The Book of Duarte Barbosa*, tarjumaadda M. L. Dames (Hakluyt Society, 1918), mug 1, b. 30: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans). - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993), "Mogadishu and its Banaadir hinterlands" (Muqdisho iyo dhulka Banaadir ee gudaha): [qoraalka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm). - Lee V. Cassanelli, *The Shaping of Somali Society* (1982): [Internet Archive, xaddidan](https://archive.org/details/shapingofsomalis0000cass). --- # Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1960 ilaa 1990: taariikhda iyo cilmi-baarista sannadihii Jamhuuriyadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/books-about-somalis-1960-1990/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 1960 ilaa 1990 daraasaadka Soomaalidu waxay noqdeen qayb cilmi ah. Buugaagta ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah A Pastoral Democracy (1961) iyo Modern History (1965) ee I. M. Lewis, Andrzejewski iyo Lewis ee gabayga (1964), Touval iyo Drysdale ee khilaafyada xuduudda, Cassanelli iyo Siciid Samatar (1982), Laitin iyo Samatar (1987) iyo Axmed Samatar ee dowladdii hantiwadaagga (1988). ## Buugaaggani waa maxay Laga bilaabo xorriyadda 1960, taariikhda iyo cilmiga bulshada ee Soomaalidu waxay noqdeen qayb cilmi oo u gaar ah. Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Daraasaadka Soomaalida (SSIA) waxaa la aasaasay Nofembar 1978, wuxuuna shirweynihiisii ugu horreeyay Muqdisho ku qabtay 6 ilaa 13 Luulyo 1980 ([Somali studies, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_studies); [SSIA, Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed](https://events.snu.edu.so/ssia/about/)). Buugaagta xilligan waxay u qaybsamaan dhowr kooxood: - **Bulshada iyo qabiilka.** Buugga I. M. Lewis ee A Pastoral Democracy (1961) wuxuu noqday daraasad caadi ah oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saabsan bulshada xoolo-dhaqatada woqooyiga ([Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/pastoraldemocrac0000lewi)). Taariikhdiisa guud waxay leedahay bog u gaar ah: [A Modern History of the Somali](/so/history/a-modern-history-of-the-somali/). - **Xuduudaha iyo waddaniyadda.** Saadia Touval (1963) iyo John Drysdale (1964) waxay wax ka qoreen dadaalkii lagu midaynayay dhulalka Soomaalida oo dhan iyo khilaafyadii Itoobiya iyo Kenya. - **Taariikhda ka horreysay gumeysiga.** Buugga Lee Cassanelli ee The Shaping of Somali Society (1982) wuxuu taariikhda koonfurta dib uga dhisay ilaha afka ([Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/shapingofsomalis0000cass)). - **Luqadda iyo gabayga.** Somali Poetry (1964) ee Andrzejewski iyo Lewis iyo daraasadda David Laitin ee go'aankii farta 1972 (1977) ([Qoritaankii Af-Soomaaliga, 1972](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/)). - **Jamhuuriyadda.** Laitin iyo [Siciid Samatar](/en/people/said-samatar/) (1987), [Axmed Samatar](/en/people/ahmed-samatar/) (1988) iyo [Cabdi Samatar](/en/people/abdi-samatar/) (1989) waxay wax ka qoreen dowladda, dhaqaalaha iyo dowladdii militariga. Eeg sidoo kale [Xilligii Siyaad Barre](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Buugaagta, kuwa ugu da'da weyn marka hore ### A Pastoral Democracy (1961) **Ioan M. Lewis** · Ingiriis Xoolo-dhaqashada, siyaasadda iyo qabiilka Soomaalida woqooyiga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/a-pastoral-democracy-lewis/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/pastoraldemocrac0000imle) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006009916) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL135977W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+Pastoral+Democracy+Ioan+M.+Lewis) ### Somali Nationalism (1963) **Saadia Touval** · Ingiriis Siyaasadda caalamiga ah iyo dadaalkii lagu midaynayay dhulalka Soomaalida oo dhan. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/touvalsomalinati0000unse) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somali+Nationalism+Saadia+Touval) ### Somali Poetry: An Introduction (1964) **B. W. Andrzejewski & I. M. Lewis** · Ingiriis Gabayo Soomaaliyeed oo turjumaad leh iyo hordhac ku saabsan noocyada iyo gabayaaga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/somalipoetryintr0000unse) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somali+Poetry%3A+An+Introduction+B.+W.+Andrzejewski) ### The Somali Dispute (1964) **John Drysdale** · Ingiriis Khilaafyadii dhuleed ee Itoobiya iyo Kenya 1960 kadib. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Somali+Dispute+John+Drysdale) ### The Modern History of Somaliland (markii dambe A Modern History of the Somali) (1965) **Ioan M. Lewis** · Ingiriis Taariikhda caadiga ah ee Ingiriisiga laga bilaabo qarnigii 19aad, oo la cusboonaysiiyay 1980, 2002 iyo 2003. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/history/a-modern-history-of-the-somali/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryofs0000imle) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003567302) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20540538W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Modern+History+of+Somaliland+Ioan+M.+Lewis) ### Italian Colonialism in Somalia (1966) **Robert L. Hess** · Ingiriis Xukunkii Talyaaniga laga bilaabo 1880-meeyadii ilaa 1941. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/italiancoloniali0000robe) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001609754) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6586663W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Italian+Colonialism+in+Somalia+Robert+L.+Hess) ### L'Italia nel Benadir (1966) **Giuseppina Finazzo** · Talyaani Ficilladii Talyaaniga ee xeebta Banaadir dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL12216172W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=L%27Italia+nel+Benadir+Giuseppina+Finazzo) ### Heelloy: Modern Poetry and Songs of the Somali (1974, dib loo eegay 1996) **John William Johnson** · Ingiriis Kobaca heesaha heellada iyo gabayga casriga ah laga bilaabo 1940-meeyadii. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Heelloy%3A+Modern+Poetry+and+Songs+of+the+Somali+John+William+Johnson) ### Historical Dictionary of Somalia (1975) **Margaret Castagno** · Ingiriis Daabacaaddii koowaad ee qaamuuska tixraaca ee dadka, meelaha iyo dhacdooyinka (Scarecrow Press). Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000cast) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7090939W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Historical+Dictionary+of+Somalia+Margaret+Castagno) ### Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience (1977) **David D. Laitin** · Ingiriis Go'aankii 1972 ee qoritaanka Af-Soomaaliga iyo saamayntiisii siyaasadeed. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Politics%2C+Language%2C+and+Thought%3A+The+Somali+Experience+David+D.+Laitin) ### Mohamed Abdulle Hassan (1979) **Nicole Lécuyer-Samantar** · Faransiis Taariikh nololeed kooban oo Sayidka ah oo ku jirta taxane Faransiis ah oo ku saabsan shakhsiyaadka Afrika. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6601620W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Mohamed+Abdulle+Hassan+Nicole+L%C3%A9cuyer-Samantar) ### Somalia and the World (1980) **Hussein Mohamed Adam (tif.)** · Ingiriis Diiwaanka shirkii caalamiga ahaa ee Muqdisho lagu qabtay 1979. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL22678096W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia+and+the+World+Hussein+Mohamed+Adam) ### The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900 (1982) **Lee V. Cassanelli** · Ingiriis Taariikhda koonfurta Soomaalida oo laga soo qaatay ilaha afka: Ajuuraan, Geledi iyo xeebta Banaadir. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/the-shaping-of-somali-society-cassanelli/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/shapingofsomalis0000cass) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000103579) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6091618W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Shaping+of+Somali+Society%3A+Reconstructing+the+History+of+a+Pastoral+People%2C+1600-1900+Lee+V.+Cassanelli) ### Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan (1982) **Said S. Samatar** · Ingiriis Gabayga Sayidka iyo sida uu u sidey dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Oral+Poetry+and+Somali+Nationalism%3A+The+Case+of+Sayyid+Mahammad+Abdille+Hasan+Said+S.+Samatar) ### Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (1987) **David D. Laitin & Said S. Samatar** · Ingiriis Guudmar taariikhda Soomaalida, bulshada iyo dowladdii Barre. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/somalianationins0000lait) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia%3A+Nation+in+Search+of+a+State+David+D.+Laitin) ### Socialist Somalia: Rhetoric and Reality (1988) **Ahmed I. Samatar** · Ingiriis 'Hantiwadaagga cilmiga ku dhisan' ee dowladdii Barre sida loogu dhaqmay. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/socialistsomalia00sama) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4628690W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Socialist+Somalia%3A+Rhetoric+and+Reality+Ahmed+I.+Samatar) ### The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884-1986 (1989) **Abdi Ismail Samatar** · Ingiriis Dhaqaalaha woqooyiga xilligii gumeysiga iyo kadib. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/stateruraltransf0000sama) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+State+and+Rural+Transformation+in+Northern+Somalia%2C+1884-1986+Abdi+Ismail+Samatar) ### Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People (1990) **Africa Watch** · Ingiriis Warbixin xuquuqul insaan oo ku saabsan dagaalkii woqooyiga ee 1988 ilaa 1989. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia%3A+A+Government+at+War+with+Its+Own+People+Africa+Watch) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1884 ilaa 1960](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1884-1960/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1991 ilaa 2005](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1991-2005/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida tan iyo 2006](/so/history/books-about-somalis-since-2006/) - [Qorayaasha Soomaalida iyo buugaagtooda](/en/society/somali-authors-and-their-books/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Berbera hore: Malao, Po-pa-li iyo 'dhulka Berbera' ka hor 1300 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Berbera, oo ku taal Gacanka Cadmeed (Gulf of Aden) ee gobolka Waqooyi Galbeed, waxaa lala mid dhigaa Malao, magaalo suuq ah oo buugga Periplus ee qarnigii 1aad ku tilmaamay inay ka 'wanaagsan tahay' Avalites, oo leh meel furan oo maraakiibtu ku xirtaan, laguna ganacsan jiray malmal, foox iyo 'qorfaha adag'. Qorayaasha Shiinaha laga bilaabo badhtamihii 800-meeyadii waxay ka warramaan dhul la yiraahdo Po-pa-li ama Pi-p'a-lo, oo turjumaanadoodu u fahmeen Berbera iyo xeebta Soomaalida. Juqraafiyeyaasha Carabtu 'Berbera' waxay u isticmaali jireen xeebta waqooyiga Soomaalida oo dhan. Magaalada casriga ah agagaarkeeda waxaa ku yaal xabaalo xeebeed oo qiyaastii 3 km dherer ah iyo burburro uu Richard Burton booqday 1855. ## Kooban [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) waxay leedahay dekedda dabiiciga ah ee ugu wanaagsan xeebta Soomaalida ee Gacanka Cadmeed (Gulf of Aden). Taariikhdeeda hore waxaa laga ogyahay oo keliya qorayaal shisheeye iyo burburro aan weli la qodin. Boggani wuxuu isu keenayaa waxa il kastaa ka sheegto Berbera ka hor 1300. Magaca "Berbera" laftiisa, oo qorayaasha Carabta iyo Giriigga u isticmaali jireen xeebta oo dhan, eeg [qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee ka warramay xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/). ## Malao ee buugga Periplus, qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga Buugga hagaha ganacsatada Giriigga ee la yiraahdo *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* (Socdaalka Badda Cas) wuxuu ka warramaa Malao, oo qiyaastii 800 stadia u jirta bariga Avalites ([Schoff, *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, 1912, §8, b. 25](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)): > "Avalites kadib waxaa jirta magaalo suuq ah oo kale, oo ka wanaagsan tan, oo la yiraahdo Malao… Meesha maraakiibtu ku xirtaan waa meel furan, oo ay ka ilaaliso carrab dhul ah oo bari ka soo baxa. Halkan dadka deegaanku way ka nabad badan yihiin. Meeshan waxaa la keenaa alaabta hore loo soo sheegay, iyo funaanado badan, go'yaal Arsinoe laga keenay oo la farsameeyay lana midabeeyay; koobab wax lagu cabbo, xaashiyo naxaas jilicsan ah oo yar, bir, iyo lacag dahab iyo qalin ah oo aan badnayn. Meelahan waxaa laga dhoofiyaa malmal, foox yar (kan loo yaqaan kan dhinaca kale), qorfaha adag, duaca, kobaal Hindi ah iyo macir, oo loo dhoofiyo Carabta; iyo addoomo, laakiin dhif." Schoff wuxuu qoray in "Malao ay tahay Berbera casriga ah" (isla ishaas, faallooyinka b. 79). Ptolemy, qiyaastii 150 miilaadi, isaguna wuxuu liiska ku daraa "suuqa Malao" oo u dhexeeya Avalites iyo [Mondu](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/) ([turjumaadda Stevenson ee *Geography* ee Ptolemy, 1932, b. 107](https://archive.org/details/PtolemysGeographyBook4)). Eeg [dekedaha Soomaalida ee buugga Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). ## Malao: Berbera mise Siyaara? Yaa maxay leeyahay Koox Isbaanish ah oo sahamisay xeebta Berbera 2018–2020 ayaa su'aal galisay fahamka caadiga ah. Buugga Periplus wuxuu meesha maraakiibtu ku xirtaan ee Malao ku tilmaamay "meel furan" oo ay ilaaliso carrab ama madax dhul ah oo "bari ka soo baxa". Kooxdu waxay qortay in tani "aysan haba yaraatee ku habboonayn Berbera casriga ah, oo leh meel xiran oo deggan oo maraakiibtu ku xirtaan", iyo inay si ka wanaagsan ugu habboon tahay Siyaara, oo qiyaastii 30 km u jirta bariga Berbera: Siyaara waxay leedahay madax dhagax ah oo muuqda, kan keliya ee u dhexeeya xuduudda Jabuuti (Djibouti) iyo bartamaha [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/), iyo ceelal biyo la cabbo leh sannadka oo dhan. Waxay soo jeedinayaan in aan la raadin hal meel ee la raadiyo xeeb qiyaastii 100 km ah, laga bilaabo afka webiga Issutugan ilaa Siyaara, oo laga yaabo in meelo kala duwan oo laga dego la isticmaali jiray ([González-Ruibal, de Torres iyo kuwo kale, "Nomads Trading with Empires: Intercultural Trade in Ancient Somaliland in the First to Seventh Centuries CE", *American Journal of Archaeology* 126.1, 2022, bb. 119–120](https://doi.org/10.1086/718184), si furan loo heli karo). Waxa ay xeebtaas ka heleen (isla ishaas, bb. 120–126): - **Siyaara.** Jajab saddex weel oo Ximyari ah (Carabta Koonfureed), oo si guud loogu taariikheeyay kunkii sano ee 1aad ka hor miilaadiga ilaa badhtamihii kunkii sano ee 1aad ee miilaadiga, iyo dhawr taallo (cairn) oo waaweyn oo Islaamka ka horreeyay oo xeebta ku yaal, oo loo dhigay "in laga arko badda ama xeebta". Siyaara markii dambe waxay noqotay goob suuq weyn oo xilliyeed, oo heerkiisii ugu sarreeyay gaaray intii u dhexeysay qarniyadii 11aad iyo 16aad. - **Ceel Gerdi**, oo 22 km u jirta bariga Berbera. Lix tuulmo qolof ah ayaa 6 km ku fidsan xeebta. Saddex waa kuwo Neolithic ah (Waayihii Dhagaxa Cusub); saddexda kalena waxay hayaan alaab qarniyadii 5aad–7aad ee miilaadiga dibadda laga keenay, oo ay ka mid yihiin jalxad Aksumite ah oo daahsan oo laga keenay bariga Tigray, weel Ximyari ah iyo jijin muraayad madow ah oo nooc caan ka ahaa Masar iyo Shaam. Kooxdu waxay u fahmeen inay ahaayeen meelo muddo gaaban lagu degi jiray oo ay lahaayeen kooxo yaryar oo reer guuraa ah, kuwaas oo xoolo dhaqan jiray, kalluumaysan jiray, qolofta badda ururin jiray, waxayna u badan tahay inay ugaarsan jireen. Laf geel oo laga helay mid ka mid ah tuulmooyinka ayaa, sida ay qoreen, ah tan ugu da'da weyn ee ilaa hadda laga helay Soomaaliland. Waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in ganacsiga xeebtu xilligan uu inta badan mari jiray shabakad gobolleed oo Geeska Afrika ku xirta Carabta Koonfureed, iyo in reer guuraaga xeebta Berbera aysan ahayn "bulshada xoolo-dhaqatada ah ee caadiga ah ee hal shaqo ku takhasustay" ee ay ahaayeen "bulshooyin guura oo dhaqaale isku dhafan leh" (bb. 126, 132). ## Po-pa-li iyo Pi-p'a-lo ee diiwaanka Shiinaha - **Badhtamihii 800-meeyadii.** Buugga *Youyang zazu* ee Duan Chengshi wuxuu ka warramaa "dhulka Pa-pa-li… ee ku yaal Badweynta koonfur-galbeed". Dadkiisu "ma cunaan wax galley ah, laakiin hilib bay cunaan; marar badanna xididka mid ka mid ah lo'dooda ayay mudaan, dhiigga ayay caano ku daraan oo ay ceyriin u cunaan". Dhexdooda waxay ku duudduubaan "maqaar ido". "Dadka dalkani waxay maxaabiis ka dhigaan dadkooda, waxayna ka iibiyaan shisheeyaha." Waxa laga helaa waa fool maroodi iyo cambar ([Hirth iyo Rockhill, *Chau Ju-kua*, 1911, b. 128, faallada 1](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)). - **1225.** Zhao Rugua wuxuu qoray in "dalka Pi-p'a-lo uu leeyahay afar magaalo; meelaha kale oo dhammi waa tuulooyin (had iyo jeer) isku colaadsan oo dagaallama". Dadkiisu "waxay ku quutaan hilibka iyo caanaha geela iyo kibis la dubay". Waxa laga helaa cambar, fool maroodi, gees wiyil, malmal, storax dareere ah iyo "qolof diin oo aad u qaro weyn" (isla ishaas, b. 128). Turjumaanadu waxay Pi-p'a-lo, oo Kantoonis ahaan ah *Pat-pa-lo*, u fahmeen "Berbera, guud ahaan xeebta Soomaalida", waxayna soo jeedinayaan in afarta magaalo ay u badan tahay inay ahaayeen Berbera, Saylac (Zeila), Muqdisho (Mogadishu) iyo laga yaabee Baraawe (Barawa) (isla ishaas, bb. 128–129). Eeg [diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). ## "Dhulka Berbera" ee juqraafiyeyaasha Carabta Qorayaasha Carabtu *Barbara* waxay u isticmaali jireen xeeb iyo dad, ee kuma ekeyn hal magaalo: - **Al-Mascuudi (al-Mas'udi), 956**, wuxuu Gacanka Cadmeed ugu yeeraa *al-Khalij al-Barbari*, "gacanka Barbarka" ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale, *Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, 2011, cutubka 2, §56](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). - **Al-Idriisi (al-Idrisi), 1154**, wuxuu ka warramaa "dhulka Berbera… oo laga helo tuulooyin aad u badan", oo ka bilaabma meel la yiraahdo Djouah oo ku wareegta Geeska ilaa [Marka (Merca)](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) iyo magaalo la yiraahdo el-Nedja, "dhulka ugu dambeeya ee Berbera hoos yimaada". "Dadka Berbera waxay inta badan ku quutaan hilibka diinka badda" ([Jaubert, *Géographie d'Édrisi*, mug 1, 1836, bb. 40–45](https://archive.org/details/gographiededrisi01idri), halkan lagu turjumay). - **Ibnu Saciid (Ibn Sa'id), qarnigii 13aad**, wuxuu Berbera ugu yeeraa "caasimadda" magaalooyinka Barbarka ee xeebta ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire… de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 1, 1856, bb. 238–239](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)). Eeg [Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe hore](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/). ## Burburro iyo xabaalo magaalada agagaarkeeda - **Burton, 1855.** Richard Burton wuxuu booqday burburro qiyaastii hal mayl koonfur-koonfur-bari uga beegan magaalada, oo uu ku jiro "dhisme yar oo qiyaastii siddeed yaardi oo laba jibbaaran ah oo laba qol loo qaybiyay", oo uu u qaatay masjid. Ilaha biyaha ee magaalada gadaasheeda, "dhagaxyada… waxaa daboolay burburka masaajid iyo guryo", oo leh "nuura jilicsan oo lagu qasay quruurux qallafsan, jajab dhalooyin muraayad ah iyo dheri buluug ah oo dhalaalaya". Wuxuu kaloo maray "xabaalo ballaaran" oo loo sheegay inay "lahaayeen dad ka horreeyay iyaga" ([Burton, *First Footsteps in East Africa*, 1856, buugga elektaroonigga ah ee Project Gutenberg 6886](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886)). - **Xabaalaha xeebta, 2001.** Koox Faransiis ah ayaa heshay xabaalo xeebta ku fidsan oo qiyaastii 3 km dherer ah, 20 ilaa 50 mitirna ballaar ah, oo leh "malaha dhawr kun" oo qabri, qaarkoodna lagu calaamadeeyay hal dhagax oo taagan. Waxay soo jeedinayaan inay "si joogto ah loo isticmaali karay laga soo bilaabo Qarniyadii Dhexe ilaa maanta", waxayna xuseen in baddu ay nabaadguurinayso qabuuraha xeebta ugu dhow ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §§36–37](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). - **Dhulka gudaha.** Gudaha, magaaladii qarniyadii dhexe ee Fardowsa oo u dhow Sheekh, qiyaastii 60 km koonfurta, waxay u adeegi jirtay safarrada geela ee Berbera u socda kana imanayay ([de Torres Rodríguez iyo kuwo kale, "Towns in a sea of nomads", 2022, b. 265](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/SomaliaMedieval-Torres2022.pdf)). Eeg [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). ## Deked xilliyeed De Torres Rodríguez iyo asxaabtiisu waxay ganacsiga xeebtan ku tilmaameen mid xilliyeed. Dabaysha woqooyi-bari (monsoon) waxay sahlaysay shiraacashada qiyaastii Oktoobar ilaa Abriil, markaas oo xoolo-dhaqatadu ay sidoo kale ku soo laaban jireen xeebta iyo ceelasheeda; xagaagana bannaanka xeebtu "wuxuu ahaadaa mid ku dhowaad madhan". Waxay soo jeedinayaan in tani ay sababtay in ciidankii badda ee Bortaqiiska ee weeraray Berbera 1518 ay u heleen "gebi ahaanba mid ka madhan dad iyo alaab" ([de Torres Rodríguez iyo kuwo kale 2022, bb. 255–257](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/SomaliaMedieval-Torres2022.pdf)). Socdaalayaal dambe, oo uu ka mid yahay Burton, ayaa ka warramay isla suuqa xilliyeedka ee Berbera (isla ishaas). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Saylac hore iyo masjidka Qiblatayn](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/) - [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/) - [Suuqyadii xilliyeedka ee xeebta Berbera, qiyaastii 1000–1600](/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/) - [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ee diiwaannada Yemen ee Rasuuliyiinta, 1229–1454](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/) --- # Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1991 ilaa 2005: burburkii dowladda iyo cilmi-baaris cusub Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/books-about-somalis-1991-2005/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Buugaagta la daabacay intii u dhexeysay 1991 iyo 2005 waxay ka hadlaan burburkii dowladda Soomaaliyeed, dagaalkii iyo faragelintii QM, Soomaaliland, dhaqaalaha aan dowlad lahayn, beelaha laga tiro badan yahay iyo gobollada beeraha ee koonfurta, Islaamka Soomaalida iyo qurbajoogta. Qorayaasha waxaa ka mid ah Cali Jimcaale Axmed (Ali Jimale Ahmed), Catherine Besteman, Cabdi Sheekh-Cabdi (Abdi Sheik-Abdi), Lidwien Kapteijns, I. M. Lewis, Peter Little iyo Ken Menkhaus. ## Buugaaggani waa maxay Kadib burburkii dowladdii dhexe bishii Janaayo 1991, qoraalka ku saabsan Soomaalida wuxuu u leexday sababihii dagaalka, macaluushii iyo faragelintii QM ee 1992 ilaa 1995 ([Faragelintii QM, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/)), iyo sida dadku ugu noolaayeen dowlad la'aan. - **Dib u eegidda taariikhihii hore.** Buugga [Cali Jimcaale Axmed (Ali Jimale Ahmed)](/en/people/ali-jimale-ahmed/) ee The Invention of Somalia (1995) iyo buugga Catherine Besteman ee Unraveling Somalia (1999) waxay taariikhda ku dareen beeraleyda koonfurta iyo beelaha laga tiro badan yahay. Besteman iyo Lee Cassanelli waxay tifaftireen The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia (1996). - **Warbixinnada saraakiishii hore.** Jaamac Maxamed Qaalib (Jama Mohamed Ghalib) (1995) iyo Maxamed Cismaan Cumar (Mohamed Osman Omar) (1992) waxay wax ka qoreen dhammaadkii Jamhuuriyadda. - **Diinta iyo dhaqanka.** Buugga I. M. Lewis ee Saints and Somalis (1998), buugga Maxamed Diiriye Cabdullaahi (Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi) ee Culture and Customs of Somalia (2001) iyo daraasadda Lidwien Kapteijns ee suugaanta afka ee haweenka (1999). - **Nolosha dowlad dhexe la'aanteed.** Peter Little (2003) wuxuu wax ka qoray ganacsiga iyo xoolaha, Ken Menkhaus (2004) maamulka, Cindy Horst iyo qaar kalena qaxootiga. - **Wariyeyaal.** Buugga Mark Bowden ee Black Hawk Down (1999) wuxuu ka hadlaa dagaalkii 3 iyo 4 Oktoobar 1993 ka dhacay Muqdisho (Mogadishu) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). Qorayaashani isku ma raacsana inta ay beesha, dowladda, heerka dhaqaale iyo quwadaha shisheeye ka qayb qaateen sharraxaadda dagaalka; doodda ugu weyn waxaad ka arki kartaa [A Modern History of the Somali](/so/history/a-modern-history-of-the-somali/). ## Buugaagta, kuwa ugu da'da weyn marka hore ### Tarikh harakat al-jihad al-Islami al-Sumali didda al-isti'mar (1992) **Ali Mahmud Ali Mayuf** · Carabi Taariikhda iska caabbinta Islaamiga ah ee Soomaalidu ka samaysay xukunkii gumeysiga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL10239814W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Tarikh+harakat+al-jihad+al-Islami+al-Sumali+didda+al-isti%27mar+Ali+Mahmud+Ali+Mayuf) ### Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856-1920) (1993) **Cabdi Sheekh-Cabdi (Abdi Sheik-Abdi)** · Ingiriis Taariikh nololeedka Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) iyo dhaqdhaqaaqii Daraawiishta. (Ciidanka Puntland ee maanta isla magacaas wata waa wax kale.) Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Divine+Madness%3A+Mohammed+Abdulle+Hassan+Abdi+Sheik-Abdi) ### An Anthology of Somali Poetry (1993) **B. W. Andrzejewski iyo Sheila Andrzejewski** · Ingiriis Turjumaadda gabayo Soomaaliyeed laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 19aad ilaa 1980-meeyadii. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3823955W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=An+Anthology+of+Somali+Poetry+B.+W.+Andrzejewski+with+Sheila+Andrzejewski) ### The Invention of Somalia (1995) **Cali Jimcaale Axmed (Ahmed Ali Jimale), tifaftire** · Ingiriis Maqaallo dib u eegaya taariikhihii hore ee Soomaalida, oo ay ku jirto doorka beelaha koonfurta iyo kuwa laga tiro badan yahay. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/the-invention-of-somalia-ahmed/) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002969852) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20660822W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Invention+of+Somalia+Ahmed+Ali+Jimale) ### Colloquial Somali (1995) **Martin Orwin** · Ingiriis Buug koorso ah oo lagu barto Af-Soomaaliga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/orwin-colloquial-somali) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21284516W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Colloquial+Somali+Martin+Orwin) ### The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: The War Behind the War (1996) **Catherine Besteman iyo Lee V. Cassanelli, tifaftireyaal** · Ingiriis Dhulka beeraha ee dooxooyinka Webiga Shabeelle iyo Webiga Jubba iyo sida uu gacmo u beddelay. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18985199W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Struggle+for+Land+in+Southern+Somalia+Catherine+Besteman) ### Daybreak is Near: Literature, Clans, and the Nation-State in Somalia (1996) **Cali Jimcaale Axmed (Ali Jimale Ahmed)** · Ingiriis Suugaanta iyo siyaasadda Soomaalida. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3245398W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Daybreak+is+Near+Ali+Jimale+Ahmed) ### Mending Rips in the Sky: Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century (1997) **Xuseen M. Aadan (Hussein M. Adam), tifaftire** · Ingiriis Waraaqo laga soo xulay Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Daraasaadka Soomaalida (Somali Studies International Association). Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/mendingripsinsky0000unse) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003949100) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18959757W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Mending+Rips+in+the+Sky%3A+Options+for+Somali+Communities+in+the+21st+Century+Hussein+M.+Adam) ### Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society (1998) **Ioan M. Lewis** · Ingiriis Awliyada Suufiyada, xurmaynta awliyada iyo Islaamka nolol maalmeedka Soomaalida. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/saints-and-somalis-lewis/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/saintssomalispop00lewi) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL135972W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Saints+and+Somalis%3A+Popular+Islam+in+a+Clan-based+Society+Ioan+M.+Lewis) ### Unraveling Somalia: Race, Violence, and the Legacy of Slavery (1999) **Catherine Besteman** · Ingiriis Bulshooyinka Gosha iyo Jareer ee dooxada Webiga Jubba. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/unraveling-somalia-besteman/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/unravelingsomali0000best) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1935942W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Unraveling+Somalia%3A+Race%2C+Violence%2C+and+the+Legacy+of+Slavery+Catherine+Besteman) ### Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War (1999) **Mark Bowden** · Ingiriis Dagaalkii 3-4 Oktoobar 1993 ka dhacay Muqdisho. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/black-hawk-down-bowden/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00bowd_1) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003530023) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL491846W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book)) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Black+Hawk+Down%3A+A+Story+of+Modern+War+Mark+Bowden) ### Women's Voices in a Man's World: Women and the Pastoral Tradition in Northern Somali Orature, c. 1899-1980 (1999) **Lidwien Kapteijns** · Ingiriis Heesaha iyo sheekooyinka haweenka iyo kaalintooda bulshada. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/womens-voices-in-a-mans-world-kapteijns/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/womensvoicesinma00kapt) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004100638) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL447854W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Women%27s+Voices+in+a+Man%27s+World%3A+Women+and+the+Pastoral+Tradition+in+Northern+Somali+Orature%2C+c.+1899-1980+Lidwien+Kapteijns) ### The Cold War Fallout: Boundary Politics and Conflict in the Horn of Africa (2000) **Cabdisalaam M. Ciise-Salwe (Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe)** · Ingiriis Loolankii quwadaha waaweyn iyo colaadda Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Cold+War+Fallout%3A+Boundary+Politics+and+Conflict+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+Abdisalam+M.+Issa-Salwe) ### Culture and Customs of Somalia (2001) **Maxamed Diiriye Cabdullaahi (Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi)** · Ingiriis Guudmar ku saabsan diinta, qoyska, gabayada, cuntada iyo nolol maalmeedka. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004211756) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL978755W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Culture+and+Customs+of+Somalia+Mohamed+Diriye+Abdullahi) ### Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda (2001) **Scott Peterson** · Ingiriis Warbixin wariye oo ku saabsan horraantii 1990-meeyadii, oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho 1992 ilaa 1993. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/me-against-my-brother-peterson/) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1981834W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Me+Against+My+Brother+Scott+Peterson) ### Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-State over 150 Years (2001) **Virginia Luling** · Ingiriis Taariikhda iyo nolosha saldanadda Geledi ee Afgooye (Afgoye). Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4797400W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somali+Sultanate+Virginia+Luling) ### Imperialismo e resistenza in Corno d'Africa (2002) **Gerardo Nicolosi** · Talyaani Dhaqdhaqaaqii Sayidka iyo xukunkii Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6072652W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Imperialismo+e+resistenza+in+Corno+d%27Africa+Gerardo+Nicolosi) ### Somalia: Economy Without State (2003) **Peter D. Little** · Ingiriis Xoolaha, ganacsiga xuduudaha ka gudba iyo xawaaladaha kadib 1991. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/somalia-economy-without-state-little/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/somaliaeconomywi0000litt) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL13617590W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia%3A+Economy+Without+State+Peter+D.+Little) ### Historical Dictionary of Somalia (new edition) (2003) **Maxamed Xaaji Mukhtaar (Mohamed Haji Mukhtar)** · Ingiriis Buug tixraac ah (daabacaad cusub), oo ka mid ah taxanaha African Historical Dictionaries ee Scarecrow Press. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000mukh) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5954326W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Historical+Dictionary+of+Somalia+Mohamed+Haji+Mukhtar) ### Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism (2004) **Ken Menkhaus** · Ingiriis Warqad ka mid ah taxanaha Adelphi Papers oo ku saabsan maamulka dowlad la'aanta. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia%3A+State+Collapse+and+the+Threat+of+Terrorism+Ken+Menkhaus) ### Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Contested Nationalism and the Crisis of the Nation-State in Somalia (2004) **Cabdi M. Kusow (Abdi M. Kusow), tifaftire** · Ingiriis Maqaallo ku saabsan wadaniyadda iyo dowladda. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8896873W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Putting+the+Cart+Before+the+Horse+Abdi+M.+Kusow) ### The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa (2005) **Michael van Notten** · Ingiriis Xeerka Soomaalida (sharciga dhaqanka). Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8896877W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Law+of+the+Somalis%3A+A+Stable+Foundation+for+Economic+Development+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+Michael+van+Notten) ### Jubba Land History (2005) **Aadan Boqow (Aden Boqow)** · Ingiriis Taariikhda gobolka Jubba. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL13814651W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Jubba+Land+History+Aden+Boqow) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1960 ilaa 1990](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1960-1990/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1991 ilaa 2005](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1991-2005/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida tan iyo 2006](/so/history/books-about-somalis-since-2006/) - [Qorayaasha Soomaaliyeed iyo buugaagtooda](/en/society/somali-authors-and-their-books/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Xiis (Heis): dekeddii hore iyo 300-keeda taallo, qarniyadii 1aad ilaa 3aad ee miilaadiga Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Xiis (Heis), oo ku taal xeebta Sanaag, waa qabuuro ka kooban in ka badan 300 taallo dhagax ah oo 1.8 km ku fidsan xeebta, una dhow jasiirad yar oo dhagax ah. Waxaa laga helay alaab Roomaan, Masaari, Barthiyaan (Parthian), Carabta Koonfureed iyo Hindi ah, oo loo taariikheeyay qarnigii 1aad ilaa qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga. Inta badan waxaa la aaminsan yahay inay tahay Mundus, mid ka mid ah dekedaha 'dhinaca fog' ee Periplus-ka qarnigii 1aad. Koox Isbaanish ah ayaa sahamisay 2018, waxayna afar ka mid ah taallooyinka qodday 2019. Waxay qoreen in dadka halkaas lagu aasay ay ahaayeen xoolo-dhaqato reer guuraa ah oo xeebta kula ganacsan jiray ganacsato shisheeye. ## Kooban Xiis (Heis) waxay ku taal xeebta [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/), bariga [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). Waa goobta ganacsi ee qadiimiga ah ee ugu wanaagsan ee la daraaseeyay xeebta Soomaalida ee Gacanka Cadmeed. Ku dhawaad wax kasta oo halkaas laga helay dibadda ayaa laga keenay, ku dhawaad dhammaantoodna qabuuraha ayay ka soo baxeen. Boggani wuxuu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay warbixinta kooxda Isbaanishka ee halkaas ka shaqaysay 2018 iyo 2019 ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres, "New evidence of long-distance trade in Somaliland in Antiquity: imported materials from the 2018–2019 field seasons at Xiis (Heis), first to third centuries AD", gudaha *Networked Spaces*, MOM Éditions, 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). Lambarrada faqradaha ee hoose waxay tilmaamayaan warbixintaas. ## Kuwa halkaas ka shaqeeyay - **[Georges Révoil](/so/history/revoil-ancient-sites-north-east-1880/), dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad.** Sahamiyahan Faransiiska ahaa wuxuu taallooyinka ka ururiyay quraarad iyo dhoobo Roomaan ah. Quraaradiisa waxaa la daraaseeyay 1986, ururintiisa oo dhanna buug gaar ah ayaa lagu daabacay 1993 (§1). - **Neville Chittick, 1976.** Wuxuu taallo yar oo la dhacay ka helay quraarad Roomaan ah oo "qiyaastii qarnigii 4aad ee miilaadiga ah" (tarjumaad), iyo dhoobo uu u taariikheeyay qarniyadii 2aad–5aad (§1). - **Sahamadii 2017–2018.** Carl Phillips wuxuu goobta u sahamiyay shirkad dhismo oo qorshaynaysay waddo u socota deked mustaqbalka la dhisi doono; kooxda Isbaanishka, oo ka timid Machadka Cilmiga Hiddaha (Incipit) ee Golaha Qaranka ee Cilmi-baarista Isbaanishka, ayaa si gaar ah u sahamisay (§1). - **Qodistii 2019.** Kooxda Isbaanishku waxay qodday afar taallo. Shaqadu waxay istaagtay 2020 kadib markii duufaantii kulaylaha ee Pawan ay burburisay waddada Xiis (§1). ## Goobta Waxay leedahay saddex qaybood (§§2–3): - **Qabuuraha.** In ka badan 300 taallo oo qaabab iyo cabbirro kala duwan leh ayaa 1,800 mitir ku fidsan xeebta, inta u dhexeysa jasiirad dhagax ah iyo afka webi xilliyeed. Inta badan waxay ku yaallaan meel qiyaastii 800 x 250 mitir ah oo ka hoosaysa sare-dhul la yiraahdo Ma'ajilayn, oo 145 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda. - **Sare-dhulka Ma'ajilayn.** Weelal khamri oo Roomaan ah (amphorae), weelal kayd iyo dheryo karin oo Carabta Koonfureed ah, balse wax dhismayaal ah ma leh. - **Jasiiradda**, oo xeebta u jirta wax ka yar 200 mitir, oo leh madal 15 mitir ah oo dhagax shacaab ah iyo jaranjarooyin dhul. Waa qaybta keliya ee goobta laga helay dhoobo xilliyadii dhexe iyo kuwii ka dambeeyay. ## Waxa qabuuruhu ka koobnaayeen Kooxdu waxay taallo kasta ku sawirtay diyaarad aan duuliye lahayn (drone). Alaab dibadda laga keenay ayaa laga helay 80 ka mid ah: dhoobo dhalaalsan oo Barthiyaan ah oo ka timid koonfurta Ciraaq 46 ka mid ah, quraarad 25, weelal khamri 19, alaab dhoobo caadi ah oo giraangir lagu sameeyay 15, iyo kuul dhagax ama quraarad ah 7 (§4). Afarta qabri ee la qoday (§4): - laba waxaa midkiiba ku jiray hal qalfoof, wax alaab ahna kuma jirin; - mid aan la taaban oo dhan ah, waxaa ku jiray qof dhallinyaro ah oo la jiray "dhalo weyn oo quraarad Roomaan ah oo loo taariikheeyay qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga, kabaal bir ah iyo silsilad qoorta ah oo leh kuul quraarad iyo naxaas ah" (tarjumaad); - mid la dhacay, ayaa weli lagu hayay "alaab qani ah oo badan oo ka timid qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga" (tarjumaad), oo ay ka mid yihiin quraarad millefiori ah, baaquli quraarad Roomaan ah oo xariiqyo leh, dhoobo dhalaalsan oo Barthiyaan ah, terra sigillata Talyaani ah iyo quraarado qurxin ah oo ka mid ahaa sanduuq. ## Meesha alaabtu ka timid Warbixintu waxay sheegaysaa (§§6–22): - **Weelal khamri (amphorae)** oo ka yimid Campania ee Talyaaniga, Badda Iijiyan (Rhodes ama Kos), Cilicia ee Turkiga, koonfurta Gaul iyo Masar. Jajab weel khamri ah ayaa leh qoraal Giriig ah oo xoqan oo leh xarfaha A, Y, N (§8). - **Weelal miis oo tayo sare leh**: terra sigillata Talyaani ah, oo u badan inay ka timid Arezzo; Eastern Sigillata oo ka timid deegaanka Antioch; iyo baaquliyo casaan lagu dahaadhay oo ka yimid warshadaha Niil. - **Weelal dhalaalsan** oo ka yimid gobolka Basra ee koonfurta Ciraaq, "in ka badan boqol jajab" (tarjumaad) (§12). - **Weelal kayd** oo ka yimid Carabta Koonfureed. - **Kuul** carnelian iyo agate ah, oo u badan inay ka yimaadeen Koonfurta Aasiya (§25). Dhoobada deegaanka ku dhawaad ma jirto: "wax ka yar 1% dhammaan alaabta la diiwaangeliyay" (tarjumaad) (§5). Dheri karin oo gacan lagu sameeyay oo deegaanka ah ayaa leh nooc ay kooxdu sidoo kale ka hesho "goobaha dadka asalka ah laga bilaabo kunkii sano ee 1aad ee miilaadiga ilaa qarnigii 13aad gobolka [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/)" (tarjumaad) (§11). ## Taariikhaha Kooxdu alaabta waxay u taariikhaysaa horraantii qarnigii 1aad ilaa qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga, iyadoo qarnigii 1aad ahaa "heerka ugu sarreeya ee ganacsiga fog ee goobta" (tarjumaad). Waxay diiwaangelisay "maqnaansho buuxda oo alaab loo taariikheeyay qarnigii 4aad iyo wixii ka dambeeyay" (tarjumaad), waxayna ku soo gabagabaysay in "ganacsiga fog ee Xiis uu dhammaaday waqti ku dhow qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga" (tarjumaad) (§§23–24). Waxay soo jeedisay laba sababood: dekedaha xeebta Soomaalida ma lahayn dhismayaal joogto ah, waxayna "si fudud u guuri jireen" (tarjumaad), doorka Aksum ee Badda Casna wuu kordhay laga bilaabo qarnigii 3aad (§24). ## Kuwa halkaas lagu aasay Kooxdu waxay qortay in dadka dhintay "ay ahaayeen reer guuraa, maadaama lagu aasay qabuuro la mid ah kuwa ka muuqda waddooyinka u socda gudaha Soomaaliland, oo weli ay maanta isticmaalaan xoolo-dhaqatada guuraaga ah" (tarjumaad). Waxay xustay in dhoobo deegaan la waayay, maadaama xoolo-dhaqatadu "ay u badan tahay inay isticmaali jireen dambiilo iyo weelal qara ah" (tarjumaad), iyo in aan xeebta iyo gudahaba laga helin degaan joogto ah oo xilligan ah (§27). Waxay buurta dusheeda u aragtaa meeshii "dadka asalka ahi ay ku sugi jireen imaatinka ganacsatada shisheeye" (tarjumaad), cagta buurtana meel kulan ama meel cibaado oo suurtagal ah, iyadoo xustay in "diyaafado, siyaarooyin iyo cibaadooyin kale oo la xiriira goobaha aaska ay taariikh ahaan ka yaqaanniin xoolo-dhaqatada Geeska" (tarjumaad) (§26). Isla kooxdaas ayaa markii dambe ku tilmaantay ganacsiga u dhexeeyay reer guuraaga iyo ganacsatada shisheeye ee xeebtan mid xilliyeed ah oo raacayay dabaylaha monsoon-ka, waxayna suuqyadii xeebta ee qarniyadii dhexe ugu yeertay "tusaalooyin dambe oo ka mid ah dhaqan qarniyo jiray oo ganacsi ah oo u dhexeeyay reer guuraaga iyo ganacsatada shisheeye" (tarjumaad) ([de Torres Rodríguez iyo kuwo kale, "Towns in a sea of nomads", 2022, b. 269](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/SomaliaMedieval-Torres2022.pdf)). ## Xiis iyo Periplus-ka Xiis "waxaa dhaqan ahaan loo aqoonsaday mid ka mid ah 'dekedaha dhinaca fog'" (tarjumaad) ee Periplus-ka, Mundus ama Mosylon. Kooxdu waxay qortay in "qorayaasha badankoodu ay isku raacsan yihiin in midda ugu habboon ay noqon karto Mundu" (tarjumaad), maxaa yeelay Periplus-ku wuxuu ka warramayaa maraakiib ku xirta "jasiiradda aadka ugu dhow xeebta" (tarjumaad), sida jasiiradda Xiis (§2). Periplus-ku wuxuu ka yiri Mundus in ganacsatada halkaas joogaa ay "yihiin kuwo gorgortan adag" (tarjumaad) (lagu soo xigtay §2). Eeg [dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus-ka](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). **Aragtidii Chittick, 1979.** Neville Chittick wuxuu taallooyinka ku tilmaamay "kuwo ku fidsan qiyaastii 4 km xeebta" (tarjumaad), "goob la degganaa" (tarjumaad) ma uusan helin, wuxuuna jajabyada dusha sare ku xusay "weel dhoobo Nuubiyaan ah, oo caddayn u ah ganacsi lala lahaa Masar sare" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu magaca deegaanka ee raasku, Ma'ajilayn, la barbardhigay Mosyllon, balse wuxuu qoray in sharaxaadda Periplus-ka ee Mundus, "oo lagu xusay jasiirad xeebta u dhow, ay goobta si fiican ugu habboon tahay. Waxaa laga yaabaa in meelaha la isku qaldo" (tarjumaad). Isaguna wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyay in "ganacsiga ay wadeen reer guuraa oo malaha imaan jiray oo dhisan jiray guryo ku-meel-gaar ah (oo laga yaabo inay u ekaayeen *aqalka* Soomaaliga ee casriga ah, oo si fudud loo furfuro si loogu safro) xilliga ganacsiga" (tarjumaad), wuxuuna soo jeediyay in quraaradda Roomaanka ee tayada sare leh "aysan ku habboonayn nolosha reer guuraaga… Waxaa laga yaabaa in alaabtan loogu talagalay oo keliya kuwa dhintay" (tarjumaad) ([Chittick, "Early ports in the Horn of Africa", *International Journal of Nautical Archaeology* 8.4, 1979, bb. 273–274](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). **Doonyaha.** Chittick wuxuu meelaha furan ee aan gabbaadka lahayn ee laga soo dego xeebtan ku xiray "sii jiritaanka gobolkan ee doonyaha la tolo (*beden*), oo la dhiso iyadoon wax bir ah lagu xirin, oo la sheego inay u adkaystaan ku dhaca xeebta marka ay ka soo galaan hirarka si ka wanaagsan doonyaha kale" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, b. 273). Raas Xaafuun (Ras Hafun), goobta kale ee qadiimiga ah ee la qoday ee xeebta Soomaalida, waxay leedahay alaab isku mid ah, balse waxaa sidoo kale laga helay dhoobo Hindi ah, taas oo aan laga helin Xiis (§25). Eeg [Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Kahor 1300: dhulalka Soomaalida ee qadiimiga ah](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Aaska qadiimiga ah, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/) - [Beeyo iyo malmal](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/) - [Taallooyinka Xiis iyo aqoonta xiddigaha ee Soomaalida](/so/history/xiis-cairns-and-somali-star-lore/) - [Qoraallada Saba'ga ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/sabaean-inscriptions-on-the-somali-coast/) --- # Faragelintii QM iyo Mareykanka, 1992–1995: UNOSOM iyo UNITAF Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga soo bilaabo Abriil 1992 ilaa Maarso 1995, Qaramada Midoobay (QM) waxay Soomaaliya ka waday laba hawlgal, UNOSOM I iyo II, laga soo bilaabo Diseembar 1992 ilaa Maajo 1993-na ciidan uu Mareykanku hoggaaminayay, UNITAF, oo ka koobnaa qiyaastii 37,000 askari, ayaa sugay gaarsiinta raashinka xilligii macaluusha. QM waxay ku qiyaastay in hawlgalladu badbaadiyeen ugu yaraan rubuc milyan oo qof. Dagaalladii lala galay kooxda Jeneraal Caydiid laga soo bilaabo Juun 1993, oo uu ku jiro dagaalkii 3 Oktoobar 1993, waxaa ku dhintay boqolaal Soomaali ah iyo in ka badan 150 askari oo QM ah, ciidamadii ugu dambeeyay ee QM-na waxay ka baxeen Maarso 1995. ## Kooban Kadib markii dowladdu dhacday Janaayo 1991, dagaal iyo abaar ayaa macaluul ku keenay koonfurta. QM waxay ku qiyaastay in laga yaabo in 300,000 qof ay dhinteen intii u dhaxaysay Nofembar 1991 iyo dabayaaqadii 1992. Qiyaastii 4.5 milyan oo qof, in ka badan kala badh dadweynaha, ayaa khatar ugu jiray gaajo daran ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). Adduunku wuxuu ku jawaabay laba hawlgal oo QM ah iyo ciidan uu Mareykanku hoggaaminayay. QM waxay iyaga u aanaysaa badbaadinta ugu yaraan rubuc milyan oo nolol (eeg hoos). Hawlgalku wuxuu sidoo kale isu beddelay dagaal lala galay hal koox oo Muqdisho ku sugan, wuxuuna ku dhammaaday ka bixitaankii QM 1995. ## UNOSOM I, Abriil–Diseembar 1992 - **23 Janaayo 1992.** Qaraarka 733 ee Golaha Ammaanka QM wuxuu ku baaqay xabbad joojin, wuxuuna Soomaaliya saaray cunaqabateyn hub ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **3 Maarso 1992.** Madaxweynaha ku-meel-gaarka ah Cali Mahdi Maxamed (Ali Mahdi Mohamed) iyo Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (Mohamed Farah Aidid), hoggaamiyeyaasha labada garab ee [Golaha Midnimada Soomaaliyeed (USC)](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/), ayaa saxiixay xabbad joojin Muqdisho ah (isla ishaas). - **24 Abriil 1992.** Qaraarka 751 wuxuu dhisay Hawlgalka QM ee Soomaaliya (UNOSOM). Diblomaasiga Aljeeriya Maxamed Saxnuun (Mohamed Sahnoun) ayaa noqday ergayga gaarka ah ee QM (isla ishaas). - **14 Sebtembar 1992.** 500-kii askari ee ugu horreeyay ee amniga QM, oo ka yimid Pakistan, ayaa yimid Muqdisho (isla ishaas). Dagaalka iyo dhacitaanka ayaa raashinka ka hor istaagay inuu gaaro dadka gaajaysan. Nofembar 1992 Xoghayaha Guud wuxuu Golaha u sheegay in xoog oo keliya lagu sugi karo gaarsiinta (isla ishaas). ## UNITAF, Diseembar 1992–Maajo 1993 3 Diseembar 1992 Golaha Ammaanku wuxuu si wadajir ah u ansixiyay qaraarka 794. Wuxuu oggolaaday "dhammaan habab kasta oo lagama maarmaan ah si sida ugu dhakhsaha badan loo abuuro jawi ammaan ah oo loogu talagalay hawlgallada gargaarka bini'aadamnimada" (tarjumaad) ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). Mareykanku wuxuu soo bandhigay inuu hoggaamiyo ciidanka. Ciidamadii ugu horreeyay ee Ciidanka Hawlaha Midaysan (UNITAF), oo Mareykanka looga yaqaan Hawlgalka Soo Celinta Rajada (Operation Restore Hope), ayaa ka degay Muqdisho 9 Diseembar 1992. Markii uu ugu badnaa UNITAF wuxuu lahaa qiyaastii 37,000 askari oo ka kala yimid in ka badan 20 dal, wuxuuna daboolayay qiyaastii 40 boqolkiiba dalka (isla ishaas). Maarso 1993, 15 urur oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ku kulmay Addis Ababa, waxayna saxiixeen heshiis ku saabsan hub ka dhigis iyo gole ku-meel-gaar ah ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). ## UNOSOM II, Maajo 1993–Maarso 1995 Qaraarka 814 ee 26 Maarso 1993 wuxuu dhisay hawlgal ka weyn, UNOSOM II, oo awood loo siiyay inuu hubka ka dhigo kooxaha oo dib u dhiso hay'adaha. Wuxuu UNITAF ka la wareegay 4 Maajo 1993. Waxaa loo oggolaaday ilaa 28,000 askari iyo boolis oo ka kala yimid 34 dal ([QM, xaqiiqooyinka iyo tirooyinka UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). ## 5 Juun 1993 iyo dagaalkii kooxda Caydiid Kooxda Caydiid, USC/SNA, waxay saxiixday heshiiskii Addis Ababa balse lama shaqayn hubka ka dhigista. 5 Juun 1993, weerarro hubaysan oo lagu qaaday ciidamada QM ee koonfurta Muqdisho ayaa lagu dilay 25 askari oo Pakistani ah, sida ay QM tirisay ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Qaraarka 837 ee 6 Juun wuxuu ku baaqay in la xiro kuwii masuulka ka ahaa. Laga soo bilaabo 12 Juun ciidamada QM waxay weerarro cirka iyo dhulka ah ku qaadeen koonfurta Muqdisho. 17 Juun ergayga QM wuxuu amar ku bixiyay in Caydiid la xiro (isla ishaas). ## 3 Oktoobar 1993 Ciidamada Rangers ee Mareykanka ayaa koonfurta Muqdisho ku qaaday weerar si ay u qabtaan kaaliyeyaasha Caydiid. Waxay xireen 24 qof oo looga shakiyay. Dagaalyahanno Soomaaliyeed ayaa soo riday laba diyaaradood oo qumaati ah oo Mareykan ah, waxaana la dilay 18 askari oo Mareykan ah, 75-na waa la dhaawacay ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Askari Malaysian ah ayaa sidoo kale la dilay ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1994*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)). Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay in "laga yaabo in dhowr boqol oo Soomaali ah la dilay" (tarjumaad). Dhinaca Caydiid wuxuu bixiyay 315 dhimasho iyo 812 dhaawac, tirooyin uu Laanqayrta Cas ku tilmaamay "kuwo macquul ah" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Maalmo kadib Madaxweyne Clinton wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in ciidamada Mareykanku ka bixi doonaan ilaa 31 Maarso 1994. 9 Oktoobar kooxda Caydiid waxay ku dhawaaqday xabbad joojin hal dhinac ah oo ay la gashay QM ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? Soomaali ayaa u dhimatay macaluul, dagaallada kooxaha, iyo dagaalkii u dhexeeyay ciidamada QM iyo maleeshiyaadka Caydiid. Human Rights Watch waxay diiwaangelisay jebinta sharciyada dagaalka ee dhinacyada oo dhan 1993 ([HRW, *World Report 1994*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)): - **Ciidamada QM iyo Mareykanka.** 13 Juun ciidamada Pakistan waxay rasaas ku fureen dad badan oo isu soo baxay, waxayna dileen ugu yaraan toban qof, oo ay ku jiraan haween iyo carruur. 17 Juun ciidamada QM waxay rasaas ku fureen Isbitaalka Digfeer (Digfer), ugu yaraan shan bukaan ayaana dhintay. 12 Luulyo diyaarado qumaati ah oo Mareykan ah ayaa gantaallo ku garaacay meel ay QM ugu yeertay xarun taliska Jeneraal Caydiid; digniin lama bixin, QM-na markii hore waxay sheegtay in 13 dhinteen, balse Laanqayrta Cas waxay xaqiijisay ugu yaraan 54. Africa Watch waxay qiyaastay in dhammaadkii Oktoobar, 500 ilaa 600 Soomaali ah ay dileen ciidamada Mareykanka ama QM, in ka badan 2,000-na la dhaawacay. - **Ciidamada Caydiid.** Dagaalyahannadu waxay isbitaallada ka rasaasayn jireen, "dadka rayidka ahna waxay u muuqataa in loo adeegsaday 'gaashaan' ciidamadiisa" (tarjumaad). Soomaali u shaqaynaysay QM ayaa la dilay, iyadoo la sheegay inay ahaayeen dil aan maxkamad lahayn. - **Maxkamadaynta.** Lix askari oo Kanadiyaan ah ayaa lagu soo oogay dacwad la xiriirta garaac lagu dilay Soomaali ku jiray gacantooda (eeg [Arrintii Soomaaliya ee Kanada](/so/history/somalia-affair-canada-1993/)). Ciidamada Beljamka waxay baaritaan ka furtay dhaqankoodii Kismaayo (eeg [ciidamadii Beljamka iyo Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya, 1993](/so/history/belgian-italian-troops-somalia-1993/)). UNOSOM II waxay waysay 154 shaqaale: 149 askari iyo 5 shaqaale rayid ah ([QM, xaqiiqooyinka iyo tirooyinka UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). ## Ka bixitaankii, 1995 1993 kadib dalal dhowr ah ayaa ciidamadooda la baxay. Marxaladda ugu dambaysa waxaa daboolay ciidan ka kooban toddoba dal oo uu hoggaaminayay Gaashaanle Sare Anthony Zinni oo Mareykan ah. Ciidamadii ugu dambeeyay ee QM waxay ka baxeen Muqdisho horraantii Maarso 1995 ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). ## Waxa ay QM sheegto inay gaartay Soo koobidda QM laftigeedu waxay hawlgalka u aanaysaa xabbad joojin qaran iyo 52 ka mid ah 92 gole degmo oo la qorsheeyay iyo 8 ka mid ah 18 gole gobol. Waxay leedahay "ugu yaraan, qiyaastii rubuc milyan oo nolol ah ayaa la badbaadiyay" (tarjumaad) ([QM, taariikhda UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Waxay sidoo kale xustay in in ka badan 250 odayaal, aqoonyahanno, kooxo haween iyo ururo bulshada ay ka qaybgaleen shirkii Addis Ababa ee Maarso 1993, "ballaarin aan hore loo arag oo ka qaybgalka siyaasadda ah" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Waxa xigay waxaa lagu sheegay [burburkii, 1991–2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Pakistaniyiintii dhintay 5 Juun 1993.** QM waxay bixisaa 25 la dilay. Human Rights Watch waxay bixisaa 24. - **Soomaalidii dhimatay 3 Oktoobar 1993.** Ma jirto tiro lagu heshiiyay. Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay dhowr boqol; dhinaca Caydiid wuxuu bixiyay 315. - **Weerarkii 12 Luulyo 1993.** UNOSOM markii hore waxay bixisay 13 dhimasho. Laanqayrta Cas waxay xaqiijisay ugu yaraan 54. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Qaramada Midoobay, *UNOSOM I: background*: [qoraalka](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html). - Qaramada Midoobay, *UNOSOM II: background*: [qoraalka](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html), iyo [xaqiiqooyinka iyo tirooyinka](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html). - Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1994*, cutubka Soomaaliya: [qoraalka](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm). --- # Abasa (Darbiyah Kola): magaalo qarniyadii dhexe ku taalay Awdal iyo deriskeeda Xasadinle iyo Iskudarka Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Abasa, oo Richard Burton u bixiyay Darbiyah Kola, 'qalcaddii Kola', waa burbur magaalo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo qiyaastii 20 km waqooyi ka xigta Boorama (Borama), gobolka Awdal. Waxay ku fadhidaa 56.5 hektar, waxayna lahayd qiyaastii 200 oo guri oo dhagax ah, laba masaajid, laba qabuuro iyo dhisme dadweyne oo weyn. Koox Isbaanish ah ayaa sahamisay 2018, iyo laba goob oo yaryar oo u dhow: tuulada Xasadinle iyo tuulo yar oo la yiraahdo Iskudarka Dayeergalka Kifiile. Dheryaha dibadda laga keenay waxay saddexdaba ku taariikheeyaan qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad, markii aaggu ka tirsanaa saldanadda Barr Sacad ad-Diin (Cadal). Kooxdu waxay u aragtaa inay ahaayeen degsiimooyin beeraley ah oo ka fog waddooyinkii waaweynaa ee ganacsiga. ## Kooban Abasa waa mid ka mid ah qiyaastii 20 goobood oo magaalooyin qarniyadii dhexe ah oo laga yaqaan galbeedka [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) iyo qaybta Itoobiya ee la deriska ah. Waxay qiyaastii 9 km koonfur-bari ka xigtaa tuulada Boon, qiyaastii 20 km waqooyina ka xigtaa [Boorama (Borama)](/so/regions/awdal/), iyadoo u dhow xadka Itoobiya. Ku dhawaad wax kasta oo boggan ku jira waxay ka yimaadeen hal daraasad, oo isku keentay sahan 2018 ay samaysay Machadka Cilmiga Hiddaha (Incipit) ee Golaha Cilmi-baarista Qaranka Isbeyn, alaabta iyo sawirrada A. T. Curle uu 1930-meeyadii siiyay Matxafka Ingiriiska (British Museum), iyo khariidado hore ([de Torres Rodríguez, "Kola's Kingdom: The Territory of Abasa (Western Somaliland) during the Medieval Period", *International Journal of Historical Archaeology* 28, 2024, bb. 545–575](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-023-00721-7), si furan loo heli karo). Magaalooyinka kale ee burburay ee gobolka, eeg [Magaalooyinka burburay ee gudaha Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). ## "Qalcaddii Kola" ee Burton, 1854 Isagoo u socda Harar, Richard Burton wuxuu raacay dooxada Abasa, wuxuuna sharraxay magaalo burbursan: > "Kani waa goobtii Darbiyah Kola,—Qalcaddii Kola,—oo loogu magac daray boqoraddeedii Galla ahayd. Waxaa la yiraahdaa magaaladan iyo deriskeeda Aububah waxay u dagaallameen sidii bisadaha qaarkood ee Kilkenny ilaa ay labaduba 'wada cunmeen:' Gudabirsi (Gadabuursi) waxay dhacdadaas ku beegeen xilligii awoowayaashood weli degganaayeen Bulaxaar (Bulhar) oo xeebta ku taal,—qiyaastii 300 sano ka hor… Masaajidku waa dhisme weyn oo saqaf la' oo ay ku jiraan laba iyo toban tiir oo afargeesle ah oo dhagax qallafsan laga dhisay… mil iyo bar oo dherer ah wax walba waxay ahaayeen burbur—burbur—burbur." (Burton, *[First Footsteps in East Africa](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1500-1884/)*, sida uu u soo xigtay de Torres Rodríguez 2024, bb. 549–550; "Galla" waa magac hore oo dibadda laga bixiyay Oromada, oo hadda loo arko mid aflagaaddo ah, sida de Torres ku xusay b. 545.) Magaca Darbiyah Kola hadda dadka deegaanku ma isticmaalaan. De Torres wuxuu qorayaa in khariidad Talyaani ah oo 1894 ay aaggan ku calaamadisay "Darbija-Cola", khariidad Ingiriis ah oo 1926-na "Darbiya Kola", halka khariidadaha xuduudaha Ingiriiska ee 1930-meeyadii ay "burbur" ku calaamadeeyeen magaca Abasa, oo tan iyo markaas la isticmaalo. Isagoo ku tiirsan khariidadaha iyo sharraxaadda Burton, wuxuu Abasa u aqoonsaday Darbiyah Kola (b. 550). ## Yaa booqday - **A. T. Curle, bartamihii 1930-meeyadii**, oo sarkaal ka ahaa guddiga xuduudaha Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya. Wuxuu sharraxay masaajidka weyn, wuxuu sawiray mixraabkiisa ka hor intaanu dumin, wuxuuna ku qiyaasay qiyaastii 200 oo guri. Sawirradiisa iyo waxyaabihii uu helay waxay yaallaan Matxafka Ingiriiska (bb. 546, 550). - **Socdaalkii Soofiyeeti–Soomaaliyeed, 1971**, iyo **Neville Chittick, 1975**, oo sawiray qorshihii ugu horreeyay ee masaajidka, qorayna in qaansada mixraabku dhacday (bb. 550, 552). - **Fauvelle-Aymar iyo Hirsch, 2001**, oo diiwaan geliyay sida goobtu u sii xumaanaysay, waxayna maqleen goob labaad oo isla magacaas leh (b. 550). - **Kooxda Incipit, 2018**, oo masaajidka weyn ku sawirtay diyaarad aan duuliye lahayn (drone), gudihiisana ka qoday hal god tijaabo ah oo yar (b. 552). ## Magaalada De Torres wuxuu goobta u sharraxay sidan (bb. 549–553): - **Baaxadda.** 56.5 hektar oo ku taal dooxo 2 km koonfur ka xigta webiga Abasa. Kooxdu waxay diiwaan gelisay 97 guri, waxayna u malaynaysaa in tirada guud ay ku dhowdahay 200-ka Curle. Guryuhu waa kala firirsan yihiin, mana jirto calaamad muujinaysa qorshe waddooyin. - **Guryaha.** Waa leydi ama afargeesle, inta badan 20 ilaa 40 mitir oo laba jibbaaran, waxayna leeyihiin laba ama saddex qol. Darbiyadu waa dhagxaan siman oo dhoobo lagu dhex dhigay, qaarkoodna weli waxay taagan yihiin qiyaastii 1.5 mitir oo dherer ah. - **Masaajidka weyn.** 18 x 17 mitir, wuxuu ku yaal geeska bari ee magaalada, ma aha bartamaha. Wuxuu leeyahay 12 tiir oo saddex saf ah, oo wareegsan ama iskutallaab u eg, ma aha afargeeslihii Burton sharraxay, waxaana lagu dhex dhigay alwaax. Mixraabkiisa, oo hadda dumay, wuxuu 2 mitir ka soo baxayay darbiga qiblada. Ma lahayn munaarad iyo minbar toona, taas oo de Torres xusay inay sidoo kale ka maqan yihiin masaajiddada kale ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland marka laga reebo Saylac (Zeila). Darbi ka hooseeya oo ku wareegsan ayaa malaha xidhay barxad. - **Godka tijaabada.** Wuxuu gaaray dhagaxa salka ah ee la simay ee masaajidka lagu dhisay. Dhisme ka da' weyn hoostiisa lagama helin, waxa kaliya ee la helayna waxay ahayd jajab jijin naxaas ah. - **Masaajid labaad oo ka yar**, gudihiisu yahay 4.1 x 3.8 mitir, oo ku yaal dhinaca ugu bari ee goobta (b. 555). - **Dhisme weyn** oo qiyaastii 300 mitir oo laba jibbaaran ah, oo ka shisheeya togga dhinaca galbeed, kana galitaankiisu yahay marin dhagax ah oo qalloocan. Waxba lagama helin. De Torres wuxuu taxay dhowr adeegsi oo suurtagal ah, oo ay ka mid yihiin qalcad, guriga sheekh deegaanka, xarun ganacsi ama xabsi, wuxuuna u arkaa inay u badan tahay dhisme dadweyne (bb. 555–557). - **Laba qabuuro** (b. 558). Tan waqooyi waxaa ku jira oo keliya xabaalo Muslim oo dhagxaan siman lagu dahaadhay oo u jeeda Makka, nooca laga helo Fardowsa iyo goobaha kale ee qarniyadii dhexe. Tan koonfur-galbeed inta badan waa xabaalo lagu calaamadeeyay saf dhagxaan siman oo yaryar, sidoo kale waxaa ku jira taallooyin yaryar oo dhagxaan ah oo korkooda laba dhagax ku yaallaan oo calaamadeeya madaxa iyo cagaha. ## Waxyaabaha la helay Curle wuxuu diiwaan geliyay celadon (dhoobo cagaaran oo Shiinaha ah), jajab ka mid ah dhoobada Ming ee Shiinaha (porcelain), dhagxaan wax lagu tumo iyo fallaar bir ah. Chittick wuxuu dheryaha Islaamiga iyo kuwa Shiinaha ku taariikheeyay qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad (b. 560). 2018 kooxdu waxay heshay alaab aad u yar oo dibadda laga keenay: hal jajab celadon ah, hal jajab "speckled ware" (dheri dhibco leh), hal gabal fritware buluug iyo cad ah, laba jajab oo dheryaha cadcad ee kareemka u eg ee Yemen ah, siddeed alleelo (cowrie) oo daloolsan iyo waxyaabo laga sameeyay dhagax jilicsan. De Torres wuxuu "speckled ware" ugu yeeraa nooc "fossil type" (calaamad taariikheed) u ah xilligii Cadal, kooxdanna wuxuu ku taariikheeyay qarniyadii 15aad–16aad (bb. 560–562). Dheryaha intooda badan waxay ahaayeen kuwo deegaanka gacanta lagu sameeyay, dhagxaanta wax lagu shiidona goobta oo dhan ayay ku firirsanaayeen, taas oo uu u arko calaamad muujinaysa in beeruhu muhiim ahaayeen (b. 562). ## Labada goobood ee deriska ah - **Xasadinle (Hasadinle)**, oo qiyaastii 6 km u jirta Abasa, kana shisheysa buuraha Wenole, una dhow webiga Okholale. Curle wuxuu ugu yeeray goob yar, laakiin 2018 kooxdu waxay heshay tuulo qiyaastii 60 guri ah oo ku fidsan 11 hektar, iyo masaajid 11 x 13 mitir ah oo leh afar tiir oo afargeesle ah oo aan Curle diiwaan gelin. Wareegyo dhagax ah oo halkaas yaal ayaa laga yaabaa inay ahaayeen salal lagu kaydiyo cawska, maadaama dadka deegaanku weli sidaas u isticmaalaan. Laba jajab oo la dhalaaliyay ayaa u badan inay ka yimaadeen buuraleyda waqooyiga Itoobiya (bb. 563–566). - **Iskudarka Dayeergalka Kifiile**, oo qiyaastii 8 km waqooyi ka xigta Abasa, oo Waaxda Qadiimiga ee Soomaaliland u taqaanno "Abasa 2". Kooxdu waxay isticmaashay magaca deegaanka, oo ay u tarjuntay "buurta ay daayeerradu ku kulmaan". Waa tuulo yar oo qiyaastii 20 guri oo yaryar ah oo ku taal 1 hektar, leh masaajid 9 x 6 mitir ah oo ku yaal waddo gaaban oo L u qaabaysan, ceel ka qoto dheer 10 mitir iyo qalooc webi hore oo u dhow oo weli maanta la beero. Badh dhagax daloolsan, oo de Torres u arko culayskii ul wax lagu qodo, ayaa ah kii ugu horreeyay ee goob qadiimi ah laga helo Soomaaliland (bb. 567–569). ## Sida de Torres u fasirayo goobaha - **Beer, ma aha ganacsi fog.** Goobuhu waxay ku yaallaan waddo xeebta ka timaada oo u socota Harar, laakiin de Torres wuxuu xusay in warbixinnadii qarnigii 19aad ay waddadii ugu weyneyd ee safarrada (kaaraamaanka) dhigeen galbeed sii ah, oo marta meesha hadda Jabuuti (Djibouti) ah, iyo in alaabta dibadda laga keenay ee Abasa ay aad uga yar tahay tan [Fardowsa](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). Wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in beeruhu ahaayeen hawsha ugu weyn (bb. 548–549). - **Hal dhaqan oo la wadaago.** Dheryaha, habka dhismaha iyo qaabka masaajidka oo saddexda goobood ka isku mid ah ayaa isaga u muujinaya "aqoonsi wadaag ah" oo gobolka ka jiray qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad, xilligii saldanadda Barr Sacad ad-Diin (Barr Sa'd al-Din). Wuxuu xusay in masaajiddada galbeedka Soomaaliland qaabkoodu ka duwan yahay masaajiddadii qarniyadii dhexe ee Shewa iyo gobolka Harar (bb. 569–572). - **Yaa halkaas degganaa.** Wuxuu qorayaa inay "aan caddayn cidda ay ahaayeen, xagga qowmiyadda, dadkii degganaa", maadaama qoraallada Carabtu ay Soomaalida ku tilmaameen reer guuraa ka duwan dadka saldanadda. Wuxuu goobaha agtooda ka helay taallooyin dhagax oo yar, oo ah sida caadiga ah xabaalaha reer guuraaga (bb. 571–572). - **Sheekada Kola.** Wuxuu sheekada ku xiray hiddaha Soomaalida ee ku saabsan taliyayaal loogu yeeri jiray "Galla" oo ay ka adkaadeen awliyo Muslim ah, sida sheekada Aw Barkhadle. Aw Booba (Aw Boba), magaalada Burton u sheegay inay cadow u ahayd Kola, waxay sidaa magaca nin awliya ah oo farcankiisu, sida de Torres qoray isagoo soo xiganaya Stenhouse iyo Pankhurst, u dagaallamay Imaam Axmed (Imam Ahmad) qarnigii 16aad. Wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in sheekadu ay isku dari karto u fidistii Soomaalida ee dhanka galbeed iyo imaatinkii Islaamka (bb. 572–573). - **Dhammaadka.** Ma uusan helin calaamad burbur ah, wuxuuna soo jeedinayaa in magaalooyinka si tartiib ah looga guuray kadib markii saldanaddu kala jabtay dabayaaqadii qarnigii 16aad (b. 573). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Magaalooyinka burburay ee gudaha Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Saldanadda Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) - [Imaam Axmed iyo Cadal, 1527–1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/) - [Saylac hore iyo masaajidka Qiblatayn](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/) --- # Dagaalkii Muqdisho, 3–4 Oktoobar 1993 (Maalintii Rangers) Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-1993/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 3–4 Oktoobar 1993, howlgal ay ciidamada gaarka ah ee Mareykanku ku qaadeen bartamaha Muqdisho, kana dambeeyay kaaliyeyaasha Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid, ayaa isu beddelay dagaal habeenkii oo dhan socday, kadib markii dagaalyahanno Soomaaliyeed ay soo rideen laba diyaaradood oo qumaati ah (helikobtar) oo Black Hawk ah oo Mareykan ah. 18 askari oo Mareykan ah iyo hal askari oo Malaysia ah ayaa la dilay. Dhimashada Soomaalida waxaa lagu qiyaasaa dhowr boqol; dhinaca Caydiid wuxuu sheegay 315 dhimasho iyo 812 dhaawac, qiyaasaha Ciidanka Mareykankuna waxay u dhexeeyaan 500 ilaa 1,500 khasaare. Maalmo kadib Mareykanku wuxuu u qabtay 31 Maarso 1994 inuu ciidamadiisa ku saaro. ## Kooban Galabnimadii 3 Oktoobar 1993, ciidamada gaarka ah ee Mareykanka ayaa weerar ku qaaday dhisme u dhow Hoteel Olympic, kuna dhow Suuqa Bakaaraha (Bakara Market) ee Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Ujeeddadoodu waxay ahayd inay qabtaan laba ka mid ah kaaliyeyaasha sare ee Jeneraal [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (Mohamed Farah Aidid)](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/). Dagaalyahanno Soomaaliyeed ayaa soo riday laba diyaaradood oo qumaati ah (helikobtar) oo nooca Black Hawk ah oo Mareykan ah, dagaalkuna wuxuu socday habeenkii oo dhan ([US Army Center of Military History, *The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994*, CMH Pub 70-81-1, bogagga 18–23](https://universityofleeds.github.io/philtaylorpapers/pmt/exhibits/2181/Somaliaarmy.pdf)). 18 askari oo Mareykan ah iyo hal askari oo Malaysia ah ayaa la dilay. Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay in "dhowr boqol oo Soomaali ah laga yaabo in la dilay" ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1994*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)). Dagaalka waxaa Af-Soomaali lagu yiraahdaa *Maalintii Rangers*. Howlgalkii ballaadhnaa ee Qaramada Midoobay (QM) iyo Mareykanka waxaa lagu sheegay [faragelintii QM iyo Mareykanka, 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/). ## Sababta howlgalka - **5 Juun 1993.** Ciidamada Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Alliance, SNA) ee Caydiid ayaa gaadmo ku dhuftay ciidamada QM ee koonfurta Muqdisho. Taariikhda Ciidanka Mareykanku waxay sheegtay in 24 askari oo Pakistan ah la dilay, 44-na la dhaawacay (CMH, bogga 16). Maalintii xigtay, go'aanka 837 ee Golaha Ammaanka QM ayaa ku baaqay in la xiro kuwii ka masuulka ahaa ([QM, xogta asalka ah ee UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). - **Juun 1993.** Diyaaradaha dagaalka ee AC-130 ee Mareykanka ayaa duqeeyay bakhaarro hub iyo Radio Muqdisho, idaacaddii Caydiid. 17 Juun ergeygii QM, Admiral Jonathan Howe, wuxuu soo saaray amar lagu xirayo Caydiid, iyo abaalmarin $25,000 ah (CMH, bogga 16). - **12 Luulyo 1993.** Diyaaradaha qumaatiga ee Mareykanka ayaa weeraray shir ka socday xarun Caydiid leeyahay. Kadib dad badan oo isu soo baxay ayaa dilay afar weriye oo ajnabi ah oo u yimid inay ka warramaan (CMH, bogga 16). Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay in Laanqayrta Cas (Red Cross) ay tirisay ugu yaraan 54 qof oo weerarkaas ku dhintay ([HRW 1994](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)). - **8 Agoosto 1993.** Miino ayaa dishay afar askari oo ka tirsan booliska militariga Mareykanka (CMH, bogga 17). - **22 Agoosto 1993.** Xoghayaha difaaca Mareykanka wuxuu diray ciidan gaar ah, Task Force Ranger, si ay "u qabtaan Caydiid iyo saraakiishiisa muhiimka ah una gacangeliyaan ciidamada UNOSOM II" (CMH, bogagga 17–18). Waxay hoos imaanayeen taliska Mareykanka, ee ma ahayn QM. Laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii Agoosto, ciidankaas gaarka ahi wuxuu Muqdisho ka fuliyay lix howlgal. Mid ka mid ah wuxuu ku qabtay Cismaan Caato (Osman Atto), kaaliyihii maaliyadda ee Caydiid. Mid kalena wuxuu si qalad ah u weeraray xafiis QM (CMH, bogga 18). 25 Sebtembar dagaalyahannada SNA ayaa gantaal (RPG) ku soo riday diyaarad Black Hawk ah oo Mareykan ah, waxaana ku dhintay saddex askari (CMH, bogga 19). ## 3 Oktoobar: howlgalka Ciidankii gaarka ahaa wuxuu garoonka diyaaradaha ka dhaqaaqay qiyaastii 15:30, isagoo wata diyaarado qumaati ah iyo kolonyo gaadiid ah. 15:42 wuxuu gaadhay bartilmaameedka u dhow Hoteel Olympic, wuxuuna xiray 24 Soomaali ah (CMH, bogga 19). Rasaasta ka imaanaysay waddooyinka ku hareeraysan ayaa ka xoog badnayd howlgalladii hore. Diyaarad Black Hawk ah ayaa gantaal (RPG) lagu dhuftay, waxayna ku dhacday dhowr baloog meel ka durugsan. Black Hawk labaad ayaa la soo riday meel ka yar hal mayl oo koonfur u sii jirta (CMH, bogagga 19–21). Goobta labaad ee diyaaraddu ku dhacday, taariikhda Mareykanku waxay diiwaangelisay in dad badan "ay qabsadeen" goobta, ayna dileen dhammaan difaacayaashii marka laga reebo duuliyaha, Michael Durant, oo maxbuus ahaan loo qaatay. Laba askari oo Mareykan ah oo goobta difaacayay ayaa markii dambe la siiyay billadda Medal of Honor (CMH, bogga 21). ## Habeenkii iyo "Mogadishu Mile" Askarta Mareykanka ayaa habeenkii oo dhan, iyagoo rasaas lagu furayo, gacanta ku hayay dhismayaasha ku hareeraysan goobtii ugu horreysay ee diyaaraddu ku dhacday, inta diyaaradaha qumaatiga ee dagaalku ay rasaas ku furayeen waddooyinka agagaarkooda (CMH, bogagga 21–23). Kolonyo Mareykan ah oo sidday dadkii la xiray ayaan heli karin goobta, waxayna ku noqotay saldhigga kadib khasaare culus. Kolonyo gurmad ah oo ka badan 60 gaadiid ayaa la diyaariyay, oo ay ku jiraan taangiyo Pakistan iyo gaadiid gaashaaman oo Malaysia. Waxay gaadhay goobtii ugu horreysay ee diyaaraddu ku dhacday 01:55 subaxnimadii 4 Oktoobar. Waagii beryay askartu waxay ka baxeen, qaarna lugeynaya qaarna gaadiidka gaashaaman ku jira, iyagoo rasaas lagu furayo, waxayna gaadheen garoonka kubadda ee ay Pakistan gacanta ku haysay qiyaastii 06:30 (CMH, bogagga 22–23). ## Dadkii dhintay iyo kuwii dhaawacmay | Dhinaca | La dilay | La dhaawacay | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Task Force Ranger (Mareykan) | 16 maalmihii 3–4 Oktoobar, 1 kale 6 Oktoobar | 57, iyo 12 kale 6 Oktoobar | CMH, bogga 23 | | Qaybta 10aad ee Buuraha (10th Mountain Division) ee Mareykanka | 2 | 22 | CMH, bogga 23 | | Ciidamada Malaysia | 2 (HRW waxay sheegtay 1) | 7 | CMH, bogga 23; HRW 1994 | | Ciidamada Pakistan | 0 | 2 | CMH, bogga 23 | | Soomaali | 315, sida Caydiid tiriyay | 812, sida Caydiid tiriyay | HRW 1994 | Taariikhda Ciidanka Mareykanku waxay sheegtay in "qiyaaso kala duwan ay khasaaraha Soomaalida dhigeen inta u dhexeysa 500 iyo 1,500" (CMH, bogga 23). Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay in Laanqayrta Casi ay tirooyinka Caydiid ku tilmaantay "kuwo la rumaysan karo" ([HRW 1994](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)). ## Wixii xigay - **6 Oktoobar 1993.** Madaxweyne Bill Clinton wuxuu amar ku bixiyay in ciidamada Mareykanku joojiyaan dhammaan howlaha ka dhanka ah Caydiid marka laga reebo is-difaac. Wuxuu dib ugu diray Soomaaliya ergeyga Robert Oakley, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay in dhammaan ciidamada Mareykanku ay bixi doonaan ka hor 31 Maarso 1994 (CMH, bogga 24). - **9 Oktoobar 1993.** Dhinaca Caydiid wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xabbad-joojin hal dhinac ah oo uu la galay QM ([QM, xogta asalka ah ee UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). - **14 Oktoobar 1993.** Caydiid wuxuu sii daayay Durant iyo askari Nayjeeriyaan ah oo horay loo qabtay, wuxuuna ugu yeeray "tallaabo niyad-wanaag ah" (CMH, bogga 24). Human Rights Watch waxay xustay in Laanqayrta Casi booqatay labada nin intii la hayay ([HRW 1994](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)). - **Maarso 1994 iyo Maarso 1995.** Ciidamada Mareykanku waxay baxeen Maarso 1994. Ciidamadii ugu dambeeyay ee QM waxay Muqdisho ka baxeen Maarso 1995 ([QM, xogta asalka ah ee UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Taariikhda Ciidanka Mareykanku waxay dagaalka ku tilmaantay "marxalad isbeddel weyn ku keentay ka qaybgalka Mareykanka ee Soomaaliya" (CMH, bogga 23). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaadhay? - **Dadka Soomaaliyeed ee deganaa aagga Bakaaraha iyo Hoteel Olympic,** halkaas oo dagaalku ka dhacay "aag dad badani ku nool yihiin oo waddooyin cidhiidhi ah leh" (HRW 1994). Dadkii dhintay waxaa ka mid ahaa dagaalyahanno iyo dad rayid ah; ilaha halkan lagu xiray ma kala saarin labadaas. - **Askarta Mareykanka iyo QM,** 19 la dilay 3–4 Oktoobar iyo daraasiin la dhaawacay (CMH, bogga 23). - **Qoysaska dadkii ku dhintay labada dhinac.** Taariikhda Ciidanka Mareykanku waxay sharraxday meydadka askarta Mareykanka oo "waddooyinka lagu jiidayay" kadib (CMH, hordhaca). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Soomaalidii dhimatay iyo kuwii dhaawacmay.** Dhinaca Caydiid wuxuu sheegay 315 dhimasho iyo 812 dhaawac. Taariikhda Ciidanka Mareykanku waxay soo xiganaysaa qiyaaso 500 ilaa 1,500 khasaare Soomaaliyeed ah. Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay "dhowr boqol" oo dhimasho ah. - **Dadkii Malaysia ee dhintay.** Taariikhda Ciidanka Mareykanku waxay sheegtay 2 la dilay; Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay 1. - **Ujeeddada howlgalka.** Taariikhda Ciidanka Mareykanku waxay sheegtay in loogu talagalay qabashada laba ka mid ah "saraakiisha muhiimka ah" ee Caydiid. Human Rights Watch waxay ku tilmaantay baadh hubaysan, "oo muuqaal ahaan ahaa raadinta hub". - **Cidda dagaallamaysay.** Taariikhda Mareykanku waxay ka hadashaa "maleeshiyaad" iyo "dad isu soo baxay" Soomaaliyeed. Ma kala saarto dagaalyahannada hubaysan ee SNA iyo dadka deegaanka ee ku biiray. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - US Army Center of Military History, *The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994*, CMH Pub 70-81-1 (Richard W. Stewart, qiyaastii 2002): [PDF](https://universityofleeds.github.io/philtaylorpapers/pmt/exhibits/2181/Somaliaarmy.pdf). - Qaramada Midoobay, *UNOSOM II: background*: [qoraalka](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html). - Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1994*, cutubka Soomaaliya: [qoraalka](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm). --- # Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida tan iyo 2006: Soomaaliland, al-Shabaab, burcad-badeedda iyo qurbajoogta Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/books-about-somalis-since-2006/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Buugaagta la daabacay tan iyo 2006 waxay ka hadlaan Maxkamadaha Islaamiga iyo al-Shabaab, burcad-badeedda xeebta, Soomaaliland iyo Puntland, dowladihii rayidka ahaa ee ugu horreeyay, Soomaalida Kenya, Ingiriiska iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika, iyo nolosha xeryaha qaxootiga. Qorayaasha waxaa ka mid ah Mark Bradbury, Mary Harper, Stig Jarle Hansen, Haaruun Macruuf (Harun Maruf), Cabdi Samatar (Abdi Samatar), Markus Hoehne, Lidwien Kapteijns iyo Keren Weitzberg. ## Buugaaggani waa maxay Tan iyo 2006, buugaagta ku saabsan Soomaalidu waxay la socdeen dhacdooyinka waaweyn ee xilligaas: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga iyo faragelintii Itoobiya ee 2006 ([Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/)), kobaca al-Shabaab ([Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/)), burcad-badeedda xeebta, dowladaha federaalka laga soo bilaabo 2012, iyo koritaanka bulshooyinka Soomaalida ee dibadda. - **Soomaaliland iyo Puntland.** Buugga Mark Bradbury ee Becoming Somaliland (2008) iyo daraasadda Markus Hoehne ee Sool iyo Sanaag (2015). - **Al-Shabaab.** Stig Jarle Hansen (2013) iyo Haaruun Macruuf (Harun Maruf) iyo Dan Joseph (2018) waxay qoreen taariikhda dhaqdhaqaaqa. - **Burcad-badeedda.** Jay Bahadur (2011), Jatin Dua (2019) iyo Awet Weldemichael (2019). - **Dib loo eegay Jamhuuriyaddii hore.** Buugga [Cabdi Samatar (Abdi Samatar)](/en/people/abdi-samatar/) ee Africa's First Democrats (2016) wuxuu ka hadlaa [Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan (Aden Abdulle Osman)](/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/) iyo [Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen (Abdirizak Haji Hussein)](/en/people/abdirizak-haji-hussein/). - **Qurbajoogta iyo qaxootiga.** Ben Rawlence wuxuu wax ka qoray Dhadhaab (Dadaab) (2016), Keren Weitzberg Soomaalida Kenya (2017), Giulia Liberatore haweenka Soomaalida ee London (2017) iyo Cawo Cabdi (Cawo Abdi) oo wax ka qortay muhaajiriinta Soomaalida (2015). ## Buugaagta, kuwa ugu da'da weyn marka hore ### Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya (2006) **Cindy Horst** · Ingiriis Nolosha, lacagta iyo xiriirada dadka ee xeryaha Dhadhaab. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/transnational-nomads-horst/) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL9030960W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Transnational+Nomads+Cindy+Horst) ### Renewers of the Age: Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir (2008) **Scott S. Reese** · Ingiriis Culimada Islaamka iyo dariiqooyinka Suufiyada ee xeebta Banaadir xilligii xukunka Talyaaniga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL9090942W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Renewers+of+the+Age%3A+Holy+Men+and+Social+Discourse+in+Colonial+Benaadir+Scott+S.+Reese) ### Becoming Somaliland (2008) **Mark Bradbury** · Ingiriis Sida Soomaaliland u dhistay hay'aheeda kadib 1991. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/becoming-somaliland-bradbury/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/becomingsomalila0000brad) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005686202) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2232292W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Becoming+Somaliland+Mark+Bradbury) ### Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society (2008) **I. M. Lewis** · Ingiriis Guudmar kooban oo Lewis ka bixiyay taariikhda iyo bulshada. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21746003W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Understanding+Somalia+and+Somaliland+I.+M.+Lewis) ### East Africa and the Indian Ocean (2009) **Edward A. Alpers** · Ingiriis Maqaallo ku saabsan xeebta Badweynta Hindiya, oo ay ku jiraan dekedaha Banaadir. Halka laga akhriyo: [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=East+Africa+and+the+Indian+Ocean+Edward+A.+Alpers) ### The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa (2009) **Gebru Tareke** · Ingiriis Waxaa ku jira dagaalkii Ogaadeen ee 1977 ilaa 1978. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3240655W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Ethiopian+Revolution+Gebru+Tareke) ### Understanding the Somalia Conflagration: Identity, Political Islam and Peacebuilding (2010) **Afyare Cabdi Cilmi (Afyare Abdi Elmi)** · Ingiriis Beesha, Islaamka iyo nabad-dhisidda tan iyo 1991. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/understanding-the-somalia-conflagration-elmi/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/understandingsom0000elmi) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17389170W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Understanding+the+Somalia+Conflagration%3A+Identity%2C+Political+Islam+and+Peacebuilding+Afyare+Abdi+Elmi) ### The Pirates of Somalia: Inside Their Hidden World (2011) **Jay Bahadur** · Ingiriis Waqtigii uu wariye la qaatay kooxaha burcad-badeedda ee Puntland. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/the-pirates-of-somalia-bahadur/) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Pirates+of+Somalia%3A+Inside+Their+Hidden+World+Jay+Bahadur) ### Getting Somalia Wrong? Faith, War and Hope in a Shattered State (2012) **Mary Harper** · Ingiriis Warbixinta tifaftiraha Afrika ee BBC ee ku saabsan Soomaaliya kadib 1991. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/getting-somalia-wrong-harper/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/gettingsomaliawr0000harp) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16615706W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Getting+Somalia+Wrong%3F+Faith%2C+War+and+Hope+in+a+Shattered+State+Mary+Harper) ### Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991 (2013) **Lidwien Kapteijns** · Ingiriis Rabshadihii 1991-1992 ee Muqdisho (Mogadishu) iyo koonfurta. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/clan-cleansing-in-somalia-kapteijns/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/clancleansingins0000kapt) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16654370W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Clan+Cleansing+in+Somalia%3A+The+Ruinous+Legacy+of+1991+Lidwien+Kapteijns) ### Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group (2013) **Stig Jarle Hansen** · Ingiriis Taariikhda al-Shabaab laga soo bilaabo 2005 ilaa 2012. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/al-shabaab-in-somalia-hansen/) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Al-Shabaab+in+Somalia%3A+The+History+and+Ideology+of+a+Militant+Islamist+Group+Stig+Jarle+Hansen) ### The World's Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia (2013) **James Fergusson** · Ingiriis Warbixin wariye oo ku saabsan Soomaaliya iyo qurbajoogta qiyaastii 2010. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/the-worlds-most-dangerous-place-fergusson/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/worldsmostdanger0000ferg_z9a1) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21060539W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+World%27s+Most+Dangerous+Place+James+Fergusson) ### A House in the Sky (2013) **Amanda Lindhout iyo Sara Corbett** · Ingiriis Xusuus-qorka wariye reer Kanada ah oo Soomaaliya lagu haystay afduub 2008 ilaa 2009. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/a-house-in-the-sky-lindhout/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/houseinskymemoir0000lind) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17918639W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+House+in+the+Sky+Amanda+Lindhout) ### Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions (2015) **Markus V. Hoehne** · Ingiriis Gobollada lagu muransan yahay ee Sool iyo Sanaag. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/between-somaliland-and-puntland-hoehne/) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Between+Somaliland+and+Puntland%3A+Marginalization%2C+Militarization+and+Conflicting+Political+Visions+Markus+V.+Hoehne) ### Elusive Jannah: The Somali Diaspora and a Borderless Muslim Identity (2015) **Cawo Maxamed Cabdi (Cawo Mohamed Abdi)** · Ingiriis Muhaajiriinta Soomaalida ee Imaaraadka Carabta, Koonfur Afrika iyo Mareykanka iyo diintooda. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/elusivejannahsom0000abdi) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20498124W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Elusive+Jannah%3A+The+Somali+Diaspora+and+a+Borderless+Muslim+Identity+Cawo+Mohamed+Abdi) ### Somali Oral Poetry and the Failed She-Camel Nation State (2015) **Cali Muumin Axad (Ali Mumin Ahad)** · Ingiriis Akhrin ku saabsan gabayada Soomaalida iyo fikradda qaranka. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21102334W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somali+Oral+Poetry+and+the+Failed+She-Camel+Nation+State+Ali+Mumin+Ahad) ### A Man of Good Hope (2015) **Jonny Steinberg** · Ingiriis Nolosha Asad Cabdullaahi (Asad Abdullahi), nin Soomaali ah oo ku koray qaxootinimo kadibna u guuray Koonfur Afrika. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/a-man-of-good-hope-steinberg/) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20245218W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+Man+of+Good+Hope+Jonny+Steinberg) ### Africa's First Democrats: Somalia's Aden A. Osman and Abdirazak H. Hussen (2016) **Cabdi Ismaaciil Samatar (Abdi Ismail Samatar)** · Ingiriis Dowladihii rayidka ahaa ee 1960-1969 iyo labadoodii hoggaamiye. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/africas-first-democrats-samatar/) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21126490W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Africa%27s+First+Democrats%3A+Somalia%27s+Aden+A.+Osman+and+Abdirazak+H.+Hussen+Abdi+Ismail+Samatar) ### City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the World's Largest Refugee Camp (2016) **Ben Rawlence** · Ingiriis Nolosha dadka ku nool xeryaha Dhadhaab ee Kenya. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/city-of-thorns-rawlence/) · [Bilaash ka akhri Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/cityofthornsnine0000rawl_o2t1) · [HathiTrust](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102324968) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20016085W) · [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Thorns) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=City+of+Thorns%3A+Nine+Lives+in+the+World%27s+Largest+Refugee+Camp+Ben+Rawlence) ### Somali, Muslim, British: Striving in Securitized Britain (2017) **Giulia Liberatore** · Ingiriis Gabdhaha dhallinyarada ah ee Soomaalida ee London iyo sida ay u dhaqmaan diinta Islaamka. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20595431W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somali%2C+Muslim%2C+British+Giulia+Liberatore) ### We Do Not Have Borders: Greater Somalia and the Predicaments of Belonging in Kenya (2017) **Keren Weitzberg** · Ingiriis Soomaalida Kenya laga soo bilaabo xilligii gumeysiga. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/we-do-not-have-borders-weitzberg/) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20210596W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=We+Do+Not+Have+Borders+Keren+Weitzberg) ### Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally (2018) **Haaruun Macruuf (Harun Maruf) iyo Dan Joseph** · Ingiriis Taariikhda al-Shabaab oo ay qoreen laba wariye oo VOA ah, midkood Soomaali yahay. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/inside-al-shabaab-maruf/) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL20597859W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Inside+Al-Shabaab+Harun+Maruf) ### Captured at Sea: Piracy and Protection in the Indian Ocean (2019) **Jatin Dua** · Ingiriis Burcad-badeedda xeebaha Soomaaliya, caymiska iyo ganacsiga maraakiibta. Halka laga akhriyo: [Bogga buuxa ee buuggan](/so/books/captured-at-sea-dua/) · [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21211825W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Captured+at+Sea+Jatin+Dua) ### Piracy in Somalia: Violence and Development in the Horn of Africa (2019) **Awet Tewelde Weldemichael** · Ingiriis Taariikhda burcad-badeedda xeebta Soomaalida. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21194258W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Piracy+in+Somalia+Awet+Tewelde+Weldemichael) ### Mobile Urbanity: Somali Presence in Urban East Africa (2019) **Neil Carrier iyo Tabea Scharrer, tifaftireyaal** · Ingiriis Soomaalida ku nool Nayroobi (Nairobi), Kampala iyo magaalooyin kale oo Bariga Afrika ah. Halka laga akhriyo: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21355351W) · [Maktabad ka raadi (WorldCat)](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Mobile+Urbanity+Neil+Carrier) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1960 ilaa 1990](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1960-1990/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1991 ilaa 2005](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1991-2005/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida tan iyo 2006](/so/history/books-about-somalis-since-2006/) - [Qorayaasha Soomaaliyeed iyo buugaagtooda](/en/society/somali-authors-and-their-books/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Arrinta Soomaaliya: ciidamadii Kanada ee Beledweyne, 1993 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somalia-affair-canada-1993/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qiyaastii 1,400 askari oo Kanadiyaan ah, inta badan Canadian Airborne Regiment, ayaa Diseembar 1992 la dhigay Beledweyne iyagoo ka tirsan howlgalkii ay QM taageertay. 4 Maarso 1993 askar ayaa toogtay laba Soomaali oo cararayay, waxaana dhintay Axmed Caruush, 16 Maarso 1993na waxay jirdil ku dileen wiil 16 jir ah, Shidane Abuukar Aroone, waxayna sawireen. Hal askari ayaa lagu xukumay dil aan ula kac ahayn iyo jirdil. Kanada waxay kala dirtay qaybta 1995, baaritaan dadweyne oo 1996 la gooyayna wuxuu 1997 sheegay in saraakiil badan oo sare ay ka leexanayeen ama khiyaanaynayeen. ## Si kooban "Arrinta Soomaaliya" (Somalia affair) waa magaca Kanada loogu yeero dilalkii ay askar Kanadiyaan ahi ku dileen dad rayid ah oo Soomaali ah Beledweyne 1993 iyo fadeexaddii ka dambaysay. Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa ilaha ay sheegaan. Kiisaska Beljamka iyo Talyaaniga waxay ku jiraan [Ciidamadii Beljamka iyo Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya, 1993](/so/history/belgian-italian-troops-somalia-1993/). Howlgalka guud waxaa lagu sheegay [Faragelintii QM, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) iyo [UNOSOM I](/en/history/unosom-i-1992-1993/). ## Dhigista ciidanka Diseembar 1992 qiyaastii 1,400 askari oo Kanadiyaan ah, inta badan Canadian Airborne Regiment, ayaa yimid Beledweyne iyagoo ka mid ah howlgalkii bani'aadamnimo ee ay QM taageertay ([Richard Foot, *The Canadian Encyclopedia*, 2018](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/somalia-affair)). ## Dilalka - **4 Maarso 1993.** Askar ayaa dabin cunto iyo biyo ah dhigay meel u dhow xayndaabka xerada, waxayna dhabarka ka toogteen laba Soomaali markii ay cararayeen, waxaana dhintay Axmed Caruush (*The Canadian Encyclopedia*). - **16 Maarso 1993.** Shidane Abuukar Aroone, 16 jir, ayaa lagu qabtay gudaha saldhigga. Saacado ayaa la jirdilay, wuxuuna dhintay wax yar kadib saqdii dhexe. Kuwii jirdilay waxay qaadeen sawirro, askartii maqashay qaylidiisana ma soo farageline (*The Canadian Encyclopedia*; [Ali Amad, VICE, 14 Maarso 2018](https://www.vice.com/en/article/remembering-the-somalia-affair-canadas-forgotten-abu-ghraib-moment/)). VICE waxay soo warisay in lix Soomaali ah ay askar Kanadiyaan ahi dileen intii ciidanku joogay (VICE, 2018). ## Maxkamadaynta Master Corporal Clayton Matchee waxaa la helay isagoo qolkiisa xabsiga ku deldelan kadib markii la xiray, maskaxdiisa ayaa waxyeelloowday, waxaana lagu go'aamiyay inuusan maxkamad u qalmin. Private Kyle Brown waxaa lagu xukumay dil aan ula kac ahayn iyo jirdil, waxaa lagu xukumay shan sano, waxaana laga saaray ciidanka; wuxuu soo baxay wax ka yar laba sano kadib. Askari kale ayaa qirtay dayac waajibaad, Lieutenant Colonel Carol Mathieu-na waxaa laga saaray eedo yaryar. Qof kale laguma xukumin dhimashadii Aroone ama Caruush (*The Canadian Encyclopedia*). VICE waxay soo warisay in Kanadu beesha Aroone u magdhabtay qiimaha 100 geel, oo qiyaastii ahaa US$15,000, iyo in dacwaddii waalidkiis ee $5 milyan la tuuray 1999 (VICE, 2018). ## Kala dirista iyo baaritaanka Kadib markii ay soo baxeen muuqaallo hadallo midab-takoor ah iyo cadaadis lagu sameeyo askarta cusub, Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga David Collenette wuxuu kala diray Canadian Airborne Regiment sannadkii 1995. Wuxuu 2020 yiri: "haddii aadan u malaynayn inaad dhab ahaan beddeli karto dhaqanka, waxaa lagaa rabay inaad bilow cusub samayso" (tarjumaad) ([*The Guardian* oo Yahoo News laga helay, 2 Diseembar 2020](https://uk.news.yahoo.com/war-crimes-former-minister-reveals-163033996.html)). Baaritaan dadweyne oo uu hoggaaminayay garsoore Maxkamadda Federaalka Gilles Létourneau ayaa dhageysiyo qabtay laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii 1995. Ra'iisul Wasaare Jean Chrétien wuxuu joojiyay dhageysiyada dhammaadkii 1996, ka hor intaan baaritaanku dhageysan markhaatiyada dhimashadii Aroone. Warbixintiisii, oo la sii daayay 1997, waxay heshay in saraakiishu wax ka beddeleen dukumentiyo, waxayna ka hadashay "ka leexasho iyo khiyaano, oo aragtidayada ka muuqatay saraakiil badan oo sare oo hortayada markhaati ka furay" (tarjumaad) (*The Canadian Encyclopedia*; VICE, 2018). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Inta Soomaali ah ee la dilay.** *The Canadian Encyclopedia* waxay sharraxdaa labadii dhimasho ee Maarso 1993; VICE waxay soo warisay lix dhimasho intii ciidanku joogay. - **Talooyinka baaritaanka.** 157 (*The Canadian Encyclopedia*) ama 100 (VICE). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Richard Foot, "Somalia Affair", *The Canadian Encyclopedia* (2018): [maqaal](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/somalia-affair). - Ali Amad, "Remembering the 'Somalia Affair'", VICE (2018): [maqaal](https://www.vice.com/en/article/remembering-the-somalia-affair-canadas-forgotten-abu-ghraib-moment/). --- # Ciidamadii Beljamka iyo Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya, 1993: kiisaskii xadgudubka Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/belgian-italian-troops-somalia-1993/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sannadkii 1997, afar sano kadib howlgalladii ay QM taageertay, sawirro lagu daabacay Beljamka iyo Talyaaniga ayaa muujiyay askar labada dal ka tirsan oo 1993 Soomaali ku xadgudbaya. Beljamka, laba askari oo baraashuud ah oo la sawiray iyagoo wiil Soomaali ah dab dul haya ayaa maxkamad militari sii daysay 30 Juun 1997, iyadoo ku tilmaantay 'ciyaar madadaalo ah'; xeer-ilaaliyayaashu waxay codsadeen bil xarig ah. Talyaaniga, laba jeneraal oo hoggaaminayay ciidankii 1993 ayaa codsaday in xilka laga qaado, guddi dowladeed ayaana helay 'kiisas go'doonsan oo jirdil iyo midab-takoor ah' laakiin aan taliyayaasha sare door ku lahayn. ## Si kooban Kanada, Beljamka iyo Talyaaniga dhammaantood waxay la kulmeen fadeexado ku saabsan sida askartoodu ula dhaqmeen Soomaalida intii lagu jiray howlgalladii ay QM taageertay ee 1992 ilaa 1994. Kiiska Kanada waxaa lagu sheegay [Arrinta Soomaaliya ee Kanada](/so/history/somalia-affair-canada-1993/), howlgalladuna [Faragelintii QM, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/). Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa kiisaska Beljamka iyo Talyaaniga sida ilaha ay u sheegaan. Askarta gaarka ah ee aan shacabka caan ku ahayn halkan laguma magacaabo. ## Beljamka: baraashuudyadii Kismaayo Baraashuudyada Beljamku waxay ka howlgalayeen agagaarka Kismaayo (eeg [Faragelintii QM](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/)). Abriil 1997 wargeyska maalinlaha ah ee Brussels *Het Laatste Nieuws* wuxuu daabacay sawirro uu siiyay baraashuud hore, oo ay ku jiraan askar Soomaali dab dul haya iyo baraashuud ku kaadinaya Soomaali dhintay. Laba baraashuud ayaa la xiray, waxaana lagu soo oogay weerar iyo garaacid. Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga Jean-Pol Poncelet wuxuu yiri: "Tan si naxariis la'aan ah ayaan u maxkamadayn doonnaa. Dadka noocaas ahi ciidanka kuma habboona" (tarjumaad). Xeer-ilaaliyaha militariga, General Jean-Yves Minne, wuxuu sheegay in eedda ugu culus ay ku saabsanayd Soomaali lagu eedeeyay xatooyo, oo la sheegay in laba maalmood lagu xiray konteenar iyadoo aan biyo la siin, oo la helay isagoo dhintay ([*The Irish Times*, 17 Abriil 1997](https://www.irishtimes.com/news/belgian-atrocities-exposed-1.63206)). 30 Juun 1997 maxkamad militari ayaa sii daysay labadii baraashuud ee loo soo oogay sawirka dabka, iyadoo go'aamisay in dhacdadu ahayd "ciyaar madadaalo ah oo loogu talagalay in ilmaha laga reebo xatooyada" (tarjumaad). Xeer-ilaaliyayaashu waxay mid walba u codsadeen bil xarig ah ([*Spokesman-Review*, AP, 1 Luulyo 1997](https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/jul/01/court-troops-playing-not-torturing-boy/)). ## Talyaaniga: sawirrada iyo guddiga Gallo Juun 1997 wargeyska toddobaadlaha ah ee Talyaaniga *Panorama* wuxuu daabacay sawirro iyo waraysiyo sharraxaya jirdil iyo xadgudub ay askar Talyaani ahi sameeyeen 1993, oo ay ku jirto sawir uu sheegay inuu muujinayo askari kufsanaya haweeney Soomaali ah. Askari lug ah oo hore ayaa wargeyska u sheegay in, kadib markii lieutenant Talyaani ah la toogtay meel u dhow xeradooda, ciidamo Talyaani iyo Jarmal ahi saacad ay qoryaha darandooriga iyo bambooyin gacmeed ku garaaceen magaalada Jalalaqsi, iyadoo tuulada aysan wax ku lahayn. Jeneraallada Bruno Loi iyo Carmine Fiore, oo hoggaaminayay ciidankii 1993, ayaa codsaday in xilka laga qaado, dowladda Ra'iisul Wasaare Romano Prodi waxay sameysay guddi baaritaan ([*Deseret News*, AP, 15 Juun 1997](https://www.deseret.com/1997/6/15/19317836/2-italian-generals-resign-over-torture-of-somalis)). Guddigu, oo uu guddoomiye ka ahaa Ettore Gallo, guddoomiyihii hore ee Maxkamadda Dastuuriga, wuxuu su'aalay in ka badan 100 qof. Agoosto 1997 wuxuu soo saaray warbixin sheegaysa in "kiisas go'doonsan oo jirdil iyo midab-takoor ahi ay dhaceen" (tarjumaad), inaysan wax u dhimin ujeeddada bani'aadamnimo ee howlgalka, iyo in taliyayaasha sare aysan door ku lahayn ([*Deseret News*, AP, 10 Agoosto 1997](https://www.deseret.com/1997/8/10/19355036/cases-of-torture-racism-in-somalia-by-italian-troops-are-deemed-isolated)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Kiiska dabka ee Beljamka.** Xeer-ilaalintu waxay codsatay bil xarig ah; maxkamaddu way sii daysay (AP). - **Talyaaniga.** *Panorama* waxay daabacday sawirro iyo warbixinno askar oo xadgudub ku saabsan; guddiga Gallo wuxuu kiisaska ku tilmaamay go'doon, taliyayaasha sarena wuu ka saaray eedda. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - *The Irish Times*, "Belgian atrocities exposed" (1997): [maqaal](https://www.irishtimes.com/news/belgian-atrocities-exposed-1.63206). - *Deseret News* (AP), "Cases of torture, racism in Somalia by Italian troops are deemed isolated" (1997): [maqaal](https://www.deseret.com/1997/8/10/19355036/cases-of-torture-racism-in-somalia-by-italian-troops-are-deemed-isolated). --- # Yaa qoday, xaggee? Taariikhda cilmiga qadiimiga ee Soomaaliya iyo Soomaaliland, 1854 ilaa maanta Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/history-of-archaeology-in-the-somali-lands/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cilmiga qadiimiga ee dhulalka Soomaalida wuxuu ku bilaabmay qoraallo socdaalayaal, laga soo bilaabo Richard Burton 1854 iyo Georges Révoil 1880-meeyadii, iyo dad uruurinayay qalabkii dhagaxa ee xilligii gumeysiga. Sahamin dhab ah waxay bilaabatay 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, gaar ahaan shaqadii A. T. Curle ee magaalooyinkii burburay ee u dhow Boorama. Xorriyadda kadib waxaa yimid sahamintii xeebaha iyo qodistii Xaafuun ee Neville Chittick (1968–1976), sahan Soofiyeeti iyo Soomaali ka wada qayb galeen (1971, 1973), iyo 1980-meeyadii oo hawl badan lahaa: Steven Brandt, Margherita Mussi, tababar uu Iswiidhan maalgeliyay iyo Matxaf Qaran oo cusub oo Muqdisho lagu furay 1987. Kaydadka badankood waa lumay 1991 kadib. Tan iyo 2001 kooxo Faransiis, Soomaali iyo Isbaanish ah ayaa ka shaqeeyay Soomaaliland, oo ay ka mid yihiin kooxdii heshay Laas Geel 2002 iyo tii sahamisay Xiis 2018. ## Kooban Boggani wuxuu taxayaa cidda ka qabatay shaqo cilmiga qadiimiga (archaeology) ah Soomaaliya iyo [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/), goorta iyo goobta, iyo waxa ku dhacay waxyaabihii la helay. Wuxuu raacayaa dulmarka uu qoray khabiirka cilmiga qadiimiga ee Isbaanishka ah Jorge de Torres Rodríguez ([de Torres Rodríguez, "Against All Odds: The History of Archaeological Research in Somaliland and Somalia", *Northeast African Studies* 18.1–2, 2018, bb. 271–310](https://doi.org/10.14321/nortafristud.18.1-2.0271); lambarrada bogagga ee hoose waxay ka yimaadeen [nuqulka furan ee qoraaga](https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/216289/4/Against%20all%20odds-NEAS.pdf), oo ka bilaabma b. 265). De Torres laftiisa ayaa hoggaaminayay mashruuca Isbaanishka ee dhammaadka lagu sharraxay. De Torres wuxuu qoray in kala qaybsanaanta shacabka Soomaaliyeed ee shan dal kadib qaybintii gumeysiga ay cilmi-baarista u kala jartay dhaqammo kala gooni ah oo "lagu daabacay saddex luqadood oo waaweyn (Talyaani, Ingiriis iyo Faransiis)" (tarjumaad), taasoo adkeysay shaqada xuduudaha ka gudubta iyo isu-geynta xogta (b. 266). ## Socdaalayaal iyo uruuriyeyaal, 1854–1920 - **Richard Burton, 1854**, wuxuu qoray magaalooyin burburay oo uu arkay intii uu Saylac (Zeila) ka socday una socday Harar (bb. 267–268). Eeg [Abasa (Darbiyah Kola)](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/). - **[Georges Révoil](/so/history/revoil-ancient-sites-north-east-1880/)**, oo horraantii 1880-meeyadii maray xeebta iyo dooxada Daroor (Darror), ayaa ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee sharraxa taallooyinka dhagaxa ah (cairns) ee gobolka. Wuxuu Xiis (Heis) ka keenay qalab dhagax ah, alaab Shiinees, Hindi iyo Yamani ah, iyo muraayad iyo dhoobo Roomaan iyo Masri ah (b. 268). Eeg [Xiis (Heis)](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/). - **Uruuriyeyaasha qalabka dhagaxa.** Sahamiyeyaal Talyaani ah ayaa qalab dhagax ah ka uruuriyay meel u dhow [Hobyo](/so/regions/mudug/) (1891) iyo [Webiga Shabeelle](/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/) (1901). [Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska (British Somaliland)](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/), H. W. Seton-Karr iyo kuwo kale ayaa laga soo bilaabo 1897 uruuriyay muunadihii ay ku dhismeen daraasadihii dambe ee Xilligii Dhagaxa (b. 268). - **Hakad, 1900–1920.** De Torres wuxuu qoray in dagaalkii u dhexeeyay Ingiriiska iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta ee Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (Mohamed Abdullah Hassan) uu joojiyay cilmi-baaristii Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska, iyo in hal sahan oo keliya uu ka shaqeeyay Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga 1913 (b. 268). Eeg [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). ## Sahamintii dhabta ahayd ee ugu horreysay, 1920-meeyadii–1950-meeyadii - **Guddiyadii xuduudaha.** Guddiyadii xuduudaha ee Ingiriiska iyo Talyaaniga (1929–30) iyo Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya (1932–34) ayaa culimo cilmi-baaris keenay goobaha (b. 268). - **Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga.** Sahamiyeyaal 1924 iyo 1935 ayaa markii ugu horreysay qoday godad iyo hoyo dhagax ah oo ay ku jireen waxyaabo Xilligii Dhagaxa ah (Paolo Graziosi). Enrico Cerulli wuxuu daabacay qoraallo ku saabsan taallooyinka qabuuraha ee dhulka [Majeerteen](/so/society/darod/) (b. 269). - **A. T. Curle**, oo ka tirsanaa guddigii Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya, wuxuu sahamiyay magaalooyin burburay oo ku hareeraysan [Boorama (Borama)](/so/regions/awdal/), wuxuuna u nisbeeyay xilligii Adal, qarniyadii 15aad–16aad. De Torres wuxuu shaqadiisa ku tilmaamay "horseed" (tarjumaad) maadaama ay isku dartay qodis, sawirro hawada laga qaaday iyo qoraallo taariikheed (b. 269). Eeg [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). - **J. D. Clark**, oo Soomaaliya ka shaqeynayay 1941–1946, wuxuu sameeyay socdaallo goob ah oo keenay buuggiisii 1954, kaas oo de Torres ku tilmaamay "isu-geynta keliya ee heerarkii hore ee taariikhda ka horreysay qoraalka ee Geeska Afrika" (tarjumaad). Waxaa ku jira cutub ku saabsan sawirrada dhagaxa, oo markii ugu horreysay la diiwaangeliyay 1940-meeyadii (b. 270). - **Paolo Graziosi** wuxuu 1953 hoggaamiyay mashruuc Talyaani ah oo cusub, xilligii maamulka wakaaladda (trusteeship) (b. 270). ## Xorriyadda kadib, 1960–1990 - **1960-meeyadii.** De Torres wuxuu sheegay in hawl yar la qabtay. Waxaa ka reebban warbixinno ku saabsan qodisyo hore, daraasado lagu sameeyay lacago qadiim ah oo la kaydiyay iyo, 1968, sahamintii Neville Chittick ee xeebta u dhexeysa Muqdisho iyo Kenya, oo ahayd warqaddii cilmiyeed ee ugu horreysay ee ku saabsan raadadka taariikhiga ah ee Banaadir (b. 270). - **Sahankii Soofiyeeti iyo Soomaali, 1971 iyo 1973**, oo ay hoggaaminayeen S. A. Warsame, A. Nikiforov iyo L. L. Galkin, wuxuu booqday Camuud (Amud), Gorbag iyo Abasa oo u dhow Boorama, Saylac, goobta sawirrada dhagaxa ee God-Hardune oo u dhow Ceel Afweyn, iyo dhowr goobood oo taallooyin dhagax ah leh (b. 271). - **Chittick, 1975–1976.** Isagoo ay martiqaaday dowladda Soomaaliya, Chittick wuxuu sahamiyay xeebta waqooyiga ka xigta Muqdisho, isagoo raadinayay goobo ka horreeyay Islaamka. Wuxuu helay, kadibna qoday, Xaafuun (Ras Hafun), wuxuu Damo ka helay alaab ganacsi oo qadiim ah, wuxuuna diiwaangeliyay magaalada laga guuray ee [Maduna](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/) oo u dhow Ceel Afweyn (bb. 271–272). Kadib markii Chittick iyo saaxiibkiis shaqo Mathew Smith ay dhinteen, warbixin kama dambays ah lama daabicin; diiwaannada badankood waxay ku jiraan Nayroobi (Nairobi), waxyaabihii lagu kaydiyay Muqdishona "hubaal waa lumeen" (tarjumaad) (b. 272). Eeg [Opone iyo Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/). - **Shirkii 1980.** Shirkii ugu horreeyay ee Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Daraasaadka Soomaaliyeed (Somali Studies International Association) waxaa lagu qabtay Muqdisho Luulyo 1980. Shirkaas awgiis Chittick wuxuu laba god oo lix mitir qoto dheer qoday meel u dhow masjidka Jaamac ee Muqdisho; de Torres wuxuu qoray inaysan helin caddeyn ku saabsan magaalada ka hor qarnigii 12aad (b. 272). Eeg [Muqdishadii hore](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/). - **Steven Brandt, 1980–1989.** Waqooyiga wuxuu ka qoday Medishe, Gud iyo Karin Hegaan, isagoo bixiyay taariikhihii ugu horreeyay ee nidaamsan ee kaarboonka shucaaca (radiocarbon) ee dalka, wuxuuna diiwaangeliyay sawirrada Karin Hegaan. Koonfurta, Gogoshiis Qabe oo ku taal buuraleyda Buur Heybe, wuxuu ka helay raadadkii 16 qof oo ka soo jeeday horraantii Holocene, oo lagu aasay taallooyin dhagax ah hoostooda iyagoo la jira geeso goodir, taasoo de Torres ku tilmaamay muunadda ugu weyn ee raadadka dadkii taariikhda ka horreeyay ee Geeska. Sahan loo sameeyay biyo-xireenkii la qorsheeyay ee Baardheere ee Webiga Jubba 1987 wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 686 goobood oo ku fidsan 420 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, oo ay ku jiraan 160 taallo dhagax ah iyo 11 goobood oo sawirro dhagax leh (bb. 273–275). - **Margherita Mussi, laga soo bilaabo 1982**, waxay sahamisay Jubbada dhexe agagaarka [Luuq](/so/regions/gedo/) iyo Baardheere. Kooxdeedu waxay qeexday warshadaha qalabka dhagaxa ee "Luuqian", oo qiyaastii jiray 10,000 ilaa 5,000 sano ka hor (bb. 275–276). - **Taageerada Iswiidhan, laga soo bilaabo 1981.** Kadib markii wefti Soomaaliyeed uu booqday Iswiidhan, hay'adda cilmi-baarista Iswiidhan ee SAREC waxay maalgelisay tababar, sharci dhaxalka ah iyo diiwaan goobaha, oo uu hoggaaminayay Sune Jönsson laga soo bilaabo 1982. Ardayda Soomaaliyeed ayaa dibadda loo diray si loo tababaro (bb. 276–279). - **Axmed Ducaale Jaamac (Ahmed Dualeh Jama)**, oo ka mid ahaa ardaydaas, wuxuu 1984 la shaqeeyay Chittick Biyo Gure oo u dhow [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), 1986 ilaa 1990-na wuxuu sahamiyay Baraawe (Barawa), Jaziira (Gezira), Muqdisho iyo gudaha Banaadir, wuxuuna qoday masjidka Shangaani (1986), Xamar Jajab (1989) iyo [Afgooye](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) (1990). Qodista Shangaani waxay gaartay shan mitir iyo sagaal lakab, laga bilaabo ka hor qarnigii 11aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad. 1996 wuxuu noqday Soomaaligii ugu horreeyay ee qaata shahaadada dhakhtarnimada (doctorate) ee cilmiga qadiimiga (bb. 279–280, 283). - **Matxafka Qaranka.** Matxaf Qaran oo cusub oo Muqdisho ku yaal, oo beddelay Matxafkii Garesa ee xilligii Talyaaniga, ayaa bandhigyadiisa furay Maajo 1987, sanadkaasna Sharciga Waxyaabaha Qadiimiga ah wuxuu marayay heerarkiisii ugu dambeeyay (b. 280). ## 1991 kadib De Torres wuxuu qoray in kaydadka Matxafka Qaranka ay "lumeen waqti ka mid ah horraantii 1990-meeyadii" (tarjumaad), iyo in ku dhowaad dhammaan waxyaabihii Brandt ee Buur Heybe lagu burburiyay Muqdisho, inkastoo qaar ka mid ah kaydadka dadweynaha loo qaaday jaamacado ku yaal Maraykanka iyadoo ogolaansho la haysto (bb. 282–283). Wuxuu qoray in shaqada goobaha tan iyo markaas ay badanaa suurtagal ahayd Soomaaliland oo keliya (b. 283): - **2001.** Fauvelle-Aymar iyo Hirsch waxay booqdeen Saylac, Camuud, Abasa, Sheekh iyo Berbera, waxayna Saylac ka qodeen godad tijaabo ah (b. 283). Eeg [Saylacdii hore](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). - **2002.** Koox Faransiis ah oo ka timid Toulouse oo uu hoggaaminayay Xavier Gutherz ayaa hagayaal deegaanka ahi geeyeen Laas Geel, waxayna halkaas qodayeen intii u dhexeysay 2003 iyo 2010 (bb. 283–284). Eeg [Laas Geel iyo sawirrada dhagaxa ee Soomaalida](/so/history/laas-geel-and-somali-rock-art/). - **2007.** Shaqada Saado Mire (Sada Mire) ay la qabatay maamulka Soomaaliland waxay sanadkaas keentay Waax Cilmiga Qadiimiga ah, sahamin goobo, iyo ilaalayaal deegaanka ah oo loo magacaabay goobaha muhiimka ah. Waaxda waxaa lagu daray dalxiiska 2010, waxaana mar kale la siiyay miisaaniyad u gaar ah dabayaaqadii 2017 (bb. 285, 289). - **2015 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Machadka Cilmiga Dhaxalka (Incipit-CSIC) ee Isbaanishka ayaa shaqo bilaabay: wuxuu Bulaxaar (Bulhar) qodayay laga soo bilaabo 2016, wuxuu sahamiyay Xiis 2018, wuxuuna daraaseeyay magaalooyinkii qarniyada dhexe ee galbeedka. 2019 wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 30 goobood, wuxuu tijaabiyay toddoba, wuxuuna qoray in ka badan 200 taallo dhagax ah (bb. 285–287). ## Su'aalaha furan ee uu de Torres arko Wuxuu taxay saddex caqabadood oo waaweyn: la'aanta sharciyo iyo hay'ado nidaamiya cilmi-baarista, baahida loo qabo in la dejiyo su'aalo cilmi-baaris oo cad, iyo wacyiga dadweynaha oo hooseeya ee ku saabsan baahida loo qabo ilaalinta dhaxalka. Wuxuu xusay in Soomaaliland la diyaarinayay Sharciga Waxyaabaha Qadiimiga ah, Taallooyinka iyo Matxafyada (bb. 288–289). Wuxuu magacaabay mawduucyo ay caddeymaha Soomaalidu sida ugu badan muhiim ugu noqon karaan: dowladihii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyada dhexe, faafitaankii xoolaha, sawirrada dhagaxa, ganacsigii qadiimiga ahaa iyo cilmiga qadiimiga ee reer guuraaga, oo ay ku jiraan taallooyinka dhagaxa ah ee badan ee aan taariikhdooda la ogayn (bb. 289–292). Eeg [Aasaankii hore, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [1300 ka hor: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Xilligii Dhagaxa ee dhulalka Soomaalida](/so/history/prehistory-stone-age-somali-lands/) - [Goobaha dhaxalka ee Soomaaliya](/en/society/heritage-sites/) --- # Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba (JVA), 1999–2006 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/juba-valley-alliance/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba (Juba Valley Alliance, JVA) wuxuu ahaa isbahaysi maleeshiyaad ah oo gacanta ku hayay magaalada dekedda ah ee Kismaayo (Kismayo) laga bilaabo 1999, markii uu ka saaray Jeneraal Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Morgan, ilaa Sebtembar 2006. QM waxay ku tilmaantay isbahaysi isku dheellitiran oo u dhexeeya garabyo Habar Gidir oo Hawiye ah iyo Mareexaan, oo ah jilib Daarood ah. Guddoomiyihiisa, Kornayl Barre Aadan Shire 'Hiiraale', wuxuu xubin ka noqday Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2004, wuxuuna noqday Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga. JVA waxay sannado la dagaallamaysay ciidamada Morgan, waxayna dakhli ka heli jirtay garoonka diyaaradaha ee Kismaayo. 24 Sebtembar 2006, Barre Hiiraale wuxuu ka cararay Kismaayo, Maxkamadaha Islaamiguna waxay qabsadeen magaalada. ## Kooban Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba "wuxuu [Jeneraal Morgan] ka saaray Kismaayo (Kismayo) 1999" (tarjumaad), sidaas ayuu warbixin ku sheegay Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2004/804, faq. 12](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2004/804&l=en&t=pdf)). 2006, QM waxay ku tilmaantay "si taxaddar leh ugu dheellitiran garabyada Habar Gidir ee Hawiye iyo kuwa Mareexaan, oo ah mid ka mid ah jilibyada waaweyn ee Daarood" (tarjumaad) ([S/2006/418, faq. 36](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/418&l=en&t=pdf)). Maamulkiisii Kismaayo wuxuu dhammaaday 24 Sebtembar 2006, markii guddoomiyihiisa, Barre "Hiiraale", uu "Kismaayo uga cararay isaga iyo maleeshiyaadkiisii" (tarjumaad), Maxkamadaha Islaamiguna ay la wareegeen magaalada ([S/2006/838, faq. 27](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/838&l=en&t=pdf)). Dagaalladii Kismaayo ka dib, eeg [dagaalladii Kismaayo, 2006–2012](/so/history/battles-for-kismayo-2006-2012/). ## Hoggaamiyeyaasha - **Barre Aadan Shire "Hiiraale" (Barre Aden Shire "Hirale").** "Guddoomiyaha Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba ee gacanta ku haya Kismaayo" (tarjumaad) ([S/2006/122, faq. 5](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/122&l=en&t=pdf)). Wuxuu xubin ka noqday Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah 2004 ([S/2004/804, faq. 12](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2004/804&l=en&t=pdf)), kadibna wuxuu noqday "Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah" (tarjumaad) ([S/2006/838, faq. 23](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/838&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Yuusuf Miire Seeraar (Yusuf Mire Serar).** 2005 waxaa lagu sheegay inuu hoggaaminayay "hoggaamiyeyaasha kale ee Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba" (tarjumaad) wadahadallada dib-u-heshiisiinta ([S/2005/642, faq. 47](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2005/642&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Dagaalladii Jeneraal Morgan Jeneraal [Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Morgan (Mohamed Said Hersi Morgan)](/en/people/mohamed-said-hersi-morgan/) iyo JVA waxay "dhowr sano ku dagaallamayeen dhulal ku yaal Dooxada Jubba" (tarjumaad) (S/2005/642, faq. 47). - **Febraayo 2002, Baardheere (Bardere).** Dagaal ayaa dhex maray "Golaha Soo-celinta iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta Soomaaliyeed iyo maleeshiyaadka Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba" (tarjumaad). Morgan "waxaa la sheegay inuu weeraray magaalada balse dib loo celiyay" (tarjumaad) ([S/2002/709, faq. 13](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/709&l=en&t=pdf)). Eeg [Golaha Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Soo-celinta Soomaaliya](/so/history/somalia-reconciliation-and-restoration-council/). - **2004.** Dabayaaqadii Agoosto, Morgan wuxuu ilaa 500 oo maleeshiyaad ah ka soo raray Ceelbarde (El Berde) una wareejiyay Jubbada Hoose. "15 Sebtembar, Barre Hiiraale iyo maleeshiyaadkiisa JVA waxay weerareen Jeneraal 'Morgan' meel qiyaastii 70 kilomitir u jirta Kismaayo. Labada dhinacba khasaare ayaa soo gaaray" (tarjumaad). Morgan wuxuu isu dhiibay mas'uuliyiinta Kenya 24 Sebtembar, isagoo jooga barta xuduudda ee Amuma ([S/2004/804, faq. 24](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2004/804&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Wadahadalladii 2005.** Dadaal dib-u-heshiisiin ah oo Baraawe (Brava) laga bilaabay Sebtembar 2005 wuxuu ujeeddadiisu ahayd "in la hagaajiyo amniga gobolka, la xoojiyo Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba, la isna heshiiyo Jeneraal 'Morgan' iyo Isbahaysiga" (tarjumaad) (S/2005/642, faq. 47). ## Kismaayo xilligii JVA - **Dagaallo kale.** Horraantii 2004, "maleeshiyaadka Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba (JVA) waxay ku dagaallameen maleeshiyaadka Sheekhaal deegaanka Xaramka. Ugu yaraan 13 qof ayaa la sheegay in la dilay, 29 kalena la dhaawacay" (tarjumaad) ([S/2004/469, faq. 32](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2004/469&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Garoonka diyaaradaha.** Kooxda Kormeerka QM ee Soomaaliya waxay garoonka diyaaradaha Kismaayo ku qortay inuu leeyahay "Barre Hiiraale/Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba" (tarjumaad), isagoo sannadkii soo saara qiyaastii "$300,000"; lifaaqa warbixintu wuxuu sheegayaa $362,304 ([S/2006/229, faq. 44 iyo lifaaqa](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/229&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Wadahadallada nabadda.** Hoggaamiyeyaasha JVA waxay ka maqnaayeen shirkii nabadda ee Kenya ku dhowaad laba bilood 2003 ([S/2003/636, faq. 5](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf)). Nofembar 2005, Barre Hiiraale wuxuu soo jeediyay shirar Kismaayo lagu qabto si loo isu keeno labada garab ee baarlamaanka ee kala qaybsanaa, Jowhar iyo Muqdisho (Mogadishu) (S/2006/122, faq. 5). - **Culays 2006.** "Khilaafaad deegaan oo ka dhacay Dooxada Jubba ee hoose" (tarjumaad) iyo xiisado ka soo fiday Muqdisho ayaa "bilaabay inay culays saaraan Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba" (tarjumaad) (S/2006/418, faq. 36). ## Dhicitaankii Kismaayo, 2006 Waxaa laga soo xigtay warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Oktoobar 2006 ([S/2006/838, faq. 23 iyo 27](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/838&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Qorshe Jubbaland.** Barre Hiiraale "waxaa la sheegay inuu soo jeediyay in la sameeyo gobol madax-bannaan oo Jubbaland ah, oo ka koobnaa gobollada Jubbada Hoose, Jubbada Dhexe iyo Gedo" (tarjumaad). Qorshahu wuxuu la kulmay "diidmo ka timid hay'adaha federaalka ku-meel-gaarka ah, Golaha Sare ee Maxkamadaha Islaamiga iyo dadweynaha deegaanka" (tarjumaad). - **24 Sebtembar 2006.** "Kadib wadahadallo aan natiijo keenin oo lala yeeshay ciidamada Golaha Sare ee Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ee uu hoggaaminayay Xasan Turki, iyo iyadoo uu wajahayay iska horimaad suurtagal ah oo lala galo, Guddoomiyaha Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba, Barre 'Hiiraale', wuxuu Kismaayo uga cararay isaga iyo maleeshiyaadkiisii" (tarjumaad). Eeg [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/) iyo [Xasan Cabdullaahi Xirsi Turki (Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki)](/en/people/hassan-abdullah-hersi-al-turki/). ## Yaa dhibaatada ku qabsatay? - **Beelaha Bantu ee Dooxada Jubba ee hoose,** halkaas oo "heerar nafaqo-darro oo sarreeya" (tarjumaad) oo ka dhashay beer-xumo ay sii xumeeyeen "colaadda hadda u dhexeysa ciidamada u hoggaansan Jeneraal 'Morgan' iyo JVA" (tarjumaad) (S/2004/804, faq. 32). - **Dadka degmooyinka Bu'aale (Buale) iyo Jilib,** oo ay barakiciyeen isku dhacyadii 2004 (S/2004/469, faq. 32). - **Carruurta.** QM waxay Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba ku dartay "dhinacyada Soomaaliyeed ee qoraya ama adeegsada carruur askari ah" (tarjumaad) (S/2003/636, faq. 42). - **Dadka Kismaayo, Jubbada Hoose, Jubbada Dhexe iyo Gedo** 2006, halkaas oo QM ay ka diiwaangelisay "warbixino badan oo ku saabsan dil, kufsi, lacag boob iyo afduub" (tarjumaad), qaxootina, "oo u badnaa haween iyo carruur" (tarjumaad), ay u carareen Kenya (S/2006/838, faq. 27). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Beelaha uu ku salaysnaa.** QM waxay 2006 JVA ku tilmaantay isu dheellitirnaan u dhexeysa garabyo Habar Gidir (Hawiye) iyo Mareexaan (Daarood). Human Rights Watch waxay 2008 soo xigatay qof ku nool Dooxada Jubba oo sheegay in maleeshiyaadkii dambe ee halkaas ay ahaayeen "isla nimankii hubeysnaa ee Habar Gidir ee sannadaha nagu haystay" (tarjumaad) ([HRW, *So Much to Fear*, 2008, qoraal-hoosaadka 164](https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/08/so-much-fear/war-crimes-and-devastation-somalia)). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinnada Soomaaliya: S/2002/709, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/709&l=en&t=pdf); S/2003/636, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf); S/2004/469, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2004/469&l=en&t=pdf); S/2004/804, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2004/804&l=en&t=pdf); S/2005/642, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2005/642&l=en&t=pdf); S/2006/122, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/122&l=en&t=pdf); S/2006/418, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/418&l=en&t=pdf); S/2006/838 (23 Oktoobar 2006), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/838&l=en&t=pdf). - Kooxda Kormeerka QM ee Soomaaliya, warbixinta S/2006/229: [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/229&l=en&t=pdf). --- # Laga soo bilaabo taallooyinka dhagaxa ilaa xabaalaha: qabuurihii Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland, Jabuuti iyo bariga Itoobiya, qarniyadii 1300-aad–1500-aad Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Islaamka ka hor, dhulka Soomaalida dadka dhinta waxaa inta badan lagu aasi jiray hal taallo dhagax ah (cairn) oo la dhigo meelo muuqda oo ku teedsan dooxooyinka iyo marinnada. Markii ay yimaadeen magaalooyinkii xilligii Ifat iyo Cadal (Adal), qarniyadii 14-aad ilaa 16-aad, waxaa soo baxay nooc cusub oo aasid ah: qabuuro yaryar oo leydi ah oo u jeeda Makka, kuna urursan xabaalo ku yaal duleedka degaan kasta. Daraasad 2025 ah oo ay Carolina Cornax-Gómez iyo Jorge de Torres Rodríguez ku sameeyeen 19 xabaalood oo ku yaal 16 goob ayaa qabuurahan u qaybisay toddoba nooc. Waxay ogaatay in kuwa ugu badani yihiin qabuuro dhagxaan fidsan lagu dahaaray, taallooyin dhagax oo yaryar iyo qabuuro lagu calaamadeeyay laba tiir oo dhagax ah, waxayna raad-raacday caadooyin reer guuraa oo hore, sida dhagxaan midab leh iyo goobooyin dhagax ah, oo laga dhex helay qabuurihii cusbaa ee Muslimiinta. ## Kooban Caadooyinka aasiddu waxay ka mid yihiin raadadka muuqda ee ugu cad ee muujinaya imaatinkii Islaamka ee dhulka Soomaalida. Boggani wuxuu raacayaa hal daraasad oo isku keentay 19 xabaalood oo ku yaal 16 goob oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo ku kala yaal [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/), Jabuuti (Djibouti) iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, kuwaas oo uu Golaha Qaranka ee Cilmi-baarista ee Isbaanya diiwaangeliyay intii u dhexeysay 2015 iyo 2023 ([Cornax-Gómez iyo de Torres Rodríguez, "From cairns to graves: funerary transformations in medieval sedentary communities in the Islamic Horn of Africa", *Azania* 60.1, 2025, bogagga 105–139](https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2025.2455899), si furan loo heli karo). Taallooyinka dhagaxa iyo tiirarka dhagaxa ee ka da'da weyn, eeg [Xabaalaha qadiimka ah, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/). ## Laba dhaqan Qorayaashu waxay sharxeen laba dhaqan oo aasid ah (bogagga 108–109): - **Taallooyinka reer guuraaga.** Tan iyo xilligii Dhagaxa Cusub (Neolithic), aasidda Soomaaliland iyo Jabuuti waxay ahayd taallooyin dhagax ah (cairns) oo qaab iyo cabbir kala duwan leh, mararka qaarna boqollaal ka mid ahi isku meel yaalaan, oo la dhigi jiray togagga agtooda ama meelo muuqda sida marinnada buuraha iyo goobaha dadku isugu yimaadaan. - **Xabaalaha magaalooyinka.** Degaannadii joogtada ahaa ee xilligii Ifat (oo qorayaashu ku taariikheeyeen 1285–1415) iyo Cadal (1415–1573) waxay la yimaadeen qabuuro yaryar oo leydi ah, oo loo dhigay sida caadada Islaamku tahay, kuna urursan xabaalo ku yaal duleedka degaan kasta. Qorayaashu isbeddelkan waxay ku tilmaameen "mid xagjir ah" (radical, tarjumaad), oo soo baxay iyadoo aan wax horseed ah oo deegaanka ah jirin, taasoo ay u akhriyeen calaamad muujinaysa inuu dibadda ka yimid ama ugu yaraan saameyn dibadeed oo xooggan ku jirtay. Waxay adkeeyeen in labadan dhaqan aysan is diidanayn. Waxay diiwaangeliyeen "goobo wadaag ah" (common grounds, tarjumaad), meelo ay caadooyinka reer guuraaga iyo kuwa magaalada dhinac dhinac u yaalaan, "sida muuqatana aan taasi ka dhalan xeer ama amar dowladeed" (tarjumaad) (bogga 109). ## Goobaha Tusaaluhu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa tuulooyin yaryar ilaa magaalooyin (bogagga 109–110): - **Soomaaliland:** Abasa, Aroqolab, Biyo Gure, Fardowsa, [Kabab](/so/history/medieval-towns-of-gebiley-and-kabab/), Maduuna, Qalcadda, Qubuurale iyo Dameraqad. - **Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya:** Aw Boba, Aw Bare (Awbare), Warabeley, [Aiyanle](/so/history/aw-bare-aiyanle-medieval-border-towns/), Qararu iyo Garba Jiri. - **Jabuuti:** Handoga, oo ah magaalada keliya ee qarniyadii dhexe ee halkaas laga yaqaan. Marka laga reebo Handoga (qarniyadii 12-aad–16-aad) iyo Qubuurale (13-aad–14-aad), goobaha kale inta badan waxay ku beegan yihiin qarniyadii 14-aad–16-aad. Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in qabuuraha laftooda aan la qodi karin "sababo diimeed awgood" (tarjumaad), maadaama bulshooyinka Muslimiinta ah ee deegaanku ilaaliyaan, sidaas darteed taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay degaannada (bogagga 109–112). Magaalooyinka waaweyn sida Handoga iyo Aw Boba waxay leeyihiin qiyaastii 250 ilaa 300 qabri; tuulooyinka sida Aroqolab iyo Qararu waxay leeyihiin 30 ilaa 60 (bogga 111). ## Toddobada nooc ee qabuuraha Qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen kala-soocidan (bogagga 112–116): - **T1, qabuuraha sanduuqa ah (cist):** hal ama laba saf oo dhagxaan fidsan ah oo badh la aasay, kuna sameysan sanduuq leydi ah. Qabuuro la mid ah ayaa laga helaa Awfat ee Itoobiya, oo laga yaabo inay ahayd meeshii lagu aasi jiray boqortooyadii Walashma ee Ifat. - **T2, taallooyin dhagax oo yaryar**, mararka qaarna dushooda leydi dhagxaan fidsan ah la saaray. Taallada caadiga ahi waa nooca ugu badan ee tusaalaha. - **T3, god dusha sare laga calaamadeeyay**: goobo dhagxaan ah, laba tiir oo dhagax ah oo labada dhinac taagan, ama dhagxaan yaryar oo la fidiyay. - **T4, god lagu calaamadeeyay saf dhagxaan fidsan oo taagan** oo hal dhinac ku teedsan. Qorayaashu waxay sheegeen inuu gaar u yahay qarniyadii dhexe, laguna arko oo keliya galbeedka Soomaaliland iyo meel aan ka fogeyn xuduudda Itoobiya dhinaceeda kale. - **T5, qabuuro u eg taallooyinka dhagaxa**, oo muujinaya saameynta reer guuraaga. - **T6, dhagxaan madax oo leydi ah oo la qoray**, oo laga helay Aw Boba oo keliya. Dadka deegaanku daloolka qaarkood salkooda ku yaal waxay ku sharxeen inuu yahay meesha malaa'igtu ka soo galaan; qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen inuu biyaha u baxo. - **T7, qaabab dhif ah**, sida qabri iskutallaab u eg oo ku yaal Handoga. Laba nooc oo dheeri ah ayaa laga arkaa noocyo badan: tiirar dhagax oo yaryar (stelae), oo laga helay 13 ka mid ah 16-ka goobood, iyo dhagxaan yaryar oo cad ama casaan ah oo qabriga la dul saaray si midabku u kala soocmo, oo laga helay 7 goobood (bogagga 115–117). ## Waxa tirooyinku u muujinayaan qorayaasha - **Saddex nooc ayaa ugu badan**: qabuuraha sanduuqa ah (10 goobood), taallooyinka dhagaxa ee caadiga ah (12 goobood) iyo qabuuraha lagu calaamadeeyay laba tiir oo dhagax ah (10 goobood) (bogga 116). - **Handoga way ka duwan tahay kuwa kale**, iyadoo leh qabuuro wareegsan, xayndaabyo derbi leh oo albaabbo leh, oo aan lahayn qabuuro sanduuq ah. Qorayaashu tan waxay ku xireen xidid reer guuraa oo xooggan iyo laga yaabee bilow hore (bogagga 119–120, 129–131). - **Noocyada isku dhafan waa isku da'.** Noocyo qabuuro oo kala duwan ayaa dhinac dhinac u yaal iyagoo aan is dul saarnayn, sidaas darteed qorayaashu waxay u maleynayaan in hal mar la wada isticmaali jiray, oo ay isticmaali jireen kooxo kala duwan oo bulsho kasta ka mid ah, halkii mid kasta uu mid kale ka dambeyn lahaa (bogagga 121–123). - **Meelaha waaweyn ayaa kala duwanaansho badnaa**, inkastoo ay jiraan meelo ka reeban (bogga 123). ## Halka ay qabuurihii cusbaa ka yimaadeen Qorayaashu waxay raad-raaceen laba saameyn (bogagga 123–126): - **Caadooyin reer guuraa oo sii jiray:** dhagxaanta midabka leh, goobada dhagxaanta ah ee qabriga ku wareegsan iyo isticmaalka tiirarka dhagaxa, kuwaas oo dhammaantood laga yaqaan qabuurihii Islaamka ka horreeyay. - **Magaalooyinkii Muslimiinta ee Itoobiya:** qabuuraha sanduuqa ahi waa nooca caadiga ah ee goobaha ka da'da weyn ee Shewa, sida Nora iyo xabaalaha laga yaabo inay ahaayeen kuwii reer Walashma ee Awfat, iyo Harlaa oo u dhow Harar. Maadaama goobahaasi ka da' weyn yihiin, qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen in gobollada Soomaaliland iyo Jigjiga (Jijiga) qaabkan ka soo qaateen. Eeg [Harla iyo Harlaa](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/). Waxay kaloo xuseen Yamaniyiin ku lahaa ganacsiga iyo siyaasadda Ifat iyo Cadal, arday gobolka ka yimid oo wax ku bartay Al-Azhar ee [Qaahira (Cairo)](/so/people/uthman-al-zaylai/), iyo madhabo kala duwan oo Islaamka ah oo ku jiray magaalooyinka sida Harar, iyagoo xusay in kuwan aan si toos ah loogu xiri karin noocyo gaar ah oo qabuuro ah (bogga 126). ## Saddex goobood oo si gaar ah loo eegay - **Aw Boba**, oo ku taal Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, 8 km u jirta xuduudda Soomaaliland, waxaa loogu magac daray nin weli ah oo qabrigiisu halkaas yaal, laguna xusay *Futuux al-Xabasha* (*Futuh al-Habasha*). Burton ayaa soo maray 1854. Xabaalaheedu waxay 500 mitir ku teedsan yihiin webiga, waxayna ku fidsan yihiin qiyaastii laba hektar, waxayna leeyihiin noocyada qabuuraha ee ugu kala duwan ee laga helay deegaannada xuduudda, oo ay ku jiraan dhagxaanta madax ee la qoray ee aan meel kale laga helin, mid ka mid ahna leeyahay naqshad qallooc-qallooc ah (bogagga 126–129). Sheekada Burton ee Aw Boba iyo Abasa, eeg [Abasa (Darbiyah Kola)](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/). - **Handoga**, oo ku taal galbeedka Jabuuti, waa magaalo qiyaastii 16 hektar ah oo leh dhismayaal wareegsan. Xabaalaha waxay u muuqdaan inay ka koreen saf qabuuro taallo ah oo ku yaal sallaan ka sarreeya togga, kana muuqda meel fog, taasoo ka duwan xabaalaha qarsoon ee magaalooyinka kale. Qorayaashu waxay ku tilmaameen "magaalo ka koortay dadaal deegaan iyo xidid reer guuraa" (tarjumaad) (bogagga 129–131). - **Qararu**, waa tuulo yar oo leh saddex ama afar guri, una dhow Aw Bare, kuna taal Itoobiya. Xabaalaheeda qarniyadii dhexe ee qabuuraha dhagxaanta fidsan waxaa ku wareegsan xabaalo reer guuraa oo ka dambeeyay kana weyn, oo ah tuulmooyin dhagax ah oo dushooda tiirar dhagax ah la saaray, kuna dhismay laba marxaladood (bogagga 131–133). ## Magaalooyinka kadib Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in markii magaalooyinka laga guuray qarnigii 16-aad, reer guuraagu ay qaarkood ku soo noqon jireen iyagoo ka dhigtay *siyaaro*, meelo la soo siyaarto, dadkoodii dhintayna ay ku aasi jireen burburka agtiisa, sida Qararu iyo Dameraqad, taasoo "heerka ugu sarreeya gaartay Aw Barkhadle" (tarjumaad), oo ah meesha barakaysan ee ku taal magaalo qarniyadii dhexe ah dusheeda oo ku taal Soomaaliland (bogga 133). Waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in isbeddelka caqiidadu aanu u muuqan mid keenay khilaaf u dhexeeya reer guuraaga iyo dadka magaalada, iyo in xabaalihii reer guuraaga ee dambe ay sii hayeen qaabkii fudud ee isku urursanaa ee xabaalihii magaalooyinka qarniyadii dhexe, halkii ay ka raaci lahaayeen taallooyinkii muuqday ee wakhtiyadii hore (bogagga 134–135). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Xabaalaha qadiimka ah, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/) - [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Saldanadda Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) --- # Futuux al-Xabasha: taariikhdii qarnigii 16aad ee dagaallada Imaam Axmed Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Futuux al-Xabasha ("Furashada Xabashida") waa taariikh Carabi ku qoran oo uu qoray Shihaab al-Diin Axmed ibn Cabdulqaadir, oo loo yaqaan Carab Faqiih, kana qayb qaatay ciidankii Adal. Waxay diiwaangelisaa duullaannadii Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim (Axmed Gurey) 1529 ilaa 1543, waxayna magacawdaa kooxo badan oo Soomaali ah oo ku dagaallamay. Waxaa loo turjumay Faransiis 1897 iyo Ingiriis 2003. ## Waa maxay Futuux al-Xabasha ("Furashada Xabashida") waa taariikh qarnigii 16aad Carabi lagu qoray. Qoraageedu wuxuu ahaa Shihaab al-Diin Axmed ibn Cabdulqaadir ibn Saalim ibn Cismaan, oo loo yaqaan **Carab Faqiih** ("faqiihii Carabta ahaa"), aqoonyahan ka mid ahaa Harar-tii xilligii Adal, kana qayb qaatay ciidankii Adal ([Futuh al-Habasha, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). Waa warbixin goob-joog ah oo ku saabsan dagaalkii u dhexeeyay Saldanadda Adal iyo boqortooyadii Itoobiya, oo uu hoggaaminayay **Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim al-Qaasi**, oo Soomaali ahaan loo yaqaan Axmed Gurey, 1529 ilaa 1543 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). Dagaalka laftiisa waxaa lagu sheegay [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal, 1527 ilaa 1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/), noloshiisana [Axmed Gurey](/so/people/ahmad-ibn-ibrahim-al-ghazi/). ## Waxa ay diiwaangelisay Taariikhdu waxay sharraxdaa duullaannadii ciidanka Adal ee dhulka sare ee waqooyiga, bartamaha iyo koonfurta Itoobiya maanta ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). Qoraagu wuxuu magacaabaa dadkii uu wararka ka helay, oo uu ka mid yahay Amiir Xuseen ibn Abuubakar al-Gaaturi ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). Waa mid ka mid ah qoraallada ugu horreeya ee kooxaha Soomaalida magacyadooda ku sheega. Waxay xustaa dagaalyahanno ka socday dhowr beelood oo Soomaaliyeed oo ka mid ahaa ciidanka Imaamka, oo ay ka mid yihiin Harti, Marraihan (Mareexaan), Girri, Jarso, Hawiye iyo Habar Magadle, waxayna sharraxdaa kaalintoodii dagaallada ([Futuh al-Habasha, turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Stenhouse, Tsehai Publishers](https://www.store.tsehaipublishers.com/product_info.php/history/the-conquest-of-abyssinia-p-58); [I. M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryofs0000lewi)). Taariikhyahannadu waxay qaybahan u adeegsadaan inay muujiyaan halka ay kooxaha Soomaalidu degganaayeen iyo sida ay uga qayb qaateen dagaalladii Adal ee qarnigii 16aad. Aqoonyahanka afafka Giorgio Banti wuxuu shaqadan ku daraa suugaanta Hararida, maadaama lagu qoray Harar-tii xilligii Adal ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). ## Turjumaadaha iyo daabacadaha - **Faransiis, 1897 ilaa 1909.** René Basset wuxuu Paris ku daabacay qoraalka Carabiga iyo turjumaad Faransiis ah, Histoire de la conquête de l'Abyssinie ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). Aqoonyahannada dambe weli waxay xigtaan daabacaadda Carabiga ee Basset. - **Ingiriis, 2003.** Paul Lester Stenhouse wuxuu u turjumay Ingiriis isagoo ah The Conquest of Abyssinia, faallooyin uu ku daray Richard Pankhurst, waxaana daabacay Tsehai Publishers; daabacuhu wuxuu ku tilmaamaa turjumaaddii ugu horreysay ee Ingiriis ee dhammaystiran ([Tsehai Publishers](https://www.store.tsehaipublishers.com/product_info.php/history/the-conquest-of-abyssinia-p-58)). - **Daraasad dhakhtarnimo, 2013.** Amélie Chekroun waxay Paris ku qortay tees dhakhtarnimo oo ku saabsan qoraalka iyo saldanadda Adal ([CORE, teeska Chekroun PDF](https://core.ac.uk/download/46817155.pdf); [Annales islamologiques, IFAO](https://www.ifao.egnet.net/anisl/46/16)). ## Sida loo qaatay Buuggu waa isha qoran ee ugu weyn ee dagaalladii 1530-meeyadii, taariikh kasta oo weyn oo Adal iyo Imaam Axmed ka hadashana way xigataa. Taariikhyahanka Itoobiyaanka ah Hussein Ahmed ayaa dib u eegay turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ([Wikipedia, tixraacyada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha)). Taariikhaha Masiixiyiinta Itoobiya, sida taariikhda Boqor Lebna Dengel, waxay isla dagaalkaas ka sheegaan dhinaca kale, taariikhyahannaduna labada way wada akhriyaan. Qoraalka sida uu u badbaaday wuxuu istaagaa ka hor dhimashadii Imaamka ee dagaalka 1543. Qoraagu wuxuu tilmaamaa qayb labaad, taas oo aan la helin ([Futuh al-Habasha, Tsehai Publishers](https://www.store.tsehaipublishers.com/product_info.php/history/the-conquest-of-abyssinia-p-58)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga: [The Conquest of Abyssinia, Tsehai Publishers](https://www.store.tsehaipublishers.com/product_info.php/history/the-conquest-of-abyssinia-p-58) - Maktabad ka raadi: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Futuh+al-Habasha) - Turjumaadda Faransiiska ee Basset: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Histoire+de+la+conqu%C3%AAte+de+l%27Abyssinie+Basset) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal, 1527 ilaa 1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1500 ilaa 1884](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1500-1884/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Dowladdii Ku-meel-gaarka ahayd ee Soomaaliya, 1991 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/interim-government-of-somalia-1991/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Markii Siyaad Barre ka cararay Muqdisho Janaayo 1991, ururka USC (United Somali Congress) wuxuu madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah u magacaabay mid ka mid ah xubnihiisa, Cali Mahdi Maxamed (Ali Mahdi Mohamed), isna wuxuu Cumar Carte Qaalib (Omar Arteh Ghalib) u magacaabay Ra'iisul Wasaaraha 'Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Midnimada Qaranka'. Jabhadaha kale ee hubeysnaa waxay sheegeen in aan lala tashan, waxayna diideen inay aqoonsadaan. Luulyo 1991, shir lagu qabtay Jabuuti (Djibouti), lix kooxood waxay ku heshiiyeen dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah oo ku dhisan dastuurkii 1961, Cali Mahdi oo madaxweyne ah, laakiin dagaal u dhexeeyay garabkiisa USC iyo garabka Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (Mohamed Farah Aidid) ayaa burburiyay. Laga bilaabo Nofembar 1991, ciidamada Caydiid waxay weerareen fadhiyada Cali Mahdi ee Muqdisho. ## Kooban "Kadib markii ay jabisay Siyaad Barre, Guddiga Fulinta ee USC wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in la dhisay dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah, inkastoo aysan awood dhab ah ku lahayn dalka oo dhan. USC waxay madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah ka dhigatay mid ka mid ah xubnaheeda, Cali Mahdi Maxamed (Ali Mahdi Mahammad, dhashay 1939)" (tarjumaad), sidaas ayay qortay Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka ([*Somalia: A Country Study*, "Government structure"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm)). "Janaayo, USC waxay ku dhawaaqday dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah oo aysan kooxaha kale midkoodna aqoonsan" (tarjumaad), ayay warbixin ku tiri Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka. Luulyo, magaalada Jabuuti, lix kooxood waxay ku heshiiyeen dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah oo uu Cali Mahdi madaxweyne ka yahay, laakiin "dadaalkoodii dowlad dhisidda waxaa joojiyay dagaal u dhexeeyay garabyada USC" (tarjumaad) ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, *Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1991*: Somalia](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/241504)). Si aad u ogaato sida Siyaad Barre u dhacay, eeg [dhicitaankii Muqdisho, 1990–1991](/so/history/fall-of-mogadishu-1991/). ## Dowladdii ku-meel-gaarka ahayd, horraantii 1991 - **29 Janaayo 1991.** "Saddex maalmood oo keliya kadib, isagoon la tashan jabhadaha hubeysan, ama xitaa garabyada kale ee USC, Cali Mahdi, oo ganacsade ahaa xubinna ka ahaa USC, wuxuu isku magacaabay Madaxweyne Ku-meel-gaar ah" (tarjumaad) ([Africa Watch iyo Physicians for Human Rights, *No Mercy in Mogadishu*, 1992](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/somalia/)). Eeg [Cali Mahdi Maxamed](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/). - **Awoodaha.** "Madaxweynuhu wuxuu ahaa madaxa dowladda, laakiin waajibaadka iyo mas'uuliyadda xilka lama qeexin. Inta badan, madaxweynaha ku-meel-gaarka ahi wuxuu haystay awoodihii lagu qeexay dastuurkii 1979" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Government structure"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm)). - **Golaha wasiirrada.** Cali Mahdi wuxuu Ra'iisul Wasaare u magacaabay [Cumar Carte Qaalib (Omar Arteh Ghalib)](/en/people/omar-arteh-ghalib/). "Golaha wasiirrada ee Qaalib, oo loo bixiyay Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Midnimada Qaranka, wuxuu markii hore ka koobnaa 27 wasiir oo buuxa iyo 8 wasiir ku-xigeen" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Maxaa Qaalib loo doortay.** Magacaabistiisu "waxay muujisay sida Maxamed iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha kale ee USC ay uga feejignaayeen doorka beelaha ee siyaasadda dalka. Qaalib wuxuu ka dhashay beesha weyn ee Isaaq ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad), inkastoo uusan xubin ka ahayn SNM. Wuxuu ahaa wasiirkii ugu horreeyay ee arrimaha dibadda ee Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1976 (isla ishaas). - **Doorashooyinka.** Madaxweynuhu wuxuu ballanqaaday doorashooyin marka amnigu soo laabto, laakiin "loollanka gudaha USC, iyo mucaaradka dowladda ku-meel-gaarka ah ee qaybaha kale ee dalka, ayaa su'aasha doorashooyinka ka dhigay mid aan micno lahayn" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). ## Jabhadaha kale way diideen Waxaa laga soo xigtay Maktabadda Koongareeska ([*Somalia: A Country Study*, "Politics of succession"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)): - **Koonfurta.** "Ku dhawaaqistii USC ee dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah Febraayo 1991 waxay ka xanaajisay saaxiibbadeedii, oo sheegay in aan lala tashan" (tarjumaad). SSDF "waxay diiday inay aqbasho sharcinimada dowladda ku-meel-gaarka ah" (tarjumaad). SPM iyo SSDF "waxay ciidamadii USC ka saareen Kismaayo (Kismayo)" (tarjumaad), "isku dhacyo xooggan oo socday Maarso oo dhanna waxay khatar ku ahaayeen inay dalka dib ugu celiyaan dagaal sokeeye" (tarjumaad). - **Waqooyiga.** SNM "waxay dhaliishay sida USC ay keligeed ula wareegtay dowladda dhexe" (tarjumaad), waxayna diiday inay ka qayb gasho wadahadallada midnimada. "Iyadoon la helin wada-shaqeynta SNM, dowladda ku-meel-gaarka ahi ma lahayn awood ay ku muujiso maamulkeeda gobolka" (tarjumaad). 17 Maajo 1991, SNM waxay ku dhawaaqday Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland. Eeg [shirkii Burco iyo ku dhawaaqistii Soomaaliland](/so/history/somaliland-declaration-1991/). ## Heshiiskii Jabuuti, Luulyo 1991 "Luulyo, shir lagu qabtay Jabuuti, lix kooxood, oo ay ku jiraan USC iyo laba jabhadood oo Daarood ah balse aysan ku jirin SNM, waxay ku heshiiyeen inay dhisaan dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah, oo ku dhisan dastuurkii hore ee 1961, muddo xileed 2 sano ah ilaa doorashooyin la qabto. Lixda kooxood waxay ku dhawaaqeen gole wasiirro oo ka kooban 72 xubnood, oo uu madaxweyne ka yahay Cali Mahdi Maxamed" (tarjumaad) ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 1991](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/241504)). ## Kala go'ii Caydiid - **Loollanka.** "Ninka ugu culus ee la tartamay Maxamed wuxuu ahaa Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid, hoggaamiyaha garab ka mid ah USC oo taageersanaa la shaqeynta SNM" (tarjumaad). Caydiid "wuxuu ku doodayay in Guddiga Fulinta ee USC ee fadhigiisu yahay Muqdisho aanu awood u lahayn inuu dhiso dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah isagoon la tashan" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Government structure"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm)). Eeg [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/). - **Beelaha.** "Maxamed wuxuu ka mid ahaa beesha Abgaal ee beesha weyn ee Hawiye, halka Caydiid uu ka mid ahaa beesha Habar Gidir ee isla beeshaas weyn" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Sebtembar 1991.** "Sebtembar, Caydiid wuxuu dhisay dowlad u gaar ah oo la tartanta tan kale, kuna taal qaybta koonfureed ee caasimadda. Isku dhacyo isdaba joog ah oo dhexmaray ciidamada u hoggaansan Caydiid iyo kuwa u hoggaansan Maxamed ayaa ku qasbay kan dambe inuu dib ugu gurto waqooyiga Muqdisho" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **17 Nofembar 1991.** "Ciidamada Jeneraal Caydiid, oo inta badan ka yimid jilibka Habar Gidir ee Hawiye, waxay weerar buuxa ku qaadeen fadhiyada Madaxweyne Mahdi, oo ay inta badan ilaalinayeen xubno ka tirsan jilibka Abgaal" (tarjumaad). Waxay "qabsadeen inta badan magaalada, laakiin kama saari karin ciidamada Mahdi" (tarjumaad) waqooyiga ([Africa Watch iyo PHR](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/somalia/)). - **Natiijada.** "Nofembar iyo Diseembar, kumanaan qof ayaa lagu dilay Muqdisho, dhammaadkii sannadkana Soomaaliya waxay ku dhowaatay inay dowlad ahaan baaba'do" (tarjumaad) ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 1991](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/241504)). Sannadihii xigay, eeg [burburkii, 1991–2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## Yaa dhibaatada ku qabsatay? - **Dadka Muqdisho,** oo kumanaan ka mid ah lagu dilay dagaalkii u dhexeeyay labada garab ee USC Nofembar iyo Diseembar 1991 (Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda). - **Dadka Daarood ee Muqdisho degganaa,** oo la weeraray kadib dhicitaankii dowladda; boqollaal ayaa la dilay, boqollaal kun oo kalena way carareen (Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda). Eeg [dhicitaankii Muqdisho](/so/history/fall-of-mogadishu-1991/). - **Dadka Kismaayo iyo koonfurta,** halkaas oo ciidamada USC, SPM iyo SSDF ay ku dagaallamayeen laga bilaabo Febraayo 1991 (Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Politics of succession"). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda.** Africa Watch waxay sheegtay in Cali Mahdi ku dhawaaqay 29 Janaayo 1991. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ku dhawaaqistii USC ee dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah dhigtay Febraayo 1991. Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay leedahay Janaayo. - **Golaha wasiirrada.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay tirisay 27 wasiir iyo 8 wasiir ku-xigeen golihii ugu horreeyay. Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay sheegtay gole ka kooban 72 xubnood kadib heshiiskii Jabuuti ee Luulyo. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Government structure"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm); ["Politics of succession"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm). - Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, *Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1991*: Somalia: [qoraalka](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/241504). - Africa Watch iyo Physicians for Human Rights, *No Mercy in Mogadishu* (26 Maarso 1992): [qoraalka](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/somalia/). --- # Masaajidda qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland: Abasa, Camuud, Dameraqad, Maduuna iyo Saylac, 1300-meeyadii–1500-meeyadii Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shan iyo toban masjid oo qarniyadii dhexe ah ayaa laga yaqaan magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka hore ee Soomaaliland, kow iyo toban ka mid ahna waxay ku yaallaan galbeedka, xadka Itoobiya agtiisa. Daraasad 2023 ay sameeyeen Carolina Cornax-Gómez iyo Jorge de Torres Rodríguez ayaa ogaatay in masaajidda gudaha ay wadaagaan hal qaab: hal hool salaad oo dhagax laga dhisay oo dhoobo lagu xiray, mixraab ka soo baxsan derbiga dambe, munaarad la'aan, iyo tiirar dhagax ah kuwa waaweyn. Masaajidda xeebta ee Saylac (Zeila) way ka duwan yihiin: dhagax nuuradeed oo la jaray, barxado, munaarad wareegsan iyo naqshad la xardhay, taas oo qorayaashu ku barbardhigaan Muqdisho iyo Badda Cas. Masaajidda gudaha intooda badan waxay u jeedaan waqooyi halkii ay Maka u jeedi lahaayeen, taas oo qorayaashu soo jeediyaan inay ku dayasho u tahay masaajid ka da' weyn oo Itoobiya ku yaal. ## Kooban Boggani wuxuu raacayaa daraasaddii ugu horreysay ee dhammaystiran ee masaajidda qarniyadii dhexe ee [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) ([Cornax-Gómez iyo de Torres Rodríguez, "Urban mosques in the Horn of Africa during the medieval period", *Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée* 153, 2023, bogagga 37–64](https://doi.org/10.4000/remmm.19266), si furan loo heli karo). Waxay ku salaysan tahay toddoba sano oo shaqo goob-joog ah oo ay qabatay Golaha Qaranka ee Cilmi-baarista Isbaanishka (Incipit-CSIC), warbixino hore iyo sawirro kaydsan. Waxay daboolaysaa masaajidda laga dhisay magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin joogto ah, ma aha goobaha salaadda ee bannaanka ah ee dhagaxyada lagu calaamadeeyo, kuwaas oo ku badan dhulka reer guuraaga (bogga 40). ## Imisa, xaggeese? Qorayaashu waxay tiriyaan 15 masjid oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo ku yaal degaannada hore ee Soomaaliland, kuwaas oo aan si siman loo diiwaangelin (bogga 42): - **Galbeedka, xadka Itoobiya agtiisa: 11**, goobo ay ka mid yihiin Abasa, Camuud (Amud), Hasadinle, Iskudarka Dayeergalka Kifiile, Aroqolab iyo Dameraqad. Qorayaashu waxay u malaynayaan, sidii A. T. Curle u qabay 1937, in malaha magaalo kasta oo qarniyadii dhexe halkan ku tiil ay masjid lahayd. - **Bartamaha Soomaaliland: weli midna lama helin**, goobaha Bagan, Gidheys, Qubuurale, Fardowsa ama Biyo Gure. Qorayaashu waxay arrintan u aaneeyaan in masaajidda aan weli la aqoonsan, maadaama gobolku "si weyn u islaamay laga bilaabo qarnigii 14aad". - **Xeebta:** Saylac (Zeila), halkaas oo laba masjid laga yaabo inay qarniyadii dhexe yihiin. Wadaadkii Boortaqiiska ahaa Francisco Álvares wuxuu horraantii qarnigii 16aad ku sharxay Maydh inay leedahay laba masjid iyo madrasad, taas oo ah meesha keliya ee gobolka lagu sheego dhismo dugsi (bogagga 43, 47). - **Bariga:** Maduuna, oo u dhow Ceelafweyn (El Afweyn), halkaas oo laba masjid lagu diiwaangeliyay 1980-meeyadii (bogga 43). Magaalooyinka galbeed intooda badan waxay ka dhisnaayeen qarniyadii 14aad–16aad, waxayna heerkoodii ugu sarreeyay gaareen xilligii saldanadda Barr Sacduddiin (Cadal, Adal), qiyaastii 1415 ilaa 1570-meeyadii. Goobahaas midna uma muuqdo inuu sii jiray qarnigii 16aad kadib (bogagga 43–44). ## Qaabka masaajidda gudaha Qorayaashu waxay sharxayaan "isku-ekaansho la yaab leh" oo ka dhex jira masaajidda gudaha (bogagga 44–51): - **Qaabka.** Inta badan hal hool salaad, mararka qaarkoodna gudaha derbi dibadeed ku jira (Abasa, Hasadinle). Qolal dhinaca ah way yar yihiin: Camuud, halkaas oo Curle u maleeyay in weel dhoobo lagu shubay loogu talagalay weysada ka hor salaadda, iyo Dameraqad, halkaas oo qolalka dhinacu ay qabuuro ku jiraan. - **Dhismaha.** Dhagaxyo dhexdhexaad iyo waaweyn ah oo saf aan siman loo dhigay, dhoobo lagu xiray, dibaddana laga dahaadhay dhagaxyo siman oo la qoray. Albaabbada iyo daaqadaha way yar yihiin, Curle-na wuxuu xusay in hoolashu ay ahaan jireen kuwo mugdi ah. - **Baaxadda.** Laga bilaabo 27.7 mitir oo laba jibaaran (masjidka yar ee Abasa) ilaa 308 mitir oo laba jibaaran (kan weyn ee Abasa). Badhkood waxay ka yar yihiin 66 mitir oo laba jibaaran. - **Tiirarka.** Masaajidda waaweyn waxay leeyihiin tiirar dhagax ah, oo wareegsan, afar-geesood ah ama qaab iskutallaab leh, mararka qaarkood hal dhismo ayay isku dhex jiraan, inta badanna waxaa lagu dhex dhejiyay jiirar alwaax ah. Curle wuxuu u maleeyay in jiirarku ay sideen wax la sudho; qorayaashuna waxay xuseen in caadadaasi Soomaaliland ka jirtay ilaa wax yar ka hor. - **Mixraabka.** Godka salaadda ee imaamku taagan yahay inta badan wuxuu ka soo baxsan yahay derbiga dambe (qiblada), gadaashiisuna waa afar-geesood. Abasa, Curle wuxuu sawiray mid ka mid ah afar qaanso oo wareegsan oo jaranjaro ah oo hortiisa ahaa, intaanay dumin. - **Munaarad** midna lagama helin gudaha. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan in aadaanka laga yaabo in saqafka laga odhan jiray. Minbar ma jiro mid ilaa hadda jira, inkastoo mid laga yaabo inuu alwaax ahaa. - **Goobta.** Masjidka weyn inta badan wuxuu ku yaal bartamaha degaanka. Abasa waa ka reeban, taas oo qorayaashu ku xiraan magaalada oo dibadda u sii fidday. Eeg [Abasa (Darbiyah Kola)](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/). ## Jihada ay u jeedaan Soomaaliland, Maka waxay ka xigtaa waqooyi-galbeed. Masaajidda afar keliya ayaa jihadaas u jeeda: labada Maduuna, kan Iskudarka iyo mid ka mid ah Dameraqad. Intooda badan waxay u jeedaan waqooyi, laba-na waqooyi-bari. Qorayaashu sababaha waxay ugu yeeraan "lama yaqaan" iyadoo la eegayo "aqoonta heerka sare ah ee Soomaalidu u leedahay xiddigiska", waxayna soo jeedinayaan in masaajidda galbeed laga yaabo inay ku dayanayeen jihada masaajiddii hore ee Itoobiya, taas oo ah dhaqan laga yaqaan meelo kale oo dunida Muslimka ah. Waxay arrintan ku xiraan sheekada masjidka labada qiblo ee Saylac, oo Fauvelle-Aymar iyo asxaabtiisu soo jeediyeen in laga yaabo inay ka timid dib-u-dhis loogu talagalay in jihadiisa la saxo (bogga 51). Eeg [Saylacdii hore iyo masjidka Qiblatayn](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). ## Dameraqad: xarun diineed Dameraqad, oo qiyaastii 35 km waqooyi-bari ka xigta [Boorama (Borama)](/so/regions/awdal/) kuna taal marin buureed, waxay leedahay qiyaastii 30 dhismo oo keliya, balse lix masjid, qabuuraal weyn iyo taallo badan oo reer guuraa iyo masaajid bannaanka ah, oo ku kala firirsan qiyaastii 24 hektar. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan inay ahayd *dariiqo*, bulsho diineed, oo u adeegta "dadka magaalada iyo reer guuraagaba" (bogga 45). ## Saylac iyo Maduuna - **Saylac.** Masaajiddeeda waxaa laga dhisay dhagax nuuradeed oo la jaray oo la malaasay, waxayna leeyihiin barxado hore. Masjidka Sahari (Shahari) wuxuu leeyahay munaarad wareegsan oo saldhig afar-geesood ah ku taal, qaanso fiiqan oo laabo badan oo mixraabkiisa ka korreysa iyo laba naqshadood oo ubax ah oo la xardhay, kuwaas oo ah qurxinta keliya ee laga yaqaan masaajidda qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland. Qorayaashu waxay masaajidda Saylac la barbardhigaan kuwa Muqdisho iyo Badda Cas, waxayna xuseen in la sheego qolal loo qoondeeyay ardayda Saylac ka timaadda oo ku yaallay Masjidka Umawiyiinta ee Dimishiq iyo al-Azhar ee [Qaahira (Cairo)](/so/people/uthman-al-zaylai/) (bogagga 47, 49–51, 57–59). - **Maduuna.** Magaalo gudaha ah oo bariga ku taal, leh masjid jimce oo bartamaha ku yaal, barxado iyo daaqado qaansoole ah iyo godad laga sameeyay dhagaxyo siman. Qorayaashu waxay ku sharxayaan meel uu Islaamku malaha ku koray "deegaan gebi ahaanba reer guuraa ah", iyadoo ay sababeen dacwo-faafiyeyaal ka hawlgalayay laga bilaabo qarnigii 13aad (bogagga 47, 59). ## Marka la barbardhigo Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti - **Itoobiya.** Qorayaashu waxay haysteen qorshayaal faahfaahsan oo sagaal masjid oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo halkaas ku yaal, siddeed ka mid ah gobolka Ifat iyo mid Harlaa. Kuwani waxay qaababka dhismaha la wadaagaan galbeedka Soomaaliland, balse inta badan mixraabku wuxuu ku dhex jiraa derbiga, mararka qaarkood dhagax la jaray ayaa laga dhisaa, qaarkoodna waxay leeyihiin qoraallo, kuwaas oo aan masaajidda gudaha ee Soomaaliland lahayn (bogagga 54–55). Eeg [Harla iyo Harlaa](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/). - **Ogaadeen (Ogaden).** Curle wuxuu Rugayi ku diiwaangeliyay masjid leh barxad gudaha ah oo qaansooyin ku wareegsan yihiin iyo waddo socod oo leben lagu dhejiyay. Goob la yiraahdo Derbi Belanbel ayaa 2018 laga helay Dawlad Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (Soomaali Galbeed) (bogga 54). - **Jabuuti (Djibouti).** Handoga, laba masjid oo waaweyn oo 2022 la diiwaangeliyay ayaa leh mixraabyo afar-geesood ah oo soo baxsan sida kuwa galbeedka Soomaaliland, balse leh barxado hore (bogga 56). - **[Puntland](/so/states/puntland/).** Saddex magaalo oo gudaha ah oo leh guryo wareegsan ayaa la sheegay 2021, balse halkaas weli masjid lagama aqoonsan (bogga 57). Qorayaashu waxay ku soo gabagabeeyaan in masaajidda qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland ay muujinayaan "ugu yaraan saddex dhaqan oo kala duwan": qaabka gudaha ee galbeedka oo la xiriira Islaamka Itoobiya iyo saldanadihii, qaabka xeebta ee Saylac, iyo xaaladda gaarka ah ee Maduuna (bogagga 57–59). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Magaalooyinka burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Taallooyinka ilaa qabuuraalaha: qabuuraha Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/) - [Saldanadda Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) --- # Heesaha qaranka Soomaaliyeed: Qolobaa Calankeed iyo Soomaaliyeey Toosoo Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/national-anthems/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Heesta qaranka Soomaaliya tan iyo 1 Agoosto 2012 waa 'Qolobaa Calankeed', oo loo nisbeeyo Cabdullaahi Qarshe. Laga bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2012 heesta qaranku waxay ahayd 'Soomaaliyeey Toosoo', hees 1940-meeyadii ah oo la qaaday xorriyadda 1960, maantana meel kasta lagu qaado. ## Saddex hees oo saddex xilli ah - **1960 ilaa 2000:** hees muusig keliya ah oo aan erayo rasmi ah lahayn, uu sameeyay curiyaha Talyaaniga ah Giuseppe Blanc. - **2000 ilaa 2012:** "Soomaaliyeey Toosoo". - **2012 ilaa hadda:** "Qolobaa Calankeed". Ilaha: [National anthem of Somalia (1960–2000), Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem_of_Somalia_%281960%E2%80%932000%29); [Soomaaliyeey toosoo, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomaaliyeey_toosoo); [Qolobaa Calankeed, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolobaa_Calankeed). ## Qolobaa Calankeed (tan iyo 2012) **Macnaha:** "Qolobaa calankeed" macnaheedu waa qolo kastaa calankeeda ayay leedahay. Heestu waxay ku saabsan tahay calanka xiddigta. **Cidda samaysay:** Muusigga iyo erayada waxaa loo nisbeeyaa **Cabdullaahi Qarshe**, fannaanka inta badan loogu yeero aabbaha muusigga casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed ([CIA World Factbook 2007, b. 778, sida uu Wikipedia soo xigtay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolobaa_Calankeed)). Ilo kale waxay erayada u nisbeeyaan gabayaa Xuseen Aw-Faarax Dubbad. Waxaa lagu taariikheeyaa 1959. **Goorta ay heesta qaranka noqotay:** 1 Agoosto 2012, iyadoo la raacayo Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah. Qodobka 6aad ee dastuurkaas wuxuu leeyahay Soomaaliya waxay leedahay hees qaran oo ah "Qolobaa Calankeed" ([Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Soomaaliya, 2012, qod. 6(3)](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012?lang=en)). Dastuurkii 1960 wuxuu magacaabay calanka iyo astaanta, laakiin ma uusan magacaabin hees qaran ([Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, 1960, qod. 1](https://parliament.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/simple-file-list/Nuqulo-Af-Ingiriis/1960_somali_constitution_-_english.pdf)). **Sadarka hore:** "Qolobaa calankeed, waa ceynoo". **Qoraalka oo dhan:** waxaa daabacay Safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Beljamka ([nuqul kaydsan, liiska ilaha Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolobaa_Calankeed)). ## Soomaaliyeey Toosoo (2000–2012) **Macnaha:** Soomaaliyeey, toosa. Bilowgeedu wuxuu Soomaalida ugu baaqayaa inay kacaan oo isku tiirsadaan. **Cidda samaysay:** Erayada inta badan waxaa loo nisbeeyaa **Cali Mire Cawaale** iyo **Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan**, inkastoo nisbadaas lagu muransan yahay. Wikipedia waxay ku taariikheysaa 1947, iyadoo soo xiganaysa daraasadda Axmed Cali Abokor *The Camel in Somali Oral Tradition* ([Soomaaliyeey toosoo, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomaaliyeey_toosoo)). **Noloshii heesta:** Waxaa la qaaday xorriyadda 1 Luulyo 1960. Carruurtu subaxdii ayay dugsiga ku qaadi jireen. Dowladdii Ku-meel-gaarka ahayd ee Qaranka (TNG) ayaa ka dhigtay heesta qaranka rasmiga ah Luulyo 2000, 40 sano kadib xorriyadda ([nationalanthems.info](https://nationalanthems.info/so-12.htm)). Waxaa la beddelay Agoosto 2012, laakiin weli inta badan waxaa loo qaadaa sidii heesta qaranka ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomaaliyeey_toosoo)). **Sadarka hore:** "Soomaaliyeey toosoo, toosoo isku tiirsada ee". ## Heestii 1960 ilaa 2000 Xorriyadda markii la qaatay, Soomaaliya waxay isticmaashay hees qaran oo muusig keliya ah, uu qoray curiyaha Talyaaniga ah Giuseppe Blanc. Ma lahayn erayo rasmi ah ([National Anthems of the World archive](https://www.national-anthems.org/anthems/country/SOMALIA/naw_id/FOR-033); [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem_of_Somalia_%281960%E2%80%932000%29)). ## Wax la xiriira Eeg [Toosoo: baaqa](/en/toosoo/) iyo [calanka](/so/history/the-flag/). --- # Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586: xeebta Soomaalida sida ay socotadu u qoreen Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 1300 ilaa qarnigii 1500, xeebta Soomaalida waxaa ku teednaa magaalooyin ganacsi oo hodan ah. Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu 1331 Muqdisho ku arkay 'magaalo aad u weyn' oo uu xukumo suldaan iyada u gaar ah; Vasco da Gama wuxuu 1499 arkay guryo dhowr dabaq leh; Duarte Barbosana wuxuu qoray in Saylac, Berbera, Baraawe iyo Muqdisho ay dahab, foolmaroodi iyo hadhuudh la ganacsan jireen Hindiya iyo Carabta, ka hor intii aysan maraakiibta Boortaqiisku weerarin Baraawe, Saylac iyo Berbera intii u dhexeysay 1506 iyo 1518. ## Kooban Muddo dheer ka hor khariidad kasta oo gumeysi, xeebta Soomaalida waxay lahayd magaalooyin. Socotooyin ka yimid Marooko, Boortaqiis iyo Shiinaha ayaa qoray wixii ay halkaas ku arkeen, erayadoodiina way noolaadeen. Boggani wuxuu u daayayaa inay iyagu hadlaan, iyadoo lagu xiray qoraallada oo dhammaystiran. Waxay sifeeyaan magaalooyin is-maamula, dhagax laga dhisay, oo dhar, dahab, foolmaroodi, hadhuudh iyo xoolo ku ganacsan jiray Badweynta Hindiya. Waxay kaloo diiwaangeliyeen weerarradii Boortaqiiska horraantii qarnigii 1500, kuwaas oo jebiyay dhowr ka mid ah magaalooyinkan. ## Muqdisho 1331: Ibnu Batuuta Socotada reer Marooko ee Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta) wuxuu Makka ka ambabaxay dhammaadkii 1330, wuxuu maray Badda Cas, wuxuuna Cadan uga gudbay xeebta Soomaalida horraantii 1331 ([*Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa*, tarj. H. A. R. Gibb, 1929, cut. III, bb. 110–111](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617)). Dadka xeebta wuxuu ugu yeeraa *Berberah*, magacii hore ee Carabiga ahaa ee Soomaalida loo yiqiin. Dalkoodu, sida uu qoray, wuxuu ahaa "socod laba bilood ah oo Saylac ilaa Muqdisho (Maqdashaw) ah" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, b. 110). Muqdisho wuxuu ku tilmaamay "magaalo aad u weyn" (tarjumaad). Dadkeedu waxay ahaayeen ganacsato geel badan leh (isla ishaas): - **Sida ganacsigu u shaqeynayay.** Markii markab yimaado, dhallinyaro ayaa doonyo yaryar ugu soo dhoofi jiray, mid kastaa wuxuu sitay saxan cunto ah oo daboolan oo uu u wado ganacsade, isagoo leh "Kani waa martidayda" (tarjumaad). Martigeliyuhu ayaa markaas ganacsadaha wax uga iibin jiray kana iibsan jiray. Iib la sameeyo iyadoo martigeliyuhu aan ogeyn waa buraynayay. Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu dhaqankan ku tilmaamay mid "faa'iido weyn u leh" (tarjumaad). - **Yaa xukumayay.** Taliyaha waxaa loo yeeri jiray "Sheekha". Magaciisu wuxuu ahaa Abuu Bakar, wuxuu ahaa "asal ahaan Berberah", wuxuuna ku hadli jiray "luqadda Maqdishi" (tarjumaad), inkastoo uu Carabiga yaqaannay. - **Sida martida loo soo dhoweyn jiray.** Caalim kasta, *shariif* ama nin diin leh waxaa loo geyn jiray suldaanka si uu ula kulmo ka hor intaan hoy loo helin. Ibnu Batuuta waxaa la dejiyay guriga ardayda, waxaa la siin jiray cunto saddex jeer maalintii, maalintii afraadna waxaa la siiyay dhar. - **Jimcaha.** Suldaanku wuxuu masjidka ku tukan jiray daah gadaashiis, kadibna wuxuu lugeyn jiray ilaa gurigiisa, iyadoo korkiisa lagu hayo afar dallad oo xariir ah, mid kastana dushiisa uu ku yaal shimbir dahab ah. Ganacsiga Muqdisho meel fog ayuu gaaray. Jasiiradaha Maldives, Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu xusay in idaha ay ku yaraayeen oo laga keeni jiray "Macbar, Mulaybar iyo Muqdisho (Maqdashaw)" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, b. 246). ## Saylac 1331 Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ku hakaday Saylac (Zeila). Wuxuu ka helay "magaalo weyn oo suuq weyn leh" (tarjumaad), laakiin wuxuu ka cabanayay urta kalluunka iyo geela waddooyinkeeda lagu qalo, wuxuuna doortay inuu markabkiisa ku seexdo ([Gibb 1929, b. 110](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617)). ## Muqdisho 1499: maraakiibtii Vasco da Gama Isagoo Hindiya ka soo laabanaya horraantii 1499, badmaaxii Boortaqiiska ahaa ee Vasco da Gama wuxuu ag maray Muqdisho. Mid ka mid ah shaqaalaha markabka ayaa qoray ([*A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499*, tarj. E. G. Ravenstein, Hakluyt Society, 1898, b. 88](https://archive.org/details/ajournalfirstvo00ravegoog)): > "Waxaan isku aragnay magaalo weyn horteeda, oo leh guryo dhowr dabaq ah, qasriyo waaweyn oo bartamaheeda ku yaal, iyo afar munaaradood oo ku wareegsan. Magaaladani waxay u jeeday badda… waxaana la oran jiray Magadoxo. Markii aan aad ugu dhownaannay waxaan ridnay madfac badan." (tarjumaad) Tifaftiraha ayaa xusay in aan la caddeyn in madaafiicda loo riday "kaliya calaamad farxadeed ama cadaawad aan sabab lahayn" (tarjumaad). Isla daabacaaddaas waxay diiwaangelisay in 1417 ergo ka timid Muqdisho ay u safartay Shiinaha (isla ishaas, faallooyinka warqaddii Girolamo Sernigi, b. 132). ## Xeebta qiyaastii 1518: Duarte Barbosa Duarte Barbosa, oo ahaa sarkaal Boortaqiis ah oo Hindiya joogay, wuxuu qoray sifeyn xeebaha Badweynta Hindiya ah oo uu dhammeeyay qiyaastii 1518. Erayadiisii ku saabsanaa magaalooyinka Soomaalida way noolaadeen ([*The Book of Duarte Barbosa*, mug. 1, tarj. M. L. Dames, Hakluyt Society, 1918, bb. 30–36](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans)). - **Baraawe (Brava).** "Magaalo weyn oo Muuriyiin (Muslimiin) ah, oo leh guryo aad u qurux badan oo dhagax iyo nuurad laga dhisay… Boqor ma leh, laakiin waxaa xukuma odayaal" (tarjumaad). Waxay ahayd magaalo is-maamusha, oo ay maamulaan ganacsatadeeda waaweyn. - **Muqdisho (Magadoxo).** "Magaalo aad u weyn oo Muuriyiin ah… waxaa u taliya boqor" (tarjumaad). Maraakiib ayaa ka iman jiray Cambay oo Hindiya ku taal iyo Cadan, iyagoo sida dhar iyo xawaash, waxayna ka ambabixi jireen iyagoo sida "dahab badan, foolmaroodi iyo shamac" (tarjumaad). Barbosa wuxuu raaciyay inay lahayd hilib, sarreen, shaciir, fardo iyo miro, "si ay u noqoto meel hodan ah oo aad u barwaaqo ah" (tarjumaad). - **Berbera (Barbora).** Maraakiib ayaa ka iman jiray Cadan iyo Cambay, waxayna ka ambabixi jireen iyagoo sida dahab, foolmaroodi iyo badeecooyin kale. Ganacsatada Cadan waxay ka iibsan jireen "raashin, hilib, malab iyo shamac, maxaa yeelay dhulkaasi aad buu wax-soosaar u leeyahay" (tarjumaad). - **Saylac.** "Meel ganacsi badan… meel si fiican loo dhisay oo leh guryo aad u wanaagsan, kuwo badan oo ka mid ahna laga dhisay dhagax iyo nuurad, saqafkooduna siman yahay" (tarjumaad). Waxay lahayd fardo iyo lo' badan, iyo subag, caano, hilib, sarreen, masago, shaciir iyo miro badan, "kuwaas oo dhammaantood halkaas laga qaado oo Cadan loo geeyo" (tarjumaad). ## Weerarradii Boortaqiiska, 1506–1518 Barbosa iyo tifaftirihiisa ayaa diiwaangeliyay wixii xigay ([Barbosa 1918, bb. 30–36](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans)): - **1506, Baraawe.** Maraakiib Boortaqiis ah oo uu hoggaaminayay Tristão da Cunha ayaa canshuur dalbaday. Magaaladu way diiday, waxaana la qabsaday "kadib difaac geesinimo leh iyo xasuuq weyn" (tarjumaad). Barbosa wuxuu sheegay in Boortaqiisku "dileen dad badan oo ka mid ah dadkeeda, kuwo badanna maxaabiis ahaan u qaateen" (tarjumaad). Dad badan ayaa u cararay gudaha dalka. - **1517, Saylac.** Maraakiib Boortaqiis ah oo uu hoggaaminayay Lopo Soares de Albergaria ayaa qabsaday oo burburiyay magaalada. - **1518, Berbera.** Maraakiib uu hoggaaminayay António de Saldanha ayaa "burburiyay meeshii oo dhan" (tarjumaad). Muqdisho way badbaaday. Tifaftiraha ayaa xusay in "xukunka Boortaqiisku uusan waligiis xoogeysan ilaa woqooyiga Magadoxo" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, b. 31). ## Kadib 1518 Tifaftiraha Barbosa wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in taliyihii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Cali Bey uu Muqdisho muddo gaaban haystay 1586, iyo in suldaannadii Masqat iyo Zanzibar ay sheegteen laga bilaabo 1828 ([Barbosa 1918, b. 31, faallo](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans)). [Dowladda Ajuuraan iyo Adal](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/) ayaa qarniyadaas xukumayay dhulka xeebta ka dambeeya. ## Sida ilahan si cadaalad ah loo akhriyo Qorayaashani waxay ahaayeen dad dibadda ka yimid. Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu ahaa marti, faalladiisa ku saabsan urta Saylacna waa ra'yigiisa. Boortaqiisku waxay u yimaadeen sidii tartamayaal iyo weerarayaal. Erayadoodu waxay sidaan aragtiyihii waqtigoodii, oo ay ku jiraan sifeyn midabka maqaarka ah oo aynaan halkan ku celin. Haddii loo akhriyo xaqiiqooyinka ay sidaan, waxay ku heshiiyaan hal arrin: xeebta Soomaalidu waxay ahayd hodan, dhagax laga dhisay, dadkeedu ay maamulaan, oo ganacsi ku xiran Carabta, Hindiya iyo Shiinaha. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Sannadkii uu Ibnu Batuuta yimid.** Tarjumaadda Gibb waxay dhigtay horraantii 1331, kadib xajkii dhammaadkii 1330 ([Gibb 1929, cut. III](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617)). Daabacaadyo kale oo safarradiisa ah waxay safarka u taariikheeyaan si kale, maxaa yeelay qoraalkiisu wuxuu bixiyaa taariikho go'an oo yar. - **Taariikhda la weeraray Berbera.** Qoraalka Barbosa wuxuu leeyahay 1518; tifaftirihiisuna wuxuu ku doodayaa in weerarku u badan yahay inuu dhacay bilowgii 1518 ee uusan dhicin 1517 sida ay tilmaamaan qaar ka mid ah taariikh-qorayaasha Boortaqiiska ([Barbosa 1918, bb. 34–35](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans)). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Ibnu Batuuta, *Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354*, tarj. H. A. R. Gibb, 1929: [qoraalka oo dhammaystiran](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617). - *A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499*, tarj. E. G. Ravenstein, 1898: [qoraalka oo dhammaystiran](https://archive.org/details/ajournalfirstvo00ravegoog). - *The Book of Duarte Barbosa*, mug. 1, tarj. M. L. Dames, 1918: [qoraalka oo dhammaystiran](https://archive.org/details/bookofduartebarb0001mans). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Muqdisho iyo Baraawe ee buugga João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia, 1503–1510](/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/) - [Saylac iyo Berbera ee buugga João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia, 1513–1518](/en/history/zeila-and-berbera-in-joao-de-barros/) --- # Waxa na dib u celiyay: toddoba xoog oo soo noqnoqday 130 sano Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/what-held-us-back/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Isla toddobada xoog ayaa mar kasta ka soo muuqda diiwaanka Soomaaliyeed tan iyo 1895, waxayna dib u celiyeen jiil kasta oo calanka sitay. In si daacad ah loo magacaabo waxay sharfaysaa qof kasta oo isku dayay, waxayna dadaal kasta oo cusub ka caawinaysaa inuu ka fogaado. Koox kasta tan iyo 1895 waxay hawsha hore u sii qaadday. Diiwaanku wuxuu sidoo kale muujinayaa isla xaddidaadyadii oo soo noqnoqday, xilli xilli. Kuwani waa xoogag, ma aha dad. Magacaabistoodu cidna ma eedaynayso. ## Soomaaliya ma dowlad fashilantay baa? Waxa diiwaanku sheegayo Dadku badanaa ayay tan weydiiyaan. Ereygu wuxuu ka yimid tusmo: Fund for Peace waxay daabici jirtay "Failed States Index" (Tusmada Dowladaha Fashilmay) ilaa 2014, markaas oo ay u beddeshay Fragile States Index (Tusmada Dowladaha Jilicsan) ([Fragile States Index list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Fragile_States_Index)). Waa calaamadda tusmada, ma aha go'aan aan annagu gaarnay. Jawaabta gaaban: tusmooyinku waxay Soomaaliya ku jiraan dowladaha ugu jilicsan adduunka, tan iyo 2012na waxay dib u dhisatay hay'ado federaal ah, waxayna iska bixisay inta badan deynteeda dibadda, sida hoos ku qoran. **Waxa tusmooyinku sheegaan.** Fragile States Index ee Fund for Peace wuxuu Soomaaliya ka dhigay kaalinta koowaad, tan ugu jilicsan 179 dal, 2024, iyadoo dhibco 111.3 ah ka heshay 120 ([Fragile States Index list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Fragile_States_Index)). Tusmadu waxay cabbirtaa cadaadiska saaran dowladda, sida colaadda, barakaca iyo adeegyada daciifka ah. Ma cabbirto waxa dadku dhisayaan. **Waxa la dhisay tan iyo 2012.** Soomaaliya waxay lahayd dowlad federaal ah iyo dastuur ku-meel-gaar ah tan iyo 2012. Diseembar 2023 waxay gaartay dhammaadka hannaanka deyn cafinta dalalka saboolka ah, kaas oo deynteeda dibadda ka dhimay 64% GDP 2018 ilaa ka yar 6% dhammaadkii 2023, keenayna US$4.5 bilyan oo kayd ah oo bixinta deynta ([World Bank](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/12/13/imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia-afe-1223); [IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/countries/som/key-questions-on-somalia)). Waxay noqotay xubinta siddeedaad ee Bulshada Bariga Afrika (EAC) 4 Maarso 2024 ([KT Press](https://www.ktpress.rw/2024/03/somalia-becomes-the-8th-member-of-the-east-african-community/)), waxayna kursi ku leedahay Golaha Ammaanka QM tan iyo 1 Janaayo 2025, kii ugu horreeyay tan iyo horraantii 1970-meeyadii ([UN](https://media.un.org/photo/en/asset/oun7/oun71045070)). **Waxa weli adag.** Dagaalka al-Shabaab, khilaafaadka dowladda federaalka iyo dowladaha xubinta ka ah, gaajada iyo barakacu dhammaantood way socdaan. ## 1. Beesha oo loo adeegsaday unugga siyaasadda Gumeystayaashu waxay hubeeyeen kooxo is-haya si ay uga hortagaan dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta ([Dervish movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish_movement_%28Somali%29)). 1978 kadib dowladdu waxay adeegsatay cadaadis lagu beegsaday beelo gaar ah ([Siad Barre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre)). Qaacidada "4.5", oo markii ugu horreysay la adeegsaday dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii, rasmina laga dhigay Carta 2000, waxay qaybaha beelaha ka dhigtay caqliga shaqada dowladda ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Role-of-4.5-in-democratisation-and-governence-in-Somalia_EN_4.5_WEB.pdf)). ## 2. Awood lagu hayo hal xarun oo kuwa kale diidaan Midowyadii 1960 iyo 1969, iyo isbeddelladii dastuurka ee 2024 ilaa 2026, mid kastaa wuxuu fogeeyay waqooyiga ama dowladaha xubinta ka ah. 2026, Puntland, Jubbaland iyo Koonfur Galbeed waxay xiriirka u jareen dowladda federaalka ([Horn Review](https://hornreview.org/2026/04/21/analysis-of-somalias-constitution-crisis/)). ## 3. Hay'ado la isku daray kadib, oo aan si wadajir ah loo naqshadayn Midowgii 1960 wuxuu isku daray laba nidaam oo sharci, canshuur, boolis, waxbarasho iyo lacag oo keliya xorriyadda kadib. Codbixiyeyaasha waqooyiga in ka yar kala badh ayaa ansixiyay dastuurkii 1961 ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). ## 4. Diidmo dibadeed iyo ku-tiirsanaan dibadeed Deris kastaa wuxuu taageeray wadahadal nabadeed oo u gaar ah, taageerayaal shisheena waxay taageereen garabyo is-haya ([Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf)). Dowladdii 2004 waxay ku tiirsanayd taageero shisheeye. ## 5. Heshiisyo ku-meel-gaar ah oo joogto noqday Qaacidada 4.5 iyo Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 labaduba waxaa loogu talagalay inay ku-meel-gaar ahaadaan ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/4-5-in-somalia-from-temporary-fix-to-permanent-obstacle/)). ## 6. Muddo xileedyo ka dheeraaday waqtigoodii Muddooyinkii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa waa la kordhiyay 2009 iyo 2011 ([The New Humanitarian](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2011/06/20/somali-power-struggle-could-intensify-premier-quits)). Nofembar 2026 Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay in kordhinta 2026 ee muddada baarlamaanka iyo madaxweynaha ay sharci darro tahay ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-supreme-court-rules-president-parliament-terms-expired-orders-elections-within-90-days)). ## 7. Qaar ayaa ka faa'iida badan bannaanaanta marka loo eego dowlad Falanqeeyayaashu waxay ku tilmaamaan hoggaamiyeyaal garab 1990-meeyadii, iyo qaar xilal ku haya kootada beelaha maanta, inay dowlad daciif ah ka faa'iido badan yihiin mid xooggan ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/4-5-in-somalia-from-temporary-fix-to-permanent-obstacle/)). ## Qaybo kale oo diiwaanka ah Aasaasayaashii Naadiga Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed waxay diideen inay sheegaan beelahooda. Odayaasha waqooyiga waxay 1990-meeyadii dib u dhiseen nabadda iyagoo adeegsanaya lacag deegaan. Carta 2000 waxay haweenka iyo bulshada rayidka keentay miiska. --- # Aksum iyo 'dalka fooxa': qoraalka Adulis iyo waxa Cosmas ka qoray Barbaria iyo Sasu Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/aksum-adulis-inscription-and-barbaria/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qoraal Giriig ah oo mar yaallay dekedda Badda Cas ee Adulis, oo ganacsadaha Cosmas koobiyeeyay qiyaastii 525 CD, ayaa diiwaan gelinaya duullaannadii boqor aan magaciisa la sheegin oo Aksum ah, oo ku taal meesha hadda ah waqooyiga Itoobiya iyo Eritrea. Wuxuu sheeganayaa inuu qabsaday Sesea iyo Rhausi 'gudaha dalka fooxa', isla markaana uu Solate u dhigay inay ilaaliyaan xeebta. Cosmas wuxuu Sesea u qaatay 'qowmiyadaha Barbaria', magaca uu u yaqaanay xeebta waqooyi ee Soomaalida. Aqoonyahannadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad waxay Sesea la xiriiriyeen Ciise (Issa), boqorkana waxay ku taariikheeyeen meel u dhexeysa qiyaastii qarnigii 1aad ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 3aad CD. Cosmas wuxuu kaloo sharraxay ganacsigii dahabka ee Aksum iyo dal fog oo la yiraahdo Sasu. ## Kooban Aksum, boqortooyadii xaruntu ahayd meesha hadda ah Tigray ee waqooyiga Itoobiya, waxay ku ganacsan jirtay dekedda Badda Cas ee Adulis. Laba qoraal oo Adulis laga helay ayaa sheegaya dalka fooxa (frankincense) ee koonfurta ka xiga Baab al-Mandab (Bab el-Mandeb), kaas oo qorayaashii Giriiggu u yaqaaneen Barbaria (eeg [Qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/)). Labaduba waxay noolaadeen oo keliya maxaa yeelay ganacsadihii Iskandariya (Alexandria) ee Cosmas, oo markii dambe loo bixiyay Indicopleustes, ayaa ku koobiyeeyay buuggiisa *Christian Topography* qiyaastii 550 CD (kadib dhalashadii Ciise). Boggani wuxuu isticmaalayaa tarjumaadda Ingiriisiga iyo faallooyinka J. W. McCrindle ([*The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk*, Hakluyt Society, 1897, Buugga II, bb. 51–67](https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosm)). ## Sida Cosmas u koobiyeeyay Cosmas wuxuu qorayaa in "qiyaastii shan iyo labaatan sano ka hor", bilowgii xukunka boqortooyadii Justin I (518–527), Elesbaan, boqorka Aksumiyiinta, uu u diyaar garoobayay duullaan uu ku qaadayo Ximyar (Himyarites) oo ka shisheeya Badda Cas. Boqorku wuxuu ka codsaday guddoomiyihii Adulis, oo la oran jiray Abbas, koobiyo ka mid ah qoraalka Giriigga ah ee ku yaal kursi boqortooyo oo marmar ah iyo looxa dhagax ah oo u dhow magaalada. Cosmas iyo ganacsade kale, Menas, ayaa sameeyay koobiyada (bb. 54–56). Faallooyinka McCrindle waxay Elesbaan u aqoonsadaan boqorka sidoo kale loo yaqaan Kaleb, booqashadii Cosmasna waxay ku taariikheeyaan qiyaastii 525 (b. 55, faallo). ## Laba qoraal, ma aha mid Cosmas wuxuu looxa iyo kursiga u akhriyay hal qoraal oo uu lahaa boqorkii Masar ee Ptolemy. McCrindle wuxuu sharraxayaa inay kala gooni ahaayeen (b. 59, faallo 2): - **Looxa** wuxuu diiwaan gelinayaa duullaannadii Aasiya ee Ptolemy III Euergetes, oo carshiga qabtay 247 CH (ka hor dhalashadii Ciise) (b. 57, faallo 1). - **Kursiga** wuxuu sidaa qoraal kale, oo uu lahaa boqor aan magaciisa la sheegin oo isku tilmaamaya ina ilaaha Ares, qorayana inuu ahaa "kii ugu horreeyay oo keliya ee boqorrada qoladayda" ee sameeyay qabsashooyinkaas. Aqoonyahannadu tan iyo markaas waxay u akhriyeen boqor Aksum ah (bb. 59–66). ## Waxa boqorka Aksum sheeganayo Kadib qabsashooyin ku wareegsan Aksum iyo xagga Niilka iyo Masar, boqorku wuxuu qorayaa (bb. 62–64): > "Hubkayga waxaa xigay in loo jeediyo qowmiyadda Sesea. Kuwani waxay u carareen buur dheer oo ay adag tahay in la gaaro; laakiin buurta dhinac walba ayaan ka go'doomiyay, waxaanan ku qasbay inay soo degaan oo is dhiibaan… Qabiilooyinka Rhausi ayaan markaas kadib hoos keenay: dad aan ilbaxnimo lahayn oo ku firirsan bannaano ballaaran oo biyo la' oo ku yaal gudaha dalka fooxa. [Halkaas ayaan ka sii socday xagga badda] waxaan la kulmay Solate, oo aan jabiyay, kana tagay iyagoo la amray inay ilaaliyaan xeebta." Wuxuu sheegay inuu dhulkoodii u celiyay "iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay bixinta canshuur", inuu ciidan badeed u diray dadyowga xeebta Carabta, oo uu xukumay laga bilaabo "dalka fooxa" ee bari ilaa "Itoobiya iyo Sasu" ee galbeed (bb. 64–65). Kursiga wuxuu ka dhigay Adulis "sannadkii toddoba iyo labaatanaad ee xukunkayga" (b. 66). Cosmas wuxuu xariiqda ku saabsan Sesea ku daray faallo: "Halkan wuxuu ula jeedaa qowmiyadaha Barbaria" (b. 66). ## Yaa maxay ka yiri dadyowga Aqoonsiyadan waxay ka yimaadeen aqoonyahanno qarnigii 19aad oo lagu soo xigtay faallooyinka McCrindle. Waxay ku saleysan yihiin isu ekaanshaha magacyada: - **Vivien de Saint-Martin (1863)** wuxuu qoray in duullaannada boqorku ay gaareen "dalka Harrar iyo Soomaalida, oo soo saara udgoonka, ilaa gobolka xeebta ee uu badda Cadan (Aden) maydho, kuna dhammaada Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui)" (b. 60, faallo 3). Wuxuu soo jeediyay in Sesea "ay ahayd inay tilmaamaan ugu yaraan qayb ka mid ah dadka Soomaalida, oo mid ka mid ah qabiilooyinkooda ugu waaweyn uu weli sido magaca Ciise (Issa)", iyo in Rhausi ay noqon karaan Rhapsii ee Ptolemy, ama Arsi ee gudaha. Solate wuxuu ku tilmaamay "aan la hubin" (b. 63, faallo 1). - **Taariikhda**, faallooyinku waxay diiwaan geliyeen afar aragtiyood: Saint-Martin, qarnigii 2aad CD; August Dillmann, ka hor Zoskales, boqorka lagu magacaabay Periplus (taas oo ah qiyaastii bilowgii taariikhda Masiixiga); D. H. Müller, Zoskales laftiisa; iyo Eduard Glaser, dabayaaqadii qarnigii 3aad CD (bb. 60, 65–66, faallooyin). ## Barbaria iyo ganacsiga fooxa ee Cosmas Cosmas wuxuu dalka fooxa ku sharraxay inuu ku yaal "qaybaha soo taagan ee Itoobiya", gudaha, laakiin badweyntu maydhayso. "Dadka Barbaria, maadaama ay u dhow yihiin, waxay u kacaan gudaha, oo kala ganacsadaan dadka dhulka u dhashay, waxayna ka soo qaadaan noocyo badan oo xawaash ah, foox, qorfe (cassia), calamus iyo badeecado kale oo badan, kuwaas oo markaas kadib badda ugu dira Adule, dalka Homerites (Ximyar), Hindiya fog iyo Faaris." Wuxuu raaciyay in Jasiiradda Carabta ay Barbaria uga jirto "laba maalmood" oo badda ah, Barbaria gadaashiisana ay ku taal badweynta "loo yaqaan Zingion" (bb. 51–52). Eeg [Fooxa iyo malmalka](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/). ## Ganacsiga dahabka ee Sasu Cosmas wuxuu sharraxay sida sannad kasta oo labaad boqorka Aksum u diri jiray wakiillo, oo ay la socdaan "in ka badan, aan nidhaahno, shan boqol" oo ganacsato kale ah, dalka Sasu, oo "u dhow badweynta" kana hodan ah macdan dahab. Waxay keeni jireen dibi, xabbado cusbo iyo bir ah, waxay xero ku samaysan jireen qodax, alaabtana way dhigi jireen. Dadka deegaanku waxay la iman jireen dahab "googo'yo digir u eg ah, oo loo yaqaan tancharas", waxay saari jireen waxa ay doonayaan oo dib ayay u gudbi jireen; dhinac walba wuu ku dari jiray ama ka qaadi jiray ilaa labaduba ka raalli noqdaan, "maxaa yeelay afkoodu waa ka duwan yahay, turjumaanna si dhib ah ayaa loo helaa". Socdaalka tag iyo soo noqodba wuxuu qaadan jiray lix bilood (bb. 52–54). Meesha Sasu ku taallay waa lagu kala duwan yahay faallooyinka McCrindle. Faallo ayaa dhigaysa "meel u dhow xeebta, oo keliya 5° waqooyi ka xigta dhulbaraha" (b. 51). Glaser markii hore wuxuu dhigay meel u dhow [Hobyo](/so/regions/mudug/), kadibna wuxuu ku dooday in qoraalka loo akhriyo Kasu, gobol aad galbeed ugu fog oo u dhow Meroe ee Suudaan. Saint-Martin wuxuu dhigay koonfur-galbeed, gobolka Kafa ee Itoobiya (bb. 64–65, faallooyin). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/) - [Dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/) - [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) --- # Ibnu Batuuta oo jooga Muqdisho iyo Saylac, 1331: waxa Rixladu sheegto Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Socdaalaha reer Marooko Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu 1331 booqday Saylac iyo Muqdisho, wuxuuna ku sharraxay Rixladiisa (Safarrada), oo uu yeeriyay 1355. Muqdisho wuxuu ku tilmaamay magaalo aad u weyn oo ganacsato leh, wuxuu sharraxay sida dhallinyaradu markab kasta u soo dhaweyn jireen una marti gelin jireen ganacsatada, wuxuuna diiwaangeliyay suldaanka, qaadigiisa iyo maxkamaddiisa. Waa warbixinta qoran ee ugu faahfaahsan ee magaalo Soomaaliyeed ka hor 1500. ## Socdaalaha iyo buugga Ibnu Batuuta (1304 ilaa qiyaastii 1369) wuxuu ahaa aqoonyahan ka soo jeeda Tanjiir ee Marooko, kaas oo ku dhowaad soddon sano ku safrayay Afrika iyo Aasiya. 1355 wuxuu safarradiisa u yeeriyay qoraaga Ibnu Juzay, natiijaduna waxay ku magacdheer tahay **Rixlada** ("Safarka") ([The Rihla, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rihla)). 1331 wuxuu Cadan ka shiraacday una dhaadhacay xeebta Bariga Afrika. Wuxuu ku hakaday **Saylac** oo ku taal Gacanka Cadan, kadibna **Muqdisho**, ka hor intaanu u sii gudbin Mombasa iyo Kilwa ([Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325 to 1354, turjumaadda H. A. R. Gibb, 1929, Fordham Medieval Sourcebook](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). ## Waxa uu ka qoray Saylac Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu Saylac ku tilmaamay "magaalo weyn oo suuq weyn leh" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu sidoo kale qoray inay si xoog leh u urayso kalluun iyo dhiigga geela waddooyinka lagu qalo, iyo in isaga iyo saaxiibbadiis ay doorteen inay markabkooda seexdaan ([turjumaadda Gibb, Fordham](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). Wuxuu qoray in dhulka Barbarah uu Saylac ilaa Muqdisho u dhexeeyo socod laba bilood ah, iyo in markabkiisu Saylac ilaa Muqdisho shan iyo toban maalmood shiraacday ([Gibb 1929, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16353)). ## Waxa uu ka qoray Muqdisho **Magaalo ganacsato.** Wuxuu Muqdisho ku tilmaamay "magaalo aad u weyn" oo dadkeedu ahaayeen ganacsato geel badan leh, maalintiina boqollaal u qali jiray cunto ahaan (tarjumaad) ([Fordham](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). **Martigelinta ganacsatada.** Markii markab yimaado, doonyo yaryar oo la yiraahdo sumbuq ayaa u soo bixi jiray. Dhallinyaro doon kasta saarnaa ayaa keeni jiray saxammo cunto ah oo daboolan, mid walbana wuxuu dooran jiray ganacsade, isagoo leh "Kani waa martidayda." Martigeliyuhu ganacsadaha ayuu dejin jiray, wuxuuna ka iibsan jiray kana iibin jiray isaga oo matalaya. Iib la sameeyay iyadoo martigeliyuhu aanu joogin, ama qiimo aad u hooseeya, lama aqbali jirin ([Fordham](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). **Qaadiga iyo ardayda.** Maadaama uu aqoonyahan ahaa, Ibnu Batuuta waxaa loo geeyay qaadiga (garsooraha), waxaana la dejiyay guriga ardayda. Cunto ayaa saddex jeer maalintii loo keeni jiray saddex maalmood. Maalintii afraad, oo ahayd Jimce, qaadiga iyo wasiir ayaa siiyay dhar ([Fordham](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). **Maxkamadda suldaanka.** Wuxuu ku tukaday masjidka weyn gadaashiisa daaha suldaanka. Wuxuu qoray in dadku suldaankooda ugu yeeri jireen "Sheekha", in magaca suldaanku ahaa Abuubakar, inuu ahaa "asal Barbarah", iyo inuu "ku hadlo afka Maqdishi, inkastoo uu Carabiga yaqaan" (tarjumaad) ([Gibb 1929, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16353)). Taariikhyahannada dambe waxay magaciisa oo dhan u bixiyaan Abuubakar ibn Sheekh Cumar ([Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/amp/story/general%2Fibn-battuta-a-legendary-traveller-1.1158141)). Salaadda kadib Sheekhu wuxuu kabo ku lugeeyay ilaa qasrigiisa iyadoo dadka kale oo dhammi cago-cadaan yihiin, isagoo hoos socda afar dallad oo xariir ah oo mid walba dushiisa shimbir dahab ah saaran tahay ([Fordham](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). Markii ugu horreysay ee uu qasriga gaaray, adeege qasriga ayaa u soo saaray caleemo betel ah iyo lows areca ah hadiyad soo dhaweyn ah, wasiir waajibkiisu ahaa daryeelka martidana ayaa u salaamay isagoo suldaanka matalaya ([Gibb 1929, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16353)). ## Sababta taariikhyahannadu u adeegsadaan Qaybtani waa sharraxa ugu buuxa ee magaalo Soomaaliyeed ka hor 1500. Waxay muujisaa Muqdisho qarnigii 14aad oo ah magaalo Muslim ah oo leh taliye u gaar ah, garsoorayaal iyo culimo, oo badda kula ganacsata Carabta, Masar iyo Hindiya ([AramcoWorld, The Traveler: Ibn Battuta](https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.traveler.ibn.battuta.htm)). Waxaa lala akhriyaa qoraallada dhagxaanta iyo masaajidda magaalada, sida masjidka Fakhrudiin ee 1269, oo lagu sharraxay [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/), iyo diiwaannada kale ee [Magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, 1331 ilaa 1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Gibb, qaybaha Muqdisho iyo Saylac: [Fordham Medieval Sourcebook](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp) - Xulashadii Gibb ee 1929, oo dhan la sawiray (qaybaha Soomaalidu waa bogagga 110 ilaa 111): [Gibb 1929, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16353) - Turjumaadda dhammaystiran ee Hakluyt Society, mujallada III (Hindiya iyo wixii ka dambeeya): [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta) - Daabacaadda buuxda ee Hakluyt Society, maktabad: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Travels+of+Ibn+Battuta+Gibb+Hakluyt) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida ka hor 1500](/so/history/books-about-somalis-before-1500/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # First Footsteps in East Africa (1856): Richard Burton oo jooga Saylac, Harar iyo Berbera Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > First Footsteps in East Africa waa warbixinta Richard Burton ee safarkiisii 1854 ilaa 1855 ee Saylac ilaa Harar iyo dib ugu laabashadii Berbera, waxaana London lagu daabacay 1856. Wuxuu sharraxaa magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, guddoomiyihii Saylac Sharmaarke Cali Saalax, gabayga iyo dhaqanka Soomaalida, iyo weerarkii xeradiisa lagu qaaday meel u dhow Berbera Abriil 1855. Bilaash ayaa online looga akhriyi karaa. ## Buuggu waa maxay First Footsteps in East Africa, or, An Exploration of Harar waxaa qoray sarkaal iyo socdaale Ingiriis ah, **Richard Francis Burton**, waxaana London lagu daabacay 1856 ([Shapero Rare Books, daabacaaddii koowaad](https://shapero.com/products/richard-burton-first-footsteps-east-africa-1856-first-edition-104241); [Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886)). Wuxuu ka sheekeeyaa safar ay Shirkadda Bariga Hindiya ka dirtay Bombay iyo Cadan sannadkii 1854. ## Safarka - **Saylac.** Safarku wuxuu socday 29 Oktoobar 1854 ilaa 9 Febraayo 1855. Burton waqtigaas inta badan wuxuu joogay Saylac isagoo marti u ah guddoomiyihii, Al-Xaaj **Sharmaarke Cali Saalax** ([Richard Francis Burton, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton)). Buuggu wuxuu si dheer u sharraxaa Sharmaarke iyo qoyskiisa ([Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886)). - **Harar.** Burton wuxuu Harar gaaray 3 Janaayo 1855, wuxuuna joogay qiyaastii toban maalmood, isagoo ahaa reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee la ogyahay inuu magaalada galay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton); [Powell's](https://www.powells.com/book/-9781406800975)). - **Berbera.** Wuxuu Berbera gaaray 31 Janaayo 1855. Abriil 1855, iyadoo kooxdu xero ku leedahay meel u dhow Berbera, ayaa la weeraray. Lieutenant William Stroyan waa la dilay, John Hanning Speke waa dhaawacmay, Burtonna waran ayaa ka dusay labada dhaban ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton); [Bauman Rare Books](https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/burton-richard-f/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/102263.aspx)). Ingiriisku wuxuu kadib Berbera xannibaad saaray 1855 iyo 1856 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton)). ## Waxa uu ka sheego Soomaalida Buuggu wuxuu si faahfaahsan u sharraxaa nolosha Soomaalida woqooyiga: magaalooyinka, ganacsiga, labbiska, cuntada, beelaha iyo sida socdaalayaasha loo ilaalin jiray iyadoo uu *abbaan* (hage iyo ilaaliye deegaanka ah) la socdo ([Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886)). Aragtiyaha Burton laftiisu inta badan way adag yihiin; wuxuu Soomaalida ku tilmaamay "qowm geesi ah oo qasan" (tarjumaad) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton)). Erayadiisa ugu badan ee la xigto waxay ku saabsan yihiin gabayga Soomaalida. Wuxuu qoray in ay jireen "kumanaan hees" oo mawduuc kasta ka hadla, laga bilaabo rarka geela ilaa waraabka biyaha, iyo in "dalku ka buuxo gabayaa iyo gabayaa-yar", iyadoo nin walba kaalintiisa gabayga si sax ah loo yaqaan sidii isagoo boqol sano majallado lagu qiimeeyay. Wuxuu ku daray in gabayo badan ay ahaayeen kuwo luqad ahaan aad u qoto dheer oo Carabtii sannado badan Soomaalida dhex degganayd aysan fahmi karin (tarjumaad) ([First Footsteps, qoraalka Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886)). Wax badan oo ku saabsan gabayga laftiisa waxay ku jiraan [Gabayga Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-poetry/). Lifaaqa waxaa ku jira xusuus-qorka Speke ee isku daygiisii uu ku doonayay inuu gaaro dooxada Nugaal, naxwe kooban oo afka Hararida ah, iyo diiwaanka cimilada jiilaalkii 1854 ilaa 1855 ([Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886)). ## Sida loo qaatay Joornaalka The Spectator ayaa dib u eegay buugga 2 Agoosto 1856 ([Spectator Archive](https://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/2nd-august-1856/28/burtons-exploration-of-harar)). Weerarkii Berbera kadib safarku wuu dhammaaday. Baaritaan laba sano qaatay ayaa inta badan Burton ka saaray eedda, laakiin xirfaddiisu way waxyeelloowday ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton)). Buugga dhowr jeer ayaa dib loo daabacay, oo ay ku jiraan daabacaad xusuuseed 1894 iyo daabacaad 1966 oo uu sameeyay Gordon Waterfield ([Internet Archive, daabacaadda 1894](https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsin01burtuoft); [Internet Archive, daabacaadda 1966](https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsin0000burt_u5w2)). Taariikhyahannada woqooyiga Soomaalida weli waxay u adeegsadaan faahfaahintiisa Saylac, Berbera iyo waddooyinka ganacsiga, iyagoo la akhriya ilaha Soomaalida. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Qoraalka oo dhan, bilaash: [Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6886) - Sawirrada daabacaadda 1894: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsin01burtuoft) - Maktabad: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=First+Footsteps+in+East+Africa+Burton) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1500 ilaa 1884](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1500-1884/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # 'Boqorradii reer guuraaga': taallooyinkii waaweynaa ee dhulka hoose ee Soomaalida iyo Cafarta, qiyaastii 650–1000 CD Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/nomad-kings-great-cairns-650-1000/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qiyaastii intii u dhexeysay 650 iyo 1000 CD, xoolo-dhaqatada ku noolaa meelaha maanta ah Jabuuti (Djibouti), galbeedka Somaliland iyo bariga Itoobiya waxay dhiseen taallooyin aasid oo aad uga waaweyn kuwii ka horreeyay iyo kuwii ka dambeeyay, qaarkood ballaartoodu gaarayso 57 mitir. Koox Isbaanish iyo Jabuuti ka kooban oo qodday toban ka mid ah intii u dhexeysay 2021 iyo 2024 waxay heshay alaab ka timid Harar, Yaman, Ciraaq, Masar ama Suuriya, dunida Roomaanka ama Bizantiyiinta iyo Maldives. Kooxdu waxay ku doodaysaa in qabuurahani lahaayeen hoggaamiyeyaal reer guuraa ah oo heer leh, kuwaas oo ay ugu yeerto boqorro iyo boqoraddo, oo soo kacay markii Aksum hoos u dhacday 600-meeyadii, kahor magaalooyinkii Muslimiinta ee 1100-meeyadii. Isla noocaas taallooyinka ah, oo leh dheryo laga keenay Gacanka Faaris, ayaa laga yaqaan Somaliland, goobaha Yirowe, Jidhali iyo Bulaxaar (Bulhar). ## Si kooban Wax yar ayaa laga yaqaan dhulka hoose ee Soomaalida iyo Cafarta (Afar) intii u dhexeysay dhammaadkii ganacsigii Roomaanka iyo magaalooyinkii Muslimiinta ee 1100-meeyadii. Boggani wuxuu raacayaa warbixin qodis oo 2025 ah oo buuxisa qayb ka mid ah daldaloolkaas, una dhisan shaqadii Machadka Cilmiga Hiddaha (Incipit-CSIC) ee Isbaanishka iyo xarunta cilmi-baarista Jabuuti ee IRAH-CERD ([González-Ruibal, de Torres Rodríguez iyo kuwo kale, "Rise of the Nomad Kings: Pastoral Polities in the Horn of Africa (A.D. 650–1000)" (Soo kicitaankii boqorradii reer guuraaga: dowladihii xoolo-dhaqatada ee Geeska Afrika), *Journal of Field Archaeology* 50.8, 2025, bb. 737–766](https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2025.2479290), si xor ah loo akhriyi karo). Qodistu waxay ka dhacday koonfurta Jabuuti, meel u dhow xuduudaha Somaliland iyo Itoobiya. Kooxdu waxay kaloo sawir-qaadeen xabaalo taallooyin ah oo ku yaal galbeedka Somaliland iyagoo adeegsanaya sawirro dayax-gacmeed (b. 738). ## Deegaanka Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in gobolka u dhexeeya Baab al-Mandab (Bab el-Mandeb) iyo bartamaha Somaliland ay qorayaashii Giriigga, Roomaanka iyo kuwii Islaamka ee xigay u yaqaanneen Barbaria, dadkiisana Barbar. Iyagoo soo xiganaya taariikhyahanka G. W. Bowersock, waxay soo jeedinayaan in magacu "malaha aanu xiriir la lahayn 'Barbarian' (qaab-darro), balse uu ka yimid magac qowmiyadeed oo deegaanka ah *Barbar" (b. 738). Eeg [Qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/). Waxay qoreen in dhulka hoose uu "si adag u ahaa reer guuraa" ilaa degaannadii ugu horreeyay ee dhagaxa laga dhisay ee qarnigii 12aad, iyo in kahor shaqadooda, "xilliga u dhexeeya dhammaadkii kunkii 2aad CH iyo imaatinkii Islaamka qarniyadii 12aad–13aad CD, aqoonteenna qadiimiga ah asal ahaanba ma jirin" ee deegaankan (b. 738). ## Waxa la qoday Kooxdu waxay sahamisay shan koox oo xabaalo ah oo ku yaal gobollada Dikhil iyo Cali Sabiix (Ali Sabieh), oo isku ah 154 taallo, waxayna qodday toban taallo oo ku yaal Unda Kontali, Abou Youssouf iyo Daas Biyo (bb. 739–740). Waxay sharaxeen afar qaab: taallooyin caadi ah, iyo taallooyin ku dul dhisan sagxado sare, hoose ama siman. Taallooyinka caadiga ah ballaartoodu inta badan waa qiyaastii 12 mitir; tan ugu weyn, oo sagxad ku taal Guistir, waxay gaartaa 57 mitir, taallada ugu weyn ee Daas Biyo-na 45 mitir (b. 739). Qaarkood waxay isku daraan basalt madow iyo rhyolite cas iyo dhagax-ciid cad oo meel fog laga keenay; qorayaashu waxay xuseen in casaanka iyo caddaanku ay yihiin midabyo muhiim ka ah dhaqanka Cafarta (b. 739). Inta badan taallooyinka waa la dhacay, qaarkoodna waxaa lagu dhacay cagafyo (b. 739). ## Taariikhaha Dhammaan toddobada qabri ee taariikhdooda lagu go'aamiyay kaarboonka shucaaca waxaa la dhisay qiyaastii intii u dhexeysay 650 iyo 1000 CD. Afar taallo oo kale oo ku yaal Jabuuti iyo Somaliland (Guistir, Yirowe iyo Jidhali) waxaa isla muddadaas lagu go'aamiyay dheryo dibadda laga keenay, taallo ku taal Somaliland-na waxaa lagu go'aamiyay taariikh kaarboon shucaac oo hore. Qorayaashu waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in "aysan jirin taallooyin waaweyn kahor qarnigii 7aad CD ama kadib qarnigii 11aad CD", iyo in dhismuhu ugu badnaa qarniyadii 7aad iyo 8aad (b. 754). Warbixintoodu waxay kaloo sawir ka bixisaa taallo yar oo ku taal Bulaxaar ee Somaliland, oo taariikhdeedu tahay qarnigii 10aad (b. 759, sawirka 24). ## Waxa la helay Taallooyinku alaab yar ayay ku jirtay, qayb ahaan dhaca awgiis (bb. 740, 753). Waxyaabaha la helay ee ay qorayaashu taxeen waxaa ka mid ah (bb. 741–742, 754–758, shaxda 4): - **Gobolka laga keenay:** dheryo saddex lugood leh iyo kuwo cag leh iyo dhagxaan wax lagu shiido oo ka yimid deegaanka Harar iyo dhulka sare ee Itoobiya. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan in dheryaha loo isticmaali jiray uunsi shidid. - **Meel fog laga keenay:** dheryo "Sasanian-Islamic" (Saasaani-Islaami) ah oo leh dhalaal firuusi ah oo ka yimid Gacanka Faaris, taariikhdooduna tahay qarniyadii 7aad–10aad; quraarad Roomaan ah oo leh naqshad shinni-guri u eg iyo dhalo cadar oo quraarad madow ah; quraarad ka timid Masar ama Suuriya oo ah qarniyadii 8aad–9aad; dheryo Yaman ka yimid; iyo alleelo (cowrie) iyo qolfo saytuun-u-eg ah, oo ay raad-raaceen ilaa Maldives. Waxay xuseen in isla dheryahaas Gacanka Faaris laga helay Yirowe iyo Jidhali ee Somaliland iyo Jasiira (Gezira) ee koonfurta Soomaaliya (bb. 757–758). ## Sida qorayaashu u fasireen caddaymaha - **Heer, ma aha hanti oo keliya.** Waxay ku qiyaaseen in taallada ugu weyn ee Daas Biyo ay u baahnayd "ugu yaraan 500 qof oo shaqaynaya afar maalmood". Iyagoo isbarbardhigaya cabbirka qabuurahu saddex xilli, waxay bixiyeen celcelis ballaar oo ah 17.65 mitir oo 120 taallo oo ah 650–1000 CD, marka loo eego 5.97 mitir oo 87 taallo oo ah qarniyadii 1aad–3aad ee Xiis (Heis) iyo 6.82 mitir oo 142 qabri oo goobo Muslimiin ah oo ka dambeeyay 1200, iyadoo sinnaan-la'aantu aad ugu weyneyd xilliga dhexe (bb. 755–756, 762, shaxda 3). Eeg [Xiis (Heis)](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/). - **Boqorro iyo boqoraddo aan caasimad lahayn.** Waxay ku doodayaan "hannaan heer-kala-sarrayn ah balse aan xarun-dhexe ahayn": hoggaamiyeyaal is-hayaya, "malaha madaxda beelaha", mid kastaa leeyahay xabaal u gaar ah oo ku taal meel biyo laga waraabsado ama isgoys waddooyin. Waxay xuseen in "hoggaamiyeyaashaasi aysan qasab ahayn inay rag oo keliya ahaayeen", iyagoo soo xiganaya boqoraddo xusuusta afka ah ku jira sida Gudit iyo Araweelo iyo magac-darajeedka Soomaaliga ah ee *boqoraad* (b. 761). Waxay "king" (boqor) u isticmaalaan hoggaamiyaha ugu sarreeya, iyagoo xusaya in erayga Soomaaliga ah ee *boqor* inta badan sidaas loo tarjumo (b. 738). - **Maxay xilligaas u dhaceen.** Waxay taxeen shan arrimood: kaalinta reer guuraaga ee ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 1aad; gacan ku haynta uunsiga, malmalka iyo cusbada; xiriirkooda dhow ee Aksum, oo ay muujinayso koox "ka timid Barbaria" oo ka qayb gashay duullaankii Aksum ee Ximyar (Himyar) 525; burburkii Aksum iyo Ximyar qarnigii 7aad; iyo soo kicitaankii Xarla (Harla) ee buuraleyda Harar (bb. 761–763). Eeg [Aksum iyo qoraalka Adulis](/so/history/aksum-adulis-inscription-and-barbaria/) iyo [Xarla](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/). - **Ganacsigu wuxuu u guuray bari.** Markii Adulis la cidleeyay qiyaastii 650 CD, waxay ku doodayaan in "ganacsigii fogaa si fudud looga raray waqooyiga loona raray bariga Geeska", ilaa Saylac (Zeila), iyo in "Islaamowgii Saylac uu waqti ahaan la jaan qaaday dhammaadkii dhisidda taallooyinka ee gobolka" (bb. 757–759). Eeg [Saylac hore](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). - **Saldanadaha kahor.** Waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in dowladihii Muslimiinta ee qarnigii 12aad iyo wixii ka dambeeyay "aysan ka dhalan meel bannaan: waxay ahaayeen horumarkii iyo heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee qaabab siyaasadeed oo hore, oo ay ka mid yihiin dowladihii reer guuraaga" (b. 763). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Aasidda qadiimiga ah, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/) - [Laga soo bilaabo taallooyinka ilaa xabaalaha: qabuurihii Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/) - [Kahor 1300: dhulalka Soomaalida ee qadiimiga ah](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) --- # A Modern History of the Somali ee I. M. Lewis (1965 ilaa 2002): daabacadaha iyo doodda Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/a-modern-history-of-the-somali/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > A Modern History of the Somali waa buug taariikh guud ah oo uu qoray aqoonyahanka Ingiriiska ah ee cilmiga bulshada I. M. Lewis. Markii ugu horraysay wuxuu soo baxay 1965 isagoo la yiraahdo The Modern History of Somaliland, waxaana dib loo eegay daabacado kale ilaa daabacaaddii afraad ee 2002. Muddo tobanaan sano ah wuxuu ahaa buugga taariikhda Soomaalida ee Ingiriisiga ah ee ugu badan ee la xigto. Sida uu qabiilka uga dhigay furaha siyaasadda Soomaalida waa la raacay si ballaaran, aqoonyahanno Soomaali ah iyo kuwo kalena way ka doodeen. ## Qoraaga Ioan Myrddin Lewis (1930 ilaa 2014) wuxuu ahaa aqoonyahan Ingiriis ah oo cilmiga bulshada (anthropology) ku takhasusay, kana shaqeeyay London School of Economics. Sannadihii 1950-meeyadii wuxuu cilmi-baaris goob joog ah ku sameeyay xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida ee Maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland, wuxuuna in ka badan konton sano wax ka qorayay bulshada Soomaalida ([I. M. Lewis, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M._Lewis); [Peoples of the Horn of Africa, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/peoplesofhornofa0000lewi); [A Pastoral Democracy, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/pastoraldemocrac0000lewi)). Buugaagtiisa kale ee waaweyn waxay ku qoran yihiin [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1960 ilaa 1990](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1960-1990/). ## Daabacadaha - **1965:** The Modern History of Somaliland: From Nation to State ([Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryofs0000lewi)). - **1980:** daabacaad dib loo eegay, A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. - **2002:** daabacaaddii afraad, A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa, oo ay daabaceen James Currey (Oxford), Btec Books (Hargeysa) iyo Ohio University Press ([dib-u-eegista Journal of African History, Cambridge](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/clan-and-state-a-modern-history-of-the-somali-nation-and-state-in-the-horn-of-africa-by-i-m-lewis-fourth-edition-oxford-james-currey-hargeisa-btec-books-athens-ohio-university-press-2002-pp-xi347-2495-paperback-isbn-082141495x/867C589E71E39296B8B70C96150A39FC)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlo Buuggu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa asalka dadka Soomaaliyeed iyo faafitaankii Islaamka, wuxuuna sii maraa saldanadihii xeebta iyo loollankii qarnigii 19aad ee Geeska Afrika, dhaqdhaqaaqii Daraawiishta, xukunkii Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska iyo dhaqdhaqaaqii waddaniyadda, ilaa xorriyaddii 1960, dowladihii rayidka, dowladdii militariga ee 1969 ilaa 1991, iyo, daabacadaha dambe, burburkii dowladda iyo dhismihii Somaliland ([Powell's, sharaxa daabacaha](https://www.powells.com/book/a-modern-history-of-the-somali-9780821414958)). Meel walba Lewis wuxuu siyaasadda ku sharxaa nidaamka qoysaska qabiilka iyo laamaha abtirsiga ee uu goobta ku bartay. ## Sida loo qaatay - **Ammaan.** Taariikhyahanka [Siciid Samatar](/en/people/said-samatar/) wuxuu African Studies Review ku qoray in Lewis uu "si awood leh, si sarreysa, inta badanna si cajiib ah wax u qoro" (tarjumaad) ([Powell's](https://www.powells.com/book/a-modern-history-of-the-somali-9780821414958)). - **Dib-u-eegista daabacaadda 2002.** Waxaa dib loogu eegay Journal of African History sannadkii 2004 cinwaanka "Clan and State" ([Cambridge](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/clan-and-state-a-modern-history-of-the-somali-nation-and-state-in-the-horn-of-africa-by-i-m-lewis-fourth-edition-oxford-james-currey-hargeisa-btec-books-athens-ohio-university-press-2002-pp-xi347-2495-paperback-isbn-082141495x/867C589E71E39296B8B70C96150A39FC)), iyo Nederland oo ay sameeyeen aqoonyahanno Jaamacadda Erasmus ([Erasmus University, diiwaanka dib-u-eegista](https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/book-review-of-a-modern-history-of-the-somali-i-m-lewis-ed-2002-o/)). Soo koobid uu bixiyay iib-yaqaan buug ayaa sheegaysa in Lewis daabacaadda 2002 ku adkaystay aragtidiisa ah in dagaallada sokeeye ay ka tarjumayaan kala qaybsanaanta nidaamka qabiilka dhaqameed ([Goodreads](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/743438)). - **Doodda qabiilka.** Maqaalka [Cabdi Samatar](/en/people/abdi-samatar/) ee "Destruction of State and Society in Somalia: Beyond the Tribal Convention" (Journal of Modern African Studies, 1992) wuxuu ka soo horjeestay in xiisadda lagu sharxo qabiil keliya, wuxuuna tilmaamay dowladda, dabaqadaha iyo taariikhda ([Cambridge Core](https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/destruction-of-state-and-society-in-somalia-beyond-the-tribal-convention/C219BB7F94E9AC64B99F9E5B7ABC2700)). Maqaal 1994 ku soo baxay joornaalka qaxootiga ee Refuge ayaa aragtidan ku soo koobay inay dhaafayso cilmiga sababaha ku koobaya "qabyaaladda laamaysan ee Soomaalida" (tarjumaad) ([Refuge, York University](https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/download/21799/20468)). Qormooyinka buugga [Cali Jimcaale Axmed](/en/people/ali-jimale-ahmed/) ee The Invention of Somalia (1995) waxay soo jeediyeen doodo la xiriira oo ku saabsan kaalinta bulshooyinka koonfurta iyo beeralayda. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Daabacaadda 1965: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/modernhistoryofs0000lewi) - Daabacaadda 2002, maktabad: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+Modern+History+of+the+Somali+Lewis) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1960 ilaa 1990](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1960-1990/) - [Qabiilka iyo abtirsiga](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Fardowsa: magaaladii ganacsiga ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Sheekh, qiyaastii 1300–1600 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/fardowsa-medieval-trading-town/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Fardowsa, oo sidoo kale loo qoro Ferdussa, waa magaalo burburtay oo qarniyadii dhexe ku taalla Sheekh oo ka tirsan Togdheer, kana sarraysa jidka buurta ee Berbera iyo gudaha isku xira. Koox Isbaanish ah ayaa qoday 2016 iyo 2020, waxayna tahay goobta ugu qodista badan Soomaaliland. Taariikhaha kaarboonka waxay muujinayaan in la aasaasay horraantii 1300-meeyadii, ay ugu sarraysay 1400-meeyadii, laga guuray 1500-meeyadii, wax yar oo isticmaal ahna ay ka dambaysay. Qiyaastii 10% dheryahedeeda waxaa laga keenay Shiinaha, Koonfur-bari Aasiya, Hindiya, Iiraan, Yemen iyo Masar, taas oo ah qayb weyn oo goob gudaha ku taalla. Laba guri oo waaweyn oo isku eg ayaa ku jiray alaab dibadda laga keenay iyo lafo geel iyo lo' oo aad uga badan guryaha caadiga ah, taas oo qodayaashu u arkaan caddayn ah qoysas ganacsato hodan ah. ## Kooban Fardowsa waxay ku taallaa cirifka magaalada casriga ah ee Sheekh, qiyaastii 60 km koonfur ka xigta [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), halkaas oo buuraha Ogo ay ugu dhacaan bannaanka xeebta. Maaddaama ay ku taallay meesha ugu sarraysa ee jidka buurta ee weyn ee u dhexeeya Berbera iyo gudaha, waxay noqotay meel ay safarrada geeluhu (qaafilooyinku) ku nastaan. Boggani wuxuu raacayaa warbixinta buuxda ee qodistii Isbaanishka ([de Torres Rodríguez, González-Ruibal iyo kuwo kale, "City of Traders: Urbanization, Social Change, and Territorial Control in Medieval Fardowsa (Central Somaliland)", *Journal of African Archaeology* 22, 2024, bb. 86–114](https://doi.org/10.1163/21915784-bja10038), si xor ah loo akhrin karo). Lambarrada qaybaha ee hoose waxay tilmaamayaan warbixintaas. Magaalooyinka kale ee gobolka, eeg [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). ## Sida loo helay - **Socotooyinka, qiyaastii 1900.** Qorayaal jidka buurta maray waxay qoreen qabriga Sheekh Guuldu Xamed (Sheikh Guldu Hamed) iyo tuulo ku hareeraysan, labo ka mid ahna waxay sheegeen burburka magaalo weyn oo u dhow iyo xabaal ay ku jiraan kumanaan qabri. Khariidadaha Ingiriiska ee 1930-meeyadii waxay calaamadiyeen burbur waqooyi-bari ka xiga tuulada (§2.1). - **2001.** François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar iyo Bertrand Hirsch ayaa booqday oo qoray magaca "Ferdussa", oo dadka deegaanku sheegeen inuu ahaa magacii magaalada ee qarniyadii dhexe. Waxay soo ururiyeen waxyaabo laga helay, oo ay ku jirto lacag (qadaadiic) Carbeed, oo guud ahaan lagu qiyaasay qarniyadii 13aad–17aad (§2.1). - **2015.** Sada Mire ayaa ku qortay "Fardowsa" liiskii ugu horreeyay ee goobaha qadiimiga ah ee [Soomaaliland (Somaliland)](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) (§2.1). - **2016 iyo 2020.** Kooxda Incipit-CSIC waxay qodday laba god oo tijaabo ah, kadibna 2020 waxay fureen qiyaastii 700 mitir oo laba-jibbaaran, taas oo qorayaashu ugu yeeraan "faragelintii qadiimiga ahayd ee ugu weyneyd Soomaaliland" (§§2.2–2.3). Qorayaashu waxay magaalada ku qiyaaseen qiyaastii 18 hektar, oo leh laba xabaalood, mid ka mid ahna ku dhawaad wuu ka lumay oo hoos galay Sheekh-da casriga ah. Qiyaastii saddex meelood meel goobta ayaa dhismayaal waxyeelleeyeen (§2.1). Qoraal hore oo isla kooxdani qortay wuxuu bixiyay tiro ka weyn, oo ah qiyaastii 35 hektar (eeg [Magaalooyinkii burburay](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/)). ## Taariikhaha Taariikhaha kaarboonka (radiocarbon) ee warbixintu bixisay (§§2.2–2.3, 5): - **Sagxaddii ugu horreysay:** sannadaha la saxay ee 1305–1365 (suurtagalnimo 75%) ama 1383–1405. - **Xayndaabka weyn:** waxaa la dhisay dhammaadkii qarnigii 14aad ama bilowgii qarnigii 15aad (taariikho ah 1327–1430 iyo 1421–1455). - **Guri caadi ah oo cirifka magaalada ku yaal:** 1441–1506 (suurtagalnimo 86%). - **Isticmaalkii ugu dambeeyay ee mar-mar ahaa:** 1499–1600 (suurtagalnimo 76%) ama 1615–1644. Qorayaashu waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in Fardowsa la aasaasay "wakhti ka mid ah tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay qarnigii 14aad", ay si degdeg ah u kortay qarnigii 15aad, hoos u dhacday qarnigii 16aad, horraantii qarnigii 17aadna mar-mar uun la isticmaali jiray. Wax laga helay oo ka dhexeeya wakhtigaas iyo qarnigii 19aad ma jiraan, markaas oo qayb ka mid ah burburka dib loogu isticmaalay xero la difaacay (§5). ## Guryaha Magaaladu ma lahayn derbi iyo qorshe waddooyin oo cad, wali masjid lagama helin. Guryuhu way kala fogaayeen, waxaana u dhexeeyay meelo bannaan, qaarkoodna ahaa xeryo xoolo ama barxado la xayndaabay (§2.4). Qodistii 2020 waxay soo saartay xayndaab derbi leh oo ay ku jiraan laba guri oo naqshad isku mid ah leh: saddex qol oo saqaf leh dhanka galbeed iyo meel dheer oo dhanka bari ah oo u badan inay furnayd. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen inay "aad uga weyn yihiin guri kasta oo ilaa hadda laga diiwaangeliyay Soomaaliland", iyo in naqshadda isku midka ahi ay "tilmaamayso naqshad hore loo sii qorsheeyay". Qashin-qub ku yaal agtooda ayaa laga helay qiyaastii 60 kg oo lafo xoolo ah, oo laga soo saaray meel 1.35 mitir oo laba-jibbaaran oo keliya ah (§§2.3–2.4). ## Maxaa lagu ganacsan jiray Qiyaastii 10% dheryihii laga helay qodistii 2020 waxaa laga keenay dibadda. Qorayaashu waxay u arkaan inay tani badan tahay goob gudaha ku taalla, halkaas oo alaabta dibadda laga keenay "dhif ahaan ka badato 1%", laakiin ay yar tahay marka loo barbardhigo suuqyada xeebta, halkaas oo alaabta dibadda laga keenay ay ka badan tahay 90% (§3.1). Alaabta dibadda laga keenay waxaa ka mid ah (§3.1): - **Bariga iyo Koonfur-bari Aasiya:** dhoobada Ming ee buluugga iyo cadka ah (porcelain), inteeda badan bartamihii qarnigii 15aad ilaa bartamihii qarnigii 16aad, iyo dhoobada celadon ee koonfurta Shiinaha, Thailand ama Myanmar. - **Hindiya:** dhowr xabbo oo ah dheryaha madow iyo casaanka ah (Black and Red Ware), oo ka mid ah alaabtii ugu horreysay ee dibadda laga keenay. - **Iiraan, Khaliijka iyo Carabta:** weelal dhalaal leh oo "bar-bar leh", oo qorayaashu ku tilmaameen inay astaan u ahaayeen Soomaaliland dabayaaqadii qarniyadii dhexe; weelal dhalaal cagaaran leh; weelal jaale ah oo Yemen ah oo qarniyadii 13aad–14aad ah; weelal Tihama oo cagaar-ku-cagaar ah, oo mid ka mid ahi qoraal leeyahay; iyo weelal caddaan-kareem ah oo Yemen ah, oo ah alaabta dibadda laga keenay ee ugu badan. - **Alaab kale:** weelal iyo jijimo dhalo ah, dhagax jilicsan (softstone), alleelo (inteeda badan la duleeliyay), bakeeri naxaas ah iyo qalab bir ah oo kitaab (xirsi) lagu rito, oo ah nooca loogu talagalay in lagu kaydiyo aayado Quraanka ah (§§2.3, 3.2). Lagama helin dhoobada Qing, taas oo qorayaashu u fasireen in "bartamihii qarnigii 17aad, Fardowsa aysan mar dambe ahayn xarun ganacsi" (§3.1). ## Qoysaska hodanka iyo kuwa caadiga ah Guryaha caadiga ah, riyaha iyo idaha ayaa ah 80–90% xoolaha la cunay. Mid ka mid ah guryaha waaweyn waxay hoos ugu dhacaan qiyaastii 56%, iyadoo lo'du tahay qiyaastii 23% geeluna qiyaastii 20%, oo badankood yaryar ahaayeen. Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in geela inta badan loo haysto rarka iyo caanaha, sidaa darteed cunistiisu waxay tilmaamaysaa hodantinimo (§4). Waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in "sinnaan la'aanta bulsho iyo dhaqaale ay la socotay ballaarinta degsiimooyinka joogtada ah", taas oo ka muuqata baaxadda guryaha, alaabtooda sharafta leh iyo "cunista xoolaha qaaliga ah sida geela", iyo in hodantinimadani ay "inta badan la xiriirtay ganacsiga". Waxay ku dareen inaysan haysan wax macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan in darajadan la dhaxli jiray iyo in kale (§5). ## Sida qorayaashu u sharxaan kobaceeda iyo dhammaadkeeda - **Kobac.** Waxay kobaca magaalada ku xiraan ballaarinta ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ee qarnigii 15aad, markaas oo goobaha ganacsiga ee u dhow Berbera, alaabta laga keenay Yemen ay hoos uga dhacday 57% ilaa 33%, alaabta Bariga Aasiyana ay kor ugu kacday 40%. Waxay soo jeediyeen in Fardowsa ay ku taallay cirifka saldanadda Barr Sa'd al-Din (Cadal, Adal), "iyadoo hoos timaadda saamaynteeda ama xukun xaddidan", iyo in danta saldanaddu ka lahayd jidad ganacsi oo ammaan ah ay ka muuqato xarunta qaafilooyinka ee la difaacay ee Qalcadda (§5). - **Nabad.** Waxay xuseen in Fardowsa, sida inta badan degsiimooyinka Soomaaliland, aysan derbi lahayn, mana arkaan calaamad muujinaysa in sinnaan la'aantii cusbayd ay keentay colaad (§§5–6). - **Dhammaad.** Waxay tilmaameen mamnuucii Shiinaha ee dhoofinta ee laga bilaabay 1521, weeraradii Burtuqiiska ee Badda Cas, oo ay ku jiraan Saylac (Zeila) 1517 iyo Berbera 1518, iyo dagaalladii iyo jabkii saldanadda ee dabayaaqadii qarnigaas. Waxay ku tilmaameen guuritaan tartiib-tartiib ah iyo "ku noqosho tartiib ah nolosha reer-guuraaga", iyadoo jidka buurta markii dambe ay isticmaali jireen reer-guuraa ilaa koox diimeed ay degtay Sheekh qarnigii 18aad (§5). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Berbera hore, ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/) - [Taallooyinkii dhagaxa ilaa xabaalaha: qabuuraha Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/) - [Masaajidda qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/) --- # A Tree for Poverty (1954): gabayadii iyo sheekooyinkii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay ee Ingiriisi lagu tarjumo Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/a-tree-for-poverty/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose waa ururin gabayo iyo sheekooyin hidde Soomaaliyeed ah oo ay Ingiriisi u tarjuntay qoraaga reer Kanada Margaret Laurence, iyadoo ka shaqaynaysa tarjumaado erey-erey ah oo ay sameeyeen B. W. Andrzejewski iyo Muuse Xaaji Ismaaciil Galaal. Waxaa lagu daabacay daabacaad yar 1954, wuxuuna ahaa buuggeedii ugu horreeyay, waxaana dib loo daabacay 1970 iyo 1993. ## Waa maxay buuggu A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose waa ururin gabayo iyo maanso kale oo Soomaaliyeed ah, iyo sheekooyin hidde iyo taariikh kooban, oo Ingiriisi loo tarjumay ([Goodreads](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3027389); [49th Shelf](https://49thshelf.com/Books/A/A-Tree-for-Poverty2)). Wuxuu ahaa buuggii ugu horreeyay ee **Margaret Laurence** (1926 ilaa 1987), oo markii dambe noqotay mid ka mid ah qorayaasha sheekooyinka ee ugu caansan Kanada ([Margaret Laurence, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Laurence)). ## Sida loo sameeyay Laurence waxay 1950 la raacday ninkeeda Jack, oo injineer ahaa, Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska ([Canadian Writers Abroad](https://canadianwritersabroad.com/2012/10/22/margaret-laurence/); [Penguin Random House Canada](https://penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/98381/the-prophets-camel-bell-by-margaret-laurence)). Af-Soomaali kuma hadli jirin. Aqoonyahanka afafka **B. W. Andrzejewski**, oo Maxmiyadda u yimid cilmi-baaris luqadeed, iyo saaxiibkiis Soomaaliga ahaa **[Muuse Xaaji Ismaaciil Galaal](/en/people/musa-galaal/)** ayaa siiyay tarjumaado erey-erey ah, Galaalna wuxuu kala hadlay macnaha qotada dheer ee erayada; Laurence kadib waxay qortay noocyadeeda Ingiriisiga ah ([Canadian Literature, UBC](https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/canlit/article/view/193548/189861); [Goodreads](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3027389)). Buugga waxaa lagu daabacay daabacaad yar 1954 ([Goodreads](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3027389)), iyadoo Nairobi lagu sheegay goobta daabacaadda ugu yaraan hal tixraac ([African Poems](https://africanpoems.net/survival/a-war-gabay/)). Laurence markii dambe waxay qortay xusuus-qor sannadihii ay Maxmiyadda joogtay, The Prophet's Camel Bell (1963) ([Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/prophetscamelbel0000laur_k5o8)). ## Sida loo qaabilay loona adeegsaday Buugga waxaa lagu tilmaamay ururintii ugu horreysay ee suugaanta Soomaaliyeed ee Ingiriisi lagu tarjumo, toban sano ka hor intaan B. W. Andrzejewski iyo I. M. Lewis daabicin Somali Poetry: An Introduction (1964) ([Margaret Laurence, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Laurence); [Somali Poetry, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/somalipoetryintr0000andr)). Aqoonyahannada suugaanta ee Kanada waxay u bartaan bilowga qoraalkii Laurence ee Afrika ([Canadian Literature, UBC](https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/canlit/article/view/193548/189861)). Daabacaad sawir ah oo leh hordhac cusub oo Laurence ayaa soo baxday 1970 ([Canadian Writers Abroad](https://canadianwritersabroad.com/2012/10/22/margaret-laurence/)), waxaana dib u daabacay ECW Press ee Toronto 1993 ([Blackwell's](https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/A-Tree-for-Poverty-by-Margaret-Laurence/9781550221770)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Daabacaadda 1993: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/treeforpovertyso0000unse) - Maktabad: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+Tree+for+Poverty+Laurence) ## Bogag la xiriira - [Gabayga Soomaaliga](/en/society/somali-poetry/) - [Buugaagta ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1884 ilaa 1960](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1884-1960/) - [Buugaagta ku saabsan Soomaalida: xilli kasta](/so/history/books-about-somalis/) --- # Kabab iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolka Gabiley, qiyaastii 1400–1600 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/medieval-towns-of-gebiley-and-kabab/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Inta u dhexeysa Boorama iyo Hargeysa waxaa ku yaal burburka magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin qarniyadii dhexe ah oo uu sarkaal Ingiriis ah, A. T. Curle, markii ugu horreysay liis gareeyay 1937. Kabab, oo 44 km bari ka xigta Boorama, waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 20 hektar, waxayna leedahay qiyaastii 90 guri, laba xabaalood iyo xayndaab weyn oo ukun u eg oo ku yaal meesheeda ugu sarreysa. Sahan 2024 ah oo ay sameeyeen Matxafka Qaranka ee Soomaaliland iyo koox Isbaanish ah ayaa diiwaangeliyay siddeed goob oo kale oo ku yaal deegaanka Gabiley, tan ugu weynna waa Beeyo Dhaadheer, oo qiyaastii 25 hektar ah kuna yaal qiyaastii 180 dhismo. Waxyaabaha la helay intooda badan waa dheri deegaanka laga sameeyay iyo qalab dhagax ah, iyo alleyl, weelal dhagax jilicsan ah iyo muraayad yar, qorayaashuna goobaha waxay guud ahaan ku taariikheeyeen qarniyadii 15-aad iyo 16-aad. ## Kooban Dhulka buuraleyda ah ee u dhexeeya [Boorama (Borama)](/so/regions/awdal/) iyo [Hargeysa (Hargeisa)](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) waxaa ku yaal degaanno badan oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo burburay. Waxaa markii ugu horreysay liis gareeyay A. T. Curle, oo ahaa ku-xigeen qunsul Ingiriis ah, 1937, waxaana booqday shaqaale ka tirsan Akademiyada Cilmiga Soomaalida bartamihii 1980-aadkii. Cilmi-baaristu way joogsatay ilaa ay soo laabatay koox Isbaanish ah oo ka timid Machadka Cilmiga Hiddaha (Incipit-CSIC). Boggani wuxuu raacayaa laba warbixin oo gaagaaban: - [Rouco Collazo, "A medieval town in Western Somaliland: Kabab", *Nyame Akuma* 102, 2024, bogagga 68–75](http://hdl.handle.net/10261/377788), si furan loo heli karo. - [Allamagen, de Torres Rodríguez iyo kuwa kale, "The medieval occupation of the Gebiley region: Documenting the archaeology of Central Somaliland", *Nyame Akuma* 104, 2025, bogagga 47–54](http://hdl.handle.net/10261/415503), si furan loo heli karo. Qoraageeda koowaad wuxuu ka tirsan yahay Matxafka Qaranka ee [Soomaaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). Midkoodna lama qodin, sidaas darteed taariikhaha oo dhan waxaa laga soo qaatay alaab dusha sare laga soo ururiyay. Sawirka guud, eeg [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). ## Kabab Kabab waxay 44 km bari ka xigtaa Boorama, 60 km waqooyi-galbeed ka xigtaa Hargeysa, waxayna ku taal bannaan yar oo qiyaastii 1,520 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda. Curle wuxuu xusay oo keliya "qiyaastii labaatan guri" (tarjumaad). Kooxda Incipit ayaa khariidad u samaysay 2018 (Rouco 2024, bogagga 68–69). - **Baaxadda.** Goobtu waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 20 hektar, guryuhuna waxay ku kala firidhsan yihiin 14 hektar, iyagoo aan lahayn kooxo cad. Qiyaastii 90 dhismo ayaa la diiwaangeliyay, taasoo Rouco ku tilmaamay "ka weyn sidii A.T. Curle tilmaamay" (tarjumaad), qiyaastiina badh ka ah magaalooyinka uu Curle ugu yeeray kuwa ugu muhiimsan, sida Abasa (bogga 70). Eeg [Abasa](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/). - **Guryaha.** Waa leydi, waxay leeyihiin laba ama saddex qol iyo malaha daarad leh xayn dhagax oo gaaban, waxaana lagu dhisay dhagax ciid ah (sandstone) oo deegaanka laga keenay, iyadoo aan dhoobo lagu xirin (bogga 70). - **Masjid suurtagal ah.** Hal dhismo oo xarunta ku yaal oo si wanaagsan loo dhisay ayaa laga yaabaa inuu masjid ahaa, laakiin mixraab kama hadhin, sidaas darteed Rouco masjid kuma tiriyo (bogga 71). - **Xayndaabka ukunta u eg.** Dhinaca koonfureed, oo ah meesha ugu sarreysa, waxaa taagan xayndaab dhagax ah oo ballaadhkiisu qiyaastii 67 mitir yahay, leh ugu yaraan hal albaab oo cidhiidhi ah, kuna jiraan afar dhismo. Rouco wuxuu xusay in degaannada gudaha ee xilligan guud ahaan aysan derbi lahayn, wuxuuna soo jeediyay "hawl difaac ama wax la mid ah" (tarjumaad) (bogga 71). - **Qabuuraha.** Laba xabaalood ayaa ku yaal cidhifka waqooyi, oo leh qiyaastii soddon qabri oo muuqda. Intooda badan waa qabuuro sanduuq ah (cist) oo ka samaysan dhagxaan fidsan oo taagan, qaarkood waa lammaane, qaarna waa kuwo yaryar oo carruur ku filan, waxaana loo dhigay bari ilaa galbeed si madaxu Makka ugu jeedo (bogga 71). Eeg [Laga soo bilaabo taallooyinka dhagaxa ilaa xabaalaha](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/). - **Waxyaabaha la helay.** Dheriga oo dhan wuxuu ahaa mid deegaanka gacan lagu sameeyay. Waxa keliya ee dibadda laga keenay waxay ahaayeen alleyl (cowrie); lama helin dheri dibadda ka yimid, weelal dhagax jilicsan ah, kuul muraayad ah ama jijimo, taasoo Rouco ku tilmaamay "wax la yaab leh" (tarjumaad) (bogagga 72–73). Rouco wuxuu bixiyay taariikh aan go'aansanayn oo ah qarnigii 15-aad ilaa dhammaadkii qarnigii 16-aad, wuxuuna Kabab ku daray degaannadii gudaha ee saldanaddii Barr Saacadiin (Barr Sa'd al-Din), ama Cadal (Adal). Wuxuu soo jeediyay in la'aanta alaab dibadda laga keenay ay muujin karto in ay "aan lagu darin heer la mid ah magaalooyinka kale" (tarjumaad) ee shabakadaha ganacsiga (bogga 73). ## Sahankii Gabiley ee 2024 Oktoobar 2024 Matxafka Qaranka ee Soomaaliland iyo mashruuca StateHorn waxay saddex maalmood ku diiwaangeliyeen siddeed goob oo ku yaal deegaanka Gabiley (Gebiley). Afar ka mid ah waxaa laga yaqaanay Curle, afarna waxay ahaayeen kuwo cusub (Allamagen iyo kuwa kale 2025, bogagga 47–48, shaxda 1): | Goobta | Nooca | Baaxadda | Dhismayaasha | |---|---|---|---| | Beeyo Dhaadheer | Magaalo | 25 ha | qiyaastii 180 | | Gogeysa | Tuulo | 5 ha | qiyaastii 55 | | Cad Cad | Tuulo | 4 ha | qiyaastii 60 | | Dhabi Oomane | Tuulo | 3 ha | qiyaastii 15 | | Musa Hassan | Tuulo | 1.5 ha | qiyaastii 25 | | Dhagax La Galay | Tuulo yar | 0.25 ha | qiyaastii 12 | | Geri Go'an | Guryo go'doonsan | 0.15 ha | 3 | | Satiile | Jajab dheri oo firidhsan | 0.01 ha | midna | Qorayaashu goobaha waxay ku tilmaameen kuwo isu eg: waxay ku yaalaan cagaha buuraha, meel u dhow durdurrada, waxay leeyihiin guryo afar-gees ah ama leydi ah oo kala firidhsan "iyadoo aan wax caddayn ah oo qorshayn ah jirin" (tarjumaad), iyo jallaatooyin dhagax ah oo ku yaal jiirarka qallafsan (bogga 47). - **Beeyo Dhaadheer** waxay qiyaastii 1 km ku teedsan tahay webiga Dibra Wein. Masjid suurtagal ah ayaa u dhow bartamaheeda. Qorayaashu waxay ugu yeereen "goob weyn oo ku taal bartamaha Soomaaliland" (tarjumaad), oo isku xirta webiga iyo marinka u gudba bannaanka Gabiley (bogga 49). - **Gogeysa**, oo Curle ugu yeeray magaalo weyn, waxay noqotay tuulo dhexdhexaad ah. Waxay ku taal dhul beereed siman, waxayna ahayd meesha keliya ee sahanka laga helay dheri dibadda laga keenay, oo ay ku jiraan laba jajab oo dhoobo-dhalaal (porcelain) Shiinees ah oo buluug iyo cad ah, kana yimid qarnigii 16-aad ama ka dib (bogagga 49, 52). - **Cad Cad** waxay u dhow tahay qalcadda yar ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Derbiga Cad. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen in labadan goobood oo is ag yaal ay muujin karaan in xukunka deegaanka lagu muransanaa, ha ahaato dagaalladii Masiixiyiinta iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii 14-aad–16-aad ama inta u dhexeysay reer guuraaga iyo dadka degan (bogga 49). - **Dhagax La Galay** waxay leedahay xabaal derbi lagu wareejiyay oo ku dhow badh hektar. Qabuurihii sanduuqa ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe mararka qaarkood waxaa lagu buuxiyay dhagax quartz cad ah, dushoodana waxaa ku yaal qabuuro tuulmooyin dhagax ah oo dambe oo leh tiirar dhagax ah (stelae) (bogga 50). ## Waxa waxyaabaha la helay u muujinayaan qorayaasha Waxyaabaha la helay intooda badan waxay ahaayeen dheri deegaanka gacan lagu sameeyay iyo qalab dhagax ah. Qorayaashu dhagxaanta wax lagu shiido iyo kuwa gacanta waxay u akhriyeen calaamado beerashada. Alaabta dibadda laga keenay way yarayd: 29 alleyl iyo 16 jajab oo weelal dhagax jilicsan ah, oo mid kastaaba laga helay shan goobood, iyo 12 jajab oo muraayad ah; dhagaxa jilicsan waxaa u badan inuu ka yimid Jasiiradda Carabta, jijimaduna waxay u badan tahay inay ka yimaadeen Masar (bogagga 51–52). Yaraantan waxay u qaateen in degaannadu "ay door yar ku lahaayeen shabakadaha ganacsiga" (tarjumaad) (bogga 52). Goobaha waxay u qaybiyeen laba koox. Mid waxay raacdaa waddo ka timaadda dooxada Gabiley, oo ay sheegeen in maanta laga beero 85% khudaarta Soomaaliland, kana sii gudubta marinka Kabab iyo Dhagax La Galay ilaa dooxada Dibra Wein, halkaas oo ay sidoo kale ku taal goobta Dameraqad. Tan kale, oo ah Satiile, Cad Cad iyo Musa Hassan, waxay raacdaa togagga ballaaran ee ku teedsan xuduudda Itoobiya ee u socda Boorama (bogga 52). Waxay bixiyeen taariikh hordhac ah oo ah qarnigii 15-aad ilaa horraantii qarnigii 17-aad, waxayna soo jeediyeen in goobaha qaarkood ay ka da' weynaan karaan (bogagga 52–53). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Fardowsa, magaaladii ganacsiga ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Sheekh](/so/history/fardowsa-medieval-trading-town/) - [Masaajiddii qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/) - [Taariikhda cilmiga qadiimiga ee dhulka Soomaalida](/so/history/history-of-archaeology-in-the-somali-lands/) --- # Awbare, Aiyanle iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee ka gudba xuduudda Soomaaliland iyo Itoobiya, qiyaastii 1400–1650 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/aw-bare-aiyanle-medieval-border-towns/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dhinaca Itoobiya ee xuduudda, meel u dhow Boorama iyo Tog Wajaale, koox ka kala timid Isbaanya, Soomaaliland iyo Itoobiya ayaa intii u dhexeysay 2022 iyo 2025 diiwaangelisay 19 goob oo qarniyadii dhexe ah, 15 ka mid ahna cilmi-baarista markii ugu horreysay ayay soo galeen. Waxaa ka mid ah magaalooyinka Awbare (Aw Bare), oo ugu yaraan 33 hektar ah, iyo Aw Boba, tuulada la qoday ee Aiyanle, qalcadda buurta dusheeda ee Sacmewey, iyo xabaalo iyo meelo ay reer guuraagu isugu iman jireen, mid ka mid ahna leh goob bir lagu dhalaalin jiray. Taariikhaynta kaarboonka waxay muujinaysaa in Aiyanle inta badan la degganaa qarniyadii 1400-aad iyo 1500-aad, laguna dayacay bartamihii 1600-aad. Qorayaashu waxay ku doodaan in xuduuddii 1930-aadkii ay laba u kala jartay hal deegaan oo qarniyadii dhexe ah, goobahanina ay la mid yihiin kuwa galbeedka Soomaaliland. ## Kooban Xuduudda u dhexeysa Soomaaliland iyo Itoobiya waxaa la sawiray horraantii 1930-aadkii. Warbixin dhowaan soo baxday ayaa ku doodaysa inay sidoo kale laba u kala jartay daraasaddii hal deegaan oo qarniyadii dhexe ah: goobaha dhinaca Soomaaliland ku yaal ayaa mar kasta la booqan jiray, halka kuwa dhowr kiiloomitir u jira oo Itoobiya ku yaal magacooda keliya laga aqoonay. Boggani wuxuu raacayaa warbixintaas ([de Torres Rodríguez, Rouco Collazo et al., "Breaking Borders: The Medieval Archaeology of the Ethiopian-Somaliland Borderland", *African Archaeological Review* 43, 2026, bogagga 453–494](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-026-09660-0), si furan loo heli karo). Qorayaasheeda waxay ka kala yimaadeen machadka Incipit-CSIC ee Isbaanya, Matxafka Qaranka ee Soomaaliland, Hay'adda Hiddaha Itoobiya iyo jaamacado ku yaal Itoobiya, Isbaanya iyo Arjentiina. Shaqada waxaa la qabtay 2022, 2023 iyo 2025, waxayna ka dhacday degmooyinka Awbare iyo Harawo ee Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, inta u dhexeysa Boorama (Borama) iyo Jigjiga. Kooxdu waxay diiwaangelisay 19 goob, 15 ka mid ah aan horay loo daabicin, waxay Aiyanle ka qodeen qiyaastii 250 mitir oo laba jibbaaran, waxayna heleen 12 taariikhayn kaarboon (radiocarbon) (bogagga 455–456). ## Sababta xuduuddu muhiim ugu tahay qorayaasha Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in A. T. Curle, oo ka shaqeeyay guddigii xuduudda, uu inta badan diiwaangeliyay goobaha dhinaca Ingiriiska, booqashooyinkii dambena ay isla qaabkaas raaceen. Waxay qoreen in 2020-aadkii taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland ay ahayd "mid si fiican loo qeexay", halka Itoobiya "xogtu ay ku koobnayd magacyo taxane ah iyo sawirro yar". Waxay ku doodaan in tani si khaldan "u muujin karto in xuddunta degaankii qarniyadii dhexe ay ahayd Soomaaliland" (bogagga 454–455). Waxay deegaanka ku tilmaameen inuu ka mid ahaa saldanadihii Ifat (1285–1408/09) iyo Barr Saacadiin (Barr Sa'd al-Din), ama Cadal (Adal) (1408/09–1583) (bogga 454). ## Magaalooyinka - **Aw Boba**, oo u dhow tuulada Gocti, waxaa arkay Richard Burton 1854 iyo Curle. Magaca waxaa lagu xusay taariikhdii qarnigii 16-aad ee loo yaqaan *Futuux al-Xabasha* (*The Conquest of Abyssinia*). Qabriga weliga iyo masaajiddu weli waa la isticmaalaa. Xabaalaheeda ayaa leh noocyada qabuuraha ee ugu kala duwan xuduudda oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan dhagxaan madax oo la qoray iyo mid leh naqshad qallooc-qallooc ah oo aan meel kale oo gobolka ah laga helin. Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in Burton diiwaangeliyay sheekooyin afka laga sheego oo ku saabsan loollan u dhexeeyay Aw Boba iyo Abasa, oo 10 km u jirta oo ku taal Soomaaliland (bogagga 457–458). Eeg [Abasa](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/). - **Awbare** waxay ku hoos taal tuulada casriga ah ee isla magacaas leh, oo ku taal waddo dabiici ah oo u socota Boorama. Kooxdu waxay raad-raacday burburro ugu yaraan 33 hektar ah, oo leh derbiyo ka dheer 1.5 mitir aagga suuqa, iyo guri qarniyadii dhexe ah oo ay ku jiraan qabuuro dambe, kuna dhow qabriga weliga. Xabaalaheeda 1 hektar ah waxay leeyihiin hal nooc oo qabuuro ah oo keliya, qabriga sanduuqa ah ee dhagxaan fidsan lagu dahaaray, kaas oo qorayaashu ku tilmaameen mid gaar ah (bogagga 458–460). ## Aiyanle: tuuladii la qoday Aiyanle waxay 3.5 km koonfur-bari kaga beegan tahay Awbare. Waxay ballaadhkeedu yahay 1.6 hektar, waxayna leedahay qiyaastii 50 guri oo 35–50 mitir oo laba jibbaaran ah iyo laba xabaalood. Derbiyo gaagaaban oo goobta ku fidsan ayaa, sida ay qorayaashu qoreen, ah jallaatooyinkii (terraces) beeraha ee ugu horreeyay ee gobolka laga helo (bogagga 460–461). Qodistu waxay heshay laba marxaladood (bogagga 461–464): - **Marxaladda koowaad**, qiyaastii bartamihii qarnigii 1400-aad ilaa qarnigii 1500-aad, waxay lahayd guryo si fiican loo dhisay, dhoobo-dhalaal (porcelain) Shiinaha ka timid, lacag Shiinees ah, weelal dhagax jilicsan ah iyo shiid wareegaya. - **Marxaladda labaad** waxay lahayd derbiyo liita, qolal loo beddelay bakhaarro, dheri dibadda laga keenay ma jirin, waxaana jiray shiidal gacmeed fudud. Jallaatooyinka waxaa marxaladdan lagu dul dhisay guryo dumay. Waxaa kaloo laga helay 14 kuul oo naxaas ah oo isku xiran, kuwaas oo qorayaashu sheegeen inay ugu eg yihiin kuwa buuraleyda Itoobiya. Qorayaashu waxay isticmaalka ugu weyn ku taariikheeyeen qarniyadii 1400-aad iyo 1500-aad, xilligii saldanadda Barr Saacadiin, dhammaadka tuuladana bartamihii qarnigii 1600-aad. Hoos u dhaca waxay ku xireen burburkii saldanadda, waxayna soo jeediyeen in dadku u guureen Awbare, oo ay ku tilmaameen "magaalada keliya ee gobolka ka badbaaday" (bogga 464). Daraasad lagu sameeyay jiirarka dhulka, carrada, biyaha iyo sawirro dayax-gacmeed oo dhirta ah ayaa u horseeday inay go'aamiyaan in beeruhu suurtagal ahaayeen laakiin xaddidnaayeen, oo "loo baahnaa in lagu kaabo howlo kale, sida xoolo-dhaqashada" (bogagga 466–469). ## Qalcado, tuulooyin yaryar iyo xabaalo - **Sacmewey** waa buur dusheeda derbi lagu wareejiyay oo 90 x 75 mitir ah, kuna taal qiyaastii 1,860 mitir, kor ka xigta marinka Ag Giogsi, ama Gawa. Derbigeedu waa qiyaastii 1.5 mitir oo dhumuc ah, wuxuuna leeyahay biyo-mareenno iyo albaab koonfureed oo la ilaalin jiray. Gudaha waxaa ku yaal dhisme loo yaqaan qabriga Sheekh Sacmewey. Qorayaashu waxay meesha ay ku taal u fasireen calaamad u dhexeysa duurka waqooyiga iyo dhulka beeraha ee Tog Wajaale ee koonfurta (bogagga 469–472). - **Garba Jirri** (Derbile sida Curle u qoray) waa dhisme ka kooban afar guri iyo masjid, oo weli ay dayactiraan reer guuraa xilli kasta halkaas isugu yimaada (bogga 472). - **Qararu** waa tuulo yar oo leh 3–4 guri, xabaal qarniyadii dhexe ah iyo mid ka weyn oo ka dambeysay; taallo dhagaxeed (cairn) oo ka horreysay Islaamka ayaa 200 mitir u jirta (bogagga 472–474). - **Derbiga Gabra** waa tuulo yar oo buur dusheeda ku taal, leh masjid malaasan oo 7.5 x 7.5 mitir ah, masjidka keliya ee malaasan ee gobolka laga yaqaan, iyo xabaal aad uga weyn tuulada (bogga 474). - **Dooble** waa xabaal leh qiyaastii 150 qabri oo ku wareegsan dhisme dhexe, tuulona ma leh (bogga 475). ## Goobaha reer guuraaga Galbeedka Tog Wajaale, degmada Harawo, kooxdu waxay heshay xabaalo leh dhismayaal yar ama aan lahayn, kuwaas oo ay la xiriirisay reer guuraaga (bogga 476). - **Dirri** waxay leedahay qabuuro dhinacyada dhagxaan fidsan looga xiray oo lagu buuxiyay dhagax quartz cad ah, kuna ag yaal meelo bannaan oo lagu tukado. Qorayaashu waxay u maleynayaan inay noqon karaan qabuuro reer guuraa Muslim ah oo hore, qarniyadii 12-aad–14-aad, laakiin waxay sheegeen in qodis keliya ay taas caddayn karto (bogga 476). - **Sheekh Woofle (Sheikh Woofle)** waxay ku koretay agagaarka qabriga weli. Qorayaashu waxay u fasireen meel ay reer guuraagu xilliyada isugu iman jireen. Bohol yar oo halkaas ku taal ayaa lagu helay qiyaastii 5 kg oo wasakhda birta dhalaalisa ah (slag), taasoo ah caddayntii ugu horreysay ee bir-dhalaalin oo laga helo goob Muslim ah oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo gobolka ku taal. Waxay tan la xiriiriyeen tumaallada Soomaaliyeed ee loo yaqaan *tumaal*, oo ay cilmi-baarayaasha dhaqanku (ethnographers) ku tilmaamaan koox heer hoose ah (bogagga 477–479, 486). ## Waxa la helay Qiyaastii 4,000 shay ayaa la ururiyay, badankoodna waa dheri gacan lagu sameeyay oo deegaanka ah iyo qalab dhagax ah (bogga 479). Alaabta dibadda laga keenay way yarayd. Waxaa ka mid ahaa: - Dhoobo-dhalaal Shiinees ah oo buluug iyo cad ah iyo celadon. - Weelal dhibco leh iyo weelal cad oo kareem-midab ah. - Jajab weel oo qaab la shubay leh, oo u eg weelasha qarniyadii 12-aad–13-aad ee Balis ee Suuriya, kaas oo ah alaabta dibadda ee ugu da'da weyn ee la helay. - Dheri la sifeeyay oo dhalaalaya, oo ka yimid buuraleyda Itoobiya. - Dhalooyin cadar oo muraayad ah, jijimo iyo kuul. - Weelal dhagax jilicsan ah, oo u badan inay ka yimaadeen Jasiiradda Carabta. - Carnelian (dhagax qurxin), oo u badan inuu ka yimid Hindiya. - 41 alleyl (cowrie) oo Aiyanle keliya laga helay (bogagga 481–485). Qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen in badeecadaha ganacsiga intooda badani "ay gobolka sii mari jireen" iyagoo u socda Harar iyo suuqyo kale, iyo in dhaqaalaha deegaanku "uu si adag ugu salaysnaa nidaam beero iyo xoolo-dhaqasho ah halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa ganacsi" (bogga 486). ## Sida qorayaashu u fasireen caddaymaha - **Beeraley iyo reer guuraa.** Waxay ku tilmaameen beeraley degan iyo reer guuraa ku noolaa "dhulal isku dhegan laakiin kala duwan", iyadoo Awbare, Sacmewey iyo Sheekh Woofle ay ahaayeen saddexda xarumood ee ugu waaweyn (bogagga 487–488). - **Awliyada.** Shan ka mid ah 19-ka goobood waxay sitaan magacyada culimo awliya ah, saddex kalena waxay leeyihiin qabuuro dhexe oo leh sheekooyin sheekhyo. Qorayaashu waxay ku doodaan in Islaamku, gaar ahaan qabuuraha awliyada, uu dadka degan iyo reer guuraaga siiyay "aqoonsi diimeed oo ay wadaagaan", iyo in meelahan barakaysan ay ka cimri dheeraadeen magaalooyinka kadib markii saldanaddu burburtay (bogagga 489–490). Eeg [Qabuurihii Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Kabab iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolka Gabiley](/so/history/medieval-towns-of-gebiley-and-kabab/) - [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Harla](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/) - [Masaajiddii qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/) --- # Suuq-baxyadii xeebta Berbera iyo alaabtii Aasiya ka imaan jirtay, qiyaastii 1000–1600 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sahanno lagu sameeyay agagaarka Berbera intii u dhexeysay 2016 iyo 2020 ayaa diiwaangeliyay afar goobood oo ganacsi oo la isticmaali jiray qiyaastii 1000 ilaa 1600: Bandar Abbas, goob diyaafadeed oo leh masjid qarniyadii 11-aad–13-aad; Siyaara (Siyara), suuq-bax xeebta ku yaallay oo la isticmaali jiray qarnigii 11-aad ilaa horraantii qarnigii 19-aad; Farhad, suuq-bax ku yaallay koonfurta Berbera wax yar ka hooseeya; iyo Biyo Gure, tuulo yar oo la gubay qarnigii 1500-aad. In ka badan 90% alaabta la ururiyay waxay ahayd mid dibadda laga keenay, qorayaashuna qiyaastii 90% dheriga dibadda ka yimid waxay u raadiyeen Aasiya, laga bilaabo Yemen iyo Iran ilaa Hindiya, Shiinaha, Thailand iyo Myanmar. Waxay gobolka u arkaan meel alaabtu sii mari jirtay iyadoo u socota gudaha, in ka badan inuu ahaa suuq ay ku dhammaato. ## Kooban Boggani wuxuu raacayaa warbixin sahan oo ay qortay kooxda Incipit-CSIC ee Isbaanya ([González-Ruibal, de Torres et al., "Asia in the Horn. The Indian Ocean trade in Somaliland", *Archaeological Research in Asia* 27, 2021, maqaalka 100289](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2021.100289), si furan loo heli karo). Lambarrada qaybaha ee hoose waxay tilmaamayaan qaybaha warbixintaas. Kooxdu waxay baartay afar goobood oo u dhow Berbera, waxay diiwaangelisay 1,485 shay, waxayna ogaatay in in ka badan 90% ay dibadda ka yimaadeen, oo 8.5% keliya ay ahaayeen dheri gacan lagu sameeyay oo deegaanka ah (§1). Saddex goobood waxaa laga qoday bohollo tijaabo ah; inta kale ee la helay waxaa laga soo ururiyay dusha dhulka. Taariikhda hore ee magaalada, eeg [Berbera hore ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/). Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in Berbera ay ka muuqato qoraallada Carabiga laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 13-aad, iyadoo ah deked ka yar Saylac (Zeila), in Ludovico di Varthema uu xusay 1505, iyo in Boortaqiisku ay dhaceen 1518. Ma ay heli karin magaaladii qarniyadii dhexe laftigeeda, taas oo ay u maleynayaan inay ku hoos jirto dhismayaal dambe (§1). ## Bandar Abbas, qarniyadii 11-aad–13-aad Goobtu waxay ku taal xeebta, qiyaastii 8 km bari kaga beegan Berbera. Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in magaca markii ugu horreysay uu diiwaangeliyay Richard Burton 1854–55, iyo in *bandar* ay Af-Faarisi ku tahay "deked" (§1.1, faallada 1). - **Waxa halkaas yaal.** Qiyaastii 2 hektar oo ciid-taag ah waxaa ku yaal moofooyin dab, raso lafo xoolo la gowracay ah, dheryo lagu aasay godad dhagax lagu dahaaray, aqal laga dhisay lafaha geela, laba qabri iyo masjid leh derbi qibla iyo mixraab oo leben dhoobo ah (mudbrick) laga dhisay. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in lebenka dhoobada ah "aan Soomaaliland laga aqoon, laakiin uu ku badnaa Yemen oo dhan qarniyadii dhexe" (§§1.1, 1.1.2). - **Waxa la helay.** Dheriga intiisa badan waa weelal wax lagu karsado iyo wax lagu kaydsado oo Yemen ah, qarniyadii 11-aad–12-aad, iyo dheryo karin oo Hindi ah, sgraffiato Iran ah, celadon iyo Qingbai Shiinees ah, dhalooyin cadar oo muraayad ah, ulo kaxalka lagu mariyo iyo kuul laga sameeyay carnelian iyo agate Hindiya ka yimid (§1.1.1). - **Fasiraadda.** Maadaama geela inta badan la gawraco oo keliya xilliyada diyaafadaha iyo munaasabadaha diinta, qorayaashu waxay goobta u fasireen "meel lagu qabto dabaaldegyo diimeed oo dhaqammo kala duwan isugu yimaadaan", halkaas oo reer Yemen iyo dadka deegaanku ay wada diyaafadeyn jireen, iyadoo ganacsi yarina dhinac ka socday. Isticmaalkeeda ugu weyn waxay ku taariikheeyeen qarnigii 12-aad (§1.1.2). ## Siyaara, qarnigii 11-aad ilaa horraantii qarnigii 19-aad Siyaara waxay qiyaastii 30 km bari kaga beegan tahay Berbera. Waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 8 hektar oo bannaan ciid ah oo xeebta ku teedsan, waxayna leedahay qalcad, laba dhisme oo dhagax shacaab (coral) ah iyo xabaalo Muslimiin oo kumanaan qabri leh (§1.2). - **Ilaha qoran.** Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in badmaaxii qarnigii 15-aad Ibn Majid uu ku sheegay deked leh xilliyo badmaax oo ka duwan kuwa Saylac. Burton wuxuu diiwaangeliyay sheeko deegaanka laga sheego oo ah in 1266 waxaa xukumi jiray madax aan Muslim ahayn oo sixirroole ahaa, kaas oo ay ka saareen laba nin oo awliya ah oo Carabta ka yimid; qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan in tani "ay noqon karto tusaale (allegory)" oo loo soo gaabiyay imaatinkii dacwo-faafiyeyaasha Muslimiinta (§1.2). - **Waxa la helay.** Iyadoo laga helay 525 shay, waxay bixisay alaab dibadda laga keenay oo ka badan goob kasta oo kale oo sahanka ku jirtay, oo ay ku jiraan ururinta ugu weyn ee Soomaaliland laga yaqaan ee dhoobo-dhalaalka (porcelain) Shiinees ah ee buluugga iyo cadka ah: 48 jajab, oo badankoodu yihiin koobab iyo baaquliyado ka yimid Jingdezhen (§1.2.2). - **Taariikhaha.** Qiyaastii 61% dheriga dibadda ka yimid ee la taariikhayn karo wuxuu ka tirsan yahay xilligii Cadal (Adal), 31% qarniyadii 11-aad–14-aad, 8%-na qarniyadii 17-aad–19-aad (§1.2.2). - **Fasiraadda.** Waxyaabihii ugu horreeyay ee la helay waxay ku urursan yihiin agagaarka taallo dhagaxeed (cairn) weyn, oo leh tuulmooyin dambas iyo lafo. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan in ganacsigu halkaas ka bilaabmay "iyadoo uu la socdo qayb cibaado", waxayna xuseen in *siyaaro* ay Af-Soomaali ku tahay booqashada qabuuraha awliyada. Waxay qoreen in laga bilaabo qarnigii 13-aad ama 14-aad ay noqotay "nooc suuq-bax oo caadi ah" (§1.2.3). Eeg [Laga soo bilaabo taallooyinka ilaa xabaalaha](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/). ## Farhad, qarnigii 13-aad ilaa 16-aad Farhad waa buur dhagax ah oo 3.5 km koonfur kaga beegan dekedda Berbera, kuna ag taal waddada weyn ee gudaha u socota. Badmaaxiintu waxay calaamad ahaan u isticmaali jireen ilaa xilligii gumeysiga. Waxyaabaha la helay waxay ku fidsan yihiin qiyaastii 5 hektar, laakiin dhagax-qodis iyo dhismayaal cusub ayaa tan iyo 2017 burburiyay inta badan goobta (§1.3). Maadaama aanay lahayn dhismayaal, dhagxaan wax lagu shiido ama xabaal, qorayaashu waxay u fasireen suuq-bax furan, ee ma ahayn tuulo. Marka la barbardhigo Siyaara, kala badh weelasheeda qurxinta ah waxay ka yimaadeen Yemen, 30% dheriguna wuxuu ahaa dhaamo waaweyn oo wax lagu kaydsado. Waxay soo jeedinayaan in labada suuq-bax "ay u adeegi jireen macaamiil kala duwan" (§§1.3.1–1.3.2). Qalcad, oo laga yaabo inay Cusmaaniyiinta (Ottoman) ahayd, ayaa markii dambe laga dhisay buurta dusheeda (§1.3.2). ## Biyo Gure, qarnigii 15-aad ilaa 16-aad Biyo Gure waa tuulo laga yaabo inay lahayd 30 dhisme, kuna taal sinji ka sarreeya webiga Biyo Gure, 10 km u jirta badda. Qorayaashu waxay ku qiyaaseen in qiyaastii boqol qof ay halkaas ku noolaayeen (§1.4). - **Beero iyo ganacsi.** Dhagxaanta wax lagu shiido ayaa tilmaamaya beero. Alaabta dibadda laga keenay si aan caadi ahayn ayay tuulo ugu badnayd, oo ay ku jiraan celadon Myanmar ah, oo baaquli ka mid ah laga yaabo inuu ku qoran yahay xaraf ka mid ah farta Pyu. Wasakhda dhalada (glass slag) ayaa tilmaamaysa in muraayad halkaas lagu dhalaalin jiray, taasoo ah caddaynta keliya ee noocaas ah ee kooxdu ka heshay Soomaaliland (§§1.4–1.4.1). - **La gubay.** Saddex guri oo midba midka kale ka fog yahay ayaa gubtay, waxaana ku jiray lakabyo dambas ah oo 40 cm dhumuc leh. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in cidda burburisay ay "adag tahay in la sheego" qarni ay ka buuxeen dagaallo iyo faragelin shisheeye (§1.4.2). - **Fasiraadda.** Waxay soo jeedinayaan in dadkeedu cunto iyo biyo ka iibin jireen safarrada (qaafilooyinka) iyo ganacsatada xeebta ku sugayay maraakiibta (§1.4.2). ## Sida ay isu beddeleen meelaha alaabtu ka imaan jirtay Shaxda qorayaasha ee dheriga dibadda laga keenay ee afarta goobood oo dhan (§2, shaxda 1): | Meesha laga keenay | Qarniyadii 12-aad–14-aad | Qarniyadii 15-aad–16-aad | |---|---|---| | Yemen | 56% | 33% | | Shiinaha | 16% | 32% | | Iran | 14% | 20% | | Hindiya | 12% | 0% | | Koonfur-bari Aasiya | 1% | 8% | | Masar | 1% | 7% | Waxay intaas ku dareen in ganacsiga Hindiya uu ku sii socday kuul, jijimo iyo malaha dhar, iyo in Masar ay sidoo kale soo diri jirtay muraayad (§§1.2.3, 2). Heerka ugu sarreeya ee alaabta Aasiya waxay dhigeen qiyaastii 1450 ilaa 1525, hoos u dhaca waxayna ku xireen mamnuucidda dhoofinta ee boqortooyada Ming ee qiyaastii 1521, tallaabooyinka Boortaqiiska ee Badweynta Hindiya, iyo dagaalladii iyo burburkii saldanadda Cadal (§§2–3). ## Halkii ay alaabtu u socotay Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in gudaha dalka, dheriga deegaanku uu yahay qiyaastii 99% waxyaabaha la helo, halka xeebta celcelis ahaan uu yahay 7%. Waxay Soomaaliland u arkaan "aag sii-gudbin ah oo alaabta u gudbin jiray gudaha, in ka badan inay ahayd meel ay u socotay", iyadoo Berbera ay malaha ka dambaysay Saylac. Fardowsa ayaa ka reeban, taas oo ay ku sharxeen inay ku taal dusha marinka weyn (§2). Eeg [Fardowsa](/so/history/fardowsa-medieval-trading-town/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Berbera hore ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/) - [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/) - [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/) - [Saylac iyo Berbera ee buugga João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia, 1513–1518](/en/history/zeila-and-berbera-in-joao-de-barros/) --- # Handoga: magaalo qarniyadii dhexe ee reer guuraa ku taal Jabuuti, qiyaastii 1100 ilaa 1500 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/handoga-medieval-town-djibouti/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Handoga, oo 10 km galbeed ka xigta Dikhil ee koonfurta Jabuuti, waa magaalada keliya ee qarniyadii dhexe ee laga yaqaan Jabuuti. Waxay ku bilaabatay xero aqallo ah qarniyadii 12aad ilaa 13aad, dhagax ayaa dib loogu dhisay qarnigii 14aad, waxaana laga guuray iyadoo aan calaamado rabshad jirin qiyaastii dhammaadkii qarnigii 15aad. Waxay ballaaran tahay 20 hektar, waxayna leedahay qiyaastii 320 dhismo, saddex masjid iyo xabaal ah qiyaastii kun qabri. Qodayaasheedu waxay xusaan in qolalkeeda wareegsan ee ku wareegsan barxado furan, alaabteeda yar ee dibadda laga keenay sida kuul, jijin iyo alaankaraar, iyo qabuuraheedu ay uga dhow yihiin dhaqanka reer guuraaga marka loo eego magaalooyinka dhagaxa ah ee Somaliland, waxayna ku doodaan inay kobocday markii saldanadda Ifat hoos u dhacday, kadibna ay faaruqday markii ganacsiga waddada Saylac iyo Harar dib loo soo celiyay. ## Si kooban Boggani wuxuu raacayaa warbixinta ugu weyn ee Handoga ee ay qoreen laba xubnood oo ka tirsan kooxda Incipit-CSIC ee Isbaanishka ([Rouco Collazo iyo de Torres Rodríguez, "Gone with the wind. Urbanization and deurbanization processes in the medieval Muslim Horn of Africa: the case of Handoga (Djibouti)", *World Archaeology*, 2025](https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2025.2545180), oo bilaash ah). Lambarrada qaybaha ee hoose waxay tilmaamayaan qaybaheeda. Qorayaashu waxay dadka deegaanka maanta ku tilmaamaan Canfar (§3.1). Handoga waxay ka mid tahay isla dunida Muslimka ee qarniyadii dhexe ee magaalooyinka Somaliland, qodayaasheeduna si dhow ayay ula barbardhigaan. Eeg [Magaalooyinka burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/). ## Cilmi-baarista Qodayaal Faransiis ah ayaa 1970-meeyadii qoday dhowr guri, booqasho gaaban oo 2006 ahna waxay heshay haraaga birta la dubay iyo naxaas la shubay oo ku jira meel lagu aqoonsaday warshad bir. Tan iyo 2021 mashruuca StateHorn wuxuu khariidad u sameeyay goobta, wuxuuna qoday laba xayndaab oo dhammaystiran, warshad shub, laba masjid iyo godad tijaabo ah (§2). ## Laba weji - **Xero, qarniyadii 12aad ilaa 13aad.** Dhismayaasha dhagaxa hoostooda waxaa ku jira godadka tiirarka iyo jeexjeexyada aqallo iyo xeryo, oo kaarboonka shucaaca lagu taariikhaystay qarniyadii 12aad iyo 13aad. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan in meeshu ku bilaabatay xarun ay reer guuraagu isugu yimaadaan iyo meel ay safarrada ganacsiga ee u dhexeeya xeebta Badda Cas iyo gudaha ku cabbaan (§§2, 3.2). - **Magaalo dhagax ah, qarniyadii 14aad ilaa 15aad.** Horraantii qarnigii 14aad aqalladii waxaa beddelay dhismayaal dhagax ah iyadoo aan isticmaalku go'in. Qorayaashu waxay magaalada markii ay ugu sarreysay baaxad ahaan la barbardhigaan Aw Barre iyo Fardowsa (§2). Eeg [Fardowsa](/so/history/fardowsa-medieval-trading-town/) iyo [Aw Barre](/so/history/aw-bare-aiyanle-medieval-border-towns/). - **Dhammaadka.** Waxay ku tilmaamaan magaalo "si nabad ah laakiin si buuxda looga guuray" (tarjumaad), iyadoo aan raad gubasho lahayn, dhammaadkii qarnigii 15aad (§2). Meel kale warqaddu dhammaadka waxay dhigtaa qarnigii 16aad (§3.5). ## Magaalada Handoga waxay 540 mitir ku fidsan tahay buur-dhaadheer korkeeda oo ka sarreysa dooxada Chekeiti, waxayna ballaaran tahay qiyaastii 20 hektar oo leh qiyaastii 320 dhismo. Ma jiraan waddooyin ama fagaarayaal, mana jiraan dhismayaal dadweyne marka laga reebo masaajidda (§§2, 3.1). Iyagoo qoys kasta u tiriyay shan qof, qorayaashu waxay qiyaasaan qiyaastii 1,600 qof markii ay ugu badnayd (§3.1). Saddex masjid ayaa la yaqaan. Laba ku yaal waqooyiga, oo qiyaastii 10 x 14 iyo 12 x 13 mitir ah, way isku xiran yihiin, iyadoo darbiga barxadda mid ka mid ah lagu dhisay darbiga qiblada ee kan kale. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan inay u adeegi jireen kooxo kala duwan, ama rag iyo haween (§3.1). ## Guryo wareegsan oo ku wareegsan barxado furan Guri kastaa waa xayndaab ka kooban qolal wareegsan ama ukun-qaab ah oo saldhig dhagax ah leh, oo ku wareegsan barxad furan oo cunnada badankeeda lagu karin jiray. Qorayaashu waxay tan ka soo horjeediyaan guryaha dhagaxa ah ee afar-geeslaha ah ee qolalka badan leh ee Fardowsa iyo magaalooyinka saldanadaha, waxayna xusaan inay u dhow tahay xeryaha ay reer guuraaga gobolku weli dhistaan (§3.2). ## Beeraha iyo ganacsiga - **Dhagxaanta wax lagu shiido.** Qiyaastii 200 jajab oo dhagxaan wax lagu shiido ah ayaa la helay, laakiin daraasad lagu sameeyay 88 ka mid ah ayaa heshay inay ahaayeen kuwo "aad yar loo daryeelay" (tarjumaad), taas oo qorayaashu u qaataan calaamad muujinaysa in beeruhu ka qiimo yaraayeen xoolo-dhaqashada ama ganacsiga (§3.3). - **Alaabta dibadda laga keenay.** Kumanaan alaankaraar ah ayaa la helay, qaar badan oo dhabarka laga jaray goobta laftigeeda, iyo kuul iyo jijino quraarad ah, kuul dhagax ah, sudhan dheeman-badeed ah, miisaan dinaar naxaas ah iyo laba lacag oo Shiine ah. Weelasha dheriga iyo dhagaxa jilicsan ee dibadda laga keenay, oo Somaliland ku badan, ku dhowaad ma jiraan. Qorayaashu waxay xusaan in alaabta dibadda laga keenay ay ahayd mid "fudud oo si sahlan loo qaadi karo" (tarjumaad) oo jidhka lagu xirto, waxayna soo jeedinayaan inay ku habboonayd dad reer guuraa ah (§3.3). ## Xabaalaha Xabaalaha waxay in ka badan kiiloomitir u fidsan yihiin koonfurta magaalada, waxayna leeyihiin qiyaastii kun qabri iyo meelo bannaan oo lagu tukado. Qabuuraha sanduuqa dhagaxa ah ee Somaliland iyo bariga Itoobiya ku badan ma jiraan; qabuuraha badankoodu waa goobooyin ama ukun-qaab dhagxaan ah. Bartamahooda waxaa ku yaal saf qabuuro taallo-u-eg ah oo buur-dhaadheerka dul yaal, qaarkood darbi leh oo albaab koonfureed leh, kuwaas oo qorayaashu la barbardhigaan qabuuraha *das* ee laga diiwaangeliyay Canfarta (§3.4). Maadaama kun qabri ay u muuqdaan kuwo aad ugu yar magaalada, waxay soo jeedinayaan in dad badan lagu aasay xabaalaha kooxaha reer guuraaga ee ay ka yimaadeen (§3.4). Eeg [Taallooyinka ilaa xabaalaha](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/). ## Sida qorayaashu u sharxaan kobaceeda iyo dhammaadkeeda Waxay magaalada dhagaxa ah la xiriiriyaan hoos u dhaca saldanadda Ifat, markii suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat lagu dilay Saylac, waddada ugu weyn ee gudahana ay gacanta Itoobiya gashay. Waxay ku doodaan in tani fursad u furtay meelaha cirifka ah, iyo in markii saldanadda Barr Sacdudiin ay dib u soo celisay waddada Saylac iyo Harar, "aysan jirin sabab Handoga ay u ahaato degmo joogto ah" (tarjumaad) (§4). Ma helin caddeyn cad oo muujinaysa in cimilo engegan ay sababtay dhammaadka (§4). Waxay la barbardhigaan magaalooyin xeebeed oo dambe oo reer guuraa aasaaseen, sida Kismaayo, Mareeg, Hobyo, Boosaaso iyo Bulhar, laakiin waxay xusaan in Handoga oo keliya si buuxda looga guuray (§4). ## Bogag la xiriira - ["Boqorrada reer guuraaga": taallooyinka waaweyn ee dhulka hoose](/so/history/nomad-kings-great-cairns-650-1000/) - [Masaajidda qarniyadii dhexe ee Somaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/) - [Saylac hore iyo masjidka Qiblatayn](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/) --- # Reer guuraaga, magaalooyinka iyo dowladda xilligii Ifat iyo Cadal: waxa qadiimiga soo jeedinayo Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Galbeedka Somaliland ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ku noolaa laba hab-nololeed oo aad u kala duwan: tuulooyin iyo magaalooyin dhagax ah oo leh masaajid iyo beero, iyo xoolo-dhaqato raadkoodu yahay taallooyin, masaajid bannaanka ah iyo suuqyo xilliyeed. Daraasad 2020 ah, khabiirka qadiimiga Jorge de Torres Rodríguez wuxuu ku doodayaa in saldanadihii Ifat iyo Cadal (Adal) ay kooxahan isku hayeen saddex 'meelood oo dan wadaag ah': ganacsiga, diinta iyo dagaalka. Wuxuu dhammaadkii magaalooyinka qarnigii 16aad la xiriiriyaa carqaladaynta Bortuqiiska ee ganacsiga, dagaalladii Itoobiya iyo Oromada, iyo u wareegid xilligii Imaam Axmed oo xakameyn adag loo baahday, kadibna, sida uu qoray, hab-nololeedka reer guuraaga ayaa guulaystay. ## Si kooban Boggani wuxuu raacayaa maqaal uu qoray Jorge de Torres Rodríguez oo ka tirsan machadka Incipit-CSIC ee Isbaanishka ([de Torres Rodríguez, "Built on diversity: Statehood in Medieval Somaliland (12th–16th centuries AD)" (Lagu dhisay kala duwanaansho: dowladnimadii Somaliland ee qarniyadii dhexe, qarniyadii 12aad–16aad CD), *Anejos de Nailos* 6, 2020, bb. 159–188](http://hdl.handle.net/10261/216279), si xor ah loo akhriyi karo). Wuxuu is weydiinayaa sida saldanadihii Ifat iyo Cadal ay isugu hayeen dadyow leh "caqiidooyin, hab-nololeed, luqado iyo qowmiyado aad u kala duwan" muddo ka badan saddex qarni (b. 159). Taariikhda siyaasadeed, eeg [Saldanaddii Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) iyo [Imaam Axmed iyo Cadal, 1527–1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). ## Goobaha Ilaa 2020 kooxdu waxay khariidadeeyeen 27 goobood oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo ku yaal Somaliland, qayb ahaan qodeen toddoba, waxayna diiwaangeliyeen in ka badan 500 taallo oo aasid ah (b. 165). De Torres wuxuu u kala qaybiyaa afar deegaan (bb. 165–167): - **Xeebta.** Saddexda deked ee ay magacaabeen badmaaxiintii Carabta iyo Bortuqiisku, Saylac (Zeila), Berbera iyo Maydh, wuxuu qoray in Saylac oo keliya ay ahayd magaalo. Meesha ganacsiga caadiga ahi wuxuu ahaa suuq xilliyeed oo dhismayaal yar leh, sida Farhad, Bandar Cabbaas (Bandar Abbas) ama Siyaara, oo reer guuraagu isticmaali jireen xilliga ganacsiga ee Oktoobar ilaa Abriil. Eeg [Suuqyadii ganacsiga ee xeebta Berbera](/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/). - **Agagaarka Sheekh.** Fardowsa iyo tuulooyinka deriska la ah waxay ku yaalleen meeshii ugu horreysay ee safarrada geeluhu ku nastaan kadib bannaanka xeebta, iyadoo saldhigga safarrada ee Qalcadda uu u dhow yahay. Eeg [Fardowsa](/so/history/fardowsa-medieval-trading-town/). - **Agagaarka Boorama (Borama).** Siddeed iyo toban goobood ayaa la yaqaannay, siddeed ka mid ah ayaa la daraaseeyay, laga bilaabo magaalooyin sida Camuud (Amud) iyo Abasa ilaa tuulooyin yaryar sida Aroqolab. Alaab yar ayaa dibadda looga keenay, sida uu qorayna waxay lahaayeen "u janjeedh cad oo xagga beeraha ah". Derbi Cad wuxuu ahaa qalcad buur dusheed ku taal, Dameraqad-na xarun diimeed. Eeg [Abasa](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/). - **Goobaha reer guuraaga.** Taallooyin ku teedsan togagga, masaajid dhulka lagu sawiray xuduudahooda, iyo barxadda aasidda ee Iskudar. ## Waxa magaalooyinku wadaageen De Torres wuxuu sheegay in magaalooyinku meel kasta isku ekaayeen (bb. 172–176): - **Qaabka.** Guryuhu way kala firirsanaayeen, waddo qorshaysan ma lahayn. Derbi Cad iyo Qalcadda oo keliya ayaa derbi lahaa, taas oo uu ku sharxay inay ka fog yihiin xuduuddii Masiixiyiinta. - **Guryaha.** Waxay ahaayeen afar-gees siman ama leydi, inta badan 20–40 mitir oo laba jibbaaran, oo leh laba ama saddex qol, waxaana laga dhisay dhagxaan fidsan oo dhoobo lagu dhejiyay. - **Masaajidda.** Kuwani waxay ahaayeen dhismayaasha ugu waaweyn, waxay lahaayeen mixraab afar-gees ah, mararka qaarna barxad derbi leh, mana lahayn munaarado iyo minbarro, si ka duwan masaajiddii qarnigii 16aad ee Saylac. Eeg [Masaajiddii qarniyadii dhexe ee Somaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/). - **Qabuuraha.** Intooda badan waxay ahaayeen godad dhagxaan fidsan lagu dahaaray, balse xabaaluhu way ka kala duwanaayeen guryaha. - **Dheryaha.** Dheryaha gacanta lagu sameeyay ee deegaanka aad bay isugu ekaayeen, mana jirin alaab dhoobo oo qurux badan oo deegaanka laga sameeyay. Wuxuu xusay in dheryaha laga daabacay Harar iyo Shewa ay u muuqdaan kuwo ku dhow dhaqammada dhulka sare ee Itoobiya, wuxuuna soo jeediyay inay saldanadaha gudahooda ka jireen "dhaqammo gobol oo kala duwan" (b. 179). ## Reer guuraaga De Torres wuxuu sharxay wareegga sannadlaha ah ee xoolo-dhaqatada Somaliland, isagoo soo xiganaya I. M. Lewis: koonfur u guur Hawd (Haud) kadib roobabka *Gu'* ee Abriil, dib waqooyi ugu noqo xilliga kulul ee *Xagaa* iyo roobabka *Dayr*, iyo ceelasha reerka u dhaqan ah xilliga engegan ee *Jiilaal* (bb. 180–181). Wuxuu qoray in taallooyinku si gaar ah u fideen dhammaadkii kunkii koowaad iyo horraantii kunkii labaad CD, iyo in masaajid bannaanka ah markii dambe lagu daray agtooda (b. 181). - **Iskudar** waxay ahayd barxad la isticmaali jiray qiyaastii bartamihii qarnigii 12aad ilaa dhammaadkii qarnigii 14aad. Wuxuu sheegay in xafladaha laga dhigi jiray taallooyinka dhexdooda ay lahaayeen "asal cad oo aan Islaam ahayn", taas oo uu u arko calaamad muujinaysa in caqiidooyin hore ay reer guuraaga ku dhex jireen "ilaa qoto dheer qarnigii 14aad" (bb. 167, 182, 185). - **Dameraqad**, oo Curle u diiwaangeliyay tuulo, waxay leedahay 12–15 dhisme, ugu yaraan saddex ka mid ah masaajid, iyo qabuuro waaweyn oo dhagxaan lagu wareejiyay. Kadib markii la cidleeyay, reer guuraagu waxay hortiisa ka dhiseen masaajid bannaan oo si taxaddar leh loo sameeyay, sagxaddiisana lagu dhigay quartz casaan khafiif ah. De Torres wuxuu taas barbardhigay Iskudar: reer guuraa "oo laba qarni ka hor ahaa gaalo (pagans)" ayaa sii wadey booqashada goob Muslim ah (bb. 185–187). Wuxuu xusay in qoraallada qarniyadii dhexe ay sheegaan kooxo Soomaaliyeed oo saldanadda ku jiray iyo in *The Conquest of Abyssinia* (Futuux al-Xabasha) mararka qaar ku tilmaanto kuwo aan la xakameyn karin. Wuxuu ka soo xigtay labadaba: beelo Soomaaliyeed oo diiday Imaam Axmed, oo inta badan ka baxsan xuduudaha Cadal, iyo kuwo kale, sida Girri, oo ka codsaday ilaalintiisa (b. 182). Eeg [Futuux al-Xabasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/). ## Saddex "meelood oo dan wadaag ah" De Torres wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in saldanadaha isku haynta ay u badnayd saddex meelood oo kooxuhu ku kulmaan oo ku wada shaqeeyaan, halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd dhaqan alaabeed oo la wadaago (bb. 183–188): - **Ganacsiga.** Reer guuraagu waxay gacanta ku hayeen waddooyinka iyo suuqyada xeebta, wuxuuna ku doodayaa in ganacsigu "suurtagal ahaan lahayn la'aanta ka qayb-qaadashadooda". Wuxuu tilmaamayaa Qalcadda, deyr derbi leh oo 55 iyo 90 mitir ah, leh qalcado wareegsan oo geesaha ku yaal iyo dhisme barxad leh oo u eg saldhigyada safarrada ee Bariga Dhexe, oo uu ku tilmaamay "caddayn cad" oo muujinaysa xakamaynta dowladda. Wuxuu kaloo xusay in qoraallada aan lagu diiwaangelin wax shil ah oo ganacsiga ku saabsan. - **Diinta.** Wuxuu soo xigtay sheekooyinka afka ah ee wacdiyayaal sida Sheekh Isxaaq (Sheikh Isaaq), oo la sheego inuu Saylac yimid 1153 una degay Maydh, iyo Aw Barkhadle. Wuxuu kaloo xusay goobo lagu magacaabay awliyo, sida Aw Barkhadle, Aw Barre (Aw Bare) iyo Aw Boba. Eeg [Aw Barre iyo Aw Boba](/so/history/aw-bare-aiyanle-medieval-border-towns/). - **Dagaalka.** Wuxuu qoray in reer guuraaga "si buuxda oo nidaamsan loogu daray" ciidamadii Cadal qarnigii 16aad, halka qaar ka mid ah kooxaha Soomaaliyeed ee ka baxsan Cadal ay iska caabiyeen xukunka iyo canshuuraha Imaam Axmed, ama la saftay garabkii suldaanka, oo door bidayay nabad lala galo Itoobiya. ## Dhammaadkii magaalooyinka Wuxuu ku doodayaa in qarnigii 16aad dagaalka iyo diintu ay isku biireen oo noqdeen jihaad, Bortuqiisku carqaladeeyeen ganacsiga, Imaam Axmedna uu raadiyay xakamayn adag oo dhulka iyo kheyraadka ah. Kadib jabkii ka soo gaaray Itoobiya iyo Oromada, sida uu qoray, diinta oo keliya ayaa hartay, "xooggan mideynta ahna dowlad looma baahnayn hadda si adag". Wuxuu ku daray in "ay quursi noqonayso in loo arko burbur": nidaamka cusub wuxuu ahaa, sida uu hadalkiisa u dhigay, "mid u deggan oo waxtar u leh sidii kii hore, balse kala duwanaanshihiisu ka yar yahay oo ku dhisan dhaqanka reer guuraaga" (b. 188). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Laga soo bilaabo taallooyinka ilaa xabaalaha: qabuurihii Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/) - [Kabab iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolka Gabiley](/so/history/medieval-towns-of-gebiley-and-kabab/) - [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Cadal, 1415–1520](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/) - [Toddobadii boqortooyo ee Muslimiinta ee Geeska: canshuur, ganacsi iyo lacag](/so/history/seven-muslim-kingdoms-tribute-trade-and-money/) --- # Qoraallada Saba ee xeebta Soomaaliya, qiyaastii 700 ka hor miilaadiga Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/sabaean-inscriptions-on-the-somali-coast/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sannadkii 2019, meel cibaado oo la dhacay oo ku taal xeebta bari ee gobolka Bari, qiyaastii 50 km koonfur-koonfur-galbeed ka xigta Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui), ayaa laga helay toddoba qoraal oo ku qoran Sabaic, luqaddii boqortooyadii hore ee Saba ee Yaman. Koox khubaro qoraallada hore ah oo Faransiis iyo Yamani ah ayaa u badan inay qoraallada ku beegaan dhammaadkii qarnigii 8aad ama qarnigii 7aad ka hor miilaadiga. Qoraalladu waa hibooyin ay dad Saba ahi u qoreen ilaah la yiraahdo Akhakhatan, ugu yaraan mid ka mid ahna wuxuu ka yimid caasimaddii Marib; waxay xusaan 'doonnida Saba' iyo taliye Saba ah oo la oran jiray Yathaʿʾamar Watar. Qorayaashu waxay u arkaan caddayn muujinaysa safar badeed oo boqortooyada Saba ay u dirtay xeebta Soomaaliya, oo u badan inuu ahaa uunsi (foox iyo malmal) raadin. ## Kooban Boggani wuxuu raacayaa daabacaaddii ugu horreysay ee qoraallada ([Prioletta, Robin, Schiettecatte, Gajda iyo Nuʿmān, "Sabaeans on the Somali coast", *Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy* 32, lifaaqa 1, 2021, bb. 328–339](https://doi.org/10.1111/aae.12202); nuqul furan oo ku jira [HAL](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03483948)). Afar ka mid ah qorayaasha waxay ka yimaadeen xarunta cilmi-baarista qaranka Faransiiska, CNRS, midna wuxuu ka yimid Jaamacadda Dhamar ee Yaman. Lambarrada bogagga ee hoose waxay tilmaamayaan nuqulka furan. Qoraallada iyo xabaalaha kale ee ka horreeyay Islaamka, eeg [Xabaalaha hore, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/). ## Sida qoraallada loo helay Laga bilaabo gu'gii 2019, sawirro muujinaya "haraaga iyo qoraallo si sharci darro ah loo qoday" (tarjumaad) ayaa bilaabay inay internetka ku faafaan, qaarkoodna waxaa loo diray laba ka mid ah qorayaasha iyadoo laga codsaday inay la xiriiraan maamulka deegaanka. Waxaa la soo sheegay toddoba dhagax oo qoraal leh iyo meel uunsiga lagu shito (b. 1). Qorayaashu waxay u mahadceliyeen la-taliye sare oo u ah Madaxweynaha Puntland, iyo nin Soomaali ah oo ku nool Boqortooyada Midowday, sawirro loo soo diray "si looga hortago in si sharci darro ah dibadda loogu dhoofiyo" (tarjumaad) (b. 1). ## Halka goobtu ku taal Dadkii helay ma aysan sheegin meesha; il ka mid ah waxay magacawday Raas Caseyr, il kalena magaalada Qandala. Iyagoo buuraha sawirrada ku jira la barbardhigay xogta dayax-gacmeedka ee joogga dhulka, qorayaashu waxay goobta dhigaan xeebta bari, qiyaastii 50 km koonfur-koonfur-galbeed ka xigta Raas Caseyr, 20 km waqooyi ka xigta Baargaal iyo 110 km waqooyi ka xigta Xaafuun, oo u badan inay u dhowdahay ceelka Abdexan (b. 2). Waxay xuseen in sahamiyihii Faransiiska ahaa ee Georges Révoil uu 1880-kii soo sheegay macbad hore oo ku taal meel uu u yeeray Abdaham. Sawirradu waxay muujinayaan derbiyo dhagax si fiican loo qoray oo "u eg dhismayaasha waaweyn ee Carabta Koonfureed" (tarjumaad), qorayaashuna waxay u malaynayaan in labadu isku goob yihiin. Waxay intaas ku dareen in haraaga dhismayaasha da'daas ahi uu "yahay mid aan caadi ahayn" (tarjumaad) dhulka Soomaalida, halkaas oo cadaymaha ka horreeyay ay inta badan yihiin sawirro dhagaxyada lagu sawiray, tiirar dhagax ah iyo taallo xabaaleed (b. 2). ## Taariikheynta Lix ka mid ah toddobada qoraal si taxaddar leh ayaa loo qoray iyagoo ah boustrophedon, oo sadarradu ay is-beddel ugu socdaan midig-ilaa-bidix iyo bidix-ilaa-midig, qaab u dhow heerkii dhammaadkii qarnigii 8aad iyo horraantii qarnigii 7aad ka hor miilaadiga. Laba ka mid ah waxay magacaabaan taliye Saba ah oo la oran jiray Yathaʿʾamar ama Yathaʿʾamar Watar. Saddex taliye oo Saba ah ayaa magacaas lahaa. Qorayaashu waxay door bidaan kii ugu horreeyay, Yathaʿʾamar Watar ina Yakrubmalik, oo xukumay rubucii ugu dambeeyay ee qarnigii 8aad ka hor miilaadiga. Waxay intaas ku dareen in taariikhdani "si qirasho leh aad ugu tahay mid aan la hubin" (tarjumaad) (b. 3). ## Waxa qoraalladu sheegayaan Qoraallada waxaa lagu tiriyay Bari 2021-1 ilaa 2021-7, iyadoo loo eegayo gobolka (b. 2). Sida qorayaashu u tarjumeen (bb. 3–9), tarjumaad Soomaali ah: - **Bari 2021-1.** Nin ayaa "u hibeeyay Akhakhatān" hadiyad iyo wiilkiisa "markii uu ahaa wadaadka Akhakhatān ee Rḥbm". - **Bari 2021-3.** Nin "u xilsaaran hadiyadaha Akhakhatān" ayaa hibeeyay noloshiisa "markii uu isaga iyo aabbihii raashinka ku keeneen doonnida Yuhaythaʿ". - **Bari 2021-4.** Nin "ka mid ah Ḥadaqān ee Maʾrib" ayaa hibeeyay carruurtiisa iyo meel allabari "markii sayidkiisii Yathaʿʾamar uu magacaabay", oo "hagay doonnida Sabaʾ". - **Bari 2021-5.** Nin ayaa hantidiisa iyo "nolosha addoontiisa" dhigay doonista ilaaha. - **Bari 2021-6.** Qoraal dhaawacan ayaa magacaaba Yathaʿʾamar Watar iyo "doonnida Sabaʾ", iyo laga yaabee "safar". Labada kale waa hibeyn qoraal iyo jajab yar. Qoraalladu waxay sidoo kale baryaan ʿAthtar, ilaah lagu caabudi jiray Carabta Koonfureed oo dhan, iyo Almaqah, ilaaha Saba (bb. 4, 10). Erayga loo tarjumay "doonni" waa *mrkb*, oo sidoo kale macnihiisu noqon karo safar geel (qaafilad). Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in "xaaladda Soomaalida, shaki yar ayaa ka jira in dadka Saba ay badda ku safreen" (tarjumaad). Haddii ay sidaas tahay, kani wuxuu noqonayaa erayga ugu horreeya ee markab lagu sheego qoraallada Carabta Koonfureed ee ka horreeyay xilligii Masiixiga (b. 6). ## Sida qorayaashu u fasireen - **Macbad.** Qoraallada oo dhammi waa hibooyin, taasoo qorayaasha u muujinaysa in goobtu ahayd meel cibaado ama macbad uu leeyahay Akhakhatan, ilaah aan meel kale laga aqoon laba qoraal oo gaagaaban oo Yaman ah mooyee. Waxay soo jeediyeen inuu "noqon karay ilaaliyaha ganacsatada ama badmaaxiyiinta" (tarjumaad) (b. 10). - **Safar boqortooyo.** Magaca taliyaha, ilaaha Almaqah, luqadda iyo magacyadu dhammaantood waxay tilmaamayaan Saba. Qoys ka mid ah, Ḥadaqān, ayaa sidoo kale laga yaqaan qoraallada Matara ee Eritrea. Qorayaashu waxay ku doodaan in safaradu ahaayeen "hawl dhexe, oo ay abaabuleen oo maamuleen taliyayaashii Saba" (tarjumaad) (bb. 10–11). - **Sabaic saafi ah.** Si ka duwan qoraallada Sabaic ee Itoobiya iyo Eritrea, kuwani ma muujinayaan saameyn deegaan, taasoo qorayaashu u qaateen in qorayaashii ay si toos ah uga yimaadeen Saba (b. 11). - **Sababta meeshaas.** Waxay u malaynayaan in "ujeeddada koowaad" (tarjumaad) ay ahayd xabagta udgoon, iyagoo xusay in aaggu leeyahay ilo biyood iyo geedo uunsi, qorayaashii hore-na ay ammaaneen udgoonkiisa. Waddada la filayo waxay mari jirtay xeebta waqooyi oo ay ku wareegi jirtay Raas Caseyr (b. 11). Eeg [Foox iyo malmal waqtiyadii hore](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/). ## Qoraallada kale ee Carabta Koonfureed: yaa maxay yiri - **Shalcaw (Shuula).** Qoraal afar xaraf ah oo akhrinaya *Ybḥd* ayaa lagu qoray dhagax ku jira qabri dhagax qalalan laga dhisay oo u dhow Shalcaw, 25 km koonfur-galbeed ka xigta Xiis (Heis). Qorayaashu waxay ku tilmaameen qoraalka kaliya ee kale ee Carabta Koonfureed ee laga yaqaan Soomaaliya, waxayna sheegeen in farta uu ku qoran yahay ay noqon karto mid hore, inkastoo "dooddu… aysan go'aamin" (tarjumaad) (bb. 11–12). Eeg [Xiis (Heis)](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/). - **Dhagax Nabi Gallay iyo Dhagax Kure.** Sada Mire waxay taxday qoraal Saba ama Ximyar (Himyarite) ah oo suurtagal ah oo ku yaal goobahan sawirrada dhagaxa ([Mire 2015](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)). Kadib markay eegeen sawirrada la daabacay ee Dhagax Kure, qorayaashu waxay qoreen inay muujinayaan "ma calaamado lagu qanci karo, ma xarfo isku xiga oo macno leh" (tarjumaad) (b. 12, qoraalka hoose 60). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Bunt (Punt) iyo xeebta Soomaaliya](/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/) - [Opone iyo dekeddii hore ee Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/) - [Qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee xeebta Soomaaliya](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/) - [Ka hor 1300: dhulkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) - [Burburka hore ee waqooyi-bari ee uu diiwaangeliyay Georges Révoil](/so/history/revoil-ancient-sites-north-east-1880/) --- # Saldanadda Majeerteen iyo Saldanadda Hobyo, 1700-meeyadii–1927 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/majeerteen-and-hobyo-sultanates/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saldanadda Majeerteen, oo laga xukumi jiray Baargaal iyo Caluula, iyo Saldanadda Hobyo, oo Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid aasaasay 1870-meeyadii, waxay ahaayeen laba boqortooyo oo Soomaaliyeed oo ku yiil xeebta waqooyi-bari. Waxay xoolo, foox iyo xabag la ganacsan jireen Carabta iyo Hindiya, waxay 1889 heshiisyo ilaalin ah la galeen Talyaaniga iyagoo xukunkoodii sii haysta, waxayna sii haysteen ilaa Talyaanigu xoog ku qabsaday labadaba 1925–1927. ## Kooban 1800-meeyadii laba boqortooyo oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa xukumayay xeebta waqooyi-bari. Saldanadda Majeerteen waxay haysatay Geeska laftiisa, laga bilaabo Gacanka Cadan ilaa inta uu ka wareegayo Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui). Saldanadda Hobyo waxay haysatay xeebta Badweynta Hindiya ee koonfurta ka xigta. Labaduba waxay 1889 heshiisyo la galeen Talyaaniga, waxayna sii maamulayeen naftooda in ka badan soddon sano. Talyaanigu wuxuu labadaba ku soo afjaray xoog ciidan intii u dhaxaysay 1925 iyo 1927. ## Saldanadda Majeerteen Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka (Library of Congress) waxay Saldanadda Majeerteen u taariikhaysaa bartamihii 1700-meeyadii. Waxay "xoog yeelatay" 1800-meeyadii xilligii [Boqor Cismaan](/en/people/boqor-osman-mahamud/) Maxamuud ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/8.htm)). Waxay ku hodmatay "siyaasad ganacsi oo furan oo fududaysay ganacsi barwaaqo ah oo xoolo, baalal gorayo iyo xabag carabi ah" (isla ilahaas). Boqorku wuxuu degganaa [Baargaal (Bargal)](/so/history/revoil-ancient-sites-north-east-1880/), oo u dhow Raas Caseyr. Sahan ay dowladda Talyaanigu samaysay, oo la qoray horraantii 1925, ayaa ku tilmaamay magaalo ay ku noolyihiin qiyaastii 600 oo qof, oo leh afar qalcadood oo dhagax ah, guriga suldaanka iyo lix iyo toban dhismo oo kale oo dhagax ah ([*La Migiurtinia ed il territorio del Nogal*, Regio Governo della Somalia Italiana, c. 1926](https://archive.org/details/4767385f-64cb-20acdc-2ef-3e-10c-061c-73)). ## Yaa ku noolaa, sida Talyaanigu u tiriyay Isla sahankaas wuxuu saldanadda ku tiriyay qiyaastii 43,700 oo qof: 10,850 tuulooyinka xeebta, 29,860 gudaha, iyo dad kale oo meel-meel u guuraya. Dhulka wuxuu ku qiyaasay qiyaastii 78,000 oo kiilomitir oo laba jibaaran, taas oo ah qiyaastii 0.5 qof kiilomitir kasta ([*La Migiurtinia*](https://archive.org/details/4767385f-64cb-20acdc-2ef-3e-10c-061c-73)). Qorayaashiisu waxay ka digeen in tirooyinka "lagu aqbalo shaki badan", maxaa yeelay dadku xilliyada ayay la guuri jireen, inta badanna jawaabo la buunbuuniyay ayay bixin jireen (isla ilahaas). Dadka intooda badan wuxuu ku daray laanta [Majeerteen](/so/society/darod/) ee Daarood. Tirooyinka uu ka bixiyay gudaha ee la akhrin karo waxaa ka mid ah: - Cismaan Maxamuud, oo ku kala firirsan inta badan dhulka: qiyaastii 6,000. - Cali Saleebaan, buuraha u dhexeeya dooxada Daror iyo xeebta: qiyaastii 5,000. - Siwaaqroon, gadaasha Raas Caseyr: qiyaastii 4,000. - Ciise Maxamuud, agagaarka [Nugaal](/so/regions/nugaal/): qiyaastii 2,000. - Ugaas Saleebaan, gadaasha Baargaal iyo Hurdiya: qiyaastii 1,500. - [Warsangeli](/so/society/warsangali/) ku nool saldanadda: qiyaastii 400. Sahanku wuxuu kaloo magacaabay kooxo yaryar oo ku dhex nool Majeerteenka: Midgaan, Yibir iyo Tumaal. Wuxuu ku tilmaamay, ereyadii waqtigaas, "dad loo arko jinsi hoose" (isla ilahaas). ## Ingiriiska iyo badmaaxiyada doonyuhu ku jabaan Geesku wuxuu ahaa xeeb khatar ku ah maraakiibta uumiga. Sannadkii 1862 Majeerteenku waxay Ingiriiska ku heshiiyeen inay ilaaliyaan nafta badmaaxiyada ay maraakiibtoodu ku jabaan xeebta ([*Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901–04*, War Office, 1907, vol. 1, p. 46](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Heshiiska waa la cusboonaysiiyay 1879 iyo 1 Maajo 1885. Ingiriisku wuxuu sannadkii 360 doolar siin jiray suldaanka Majeerteen iyo Yuusuf Cali oo joogay Caluula (Alula) (isla ilahaas). Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay sheegtaa in suldaanku aqbalay "hoos-imaatin aan caddayn oo Ingiriiska ah", balse boqortooyadiisu xor ahaan ay sii ahaatay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/8.htm)). ## Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid iyo aasaaskii Hobyo [Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid (Yusuf Ali Kenadid)](/en/people/yusuf-ali-kenadid/) wuxuu qaraabo la ahaa Boqor Cismaan. Wasaaradda Dagaalka ee Ingiriiska (War Office) waxay diiwaangelisay in isagoo ah guddoomiyaha Caluula uu "dagaallamay dhowr sano" isagoo ka soo horjeeda Boqor Cismaan, kadibna 1884 uu nabad la galay ([*Official History*, vol. 1, p. 132](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Kadib wuxuu u jeestay koonfurta. Isla ilahaasi waxay sheegtaa inuu [Hobyo](/so/regions/mudug/) ku qabsaday qiyaastii konton nin oo qoryo fiitiil ah wata, uuna 1885 iska caabiyay isku day loogu jeeday in meesha laga saaro. Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay intaas ku dartaa inuu u qaxay Carabta, uuna 1870-meeyadii la soo laabtay "labaatan askari oo Xadramaawi ah oo qoryo wata" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/8.htm)). Hobyo wuxuu xukunkiisa ka fidiyay gudaha, ilaa ceelasha Gaalkacyo (Galkayo) ee Mudug, halkaas oo uu ka dhisay qalcad yar ([*Official History*, vol. 1, p. 132](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). ## Heshiisyadii 1889 ee Talyaaniga 8 Febraayo 1889 markab dagaal oo Talyaani ah ayaa calanka Talyaaniga ka taagay Hobyo, iyadoo la raacayo heshiis lala galay Suldaanka ([Hertslet, *The Map of Africa by Treaty*, 1909, vol. 3, No. 348, p. 1123](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert)). Bishii Maajo, Talyaanigu wuxuu xadkiisa ka dhigay Warshiikh ilaa Raas Cawaad (Cape Awad). 7 Abriil 1889, magaalada Bandar Caluula, Boqor Cismaan wuxuu saxiixay heshiiskiisii Talyaaniga ([Hertslet 1909, vol. 3, No. 346, p. 1119](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert)): > "Annaga, Suldaan Cismaan Maxamuud Yuusuf, Suldaanka dhammaan Majeerteenka, rabitaankayaga xorta ah ayaan gacantayada iyo shaambadayada ugu dhignay Heshiiskan." Wuxuu dalkiisa "Raas Cawaad ilaa Raas-el-Kyle" geliyay ilaalinta Talyaaniga. Wuxuu ballan qaaday inuusan heshiis la geli doonin quwado kale. Yuusuf Cali wuxuu u saxiixay markhaati ahaan (isla ilahaas). Dhulka u dhexeeya labada saldanadood, oo ay labaduba sheeganayeen, ayaa isna hoos yimid ilaalinta Talyaaniga iyadoo ay "ogolaadeen labada Suldaan" (isla ilahaas, No. 349). ## Ilaalin, ma ahayn xukun Muddo soddon sano ah, ilaalinta Talyaanigu wax badan kama jirin dhulka. Wasaaradda Dagaalka ee Ingiriisku waxay 1906 qortay in xiriirka Talyaaniga iyo labada suldaan uu "ku koobnaa bixinta kaalmo lacageed oo sannadle ah" ([*Official History*, vol. 1, p. 42](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Talyaanigu wuxuu sannadkii 3,600 taaler (thaler) siin jiray labada suldaan (Hertslet, vol. 3). Sahanka dowladda Talyaaniga laftiisu wuxuu qirayaa in ilaalintiisu ay ahayd "magac ahaan in ka badan sidii dhab ahaan" sannadihii 1889 ka dambeeyay ([*La Migiurtinia*, ch. X](https://archive.org/details/4767385f-64cb-20acdc-2ef-3e-10c-061c-73)). Wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa in Boqor Cismaan xataa ilaalintiisa u bandhigay Faransiiska iyo Jarmalka. Heshiis cusub oo la saxiixay 18 Agoosto 1901 ayaa heshiiskii dib u cusboonaysiiyay (isla ilahaas; Hertslet vol. 3). ## Ingiriiska iyo Daraawiishta dhexdooda Jiilaalkii 1902–1903 ciidan Ingiriis ah ayaa ka degay Hobyo si ay ula dagaallamaan [Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). Ingiriisku wuxuu Yuusuf Cali ku eedeeyay inuu hor istaagayo. Bishii Janaayo 1903 isaga iyo wiilkiisa waxay u qaadeen Cadan (Aden), Talyaanigana wuxuu u masaafuriyay Eritrea ([*Official History*, vol. 1, pp. 132–133](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Bishii Maajo 1903 Talyaanigu wuxuu dib u soo celiyay wiilkiisa, Cali Yuusuf, isagoo ka dhigay suldaanka Hobyo (isla ilahaas, p. 189). Heshiiskii Ilig (Illig) ee 1905 ayaa kadib Daraawiishta siiyay dooxada Nugaal ee u dhexaysa labada saldanadood. Suldaanka Majeerteen, sida uu diiwaangeliyay sahanka Talyaanigu, markii hore xiriir saaxiibtinimo ayuu la lahaa Daraawiishta, markii dambena wuu la dagaallamay ([*La Migiurtinia*, ch. X](https://archive.org/details/4767385f-64cb-20acdc-2ef-3e-10c-061c-73)). ## Dhammaadkii, 1925–1927 1920-meeyadii dowladdii faashiistaha ahayd ee Talyaanigu waxay go'aansatay inay labada saldanadood keento xukun toos ah. Guddoomiye Cesare Maria De Vecchi ayaa hoggaamiyay ololaha ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/11.htm); ["Campaign of the Sultanates", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Sultanates)). Qabsashadu waxay bilaabatay Oktoobar 1925. Sahanka Talyaaniga laftiisu wuxuu qoraal hoose ku diiwaangelinayaa in Baargaal, magaaladii Boqorka, "aysan hadda jirin: waa la duqeeyay oo dhulka lagu simay 28 iyo 29 Oktoobar 1925" ([*La Migiurtinia*, qoraalka hoose ee qodobka 20](https://archive.org/details/4767385f-64cb-20acdc-2ef-3e-10c-061c-73)). Iska caabintu labada saldanadoodba way ka socotay ilaa 1927. ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? Dadka Baargaal waxay waayeen magaaladoodii. Dagaalyahanno iyo qoysas ku nool gobollada [Bari](/so/regions/bari/) iyo Mudug ayaa ku dhintay ololihii 1925–1927, taliyayaashoodiina waa la xukunka ka tuuray. Ilaha aan ku xiri karno midna kuma jiro tiro la isku raacsan yahay oo dadkii dhintay ah. ## Qoys wax qoray Reer Hobyo raad kale ayay reebeen. Horraantii 1920-meeyadii [Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid](/en/people/osman-yusuf-kenadid/), oo ka mid ahaa qoyska boqortooyada Hobyo, wuxuu allifay Farta Cismaaniya (Osmanya) si loogu qoro Af-Soomaaliga. Eeg [sida Af-Soomaaligu u noqday mid la qoro](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Goorta Hobyo ay timid ilaalinta Talyaaniga.** Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay leedahay 1888 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Ogeysiiska Talyaaniga laftiisa wuxuu sheegayaa heshiis iyo calan-taag 8 Febraayo 1889 ([Hertslet, vol. 3, p. 1123](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert)). - **Goorta la aasaasay Hobyo.** Wasaaradda Dagaalka ee Ingiriisku waxay u-guuritaankii Yuusuf Cali ee Hobyo dhigtaa 1884 kadib; Maktabadda Koongareeskuna waxay leedahay 1870-meeyadii. - **Heshiiskii Ingiriiska.** Wasaaradda Dagaalku waxay cusboonaysiinta u taariikhaysaa 1 Maajo 1885; Hertslet-na wuxuu u taariikhaynayaa 1 Maajo 1884. ## Adigu akhri ilaha asalka ah - E. Hertslet, *The Map of Africa by Treaty*, daabacaaddii 3aad, 1909, vol. 3, Nos. 346–349 (heshiisyadii iyo ogeysiisyadii 1889): [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert). - War Office (Wasaaradda Dagaalka ee Ingiriiska), *Official History of the Operations in [Somaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/), 1901–04*, 1907, vol. 1: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog). - Regio Governo della Somalia Italiana, *La Migiurtinia ed il territorio del Nogal* (Af-Talyaani), c. 1926: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/4767385f-64cb-20acdc-2ef-3e-10c-061c-73). --- # Taxanaha taariikhda: qarnigii 14aad ilaa xorriyadda 1960 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/timeline-1300s-to-1960/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga soo bilaabo magaalooyinkii ganacsiga ee Muqdisho iyo Saldanadda Adal ilaa Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed iyo midowgii 1da Luulyo 1960, kuwani waa dhacdooyinka taariikhaysan ee qaabeeyay midnimada Soomaalida, mid kastana ishiisa ayuu la socdaa. - **Qarnigii 9aad ama ka hor.** Muqdisho (Mogadishu) waxay jirtaa iyadoo ah magaalo ganacsi oo ay muhaajiriin Faaris iyo Carab ah ku dhex qasmaan Soomaalida. **Dhinacyada:** dadka magaalada Muqdisho, ganacsatada Badweynta Hindiya. Isha: [S3](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm) - **1331.** Ibnu Battuuta (Ibn Battuta) wuxuu booqday Muqdisho wuxuuna ku tilmaamay "magaalo aad u weyn" (tarjumaad) **Dhinacyada:** Muqdisho, culimada iyo ganacsatada Muslimiinta. Isha: [S3](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm) - **Qarnigii 14aad.** Muqdisho, Marka (Merca) iyo Baraawe waxaa lagu tilmaamaa xarumo nolosha magaalada iyo cilmiga. **Dhinacyada:** magaalooyinka xeebta Banaadir. Isha: [S3](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm) - **1415.** Boqorka Itoobiya Yeshaq wuxuu ku duulay boqortooyadii Muslimka ahayd ee Ifat, wuxuuna boqorkeedii Sacadiddiin (Saad ad-Din) ku dilay meel u dhow Saylac (Zeila). **Dhinacyada:** Ifat (taliyayaashii Walashma), Itoobiya Sulaymaaniga. Isha: [S2](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/5.htm) - **Qarniyadii 15aad–16aad.** "Nidaamyo dowladeed oo dhexe" (tarjumaad) ayaa soo baxay, kan ugu muhiimsanna waa Adal. Markay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay gaartay qarnigii 16aad, saamaynteedu waxay ka bilaabmaysay Saylac, marta Jigjiga iyo dhulka sare ee Harar ilaa buuraleyda Itoobiya. **Dhinacyada:** Saldanadda Adal, Harar. Isha: [S2](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/5.htm) - **Qiyaastii 1300–qiyaastii 1575.** Britannica waxay Adal u taariikhaysaa qiyaastii 1300–1575, Harar oo caasimadeeda ahayd. Weerarrada xuduudda ee ka dhanka ah Itoobiya waxay bilowdeen qarnigii 14aad. Maxfuud (Mahfuz), guddoomiyaha Saylac, ayaa hoggaaminayay weerarrada ilaa la dilay 1516. **Dhinacyada:** Adal, guddoomiyeyaashii Saylac, Itoobiya. Isha: [S22](https://www.britannica.com/place/Adal) - **1533–1541.** Ilaa 1533 ciidamada Axmed Gurey (Ahmad Grañ) waxay gacanta ku hayeen inta badan bartamaha Itoobiya. Itoobiya waxay caawimo ka codsatay Boortaqiiska, 400 askari oo Boortaqiis ah oo qoryo sita ayaana 1541 ka degay Masawa (Massawa). Adal markaas waxay heshay qiyaastii 900 askari oo qoryo sita oo Carab, Turki iyo Albaaniyaan ah iyo madfac (Britannica uma aqoonsana inay ahayd taageero rasmi ah oo dowladda Cusmaaniyiinta). **Dhinacyada:** Adal; Itoobiya; Boortaqiis; askarta qoryaha sita ee Turkiga/Carabta. Isha: [S22](https://www.britannica.com/place/Adal) - **Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 16aad.** Duullaannadii Oromada ayaa soo afjaray awoodda Adal. "Taageerayaasheedii reer guuraaga ahaa waxay lumiyeen midnimadoodii" (tarjumaad), dowladduna waxay noqotay mid aan muhiim ahayn. **Dhinacyada:** Adal, muhaajiriinta Oromada. Isha: [S22](https://www.britannica.com/place/Adal) - **Qiyaastii 1529–1543.** Imaam Axmed Gurey ("Gran", oo LoC u taariikhaysay 1506–43) wuxuu ciidamada Muslimiinta u hoggaamiyay buuraleyda Itoobiya. Waxaa la dilay 1543 markii ciidan Itoobiyaan ah oo Boortaqiisku taageerayo oo madfac wata ay jebiyeen ciidamadiisa. **Dhinacyada:** Imaam Axmed, Adal; Itoobiya; Boortaqiis (duullaankii Christovão da Gama, oo LoC ku sheegtay inuu hoggaaminayay Pedro da Gama). Isha: [S2](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/5.htm) - **Qarniyadii 15aad–16aad.** Muhaajiriin Suufiyo ah ayaa Islaamka xeebta ka qaaday oo geeyay gudaha dhulka Banaadir. **Dhinacyada:** culimada Suufiyada, magaalooyinka xeebta. Isha: [S3](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm) - **Qiyaastii 1550–1650 (taariikhaynta LoC; **waa lagu muransan yahay**, maadaama warar kale ay bixiyaan muddo aad u dheer).** Dowladda Ajuuraan (Ujuuraan, Ajuran) ayaa ka soo baxday dhulka u dhexeeya labada webi iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo laanta Gareen. **Dhinacyada:** Ajuuraan, beelaha dhulka labada webi. Isha: [S3](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm) - **Qarniyadii 17aad–18aad.** Fiditaankii Boortaqiiska ayaa daciifiyay Ajuuraan. Muqdisho keligeed ayaa iska caabisay weerarradii soo noqnoqday ee Boortaqiiska. **Dhinacyada:** Boortaqiis, Ajuuraan, Muqdisho. Isha: [S3](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm) - **Gumeysiga ka hor ilaa 1950-meeyadii (qaab-dhismeed).** Xeer (*heer*): heshiisyo cad oo u dhexeeya laamaha beelaha ayaa aasaasay unug kasta oo siyaasadeed oo rasmi ah oo ka dhexeeya xoolo-dhaqatada waqooyiga. Lewis wuxuu tiriyay in ka badan 360 koox oo mag-wadaag ah (diya) oo ku jira Maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska (dad qiyaastii 640,000 ah). Kooxuhu waxay si ku-meel-gaar ah isugu bahaystaan heshiis, xafiisyada degmooyinka gumeysiguna waxay diiwaangelin jireen heshiisyadaas oo u dhaqan gelin jireen sidii sharci. **Dhinacyada:** kooxaha mag-wadaagga, beelaha (*tol*), odayaasha; maamulka Ingiriiska. Isha: [S25](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/clanship-and-contract-in-northern-somaliland1/EDF65B709C7BAD3A63B3F14593F7248C) - **1695.** Saldanadda Geledi (boqortooyada Gobroon) ayaa la aasaasay kadib markii la afgembiyay maamulayaashii u hoggaansanaa Ajuuraan. **Dhinacyada:** Geledi (Afgooye), Ibraahim Cadeer (Ibrahim Adeer). Isha: [S21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi) (oo soo xiganaya Luling 2002) - **1728 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Boortaqiiska waxaa laga saaray Mombasa. Awoodda Cumaan ee xeebta Banaadir ayaa xigtay, laakiin waxay ahayd "inta badan magac keliya" (tarjumaad): canshuur, qaadi iyo askari yar. **Dhinacyada:** Cumaan, markii dambe Zanzibar; magaalooyinka Banaadir. Isha: [S4](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm) - **Bartamihii qarnigii 18aad.** Xeebta waqooyi waxay hoos timid shariifyadii Mukha (Mocha), oo u xukumayay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta ee sii liicaysay, canshuurna qaadi jiray. **Dhinacyada:** Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta (si dadban), shariifyada Mukha. Isha: [S4](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm) - **1749/1750.** Saldanadda Isaaq ayaa la aasaasay. Guuleed Cabdi (Ciidagale, Garxajis) waxaa la caleemo saaray Luulyo 1750, Toon oo caasimad ahayd, markii dambena Hargeysa (Hargeisa). Awoodda waxaa la wadaagi jiray caaqillada, garaadada, suldaanno hoose iyo wadaaddada. Habar Yoonis waxay ka go'een iyagoo uu hoggaaminayo Faarax Guuleed. 1880-meeyadii saldanaddu waxay ku soo koobantay Ciidagale iyo Carab (Arap). **Dhinacyada:** Saldanadda Isaaq, Habar Yoonis, laamo kale oo Isaaq ah. Isha: [S30](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) (oo soo xiganaya Lewis 2002; Laitin 1977) - **Bartamihii qarnigii 18aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad.** Saldanadda Majeerteen ayaa kor u kacday oo barwaaqowday xilligii Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud (Boqor Ismaan Mahamuud), oo Ingiriiska u lahaa "hoggaansanaan aan caddayn" (tarjumaad). **Dhinacyada:** Saldanadda Majeerteen. Isha: [S5](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/8.htm) - **1843.** Suldaanka Geledi Yuusuf Maxamuud Ibraahim wuxuu burburiyay jamaacadii Baardheere (Bardera) (bulsho diimeed oo dib-u-habayn doonaysay). **Dhinacyada:** Geledi, jamaacada Baardheere. Isha: [S21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi) - **1848, 1878.** Suldaannadii Geledi Yuusuf (1848) iyo Axmed Yuusuf (1878) waxaa lagu dilay dagaal ay la galeen Biimaal meel u dhow Marka. **Dhinacyada:** Geledi, Biimaal. Isha: [S21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi) - **1854–55.** Richard Burton wuxuu arkay Xaaji Sharmaarke Cali Saalax (Habar Yoonis, Isaaq) oo awood dhab ah ku leh Saylac oo sii liicaysay. **Dhinacyada:** Hindiya-Ingiriis, madaxda Isaaq. Isha: [S4](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm) - **Bartamihii qarnigii 19aad, 1870-meeyadii.** Dagaal sokeeye oo qiyaastii shan sano socday ayaa dhex maray Boqor Cismaan iyo ina-adeerkiis Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid. Keenadiid wuxuu soo laabtay isagoo wata askar Xadrami ah oo qoryo sita, wuxuuna aasaasay Saldanadda Hobyo. **Dhinacyada:** Majeerteen, Hobyo, askarta kiraysan ee Xadramiga. Isha: [S5](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/8.htm) - **1884.** Kacdoonkii Mahdiga ayaa soo afjaray hammigii Khediwe Ismaaciil ee Geeska. Masar waxay u baahatay caawimada Ingiriiska si ay ciidamadeeda uga daad-gureyso xeebta Soomaalida. **Dhinacyada:** Masar, Ingiriiska, Suudaanta Mahdiga. Isha: [S6](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm) - **1856; 1884–86.** Shirkadda Bariga Hindiya waxay heshiis la saxiixatay sheekhyada Habar Awal (1856), kaasoo soo afjaray go'doominta Berbera. 1884 Habar Awal waxay u oggolaadeen Ingiriiska inuu joogo Berbera, Masarna waxay Berbera ka baxday Oktoobar 1884. Heshiisyo lala galay laamaha beelaha xeebta ayaa xigay 1884–86. **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska; Habar Awal iyo laamo kale oo Isaaq ah; Masar. Isha: [S30](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) - **Febraayo 1884.** Major A. Hunter wuxuu yimid Berbera si uu heshiisyo saaxiibtinimo iyo ilaalin ah ula saxiixdo beelaha Soomaalida. Ku-xigeenno qunsul ah ayaa la dhigay Berbera, Bulaxaar (Bulhar) iyo Saylac. **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska, beelaha waqooyiga (oo ay ku jiraan Isaaq). Isha: [S6](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm) - **1887–1897.** Minilik II wuxuu xukunka Itoobiya ku fidiyay Harar iyo Ogaadeenya (Ogaden). Ciidamada Itoobiya ayaa marar badan dhacay Ogaadeenya. **Dhinacyada:** Itoobiya (Minilik II). Isha: [S6](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm) - **1888–1889.** Hobyo (1888) kadibna Majeerteen (1889) waxay aqbaleen "ilaalinta" Talyaaniga (tarjumaad) **Dhinacyada:** Talyaaniga (Filonardi), Hobyo, Majeerteen. Isha: [S6](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm) - **1893.** Filonardi iyo ciidamada badda Talyaaniga ayaa qabsaday Muqdisho, Marka, Baraawe (Barawa) iyo Warshiikh (Warsheekh). 2 Oktoobar 1893 Lieutenant Talmone waxaa lagu dilay Marka, taasoo ah ficilkii iska caabinta ee ugu horreeyay ee la diiwaangeliyay. **Dhinacyada:** Talyaaniga; dadka magaalooyinka Banaadir. Isha: [S18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadir_resistance) (oo soo xiganaya Hess 1966) - **Nofembar 1896.** **Lafoole**: Qunsul Antonio Cecchi iyo qiyaastii 14 Talyaani ah waxaa meel u dhow Afgooye ku dilay dagaalyahanno Wacdaan iyo Biimaal ah. Talyaanigu waxay ugu yeereen "Cadwada Soomaalida" ("the Somali Adwa") (tarjumaad). **Dhinacyada:** Biimaal, Wacdaan (Hawiye); Talyaaniga. Isha: [S18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadir_resistance) - **1897.** Heshiiskii Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya (daraasadda LoC waxay tixraacaysaa heshiiskii 1897 ee markii dambe lagu xaqiijiyay sheegashada Itoobiya ee Hawdka). **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska, Itoobiya. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm); [S15](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland) (heshiisyadii xuduudda 1897/1908) - **Qiyaastii 1900.** Jasiiradda Soomaalida waxaa loo qaybiyay Soomaaliland-ka Ingiriiska, Soomaaliland-ka Faransiiska, Soomaaliland-ka Talyaaniga, Ogaadeenya Itoobiya iyo NFD-da Kenya. **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska, Faransiiska, Talyaaniga, Itoobiya. Isha: [S6](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm); [S13](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm) - **1893–1916.** Xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida ee xuduudda waqooyi ee Kenya ayaa marar badan la dagaallamay xukunka Ingiriiska. Turton wuxuu ku doodaa in iska caabintu xaddidnayd: kooxuhu weligood ma midoobin xataa beel ahaan, laamaha daciifka ahna waxay dowladda la safteen iyagoo ka soo horjeeda xafiiltamayaal xoog badan. **Dhinacyada:** xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida ee NFD; Bariga Afrika ee Ingiriiska. Isha: [S24](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/somali-resistance-to-colonial-rule-and-the-development-of-somali-political-activity-in-kenya-18931960/4C145E9BBE5B153DC4CB2EBA52B82F09) - **1899–1920.** **Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta** ee Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) (dariiqada Saalixiyada). (Ciidamada Puntland ee maanta isla magacan ayay wataan; dhaqdhaqaaqan taariikhiga ah kala duwan.) Wuxuu la dagaallamay Itoobiya, Ingiriiska iyo Talyaaniga, wuxuuna adkaystay afar olole oo waaweyn (1900–04). Ingiriisku wuxuu xeebta dib ugu gurtay 1910. Taleex (Taleh) waxaa duqeeyay ciidamada cirka Ingiriiska (RAF) 1920, Sayidkuna wuxuu u dhintay hargab. **Dhinacyada:** Daraawiishta (xuddunta: Dhulbahante iyo Ogaadeen, Daarood); Ingiriiska; Talyaaniga; Itoobiya; beelo Soomaaliyeed oo xafiiltan la ahaa iyo Qaadiriyada. Isha: [S7](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/10.htm); [S15](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland); [S17](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/mad-mullah-and-northern-somalia/64A47DB9294A878A7FC8A0AA00589029) - **1900-meeyadii.** Talyaanigu si ku-meel-gaar ah ayuu Sayidka u siiyay dhulka Nugaal (Nogal) si uu u xakameeyo. **Dhinacyada:** Talyaaniga, Daraawiishta. Isha: [S17](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/mad-mullah-and-northern-somalia/64A47DB9294A878A7FC8A0AA00589029) - **1909.** Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi (Shaykh Uways al-Barawi) (1847–1909), hoggaamiyaha laanta Uweysiyada ee Qaadiriyada, oo xiriir dhow la lahaa taliyayaasha Zanzibar oo door ku lahaa iska caabinta Muslimiinta Bariga Afrika, waxaa dilay wakiillo ka socday Saalixiyada xafiiltanka la ahayd ee uu hoggaaminayay Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan. **Dhinacyada:** Qaadiriyada/Uweysiyada; Saalixiyada/Daraawiishta; Zanzibar. Isha: [S27](https://core-prod.cambridgecore.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/muslim-politics-and-resistance-to-colonial-rule-shaykh-uways-b-muhammad-albarawi-and-the-qadiriya-brotherhood-in-east-africa/7E6B77046CAC06E6C6C45121EF076E56) - **Horraantii 1900-meeyadii–1924.** Sheekh Xasan Barsane (Sheikh Hassan Barsane) (Saalixiyada) ee Shabeellaha Dhexe wuxuu iska caabiyay weerarradii Itoobiya, markii dambena wuxuu diiday amarkii Guddoomiye De Vecchi ee hub-ka-dhigista, isagoo shareecada ku doodaya. Waxaa la qabtay Abriil 1924, wuxuuna ku dhintay xabsi Muqdisho ku yaal 18 Agoosto 1928. **Dhinacyada:** Xasan Barsane, Gaaljecel/Barsame; Talyaaniga (De Vecchi). Isha: [S19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hassan_Barsane) (oo soo xiganaya Cassanelli 1982; Touval 1963; Hess 1966) - **1904–1908.** Iska caabinta Biimaal way sii socotay: Turunley (Febraayo 1907), Finlow (Luulyo 1908). Duullaanno Talyaani ah 1908 ayaa la wareegay Afgooye iyo deegaanka ku xeeran. **Dhinacyada:** Biimaal oo uu hoggaaminayay Sheekh Cabdi Abiikar Gaafle iyo Macallin Mursal; Talyaaniga. Isha: [S18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadir_resistance) - **1906–1910.** Guddoomiye Carletti wuxuu bilaabay barnaamijka gumeysiga Talyaaniga ee beero waaweyn iyo dejin dad, inta u dhaxaysa Shabeelle iyo Jubba. **Dhinacyada:** Talyaaniga. Isha: [S8](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/11.htm) - **1923.** Guddoomiyihii ugu horreeyay ee Faashiistaha ahaa, De Vecchi, ayaa la magacaabay. 1926 maxmiyadihii waqooyiga (Majeerteen, Hobyo) waxaa lagu daray olole militari kadib. **Dhinacyada:** Talyaanigii Faashiistaha; saldanadihii Majeerteen iyo Hobyo. Isha: [S15](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland) - **15 Luulyo 1924 – 1926.** Ingiriisku wuxuu Talyaaniga u wareejiyay Jubbada ka shisheeya (Oltre Giuba, caasimaddeedu Kismaayo (Kismayo), qiyaastii 91,000 km² iyo qiyaastii 120,000 qof) abaal-marin ahaan uga biiriddii xulafada Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka. Waxaa la wareejiyay 15 Luulyo 1924, waxaa la habeeyay 1925, waxaana lagu daray Soomaaliland-ka Talyaaniga 10 Juun 1926. Badhka koonfureed ee Jubbaland wuxuu Ingiriiska ku hadhay isagoo ah NFD-da Kenya. Britannica iyo LoC wareejinta waxay u taariikhaysaan 1925 (**taariikhuhu way kala duwan yihiin**). **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga. Isha: [S32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltre_Giuba); [S15](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland); [S6](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm) - **1920–1922; qiyaastii 1933; 1952.** Farta Soomaaliga: Cismaaniya (Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid, 1920–22), farta Boorama/Gadabuursi (Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur, qiyaastii 1933) iyo Kaddare (1952). Khilaafka Carabi iyo Laatiin ("Laatiin waa laa diin") ayaa hakiyay go'aan. Far Laatiin ah oo wax laga beddelay ayaa lagu taliyay 1962, waxaana la qaatay 1972 oo keliya. **Dhinacyada:** curiyayaasha farta; SYL (oo ujeeddooyinkeeda ay ka mid ahayd far la mideeyay); kuwa diinta ku diiddanaa Laatiinka. Isha: [S31](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_writing_systems) (oo soo xiganaya Laitin 1977; Lewis 1958); [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm); [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm) - **1934.** Dhacdadii Walwaal (Welwel) ee Ogaadeenya lagu murmayay. **Dhinacyada:** Talyaaniga, Itoobiya. Isha: [S15](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland) - **1935–1941.** Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday Itoobiya (1935–36) iyo Soomaaliland-ka Ingiriiska (1940). Ogaadeenya, waqooyiga iyo koonfurta waxaa si wadajir ah loo maamulay iyagoo leh lacag iyo canshuuro isku mid ah. **Dhinacyada:** Talyaanigii Faashiistaha. Isha: [S9](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm) - **1919 ilaa 1940-meeyadii.** Ganacsato Isaaq iyo Harti ah oo ku nool Nairobi (Nayroobi) iyo Isiolo ayaa codsiyo, qareenno iyo ururro u adeegsaday olole ay ku doonayaan maqaamka "Aasiyaanka" (tarjumaad) (Xeerkii Ka-dhaafidda Soomaalida ee 1919 ayaa u dhowaa). Turton wuxuu ololahaas ku tilmaamaa mid kooxeed, marmarna iyagoo dafiraya inay Soomaali yihiin. **Dhinacyada:** ururrada ganacsatada Isaaq iyo Harti ee Kenya; dowladdii gumeysiga Kenya. Isha: [S24](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/somali-resistance-to-colonial-rule-and-the-development-of-somali-political-activity-in-kenya-18931960/4C145E9BBE5B153DC4CB2EBA52B82F09) - **1939.** Rabshaddii Burco (Burao) ee ku saabsanayd siyaasadda waxbarashada, oo ay hoggaaminayeen shakhsiyaad uu ka mid ahaa Sheekh Bashiir. **Dhinacyada:** Sheekh Bashiir, bulshada Isaaq (Habar Jeclo); Ingiriiska. Isha: [S20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion) (oo soo xiganaya Jama Mohamed, *Past & Present* 2002) - **Maarso 1941.** Ingiriisku dib ayuu u qabsaday waqooyiga, koonfurta iyo Ogaadeenyana wuxuu hoos geeyay Maamulka Militariga Ingiriiska (BMA). **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska. Isha: [S9](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm); [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm) - **Horraantii 1940-meeyadii (sida Khalif u dhigo).** Khalif (Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, 2024) wuxuu xusay in I. M. Lewis uu dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta ugu yeeray "waddaniyad hordhac ah" ("proto-nationalism") (tarjumaad), oo diin iyo qaranba isku mid ahaan ahaa. Wuxuu SYC (13 shaqaale dowladeed oo magaalo, Muqdisho) iyo SNL (Hargeysa) u taariikhayaa ku dhowaad isla waqtigaas, wuxuuna sheegaa laba ujeeddo oo waddaniyadda aasaaska u ahaa oo markii dambe "lumay" (tarjumaad): xakamaynta qabyaaladda iyo Soomaali Weyn. **Dhinacyada:** SYC/SYL, SNL. Isha: [S29](https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/analyses/ebbs-and-flows-somali-nationalism) - **13 Maajo 1943.** Naadiga Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYC) waxaa lagu aasaasay Muqdisho. 13-kiisa aasaasaha waxay ka kala yimaadeen afar ka mid ah lixda qoys-beeleed ee waaweyn, mana shaacin beelahooda. **Dhinacyada:** aasaasayaasha SYC; booliiska iyo shaqaalaha hoose; dulqaadka BMA. Isha: [S14](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Somali-Youth-League); [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm) - **2–7 Luulyo 1945.** Kacdoonkii Sheekh Bashiir ee Burco. Sheekh Bashiir waxaa la dilay 7 Luulyo meesha la yiraahdo Buur Dhaab (Bur Dhab). Ingiriisku wuxuu qaatay qiyaastii 6,000 oo geel ah oo Habar Jeclo ah ciqaab wadareed ahaan. Qalalaasuhu wuxuu gaaray Ceerigaabo (Erigavo). **Dhinacyada:** Sheekh Bashiir iyo taageerayaashiisa; Ingiriiska. Isha: [S20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion) - **29–30 Abriil 1946.** **Qorshihii Bevin**: shirkii Golaha Wasiirrada Arrimaha Dibadda ee Paris, ergada Boqortooyada Ingiriiska (Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibadda Bevin) waxay soo jeedisay "Soomaali Midaysan" ("United Somalia") oo ka kooban Soomaaliland-ka Ingiriiska, Soomaaliland-ka Talyaaniga, Ogaadeenya iyo Dhulalka Kaydsan (Reserved Areas), oo hoos timaada wakiilnimada Ingiriiska. Dalabka waa la laalayaa haddii aan heshiis la gaarin. Xubnaha SYC sannadkaas waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii 25,000. **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska; Golaha Wasiirrada Arrimaha Dibadda (Mareykanka, Midowga Soofiyeeti, Faransiiska); Itoobiya; SYC. Isha: [S33](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1946v02/d88); [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm) - **1946–1949.** Kooxaha "Pro-Italia" (Conferenza iyo kuwo kale) waxay u ololeeyeen in Talyaanigu ku soo laabto wakiilnimo hoosteed. Urbano wuxuu ku doodaa inay ku kacayeen diidmo ay u qabeen ajendaha SYL iyo BMA, ee aysan ahayn jacayl gumeysi. **Dhinacyada:** ururrada Pro-Italia; Hizbia Digil Mirifle (HDM, oo la sheegay inuu Talyaanigu maalgelinayay). Isha: [S16](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/that-is-why-we-have-troubles-the-proitalia-movements-challenge-to-nationalism-in-britishoccupied-somalia194691/48D65319E9570D6826BB5C026104FF70); [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm) - **1947.** SYC waxaa loo beddelay Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL). Waxay xafiisyo ka furatay labada Soomaaliland, Ogaadeenya iyo NFD. Ujeeddooyinkeedu waxay ahaayeen midaynta dhammaan dhulalka Soomaalida, mideynta farta Soomaaliga, ballaarinta waxbarashada iyo ka hor imaanshaha soo laabashada Talyaaniga. Waxay mamnuucday qabyaaladda. **Dhinacyada:** SYL. Isha: [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm); [S14](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Somali-Youth-League) - **Janaayo 1948 (inta badan waxaa loo taariikhayaa 11 Janaayo; daraasadda LoC waxay bixisaa bisha oo keliya).** Guddiga Afarta Quwadood (Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Faransiiska, Midowga Soofiyeeti, Mareykanka) ayaa booqday Muqdisho. Rabshad dhex martay isu soo bax SYL iyo bannaanbax ka soo horjeeda oo taageersan Talyaaniga ayaa lagu dilay 51 Talyaani iyo 24 Soomaali. **Dhinacyada:** SYL; kooxaha Pro-Italia; Afarta Quwadood. Isha: [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm) - **1948–1949.** Ingiriisku wuxuu Ogaadeenya dib ugu celiyay Itoobiya cadaadis Mareykan iyo Soofiyeet awgiis. Dhulalka daaqa ayaa xigay 1949, "Dhulalka Kaydsan"-na waxay ku hareen saraakiil isku-xir ah oo Ingiriis ah. **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska, Itoobiya, Mareykanka, Midowga Soofiyeeti. Isha: [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm); [S15](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland) - **Nofembar 1949.** Golaha Guud ee QM wuxuu Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga hore hoos geeyay wakiilnimada Talyaaniga muddo 10 sano ah, iyadoo xorriyadda loo qabtay inaan ka dambayn 1960. **Dhinacyada:** QM, Talyaaniga. Isha: [S10](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm) - **1950–1960.** Maamulka wakiilnimada Talyaaniga (AFIS) oo leh Gole La-talin oo QM ah. Wuxuu dhisay Gole Dhuleed (1950). AFIS iyo SYL waxay isku dhaceen 1950–53. **Dhinacyada:** AFIS, QM, SYL. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm) - **1954.** Ingiriisku wuxuu saraakiishiisii isku-xirka ka saaray Hawdka iyo Dhulka Kaydsan, iyadoo la raacayo heshiis xaqiijinaya sheegashada Itoobiya ee ku salaysan heshiiskii 1897. Mudaaharaadyo ayaa xigay, waxaana la aasaasay Jabhadda Midnimada Qaranka (NUF) oo uu hoggaaminayo Michael Mariano, iyadoo ay taageerayaan SNL iyo SYL, waxayna ergooyin u dirtay London (Landan) iyo QM. **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska, Itoobiya; Isaaq iyo xoolo-dhaqato kale oo waqooyiga ah; NUF, SNL, SYL. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm) - **29 Nofembar 1954 – horraantii 1955.** Heshiiska Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya waxaa la saxiixay 29 Nofembar 1954. Sheekhyada Soomaalida waxaa loo sheegay 5 Janaayo 1955 oo keliya, maalmo ka hor intuusan dhaqan gelin. Aqalka Hoose ee Ingiriiska (25 Febraayo 1955), xildhibaannadu waxay dhaleeceeyeen la'aanta la-tashi, mid ka mid ahna wuxuu ugu yeeray "heshiis murugo leh oo foolxun" (tarjumaad). Dowladdu waxay sheegtay in heshiiskii 1897 uu go'aamiyay madax-bannaanida oo aysan aagga ku haysan doonin xoog. Ergo Soomaaliyeed oo joogtay London waxaa lagu ammaanay dhaqankeeda "sharafta leh" (tarjumaad). **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska, Itoobiya; hoggaamiyeyaasha beelaha waqooyiga; ergada Soomaalida. Isha: [S23](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/25/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian) - **1956.** Doorashooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee koonfurta oo dhan. SYL waxay ku guulaysatay 43 ka mid ah 60 kursi oo lagu tartamay, HDM-na 13. Cabdullaahi Ciise (Abdullaahi Iise) ayaa ra'iisul wasaare noqday. Ingiriisku wuxuu aqbalay in waqooyigu ugu dambayn midoobi doono iyo dowlad wakiil ah. **Dhinacyada:** SYL, HDM; Ingiriiska. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm) - **1957–1958.** Xaaji Maxamed Xuseen (Haaji Mahammad Husseen) waxaa laga saaray SYL, wuxuuna aasaasay Leegada Soomaali Weyn (GSL), oo ku baaqday midow "si kasta oo ay ku suurtowdo" (tarjumaad). Aqlabiyadda SYL waxay qaadatay "dib-u-midaynta … si nabadeed" (tarjumaad). Haweenku waxay codeeyeen 1958. **Dhinacyada:** dhexdhexaadka SYL, xagjirka GSL. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm) - **1959.** Doorashooyinkii xorriyadda ka horreeyay. HDM iyo GSL way qaadaceen, SYL-na way hormuud noqotay (61 kursi oo aan lagu tartamin iyo 20 lagu tartamay). **Dhinacyada:** SYL, HDM, GSL. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm) - **Febraayo 1960.** Doorashooyinka waqooyiga. SNL iyo xulafadeeda USP waxay ku guulaysteen 32 ka mid ah 33 kursi. **Dhinacyada:** SNL (oo saldhig u ahaa Isaaq), USP, NUF. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm) - **Abriil 1960.** Hoggaamiyeyaasha waqooyiga iyo koonfurta ayaa ku kulmay Muqdisho waxayna isku afgarteen dowlad midaysan oo leh madaxweyne la doorto iyo gole 123 xubnood ah. **Dhinacyada:** hoggaamiyeyaasha SNL iyo SYL. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm) - **26 Juun 1960.** Soomaaliland-ka Ingiriiska wuxuu noqday dal xor ah. **Dhinacyada:** Soomaaliland, Ingiriiska. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm); [S15](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland) - **1da Luulyo 1960.** Dhulka wakiilnimada ayaa xorowday. Labada dhul waxay ku midoobeen Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, iyadoo Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan (Aadan Abdullah Usmaan) uu madaxweyne yahay, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke (Abdirashiid Ali Shermaarke)-na ra'iisul wasaare. Dowladdu waxay ahayd isbahaysi SYL iyo SNL. **Dhinacyada:** SYL, SNL, QM. Isha: [S11](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm); [S14](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Somali-Youth-League); [S13](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm) - **1960–61 (gabagabo).** Guddiga Contini ee QM wuxuu isku dayay inuu isku daro laba nidaam oo sharci iyo maamul. Aftidii dastuurka ee Juun 1961 waxay waqooyiga ka heshay taageero ka yar 50%. Saraakiil waqooyi ah ayaa isku dayay afgambi Diseembar 1961. **Dhinacyada:** madaxda waqooyiga iyo koonfurta, QM. Isha: [S12](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm) --- --- # Taallooyinka Xiis iyo aqoonta xiddigaha Soomaalida: daraasad xiddigiseed oo qabuuro hore ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/xiis-cairns-and-somali-star-lore/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 2022 saddex cilmi-baare oo Isbaanish ah ayaa daabacay daraasaddii ugu horreysay ee xiddigis-qadiimi ah ee dhulka Soomaalida, iyagoo cabbiray jihada 24 taallo, tiirarkooda dhagaxa ah iyo meydadka qabuuraha la qoday ee goobta taallooyinka Xiis (Heis), oo lagu taariikhaystay qarniyadii 1aad ilaa 3aad ee miilaadiga. Waxay heleen saddex koox oo jiho ah: u dhow qorrax-ka-soobixa sinnaanta habeen iyo maalin, xadka waqooyi ee ka soo bixidda dayaxa, iyo qorrax-ka-soobixa maalinta qorraxdu dusha toos uga gudubto. Waxay kuwan la xiriiriyaan xilliyadii reer guuraagu xeebta iman jireen kana tegi jireen, iyo aqoonta xiddigaha Soomaalida, sida xiddigta Dirir (Spica) iyo Lixo (Pleiades), iyagoo natiijooyinkooda ku tilmaamaya kuwo hordhac ah. ## Si kooban Boggani wuxuu raacayaa daraasad ay sameeyeen Carolina Cornax Gómez oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Santiago de Compostela, A. César González García iyo Jorge de Torres Rodríguez oo ka tirsan machadka Incipit-CSIC ([Cornax Gómez, González García iyo de Torres Rodríguez, "The Guiding Sky: Funerary Orientations and Nomadic Movements in Somaliland during Antiquity", *Journal of Skyscape Archaeology* 8.1, 2022, bb. 36 ilaa 65](https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.19238), oo bilaash ah). Qorayaashu waxay ku tilmaamaan "cilmi-baaristii xiddigis-qadiimi ee ugu horreysay ee lagu sameeyo Soomaaliya/Somaliland" (tarjumaad) (b. 62). Goobta laftigeeda, eeg [Heis (Xiis): dekeddii hore iyo taallooyinkeeda](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/). ## Duruufaha ay qorayaashu sharraxaan - **Aqoonta cirka ee Soomaalida.** Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in tirsiga Soomaalidu isku daro wareegyada qorraxda ee maalmaha, toddobaadyada iyo sannadaha iyo tirsi dayax-xiddigeed oo ku salaysan meelaha dayaxu dego. Iyagoo soo xiganaya Enrico Cerulli iyo Muuse Galaal, waxay xuseen in sannadka dayaxa lagu calaamadeyn jiray marka dayaxu maro hortiisa xiddigta Spica, oo loo yaqaan *Dirir*. Waxay sidoo kale xuseen "geel-cirka" oo laga yaabo inuu la xiriiro Iskutallaabta Koonfureed iyo Jidka Caanaha (b. 39). Eeg [Muuse Galaal](/en/people/musa-galaal/). - ***Wadaadka*.** Waxay qofkan ku tilmaamaan mid isku haya aqoonta xiddigaha, cimilada iyo diinta, kana taliya guuritaanka, ceelasha iyo xoolaha, inta badanna xukuma khilaafaadka. Iyagoo soo xiganaya Cabdullaahi (2001), waxay qoreen in doorkaasi "leeyahay asal ka horreeya Islaamka" (tarjumaad) (b. 39). - **Waaq.** Waxay xuseen in magaca ilaaha cirka ee Kushiitiga, Waaq, uu Af-Soomaaliga ugu jiro mid ka mid ah magacyada Eebbe (b. 37). - **Xilliyada.** Waxay sharraxaan afarta xilli, *Gu*, *Xagaa*, *Dayr* iyo *Jiilaal*, waxayna xusaan in ganacsiga xeebtu socon jiray Oktoobar ilaa Abriil, markii dabaysha waqooyi-bari ay maraakiibta keentay xoolo-dhaqatadiina ay xeebta ku jiilaalayeen (bb. 39 ilaa 41). ## Goobta taallooyinka Xiis Qiyaastii 450 taallo iyo qabri ayaa safan 11 km oo xeeb ah oo u dhow Xiis, oo ka mid ah kooxaha ugu cufan Somaliland (b. 41). Mashruuca Isbaanishku wuxuu khariidadeeyay goobta ugu weyn 2018 ilaa 2019, wuxuuna diiwaangeliyay 295 dhismo: - **Noocyada.** Badankoodu (78%) waa taallooyin wareegsan, oo inta badan 5 ilaa 6 mitir ballac ah iyo 2 ilaa 3 mitir dherer ah. Qiyaastii 18% waa afar-gees, qaar yarna waa goobooyin dhagax ah (b. 44). - **Tiirarka dhagaxa.** Siddeed taallo ayaa leh tiirar yaryar, laba ilaa laba iyo toban midkiiba, taallooyinkaas dhammaantood marka mid laga reebo waa afar-gees. Qorayaashu waxay xusaan isbarbardhig dhaqameed oo tiirarka noocaas ahi ku xusuusiyaan cadowgii uu qofka dhintay dilay (bb. 44 ilaa 45). - **Waxa la helay.** Waxay ka mid yihiin qarniyadii 1aad ilaa 3aad ee miilaadiga, inta badan kii 1aad. Waxaa ku jira dheri dhalaal leh oo Mesopotamia ah, weelal amphora ah oo Talyaani, Rhodes iyo Gaul ah, terra sigillata, iyo quraarad Iskandariya ah (b. 46). ## Waxa la cabbiray Kooxdu waxay jihooyinka ka qaadeen sawirro diyaarad aan duuliye lahayn oo 20 taallo oo afar-gees ah, 29 tiir iyo afar qabri oo la qoday, oo wadar ahaan ah 53 cabbir. Qorayaashu muunadda waxay ku tilmaamaan "mid yar oo la qirsan yahay", habkana "qiyaas heerka eber ah" (tarjumaad) (bb. 47 ilaa 49). - **Tiirarka iyo dhinacyada taallooyinka.** Tiirarka dhammaantood waxay u jeedaan bari, 70%na waxay ku dhacaan inta u dhexeysa qorrax-ka-soobixa labada xilli ee qorraxdu ugu fog tahay. Tijaabooyin tirakoob ayaa heshay in tiirarka iyo dhinacyada bari ee taallooyinka afar-geeslaha ah ay jiho ahaan yihiin "kuwo tirakoob ahaan isle'eg" (tarjumaad) (bb. 51 ilaa 54). - **Meydadka.** Meydadkii la qoday waxay dhabarka u jiifeen dhidib waqooyi-koonfur ah, oo xagal toosan la samaynaya jihada tiirarka (b. 54). - **Saddex jiho oo ugu badan.** Marka la barbardhigo qaybin aan kala horrayn lahayn, saddex koox ayaa soo baxay: - u dhow 0° declination, oo la mid ah qorrax-ka-soobixa sinnaanta habeen iyo maalin, ama laga yaabee ka soo bixidda Dirir (Spica); - u dhow 29°, oo u dhow ka soo bixidda dayaxa ee ugu waqooyisan; - u dhow 12°, oo la mid ah qorrax-ka-soobixa maalinta qorraxdu si toos ah uga gudubto dusha Xiis (bb. 54 ilaa 56). ## Sida qorayaashu u akhriyaan natiijooyinka Waxay soo jeedinayaan in jihooyinku ahaayeen ula kac oo laga yaabo inay diini ahaayeen, laakiin waxay sheegaan in macnahoodu "uu weli, waqtigan, aan la garanayn" (tarjumaad) (b. 57). Mala-awaalkooda ugu weyn wuxuu la xiriiriyaa sannadka reer guuraaga: sinnaanta habeen iyo maalin ee gu'ga, ama ka soo bixidda fiidkii ee Dirir horraantii Maarso, waxay ku beegnaan lahayd qiyaastii markii xoolo-dhaqatadu xeebta ka tegi jireen ka hor roobabka, sinnaanta dayrtana, ama ka soo bixidda waaberigii ee Dirir dabayaaqadii Sebtembar ama horraantii Oktoobar, qiyaastii markii ay u soo laaban jireen jiilaalka iyo ganacsiga (bb. 57 ilaa 59). Waxay xuseen in macbadyo Yaman ku yaal ay muujiyaan jihooyin la mid ah oo ah 0° iyo 29° (b. 59). Waxay ku dareen in "mala-awaallo kale… aan la diidi karin" (tarjumaad) (b. 62). ## Gugux Kooxdu waxay daraasad ka yar ku sameeyeen Gugux, 61 taallo oo ku yaal buur ku taal dooxo ay xoolo-dhaqatadu mari jireen oo u dhexeysa Berbera, Fardowsa iyo Hawdka. Laba masjid oo yaryar oo bannaan ayaa lagu dhex dhisay hal taallo, xarunta Sheekh Loobogey iyo xabaalaheeda Muslimkuna waxay u jirtaa 800 mitir. Qorayaashu tan waxay u akhriyaan calaamad muujinaysa in taallooyinku ka horreeyaan Islaamka iyo in cibaadadu markii dambe u guurtay xarunta (b. 59). Jihooyinka yar ee la cabbiri karay waxay u jeedaan qiyaastii 72° iyo declination qiyaastii 18°. Qorayaashu tan labaad waxay la xiriiriyaan ka soo bixidda Regulus iyo Pleiades, oo Soomaalidu ugu yeerto *Lixo* oo ay u tiriso lix xiddigood (bb. 59 ilaa 61). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Aasaska hore, tiirarka dhagaxa iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/) - ["Boqorrada reer guuraaga": taallooyinka waaweyn ee dhulka hoose](/so/history/nomad-kings-great-cairns-650-1000/) - [Taallooyinka ilaa xabaalaha: qabuurihii Muslimka ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/) --- # Burburkii hore ee waqooyi-bari ee uu diiwaangeliyay Georges Révoil, 1880–1881 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/revoil-ancient-sites-north-east-1880/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sahamiyaha Faransiiska ah Georges Révoil wuxuu 1877–1881 maray xeebta iyo gudaha dhulka hadda ah Bari iyo Sanaag, wuxuuna buuggiisa 1882 ee La vallée du Darror ku sharaxay raadad qadiim ah. Wuxuu diiwaangeliyay aasaas dhagax laga qoday oo ku yaal Olog oo hoos timaada Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui), burburka dhagaxa la qoray ee Khor Abdaham oo u dhow Baargaal (Bargal), masjid burbursan iyo 'qalcad' dhagax ah oo jidad isku dhex yaacaya leh oo ku taal Hafdar ee dooxada Darror, laba munaaradood oo la malaasay oo u dhow Boosaaso (Bosaso), tuulmooyin qolof ah oo Baargaal ku yaal, iyo quraarad, kuul iyo dheryo Roomaan ah iyo kuwo ka da' weyn oo uu ka qoday taallooyin dhagax ah oo ku yaal Xiis. Dadka deegaanka ayaa u sheegay in burburka ay sameeyeen dad hore oo aan Muslim ahayn. Qaar ka mid ah goobihiisa ayaa dib loo baaray; Khor Abdaham waxay u badan tahay inay tahay macbadkii Sabaa ee la dhacay 2019. ## Kooban Georges Révoil (1852–1894) wuxuu ahaa socdaal Faransiis ah oo dhowr safar ku tagay xeebta Soomaalida intii u dhaxaysay 1877 iyo 1881, kii ugu dambeeyayna wuxuu ku helay taageero Wasaaradda Waxbarashada Dadweynaha ee Faransiiska. Buuggiisa [*La vallée du Darror: voyage aux pays çomalis*](https://archive.org/details/lavalledudarror00rvgoog) (Paris, 1882) wuxuu ka mid yahay diiwaannada qoran ee ugu horreeya ee raadadka qadiimka ah ee dhulka hadda ah Bari iyo bariga Sanaag. Xigashooyinka hoose waxaa halkan laga tarjumay Faransiiska, lambarrada bogaggana waxay tilmaamaan daabacaaddaas. Révoil wuxuu wax ku qoray luqaddii waqtigiisa, akhrisyadiisa badankoodna hadda lama aqbalo; aragtiyaha dambe waa la soo bandhigay meesha ay jiraan. ## Olog, oo hoos timaada Raas Caseyr Hoosta raaska, oo dadka deegaanku u yaqaanneen Assir, Révoil wuxuu burbur ka helay dhagax yar oo badda ku dhow oo ku yaal Olok (Olog), halkaas oo ciiddu "si dhib ah u ogolaato in la arko aasaasyo dhagaxa laga qoday oo qorshe aad u habaysan leh" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu ka soo qaaday dheryo iyo jajab dhagax-shiid ah oo laga sameeyay dhagax foolkaano (lava), dadka deegaanka ayaana u sheegay in mar halkaas laga helay lacag yar oo silver ah oo shimbir ku sawiran tahay (bb. 40–41). Khabiir dheryaha ah oo uu la tashaday, Adrien de Longpérier, ayaa go'aamiyay in waxyaabaha la helay ay Roomaan yihiin, Révoil-na wuxuu is weydiiyay in tani ahayd marsadii lagu magacaabay *Periplus* (b. 302). Culimada qoraallada qadiimka ah (epigraphers) ee 2021 daabacay qoraallada Sabaa waxay xuseen in Olog iyo Damo inta badan lala xiriiriyo "Suuqa Uunsiga" ee *Periplus* ([Prioletta iyo kuwa kale 2021, b. 2](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03483948)). Eeg [Dekedaha Soomaalida ee ku jira Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). ## Khor Abdaham, oo u dhow Baargaal Jidka xeebta ee u socda Berguel (Baargaal, Bargal), dhowr kiilomitir u jira togga Khor Abdaham, Révoil wuxuu arkay haraaga "dhisme ku dhowaad afar-geesle ah oo ka kooban laba qol" (tarjumaad), oo dhererkiisu ahaa qiyaastii hal mitir, kana samaysan dhagax "si buuxda loo jaray oo la isku waafajiyay" (tarjumaad), oo leh qurxin cirif ah oo jabtay, iyo dhisme yar oo afar-geesle ah oo u dhow. Wuxuu u qaatay inuu yahay macbad yar, oo laga yaabo inuu Giriig ahaa (bb. 51–53, 294–303). Hagayaashiisu uma oggolaan inuu qodo. Sannadkii 2021, culimada qoraallada qadiimka ah ee daraaseeyay toddoba qoraal oo Sabaa (Sabaic) ah oo 2019 laga dhacay goob u dhow Baargaal waxay goobtaas la dhacay ku aqoonsadeen aaggan, waxayna u malaynayaan inay iyada iyo burburka Révoil yihiin "isku mid" (tarjumaad). Qoraallada waxay u badan tahay inay ka soo jeedaan dhammaadkii qarnigii 8aad ama qarnigii 7aad ka hor Ciise (BC). Eeg [Qoraallada Sabaa ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/sabaean-inscriptions-on-the-somali-coast/). ## Hafdar, oo ku taal dooxada Darror Meel u dhow Rhat oo ku taal dooxada Darror, Révoil wuxuu booqday Hafdar, wuxuuna xusay in sahamiyaha Ingiriiska ah John Hanning Speke uu hore u arkay. Dooxo engegan ayuu ka helay "xabaal weyn oo ay ku kala firirsan yihiin qabriyo qaab kasta leh" (tarjumaad), kuwo badan oo lagu wareejiyay dhagax engegan (aan lagu dhisin dhoobo), qaarna la malaasay (bb. 218–221). Laba dhisme ayaa ka muuqday: - **Masjid** dhoobo ka samaysan, afartiisii darbi weli taagan yihiin, oo leh mixraab yar oo u jeeda waqooyi-galbeed. Révoil wuxuu xusay in dhidibkiisu la mid ahaa masjidka Laasqoray. - **"Qalcad"**, oo dadka deegaanku u yaqaanneen *darti*. Waxay ahayd qolal dhagax engegan ah oo isku dhex yaacaya, oo dhulka ay ku fadhiyaan qiyaastii 400 mitir oo laba jibbaaran ah, darbiyadooduna yihiin 60 sm dhumuc iyo 1.5 mitir dherer, iyo munaarad wareegsan oo gooni ah oo ballaadhkeedu yahay 5 mitir. Révoil wuxuu qoray in da'deedu ay "iyadu keligeed dhibaato tahay" (tarjumaad). Hagayaashiisu mar kale way u diideen inuu qodo. ## Munaarado, taallooyin dhagax iyo tuulmooyin qolof - **Meel u dhow Boosaaso.** Dhowr saacadood u jirta Bender Gâsem (Boosaaso, Bosaso), meel uu ugu yeeray Alleyah oo ku taal dhulka Warsangali, Révoil wuxuu arkay laba munaaradood oo afar-geesle ah oo hal aasaas ku wada fadhiya, meelo qaarna lagu malaasay "sibidh aad u adag" (tarjumaad), oo ay ku dhex yaalliin taallooyin dhagax ah oo wareegsan iyo afar-geesle ah (bb. 292, 294). - **Taallooyin meel kasta.** Wuxuu sharxaa tuulmooyin dhagax ah oo ay ku wareegsan yihiin dhagaxyo waaweyn, "Ahraamyo dusha laga gooyay" oo korkoodu siman yahay (tarjumaad), iyo wareegyo leh ama aan lahayn dhagax taagan. Wuxuu ku arkay jidkiisa oo dhan, laga bilaabo Baargaal ilaa dooxada Darror iyo Laasqoray (bb. 287–292). - **Baargaal.** Inta u dhaxaysa Baargaal iyo Binnah, waxaa ku taallay madal dhagax ah oo weyn oo qiyaastii 60 mitir oo laba jibbaaran ah, oo ay ku dhex yaalliin taallooyin wareegsan, iyo tuulmooyin qolof, lafo kalluun iyo qolofta qubo-badeedyo (turtles) waaweyn. Halkaas wuxuu ka helay dhagax-olol (flint), xirsiyo qolof ah oo la duleeliyay, dheryo, bir iyo naxaas (bronze). Révoil wuxuu goobtaas la xiriiriyay dadyowgii cuna kalluunka iyo qubo-badeedka ee uu sharxay qoraagii Giriigga ahaa Artemidorus, sida uu soo xigtay Strabo (bb. 290–291, 297–298). - **Qalab dhagax ah.** Wuxuu soo ururiyay faasas, mindiyo iyo xoqayaal laga jeexay dhagax-olol "xeebta iyo dhulka sare ee siman" (tarjumaad), wuxuuna xusay goobo shaqo oo weli la garan karo (bb. 286–287). ## Qodistiisii Xiis Haïs (Xiis), taallo dhagax ah oo lagu calaamadeeyay dhagax taagan, Révoil wuxuu ka helay quraarad, ulo cadaan-dhalaal (enamel) ah, "waji-xir quraarad la miiray ah" (tarjumaad), dheryo lagu dahaaray dhalaal cagaar iyo buluug ah, jajab weel alabaastar ah, kuul ka samaysan carnelian, amethyst, quraarad iyo laf, weelal dhagax ah, jarar (amphorae), musmaar iyo weelal dhalaal casaan ah leh (b. 293). Longpérier wuxuu qaar ka mid ah xabbadaha u nisbeeyay xilligii Batlamiyada (Ptolemaic), qaar kalena xilligii Roomaanka (b. 299). Révoil wuxuu halkan dhigay dekeddii qadiimka ahayd ee Mosylon (b. 301). Cilmi-baarayaasha casriga ah se Xiis waxay ku aqoonsadaan Mundus ee *Periplus* ([Cornax Gómez iyo kuwa kale 2022, b. 42](https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.19238)). Wixii uu helay waxaa la geeyay matxafka Trocadéro ee Paris, waxaana markii dambe loo nisbeeyay qarnigii 1aad ee Miilaadiga (AD). Eeg [Heis (Xiis)](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/) iyo [Taallooyinka Xiis iyo aqoonta xiddigaha ee Soomaalida](/so/history/xiis-cairns-and-somali-star-lore/). ## Wixii dadka deegaanku u sheegeen - **Yaa dhisay burburka.** Goob kasta, ayuu qoraa Révoil, waxaa loo sheegay: "Waxa aad hortaada ku aragtaa waa shaqadii Gallada, Farsiyiinta, gaaladii hore" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu tan u fahmay inay ka hadlayso dadyow ku noolaa dalka ka hor imaatinka Islaamka (bb. 41, 53, 295). Wuxuu kaloo xusay in dadku ka baqi jireen in meelahan la qodo (b. 41). - **Sheekada taallooyinka.** Wuxuu qoray sheeko ku saabsan taallooyin la yiraahdo *arouèlo*, "tuulmooyinka dhagxaanta ee haweenka" (tarjumaad). Sheekada, boqorad duullaan ah ayaa mar xukuntay dalka oo amartay in wiilasha la gooyo. Markay dhimatay raggu way diideen inay aasaan, sidaas darteed haweenku dhagxaan ayay ku dul tuuleen. Haweenka, sida loo sheegay, weli dhagax ayay ku tuuri jireen taallooyinkaas markay ag maraan, ducana way akhriyi jireen (bb. 296–297). Sheekadu waxay la mid tahay sheekada Boqorad Araweelo ee maanta la sheego. Eeg [Xabaalaha qadiimka ah, dhagxaanta taagan iyo magaalooyinka](/so/history/ancient-burials-stelae-and-towns/). ## Sida fikradihiisa maanta loo arko Révoil wuxuu rumaysnaa in Punt, dalkii safarrada Masaaridii hore, uu u dhowaa Baraawe (Barawa), iyo in ganacsato Giriig iyo Roomaan ah ay xeebtan degeen (bb. 295–303). Aragtiyaha hadda jira ee ku saabsan meesha Punt ku taallay, eeg [Punt iyo xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/). Laba ka mid ah goobihiisa ayaa cilmi-baarista casriga ah qaadatay. Markay wax ka qorayaan Xiis, Cornax Gómez iyo asxaabtiisu waxay xuseen in wixii Révoil helay ay muddo dheer ahaayeen waxyaabaha keliya ee laga ogaa goobta ([Cornax Gómez iyo kuwa kale 2022, b. 42](https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.19238)). Prioletta iyo asxaabteedu waxay sheegeen in sahannada qadiimiga ah ee xeebta bari midkoodna uusan gaarin aagga Abdexan tan iyo booqashadiisii ([Prioletta iyo kuwa kale 2021, b. 2](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03483948)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Opone iyo dekeddii qadiimka ahayd ee Raas Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/) - [Yaa qoday halkee: taariikhda cilmiga qadiimiga ee Soomaaliya iyo Soomaaliland](/so/history/history-of-archaeology-in-the-somali-lands/) - [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii qadiimka ahaa ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/) --- # Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho oo ku jira diiwaannadii Yemen ee Rasuulidyada, 1229–1454 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Suldaannadii Rasuulidyadu waxay xukumayeen Yemen iyo dekeddeeda Cadan (Aden) laga soo bilaabo 1229 ilaa 1454. Buugaagtoodii canshuuraha, kalandarradii badda iyo taariikhyadoodu waxay Saylac (Zeila) ku sheegaan dekedda ugu weyn ee ganacsiga 'Xabashida' (dhulka sare ee Itoobiya iyo dhulka u dhexeeya iyaga iyo badda), waxay Berbera iyo Maydh ku sheegaan dekedo ido u dhoofin jiray Cadan, waxayna Muqdisho (Mogadishu) ku qoraan magaalada keliya ee Bariga Afrika oo maraakiibteedu sannad kasta Cadan iman jireen. Taariikhyahanka Faransiiska ah Éric Vallet ayaa diiwaannadan ku daraaseeyay buuggiisa 2010 ee L'Arabie marchande. ## Kooban Boqortooyadii Rasuulidyadu waxay Yemen xukumaysay laga soo bilaabo 1229 ilaa 1454, waxayna maamulaysay kastamka Cadan (Aden), oo markaas ahayd mid ka mid ah dekedaha ugu mashquulsan Badweynta Hindiya. Saraakiisheedu waxay hayn jireen diiwaanno faahfaahsan: qiimaha canshuuraha, kalandarrada badmaaxa iyo buugaagta hagaha maamulka. Taariikhyahan Éric Vallet ayaa diiwaannadan akhriyay markuu qorayay buuggiisa *L'Arabie marchande: État et commerce sous les sultans rasūlides du Yémen* (Publications de la Sorbonne, 2010; si furan ayuu uga jiraa OpenEdition). Qaybo badan ayaa ku saabsan xeebta Soomaalida. Waxay Saylac (Zeila) ku tilmaamaan albaabka dhulka sare, waxay ka warramaan ganacsiga idaha ee Berbera iyo Maydh, iyo maraakiibta Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Qoraallada ugu muhiimsan ee Rasuulidyada ee Vallet adeegsaday waa *Nūr al-maʿārif* (dhammaadkii qarnigii 13aad), *Mulakhkhaṣ al-fiṭan* (qarnigii 14aad, buug hage canshuuraha), kalandarkii Suldaan al-Ashraf ʿUmar, iyo *Irtifāʿ al-dawla al-muʾayyadiyya* (sharaxaad dowladda oo khariidado leh). Haddii aan si kale loo sheegin, xaqiiqooyinka hoose waxay ka yimaadeen [Vallet, *L'Arabie marchande*, cutubka 6](https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/2455), waxaana lagu tilmaamay farqadda (§). ## Saylac, "dekedda Xabashida" - **Albaabka.** Qoraaga Yemen ee al-Janadi wuxuu Saylac ku sheegaa "tuulada ah dekedda (*bandar*) Xabashida", oo laga dhoofo inta badan marsooyinka Yemen, gaar ahaan Cadan, oo ay ka ambabaxaan safarrada geela ee u socda dhammaan qaybaha Xabashida (waxaa la soo xigtay ka hor §44) (tarjumaad). Vallet wuxuu qoraa in, marka laga eego Cadan, Saylac ay "shaki la'aan" ahayd dekedda ugu weyn ee xeebta Muslimka ah ee Afrika (§44). - **Xilliyada badmaaxa.** Kalandarrada Rasuulidyadu waxay diiwaangeliyaan in maraakiibtu Cadan uga ambabaxi jireen Saylac iyagoo raacaya dabaysha koonfureed (*azyab*) laga bilaabo Oktoobar ilaa dhammaadka jiilaalka. Inta kale ee sannadka, dabaysha waqooyi ayaa u fududaysay ka gudubka Saylac ilaa Cadan. Ibnu Battuuta (Ibn Battuta) wuxuu Cadan ilaa Saylac ku maray afar maalmood bishii Janaayo 1331 (§44). - **Kharashka safarka.** *Nūr al-maʿārif* wuxuu sheegaa kharashka xamuulka laga qaado Saylac ilaa Cadan: 4 ama 5 diinaar baqal, 2 ama 3 diinaar nin la dhufaanay (eunuch), iyo 4 diinaar *bahār* fool maroodi ah. Qofka baqasha lahaa wuxuu ahaa inuu kiraysto maqaar la dhigo hoosteeda markabka dushiisa (§44). - **Wixii Saylac soo maray.** Dahab, addoommo, baqlo iyo xabad (civet) ayaa gudaha ka soo degi jiray oo Saylac u mari jiray Cadan (§46). Liiska buuxa ee alaabta "Xabashida" ee *Nūr al-maʿārif* wuxuu ku daraa fool maroodi, maqaar la suuyay, rinjiga *wars* iyo udugga *qusṭ* (§50). - **Dhaqaalaha deegaanka.** Vallet wuxuu qoraa in Saylac ay sidoo kale u adeegi jirtay dhaqaale deegaan oo ku dhisan kalluumaysi iyo xoolo-dhaqasho. Wuxuu soo xigtaa Ibnu Battuuta, oo Saylac ku tilmaamay caasimadda Barbarta, Muslimiin Shaafici ah oo ku noolaa lamadegaan laba bilood oo socod ah u dhexeeya Saylac iyo Muqdisho, kuna haystay geel iyo ido "caan ku ah buurnaantooda" (§46) (tarjumaad). Warka buuxa ee Ibnu Battuuta, eeg [Ibnu Battuuta oo booqday Muqdisho iyo Saylac, 1331](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/). ## Ido ka yimid Berbera, Maydh iyo dekedo kale - **Idaha Barbariga.** *Nūr al-maʿārif* iyo *Mulakhkhaṣ* waxay inta badan sheegaan idaha *barābir*, oo laga keeno bannaanka xeebta iyo dhulka sare, qaarkoodna Cadan loogu dhoofin jiray Saylac (§46). - **"Mayṭī" iyo "Barbarī".** Kalandarka al-Ashraf ʿUmar wuxuu diiwaangeliyaa in bisha Sebtembar "Mayṭī" iyo "Barbarī" ay Cadan ka ambabaxi jireen iyagoo raacaya dabaysha waqooyi-bari. Vallet wuxuu u qaataa inay ahaayeen maraakiibta Maydh (Mayṭ) iyo Berbera (Barbara), laba meelood oo xeebta ah oo lagu xiriiriyo ganacsiga idaha (§47). - **Dekedo kale.** *Nūr al-maʿārif* wuxuu kaloo sheegaa maqaar la suuyay oo laga dhoofiyo Ḥayra, oo isla xeebtaas ku taal, iyo ido laga soo dejiyo Marghawiyya (§47). - **Inta ay maraakiibtu gaari jireen.** Maraakiibta Saylac uma muuqato inay si badan uga gudbi jireen bari Cadan. Maraakiibta "Barbara" waxay gaari jireen al-Aḥwar, oo ku taal bariga Cadan, taasoo alaabta Soomaalida u gudbin jirtay dhulka ka dambeeya (§48). - **Xog ku saabsan Maydh.** Qoraal hoose (footnote), Vallet wuxuu soo xigtaa taariikhyahan Joseph Cuoq oo ka warramaya sheekada dhaqanka ee sheegaysa in Sheekh Isxaaq, awowga Isaaq, uu Maydh degay qarnigii 13aad (qoraalka hoose 115). ## Al-ʿAra: canshuur laga qaadi jiray maraakiibta Saylac Juqraafiyahan qarnigii 13aad Ibnu al-Mujaawir (Ibn al-Mujawir) wuxuu sharxaa al-ʿAra, tuulo ay degganaayeen kalluumaysato iyo dameer-wadeyaal, oo ku taal xeebta Yemen meel u dhow Baab al-Mandab (Bab al-Mandab). Halkaas waxaa laga qaadi jiray canshuur la kireeyay oo saarnayd doonyaha kalluumaysiga, safarrada u dhexeeya Cadan iyo Zabiid (Zabid), iyo "maraakiibta dadka Saylac" ee ka imanayay Xabashida, oo sannadkii ahayd 1,200 diinaar. Waa la baabi'iyay 1223, dib ayaa loo soo celiyay 1227, kirada canshuurtuna waxay markaas gaartay 1,700 diinaar. Weli halkaas lagama helin goob qarniyadii dhexe ah (§48–49). ## Ganacsiga dhulka sare - **Laba "suldaan oo Xabashida ah".** *Nūr al-maʿārif* wuxuu "suldaanka Xabashida" u adeegsadaa labadaba taliyihii Walashma ee Ifat iyo boqorkii Masiixiga ahaa. Hab-maamuus maxkamadeed oo Rasuulidyada ah wuxuu leeyahay labadaba waxaa lagu magacaabayaa "suldaanka weyn ee sharafta leh" (tarjumaad). Vallet wuxuu qoraa in Mamaaliikta Masar aysan habkan u adeegsan labadoodna, wuxuuna u akhriyaa inay ahayd aqoonsi Rasuulidyadu siiyeen laba awoodood oo madax-bannaan (§55, §73–74). Ifat, eeg [Saldanadda Shawa iyo aasaaska Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/). - **Kalgur.** Saylac ka sokow, magaalada Muslimka ah ee keliya ee *Nūr al-maʿārif* magacaabo waa Kalgur, oo ku taal cirifka Shawa (Shewa) dhanka dhulka Masiixiyiinta. Vallet wuxuu sawirka qoraalka ku soo koobaa hal dhul oo la mariyo, Ifat, oo leh laba daraf, Saylac iyo Kalgur (§58–61). - **Lacagta.** Ifat iyo Kalgur waxay adeegsan jireen dirhamyada lacagta (silver) ee Masar, oo la miisaami jiray halkii la tirin lahaa. Taliyayaasha deegaanku lacag ma samayn jirin, ganacsiga yarna waxaa loo adeegsan jiray *ḥaras*, jajab ka mid ah faraatiko iyo jijimo lacag ah oo jabay. Badeecad-ku-beddelashadu (barter) ayaa ahayd caadada (§63). - **Dharka.** Suufka Hindiya ee la daabacay oo lagu rinjiyeeyay nuuradda buluugga ah (*maḥābish*) ayaa dahab lagu beddelan jiray. Ganacsade Cadan 25 diinaar ku iibsaday 10 xabbo wuxuu ku beddelan karay hal wiqiyad (ounce) oo dahab ah oo Cadan ku qiimaysan 36 diinaar, taasoo ah faa'iido 44% ah (§64–65). Qoraalku wuxuu sheegaa in celceliska faa'iidada ganacsigan uu ahaa qiyaastii 30% (§53). - **Ganacsatada.** Magacyo yar ayaa hadhay. Qoys ganacsato ah oo Xadrami ah ayaa ku noolaa Kalgur; mid ka mid ah wiilashoodii halkaas ayuu ku dhintay 1269 (§65–66). - **Kharashka ragga la dhufaanay.** In nin la dhufaanay laga qaado dhulka sare oo Yemen la geeyo waxay ku kacaysay 21 diinaar oo kharash keliya ah, inta badan cunto jidka (§67). - **"Ilaaliyayaal".** Ganacsatadu waxay qayb go'an oo alaabtooda ka mid ah siin jireen *nazīl*, "nin ka mid ah madaxda Xabashida" oo ka difaaca "dulmiga iyo cadaadiska" (tarjumaad). Vallet wuxuu is weydiiyaa inay ahaayeen madaxda deegaanka ee *garād*, sheekhyada Saylac ee ganacsatadu la degi jireen sida uu sheegay Ibnu Saciid (Ibn Saʿid), mise hoggaamiyeyaasha safarrada geela. Qoraalku ma diiwaangelin wax canshuur ah oo dowladda la siin jiray jidka ama Saylac (§69–70). ## Masjidka Saylac Ilo Masaari ah ayaa sheegaya in suldaankii Rasuulidyada al-Muẓaffar Yuusuf uu isku dayay inuu masjid weyn ka dhiso Saylac. Qoraa keliya, Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fadaʾil, ayaa ku daraya in koox reer Saylac ah ay dhagxantii dhismaha badda ku tuureen, suldaankuna markaas uu maraakiibta Saylac ka mamnuucay Cadan muddo sannad ah. Vallet wuxuu soo jeediyaa in dadka Saylac ay ka baqeen inay waayaan dakhliga ganacsiga marinka haddii Rasuulidyadu awood xoog leh yeeshaan, wuxuuna isku daygaas ku tilmaamaa mid gaaban (§78, qoraalka hoose 198). Sannadihii 1370-aadkii, taariikh-qore Yemeni ah ayaa qoray in guddoomiyaha Zabiid ay addeecayeen "dadka ʿAwān, Saylac iyo dhulal kale oo fog" (tarjumaad); Vallet wuxuu tan u sharxaa awood lagu xiri karo dadka la raadinayo, ee ma ahayn awood lagu xukumo (§84–85). ## Maraakiibta Muqdisho Xaqiiqooyinkan waxay ka yimaadeen [Vallet, cutubka 9](https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/2458), §28–33. - **Saddex xilli.** Ibnu al-Mujaawir wuxuu jidka Afrika u qaybiyaa saddex xilli oo badmaax: Cadan ilaa Muqdisho, Muqdisho ilaa Kilwa, Kilwa ilaa Komoros (Comoros) (§28). - **Xiriirka keliya ee joogtada ah ee Bariga Afrika.** Vallet wuxuu qoraa in, sida ay sheegaan dhammaan ilaha Yemen ee qarnigii 13aad, Muqdisho ay ahayd magaalada keliya ee Bariga Afrika oo si joogto ah looga iman jiray Cadan. Kalandarku wuxuu diiwaangeliyaa in maraakiibta "Maqdishī" ay Cadan u ambabaxi jireen bisha Juun iyagoo raacaya dabaysha koonfur-galbeed, kuna soo laaban jireen dayrta (§29). - **Xadramawt.** Maraakiibta Muqdisho waxay kaloo sannad kasta u safri jireen al-Shiḥr iyo laba deked oo u dhow, halkaas oo ay ku bixin jireen qiyaastii 4,000 diinaar oo canshuur ah, kana iibsan jireen saliid kalluun oo lagu marsado jirka markabka (§29, qoraalka hoose 82). - **Alaabta.** Liisaska canshuuraha Cadan waxay sheegaan qori-madow (ebony), cambar, fool maroodi iyo xabagta copal ee Zanzibar oo Muqdisho soo maray, magaaladuna waxay kaloo dhoofin jirtay subag iyo saliid macsaro (sisin). Liiska canshuuraha al-Shiḥr wuxuu sheegaa addoommo "Maqdishū" ah (§29–30). - **Dharka Muqdisho.** *Mulakhkhaṣ* wuxuu liis gareeyaa maro-dhexeedyo (*fuwaṭ maqdishī*) iyo suuf qarqarro leh oo Muqdisho loogu magac daray, kuwaas oo aan ku jirin *Nūr al-maʿārif* oo ka da' weyn. Vallet wuxuu tan u akhriyaa calaamad muujinaysa in dhar-samayntu halkaas ku kortay laga soo bilaabo dhammaadkii qarnigii 13aad. Ibnu Battuuta wuxuu qoray in halkaas lagu samayn jiray dhar "aan la mid ahayn" oo loo dhoofin jiray Masar (§30) (tarjumaad). - **Magaalooyinka koonfureed.** Vallet wuxuu qoraa in, dharka iyo cuntada ka sokow, inta badan alaabta maraakiibta Muqdisho ay ka imanaysay magaalooyinka Sawaaxiliga ee koonfurta. Wuxuu soo xigtaa Qaadi Mascuud (Qadi Masʿud) oo qarnigii 14aad noolaa, oo Baraawe (Barawa) ku tilmaamay meel yar oo ku taal "gobolka Maqdishū" oo ay booqdaan doonyo ka yimaada Hindiya iyo magaalooyinka xeebta (§31) (tarjumaad). - **Rasuulidyadu sheegasho ma lahayn.** Si ka duwan Xabashida, Muqdisho iyo xeebta koonfurteeda waligood kuma jirin hammiga Rasuulidyada, ayuu qoraa Vallet (§33). Wuxuu xusaa sharif Xadrami ah oo la oran jiray Abu Zakariyya, kaasoo horraantii qarnigii 13aad "u ambabaxay Maqdishū, halkaas oo uu cilmi si ballaaran ugu faafiyay" (qoraalka hoose 101) (tarjumaad). ## Soomaalida Cadan Ibnu al-Mujaawir wuxuu sheegaa sheeko dhaqan oo leh dadkii ugu horreeyay ee Cadan waxaa ka saaray Barābir ka yimid xeebta ka soo horjeedda ee Geeska, kuwaas oo magaalada ka dhisay aqallada ugu horreeyay ee caw-timireed laga sameeyay. Wuxuu kaloo qoraa in Barbarta iyo Xabashidu ay ahaayeen inta badan dadka Cadan. Vallet wuxuu ka digaa in sawirka juqraafiyahanku ka bixiyay Cadan si taxaddar weyn leh loo akhriyo ([Vallet, cutubka 2](https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/2449), §49–51). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Saylac ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/) - [Berbera ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/) - [Muqdisho iyo xeebta Banaadir ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/) - [Suuqyadii ganacsiga ee xeebta Berbera, 1000–1600](/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/) - [Reer guuraa, magaalooyin iyo dowladda Ifat iyo Adal](/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/) - [Diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/) - [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/) - [Marco Polo iyo xeebta Soomaalida, qiyaastii 1298](/so/history/marco-polo-and-the-somali-coast/) - [Culimadii Saylac ee al-Azhar iyo Qaahira, 1300–1500](/en/history/zeila-scholars-at-al-azhar-1300-1500/) - [Culimadii Saylac iyo Geeska ee Yemen qarniyadii dhexe, 1150–1450](/en/history/zeila-and-jabarti-scholars-in-medieval-yemen/) --- # Aftidii dastuurka Soomaaliland ee 2001 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somaliland-constitutional-referendum-2001/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 31 Maajo 2001 Soomaaliland (Somaliland) waxay qabatay afti ku saabsan dastuur cusub oo qodobkiisa ugu horreeya uu sheegay madax-bannaanida Soomaaliland. Ma jirin diiwaan codbixiyeyaal. Saraakiishu waxay tirada codbixiyeyaasha ku qiyaaseen qiyaastii 1.3 milyan, waxayna sheegeen in 97 boqolkiiba ay oggolaadeen. Puntland iyo Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka (TNG) ee Muqdisho waxay ka soo horjeesteen codbixinta, iyagoo u arkay inay jebinayso Heshiiskii Midowga ee 1960, Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU) wuxuuna sheegay inuusan taageeri karin wax kasta oo saameeya midnimada Soomaaliya. Dastuurku wuxuu keenay doorashooyin xisbiyo badan, oo lagu xaddiday saddex xisbi qaran. ## Kooban "31 Maajo, maamulka 'Soomaaliland' wuxuu afti ka qaaday dastuur cusub. Qodobka ugu horreeya ee dastuurku wuxuu sheegay madax-bannaanida 'Soomaaliland', halka qodobbo kale ay qabanqaabo cusub u sameeyeen xisbiyada siyaasadda iyo doorashooyinka" (tarjumaad), sidaas ayuu sheegay Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2001/963, faqradda 18](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf)). "Ma jirin diiwaan doorasho, balse tirada codbixiyeyaasha waxaa lagu qiyaasay 1.3 milyan, saraakiishuna waxay sheegeen in 97 boqolkiiba codbixiyeyaasha ay taageereen dastuurka" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 19). Ku dhawaaqiddii 1991, eeg [shirkii Burco (Burao) iyo ku dhawaaqiddii Soomaaliland](/so/history/somaliland-declaration-1991/). ## Codbixinta Sida ku cad warbixinta QM ([S/2001/963, faqradaha 18–19](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Diidmada.** "Maamulka 'Puntland', iyo sidoo kale TNG [Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka], waxay ka soo horjeesteen aftida iyagoo ku dooday inay jebisay Heshiiskii Midowga ee 1960" (tarjumaad). Eeg [xorriyadda iyo midowga, 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/). - **Kormeerayaasha.** "Inkastoo aftidu ahayd mid nabad ah, beesha caalamku inta badan way iska ilaalisay" (tarjumaad). - **OAU.** Toddobaad ka hor codbixinta, Xoghayaha Guud ee Ururka Midowga Afrika, Salim A. Salim, wuxuu sheegay in OAU "aysan taageeri karin tallaabo kasta oo saameyn karta midnimada iyo madax-bannaanida Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad). - **Aqoonsiga.** Codbixinta kadib, Madaxweyne [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal)](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) "wuxuu ugu baaqay beesha caalamka inay aqoonsato 'Soomaaliland'" (tarjumaad). ## Waxa dastuurku dhisay - **Xisbiyada.** Qodobka 9aad wuxuu oggol yahay saddex xisbi siyaasadeed oo qaran oo keliya. Ururro siyaasadeed oo cusub ayaa kaalimahaas ku tartama toban sannadood kasta, codbixin la socota doorashooyinka golayaasha deegaanka ([Jaamacadda Tartu, Qaybta Cilmi-baarista Dowladaha De Facto, 2024](https://defactostates.ut.ee/the-system-worked-somalilands-2024-presidential-and-political-party-elections/)). - **Baarlamaanka.** Laba aqal: Golaha Wakiilada oo la doorto iyo Golaha Guurtida oo xubnihiisa "ay magacaabaan kooxaha qaraabada" (tarjumaad) ([Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Kormeerka Doorashada, 2018, b. 16](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf)). - **Xisbigii ugu horreeyay.** Horraantii Luulyo 2001 Cigaal wuxuu sameeyay xisbi cusub, Ururka Dimuqraadiga Ummadda Bahawday (UDUB), "isagoo u diyaargaroobaya doorashooyinka baarlamaanka iyo madaxtinimada ee la filayay 2002" (tarjumaad) ([S/2001/963, faqradda 20](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf)). Doorashooyinkii lagu qabtay, eeg [doorashooyinka Soomaaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/) iyo [doorashadii madaxtinimada ee 2003](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2003/). ## Codbixinta kadib, 2001 Sida ku cad warbixinta QM ([S/2001/963, faqradaha 20–21](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf)): - **18 Luulyo 2001.** Kadib shir shan maalmood ah oo Burco lagu qabtay, odayaal qaar ayaa sheegay in UDUB uu ka soo horjeedo dastuurka, waxayna ku baaqeen in la kala diro. "Koox kale oo odayaal ah oo ka weyn ayaa beenisay eedeymahaas" (tarjumaad). - **Mooshinka xil ka qaadista.** Isla maalintaas, xildhibaanno ayaa soo gudbiyay mooshin lagu doonayay in xilka looga qaado Cigaal "maamul-xumo dhaqaale iyo khiyaano qaran, iyagoo sheegay inuusan si wax ku ool ah u raadin go'itaanka" (tarjumaad). Waa la diiday bishii Agoosto. - **Qabuuraha wadareed.** Maarso 2001 Cigaal wuxuu QM ka codsaday inay baarto "waxa uu ku eedeeyay xasuuq ay ka geysatay qaybo ka mid ah 'Soomaaliland' dowladdii hore ee Barre" (tarjumaad), oo ay ku jiraan qabuuro wadareed laga helay Hargeysa (Hargeisa). Eeg [xasuuqii Isaaq, 1987–1989](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Dadka ku nool bariga dhulka ay Soomaaliland sheegato** ee diiday xukunkeeda. QM waxay diiwaangelisay in Puntland ay ka soo horjeedday codbixinta (S/2001/963). Eeg [Waqooyi Bari (North Eastern State)](/so/states/north-eastern-state/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Ka qaybgalka iyo natiijada.** Maadaama aysan jirin diiwaan codbixiyeyaal, 1.3 milyan ee codbixiyeyaasha iyo codka haa ee 97 boqolkiiba waxay ahaayeen tirooyin ay bixiyeen saraakiisha Soomaaliland (S/2001/963). - **Saameynteeda sharci.** Dowladda Soomaaliland waxay qabtaa in aftidu xaqiijisay ku dhawaaqiddii 1991. TNG, Puntland iyo OAU waxay qabeen in midnimada Soomaaliya ee ku dhisan Heshiiskii Midowga ee 1960 ay taagan tahay. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixin ku saabsan Soomaaliya, S/2001/963 (11 Oktoobar 2001), faqradaha 18–21: [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf). --- # Marco Polo iyo xeebta Soomaalida, qiyaastii 1298 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/marco-polo-and-the-somali-coast/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Buugga Marco Polo, oo la qoray qiyaastii 1298, kuma magacaabin magaalo Soomaaliyeed, balse aqoonyahanno ayaa u arka in qaybo ka mid ah ay sharxayaan dhulka Soomaalida. 'Jasiiradda Madeigascar' ee uu sheegay, oo afar sheekh xukumaan, ayna ka buuxaan dad hilib geel cuna iyo ganacsato foolmaroodi, waxaa tifaftiraha Henry Yule u akhriyaa inay qayb ahaan tahay sharaxaad Muqdisho ah oo lagu khaldey Madagaskar. Idihiisa cad ee madaxa madow, sida uu Yule sheegay, waa idihii Cadan (Aden) ka soo dhoofsan jirtay xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeedda. 'Suldaanka Cadan' ee uu sheegay, oo la dagaallamayay boqorka Masiixiga ah ee Xabashida, waxaa Yule u akhriyaa inuu yahay taliyihii Cadal (Adal), dhulka Muslimiinta ee ka dambeeya Saylac (Zeila). ## Kooban Marco Polo, oo reer Venice ahaa, wuxuu buuggiisa safarrada yeeriyay qiyaastii 1298. Weligii ma uusan booqan Geeska Afrika, wuxuuna wax ka qoray wixii dad kale u sheegeen. Meel Soomaaliyeed oo magaceeda ku jirta ma jirto, balse saddex qaybood ayaa aqoonyahannadu ku xiraan dhulka Soomaalida. Boggani wuxuu raacayaa daabacaadda Ingiriisiga ee caadiga ah ee Henry Yule, oo uu dib u eegay Henri Cordier: *The Book of Ser Marco Polo*, daabacaaddii 3aad, mujalladka 2 (London: John Murray, 1903), Buugga III, cutubyada 33–35 ([archive.org](https://archive.org/details/bookofsermarcopo002polo)). Lambarrada bogagga waxay ka yimaadeen mujalladkaas. ## "Madeigascar": Madagaskar mise Muqdisho? **Waxa Polo leeyahay (bogagga 411–413).** Cutubka 33 wuxuu sharxayaa jasiirad "qiyaastii kun mayl u jirta Scotra" (Soqotra, Socotra): - "Dadku dhammaantood waa Saraseen, oo caabuda Mahommet." - "Waxay leeyihiin afar Eskek, oo ah afar Oday, oo la yiraahdo waxay xukumaan Jasiiradda oo dhan." - "Dadku waxay ku nool yihiin ganacsi iyo farsamo gacmeed." - Iyada iyo "Zanghibar" (Zanzibar), waxay leeyihiin maroodi ka badan dal kasta, "ganacsiga foolka maroodiga ee labadan Jasiiradood waa wax la yaab leh". - "Jasiiraddan hilib kale ma cunaan marka laga reebo kan geela; geelana tiro aan la rumaysan karin ayay maalin kasta qalaan." - Waxaa jira qori cas oo sandal ah, cambar laga helo nibiriyada, iyo shabeello, libaaxyo iyo duur-joogta kale oo badan. Maraakiibtu waxay keenaan "dhar dahab iyo xariir ah" iyo badeecooyin kale. - Maraakiibta ka timaadda Maabar (koonfur-bari Hindiya) waxay gaaraan 20 maalmood, balse waxay u baahdaan in ka badan 3 bilood si ay ugu noqdaan, sababtoo ah qulqul badeed xooggan oo koonfur u socda. Cutubku wuxuu sii wadaa shimbirta weyn ee "Rukh" iyo baalkeeda, oo loo diray boqorka Mongolka. **Akhriska Yule (bogga 413).** Yule wuxuu rumaysnaa in Polo yahay qoraagii ugu horreeyay ee si cad uga hadla Madagaskar, balse "macluumaadkiisu aad buu u khaldanaa". Madagaskar ma leh maroodi, geel, shabeel, orso iyo libaax. Yule wuxuu qoray in Polo "isku qasay Makdashau (Magadoxo) iyo Madagaskar". Wuxuu tilmaamay: - **Geela.** "Wax walba ka sii badan, qalidda geelu waxay muujinaysaa in Dhulka Soomaalida iyo Magadoxo ay yihiin meesha dhabta ah ee qayb ka mid ah macluumaadka." Wuxuu soo xigtay Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta): Muqdisho "dadka deegaanku geel tiro badan ayay dhaqdaan, maalin kastana dhowr boqol ayay qalaan". - **Sheekhyada.** Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu qoray in taliyaha Muqdisho uusan lahayn magac ka sarreeya sheekh, taariikhyahankii Boortaqiiska ahaa De Barros-na wuxuu qoray in Baraawe (Barawa) ay xukumi jireen 12 sheekh. Yule wuxuu intaas ku daray in "xukunkan noocan ah ee koox yar oo deegaanka ah uu weli ka jiro xeebtaas". - **Foolka maroodiga iyo dadka Muslimiinta ah**, oo iyaguna si ka fiican Madagaskar ugu habboon xeebta Soomaalida iyo Bariga Afrika. **Aragtiyo kale (bogga 414).** Faallada uu Cordier ku daray waxay diiwaangelinaysaa in juqraafiyaha Faransiiska ah Alfred Grandidier uu ku soo gabagabeeyay in Polo bixiyay "sharaxaad aad u sax ah oo Magadoxo ah", uusan Madagaskar-na garan haba yaraatee. Aqoonyahanka Faransiiska ah Gabriel Ferrand wuxuu rumaysnaa in Polo runtii ula jeeday jasiiradda Madagaskar. Cordier wuxuu qoray inuusan arkin sabab uusan u aqbalin akhriska isku-dhafka ah ee Yule. **Diiwaannada Ming (bogagga 413–414).** Yule wuxuu ku daray in Taariikhda boqortooyadii Ming ay Muqdisho ("Mu-ku-tu-su") ku sharxayso dal engegan oo buuro leh oo badda ku yaal, oo marmarka qaarkood sannado roob ka da'i waayo, ayna diiwaangelisay ergo halkaas ka timid oo Shiinaha tagtay 1427. Baraawe ("Pu-la-wa") waxay soo saari jirtay foox, malmal iyo cambar. Ilaha Shiinaha, eeg [diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). ## Ido cad oo madaxa madow Cutubka 34, oo ku saabsan "Zanghibar", Polo wuxuu qorayaa in idahu "dhammaantood midab ahaan isku mid yihiin; jirka oo dhan cad yahay madaxuna madow yahay; ido nooc kale ah halkaas laguma helo" (bogga 422). Faallada Yule waxay leedahay: "Idahan waxay ku badan yihiin Cadan, halkaas oo laga keeno xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeedda. Waxay leeyihiin timo sida riyo siman, dhogor ma leh." Wuxuu intaas ku daray in socotadii Talyaaniga ahaa Varthema uu isaguna sharxay, iyo in sawir-taswiir yar oo mid ka mid ah, oo laga helay qabri Masaari ah, uu yiil Matxafka Qaahira (bogga 424). Ganacsigii idaha ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Berbera iyo Maydh ilaa Cadan, eeg [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ee diiwaannada Yaman xilligii Rasuuliyiinta](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/). ## Dagaalkii "Abash" iyo "Suldaanka Cadan" **Waxa Polo leeyahay (bogagga 427–431).** Cutubka 35 wuxuu sharxayaa "Abash" (Xabashida), oo uu xukumo boqor Masiixi ah, Muslimiinna ay ku nool yihiin "dhinaca Cadan". Dadku "maalin kasta dagaal ayay kula jiraan Suldaanka Cadan iyo Nuubiyiinta". Polo wuxuu sheegayaa sheeko dhacday 1288: boqorku wuxuu u diray hoggaamiye kaniisadeed (bishob) xajka Qudus (Jerusalem); markuu soo noqonayay "Suldaanka Cadan" ayaa qabtay oo xoog ku gudday; boqorkii ayaa markaas duulaan ku qaaday dhulka suldaanka, wuxuuna marin adag ku jebiyay "Boqorrada Saraseenka, oo tiradoodu ahayd saddex", dalkana wuu baabi'iyay in ka badan bil ka hor intii uusan dalkiisa u noqon. Polo sheekada wuxuu ka sheegayaa dhinac Masiixi ah oo xooggan, wuxuuna ku xiraa cadaawad cad oo uu u qabo Muslimiinta. **Faallooyinka Yule (bogagga 432–435).** - **Cadan mise Cadal.** Yule wuxuu qoray in sheekadu "nooga baahan tahay inaan u malayno in Suldaanka Cadan uu ka talinayay dhulka u dhexeeya Xabashida iyo badda, ama waxa waagii hore la oran jiray Adel, oo u muuqata in isaga iyo Cadan la isku qasay". Wuxuu xusay in khariidad qarniyadii dhexe ah oo uu sameeyay Marino Sanudo ay isna Cadan dhigtay xeebta Afrika. Wuxuu is weydiiyay in suldaanka Cadan uu mar awood ku lahaa dowladihii Muslimiinta ee Cadal, maadaama warqadihii Xabashida ee Masar loo dirayay loo sii mariyay suldaanka Yaman. - **Xeebta ka hor.** Isagoo soo xiganaya al-Mascuudi, Yule wuxuu qoray in ilaa ugu yaraan qarnigii 10aad "qoysas Muslimiin ah" ay ku noolaayeen Saylac iyo dekedaha kale iyagoo cashuur siiya boqortooyadii Masiixiga ahayd. Markii dambe bulshooyinkii Muslimiinta ee xeebta ayaa xoog yeeshay, gobollada gudaha sida Ifat iyo Dawaro-na waxay hoos yimaadeen guddoomiyeyaal Muslimiin ah. - **Dagaalkee?** Sheekadu waxay u egtahay ololayaashii boqorkii Itoobiya Amda Seyon uu ku qaaday Ifat, Cadal iyo xulafadooda. Yule wuxuu xusay in socotadii qarnigii 18aad James Bruce uu dagaalladaas u taariikhaynayay qiyaastii 1315–1316, taas oo aad uga dambaysa buug la qoray 1298. Henry Salt iyo Guillaume Pauthier waxay soo jeediyeen in taariikhaha Itoobiya hore loo dhigo si ay ugu waafaqaan Polo. Yule wuxuu qoray inuu markii hore ku raacay, balse markuu daraasay liisaska boqorrada uu ku dhegay taariikhda Bruce. Taariikhyahanka Faransiiska ah Éric Vallet wuxuu aragti la mid ah ka helay ilaha Yaman. Wuxuu qorayaa in Polo "si cad isugu qasay" suldaanka Cadan iyo amiirrada Muslimiinta ee xeebta ama gudaha, iyo in xiriirka Yamantii Rasuuliyiinta iyo taliyayaasha Itoobiya uu guud ahaan nabad ahaa ([Vallet, *L'Arabie marchande*, cut. 6 §75](https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/2455)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Muqdishadii hore iyo xeebta Banaadir ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/) - [Ibnu Batuuta oo Muqdisho iyo Saylac jooga, 1331](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/) - [Saldanadda Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) - [Qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida ka hor 1500](/so/history/books-about-somalis-before-1500/) --- # Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Barr Sacad ad-Diin (Cadal), 1415–1520 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dakar waxay ahayd caasimaddii saldanaddii Muslimka ahayd ee qorayaasheedu ugu yeeri jireen Barr Sacad ad-Diin, ilaha Itoobiyaanka Masiixiga ahina ugu yeeri jireen Cadal (Adal), laga soo bilaabo 1430-meeyadii ama ka hor ilaa 1520, markii suldaanku u guuray Harar. Goobteeda weli lama helin. Taariikhyahanadda Amélie Chekroun waxay 2015 dib u eegtay ilaha qoran iyo goobaha la soo jeediyay; waxay meesha ka saartay laba ka mid ah, waxayna u magacawday magaalo burburtay oo la yiraahdo Derbiga, oo u dhow Ch'ina Hasen waqooyi-galbeed ee Jigjiga, goob suurtagal ah oo aan weli la caddayn. ## Si kooban Kadib dagaallo lala galay boqortooyadii Masiixiga horraantii qarnigii 15aad, suldaannadii Walashma, oo xukumi jiray Ifat, waxay u guureen bari, dhulka u dhexeeya Harar iyo xadka Soomaaliyeed ee maanta. Qiyaastii qarni caasimaddoodu waxay ahayd magaalo la oran jiray Dakar. 1520 suldaanku wuxuu u guuray Harar, Dakarna waa la illaaway. Goobteeda weli lama yaqaan. Boggani wuxuu raacayaa taariikhyahanadda Faransiiska ah Amélie Chekroun, "Dakar, capitale du sultanat éthiopien du Barr Saʿd ad-dīn (1415–1520)" (Dakar, caasimaddii saldanadda Itoobiya ee Barr Sacad ad-Diin), *Cahiers d'études africaines* 219 (2015): 569–586 ([OpenEdition](https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/18225)), oo lagu xigtay faqrado (§). ## U guuritaankii bari - **Ka timid Ifat.** Sida uu qoray al-Maqriizi (al-Maqrizi), magaalada Ifat waa laga tagay xilligii Suldaan Xaqq ad-Diin II (Haqq ad-Din II, xukumay 1376–1386), oo u guuray Wahal oo ku taal Shewa. Kadib dhimashadii Sacad ad-Diin (Saʿd ad-Din, xukumay qiyaastii 1386; maqaalka Chekroun ee 2015 wuxuu dhammaadka xukunkiisa ku sheegay 1415, halka maqaalkeeda 2022 ee Harar uu dhimashadiisa Saylac (Zeila) ku sheegay 1408 ama 1409), wiilashiisii waxay magangal u aadeen Jasiiradda Carabta. Markii uu soo laabtay, wiilkiisa Sabr ad-Diin (Sabr ad-Din) wuxuu xarunta awoodda u raray bari, gobolkii hore ee "Cadal" (§3–5). Xilligii ka horreeyay, eeg [Saldanaddii Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/). - **Magaca dhulka.** Chekroun waxay qortay in qorayaashii Muslimka ahaa ee gobolka aysan waligood dalkooda ugu yeerin "Cadal". Waxay ugu yeeraan *Barr Sacad ad-Diin*, "dhulka Sacad ad-Diin". "Cadal" waa magaca ay adeegsadaan ilaha Itoobiyaanka Masiixiga ah (§9). ## Ilaha magaca Dakar sheegay - **Al-Maqriizi.** Buuggiisa *Kitāb al-Ilmām*, oo uu dhammeeyay 1438, kana sameeyay waraysiyo uu la yeeshay Muslimiin Itoobiyaan ah oo Makka joogay 1435–1436, wuxuu sheegayaa in Suldaan Badlay (xukumay 1433–1445) caasimaddiisu ahayd Dakar (§4, §7). - **Taariikhda Boqor Eskender.** Waxay Dakar ku sheegtaa magaalada ugu weyn ee dhulka Cadal, waxayna sheegtaa in boqorku halkaas ku burburiyay "dhammaan guryaha iyo macbadyada" (tarjumaad) sannadkii labaad ee xukunkiisa. Chekroun waxay weerarka ku taariikhaysay 1480, xilligii Suldaan Shams ad-Diin (Shams ad-Din, xukumay 1472–1487) (§8). - ***Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha*,** oo la qoray bartamihii qarnigii 16aad, wuxuu sheegayaa in suldaannadu Dakar degganaayeen ugu yaraan ilaa Suldaan Maxamed (Muhammad, xukumay 1488 ilaa horraantii 1500-meeyadii), iyo in Dakar aysan Harar ka fogayn (§8, §12). Eeg [Futuux al-Xabasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/). - **Laba taariikhood oo Harar ah,** *Taariikhda Walashma* iyo *Tārīkh al-mulūk*, waxay sheegaan in Dakar caasimad ahayd ilaa 1520 (§8). ## U guuritaankii Harar, 1520 Labada taariikhood ee Harar waxay u guuritaankii Dakar ilaa Harar ku taariikhaysaan bisha Shacbaan 926 Hijriyada, Luulyo–Agoosto 1520. *Taariikhda Walashma*, oo u janjeerta suldaannada, waxay mahadda siisaa Suldaan Abuu Bakar ibn Maxamed (Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad), oo raray dadka iyo ciidanka. *Tārīkh al-mulūk*, oo u janjeerta mucaaradkoodii, waxay mahadda siisaa isaga iyo *garaad* Abuun (Abun). *Futūḥ*-na wuxuu Harar u arkaa caasimad xilligii Imaam Axmed (§10). Dagaalladii Imaamka, eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo Cadal, 1527–1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). Chekroun waxay qortay in sababta guuritaanka aan la garanayn. Waxay suurtagal tahay inay ka tarjumayso loollankii dhacay kadib dhimashadii Suldaan Maxamed (inta u dhaxaysa 1517 iyo 1519). Waxay xustay in taariikh kastaa ay sheekadeeda u habaysay si ay dhinaceeda ugu habboonaato (§11, §31). ## Sababta Dakar loo illaaway Liisaska amiirrada Harar waxay magaalada asalkeeda ku celiyaan qarnigii 10aad ama 12aad iyo Sheekh Abaadir (Sheikh Abadir) oo khuraafaad ah, waxayna taariikhda Harar ku daraan dhammaan taliyayaashii Muslimka ahaa ee bariga. Chekroun waxay qortay in Harar ay xarun u ahayd suldaannada oo keliya laga soo bilaabo horraantii qarnigii 16aad, iyo in aqoonsiga Harari, oo qaabaystay kadib markii Oromadu yimaadeen dabayaaqadii qarnigii 16aad, mar kalena kadib markii Menelik II magaalada qabsaday dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad, uu daboolay xusuusta Dakar (§1). ## Saddex goobood oo la soo jeediyay 1. **Dakar Gobana,** tuulo 3 km u jirta Harar, waddada Jigjiga. Socotooyin dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad ayaa halkaas ku arkay burbur. Dhaqanka afka ee deegaanka ee Harari, Oromo, Amxaar iyo Soomaali wuxuu sheegaa in Sheekh Abaadir markii hore halkaas degay ka hor inta uusan biyaha darteed u guurin Harar. Sheekada Carabiga ah ee qarnigii 19aad ee Abaadir waxay Dakar ku tilmaantaa tuulo 1234–1235. Chekroun ma aysan helin burburka 2014, dadka deggana xusuus kama haynin (§13, §17). 2. **Fiyambiro,** cagta Buurta Kundudo, qiyaastii 20 km waqooyi-bari ka xigta Harar. Enrico Cerulli ayaa soo jeediyay 1931, isagoo ka qaatay qoraal hareeraha ku qornaa nuqul gacan-ku-qoran oo *Futūḥ* ah, markii dambena wuu ka shakiyay. Halkaas lagama diiwaangelin wax hadhaa qadiimi ah, taas oo Chekroun u aragto inay meesha ka saarayso (§15, §17). 3. **Ch'ina Hasen,** qiyaastii 25 km waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta Jigjiga. Aqoonyahanka Ingiriiska ah G. Huntingford ayaa soo jeediyay. Dhaqan deegaan oo uu diiwaangeliyay ayaa ku tilmaamay meeshii uu ku dhashay Imaam Axmed (§16). Chekroun waxay kaloo xustay in sahamiyaha Faransiiska ah Antoine d'Abbadie uu qoray in Baarentuu, oo ka mid ahaa labada aabbe ee Oromada asaasay, uu qabsaday "Dakar oo ku taal Barsub-ka maanta, oo Soomaali ah" (tarjumaad). Waxay qortay in sheekadaas meel kale aan laga helin, iyo in d'Abbadie uusan sheegin il (§14). ## Burburka u dhow Ch'ina Hasen 1922 wadaadkii Kaputshiin ahaa ee Azaïs wuxuu u dhow Ch'ina Hasen ka helay saddex goobood: qalcad burburtay oo derbiyo "waaweyn oo dhagax-weyn ah" (tarjumaad; "cyclopean") leh, magaalo Muslim ah oo burburtay, iyo masjid keli ah oo burburay. 1950 Huntingford wuxuu sharraxay derbi wareeg ah oo weyn, jaranjarooyin beereed oo hore iyo qabuuro dhagax ah oo u eg dolmen oo buurta saaran. Chekroun ma aysan helin qalcadda 2009 (§18–20). **Derbiga.** Azaïs wuxuu sharraxay Derbiga, oo saacad lug ah waqooyi-galbeed uga jirta magaalada, oo leh xeryo dhagax ah, qabuuro, burburka guryo, iyo masjid leh saddex saf oo tiirar dhagax ah. Dhaqanka deegaanku wuxuu sheegay inuu burburiyay "Gurey" (tarjumaad; "Gragn", Imaam Axmed). 2009 Chekroun waxay masjidka ka heshay isagoo dib loo dhisay, tiirarkiisana la beddelay. Waxay u dhow ka heshay dhismayaal burburay, qabri-dhismeed burburay iyo dugsi Quraan oo hore oo la filayo, iyo qabuuro ka kooban boqollaal qabri, taas oo ay u aragto calaamad degaan weyn. Laba god oo u eg godadka kaydka ee goobaha qarniyadii dhexe ee Chercher iyo Nora ee Ifat ayaa agtiisa ku yaal. Tuulooyinka dadkoodu waxay soo ururiyeen lacag qadiimi ah oo qoraal Carabi ah oo tirtirmay leh, kuul dhagax-kristaal ah, iyo qayb ka mid ah qaab dahab-tume oo u eg kuwa laga helay Harlaa (§21–25). Chekroun waxay qortay in dhismaha dhagaxa uu la mid yahay goobaha Islaamka ee qarniyadii 14aad–15aad ee Chercher iyo Ifat, iyo in goobta, oo ku taal jiirarka ugu dambeeya ee buuraha Harar oo ka sarreeya waddada u degta Saylac, ay meel fiican u tahay xakamaynta jidka safarka geedi-socodka (karawaanka). Waxay ku soo gabagabaysay in aan weli la helin caddayn u oggolaanaysa in Derbiga la aqbalo ama meesha laga saaro inay tahay Dakar, iyo inay si kastaba ahayd magaalo Islaami ah oo muhiim ah (§23, §26). **Nur Abdoche.** Azaïs wuxuu kaloo sharraxay masjid burburay oo 15 km waqooyi-galbeed ka xiga Ch'ina Hasen, oo leh laba tiir oo wareeg ah iyo qoraal Carabi ah oo mixraabka ka sarreeya. Dib ayaa loo dhisay qiyaastii 40 sano ka hor booqashadii Chekroun. Waxay ku taariikhaysay wakhti ka dambeeya qarnigii 16aad, ma aysan helin burbur guryo, qabuuro yar oo keliya ayay heshay, waxayna meesha ka saartay inay noqon karto goobta Dakar (§27–30). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Harla iyo Harlaa](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/) - [Reer guuraaga, magaalooyinka iyo dowladda Ifat iyo Cadal](/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/) - [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe iyo xilligii hore ee casriga, 1300-meeyadii–1700-meeyadii](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/) - [Masaajiddii qarniyadii dhexe ee Soomaaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/) - [Awfat, caasimaddii saldanadda Ifat, iyo qabuuraha Walashma](/so/history/awfat-capital-of-ifat-and-walashma-tombs/) - [Harar waxay noqotay caasimadda Cadal, 1520–1577](/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/) - [Dhimashadii Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin ee Saylac iyo wiilashiisii Yaman](/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/) --- # Dowladihii KMG, 2000–2012: Dowladda KMG ee Qaranka (TNG) iyo Dowladda Federaalka KMG (TFG) Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2012 Soomaaliya waxay lahayd laba dowladood oo ku-meel-gaar ah oo caalamku taageeray. Dowladda KMG ee Qaranka (TNG) waxay ka dhalatay shirkii Carta ee Jabuuti, Agoosto 2000. Dowladda Federaalka KMG (TFG) waxay ka dhalatay shirarkii Kenya ee 2002–2004, waxayna Oktoobar 2004 dooratay madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed. Waxay 2007 Baydhabo uga soo guurtay Muqdisho, heshiiskii Jabuuti ee 2008 kadib waxay ku dartay mucaaradkii Islaamiga, waxayna 20 Agoosto 2012 xilka u wareejisay Baarlamaan Federaal ah oo cusub. ## Kooban Burburkii dowladdii dhexe ee 1991 kadib, Soomaaliya sagaal sano ayay ahayd dowlad la'aan. Waxaa xigay laba dowladood oo KMG ah (ku-meel-gaar), labaduba waxaa lagu dhisay shirar dibadda lagu qabtay. Dowladda KMG ee Qaranka (TNG) waxay bilaabatay 2000. Dowladda Federaalka KMG (TFG) waxay jirtay 2004 ilaa 2012 ([Congressional Research Service, RL33911](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html)). Xilligii KMG wuxuu dhammaaday 20 Agoosto 2012, markii la dhisay Baarlamaan Federaal ah oo cusub ([Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta S/2013/69, faqradda 2](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Shirkii Carta iyo TNG, 2000 - **Maajo 2000.** Shirka Dib-u-heshiisiinta Soomaalida ayaa ka furmay Carta, Jabuuti, iyadoo la raacayo qorshe ay ansixisay IGAD. Ku dhawaad 400 ergo ayaa ka qayb galay dhowr bilood ([CRS, RL33911](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html)). - **13 Agoosto 2000.** Ergadu waxay ku heshiiyeen in la dhiso Dowlad KMG ah oo Qaran iyo Gole Shacab KMG ah (isla ilaha). - **26 Agoosto 2000.** Waxay madaxweyne u doorteen [Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan](/so/people/abdiqasim-salad-hassan/) (isla ilaha). CRS waxay qortay in qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaashii kooxaha hubaysan, iyo maamullada Somaliland iyo Puntland, ay qaadaceen shirka Carta (isla ilaha). ## Shirarkii Kenya iyo TFG, 2002–2004 - **Oktoobar 2002.** IGAD waxay Eldoret, Kenya, ka furtay shir cusub oo Kenya hoggaaminaysay. Ku dhawaad 350 ergo ayaa yimid; Somaliland kama qayb galin. Dhinacyadu waxay saxiixeen xabbad-joojin, waxayna ku heshiiyeen nidaam federaal ah ([CRS, RL33911](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html)). - **Sebtembar 2003.** Dhinacyadu waxay ku heshiiyeen Axdi KMG ah (isla ilaha). - **Agoosto 2004.** Baarlamaan KMG ah oo 275 xubnood ah ayaa Kenya lagu caleemo saaray (isla ilaha). - **Oktoobar 2004.** Baarlamaanku wuxuu madaxweyne u doortay [Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/) (isla ilaha). ## Baydhabo, Muqdisho iyo Itoobiya, 2006–2008 Sannadkii 2006 [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/) ayaa la wareegay Muqdisho, xilligaas oo TFG ay fadhiday Baydhabo. 28 Diseembar 2006 ciidamada Itoobiya ayaa qabsaday Muqdisho, Janaayo 2007 TFG waxay u guurtay caasimadda ([CRS, RL33911](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html)). Dagaal ayaa ka dhex qarxay dowladda iyo kooxaha mucaaradka hubaysan. CRS waxay warbixinadeeda dambe ku sheegtay in al-Shabaab iyo kooxo kale ay gacanta ku hayeen inta badan koonfurta iyo bartamaha, iyo in TFG iyo ciidamada Midowga Afrika, [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/), aysan joogin meel ka baxsan Baydhabo iyo Muqdisho (isla ilaha). ## Heshiiskii Jabuuti, 2008–2009 Juun 2008 TFG iyo Isbahaysiga Dib-u-xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS), oo ay hoggaaminayeen hoggaamiyeyaashii hore ee Maxkamadaha, ayaa Jabuuti heshiis ku saxiixday. Waxaa dhexdhexaadiyay ergayga QM Axmedu Ould-Cabdalla. Waxay ku heshiiyeen xabbad-joojin, ka bixitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya iyo ciidan QM ah ([CRS, RL33911](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html)). Janaayo 2009 baarlamaanka la ballaariyay wuxuu madaxweyne u doortay hoggaamiyihii ARS, [Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/). Wuxuu ra'iisul wasaare u magacaabay [Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/en/people/omar-abdirashid-sharmarke/) (isla ilaha). CRS waxay sheegtay in baarlamaanku 2010 lahaa 550 xubnood (isla ilaha). ## Khilaafaadkii madaxda, 2010–2011 - **2010.** Guddoomiyihii baarlamaanka ayaa iscasilay Maajo kadib khilaaf uu la galay ra'iisul wasaaraha; Sharmaarke-na mar dambe wuu iscasilay. Dabayaaqadii Oktoobar 2010 madaxweynuhu wuxuu ra'iisul wasaare u magacaabay Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed [Farmaajo](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/) ([CRS, RL33911](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html)). - **9 Juun 2011, Heshiiskii Kampala.** Madaxweynaha iyo guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka waxay ku heshiiyeen in doorashooyinka dib loo dhigo 12 bilood laga bilaabo Agoosto 2011. Heshiisku wuxuu dhigayay in ra'iisul wasaaruhu iscasilo 30 maalmood gudahood ([QM, S/2011/549, faqradaha 5–6](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2011/549&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Agoosto 2011.** Ciidamada TFG iyo AMISOM waxay al-Shabaab ka saareen Muqdisho (isla ilaha). ## Dhammaadkii KMG, 2012 "Khariidad waddo" (road map) oo 2011 lagu heshiiyay ayaa dejisay hawlaha loo baahnaa in KMG lagu dhammeeyo 20 Agoosto 2012 ([QM, S/2012/643, faqradda 3](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2012/643&l=en&t=pdf)). - **5 Maajo 2012.** Ku dhawaad 135 oday dhaqameed ayaa Muqdisho ku shiray si ay u doortaan xubnaha Golaha Dastuurka iyo baarlamaanka cusub (isla ilaha, faqradda 7). - **1 Agoosto 2012.** Golaha Dastuurka oo 825 xubnood ahaa ayaa ansixiyay Dastuurka KMG (isla ilaha, faqradaha 2 iyo 6). - **20 Agoosto 2012.** Baarlamaan Federaal ah oo cusub oo 275 xubnood ah ayaa la dhisay. Odayaashu ayaa doortay xubnaha, waxaana hubiyay Guddi Farsameed ([S/2013/69, faqradda 2](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf)). - **20 Agoosto 2012 kadib.** Baarlamaanku wuxuu madaxweyne u doortay [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) (isla ilaha). QM waxay ku tilmaantay doorashadaas "tii ugu daah-furnayd uguna matalaad badnayd" muddadii 20-ka sano ahayd ee dhibaatada Soomaaliya, tii ugu horraysay ee gudaha dalka lagu qabto, iyadoo isla markaas xustay "warar cabsigelin iyo faragelin aan habboonayn" (isla ilaha). Waxa xigay waxaa lagu sheegay [Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/federal-government-of-somalia/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? Shacabka Muqdisho ayaa ugu badnaa dhibaatada 2007–2008. Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay in laga bilaabo horraantii 2007 in ka badan 870,000 oo qof oo rayid ah ay ka carareen Muqdisho, in ka badanna 6,000 oo rayid ah lagu dilay dagaalka ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 2009*](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/country-chapters/somalia)). Waxay qortay in "dhammaan dhinacyada" ay si joogto ah u jebiyeen sharciga dagaalka (isla ilaha): - **Ciidamada TFG iyo maleeshiyaadka la socday** waxay Muqdisho ka geysteen dil, kufsi iyo dhac, iyo xarig sharci darro ah oo madax-furasho loo qaadanayay. - **Ciidamada Itoobiya** badanaa waxay "si aan kala sooc lahayn" ugu rasaaseeyeen dadweynaha. Agoosto 2008, kadib bambo waddada lagu dhigay oo u dhow Afgooye, askartu waxay dileen "ilaa 60 rayid ah". - **Kooxaha mucaaradka hubaysan** waxay ka dagaallameen xaafadaha dadku ku nool yahay, waxayna dileen shaqaale gargaar, u dhaqdhaqaaqayaal bulsho iyo saxafiyiin. Ugu yaraan toban saxafi ayaa la dilay laga bilaabo horraantii 2007 ilaa 2008. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Goorta KMG dhammaatay.** QM waxay dhammaadka u qorsheysay 20 Agoosto 2012, markii baarlamaanka cusub fadhiistay; madaxweynaha waxaa la doortay taariikhdaas kadib ([S/2013/69](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Tirada baarlamaanka.** Wuxuu ahaa 275 xubnood 2004, 550 xubnood 2010, mar kalena 275 laga bilaabo Agoosto 2012 ([CRS, RL33911](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html); [S/2013/69](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Sida baarlamaanka 2012 loo doortay.** QM waxay ku tilmaantay habkii ugu matalaadda badnaa labaatan sano, isla warbixinta waxay xustay sheegashooyin cabsigelin iyo faragelin lagu sameeyay odayaasha. ## Ilaha asalka ah ka akhriso - Congressional Research Service, *Somalia: Current Conditions and Prospects for a Lasting Peace*, RL33911: [qoraalka](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html). - Warbixinada Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Soomaaliya: [S/2011/549](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2011/549&l=en&t=pdf) (Heshiiskii Kampala), [S/2012/643](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2012/643&l=en&t=pdf) (khariidadda waddada iyo dastuurka), [S/2013/69](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf) (dhammaadkii KMG). - Human Rights Watch, *World Report 2009*, cutubka Soomaaliya: [qoraalka](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/country-chapters/somalia). --- # Awfat, caasimaddii Saldanadda Ifat, iyo qabuuraha Walashma Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/awfat-capital-of-ifat-and-walashma-tombs/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Awfat (Wafat), caasimaddii Saldanadda Ifat oo qarnigii 14aad xukumi jirtay Saylac (Zeila), waxaa 2008–2009 helay qadiimi-yaqaanno Faransiis ah, iyadoo ku taal webiga Awadi ee jarka bari ee Itoobiya. Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex qaybood: magaalo leh masjid weyn, buur la deyrray oo ay ugu yeeraan qalcaddii, iyo xabaalo leh qabuuro ay ku qoran yihiin qoraallo Carabi ah oo magacaabaya qoyska Suldaan Cali ina Sabrudiin, taariikhdooduna tahay 1364–1373. Qorayaashu waxay caasimadda ku qiyaaseen qiyaastii 1285–1376. Meel u dhow waxay ka qodeen Nora, magaalo ka tirsanayd qarniyadii 14aad iyo 15aad. ## Kooban Saldanadda Ifat (Awfat af Carabi) waxay ahayd dowladdii Muslimka ahayd ee ugu xoogga badnayd Geeska qarnigii 14aad, qoraaga Carabta ah ee al-Cumari (al-ʿUmari) wuxuuna sheegay in boqorkeedu xukumi jiray Saylac (Zeila). Caasimaddeedii qarniyo badan ayay lumaysay. Intii u dhexeysay 2007 iyo 2010 koox Faransiis ah ayaa ka heshay webiga Awadi, oo ku yaal cidhifka bari ee buuraleyda Itoobiya, iyagoo ku hagayay warbixin 1893 uu qoray dhakhtar Talyaani ah oo la odhan jiray Leopoldo Traversi. Boggani wuxuu raacayaa François-Xavier Fauvelle, Bertrand Hirsch iyo Amélie Chekroun, "Le sultanat de l'Awfāt, sa capitale et la nécropole des Walasmaʿ", *Annales islamologiques* 51 (2017): 239–295 ([OpenEdition](https://journals.openedition.org/anisl/4054)), oo lagu xigtay faqrad ahaan (§). ## Halkee bay ahayd Ifat? - **Xujadii al-Cumari.** Al-Cumari oo wax qorayay 1330-meeyadii ayaa Awfat ku tilmaamay tan ugu weyn toddobadii boqortooyo ee Muslimka ahaa ee Xabashida (Abyssinia), "oo dhammaanteed la beero, dadna ku nool yihiin" (tarjumaad), leh webi socda, uguna dhow xeebaha ka soo horjeeda Yemen: "boqorkeedu wuxuu xukumaa Saylac" (tarjumaad) (§6). Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in beeraha iyo webigu ay tilmaamayaan gudaha, halka Saylac ay tilmaamayso xeebta qalalan ee Soomaaliland maanta. Waxay soo jeedinayaan in boqortooyadu laga yaabo inay haysatay labadaba, dhulka gudaha ee Saylac iyo jarka fog ee gudaha (§7). - **Shaqadii Soomaaliland.** 2001 kooxdu waxay sahmisay magaalooyin burburay oo ku yaal buuraleyda Soomaaliland, oo uu markii ugu horreysay qoray Alexander Curle 1937, waxayna qodeen Saylac. Waxay sheegeen koox magaalooyin dhexe oo burburay oo ku yaal gudaha Saylac oo aan raad uga tegin ilaha qoran, iyo taariikh cusub oo Saylac ah, oo ay qoreen inay u muuqato inay muhiim noqotay kaliya laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii qarnigii 13aad, isla waqtigii Ifat kor u kacday (§16). Saylac, eeg [Saylac hore ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). - **Beeralay, ma ahayn reer guuraa oo keliya.** Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in ilaha qoran iyo burburkaba ay tilmaamayaan bulshooyin Muslim ah oo deggan, beera falanaya oo magaalooyin ku nool, kuna yaal jiinka buuraleyda, iyo in sawirka caadiga ah ee ah Islaam ay ganacsato reer guuraa ah soo mariyeen lamadegaanka Cafar (Afar) la "hakiyo" (tarjumaad) (§24–25). Waxay sharxeen xilli magaalooyineed qarniyadii 14aad iyo 15aad, kadibna "magaalo-ka-guur" (tarjumaad) oo u badan inuu la xiriiray qalalaasihii qarnigii 16aad (§25). ## Nora iyo magaalooyinka Buurta Rassa Buuraha Rassa ee degmada Ifat ee maanta, kooxdu waxay diiwaangelisay Asbari, Masal, Rassa Guba, Hajji Mansur iyo Nora (§27–28). Dhammaantood waxay ku yaallaan tuurro ka sarreeya bannaanka Cafar, qaarkoodna waxaa xiray derbiyo qaro weyn, waxayna ku yaallaan qiyaastii 1,300 mitir (§31). Masaajiddu mixraabka waxay ku leeyihiin derbiga waqooyi, saqafyo ka samaysan sallaxyo dhagax ah oo saaran alwaax; guryuhuna waa afar gees, waxayna leeyihiin godad derbiga ku jira, sida kuwa Harar (§33). Nora waxaa la qoday Abriil–Maajo 2008, waana qodistii ugu horreysay ee magaalo Muslim ah oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo Itoobiya laga sameeyo (§34–35). Waxay leedahay waddooyin, guryo dhagax ah oo afar gees ah oo dhererkoodu gaaro 2–3 mitir, masjid weyn, afar masjid oo yaryar iyo xabaalo waaweyn (§38–39). Dheriyadu ma laha dhalaal, alaabta dibadda laga keenayna way yar tahay: alleelo (cowries), kuul yar, iyo xirmooyin ulo bir ah oo qorayaashu u ekaysiiyeen lacagta birta ah ee *ḥakuna* ee uu al-Cumari xusay. Taariikhda kaarboonku waxay magaalada dhigaysaa qarniyadii 14aad iyo 15aad, iyadoo tiir ku hoos jira masjidka weyn lagu qiyaasay qarniyadii 12aad–13aad (§39). Lakab ciid ah oo dambas u eg oo qaradiisu tahay 40–60 cm ayaa dabooshay, korkiisana waxaa ku yaal xero dhagax ah oo wareegsan oo goor dambe la dhisay (§40). Meel u dhow, Faqi Dabbis waxay leedahay masjid lagu qiyaasay qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 15aad, oo laga dul dhisay mid ka da' weyn oo qarnigii 14aad ah (§12). ## Helitaankii caasimadda - **Warbixintii Traversi.** 1893 Traversi waxaa la tusay "Ali Gemb" ("derbiga Cali") oo ku yaal Awadi, oo culimo deegaanka ahi ay sheegeen inay tahay magaaladii "Shariif Cali, ina Sacdudiin (Saʿd ad-Din) ee Saylac" (tarjumaad), leh guryo "u eg kuwa Harar" (tarjumaad), masjid si fiican loo dhisay, iyo qabri la sheegay in taariikhdiisu tahay 771 Hijriga (§43–44). - **Saddex qaybood.** Dhowr safar kadib, kooxdu waxay qabrigii ka heshay xabaalo dhan (qaybta A); buur dushu siman tahay oo la yiraahdo Beri, qiyaastii 13 hektar, leh derbi, masjid yar, burbur dhismayaal waaweyn iyo hal qabri oo qoraal leh (qaybta B, "qalcadda"); iyo magaalada laftigeeda oo ku taal dooxada Ferewanda, leh masjid weyn, boqollaal qabri iyo qaalib lagu shubi jiray faraantiyo (qaybta C). Qorayaashu saddexdaba waxay ku aqoonsadeen "caasimaddii suldaannada Walashma ee saldanaddii hore ee Awfat qarnigii 14aad" (tarjumaad) (§55–59). - **Abuu al-Fidaa.** Juqraafiyahan Abuu al-Fidaa (Abu al-Fida) (1273–1331), isagoo soo xiganaya socotooyin, wuxuu qoray in Wafat, oo sidoo kale la yiraahdo Jabara, ay ka mid ahayd magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn Xabashida, qiyaastii labaatan marxaladood galbeedka Saylac; in "hoyga boqorku uu ku yaal buur, qalcadduna buur kale" (tarjumaad); in laga beeri jiray moos iyo qasab; iyo inay ku taallay dhul sare oo ku dhow dooxo leh webi yar, roob badanina habeenkii da'o. Qorayaashu waxay xuseen "is-waafaq la yaab leh" (tarjumaad) oo ay la leedahay goobta, halkaas oo qasab iyo moos weli ka baxaan agagaarka Awadi (§61–63). Waxay sidoo kale ku doodeen in qoraalkan uu leeyahay Abuu al-Fidaa, ee uusan lahayn Ibn Saʿid oo ka horreeyay sida muddo dheer loo malaynayay (§61). ## Qabuuraha qoraallada leh Sagaal qabri oo qoraal leh ayaa la helay. Mid kastaa waa sanduuq ka samaysan afar sallax oo dhagax foolkaanno ah, oo qoraal Carabi ahi ku wareegsan yahay, kuna dhammaada dhinaca waqooyi aayadaha Qur'aanka 3:18–19 (§74–76). - **Taariikhaha.** Afar ayaa taariikh leh: 1 Maarso 1370 (T1), 28 Luulyo 1367 kadib (T3), 6 Agoosto 1373 (T8) iyo dabayaaqada Abriil–bilowga Maajo 1364 (T9) (§75). - **Qoyska Suldaan Cali.** Dhammaan qabuuraha xabaalaha ee la akhrin karo waxay leeyihiin qaraabada Suldaan "Cali Nasr, ina Suldaan Sabrudiin (Sabr ad-Din), ina Walasmac" (tarjumaad). T1 waa qabriga *malika* (boqorad), T3 waa gabar uu Cali dhalay, T4 waa suldaan aan magaciisa la sheegin, T5-na waa haweeney qoyska ka mid ah (§80–81). Qorayaashu waxay xuseen in kuwani ay bixinayaan macluumaad dhif ah oo ku saabsan haweenka boqortooyada, oo taariikh-qorayaashu dayaceen (§84). - **Qabriga qalcadda (T8, 1373)** waxay u badan tahay inuu yahay mid suldaan, wiil uu Cali dhalay oo naanaystiisu ahayd al-Naṣri. Taariikh-qorayaashu waxay magacaabaan hal wiil oo Cali ah oo kaliya oo xukumay, Axmed (Harb Arʿad), qorayaashuna furan bay uga tageen in uu isla ninkaas yahay iyo in kale (§78–79). - **Qabriga magaalada (T9, 1364)** waa mid sheekh, "sheekhii Walasmac" (tarjumaad), oo madhabka Shaafici ahaa, kuna dhintay qandho (§77). - **Xabaalo degdeg lagu sameeyay?** Xabaaluhu waxay ku yaallaan bannaanka daadka webiga, waxaana magaalada laga go'aa marka biyuhu kacaan, qabuurahooduna waxay u muuqdaan kuwo lagu sameeyay hal barnaamij oo gaaban. Qorayaashu waxay soo jeedinayaan in qabuuro laga yaabo in la soo raray oo halkaas lagu ururiyay Suldaan Cali dabayaaqadii xukunkiisa, waqti xiisad ahaa (§85). ## Dhammaadkii caasimadda Al-Maqrizi wuxuu sheegay in Xaqqud-Diin (Haqq ad-Din) uu awoowihiis Cali ku hareereeyay Awfat, kadibna ka tegay oo dhisay caasimad cusub, Wahal, oo ku taal Shewa, kadibna Awfat "way yaraatay oo burburtay" (tarjumaad). Ibnu Khalduun (Ibn Khaldun), oo wax qoray wax yar kadib, wuxuu sheegay in Walashma ay qabsadeen Awfat oo ay "gebi ahaanba burburiyeen" (tarjumaad). Qorayaashu waxay aad ugu kalsoon yihiin warka Ibnu Khalduun, waxayna dhammaadka caasimadda dhigeen 1376 kadib. Al-Maqrizi wuxuu ku daray in jabkii Sacdudiin kadib Masiixiyiintu ay degeen Awfat oo ay "masaajidda u beddeleen kaniisado" (tarjumaad) (§69–72). Qorayaashu waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in goobtu ahayd xarunta Walashma intii u dhexeysay 1285 iyo 1376, oo ay u jirtay qiyaastii laba maalmood oo lug ah dhulka Masiixiga (§87). Waxa xigay, eeg [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Cadal](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/). ## Su'aalo furan Qorayaashu waxay weydiinayaan halka ay saldanaddii hore ee Shewa raadkeeda uga tagtay, halka Walashma ka yimaadeen ka hor intaysan soo muuqan dabayaaqadii qarnigii 13aad, iyo in asal ka yimid dhulalka bari la raadin karo iyo in kale (§88). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Saldanaddii Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) - [Reer guuraa, magaalooyin iyo dowladda Ifat iyo Cadal](/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/) - [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ee diiwaannada Yemen ee Rasuuliyiinta](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/) - [Magaalooyinka burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/) - [Qabuuraha Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe: laga soo bilaabo taalooyinka dhagaxa ilaa xabaalaha](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/) - [Toddobadii boqortooyo ee Muslimka ahaa ee Geeska: canshuur, ganacsi iyo lacag](/so/history/seven-muslim-kingdoms-tribute-trade-and-money/) --- # Dagaalkii Muqdisho, Febraayo ilaa Juun 2006 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-2006/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga soo bilaabo Febraayo ilaa Juun 2006 maleeshiyaadka Isbahaysiga Soo Celinta Nabadda iyo La-dagaallanka Argagixisada (ARPCT), oo ahaa koox ka kooban hoggaamiyeyaal kooxeed, ganacsato iyo wasiirro dowladeed, ayaa la dagaallamay maleeshiyaadka maxkamadaha shareecada ee Muqdisho. Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku tilmaantay dagaalladii ugu xumaa ee caasimadda ka dhaca muddo ku dhow toban sano, iyadoo boqollaal la dilay, badankoodna ay ahaayeen shacab. Guddi ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ayaa sheegay in dal shisheeye uu si qarsoodi ah u maalgeliyay isbahaysiga. Maxkamaduhu waxay guulaysteen 2 Juun 2006, waxayna Muqdisho la wareegeen iyagoo ah Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga. ## Kooban "Muddadii warbixintu ka hadlayso, caasimaddu waxay soo martay qaar ka mid ah dagaalladii ugu xumaa muddo ku dhow toban sano" (tarjumaad), ayuu Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay qoray Juun 2006. "Colaaddu waxay isku hor dhigtay maleeshiyaad daacad u ah hoggaamiyeyaasha Isbahaysiga Soo Celinta Nabadda iyo La-dagaallanka Argagixisada (ARPCT) iyo kuwa ka tirsan qaar ka mid ah Maxkamadaha Shareecada iyo kuwa la shaqeeya. Labada dhinacba waxay ka tirsan yihiin Hawiye, beesha ugu badan ee deegaanka Muqdisho" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay, S/2006/418, faq. 5](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/418&l=en&t=pdf)). Dagaalku wuxuu dhammaaday 2 Juun 2006 "iyadoo maleeshiyaadka Maxkamadaha Shareecadu ay gaareen guulo waaweyn" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faq. 15). Waxa xigay, eeg [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). ## Labada dhinac - **ARPCT.** "Waxaa si rasmi ah loo aasaasay 18 Febraayo 2006. Waxay ka kooban tahay wasiirro dowladeed iyo ganacsato awood leh iyo hoggaamiyeyaal kooxeed. Ujeeddada ARPCT ay sheegtay waa inay rididdo curiyeyaal argagixiso ah oo la sheegay inay xiriir la leeyihiin, ama ay ilaaliyaan, qaar ka mid ah Maxkamadaha Shareecada" (tarjumaad) ([S/2006/418, faq. 6](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/418&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Xubnaheeda.** Kooxda Kormeerka ee Qaramada Midoobay waxay liis gareysay maleeshiyaadka afar wasiir oo dowladda ka tirsan: Maxamed Qanyare Afrax (Mohamed Qanyare Afrah) (Amniga Qaranka), Muuse Suudi Yalaxow (Muse Sudi Yalahow) (Ganacsiga), Cumar Maxamed Maxamuud (Omar Mohamed Mohamud) (Diinta) iyo Bootaan Ciise Caalin (Botan Isse Alin) (Hub-ka-dhigista), iyo sidoo kale ganacsato ay ka mid yihiin Bashiir Raage Shirar (Bashir Raghe Shirar) iyo Cabdirashiid Cilqeyte (Abdirashid Ilqeyte), iyo taliyeyaal maleeshiyaad ([Kooxda Kormeerka ee Qaramada Midoobay, S/2006/229, faq. 33](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/229&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Maxkamadaha.** "Ugu yaraan toddoba Maxkamadood oo Shareeco ah ayaa magaalada laga aasaasay dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay" (tarjumaad). Waxay bixin jireen "amni aasaasi ah iyo adeegyo bulsho qaybo ka mid ah Muqdisho" (tarjumaad). Qaarkood waxaa "lagu eedeeyay inay mas'uul ka ahaayeen dilal qorsheysan iyo weerarro argagixiso" (tarjumaad) iyo inay "magangelin siinayeen shakhsiyaad shisheeye oo looga shakisan yahay falal argagixiso" (tarjumaad) ([S/2006/418, faq. 6](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/418&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Dowladda.** Madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Cali Maxamed Geeddi (Ali Mohamed Gedi) waxay sheegeen in ARPCT ay "Muqdisho ugu shaqaynayn magacooda" (tarjumaad), iyo in wasiirradeedu ay yimaadaan Baydhabo (Baidoa) si ay ula shaqeeyaan dowladda (isla ishaas, faq. 7). Eeg [dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa, 2000–2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/). ## Maalgelinta shisheeye Kooxda Kormeerka ee Qaramada Midoobay waxay sheegtay in "faragelin qarsoodi ah oo dal saddexaad ku leeyahay Soomaaliya ay socotay" (tarjumaad). Intii lagu jiray Janaayo iyo Febraayo 2006 "taageero dhaqaale ayaa la bixinayay si loo abaabulo loona habeeyo ciidan maleeshiyaad ah oo loo sameeyay in looga hortago khatarta ka imaanaysa dhaqdhaqaaqa fundamentaalistaha dagaalyahanka ah ee sii kordhayay" (tarjumaad). Ma aysan magacaabin dalka, maxaa yeelay "ma aysan dhammaystirin baaritaankeeda" (tarjumaad) ([S/2006/229, faqradaha 32 iyo 35](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/229&l=en&t=pdf)). Aqoonyahan Ken Menkhaus wuxuu isbahaysiga ku tilmaamay mid "ay taageerto CIA" (tarjumaad) ([Middle East Research and Information Project, 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). ## Wareegyadii dagaalka Waxaa laga soo xigtay warbixinnada Qaramada Midoobay: - **18–22 Febraayo iyo 22–25 Maarso 2006.** ARPCT iyo "fundamentaalistayaasha dagaalyahannada ah waxay ku dagaallameen dagaallo culus oo isku xiga Muqdisho iyo Afgooye (Afgoye)" (tarjumaad) ([S/2006/229, faq. 34](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/229&l=en&t=pdf)). - **22 Maarso.** Maleeshiyaad daacad u ah Abuukar Cumar Cadaani (Abukar Umar Adani), "oo la rumaysan yahay inuu ahaa maalgeliyaha ugu weyn ee Maxkamadaha Shareecada" (tarjumaad), ayaa waqooyiga Muqdisho ku weeraray maleeshiyaadka Bashiir Raage Shirar. Wuxuu "ku bilaabmay khilaaf ganacsi oo ka dhex dhacay jilibka Abgaal" (tarjumaad) oo ku saabsanaa adeegsiga dekedda Ceelmacaan (El Ma'an). Afar maalmood oo dagaal ah ayaa lagu dilay "ugu yaraan 60 qof, oo badankoodu ahaayeen shacab" (tarjumaad) ([S/2006/418, faq. 8](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/418&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Abriil.** Dagaallo goos goos ah ayaa sii socday. "Ilaa 2,000 oo ka mid ah dadka deggan Muqdisho ayaa nabadgelyo ka raadsaday xuduudda dhinaceeda kale ee Kenya" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faq. 9). - **6 Maajo.** Maleeshiyaadka guddoomiyaha Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, [Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/), ayaa la dagaallamay kuwa xubinta ARPCT Nuur Xasan Cali "Nuur Diqle" (Nur Hassan Ali "Nur Diqle"). "Labada dhinacba waxay si aan kala sooc lahayn u adeegsadeen hub culus, taasoo sababtay dhimashada ugu yaraan 160 qof iyo dhaawaca 250 kale. Khasaaraha badankiisu wuxuu ahaa shacab" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faq. 10). - **14 Maajo.** Odayaal dhaqameed, ganacsato iyo siyaasiyiin ayaa ku dhawaaqay xabbad-joojin (isla ishaas, faq. 13). - **24–27 Maajo.** Dagaalku wuxuu dib uga qarxay bartamaha Muqdisho; "ugu yaraan 60 qof ayaa la sheegay in la dilay, qiyaastii 100-na ay dhaawacmeen" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faq. 15). - **2 Juun.** Dagaalku wuxuu ku dhammaaday iyadoo maleeshiyaadka maxkamaduhu gacanta ku hayaan. "Qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha ARPCT waxay u carareen Jowhar" (tarjumaad). 4 Juun maxkamaduhu waxay qabsadeen Balcad (Balad), oo ku taal waddada Jowhar (isla ishaas). ## Yaa dhibaatadu ku dhacday? - **Shacabka Muqdisho,** oo ahaa inta badan dadkii dhintay: ugu yaraan 60 Maarso, ugu yaraan 160 Maajo iyo ugu yaraan 60 kale dabayaaqadii Maajo, sida ay Qaramada Midoobay tirisay (S/2006/418). - **Dadkii barakacay,** oo ay ku jiraan ilaa 2,000 oo u gudbay Kenya (S/2006/418). - **Carruurta.** "Labada dhinacba waxay carruur ka qorayeen waddooyinka iyo dugsiyada si ay ugu biiraan kooxahooda maleeshiyaad" (tarjumaad) (S/2006/418, faq. 56). - **Dadkii la afduubay.** "Carruurta iyo haweenka, iyo sidoo kale ganacsatada caanka ah, ayaa la sheegay inay yihiin bartilmaameedka ugu weyn ee madaxfurasho" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Cidda maalgelisay ARPCT.** Kooxda Kormeerka ee Qaramada Midoobay waxay ka hadashay "faragelin qarsoodi ah oo dal saddexaad" (tarjumaad) iyadoon magacaabin dalka. Menkhaus wuxuu isbahaysiga ku tilmaamay mid "ay taageerto CIA" (tarjumaad). - **Waxa dagaalku ku saabsanaa.** ARPCT waxay sheegtay inay la dagaallamaysay argagixisada. Qaramada Midoobay waxay xustay in wareegii Maarso "ku bilaabmay khilaaf ganacsi" (tarjumaad) oo ku saabsan adeegsiga dekedda, iyo in qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha maxkamaduhu ay ku tilmaameen "khilaaf ganacsi oo u dhexeeya Cadaani iyo Raage" (tarjumaad). - **Magaca.** Warbixinnada Qaramada Midoobay waxay isticmaalaan labadaba "Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT)" iyo "Alliance for Peace Restoration and Combat against Terror (APRCT)". ## Adiga akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2006/418 (20 Juun 2006): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/418&l=en&t=pdf). - Kooxda Kormeerka ee Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya, warbixinta S/2006/229 (4 Maajo 2006): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/229&l=en&t=pdf). - Ken Menkhaus, "There and Back Again in Somalia" (Soomaaliya: tag oo soo noqo), MERIP, Febraayo 2007: [maqaalka](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia). --- # Isbahaysiga Dib-u-xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS), 2007–2009 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/alliance-for-the-re-liberation-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Isbahaysiga Dib-u-xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS) wuxuu ahaa isbahaysi mucaarad ah oo lagu aasaasay shir ka dhacay Asmara, Eritrea, Sebtembar 2007, magaciisii hore wuxuuna ahaa Isbahaysiga Xoraynta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliya. Wuxuu isu keenay hoggaamiyeyaal ka tirsan Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, xildhibaanno uu hoggaaminayay Guddoomiyihii hore ee baarlamaanka Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan, shakhsiyaad qurbajoog ah iyo odayaal, iyadoo guddoomiye loo doortay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed. Ujeeddadiisu waxay ahayd in la soo afjaro joogitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya. 2008 garabka Jabuuti wuxuu nabad la galay Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah, Janaayo 2009-na baarlamaan la ballaariyay ayaa Shariif u doortay Madaxweyne. Garabka Asmara oo uu hoggaaminayay Xasan Daahir Aweys ayaa diiday heshiiska, wuxuuna ka qayb qaatay dhismaha Xisbul Islaam. ## Kooban Laga bilaabo 6 ilaa 13 Sebtembar 2007, kuwii ka soo horjeeday Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (TFG) iyo joogitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya waxay Asmara, Eritrea, ku qabteen "Shirweynaha Xoraynta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu ku soo dhammaaday "dhismaha Isbahaysiga Xoraynta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliya, doorashada hoggaankiisa iyo ansixinta qorshe hawleed" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay, S/2007/658, faq. 8](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2007/658&l=en&t=pdf)). Kooxdu waxay caan ku noqotay Isbahaysiga Dib-u-xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS). Guddoomiyihiisa, [Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/), ayaa 30 Janaayo 2009 loo doortay Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ([S/2009/132, faq. 10](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/132&l=en&t=pdf)). Dagaalkii ku xeernaa, eeg [dagaalkii Soomaaliya, 2006–2009](/en/history/war-in-somalia-2006-2009/). ## Aasaaskii, Sebtembar 2007 Waxaa laga soo xigtay warbixintii Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay ee Nofembar 2007 ([S/2007/658, faqradaha 7–9](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2007/658&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Kuwa ka qayb galay.** "Wakiillo ka socda Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 'Xildhibaannada Xorta ah' oo uu hoggaaminayay Guddoomiyihii hore ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah, [Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan](/so/people/sharif-hassan-sheikh-aden/), qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed, iyo sidoo kale xubno ka tirsan bulshada rayidka ah iyo odayaal dhaqameed." (tarjumaad) Eeg [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). - **Hoggaamiyeyaasha.** Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed waxaa loo magacaabay guddoomiyaha golaha fulinta, Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadanna guddoomiyaha Guddi Dhexe oo ka kooban 191 xubnood. - **Ujeeddooyinka.** "Ujeeddadiisa ugu weyn waxay ahayd in Soomaaliya laga xoreeyo qabsashada Itoobiya, laguna bilaabo hannaan siyaasadeed oo dib-u-dhis ah" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu sheegay inuu la hadli doono TFG "kaliya marka ciidamada Itoobiya ay baxaan ka dib" (tarjumaad). - **Shir la tartamaya.** Qaramada Midoobay waxay shirka Asmara ku tilmaantay "shir barbar socda" (tarjumaad) Shirweynihii Dib-u-heshiisiinta Qaranka ee dowladda. "Kooxaha mucaaradka ee fadhigoodu yahay Asmara iyo qaar ka mid ah odayaasha beesha Hawiye ayaa diiday" (tarjumaad) heshiiskii Jeddah ee Sebtembar 2007 ee ku saabsanaa fulinta go'aannadii shirkaas. ## Hannaankii Jabuuti, 2008 Waxaa laga soo xigtay warbixinnada Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay: - **Nairobi, 28 Maarso ilaa 5 Abriil 2008.** Wefdi ARS ah oo ay hoggaaminayeen Shariif Sheekh Axmed iyo Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan ayaa la kulmay Ergayga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay, Ahmedou Ould Abdallah, waxayna 4 Abriil saxiixeen is-afgarad ([S/2008/466, faq. 4](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2008/466&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Jabuuti, 12–15 Maajo.** Wareegii ugu horreeyay ee wadahadallada TFG iyo ARS wuxuu ku dhammaaday bayaan wadajir ah oo ku saabsan helitaanka gargaarka bani'aadamnimo (isla ishaas, faq. 6). - **Eritrea.** Shariif Sheekh Axmed, "isagoo qiraya taageerada dowladda Eritrea ay siisay ARS, ayuu ku eedeeyay inay isku dayday inay kooxda kala qaybiso" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faq. 7). - **9 Juun 2008.** TFG iyo ARS waxay bilow ahaan saxiixeen heshiiska Jabuuti. Wuxuu dhigayay xabbad-joojin 90 maalmood ah, codsi ciidan caalami ah oo xasilin ah "oo aysan ku jirin dalalka deriska ah" (tarjumaad), baxitaanka Itoobiya marka ciidamo ku filan oo Qaramada Midoobay la dhigo, iyo in "ARS ay iska fogeyso koox kasta oo hubeysan ama shakhsi kasta oo aan u hoggaansamin shuruudaha heshiiska" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faq. 9). - **19 Agoosto 2008.** "Saxiix farsamo" (tarjumaad) oo Jabuuti lagu qabtay ayaa bilaabay fulinta. Guddi Ammaan oo Wadajir ah ayaa waxaa ku jiray taliyeyaasha goobta ee ARS oo uu hoggaaminayay taliyahooda guud, Cumar Xirsi (Omar Hershi) ([S/2008/709, faqradaha 6–7](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2008/709&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Laba garab Garab ka tirsan ARS oo fadhigiisu ahaa Asmara, uuna hoggaaminayay [Sheekh Xasan Daahir Aweys (Hassan Dahir Aweys)](/en/people/hassan-dahir-aweys/), ayaa diiday heshiiska Jabuuti ([Congressional Research Service, RL33911](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33911.html)). Janaayo 2009 garabka Asmara wuxuu la midoobay saddex kooxood oo kale, waxayna dhiseen [Xisbul Islaam (Hizbul Islam)](/en/institutions/hizbul-islam/), oo la dagaalantay dowladda cusub ([Wikipedia, "Hizbul Islam"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbul_Islam)). ## Galitaankii dowladda, Janaayo 2009 Waxaa laga soo xigtay warbixintii Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay ee Maarso 2009 ([S/2009/132, faqradaha 6–10](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/132&l=en&t=pdf)): - **29 Diseembar 2008.** Madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa is casilay, isagoo sheegay inuusan doonayn inuu noqdo "caqabad hor taagan nabadda" (tarjumaad). - **26 Janaayo 2009.** Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah wuxuu u codeeyay in lagu kordhiyo 275 kursi, "iyadoo 200 kursi la siiyay ARS, 75-ka harayna loo qoondeeyay xubnaha bulshada rayidka ah, ganacsatada, haweenka, qurbajoogta iyo kooxaha kale ee mucaaradka" (tarjumaad). Maalintii xigtay wuxuu muddadiisa xilka ku kordhiyay laba sano, ilaa Agoosto 2011. - **30 Janaayo 2009.** Baarlamaanka la ballaariyay oo ku shiray Jabuuti ayaa laba wareeg oo codbixin ah ka dib u doortay guddoomiyaha ARS, Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed, Madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah. Wuxuu dhaarta xilka qaatay 31 Janaayo. Eeg [dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa, 2000–2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu ku dhacday? - **Shacabka rayidka ah ee Muqdisho (Mogadishu) iyo koonfurta** intii lagu jiray dagaallada 2007–2008 ee dhexmaray jabhadaha la safnaa ARS, al-Shabaab, TFG iyo ciidamada Itoobiya. Human Rights Watch waxay diiwaangelisay xadgudubyo ay dhammaantood geysteen ([HRW, *So Much to Fear*, 2008](https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/08/so-much-fear/war-crimes-and-devastation-somalia)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Magaca.** Warbixinta Qaramada Midoobay ee 2007 waxay ugu yeertaa Isbahaysiga Xoraynta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliya. Laga bilaabo 2008 warbixinnada Qaramada Midoobay waxay isticmaalaan Isbahaysiga Dib-u-xoraynta Soomaaliya. - **Nabad ama iska caabin.** Garabka Jabuuti wuxuu saxiixay heshiiskii 2008. Garabka Asmara wuu diiday, wuxuuna sheegay in ciidamada Itoobiya ay marka hore bixi lahaayeen. ## Adiga akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay, warbixinnada ku saabsan Soomaaliya: S/2007/658 (7 Nofembar 2007), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2007/658&l=en&t=pdf); S/2008/466 (16 Luulyo 2008), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2008/466&l=en&t=pdf); S/2008/709 (17 Nofembar 2008), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2008/709&l=en&t=pdf); S/2009/132 (9 Maarso 2009), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/132&l=en&t=pdf). - Human Rights Watch, *So Much to Fear: War Crimes and the Devastation of Somalia* (Wax badan oo laga baqo: dambiyada dagaal iyo burburka Soomaaliya) (Diseembar 2008): [warbixinta](https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/08/so-much-fear/war-crimes-and-devastation-somalia). --- # Harar oo noqotay caasimadda Adal: 1520 ilaa derbiyadii Harar iyo Saylac Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Harar waxay caasimad u noqotay saldanadda Barr Sacad ad-Diin (Barr Saʿd ad-Din), oo ilaha Masiixiyiintu ugu yeeri jireen Adal, Luulyo–Agoosto 1520, markii boqortooyadu ka soo guurtay Dakar kadib sannado dilal iyo taliyayaal is-hayay. Taariikhyahanad Amélie Chekroun, oo wax qortay 2022, ilaha kuma helin wax muujinaya in Harar muhiim ahayd qarnigii 15aad ka hor, taasina waxay la jaanqaadaysaa taariikhaha kaarboonka ee Timothy Insoll, oo dhammaantood ka dambeeya dabayaaqadii qarnigii 15aad. Sida ay sheegayaan taariikhaha ay soo xigatay, derbiga Harar waxaa la dhisay xilligii Amiir Nuur 1560-meeyadii kadib weerarradii Oromada, derbiga Saylac (Zeila) na bartamihii 1570-meeyadii, iyadoo suldaanku dagaal u maqnaa. ## Kooban Maanta magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Harar ee derbiga leh waxaa inta badan la yiraahdaa waxay jirtay ilaa qarnigii 10aad ama 13aad. Taariikhyahanad Amélie Chekroun, qormadeeda "Harar as the capital city of the Barr Saʿd ad-Dīn (first half of the 16th century): from its emergence to its fortification", *Annales d'Éthiopie* 34 (2022): 23–44 ([nuqulka furan ee HAL](https://hal.science/hal-04224979)), waxay ilaha qoran ka soo qaadatay doodda ah in Harar ay magaalo muhiim ah noqotay oo keliya markii ay caasimadda saldanadda noqotay 1520. Lambarrada bogagga ee hoose waxay tilmaamayaan bogagga joornaalka. ## Sheekooyinkii aasaaska - **Amiir Nuur.** 1854 Richard Burton waxaa loo sheegay in magaalada sida ay hadda tahay ay ahayd shuqulkii Amiir Nuur, kahor isagana ay jireen "tuulooyin baadiye oo keliya oo isku urursan" (tarjumaad). 1920-meeyadii wadaadkii Kabushiinka ahaa (Capuchin) ee Azaïs waxaa loo sheegay in Nuur dhisay derbiyada difaaca, oo la dhammeeyay oo keliya qiyaastii 1580 (bb. 24–25). - **Abaadir (Abadir).** Chekroun waxay qortay in laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad hiddaha afka ahi ay aasaaska dib ugu celiyeen qarniyadii 12aad–13aad ama xitaa qarnigii 10aad, iyagoo ku xiray wadaadka Abaadir. Qoraalka Carabiga ah ee *Fatḥ madīnat Harar* wuxuu ka sheekeeyaa imaatinkii Abaadir oo ka yimid Makka 1216 isagoo wata 405 saaxiib, balse wuxuu xusayaa Boortaqiis iyo Talyaani, wuxuuna ku dhammaanayaa saadaal ku saabsan qabsashadii Talyaaniga ee Itoobiya. Waxay soo xigatay culimo u taariikheeyay faafitaankiisa ama qoristiisa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad ama horraantii qarnigii 20aad (bb. 25–26). - **Liisaska amiirrada.** Qaar ka mid ah liisaska amiirrada Harar waxay ka bilaabmaan dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, waxayna isku daraan boqortooyooyin aan xiriir lahayn, sida taliyayaashii Ifat ee qarnigii 14aad iyo amiirradii ka soo farcamay Cali ibn Daa'uud qarniyadii 17aad–19aad (b. 25). ## Waxa ilaha iyo qodista qadiimiga ahi sheegayaan - **Markii ugu horreysay ee la xusay.** Magaca "Harar" wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ka muuqdaa qoraalka Ge'ez ee dagaalladii Boqor Amda Seyon, kaas oo Chekroun, iyadoo raacaysa Bertrand Hirsch, u taariikhaysay qarnigii 15aad. Liis ku saabsan qiyaastii 200 dhul oo ka tirsanaa isbahaysi Muslim ah, Harar waxay bixisay 3 guddoomiye oo keliya, halka Adal bixisay 99, Dakarna 1,000 (bb. 26–27). - **Adal iyo Barr Sacad ad-Diin.** Chekroun waxay qortay in ilaha Carabiga ah ee saldanadda lafteedu ay had iyo jeer ugu yeeraan Barr Sacad ad-Diin, "dhulka Sacad ad-Diin" (tarjumaad), "Adal"-na uu ahaa oo keliya hal dhul oo ka mid ah (b. 27). - **Taariikheynta Insoll.** 2014 iyo 2018 khabiirka qadiimiga Timothy Insoll wuxuu sameeyay qodistii tijaabada ahayd ee ugu horreysay gudaha derbiyada Harar, wuxuuna taariikheeyay lix masaajid oo hiddaha la yiraahdo waa kuwa ugu da'da weyn. Wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyay inay "ka dambeeyaan dabayaaqadii qarnigii 15aad" (tarjumaad), iyo in Harar ay ahayd "aasaas dambe, oo laga yaabo inuu ahaa qarnigii 16aad" (tarjumaad) (bb. 28–29). Qoraal ku yaal minbarka Masjidka Jaamica, oo hiddaha u taariikheeyo 1216, wuxuu bixiyaa 1761–1762 (b. 29). - **Maxay Harar u ahayd?** Chekroun waxay soo xigatay dad wax arkay qarnigii 19aad oo ka hadlay cimilada qabow, beeraha, ilaha biyaha iyo meesha ay kaga taal waddada safarrada ganacsiga ee ka timaada Badda Cas una socota dhulka sare (bb. 29–30). ## Xiisaddii ka horreysay guuritaanka - **Wiilashii Sacad ad-Diin.** Kadib markii Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin ku dhintay Saylac 1408 ama 1409, wiilashiisu waxay magangal ka heleen suldaanka Rasuuliyiinta ee Yemen. Kuma soo noqon Saylac, oo markaas Masiixiyiintu xukumayeen, balse waxay soo mareen dekedda Siyaara (Siyara) oo bari ka xigta Berbera, waxayna 1410-meeyadii–1420-meeyadii aasaaseen saldanadda cusub, oo ay u bixiyeen magaca aabbahood (bb. 30–31). Siyaara, eeg [Suuqyadii ganacsiga ee xeebta Berbera](/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/). - **Suldaan Maxamed (1488 ilaa qiyaastii 1517).** Xukunkiisu wuxuu ahaa kii ugu dheeraa boqortooyada. 1517 isaga iyo Amiir Maxfuud waxay weerar ku qaadeen boqortooyada Masiixiga; Maxfuud waa la dilay, suldaankuna wuu cararay, isla sannadkaasna taliyihii Boortaqiiska Lopo Soares wuxuu gubay Saylac. Chekroun waxay saxday taariikhda 1514 ee Álvares bixiyay, maxaa yeelay Soares wuxuu joogay Boortaqiiska ilaa Abriil 1515 (bb. 31–32). - **Shan taliye dhowr sano gudahood.** *Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha* wuxuu sheegayaa in Maxamed la dilay markii uu soo laabtay, wuxuuna taxayaa shan taliye oo xigay, mid kastaana dilay ama xukunka ka tuuray kii ka horreeyay: Maxamed ibn Abii Bakar ibn Maxfuud; Ibraahim ibn Axmed, taliyihii Hubat "oo ka mid ahaa qabiilka Balaw" (tarjumaad); Wasani; Mansuur ibn Maxfuud; iyo Garaad Abuun, oo xukumay toddobo sano ilaa uu dilay Suldaan Abuu Bakar, wiilkii Maxamed. Midkoodna kama soo jeedin abtirsiinyada Sacad ad-Diin. Taariikhda rasmiga ah ee boqortooyada, *Taʾrīkh al-Walasmaʿ*, kama hadasho (bb. 32–33). ## Guuritaankii, Luulyo–Agoosto 1520 Labada taariikh ee Harar labaduba guuritaanka Dakar loo guuray Harar waxay u taariikheeyaan bisha Shacbaan 926 Hijriyada, taas oo Chekroun u dhigantay 17 Luulyo ilaa 14 Agoosto 1520. *Taʾrīkh al-Walasmaʿ* wuxuu guusha siinayaa Suldaan Abuu Bakar oo keliya, oo "dadka iyo ciidanka ka soo guuriyay dhulka Dakar una guuriyay Harar" (tarjumaad). *Taʾrīkh al-mulūk* wuxuu siinayaa isaga iyo Garaad Abuun wada jir, wuxuuna diiwaangeliyay geeridii Abuun 30 Maajo 1525. Chekroun waxay ku soo gabagabaysay in guuritaanku ku xirnaa khilaafka gudaha, balse aan la ogaan karin sababta saxda ah. Waxay is weydiisay inay ahayd ka carar mucaaradka, bilow cusub, guul mucaaradku gaaray, ama jawaab cadaadis kale, oo ay ku jiraan kuwo ka yimid kooxaha Soomaalida ee deriska ahaa (bb. 33–34). Magaaladii ka horreysay Harar, eeg [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Adal](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/). ## Derbiyadii Harar iyo Saylac - **Harar.** Amiir Nuur wuxuu saldanadda la wareegay 1551–1552, wuxuuna xukumay ilaa 1567–1568; wuxuu dilay boqorkii Itoobiya Galawdewos 1559. *Taʾrīkh al-mulūk* wuxuu ka warramayaa abaar iyo weerarro Oromo ah oo lagu qaaday Sim, Shewa, Nujub, Jidaya, Dakar iyo Harjaya, kadibna "kuwii badbaaday waxay dhisteen difaacyo, godadna way qodeen" (tarjumaad). Chekroun waxay dhismaha derbiga Harar dhigtay inta u dhexeysa qiyaastii 1560 iyo 1568. Isla taariikhdaas waxay ka warrantaa irid iyo god difaac oo Harar ku yaalay xilli Oromadu go'doomisay 1570-meeyadii (bb. 35–36). - **Saylac.** Taariikh Carabi ah oo dabayaaqadii qarnigii 16aad la qoray ayaa diiwaangelisay in guddoomiyihii Saylac, Garaad Ladu, uu derbiyo ka dhisay ʿAtiya ibn Maxamed al-Qurashi, nin asal ahaan Yemen ka soo jeeday, iyadoo Suldaan Maxamed ibn Naasir dagaal ugu maqnaa Itoobiya. Chekroun waxay tan u taariikhaysay inta u dhexeysa 1575 iyo 1577. Waxay xustay faallada Cerulli ee ah in ereyga Carabiga ah ee la isticmaalay, *darb*, uu Af-Soomaaliga ugu jiro *derbi* (bb. 36–37). Waxay ku beegtay xilli weerarrada Oromada ee saldanadda ay sii socdeen (bb. 37–38). Sahan hore, Chekroun iyo Bertrand Hirsch waxay ku qoreen in dukumentiyada Saylac ee Cerulli daabacay ay diiwaangeliyeen in derbiga loo dhisay "in magaalada laga ilaaliyo reer guuraa Soomaali ah oo bililiqaysanayay" (tarjumaad) (eeg [Dhammaadkii Adal, 1543–1583](/so/history/end-of-adal-1543-1583/)). - **Aragtiyihii dambe.** Burton wuxuu 1854 derbiga Saylac ku tilmaamay derbi dheer oo gaaban oo bunni ah, leh munaarado wareegsan iyo shan irdood, oo la xiri jiray marka qorraxdu dhacdo. Hadda ma taagna (b. 38). - **Goobo kale.** Sahamo Faransiis ah oo 2001 la sameeyay ayaa xusay derbiyo wareeg ah oo suurtagal ah oo ku yaal Saylac, Camuud (Amud) iyo Sheekh. Mashruuca StateHorn, oo qodaya goobo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo Soomaaliland ku yaal, ayaa sheegay in goobahaas badanaa aanay lahayn derbiyo difaac. Chekroun waxay xustay in goobaha Soomaaliland inta badan aan la taariikheyn, halka magaalooyinka Ifat, sida Nora, ay lahaayeen derbiyo adag oo u jeeda boqortooyada Masiixiga (bb. 38–39). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Awfat, caasimaddii saldanadda Ifat, iyo qabuuraha Walashma](/so/history/awfat-capital-of-ifat-and-walashma-tombs/) - [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal, 1527–1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/) - [Futuux al-Xabasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/) - [Harla iyo Harlaa](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/) - [Abasa iyo Darbiyah Kola: magaalo qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/) - [First Footsteps in East Africa](/so/history/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/) - [Geeridii Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin ee Saylac iyo wiilashiisii Yemen](/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/) - [Wiilkii Imaam Axmed iyo dhammaadkii dagaalka, 1543–1560](/so/history/imam-ahmads-son-and-the-end-of-the-war-1543-1560/) - [Dhammaadkii Adal, 1543–1583: Amiir Nuur, Cusmaaniyiinta Saylac iyo u guuriddii Awsa](/so/history/end-of-adal-1543-1583/) --- # Dhimashadii Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin ee Saylac iyo qaxootinimadii wiilashiisa ee Yemen, 1408–1422 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin (Saʿd ad-Din), taliyihii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat, waxaa ciidankii boqorka Itoobiya Dawit ku eryaday jasiirad ku taal badda Saylac (Zeila), halkaasna waa lagu dilay. Labada ilood ee ugu muhiimsan waxay bixiyaan 1402–1403 iyo 1415, laakiin 2020 taariikhyahannad Amélie Chekroun waxay adeegsatay diiwaannadii boqortooyada Yemen, oo qoray in wiilkiisu gaaray suldaankii Rasuuliyiinta ee Taiz (Taizz) 30 Maarso 1409, si ay dhimashadiisa ugu taariikhayso 1408–1409. Wiilashiisu waxay ku soo noqdeen dekedda Siyaara (Siyara) oo bari ka xigta Berbera, waxayna aasaaseen Barr Sacad ad-Diin, dowladda ilaha Masiixiyiintu ugu yeeraan Cadal (Adal). ## Kooban Dhimashadii Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin (Saʿd ad-Din) waxay soo afjartay saldanaddii Ifat. Wiilashiisu waxay u carareen Yemen, way soo noqdeen, waxayna aasaaseen dowlad cusub oo magiciisa loogu magac daray, Barr Sacad ad-Diin. Taariikhyahannad Amélie Chekroun ayaa dib u eegtay dhacdooyinkan, iyadoo qortay "Entre Arabie et Éthiopie chrétienne : le sultan walasmaʿ Saʿd al-Dīn et ses fils (début XVe siècle)", *Médiévales* 79 (2020): 117–136 ([nuqulka furan ee HAL](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03086735)). Haddii aan si kale loo sheegin, xaqiiqooyinka hoose waxay ka yimaadeen maqaalkaas. Taariikh nololeed kooban, eeg [Sacad ad-Diin II](/en/people/saad-ad-din-ii/). ## Burton iyo jasiiradda Nofembar 1854 Richard Burton wuxuu booqday jasiiradda yar ee ku taal badda Saylac (Zeila) oo magaca suldaanka sida. Waxaa loo sheegay in markii "Saad el Din" uu hareereeyay oo dilay "Daa'uud, Boqorka Itoobiya" (tarjumaad), ceelashu ay engegeen, wiilashiisuna ay u carareen amiir Yemeni ah oo ay ka codsadeen inuu ka caawiyo Masiixiyiinta. Burton wuxuu arkay xabaal weyn iyo taallo dhagax ah oo ku wareegsan tiir taagan, oo ah qabrigii "Shaykh Saad el Din", "awliyada ugu jecel ee dadka Saylac" (tarjumaad), iyadoo ku hareeraysan haraadiga sooryooyin nidar ah. Chekroun waxay xustay saddex booqasho oo dambe. 1880-meeyadii Stewart King wuxuu jasiiradda ka qoday qabuuro qaar, wuxuuna ka helay qurxin shacab (coral) iyo fool maroodi ah. 1930-meeyadii Alexander Curle wuxuu dheryaha halkaas yaalla ku taariikheeyay qarnigii 15aad, iyadoo hal jajab uu ahaa qarnigii 12aad. 2001 cilmi-baarayaal Faransiis ah ayaa qabriga hareerihiisa ku arkay dheryo u eg celadon iyo kuul, kuwaas oo ay u qaateen sadaqo. Chekroun waxay qortay in jasiiraddu aysan u badnayn inay ahayd goobta magaalada Saylac lafteeda, oo qorayaashii qarniyadii dhexe ay xeebta dhigaan, balse laga yaabo inay ahayd saldhig ilaalinayay dekedda. Saylac, eeg [Saylac hore ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). ## Dhammaadkii Ifat - **Asalka.** Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 14aad, Walashma ee Ifat waxay u hoggaansanaayeen boqorka Masiixiga ah, kaas oo magacaabi jiray oo ilaalin jiray suldaannada. Xaqqud-Diin (Haqq ad-Din) ayaa ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee kaca; walaalkiis oo xilka kala wareegay, Sacad ad-Diin, wuxuu al-Maqrizi qoray inuu "dagaal joogto ah la galay" (tarjumaad) Masiixiyiinta. Kacdoonku hadafkiisii ma gaarin. Dhawr xubnood oo boqortooyada ka mid ah ayaa la xiray, Sacad ad-Diinna wuxuu u cararay dhinaca xeebta. Ifat waxay noqotay gobol ka tirsan boqortooyadii Masiixiga ahayd, caasimaddeediina waa laga guuray. Eeg [Awfat, caasimaddii Saldanadda Ifat](/so/history/awfat-capital-of-ifat-and-walashma-tombs/). - **Warkii al-Maqrizi.** Masiixiyiintu way daba galeen "ilaa uu ku magan galay jasiiradda Saylac ee badda dhexdeeda ku taal" (tarjumaad). Way hareereeyeen, biyahana way ka gooyeen ilaa qof uu tusay waddo loo gudbo. Saddex maalmood oo biyo la'aan ah kadib wuu dagaallamay, waxaa lagu dhaawacay wejiga (foodda), wuu dhacay, waxaana lagu wareemay; wuxuu dhintay isagoo "ku dhawaaqaya shahaadada oo qoslaya" (tarjumaad). Boqorkii Masiixiga ahaa wuxuu kadib dalka haystay labaatan sano. Tobankiisii wiil, oo curadkoodu ahaa Sabr ad-Diin Cali (Sabr ad-Din ʿAli), waxay u carareen Carabta, halkaas oo suldaankii Rasuuliyiinta al-Naasir Axmed (al-Nasir Ahmad) uu soo dhoweeyay, qalabeeyay, siiyayna lix faras. Kadib waxay aadeen meel la yiraahdo Siyaara (Siyara), "ilaa Ilaahay awood u siiyay inay dib u qabsadaan dalkoodii" (tarjumaad). Sabr ad-Diin wuxuu xukumay siddeed sano, wuxuuna u dhintay xanuun caloosha ah qiyaastii 1421–1422. ## Taariikhda Labada ilood ee caadiga ah way kala duwan yihiin. *Kitāb al-Ilmām* ee al-Maqrizi wuxuu bixiyaa 805 H (1402–1403). Diiwaannada Harar ee boqortooyada, *Taʾrīkh ʿUmar Walasmaʿ*, waxay bixiyaan 6 Dul-Xijja 817 H (7 Febraayo 1415). Taariikhyahannadii hore midkood ayay doorteen. Chekroun waxay keentay saddex ilood oo kale: - **Taariikhdii Masar ee al-Maqrizi laftiisa,** *Kitāb al-Sulūk*, oo sheegaysa in Sacad ad-Diin dhintay "sannadkii 810 kadib" (tarjumaad) (1407–1408 kadib), iyo in boqorka Yemen uu wiilashiisa si sharaf leh u soo dhoweeyay "dhawr sano" (tarjumaad). - **Diiwaannada barxadda Rasuuliyiinta** ("Taariikhda aan qoraaga la garanayn"), oo qoraya: "Wiilkii Sacad ad-Diin, sayidka Xabashida, ayaa hadiyad la yimid Albaabka Sharafta leh ee Taiz… wuxuuna codsaday in looga gargaaro guusha ka dhanka ah gaalkii Xaadi. Sayidkeenna Suldaan al-Malik al-Naasir wuxuu kula kulmay naxariis oo dhan… wuxuuna u ballanqaaday guul" (tarjumaad), 13 Dul-Qacda 811, taas oo ay u beddeshay 30 Maarso 1409. - **Ibn al-Daybac (Ibn al-Daybaʿ)** (1461–1537), taariikhyahan Yemeni ah, oo isna booqashadii wiilasha ee suldaanka Taiz dhigaya 811 H. Ilahaas ayay ka soo saartay in Sacad ad-Diin dhintay, Ifatna ay dhammaatay, 811 H (1408–1409), xilligii Boqor Dawit (xukumay 1380–1412), ee aanay ahayn xilligii Yeshaq sida mararka qaarkood la qoro. Maadaama Sabr ad-Diin xukumay siddeed ama sagaal sano oo uu dhintay 1421–1422, wiilashu waa inay soo noqdeen ugu dambayn 1412–1413, sidaas darteed joogitaankoodii Yemen wuxuu ahaa ugu badnaan laba ama saddex sano. Waxay kaloo xustay in wiilashu aadeen Taiz, caasimaddii siyaasadeed ee Rasuuliyiinta, ee aanay aadin Zabid sida al-Maqrizi qoray ama Sanca (Sanaa) sida Burton loogu sheegay. ## Xiriirka Yemen - **Suufi joogay barxadda suldaanka.** Saddex qoraa taariikh nololeed oo Yemeni ah oo qarnigii 15aad ayaa sharraxay Sheekh Shams ad-Diin Cali ibn Cumar al-Shaadhili (Shams ad-Din ʿAli ibn ʿUmar al-Shadhili), oo markii dambe noqday wali ilaaliya dekedda Mokha (Mocha). Kadib markii uu wax ku bartay Maka, Madiina, Shaam (Syria) iyo Qaahira, wuxuu aaday "al-Xabasha", wuxuu noqday saaxiib lagu kalsoon yahay oo Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin ah, wuxuu guursaday walaashii suldaanka oo dhawr carruur ah ay wada dhaleen, kadibna wuxuu ku noqday Mokha. Wuxuu dhintay 1418–1419 ama 1424–1425. Chekroun waxay qortay in tani caddayn u tahay Suufiyadda barxadda Walashma, waxayna soo jeedisay in burburkii Ifat laga yaabo inuu sharxayo soo noqoshadiisa. Qabrigiisa iyo masjidkiisa Mokha waxay ahaayeen goob siyaaro ilaa markii dhowaan la burburiyay. - **Xiriirro kale.** Waxay ku tirisay caalim Yemeni ah oo uu soo dhoweeyay Suldaan Sabr ad-Diin oo hore qarnigii 14aad, qoys Suufiyo Shaafici ah oo Saylac ka yimid oo degay Tihaama ee Yemen qarniyadii 14aad–15aad, iyo ganacsato Xadramawt ah oo joogay Kalgur ee Ifat. Eeg [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho (Mogadishu) ee diiwaannada Yemen ee Rasuuliyiinta](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/). - **"Suldaanka Yemen ee Xabashida".** Qoraa taariikh nololeed oo Yemeni ah, al-Burayhi, ayaa Sacad ad-Diin ugu yeeray "suldaanka Yemen ee Xabashida" (tarjumaad). Chekroun waxay qortay in aysan jirin il kale oo taageeraysa fikradda ah in Yemen ay Ifat xukuntay, iyo in ay aad uga fog tahay inay run tahay. ## "Dhulka Dawit Cadal" Kalandar kaniisadeed oo Itoobiyaan ah oo qarnigii 16aad ayaa qoray in Boqor Tewodros, wiilkii Dawit, uu xukumay sagaal bilood oo keliya, uuna dhintay 23 Juun 1413 "dhulka Dawit Cadal" (tarjumaad), oo bari ka xiga webiga Awaash (Awash), iyo in ciidankiisu ay sanduuqiisa meydka dib ugu qaadeen webiga dhankiisa kale. Chekroun waxay qortay in ilaha Masiixiyiintu ay Barr Sacad ad-Diin ugu yeeraan "Cadal", halka ilaha Muslimiintu aysan weligood sidaas u yeerin, iyo in magacaasi uu Masiixiyiinta ugu jiray dhulalka ilaa Saylac ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad. Iyadoo raacaysa Taddesse Tamrat, waxay soo jeedisay in "Dawit Cadal" uu xusuusinayo eryashadii Boqor Dawit ee Sacad ad-Diin ilaa Saylac. ## Soo noqoshada kadib Chekroun waxay qortay in dib-u-qabsashadii wiilashu ay ahayd "mid dheer oo qas badan" (tarjumaad), una muuqato inay dhammaatay oo keliya qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 15aad. Waxay soo xigatay al-Maqrizi in xilligii Suldaan Jamaal ad-Diin (Jamal ad-Din) (xukumay 1425–1432) "Barbarta" (tarjumaad), oo ay u fasirtay inay u badan tahay kooxo xoolo-dhaqato Soomaaliyeed ah, ay diideen awooddiisa, iyo in ina-adeerkiis iyo dad kale oo la tartamayay ay dileen. Qoraa Faransiiskaan (Franciscan) ah oo ka horreeyay 1473, Grifon of Flanders, ayaa sharraxay "Barbarica Ethiopia" oo ka bilaabanta Gacanka Cadmeed ilaa Badda Cas, boqorkeeduna loo yaqaannay "wiilkii Saebdin" (tarjumaad). Caasimaddii ay aasaaseen, eeg [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Cadal](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Saldanadda Shawa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) - [Harar oo noqotay caasimadda Cadal, 1520–1577](/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/) - [Suuqyadii ganacsiga ee xeebta Berbera](/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/) - [Reer guuraaga, magaalooyinka iyo dowladda Ifat iyo Cadal](/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/) - [First Footsteps in East Africa](/so/history/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/) --- # Weerarradii waaweynaa ee Muqdisho, 2009 ilaa 2013 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/mogadishu-attacks-2009-2013/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Afar ka mid ah weerarradii ugu dhimashada badnaa Muqdisho 2009 ilaa 2013 waxay ahaayeen qaraxii is-miidaaminta ee saldhigga Midowga Afrika 17 Sebtembar 2009, oo lagu dilay ku xigeenkii taliyaha ciidanka Midowga Afrika; qaraxii xafladda qalin-jabinta ee Hotel Shaamo 3 Diseembar 2009, oo lagu dilay saddex wasiir; gaariga qarxay ee ka hor dhacay wasaaradda waxbarashada 4 Oktoobar 2011, oo lagu dilay qiyaastii 70 ama ka badan; iyo weerarkii xarunta maxkamadaha 14 Abriil 2013. Al-Shabaab waxay sheegatay weerarrada saldhigga 2009, 2011 iyo 2013; qaraxa Shaamo koox ma sheeganin xilligaas. ## Si kooban Afartan weerar waxay ku dhaceen howlgalka Midowga Afrika, wasiirradii dowladda ku-meel-gaarka ahayd, arday iyo maxkamadaha, intii magaalada lagu loollamayay iyo kadib markii [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) ka baxday Agoosto 2011. Qaraxyadii dambe, 2017 ilaa 2022, waxaa lagu sheegay [Qaraxyadii Muqdisho, 2017 ilaa 2022](/so/history/mogadishu-bombings-2017-2022/). Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa ilaha ay sheegaan. ## Saldhigga Midowga Afrika, 17 Sebtembar 2009 Is-miidaamiyayaal ayaa laba gaari oo cad oo summadda QM leh ku galay xarunta [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/) ee Muqdisho, iyadoo taliyayaashiisu la kulmayeen saraakiil sare oo Soomaali ah. Sagaal qof ayaa la dilay, oo ay ku jiraan ku xigeenkii taliyaha ciidanka, Major General Juvenal Niyoyunguruza oo u dhashay Burundi; taliyaha ciidanka, General Nathan Mugisha, wax yar ayuu ku dhaawacmay. Al-Shabaab waxay sheegtay in weerarku aar u ahaa Saalax Cali Saalax Nabhaan, hoggaamiye al-Qaacida iyo al-Shabaab oo ciidamada Maraykanku ku dileen meel u dhow Baraawe 14 Sebtembar; afhayeenkeeduna wuxuu yiri: "Aarkii walaalkeen Nabhaan waan gudanay" (tarjumaad) ([*Long War Journal*, 17 Sebtembar 2009](https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/09/shabaab_suicide_atta.php)). Eeg [Ciidamada Burundi ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/burundi-military-in-somalia/). ## Hotel Shaamo, 3 Diseembar 2009 Is-miidaamiye ayaa weeraray xafladdii qalin-jabinta Jaamacadda Banaadir ee Hotel Shaamo ([VOA, 3 Diseembar 2009](https://www.voanews.com/a/article-03dec09-somalia-blast-78405547/368574.html)). Ugu yaraan 19 qof ayaa la dilay, oo ay ku jiraan saddex wasiir oo dowladda ku-meel-gaarka ahayd: Wasiirka Caafimaadka Qamar Aadan Cali, Wasiirka Waxbarashada Sare Ibraahim Xasan Caddow iyo Wasiirka Waxbarashada Axmed Cabdullaahi Waayel. Laba wariye iyo laba borofisar ayaa sidoo kale dhintay, ugu yaraan 50 arday ayaa la sheegay inay dhaawacmeen, wasiirka isboortiga, Saleebaan Olad Roble, ayaana dhaawacmay. Wasiirka Warfaafinta Daahir Maxamuud Geelle wuxuu sheegay in qaraxiyuhu "u labbisnaa sidii haweeney" (tarjumaad). Koox ma sheeganin weerarka ([Al Jazeera, 3 Diseembar 2009](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/12/03/deadly-blast-hits-somali-graduation/)). Eeg [Dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa, 2000 ilaa 2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/). ## Gaarigii qarxay, 4 Oktoobar 2011 Gaari xamuul ah oo qarax lagu rakibay ayaa ka qarxay barta koontaroolka amniga ee ka baxsan xarunta ay ku jirto wasaaradda waxbarashada iyo wasaarado kale, waxaana lagu qiyaasay in lagu dilay 70 qof, oo badankoodu ahaayeen arday iyo waalidiin. Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay, waxayna sheegtay in xarunta loo beegsaday sababtoo ah saraakiil dowladeed iyo ajaanib ayaa joogay. Kalkaaliso caafimaad oo ka shaqaysa isbitaalka Madiina ayaa ku tilmaantay "musiibada ugu foolxumada badan ee aan weligay arkay" (tarjumaad) ([PBS NewsHour, 4 Oktoobar 2011](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/70-killed-in-somalia-truck-bombing-al-shabab-claims-responsibility)). Wuxuu dhacay laba bilood kadib markii al-Shabaab dagaalyahannadeeda ka saartay magaalada. ## Xarunta maxkamadaha, 14 Abriil 2013 Rag hubeysan iyo is-miidaamiyayaal ayaa weeraray xarunta maxkamadaha Muqdisho, gaari qarxay oo wax yar kadib dhacay ayaana ku dhacay baabuur ay saarnaayeen shaqaale gargaar oo Turki ah oo marayay waddada garoonka. Warbaahintu waxay soo warisay ugu yaraan 30 dhimasho labada weerarba. Dadka dhintay waxaa ka mid ahaa garsoore iyo saddex qareen, oo uu ku jiro Maxamed Maxamuud Afrax, guddoomiyihii Ururka Qareennada Soomaaliyeed. Afhayeen al-Shabaab ayaa sheegay in maxkamaddu ahayd bartilmaameed bannaan sababtoo ah waxay xukumi jirtay si ka soo horjeedda sharciga Islaamka. Human Rights Watch waxay weerarrada ku tilmaantay dembiyo dagaal; ku xigeenka agaasimaha Afrika, Leslie Lefkow, wuxuu yiri: "maxkamaduhu kama reebana" sharciyada dagaalka ee ilaaliya dadka rayidka ah (tarjumaad) ([Human Rights Watch, 16 Abriil 2013](https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/16/somalia-new-al-shabaab-attacks-are-war-crimes)). Eeg [Ciidamada Turkiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/turkey-military-in-somalia/) joogitaanka Turkiga ee ballaaran. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Saldhigga Midowga Afrika, 2009.** Sagaal la dilay (*Long War Journal*, maalintii) ama ugu yaraan 21, oo ay ku jiraan 17 nabad-ilaaliye oo Burundi iyo Uganda ah iyo 4 rayid ah ([Enough Project, 2009](https://enoughproject.org/blog/17-peacekeepers-4-civilians-mogadishu-killed-suicide-bombing)). - **Hotel Shaamo.** Ugu yaraan 19 la dilay (Al Jazeera; VOA), iyadoo warbixinno kale oo VOA soo xigatay ay sheegeen in ka badan 60. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Human Rights Watch, "Somalia: New Al-Shabaab Attacks Are War Crimes" (2013): [war-saxaafadeed](https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/16/somalia-new-al-shabaab-attacks-are-war-crimes). - Al Jazeera, "Deadly blast hits Somali graduation" (2009): [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/12/03/deadly-blast-hits-somali-graduation/). - *Long War Journal*, "Shabaab suicide attack kills 9, including senior African Union commander" (2009): [maqaal](https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/09/shabaab_suicide_atta.php). --- # Toddobadii boqortooyo ee Muslimka ahaa ee Geeska: canshuurta, ganacsiga iyo lacagta, 1300–1530 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/seven-muslim-kingdoms-tribute-trade-and-money/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Isagoo wax qoraya 1330-meeyadii, aqoonyahankii Masaariga ahaa ee al-ʿUmari wuxuu taxay toddoba boqortooyo oo Muslim ah oo ku yaallay Xabashida (Abyssinia): Ifat, Dawaro, Arababni, Hadiyya, Sharkha, Bali iyo Dara. Wuxuu qoray in mid kastaa sannad walba canshuur (jizya) siin jiray boqorka Masiixiga ah, in Masar iyo Shaam (Syria) ay aagga oo dhan u yaqaanneen 'dalka Saylac', iyo in taliyayaashoodu isticmaali jireen lacagta dirhamka qalinka ah ee Masar halkii ay lacag u gaar ah isticmaali lahaayeen. Taariikhyahannada Amélie Chekroun iyo Bertrand Hirsch, sannadkii 2020, warbixinnadan waxay barbar dhigeen taariikhaha Itoobiya, Futuh al-Habasha iyo qodaallada qadiimiga ah ee dhowaan la sameeyay. ## Kooban Boggani wuxuu raacayaa Amélie Chekroun iyo Bertrand Hirsch, "The Sultanates of Medieval Ethiopia", oo ku jira Samantha Kelly (tifaftire), *A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea* (Brill, 2020), bb. 86–112 ([nuqulka hore ee furan ee HAL](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02505420)). Lambarrada bogagga ee hoose waa kuwa nuqulka hore, oo ka bilaabma b. 63 ilaa b. 81. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in taariikhda Muslimiinta ee Itoobiya qarniyadii dhexe aad ugu yar tahay daraasadda marka loo eego taariikhda Masiixiyiinta, iyo in qodaallada qadiimiga ahi ay hadda tijaabinayaan ilaha qoran (bb. 63–64). Saldanaddii hore ee Shewa iyo kor u kicitaankii Walashma, eeg [Saldanaddii Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/). ## Labada waddo ee Islaamka Qorayaashu waxay sharxayaan laba waddo oo waaweyn oo Islaamku ku soo galay gobolka. Laga bilaabo qarniyadii 9aad–10aad, tii hore waxay ka socotay waqooyi ilaa koonfur, iyadoo ka timid Jasiiradaha Dahlak ee Badda Cas, soona marta bariga Tigray ilaa dhulka buuralayda ah. Laga bilaabo qarniyadii 12aad–13aad, waddo labaad, oo noqotay tan ugu weyn, ayaa ka bilaabmi jirtay dekedda Saylac (Zeila) ee Gacanka Cadmeed ilaa buuralayda bari iyo harooyinka Dooxada Rift (b. 65). Waxay qoreen in Saylac u muuqato inay noqotay tan ugu awoodda badan qarnigii 13aad oo keliya, iyo in Ibn al-Mujawir, oo dhintay 1291, uu ku tilmaamay dekedda ugu weyn ee *barr al-ʿAjam*, "xeebta aan Carbeed ahayn", oo ka soo horjeedda xeebta Carabta. Ilaha Yaman waxay diiwaangeliyeen ganacsato, culimo, xujaaj, askar, diblomaasiyiin iyo addoomo u kala gooshi jiray Yaman iyo saldanaddaha Itoobiya iyagoo sii mara Saylac (bb. 70–71). Saylac, eeg [Saylac hore ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). ## Toddobada boqortooyo iyo canshuurtoodii Al-ʿUmari, oo buuggiisa *Masālik al-abṣār* qoray 1330-meeyadii isagoo xog ka helaya dad Itoobiya ka yimid, wuxuu magacaabay toddoba "boqortooyo oo Muslim ah": Awfat (Ifat), Dawaro, Arababni, Hadiyya, Sharkha, Bali iyo Dara. Wuxuu qoray in aagga oo dhan Masar iyo Shaam loogu yeeri jiray "dalka Saylac", oo "haddana ah mid keliya oo ka mid ah magaalooyinkooda badda ku yaal, magaceeduna uu ku fiday dhammaan" (tarjumaad). Boqortooyooyinku midba midka kale way ka madax-bannaanaayeen, laakiin mid kastaa wuxuu boqorka Masiixiga ah siin jiray "canshuur go'an oo ay sannad walba keenaan" (tarjumaad), midna ma xukumi jirin "haddii aanu xilka u magacaabin taliyaha ʿAmhara" (tarjumaad) (bb. 72–73). Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in warbixinta Ge'ez ee dagaalladii Boqor Amda Seyon ee 1332 ay bixinayso isla sawirkaas: waxay sheegtaa in Hadiyya canshuur bixin jirtay laga bilaabo 1316–1317, iyo in mid ka mid ah sababihii dagaalku ay ahayd diidmadii taliyaheeda ee bixinta. Waxay intaas ku dareen in warbixintan laga yaabo in la qoray qarnigii 15aad (b. 73). Al-Maqrizi, oo Qaahira wax ku qoray 1430-meeyadii isagoo xog ka helaya socotooyin Itoobiya ka yimid, wuxuu sheegay in boqorka Masiixiga ahi xabsi ku hayay xubno ka mid ah qoyska Walashma, magacaabi jiray suldaanno, uuna u diray "ciidan ka kooban 30,000 oo nin" (tarjumaad) si uu Suldaan ʿAli uga caawiyo jebinta kacdoonkii ina-walaalkiis, Xaqqudiin (Haqq ad-Din) (b. 73). Eeg [Awfat, caasimaddii saldanaddii Ifat](/so/history/awfat-capital-of-ifat-and-walashma-tombs/). ## Ifat kadib Burburkii Ifat kadib, sida uu al-Maqrizi sheegay, Masiixiyiintu masaajiddeedii waxay u beddeleen kaniisado, waxayna magacaabeen guddoomiyayaal Masiixi ah, kuwaas oo magaca Walashma u qaatay naanays xil. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in dhulalka Muslimiinta ee koonfureed, oo ay ku jiraan Dawaro, Bali, Fatagar, Ifat iyo Hadiyya, ay gacanta Masiixiyiinta ku jireen bartamihii qarnigii 15aad ugu dambayn. Hadiyya waxay haysatay xoogaa madax-bannaani ah iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo guddoomiye Muslim ah; *Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha* waxay sheegtaa inuu boqorka siin jiray canshuur qofeed, sannad walbana uu u dhiibi jiray mid ka mid ah gabdhihiisa si loo baabtiiso (bb. 74–75). Wiilashii Sacdudiin (Saʿd ad-Din) waxay ka soo laabteen Yaman, waxayna aasaaseen Barr Saʿd ad-Din, oo caasimaddeedu ahayd Dakar. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in ilaha Carabiga qaarkood ay dhulkeeda u yeeraan ʿAdal (Cadal), oo laga yaabo inay xiriir la leedahay bulsho Muslim ah oo ʿAdal la oran jiray oo Walashma weerareen 1288, iyo in ilaha Masiixiga ay "Adal" u isticmaalaan saldanadda oo dhan. Waxay qoreen in boqortooyadu "ay awooddeeda ku fidisay dhulal badan oo Islaami ah oo hore u madax-bannaanaa, kuwa degganaa iyo kuwa reer-guuraaga ahaaba, oo ay ku jiraan Hūbat, Saylac, dhulka Ḥārla, iyo qayb ka mid ah dhulka ballaaran oo isku dhafan ee Soomaalida" (tarjumaad), iyo in ilahu aysan sheegin sida (b. 75). Eeg [Geeridii Suldaan Sacdudiin ee Saylac iyo wiilashiisii Yaman](/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/) iyo [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Cadal](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/). ## Dagaal mise nabad 1400-meeyadii? Wadaadkii Bortuqiiska ahaa ee Francisco Alvares, oo Itoobiya joogay 1520-meeyadii, wuxuu u haystay in faracii Sacdudiin ay nabad la lahaayeen boqorradii Masiixiga ahaa. Qorayaal kale waxay sharxaan dagaal joogto ah. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in runtu u dhaxayso labadaas, iyo in qarnigii 15aad aan weligiis si fiican loo baarin (bb. 75–76). Waxay xuseen: - **Weerarro iyo canshuur.** Taariikhihii Boqorrada Zara Yaqob (1434–1468) iyo Baeda Maryam (1468–1478) waxay diiwaangeliyeen weerarro Masiixiyiintu ku qaadeen Barr Saʿd ad-Din, iyo wafdi suldaanku soo diray oo canshuur bixin ballanqaaday haddii weerarradu joogsadaan (b. 76). - **Aragtida Futūḥ.** Waxay sheegtaa in laga soo bilaabo Sacdudiin ilaa Garaad Abun "gaaladu ay soo duuli jireen dalka Muslimiinta… ilaa ay xataa magaalooyinka Muslimiinta qaarkood siiyeen ḫarāǧ (canshuurta dhulka)" (tarjumaad), ilaa uu Imaam Axmed (Imaam Axmed Guray) arrintaas joojiyay (b. 76). - **Amiir Maxfuud (Mahfuz).** Taariikhyahannada qaarkood waxay Maxfuud, oo gabadhiisa Del Wambara ay guursatay Imaam Axmed, u arkeen madaxa koox diimeed oo ka soo horjeedday suldaannada. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in il kasta oo magaciisa sheegtay, oo ay ku jiraan Alvares, taariikhda Sarsa Dengel, Pedro Paez iyo *Futūḥ*, ay ku tilmaamaan taliye ciidan oo ka hooseeyay Suldaan Maxamed (bb. 76–77). ## Sida dhulka loo maamulay loona canshuuray Sida ay *Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha* sheegtay, suldaanku wuxuu gobol kasta u magacaabi jiray amiir. Suldaanku wuxuu ku noolaa canshuurta *kharāj* ee dadweynaha, halka amiirradu ay ciidan u abaabuli karayeen inay dhulka Masiixiyiinta ku soo duulaan si ay dhac u helaan. *Futūḥ* waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay khilaaf ka dhacay 1520-meeyadii oo ku saabsanaa *zakāt* (sakada), oo ay "suldaanka, amiirrada iyo taliyayaashii kale ee xukumi jiray dhulka Saʿd al-Dīn" (tarjumaad) naftooda u hayn jireen halkii ay saboolka siin lahaayeen, caado ay sheegtay inay ka soo jirtay waqtigii Sacdudiin (bb. 78–79). Al-ʿUmari wuxuu qoray in Muslimiinta gobolka intooda badani ahaayeen Xanafi, laakiin taliyayaashii Ifat ay ahaayeen Shaafici; qorayaashu waxay soo xigtaan qabri ku yaal caasimadda oo uu leeyahay "sheekh ka mid ah Walasmaʿ" (tarjumaad) oo madhabta Shaafici ahaa (b. 78). ## Magaalooyinka ganacsiga - **Ifat iyo Saylac.** Al-ʿUmari wuxuu qoray in boqorka Ifat la ixtiraami jiray maxaa yeelay wuxuu xukumi jiray Saylac, "dekedda ay ku soo xirtaan ganacsatada u socda boqortooyadan" (tarjumaad), iyadoo laga keeni jiray "dhar xariir iyo kattaan ah" (tarjumaad) Masar, Yaman iyo Ciraaq (b. 79). - **Manadeley.** Alvares wuxuu sharxay magaalo ay ku noolaayeen ilaa 1,000 qof, "dhammaantood Muuro (Muslimiin) canshuur siiya Prester John" (tarjumaad), oo ay joogeen 20 ama 30 Masiixi ah oo qaadi jiray cashuurta marinka, iyo ganacsato ka yimid Marooko, Tuunis, Turkiga, Giriigga, Hindiya, Hormuz iyo Qaahira (b. 79). - **Gendevelu.** Sannadkii 1523 raahib (wadaad Masiixi ah) Itoobiyaan ah ayaa nin reer Venice ah oo la yiraahdo Alessandro Zorzi u sheegay "magaalo ganacsi oo weyn" (tarjumaad) oo ku taal Ifat, 65 maalmood u jirta Saylac, halkaas oo qaafilado geel ah ay ku dejin jireen alaab ay maraakiib ka keeneen Cambay ee Hindiya, laguna isticmaali jiray dukaatyada Hungary iyo Venice iyo "lacagaha qalinka ah ee Muurada" (tarjumaad). Qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen inay noqon karto magaalada burburtay ee Asbari (bb. 79–80). - **Ganacsato Masiixi ah.** *Futūḥ* waxay sheegtaa in boqorka Masiixiga ahi u diri jiray ganacsato wata dahab, foolmaroodi, bisadaha misigta (civet) iyo addoomo, iyagoo mara dhulka Muslimiinta oo badda u gooshaya al-Shihr iyo Cadan (b. 80). ## Lacagta Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in dowladaha Muslimiinta ay ku dhowaad aanay lacag samayn. Al-ʿUmari wuxuu sheegay in taliyayaashoodu isticmaali jireen dirhamka qalinka ah ee *kāmilī* oo laga sameeyay Masar, kayd ka mid ah dirhamyadaas Mamaaliikta ah ayaana laga helay Ifat dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, inkastoo hadda uu lumay. Buug-hage ganacsi oo Rasuuli ah oo ka tirsan dhammaadkii qarnigii 13aad, *Nūr al-maʿārif*, wuxuu sheegaa in isweydaarsiga maalinlaha ah dadku u isticmaali jireen *ḥaras*, "jajab qalin ah oo tayadiisu liidato, oo ka yimid faraantiyo, jijimo ama wax kale oo jajabay" (tarjumaad), meelaha fogfogna lacag bir ah, *ḥakūna*, oo laga sameeyay xirmooyin yaryar oo ulo bir ah, qaar ka mid ahna laga helay Nora. Al-ʿUmari wuxuu qoray in isweydaarsiga alaabta "lo', ido ama dhar" (tarjumaad) uu ahaa qaabka isweydaarsiga ugu caansan (b. 80). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ee diiwaannada Yamantii Rasuuliyiinta](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/) - [Reer-guuraaga, magaalooyinka iyo dowladda ee Ifat iyo Cadal](/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/) - [Harar waxay noqotay caasimadda Cadal, 1520–1577](/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/) - [Harla iyo Harlaa](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/) - [Futuh al-Habasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/) --- # Saldanadda Geledi ee Shabeelle, qarnigii 19aad Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/geledi-sultanate/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saldanadda Geledi waxay ahayd dowlad Soomaaliyeed oo ku taal webiga Shabeelle, xarunteeduna ahayd Geledi, oo maanta ah Afgooye. Xilligii Suldaan Yuusuf Maxamuud ee 1840-meeyadii waxay xukumaysay inta badan dhulka u dhexeeya Shabeelle iyo Jubba, waxay beeran jirtay badar, waxayna haysan jirtay xoolo badan oo quudin jiray Muqdisho, waxayna canshuur ka qaadi jirtay safar kasta oo webiga ka gudba. Sarkaalka Faransiiska Charles Guillain ayaa booqday Maarso 1847, wuxuuna ka tagay sharraxaaddii hore ee ugu buuxda. ## Si kooban Qarnigii 19aad dhulka beeraha ee ugu hodansan Soomaaliya, ee ku teedsan webiga Shabeelle ee hoose, waxaa laga xukumi jiray magaalada Geledi. Suldaannadeedu waxay ka soo jeedeen qoyska Gobroon. Eeg sidoo kale [Suldaannadii Geledi](/so/institutions/sultans-of-geledi/). Markii ay ugu sarreysay, 1840-meeyadii, Suldaan Yuusuf Maxamuud wuxuu awood ku lahaa Shabeelle ilaa Jubba, wuxuuna gaaray magaalooyinka xeebta. Warbixinta goob-joogga ee ugu fiican waxay ka timid sarkaal badda Faransiiska ah, Charles Guillain, oo Geledi joogay 8 ilaa 14 Maarso 1847 ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire, la géographie et le commerce de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 2, mujallada 2, 1856, bb. 21 ilaa 41](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis22guil)). ## Magaalada 1847 Geledi waxay ku taallay meesha waddooyinka safarrada gudaha ka imanaya ay Shabeelle ka gudbaan, qiyaastii toban saacadood oo geel ah oo Muqdisho u jirta. Guillain wuxuu helay saddex tuulo oo waaweyn oo labada daamood ku yaal, oo dhexdooda ah kun iyo shan boqol ilaa kun iyo siddeed boqol oo guri (isla ishaas, b. 22). Guryuhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo wareegsan, darbiyo dhoobo ah oo qiyaastii laba mitir ah iyo saqaf qaab-saddex-gees ah oo caws ah. Guillain wuxuu u arkay inay ka qaboobaayeen teendhadiisa, wuxuuna u guuri jiray kulaylka maalinta (bb. 22 ilaa 24). Wuxuu qiyaasay qiyaastii 6,000 qof oo ku nool saddexda tuulo, oo ku jira dhul shan iyo toban tuulo ah. Dadka wuxuu u arkay "kuwo farxad leh, firfircoon, laakiin debecsan" (tarjumaad), oo lagu yaqaan geesinimo dagaal (bb. 33 ilaa 34). ## Badar, xoolo iyo malab Shabeelle wuxuu fatahi jiray xilli roob kasta, wuxuuna ka tegi jiray ciid hodan ah. Guillain wuxuu qoray in masagadu ahayd "wax-soo-saarka gaarka ah ee meesha" (tarjumaad). Waxay quudin jirtay Geledi iyo Muqdisho, wax ka badanna waa la dhoofin jiray, iyadoo xeebta loo qaado jawaanno maqaar ah oo geel lagu raro (bb. 28 ilaa 31). Wuxuu arkay "xoolo aan la tirin karin oo geel, lo', dameer, ido iyo ri' ah" (tarjumaad) oo daboolay daamaha webiga (b. 30). Sannad kasta Geledi waxay Muqdisho u diri jirtay 300 ilaa 400 qiyaas oo subag ah iyo 200 baruur ah. Beeralaydu waxay geedaha webiga agtiisa ku sudhi jireen gaagaab qoryo ah oo god leh si ay malab u ururiyaan (b. 31). ## Suldaan Yuusuf Maxamuud Guillain wuxuu qoray abtirsiga suldaanka laga bilaabo aasaasihii qoyskiisa: "Yuusuf, ina Maxamuud, ina Adira…", afar iyo toban farcan ilaa Gobroon (bb. 35 ilaa 36). Yuusuf wuxuu dhaxlay oo keliya magaca sheekha Gobroon. Guillain wuxuu sheegay in awooddiisa ballaaran uu ku helay "xirfaddiisa iyo firfircoonidiisa" (tarjumaad) (b. 34). Sarkaalka Ingiriiska Lieutenant Christopher, oo booqday ka hor Guillain, wuxuu ku tilmaamay nin dheer, qiyaastii shan iyo afartan jir ah, oo xiran maro cad oo dheer, waran yarna sita (lagu soo xigtay bb. 34 ilaa 35). Walaalihiis Ibraahim iyo Muuse ayaa ka caawin jiray xukunka, dagaalkana la raaci jiray. Guillain wuxuu sidoo kale muuqaalka dadka ku sharraxay ereyada jinsiyadeed ee xilligiisii. Wuxuu qoray in Soomaalida woqooyigu ay midabka maqaarka iyo muuqaalka "dhaafaan" Soomaalida Geledi, kuwaas oo "ka madoobaa", bushimo ka qaro weyn iyo sanno ka fidsan; kaliya qoysas yar oo hormuud ah ayuu ku arkay maqaar casaan u eg iyo sanno qalloocan (tarjumaad) (b. 33). Ibraahim wuxuu ugu yeeray "ninka dowladda", oo muuqaalkiisu muujinayo "ruux dhagar iyo khiyaano", Muusena "nin qurux badan" oo muuqaal debecsan leh (tarjumaad) (b. 36). Yuusuf wuxuu Faransiiska ugu qori jiray Carabi. Warqad ka mid ah ayaa ku bilaabmaysa: "Bismillaahi Raxmaani Raxiim; waxaa ka yimid Suldaan Yuusuf, ina Suldaan Maxamuud…" (tarjumaad) (b. 7). ## Awoodda xeebta Gaarista Geledi waxay ka gudubtay webiga. - **Canshuuraha.** Safar kasta oo u dhexeeya Muqdisho iyo dhulka Jubba wuxuu ka gudbi jiray Geledi wuxuuna suldaanka siin jiray canshuur marin (b. 41). Guillain wuxuu markii dambe diiwaangeliyay canshuur saddex qirsi ah oo geel kasta oo rar leh (isla mujalladaas, b. 148). - **Muqdisho.** 1842 Yuusuf wuxuu yimid Muqdisho si uu u dhexdhexaadiyo khilaaf u dhexeeyay labadeeda xaafadood, Xamarweyne iyo Shingaani. Christopher wuxuu soo tebiyay inuu magaalada ka yiri: "Magaaladani miyaanay aniga ii ahayn?" (tarjumaad) (bb. 39 ilaa 40). - **Baraawe.** Markii Baraawe gacanta Baardheere gashay qiyaastii 1840, dadkeedu waxay Yuusuf u direen wafdi iyo hadiyad 200 qirsi ah, waxayna ka codsadeen inuu ka caawiyo soo celinta dhaqankoodii hore (b. 38). ## Dagaalkii Baardheere 1830-meeyadii iyo 1840-meeyadii dhaqdhaqaaq dib-u-habayn diimeed oo xaruntiisu ahayd Baardheere, oo ku taal Jubba, ayaa ku faafay koonfurta. Guillain wuxuu diiwaangeliyay inuu mamnuucay tubaakada iyo cayaarta, haweenkana ku waajibiyay xijaab (bb. 36 ilaa 38). Hoggaamiyihiisa wuxuu ugu yeeray "puritan cadhaysan, dib-u-habeeye weyn", xukunkiisana "dulqaad la'aan iyo xagjirnimo" (tarjumaad), oo uu sheegay in dadka deegaanka badankoodu aysan aqbalin (bb. 36 ilaa 37). Yuusuf wuxuu taagnaa dhaqankii hore. Guillain wuxuu qoray inuu dhinaciisa ku haystay bulsho kasta oo "aan si toos ah u gaari karin" ninkii la loollamayay (tarjumaad). Kadib "taxane dagaallo adag", Yuusuf ayaa guulaystay (tarjumaad) (b. 39). Markii Guillain yimid, wuxuu rag ku ururinayay Dafeed oo uu ku diyaargaroobayay duullaan ka dhan ah Marka. ## Yaa dhibaatooday? Guillain wuxuu diiwaangeliyay dagaalladii 1840-meeyadii ee Baraawe, Baardheere iyo dooxada Shabeelle (bb. 38 ilaa 39). Wuxuu sidoo kale diiwaangeliyay in shaqada beeraha ee Geledi ay qaban jireen dad la addoonsaday, oo badankood laga keenay Sansibaar (b. 28). ## 1847 kadib 1894 Talyaanigu wuxuu heshiis ilaalin la saxiixday "Gheledi e Nadan", oo ku taariikhaysan 3 Nofembar 1894 ([Hertslet, *The Map of Africa by Treaty*, 1909, mujallada 3, b. 1086](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert)). Buug-gacmeed Xafiiska Dagaalka Ingiriiska ee 1907 ayaa weli Geledi ku tilmaamay "mid si gaar ah u mudan in la xuso": Muqdisho waxay "dhammaan sahaydeeda" ka heli jirtay degmadeeda (tarjumaad) ([*Official History of the Operations in Somaliland*, mujallada 1, 1907, b. 25](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda booqashadii Christopher.** Guillain wuxuu ku taariikheeyaa 1845. Warbixinta Christopher laftiisa waxaa London lagu daabacay 1844, sidaa darteed booqashadiisu waxay u badan tahay inay ka horreysay. - **Sida dagaalkii Baardheere u dhammaaday.** Guillain taariikh ma bixiyo. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Charles Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire, la géographie et le commerce de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 2, mujallada 2, 1856 (Faransiis), bb. 1 ilaa 45 oo ku saabsan Geledi: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis22guil). - E. Hertslet, *The Map of Africa by Treaty*, daabacaadda 3aad, 1909, mujallada 3: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/mapofafricabytre03hert). --- # Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 2006 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga (ICU) wuxuu ahaa isbahaysi maxkamado shareeco ah oo gacanta ku dhigay Muqdisho Juun 2006, maamulkii ugu horreeyay ee keliya ee magaalada tan iyo 1991. Wuxuu dib u furay dekedda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha, waddooyinkana wuu sugay, kadibna wuxuu ku fiday inta badan koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya. Ciidamada Itoobiya, oo taageeraya Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah, ayaa weeraray 24 Diseembar 2006, ICU-duna maalmo gudahood ayay kala dirmatay. ## Si kooban Lix bilood sannadkii 2006, isbahaysi maxkamado Islaami ah ayaa xukumay Muqdisho iyo inta badan koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya. Dad badan oo magaalada deggan ayaa soo dhaweeyay nidaamkii uu keenay. Kobaciisu wuxuu walaac ku abuuray Itoobiya iyo Maraykanka, dhammaadkiisii Diseembar 2006na wuxuu furay dagaal cusub ([Menkhaus, *Middle East Report*, MERIP, 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia); [Human Rights Watch, *Shell-Shocked*, 2007](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/)). ## Halka maxkamaduhu ka yimaadeen 1991 kadib Muqdisho ma lahayn maamul keliya. Maxkamadaha shareecada ee deegaanka ayaa buuxiyay qayb ka mid ah boosaska. Aqoonyahanka cilmiga siyaasadda Ken Menkhaus wuxuu qoray inay "markii hore maalgelin jireen ganacsatada deegaanka, kormeer jireen odayaasha beelaha, waxaana maamuli jiray wadaaddo Suufi ah oo dhaqameed" (tarjumaad) ([MERIP 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). Maxkamaduhu waxay hagaajiyeen amniga xaafadahooda, waxayna "noqdeen kuwo aad loo jecel yahay" (tarjumaad). Hase yeeshee, awoodda maxkamad kasta waxay ku koobnayd laanta abtirsiga ee ay ka tirsanayd (isla ishaas). - **2000.** Maxkamaduhu waxay sameeyeen urur dallad ah, Golaha Fulinta Shareecada. Xoghayihiisa guud wuxuu ahaa Xasan Daahir Aweys. - **2004.** Waxay dib isugu urureen Golaha Sare ee Maxkamadaha Islaamiga. Waxaa hoggaaminayay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed, iyadoo Aweys weli awood leeyahay. Menkhaus wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in inta badan 11-ka maxkamadood ee Muqdisho ay "ahaayeen kuwo dhexdhexaad ah oo odayaasha beelaha gacantooda ku jira" (tarjumaad), halka laba ay lahaayeen maleeshiyaad xagjir ah (isla ishaas). ## Dagaalkii Muqdisho, Febraayo ilaa Juun 2006 Horraantii 2006, koox hoggaamiyayaal maleeshiyaad iyo ganacsato ah ayaa sameysay Isbahaysiga Soo Celinta Nabadda iyo La-dagaallanka Argagixisada. Menkhaus wuxuu ku tilmaamay "mid CIA-du taageerto" (tarjumaad) ([MERIP 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). Dagaalka Isbahaysiga iyo maxkamadaha wuxuu socday bilooyin. Juun 2006 maxkamaduhu way guulaysteen oo qabsadeen Muqdisho. Kadib waxay awooddooda ku fidiyeen "inta badan koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad), laga bilaabo koonfurta Mudug ilaa xuduudda Kenya (isla ishaas). ## Lix bilood oo xukun ah Menkhaus wuxuu sharraxaa waxa isbeddelay xilligii maamulka Maxkamadaha 2006 ([MERIP 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)): > "Amniga dadweynaha si weyn ayuu caasimadda oo dhan uga hagaagay. Islaamiyiintu waxay hubka ka dhigeen maleeshiyaadka beelaha… dib ayay u fureen dekedda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha, waddooyinkana way sugeen." (tarjumaad) Wuxuu ku daray in maxkamaduhu "ka heleen ixtiraam iyo taageero ballaaran dadka deegaanka iyo qurbajoogta" (tarjumaad). Ixtiraamkaasi wuxuu "bilaabay inuu dhaqaaqo" markii xubno adag ay riixeen xeerar adag (isla ishaas). Human Rights Watch sidoo kale waxay diiwaangelisay in maxkamaduhu keeneen "xasillooni aan horay loo arag oo magaalo ay hareeyeen sharci darro iyo rabshado aad u daran" (tarjumaad). Waxay sidoo kale xustay "calaamado hore oo tallaabooyin xad-dhaaf ah oo cadaadis ah" (tarjumaad) ([HRW 2007](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/)). ## Sababta Itoobiya u soo fara gelisay Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (DFKM) waxay fadhiday Baydhabo, taageero yarna Muqdisho kuma lahayn. Wadahadalladii DFKM iyo maxkamadaha ma gaarin heshiis bartamihii 2006. Menkhaus wuxuu qoray in "DFKM, Maxkamadaha iyo Itoobiyaba ay eedda wadaagaan" (tarjumaad) ([MERIP 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). Itoobiya waxaa walaac ku abuuray hadallo adag oo ka soo yeeray qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha maxkamadaha, oo ay ku jiraan sheegashooyin ku saabsan qaybaha Itoobiya ee Soomaalidu degto. Human Rights Watch waxay qortay in ficillada Itoobiya ay "ku salaysnaayeen danaheeda amni ee gobolka iyo qaranka" (tarjumaad), oo ay ku jirto loollan wakiil ah oo ay la lahayd Eritrea ([HRW 2007](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/)). Diseembar 2006 Golaha Ammaanka QM wuxuu ansixiyay qaraarka 1725, kaas oo oggolaaday ciidan Afrikaan ah oo ilaaliya DFKM (MERIP 2007). ## Dhammaadkii, Diseembar 2006 Itoobiya waxay 24 Diseembar 2006 qaadday weerar buuxa, iyadoo ay haysato waxa saxaafaddu ugu yeertay "taageero aan la shaacin" oo Washington ka timid (tarjumaad) ([MERIP 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). Khasaarooyin hore kadib maxkamaduhu "si lama filaan ah ayay Muqdisho ugu kala dirmeen iyadoo ay jiraan kala qaybsanaan gudaha ah oo qoto dheer" (tarjumaad). Menkhaus wuxuu sharraxaa burburka. Ganacsatadu waxay diideen dagaal magaalo oo burburin lahaa hantidooda, hoggaamiyayaasha beeluhuna waxay ka baqeen khasaare culus. Islaamiyiinta dhexdhexaadka ahi waxay diideen iska horimaad lala galo deris awood badan. Hubka iyo dagaalyahannadu waxay ku noqdeen beelaha, hoggaankii hadhayna wuxuu u ambabaxay Kismaayo (isla ishaas). ## Wixii ka dambeeyay - **2007.** Dagaalladii Muqdisho ee u dhexeeyay ciidamada Itoobiya iyo DFKM iyo kacdoonka waxay barakiciyeen qiyaastii 400,000 qof. Human Rights Watch waxay heshay in "ciidamada Itoobiya, Soomaalida iyo kacdoonkaba ay dhammaantood mas'uul ka yihiin" jebinta sharciyada dagaalka (tarjumaad) ([HRW 2007](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/)). - **2008 ilaa 2009.** Hoggaamiyayaal hore oo dhexdhexaad ah oo maxkamadaha ka tirsanaa ayaa ku biiray wadahadallada Jabuuti. Janaayo 2009 Shariif Sheekh Axmed wuxuu noqday madaxweynaha DFKM. Eeg [Dib-u-dhiska, 2007 ilaa 2012](/so/history/rebuilding-2007-2012/). - **Al-Shabaab.** Garabkii xagjirka ahaa ee maxkamadaha ayaa noqday kacdoon gooni ah. Eeg [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? Ilaha waxay diiwaangeliyeen dhimashada dadka rayidka ah ee Muqdisho dagaalladii horraantii 2006, Diseembar 2006 iyo 2007. Human Rights Watch waxay diiwaangelisay boqollaal dhimasho rayid ah Maarso iyo Abriil 2007 oo keliya ([HRW 2007](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Cidda hoggaaminaysay maxkamadaha.** Menkhaus wuxuu sharraxaa isbahaysi uu hoggaaminayay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed, "laakiin Aweys oo adag uu weli door weyn ku leeyahay" (tarjumaad) ([MERIP 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). Warbixinnadu way ku kala duwan yihiin ninka awoodda dhabta ah haystay. - **Sababta maxkamaduhu sida degdegga ah ugu dhaceen.** Warbixinno qaar waxay xoojiyaan awoodda militari ee Itoobiya. Menkhaus wuxuu ku doodaa in kala qaybsanaanta gudaha ay ka muhiimsanayd ([MERIP 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Ken Menkhaus, "There and Back Again in Somalia", *Middle East Report Online*, Febraayo 2007: [qoraal](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia). - Human Rights Watch, *Shell-Shocked: Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu*, Agoosto 2007: [warbixin](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/). --- # Dagaalladii Kismaayo, 2006 ilaa 2012 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/battles-for-kismayo-2006-2012/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Gacanta dekedda Kismaayo dhowr jeer ayay gacmo kala beddeshay 2006 ilaa 2012. Maxkamadaha Islaamigu waxay qabsadeen Sebtembar 2006, waxayna ka baxeen ka hor intaan ciidamada Itoobiya iyo dowladdu soo gelin 1 Janaayo 2007. Al-Shabaab iyo Islaamiyiin la safnaa waxay Agoosto 2008 ka qabsadeen maleeshiyaad beeleed, dagaal ay ku dhinteen in ka badan 70. Al-Shabaab waxay kadib magaalada ugu dagaallantay xulafadeedii hore ee Xisbul Islaam laga bilaabo 1 Oktoobar 2009. 29 Sebtembar 2012 al-Shabaab way ka baxday kadib markii ciidamo Kenya, Soomaali iyo Raaskambooni ahi ay meel u dhow ka soo degeen. ## Si kooban Kismaayo, dekedda ugu weyn ee gobollada Jubba, si isdaba joog ah ayaa loogu dagaallamay sababtoo ah dekeddeeda iyo garoonkeeda diyaaraduhu waxay keeni jireen canshuur iyo ganacsi. Boggani wuxuu sharraxayaa isbeddel kasta oo gacanta magaalada ku dhacay 2006 ilaa 2012 sida ilaha ay u sheegaan. Dhacdooyinka dambe waxaa lagu sheegay [Ciidamada amniga Jubbaland](/en/institutions/jubaland-security-forces/) iyo [Madaxweynayaasha Jubbaland](/so/institutions/presidents-of-jubaland/). ## 2006 ilaa Janaayo 2007: Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Ciidamada [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/) waxay Sebtembar 2006 Kismaayo kala wareegeen Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba. Kadib markii maxkamaduhu Muqdisho lumiyeen Diseembar 2006, odayaasha beelaha Kismaayo ayaa u sheegay inay baxaan; mid ka mid ah, Maxamed Carab, wuxuu yiri: "Waxaan u sheegnay inay jabi doonaan, magaaladeennana ay burburi doonto" (tarjumaad). Ciidamada Itoobiya iyo dowladda ku-meel-gaarka ahi waxay magaalada galeen 1 Janaayo 2007 ([Wikipedia, Fall of Kismayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kismayo), oo soo xiganaysa *The New York Times* iyo *The Guardian*). Eeg [Dagaalkii Soomaaliya, 2006 ilaa 2009](/en/history/war-in-somalia-2006-2009/). ## Agoosto 2008: al-Shabaab iyo Islaamiyiinta oo soo laabtay 20 ilaa 22 Agoosto 2008 dagaalyahanno Islaamiyiin ah ayaa weeraray magaalada, oo ay haysteen maleeshiyaad Mareexaan ah oo u daacad ahaa Barre Aadan Shire Hiiraale, waxayna qabsadeen markii maleeshiyaadku ka baxeen. *Long War Journal* waxay soo warisay in ka badan 70 qof oo la dilay iyo in Maxkamadaha Islaamigu qabsadeen magaalada ([*Long War Journal*, 22 Agoosto 2008](https://longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/08/the_islamic_courts_has_taken_1.php)). Wikipedia waxay taliyayaashii weerarka u magacawday [Axmed Madoobe](/en/people/ahmed-madobe/) iyo [Xasan al-Turki](/en/people/hassan-abdullah-hersi-al-turki/), waxayna diiwaangelisay qiyaastii 35,000 qof oo barakacay ([Wikipedia, Battle of Kismayo (2008)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2008)), oo soo xiganaysa Garowe Online iyo CNN). ## Oktoobar 2009: al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam Kooxihii Kismaayo qabsaday 2008 ayaa kadib kala jabay. Guutada Raas Kambooni iyo Canoole, oo ahaa garabyo ka tirsan [Xisbul Islaam](/en/institutions/hizbul-islam/), waxay diideen maamul cusub oo al-Shabaab dhistay oo iyaga ka reebay; canshuuraha dekeddu waxay labada dhinacba u ahaayeen il dhaqaale oo muhiim ah ([VOA, Oktoobar 2009](https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2009-10-02-voa18/415183.html)). 1 Oktoobar 2009 al-Shabaab waxay weerartay degmooyinka waqooyiga magaalada ee Xisbul Islaam haysatay, waxaana ugu yaraan 30 qof lagu dilay dagaal socday in ka badan shan saacadood. Afhayeenka al-Shabaab Sheekh Xasan Yacquub wuxuu ku dhawaaqay "jihaad" ka dhan ah Xisbul Islaam; afhayeen kale, Cali Maxamuud Raage, ayaa markii dambe sheegay in kooxdu la dagaallamayso Axmed Madoobe oo keliya ([*Long War Journal*, 1 Oktoobar 2009](https://longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/10/turf_war_in_kismayo.php)). Al-Shabaab ayaa magaalada haysatay, labada garabna waxay u guureen tuulooyin qiyaastii 30 km u jira (VOA, 2009). Eeg [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Raaskambooni](/en/institutions/raskamboni-movement/). ## Sebtembar 2012: weerarkii Kenya hoggaaminaysay Saacadihii hore ee 28 Sebtembar 2012 ciidamo Kenya iyo Soomaali ah, oo ay taageerayeen duqeymo cirka ah, ayaa ka soo degay meel u dhow Kismaayo. Qiyaastii 12,000 qof ayaa magaalada ka tagay afartii toddobaad ee ka horreysay. Afhayeenka al-Shabaab, Cali Maxamuud Raage, wuxuu sheegay in kooxdu "amartay dib-u-gurasho xeeladeed saqdii dhexe" (tarjumaad) iyo inay sii dagaallami doonto; ra'iisul wasaare ku xigeenka Kenya, Musalia Mudavadi, wuxuu ku tilmaamay "guul weyn" (tarjumaad). Al Jazeera waxay magaalada ku tilmaamtay laf-dhabarta dhaqaalaha al-Shabaab, iyadoo loo marayo canshuuraha ganacsiga iyo maraakiibta ([Al Jazeera, 29 Sebtembar 2012](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/09/20129295415328148.html)). Ciidamada Kenya iyo Raaskambooni waxay magaalada galeen 1 Oktoobar (Wikipedia, Battle of Kismayo (2012)). Eeg [Ciidamada Kenya ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/kenya-military-in-somalia/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Dhimashada Agoosto 2008.** In ka badan 70 (*Long War Journal*) ama ugu yaraan 89 (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa CNN). - **Cidda hoggaaminaysay 2009.** Al-Shabaab waxay sheegtay inay la dagaallamayso Axmed Madoobe, ee aysan la dagaallamin Xisbul Islaam; afhayeennada Xisbul Islaam waxay sheegeen in dagaalyahannadoodu is-difaacayeen (*Long War Journal*). - **Cidda magaalada qabsatay 2012.** Al Jazeera waxay soo warisay ciidamo Kenya iyo Soomaali ah; Wikipedia waxay sidoo kale magacawdaa AMISOM iyo maleeshiyaadka Raaskambooni. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Al Jazeera, "Al-Shabab rebels pull out of key Somali town" (2012): [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/09/20129295415328148.html). - *Long War Journal*, "Turf war in Kismayo" (2009): [maqaal](https://longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/10/turf_war_in_kismayo.php). - Voice of America, dagaalkii Oktoobar 2009: [maqaal](https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2009-10-02-voa18/415183.html). --- # Wiilka Imaam Axmed iyo dhammaadkii dagaalka, 1543–1560: taariikh nololeedka al-Jaziri Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/imam-ahmads-son-and-the-end-of-the-war-1543-1560/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Taariikh nololeed lagu qoray Qaahira (Cairo) badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, oo uu qoray al-Jaziri, sarkaalkii mas'uulka ka ahaa safarka xujaajta ee Makka (Mecca), ayaa ka sheekaysa Axmed, wiilka Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim. Waa la qabtay markii aabbihii la dilay 1543, waxaa lagu beddelay amiirkii Itoobiyaanka ahaa ee la haystay, Minas, iyadoo uu dhex-dhexaadinayay barasaabkii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Yaman, waxaa soo dhaweeyay suldaankii Cusmaaniyiinta, wuxuuna ku dhintay Qaahira 1559–1560 kadib markii la qabtay isagoo si qarsoodi ah isugu dayay inuu Makka gaaro. Taariikhyahanadda Amélie Chekroun ayaa qoraalka aqoonsatay oo turjuntay 2025. ## Kooban Dagaalkii u dhexeeyay Adal iyo boqortooyadii Masiixiga ahayd ee Itoobiya 1530-meeyadii iyo 1540-meeyadii waxaa inta badan laga yaqaan *Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha* (Futuux al-Xabasha), oo istaaga qiyaastii 1535, iyo ilo Masiixi iyo Bortuqiis ah. 2025 taariikhyahanadda Amélie Chekroun waxay aqoonsatay warbixin Muslim oo cusub oo ku saabsan sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee dagaalka: taariikh nololeedka Axmed, wiilka Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim, oo uu Qaahira ku qoray Cabdulqaadir al-Jaziri (ʿAbd al-Qadir al-Jaziri). Waxay u turjuntay Faransiis. Maqaalkeedu waa "Derniers échos du jihad éthiopien (XVIe siècle) : l'apport de la biographie du fils de l'imām Aḥmad par al-Jazīrī", *Bellica* 3, lambar 2 (2025): 9–30 ([nuqulka furan ee HAL](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05395526)). Lambarrada bogagga ee hoose waa kuwa joornaalka. Dagaalka laftiisa, eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo duullaannadii Adal, 1527–1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). ## Qoraaga Al-Jaziri (1505 ilaa qiyaastii 1570) wuxuu ahaa Suufi, laga soo bilaabo dabayaaqadii 1530-meeyadii ilaa 1569-na wuxuu xoghaye ka ahaa xafiiska xajka ee Qaahira ilaa Makka. Wuxuu qoray taariikhda xajka, *al-Durar al-farāʾid al-munaẓẓama*. Cutub ku saabsan xajkii boqorrada, wuxuu dhowr bog u qoondeeyay Axmed, qofka keliya ee Itoobiya ka yimid ee buugga ku jira. Chekroun waxay qortay in al-Jaziri si shakhsi ah u yaqaannay Axmed, uu sheegay inuu jeclaa, oo uu dhowr jeer xigtay "rag la isku halleyn karo oo Itoobiya ka yimid" (tarjumaad) (bb. 15–16). Waxay qoraalka ka turjuntay daabacaaddii Beyruut (Beirut) ee 2002, taas oo iyaduna ku salaysan qoraal gacmeed yaal masjidka Qarawiyyiin ee Faas (Fez) (bb. 17–18). ## Wiilkee? Sida ku qoran *Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha*, Imaamka iyo xaaskiisa Del Wambara waxay lahaayeen wiil la oran jiray Maxamed, oo dhashay 1528, iyo wiil la oran jiray Axmed al-Najaashi, oo dhashay 1533 Tigray, sanad kadibna u dhintay juuzaam (leprosy). Chekroun waxay qortay in Axmed-ka al-Jaziri, oo 1543 ahaa wiil yar oo qaan-gaar ah, uu yahay Maxamedkaas ama wiil kale oo aan si kale loo aqoon. Taariikhda Boqor Galawdewos waxay wiilka la qabtay ugu yeertaa "Mäḫammäd" ama "Məhmäd", waxayna kaloo magacawdaa wiil kale, "Ali-Gärad", oo hore loo qabtay, iyo mid saddexaad, "Nasraddin", oo muddo xukumay Dawaro (bb. 16–17). ## Dagaalkii ugu dambeeyay, 1543 Warbixinta al-Jaziri ee dagaalkii ugu dambeeyay, sida Chekroun u turjuntay (bb. 25–26): - **Ciidamada.** Boqorkii Masiixiga ahaa, oo al-Jaziri ugu yeero Atnab Sakkad (Galawdewos), wuxuu soo uruuriyay Masiixiyiin Itoobiyaan ah iyo "Faranji" (Bortuqiis). Ciidamadu waxay ku kulmeen meel al-Jaziri u qoro "Wunā Dakā", oo ah Wayna Daga ee ilaha Ge'ez, oo bari ka xigta Harada Tana (Lake Tana). - **Imaamka oo casaan qaba.** Imaamku wuxuu waaberigii soo baxay isagoo fuushan, "dharkiisa oo dhan iyo fardihiisuba waxay ahaayeen casaan, sidoo kale askartiisa oo dhan iyo fardahoodaba" (tarjumaad). - **Dhimashadiisa.** Taliye ka tirsan boqorkii Masiixiga ahaa oo la oran jiray Kalid, oo ku koray ciidanka Imaamka kadibna ka goostay, ayaa garanayay. Nin Bortuqiis ah oo qori sita ayaa toogtay isagoon garanayn cidda uu yahay. Kalid ayaa madaxa ka gooyay oo u keenay boqorka, kaas oo aan rumaysan ilaa ay madaxda Itoobiya xaqiijiyeen inuu yahay kii Imaamka. Kadib Kalid wuxuu luqadda Itoobiya ku qayliyay, "Yaad u dagaallamaysaan, iyadoo Garaad Axmed dhintay?" (tarjumaad), ciidankii Imaamkuna way kala firdheen. - **Wixii ka dambeeyay.** Xeradii waa la dhacay, wiilkiina waa la qabtay oo loo diray boqorka. Xaaskii Imaamka iyo inta ka hadhay ciidanka waxay aadeen dhul la yiraahdo Atbara, "oo dadkiisu dhammaantood yihiin Carab Muslim ah" (tarjumaad), halkaasna iyadu waxay u gudubtay Cadan (Aden). Chekroun waxay qortay in tani ay qodobo badan kula mid tahay warbixinnada Ge'ez iyo Bortuqiiska. Bortuqiisku wuxuu qoray in nin iyaga ka mid ah uu Imaamka toogtay, askari Itoobiyaan ahna uu isku dayay inuu ammaanta qaato; ilaha Ge'ez-na waxay ammaanta siiyaan askari Itoobiyaan ah (b. 19). ## Is-weydaarsigii amiirrada Al-Jaziri wuxuu qoray in, horraantii dagaalka, Imaamku qabtay Minas, wiil yar oo boqorkii Masiixiga ahaa dhalay, una diray isaga iyo maxaabiis kale markab ku saaran Yaman si loo iibiyo. Barasaabkii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Yaman, Mustafa Baasha al-Nashshar (Mustafa Pasha al-Nashshar), ayaa iibsaday, ogaaday cidda uu yahay, baray suurado Qur'aanka ka mid ah, wuxuuna go'aansaday inuusan dhufaanin (castrate). Carmalladii Imaamka ayaa Baashaha u keentay hadiyado qaali ah, waxayna ka codsatay inuu warqad u qoro hooyadii boqorka Masiixiga ahaa. Warqado ayaa la is-weydaarsaday, boqoradda hooyada ahaydna waxay soo dirtay Axmed, iyadoo la socota dahab xabbado ah, iyadoo wiilkeedu dagaal ku maqnaa. Mustafa Baasha kadib wuxuu Minas guriga ugu celiyay ilaalo la socota. Markii boqorku soo laabtay, wuu cadhooday, isagoo ka baqaya in Axmed "uu noqdo sidii aabbihii" (tarjumaad) (bb. 26–27). Chekroun waxay xustay in ilaha Ge'ez ay iyaguna sharraxaan is-weydaarsigan oo u dhexeeyay labada hooyo, Del Wambara iyo Boqorad Sabla Wangel (b. 17). Minas mar dambe wuxuu Itoobiya xukumay 1559 ilaa 1563. Al-Jaziri wuxuu qoray inuu qariyay inuu Islaamay, uuna diiday inuu "seefta ku qaado Muslimiinta" (tarjumaad) (bb. 27–28). ## Axmed oo Qaahira jooga Axmed wuxuu raacay Mustafa Baasha markii Baashaha laga qaaday Yaman 1545–1546, una guuray Qaahira. Barasaabkii Masar wuxuu warqad u qoray Suldaan Süleyman (Suleymaan), Axmedna wuxuu aaday Qusdantiiniya (Constantinople), halkaas oo suldaanku u qoondeeyay mushahar "sida caadada u ah wiilasha boqorrada" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu ku noolaa guri dul saaran balliga Birkat al-Fil ee Qaahira, waxaana loo ballanqaaday askar iyo hub si uu aabbihii ugu aarsado. Al-Jaziri wuxuu ku tilmaamay inuu ahaa qurux badan, caqli badan oo deeqsi ah. Markii Özdemir Baasha (Özdemir Pasha) loo diray inuu qabsado xeebta Itoobiya, Axmed laguma darin. Mushaharkiisii waa yaraaday, deyn ayuu galay, wuxuuna waqti ku qaatay al-Azhar isagoo kutub akhrinaya. 1558–1559 wuxuu ku biiray safarka xujaajta isagoo is-qariyay, isagoo qorsheynayay inuu Makka kadib badda u maro oo dalkiisa ku laabto, laakiin halkaas ayaa lagu xiray, waxaana dib loogu soo celiyay isagoo silsilado ku xiran. Wuu jirran noqday, wuxuuna ku dhintay meel u dhow al-Azhar 1559–1560 (bb. 28–29). Chekroun waxay xustay in Özdemir Baasha uu isla sanadkaas dhintay (b. 21). ## Maxaabiista iyo ganacsiga addoonta Al-Jaziri wuxuu qoray in Imaamku ku dhaartay inuu sii wadi doono u dirista dibadda ee maxaabiista Itoobiyaanka ilaa mid kastaa uu ka noqdo hal diinaar, in koox maxaabiis ah oo mar la diray ay ahaayeen 940, iyo inuu isagu laftiisu Qaahira 1538–1539 kaga iibsaday gabadh Itoobiyaan ah toban xabbo oo dahab ah (bb. 24–25). Chekroun waxay qortay in dagaalku aad u kordhiyay tirada addoomaha Itoobiyaanka ah ee suuqyada Yaman iyo Masar, iyo in ganacsiga Saylac (Zeila) mara uu aad uga da' weynaa dagaalka. Waxay xigatay taariikhyahankii Gujarat ee Xaaji al-Dabiir (Hajji al-Dabir, wuxuu dhintay 1611) oo ka hadlay askar asal ahaan Itoobiyaan ah oo ku jiray ciidamada Gujarat taasoo ka dhalatay dagaalka (bb. 18–19). ## Ilo Muslim oo kale oo dagaalka ka hadla Chekroun waxay taxday xusitaanno kale (bb. 11–14): - **Xadramawt (Hadramawt).** Taariikhda sannadlaha ah ee Baa Faqiih (Ba Faqih), oo qayb ka mid ah uu daabacay Robert Serjeant, waxay sanadka 1541–1542 ku diiwaangelisay in Imaamku caawimaad ka codsaday barasaabkii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Zabiid (Zabid), uuna helay 500 Turk ah oo qalabkoodii wata. - **Hindiya.** Al-Caydaruus (al-ʿAydarus), oo wax ku qorayay Axmedabaad (Ahmadabad) 1603, wuxuu xusay kor u kicitaankii Imaamka ee Harar, wuxuuna sheegay in aabbaha qoraaga laftiisa loo diray inuu caawiyo 1532–1533. - **Warbixin Cusmaaniyiin ah oo 1525.** Taliyihii badda Selman Reis wuxuu qoray in meel u dhow Saylac ay ku taallay magaalo la yiraahdo Janasir oo taliyayaasheeda loogu yeeri jiray Mujaahid, in "kutubta cilmiga badankood laga qaybiyo Saylac" (tarjumaad), iyo in sanad kasta weerarro lagu qaado Xabashida. Chekroun waxay xustay meel magacaas leh, oo burburro leh, oo qiyaastii laba kiiloomitir u jirta Derbiga oo bari ka xigta Harar. - **Warqad Cusmaaniyiin ah oo qiyaastii 1541** waxay Imaamka ugu yeertaa "Suldaan Axmed, taliyaha gobolka Xabash" (tarjumaad). - **Warqad Cusmaaniyiin ah oo 28 Diseembar 1544** waxay sheegtay in "Cabbaas, wiilka uu adeerka u yahay Mujaahid" (tarjumaad) uu soo abaabulay ciidan weyn oo dib u qabsaday dhulkii Imaamku haystay. Chekroun waxay xustay in taariikhda Galawdewos ay sharraxdo iska caabintan uu horseeday wasiir Cabbaas (Abbas), taas oo ku dhammaatay dhimashadiisii dabayaaqadii 1544. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Futuux al-Xabasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/) - [Axmed ibn Ibraahim al-Qaasi](/so/people/ahmad-ibn-ibrahim-al-ghazi/) - [Harar oo noqotay caasimadda Adal, 1520–1577](/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/) - [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Adal](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/) - [Dhimashadii Suldaan Sacduddiin ee Saylac iyo wiilashiisii Yaman](/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/) - [Dhammaadkii Adal, 1543–1583: Amiir Nuur, Cusmaaniyiinta Saylac iyo u-guuritaankii Awsa](/so/history/end-of-adal-1543-1583/) --- # Dowladihii qarniyada dhexe iyo kuwii hore ee casriga, 1300-meeyadii–1700-meeyadii (Muqdisho, Ifat/Adal, Ajuuraan) Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 1300-meeyadii ilaa 1700-meeyadii, Soomaalidu waxay ku noolaayeen magaalo-dowladeedyo xeebeed oo hodan ah sida Muqdisho iyo dowlado Muslim ah oo waaweyn sida Adal iyo Ajuuraan. Kuwani waxay ahaayeen dowladihii ugu horreeyay ee waaray ee dhulalka Soomaalida, oo ay isku xireen Islaamka, ganacsiga iyo cilmiga, inkastoo midkoodna uusan ahayn hal qaran Soomaaliyeed. ## Waxa dhacay - **1331.** Socdaalka Ibnu Battuuta ayaa booqday Muqdisho, wuxuuna ugu yeeray "magaalo aad u weyn". 1300-meeyadii Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe waxay ahaayeen xarumo ganacsi iyo cilmi ([Library of Congress country study](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). - **1415.** Boqorka Itoobiya Yeshaq ayaa ku duulay boqortooyadii Muslimka ahayd ee Ifat ee u dhowayd Saylac. Bedelkii Ifat wuxuu ahaa Saldanadda Adal ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/5.htm)). - **1400-meeyadii ilaa 1500-meeyadii.** Adal waxay u koobtay waxa Maktabadda Koongareesku ugu yeerto "nidaam dowladeed oo dhexe". Markii ay ugu sarraysay saameynteedu waxay ka bilaabatay Saylac, ilaa Jigjiga iyo dooxada Harar, ilaa dhulka buuraleyda ah ee Itoobiya ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/5.htm)). Britannica waxay Adal ku taariikheysaa ilaa 1300 ilaa 1575, caasimaddeeduna ahayd Harar ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Adal)). - **1529 ilaa 1543.** Imaam Axmed ibnu Ibraahim, oo loo yaqaan Axmed Gurey, ayaa ciidamada Adal u horseeday buuraleyda. 1533 waxay haysteen inta badan bartamaha Itoobiya. Burtuqiisku wuxuu 1541 Itoobiya u diray 400 qori-sitayaal ah si ay u caawiyaan, Imaamkana waxaa la dilay 1543 ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Adal)). Eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). - **1500-meeyadii iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Macallimiin suufiyo ah ayaa Islaamka xeebta ka soo galiyay gudaha. Shabakadahoodu waxay noqdeen xiriirka ugu weyn ee isku xira bulshooyinka, xiriir ka baxsan beelaha ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). - **Ilaa 1550 ilaa 1650.** Dowladda Ajuuraan waxay abaabushay dhulka u dhexeeya webiyada Shabeelle iyo Jubba, iyadoo maamulaysay biyaha iyo daaqa ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). Xog kale waxay siiyaan cimri aad uga dheer, sidaas darteed taariikhaheedu waa lagu murmay. - **1600-meeyadii ilaa 1700-meeyadii.** Weerarrada Burtuqiiska ayaa daciifiyay Ajuuraan. Muqdisho keligeed ayaa iska caabisay weerarro Burtuqiis oo soo noqnoqday ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen - Adal waxay ka koobnayd dadyowga Soomaalida, Canfarta iyo Hararida. Taariikhyahannadu waxay ku tilmaamaan dowlad Muslim ah halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd dowlad-qaran Soomaaliyeed ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/5.htm)). - 1543 kadib iyo imaanshihii socdaalayaasha Oromada, Britannica waxay sheegtay in "taageerayaashii reer guuraaga ahaa ee Adal ay lumiyeen midnimadooda" dowladduna way libdhay ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Adal)). Isbahaysigu kama dambeyn hoggaamiyihiisa. - Magaalooyinka xeebtu waxay wadaageen Islaamka iyo ganacsiga laakiin mid kastaa wuu is-maamulay, hal dowlad la'aan. - Quwado dibadeed, marka hore Burtuqiiska, ayaa qaabeeyay natiijada dagaalladii 1500-meeyadii. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay magacawday taliyihii Burtuqiiska Pedro da Gama; xog kale waxay magacaabaan Christovão da Gama. Taariikhaha Ajuuraan waxay u dhexeeyaan 1200-meeyadii ilaa 1600-meeyadii iyadoo ku xiran isha. --- # Doorashadii madaxtinimada Soomaaliya ee 2012 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2012/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 10 Sebtembar 2012 Baarlamaanka Federaalka ee cusub wuxuu Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud u doortay Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Wuxuu wareegii labaad kaga adkaaday Madaxweynihii xilka ka degayay, Shariif Sheekh Axmed, 190 cod iyo 79, Shariifna wuu qiray guuldarada. 275-ta xildhibaan waxaa soo xushay 135 oday dhaqameed. QM waxay ku tilmaantay doorashadii ugu daah-furnaanta iyo matalaadda badnayd intii ay socotay xiisadda 20-ka sano ee Soomaaliya, tii ugu horreysay ee gudaha dalka lagu qabto, iyadoo xustay warbixinno cabsi gelin iyo faragelin aan habboonayn. ## Si kooban Doorashadii 2012 waxay soo afjartay xilligii ku-meel-gaarka ee Soomaaliya. Baarlamaan Federaal oo cusub ayaa la dhisay 20 Agoosto 2012, 10 Sebtembarna xubnihiisu waxay Madaxweyne u doorteen [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/). Wareegii labaad wuxuu helay 190 cod, Madaxweynihii xilka ka degayay, [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/), 79 ([VOA, 10 Sebtembar 2012](https://www.voanews.com/content/somalia_parliament_votes_for_new_president/1505008.html)). Xoghayaha Guud ee QM wuxuu qoray in codbixinta "mararka qaar ay ku jireen warbixinno cabsi gelin iyo faragelin aan habboonayn oo loogu talagalay in natiijada la saameeyo", balse "haddana ay noqotay doorashadii ugu daah-furnaanta iyo matalaadda badnayd ee xiisadda 20-ka sano ee Soomaaliya, tii ugu horreysay ee gudaha dalka lagu qabto" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2013/69, faqradda 2](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf)). Sida nidaamkani u shaqeeyay iyo wixii ka dambeeyay, eeg [doorashooyinka Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/). Sannadihii ka horreeyay, eeg [dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa, 2000 ilaa 2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/). ## Sida Madaxweynaha loo doortay Warbixinta QM waxay sharraxdaa tallaabooyinka ([S/2013/69, faqradaha 2 iyo 17 ilaa 19](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Odayaasha.** "275-ta Xubnood ee Baarlamaanka waxaa soo xushay 135 oday dhaqameed, waxaana hubiyay Guddi Farsamo oo Xulasho" (tarjumaad). - **Baarlamaanka.** Baarlamaan Federaal oo cusub oo "ka yar" ayaa la dhisay 20 Agoosto 2012. Wuxuu Guddoomiye u doortay [Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari](/en/people/mohamed-osman-jawari/). - **Khilaafyada.** Bilihii ugu dambeeyay ee xilligii ku-meel-gaarka, saxiixayaasha khariidadda waddadu waxay isku khilaafeen "xulashada iyo maaraynta odayaasha dhaqanka", qaybo ka mid ah dastuurka qabyada ah, "baaxadda Baarlamaanka", doorka iyo booska hoggaamiyayaashii hore ee kooxaha hubeysan, iyo "xulashada iyo hubinta xubnaha" (tarjumaad). Ergayga Gaarka ah ee QM ayaa dhexdhexaadiyay. - **Haweenka.** Haweenku waxay haysteen 24 boqolkiiba Golaha Dastuur-qorista Qaranka iyo 14 boqolkiiba Baarlamaanka Federaalka, oo ka hooseeya kootada 30 boqolkiiba ee labadaba. - **Baahinta.** QM waxay taageertay "baahinta tooska ah ee aan horay loo arag ee hawlaha doorashada madaxtinimada" (tarjumaad). ## Codbixinta, 10 Sebtembar 2012 - **Wareegga koowaad.** Shariif Sheekh Axmed ayaa kaalinta koowaad galay, Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud kaalinta labaad, Ra'iisul Wasaaraha [Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali](/en/people/abdiweli-gaas/) kaalinta saddexaad ([Al Jazeera, 11 Sebtembar 2012](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/9/11/somali-mps-elect-hassan-sheikh-as-president)). - **Wareegga labaad ka hor.** Laba musharrax, oo uu ku jiro Ra'iisul Wasaaruhu, ayaa isa sharaxaadda ka bixiyay oo taageeray Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/content/somalia_parliament_votes_for_new_president/1505008.html)). - **Wareegga labaad.** Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud 190, Shariif Sheekh Axmed 79 (VOA; Al Jazeera). - **Qirashada.** Shariif Sheekh Axmed "wuxuu qiray guuldarada codbixinta kadib, wuxuuna ballan qaaday inuu la shaqayn doono dowladda cusub" (tarjumaad) (VOA). ## Eedaha laaluushka Wariyaha Al Jazeera ee Muqdisho, Nazanine Moshiri, ayaa soo warisay: "Waxay ii sheegeen in laaluush dhinac walba ka socdo", iyadoo lacagtu ahayd "inta la ii sheegay $10,000 ilaa $50,000" (tarjumaad). Il diblomaasiyadeed ayaa u sheegtay in "haddii xildhibaannadu aysan damiirkooda ku codeyn, tani ay sii wadi doonto musuqmaasuqa baahsan" (tarjumaad). Xafiiska madaxweynaha ayaa eedaha ku tilmaamay "kuwo aan sal lahayn oo aan run ahayn" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera, 11 Sebtembar 2012](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/9/11/somali-mps-elect-hassan-sheikh-as-president)). ## Dowladdii cusbayd - **12 Sebtembar 2012.** Is-miidaamiyayaal ayaa weeraray Hotel Jaziira ee Muqdisho "iyadoo Madaxweyne Maxamuud joogay" (tarjumaad) ([S/2013/69, faqradda 11](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf)). - **6 Oktoobar.** Madaxweynuhu wuxuu Ra'iisul Wasaare u magacaabay [Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon](/en/people/abdi-farah-shirdon/) "Saacid". Baarlamaanku wuu ansixiyay, 13 Nofembarna wuxuu ansixiyay golihiisa wasiirrada ee 10-ka xubnood ahaa, oo ay ku jireen laba haween ah (isla ishaas, faqradda 3). - **Barnaamijka.** Madaxweynuhu wuxuu soo bandhigay "qaab siyaasadeed lix tiir ah" iyo hab "hoos ilaa kor" ah oo maamullada deegaanka marka hore la dhisayo (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 4). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Dadkii joogay Hotel Jaziira,** weerarkii is-miidaaminta ee 12 Sebtembar 2012 (S/2013/69). - **Haweenkii xilka u tartamayay,** oo helay 14 boqolkiiba kuraasta marka loo eego kootada 30 boqolkiiba (S/2013/69). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Sida ay codbixintu u nadiif ahayd.** QM waxay ku tilmaantay doorashadii ugu daah-furnaanta iyo matalaadda badnayd ee xiisadda, iyadoo xustay warbixinno cabsi gelin. Ilaha Al Jazeera waxay soo sheegeen laaluush "dhinac walba ah". Xafiiska madaxweynaha ayaa beeniyay wax khalad ah. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2013/69 (31 Janaayo 2013): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf). - VOA, "Somalia Elects a New President", 10 Sebtembar 2012: [maqaal](https://www.voanews.com/content/somalia_parliament_votes_for_new_president/1505008.html). - Al Jazeera, "Somali MPs elect Hassan Sheikh as president", 11 Sebtembar 2012: [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/9/11/somali-mps-elect-hassan-sheikh-as-president). --- # Dhammaadkii Cadal, 1543–1583: Amiir Nuur, Cusmaaniyiinta Saylac iyo u guuritaankii Awsa Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/end-of-adal-1543-1583/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Kadib markii Imaam Axmed la dilay 1543, boqorkii Masiixiga ahaa wuxuu qiyaastii laba sano gudahood dib u qabsaday dhulkii uu qabsaday. Amiir Nuur (Emir Nur) wuxuu Cadal (Adal) gacanta ku dhigay 1551–1552, wuxuu dilay Boqor Galawdewos 1559, wuxuu Harar derbi ugu wareejiyay si uu uga ilaaliyo weerarrada Oromada, wuxuuna u dhintay daacuun 1567. Abtirsiinyadii Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin waxay dhammaatay 1559. Cusmaaniyiintu (Ottomans) waxay 1555 sameeyeen gobol la yiraahdo Xabash (Habesh), sida uu qabo taariikhyahanka Turkiga ah Cengiz Orhonlu, waxayna qabsadeen Saylac (Zeila) iyo, muddo gaaban, Berbera. Imaam Maxamed Gaasa (Muhammad Gasa) wuxuu xarunta awoodda u raray Awsa 1570-meeyadii–1580-meeyadii, taas oo taariikhyahannada Chekroun iyo Hirsch u arkaan dhammaadkii saldanadda. ## Si kooban Boggani wuxuu raacayaa Amélie Chekroun iyo Bertrand Hirsch, "The Muslim-Christian Wars and the Oromo Expansion: Transformations at the End of the Middle Ages (c. 1500–c. 1560)" (Dagaalladii Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo ballaarashadii Oromada: isbeddelladii dhammaadkii qarniyadii dhexe, qiyaastii 1500 ilaa qiyaastii 1560), oo ku jira Samantha Kelly (tifaftire), *A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea* (Brill, 2020), bogagga 454–476 ([nuqulka furan ee HAL](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02505427)). Haddii aan si kale loo sheegin, hadal kasta oo hoos ku qoran waa kooda ama il ay soo xigtaan. Dagaalka laftiisa, eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo duullaannadii Cadal, 1527–1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). ## Sida dagaalku uga duwanaa weerarradii hore - **Weerarradii dagaalka ka horreeyay.** *Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha* dhexdiisa, amiirrada Cadal waxay Imaam Axmed u sheegeen in "aabbayaashood iyo awoowayaashood aysan waligood doonin inay degaan dalka Xabashida" (tarjumaad), balse ay xuduudaha u diri jireen weerarro "si ay u helaan boob, xoolo iyo wax la mid ah" (tarjumaad), dabadeedna dib ugu noqon jireen gurigooda. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in weerarradu qayb ka ahaayeen dhaqaalaha bulshooyinka Muslimka iyo Masiixiga labadaba, iyo in Imaam Axmed ka hor aysan labada dhinacna isku dayin inay midba midka kale qabsado. - **Goorta qabsashadu bilaabatay.** Sannadka 1527 ayaa inta badan la sheegaa, balse wuxuu calaamad u yahay weerar Masiixi ah oo uu hoggaaminayay Dagalhan. Qorayaashu waxay dagaalkii qabsashada ku taariikhaynayaan 1531, iyagoo raacaya qoraalka Masiixiga ah ee *Mäṣḥafä Sǝddät* iyo taariikhda Harar ee *Taʾrīkh al-mulūk*, oo bixisa 937 Hijriyada (Agoosto 1530 ilaa Agoosto 1531). Dagaalladii Badeqe (Sebtembar 1528) iyo Shimbra Kure (Maarso 1529) ayaa hore u dhacay, balse ciidanku wuxuu mar kasta kadib dib ugu noqday Harar. - **Cidda dagaallantay.** Weerarradu waxay adeegsan jireen ciidanka joogtada ah ee saldanadda, fardooleydiisa (*Malasay*) iyo "askarta badda" (tarjumaad). Qabsashada, Imaam Axmed wuxuu kaloo isu yeeray ciidamo ka yimid dadyowga canshuurta siin jiray suldaannada, "Harla, Soomaali, iwm." (tarjumaad), iyo sidoo kale askar ka timid Jasiiradda Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan reer Mahra. Hubka qoryaha ah ee "laga iibsaday Saylac" (tarjumaad) ayaa lagama maarmaan ahaa. - **Doorka Yaman iyo Cusmaaniyiinta.** Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in suldaanka Cusmaaniyiinta uu dagaalka xiise yar u muujiyay, in Cusmaaniyiintu ay bilaabeen qabsashada xeebta Yaman oo keliya 1538–1539, iyo in askartii ka timid Zabiid (Zabid), Cadan (Aden) iyo Mahra loo arko qayb ka mid ah xiriirkii dheeraa ee u dhexeeyay Yaman iyo Itoobiyada Muslimka ah, "halkii loo arki lahaa faragelin Cusmaaniyiin" (tarjumaad). - **Nabadda gudaha Cadal.** Waxay qoreen in Imaamku, markii uu askarta iyo amiirrada deegaanka intooda badan u qaaday dhulka sare, uu keenay "nabad ku-meel-gaar ah oo u dhaxaysa awoodda dhexe iyo dadweynaha (gaar ahaan beelaha Soomaalida)" (tarjumaad). ## 1543 kadib Taariikhda Boqor Galawdewos (Gelawdewos) waa isha keliya ee ka warranta ciidankii Muslimka kadib dhimashadii Imaamka. Qayb ka mid ah ciidanka ayaa gurigooda u cararay, qayb kalena waxay ku biirtay dhinaca Masiixiga. Wasiirkii Cabbaas (ʿAbbas) wuxuu isku dayay inuu haysto Bali, Fatagar iyo Dawaro, balse Galawdewos ayaa dilay Oktoobar 1544. Weerar Masiixi ah oo lagu qaaday Cadal 1549–1550 ayaa dilay suldaankii xukunka hayay, waxaana la daba galay hoggaamiye la yiraahdo Nuur. Warka Muslimiinta ee sannadahaas, eeg [Wiilkii Imaam Axmed iyo dhammaadkii dagaalka, 1543–1560](/so/history/imam-ahmads-son-and-the-end-of-the-war-1543-1560/). ## Amiir Nuur Nuur, oo la filayo inuu ahaa wiilka wasiirkii Imaamka, Mujaahid ibn Cali (Mujahid ibn ʿAli), ayaa xukunka qabsaday 959 Hijriyada (1551–1552), isagoo suldaanka gacantiisa ku hayay. Maarso–Abriil 1559, dagaal weyn oo ka dhacay Fatagar, wuxuu dilay oo madaxa ka gooyay Boqor Galawdewos, waxaana la sheegaa inuu madaxa keenay Harar. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen inuusan isku dayin inuu qabsashada dib u bilaabo, maxaa yeelay Cadal waxaa ku dhacay weerarro Oromo, xiisad dhaqaale, cudurro faafa, macluul, iyo luminta rag badan oo ka mid ah dadkeeda dagaalkii dheeraa. Nuur wuxuu dhisay derbiga Harar, halkaasna wuxuu ugu dhintay daacuun 1567. *Taʾrīkh al-mulūk* waxay ugu yeertaa "qabsadihii labaad" (tarjumaad), qorayaashuna waxay qoreen in xusuusta Harari uu ku leeyahay sharaf ka badan tan Imaamka laftiisa. Eeg [Harar waxay noqotay caasimadda Cadal, 1520–1577](/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/). ## Dhammaadkii saldanadda Abtirsiinyadii Sacad ad-Diin waxay dhammaatay 1559 markii uu dhintay Suldaan Xabiib ibn Cumar Diin (Habib ibn ʿUmar Din), oo ahaa wiilka suldaankii uu Imaam Axmed carshiga saaray. Sida ay sheegtay *Taʾrīkh al-mulūk*, shan taliye ayaa markaas si degdeg ah isugu xigay. Suldaan Maxamed ibn Naasir (Muhammad ibn Nasir, xukumay 1572/3–1575/6) wuxuu hoggaamiyay duullaan ka dhan ah boqortooyadii Masiixiga, kaas oo qorayaashu ku tilmaameen "guuldarro qadhaadh" (tarjumaad), oo qayb ka mid ah ciidankiisu ay u wareegtay dhinaca Masiixiga. Imaam Maxamed ibn Ibraahim Gaasa (Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Gasa, xukumay 1577–1583) wuxuu xarunta awoodda u raray Awsa (Aussa). Qorayaashu waxay guuritaankan, oo ay inta badan keeneen cadaadiskii Oromada ee Harar ku wareegsanaa iyo khilaafaad gudaha ah, u arkaan dhammaadkii Barr Sacad ad-Diin. Waxay qoreen in dagaalkii Imaam Axmed uu ahaa mid keliya oo ka mid ah dhibaatooyinkii soo afjaray saldanadda, kuwaas oo ka bilaabmay loollan carshiga ah dabayaaqadii qarnigii 15aad. ## Gobolkii Cusmaaniyiinta iyo xeebta Soomaalida - **Gobolka Xabash.** Özdemir Baashaa (Özdemir Pasha) waxaa 15 Luulyo 1555 loo magacaabay guddoomiyaha gobolka cusub ee Cusmaaniyiinta ee Xabash (Habesh, Abasiiniya), oo markii hore xaruntiisu ahayd Sawaakin (Suakin). Intii u dhaxaysay 1557 iyo 1559 wuxuu qabsaday Musawac (Massawa), Hirgigo iyo Jasiiradaha Dahlak, iyo, sida uu qabo Orhonlu, Saylac iyo, muddo gaaban, Berbera. Hirgigo iyo Saylac waxaa laga dhigay degmooyin (*sanjak*) ka tirsan gobolka. - **Shakiga ku saabsan Saylac.** Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in Saylac "aysan muddo dheer ku jirin xukunka Cusmaaniyiinta" (tarjumaad). Dukumentiyada Carabiga ah ee Saylac ee uu daabacay Enrico Cerulli waligood ma sheegaan qabsasho Cusmaaniyiin; balse waxay magacaabaan guddoomiyeyaal deegaan (*garaad*), waxayna diiwaangeliyaan derbi la dhisay intii u dhaxaysay 1572 iyo 1577, xilligii Garaad Lado (Garad Lado), "si magaalada looga ilaaliyo reer guuraa Soomaali ah oo boob ah" (tarjumaad). Waxay qoreen in baaxadda xukunka Cusmaaniyiinta ee qaybta koonfureed ee gobolka ay "weli tahay su'aal furan" (tarjumaad). - **Wixii dambe.** Cusmaaniyiintu waxay 1576 lumiyeen qalcaddoodii gudaha ee Debarwa, waxaana laga adkaaday Addi Qorro 1578, kadibna waxay ku ekaadeen xeebta Badda Cas. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen inay qarniyadii xigay gacanta ku hayeen ganacsiga Itoobiyada gudaha, gaar ahaan hubka qoryaha iyo addoonta. ## Ballaarashadii Oromada Isha ugu weyn waa *Zenahu la-Galla*, taariikh Oromada ah oo la qoray 1590-meeyadii, uu qoray Bahrey, oo ahaa wadaad aqoonyahan ah oo joogay maxkamadda Boqor Sarsa Dengel. Wuxuu sharraxay nidaamka *gadaa* ee Oromada, oo uu ugu yeero *luuba*: "Ma laha boqor iyo sayid midna… balse waxay adeecaan *luuba*-da, muddo siddeed sano ah" (tarjumaad). Iyadoo la raacayo muddooyinkiisa siddeedda sano ah: - **1520-meeyadii–1550-meeyadii.** Oromada Baarentu waxay marka hore u guureen Bali iyo Dawaro, kadibna Fatagar, "gobollo ay inta badan degganaayeen Muslimiin" (tarjumaad). - **1550-meeyadii.** Waxay u riixeen waqooyi, waxayna la dagaallameen jeneraalkii Masiixiga ahaa ee Hamelmal kadibna Amiir Nuur meel u dhow Buurta Azalo, agagaarka Awaash (Awash), wax yar kadib 1559. - **1560-meeyadii.** Baarentu waxay u guureen jiirarka dhinaciisa iyo bari xagga Harar, halka Boorana ay cadaadis ku saareen bartamaha dhulka Masiixiga. Bahrey wuxuu qoray in 1560-meeyadii Oromadu ay bilaabeen inay degaan dhulkii ay weeraraan, halkii ay dib ugu noqon lahaayeen gudcurka Webiga Shabeelle (Wabi Shabelle), ayna bilaabeen inay fardo ku dagaallamaan. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in sababaha ay adag tahay in la caddeeyo. Waxay soo jeedinayaan afar astaamood oo nidaamka *gadaa* ah inay noqon karaan arrimo saameeyay, waxayna qoreen in 1550-meeyadii–1560-meeyadii "Barr Sacad ad-Diin uu dhab ahaan u baaba'ay sidii uu ahaa" (tarjumaad), iyadoo Walashmadii ugu dambeysay ku xirnaayeen Harar, taas oo noqotay "magaalo barakaysan" (tarjumaad) iyo "astaan u ah waqti hore oo sharaf lahaa oo lumay" (tarjumaad). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Futuux al-Xabasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/) - [Axmed ibn Ibraahim al-Qaasi (Imaam Axmed Gurey)](/so/people/ahmad-ibn-ibrahim-al-ghazi/) - [Toddobadii boqortooyo ee Muslimka ahaa ee Geeska: canshuur, ganacsi iyo lacag](/so/history/seven-muslim-kingdoms-tribute-trade-and-money/) - [Harla iyo Harlaa](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/) - [Dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe iyo xilligii hore ee casriga, 1300-meeyadii–1700-meeyadii](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/) --- # Qaraxyadii Hargeysa iyo Boosaaso ee 29 Oktoobar 2008 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/hargeisa-bosaso-bombings-2008/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Subaxnimadii 29 Oktoobar 2008 qaraxyo is-miidaamin ah oo baabuur lagu fuliyay ayaa isku mar ku dhacay shan bartilmaameed: madaxtooyada, xarunta UNDP iyo qunsuliyadda Itoobiya ee Hargeysa, iyo laba xafiis oo amni ee Boosaaso. Reuters waxay tirisay ugu yaraan 28 qof oo dhintay, qiyaastii 25 Hargeysa, ugu yaraan 20 xafiiska Itoobiya; warbixinno kale waxay sheegeen ilaa 30. Koox ma sheegan. Mid ka mid ah qaraxyadeeyayaasha waxaa markii dambe lagu aqoonsaday Shirwa Axmed oo ka yimid Minneapolis, kii ugu horreeyay ee Maraykan ah ee la ogyahay inuu is-qarxiyay. ## Si kooban Qaraxyadii 29 Oktoobar 2008 waxay ku dhaceen Somaliland iyo Puntland, halkaas oo, sida ay Amnesty International xustay, weerarrada noocaas ahi ay dhif ahaayeen marka loo eego koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya. Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa ilaha ay sheegaan. Waa qayb ka mid ah taariikhda [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) iyo amniga [Somaliland](/en/institutions/somaliland-armed-forces/). ## Weerarrada Saacadihii hore ee Arbacadii 29 Oktoobar 2008 saddex baabuur ayaa isku mar galay xarumo Hargeysa ku yaal: madaxtooyada (oo Amnesty International ku tilmaantay guriga gaarka ah ee Madaxweyne [Daahir Riyaale Kaahin](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/)), xafiisyada Barnaamijka Horumarinta QM (UNDP), iyo qunsuliyadda Itoobiya, oo ahayd halka ugu waxyeellada iyo khasaaraha badnaa. Xafiisyada UNDP, baabuur ayaa xoog ku jabsaday xayndaabka amniga kadib markii ilaaladu diideen inay albaabka furaan. Laba weerar ayaa isla waqtigaas ku dhacay xafiisyada amniga dowladda ee Boosaaso ([Amnesty International, war-saxaafadeed AFR 52/018/2008, 30 Oktoobar 2008](https://www.amnesty.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/afr520182008en.pdf)). ## Dhimashada Reuters, sida uu soo tebiyay *Mail & Guardian*, waxay tirisay ugu yaraan 28 qof oo dhintay: qiyaastii 25 Hargeysa, oo ay ku jiraan 3 madaxtooyada, ugu yaraan 20 xafiiska Itoobiya iyo 2 dhismaha UNDP, iyo 3 Boosaaso, halkaas oo laba baabuur oo qarxay ay ku dhaceen xarunta sirdoonka ([*Mail & Guardian*, Reuters, 29 Oktoobar 2008](https://mg.co.za/article/2008-10-29-suicide-bombers-kill-at-least-28-in-somalia)). Xafiiska arrimaha bani'aadamnimada ee QM wuxuu xaqiijiyay in laba ka mid ah shaqaalihiisa waddaniga ah la dilay, lixna ay dhaawacmeen (Amnesty International, 2008). Guddoomiyaha gobolka Bari, Muuse Geelle, wuxuu ka yiri Boosaaso: "Labada baabuur iyo darawalladoodiiba way burbureen" (tarjumaad) (*Mail & Guardian*, 2008). ## Falcelinta iyo mas'uuliyadda Koox ma sheeganin. Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Itoobiya, Seyoum Mesfin, wuxuu yiri: "Waa shaqadii argagixisada caadiga ah ee isku dayda inay xasilooni darro abuuraan" (tarjumaad) (*Mail & Guardian*, 2008). Amnesty International way cambaareysay weerarrada, waxay ku baaqday baaritaanno degdeg ah oo dhexdhexaad ah, waxayna xustay in weerarrada noocaas ahi ay Somaliland ku yaraayeen (Amnesty International, 2008). Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay in al-Shabaab loo malaynayay inay masuul ka ahayd, iyo in Maraykanku eedda saaray al-Qaacida oo u adeegsanaysay al-Shabaab ([Wikipedia, 2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Hargeisa%E2%80%93Bosaso_bombings), oo soo xiganaysa BBC iyo Reuters). **Shirwa Axmed.** Mid ka mid ah qaraxyadeeyayaashii Hargeysa wuxuu ahaa Shirwa Axmed, oo ku koray Minneapolis. NBC News waxay 2011 ku tilmaantay inuu ahaa Maraykankii ugu horreeyay ee la ogyahay inuu Soomaaliya ku is-qarxiyay, waxayna soo warisay in ugu yaraan 20 Soomaali-Maraykan ah loo malaynayay inay ku biireen al-Shabaab ([NBC News, 2 Juun 2011](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/wbna43258042)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Dhimashada.** Ugu yaraan 28 (Reuters), 30 (CNN, sida ay Wikipedia soo xigatay) ama 21 (NBC News, 2011); Puntland ma soo saarin tiro Boosaaso ah (Amnesty International). - **Halka Shirwa Axmed ku dhintay.** Somaliland (NBC News); warbixinno qaar ayaa weerarkiisa dhigaya Puntland. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Amnesty International, war-saxaafadeed ku saabsan qaraxyadii Hargeysa iyo Boosaaso (2008): [PDF](https://www.amnesty.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/afr520182008en.pdf). - *Mail & Guardian* (Reuters), "Suicide bombers kill at least 28 in Somalia" (2008): [maqaal](https://mg.co.za/article/2008-10-29-suicide-bombers-kill-at-least-28-in-somalia). --- # Saldanadaha, xeebta iyo xeerka, 1700-meeyadii–1880-meeyadii (Geledi, Isaaq, Majeerteen, Hobyo, Baardheere, xeer) Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 1700-meeyadii ilaa 1880-meeyadii, Soomaalidu waxay maamulayeen saldanado u gaar ah, sida Geledi, Majeerteen, Hobyo iyo Saldanadda Isaaq, khilaafaadkana waxay ku xallin jireen xeer, sharci dhaqameed oo kooxaha dhexdooda lagu heshiiyay. Quwadaha dibadda sida Cumaan iyo Cusmaaniyiinta waxay xeebta ku lahaayeen sheegasho dabacsan oo inta badan magac keliya ah. ## Waxa dhacay - **1695.** Saldanadda Geledi, oo uu hoggaaminayay boqortooyada Gobroon, waxaa lagu aasaasay Afgooye kadib dhicitaankii kuwii Ajuuraan hoos imaan jiray. Waxay lahayd hay'ado dhexe laakiin waxay ku xukumi jirtay odayaasha ([Sultanate of the Geledi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi), oo soo xiganaya Luling 2002). - **Laga bilaabo 1728.** Kadib markii Burtuqiiska laga saaray Mombasa, Cumaan, markii dambena Zanzibar, ayaa sheegtay xeebta Banaadir. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xukunkaas ugu yeertaa "inta badan magac keliya": cashuur yar, qaaddi iyo ilaalo yar ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm)). - **Bartamihii 1700-meeyadii.** Xeebta waqooyi waxay hoos timid shariifyada Mukha, oo cashuur u ururin jiray Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm)). - **1750.** Saldanadda Isaaq waxay Guuleed Cabdi u caleemo saartay suldaan, xaruntiisuna waxay ahayd Toon kadibna Hargeysa. Awoodda waxaa la wadaagay odayaasha, suldaanno hoose iyo culimada ([Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate), oo soo xiganaya Lewis iyo Laitin). - **1700-meeyadii ilaa 1800-meeyadii.** Saldanadda Majeerteen waxay ku xoogaysatay Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/8.htm)). - **1870-meeyadii.** Kadib dagaal sokeeye oo ilaa shan sano ah, Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid wuxuu aasaasay Saldanadda Hobyo ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/8.htm)). ## Xeer: sharci heshiis ku dhisan Xoolo-dhaqatada waqooyiga dhexdooda, unug siyaasadeed kasta waxaa lagu dhisay heshiis cad oo kooxaha dhexmara, oo loo yaqaan xeer. Aqoonyahanka I. M. Lewis wuxuu tiriyay in ka badan 360 koox mag-bixin oo ku jiray Maxmiyadda Ingiriiska. Xafiisyadii gumeysigu markii dambe waxay diiwaangeliyeen heshiisyadan, waxayna u adeegsadeen sharci ahaan ([Lewis, Africa, 1959](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/clanship-and-contract-in-northern-somaliland1/EDF65B709C7BAD3A63B3F14593F7248C)). Xeerka weli waa la adeegsadaa maanta. Eeg [xeerka](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Sida taariikhyahannadu u arkaan xilligan Lee Cassanelli wuxuu bulshada Soomaaliyeed ee 1600 ilaa 1900 ku tilmaamaa "mid siyaasad ahaan kala firirsan" laakiin ay isku hayaan qaraabo, Islaamka suufiyada iyo ganacsi ([University of Pennsylvania Press](https://www.pennpress.org/9780812278323/the-shaping-of-somali-society)). ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen Dowladuhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo gobol, qaarkoodna way isla dagaallameen. Geledi waxay burburisay jamaacadii diinta ee Baardheere 1843, suldaannadii Geledina waxaa lagu dilay dagaal u dhow Marka 1848 iyo 1878 ([Sultanate of the Geledi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi)). Hobyo waxay ka dhalatay kala qaybsanaan gudaha boqortooyadii Majeerteen. Diinta la wadaagay ma joojin xafiiltankaas. --- # Unugga al-Qaacida ee Bariga Afrika iyo Soomaaliya, 1998 ilaa 2011 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/al-qaeda-east-africa-cell-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Unugga al-Qaacida ee Bariga Afrika ayaa 7 Agoosto 1998 qarxiyay safaaradaha Maraykanka ee Nairobi iyo Dar es Salaam, oo ay ku dhinteen in ka badan 220 qof, wuxuuna Nofembar 2002 weeraro ku qaaday bartilmaameedyo Israa'iil ah oo ku yaal Mombasa. Laba ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaashiisa ayaa markii dambe ku noolaa oo ku dagaallamay Soomaaliya. Saalax Cali Saalax Nabhaan waxaa lagu dilay weerar helikobtar oo Maraykanku ku qaaday koonfurta Soomaaliya 14 Sebtembar 2009, Fasuul Cabdalla Maxamedna waxaa lagu toogtay kontarool booliis oo Muqdisho ku yaal Juun 2011. ## Kooban Shabakad yar oo al-Qaacida ah oo Bariga Afrika ku sugnayd ayaa weeraro waaweyn ka geysatay Kenya iyo Tansaaniya (Tanzania), qaar ka mid ah xubnaheedana markii dambe waxay magan galeen Soomaaliya, waxayna la shaqeeyeen [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). Boggan wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa ilaha ka wariyeen xiriirka shabakaddaas iyo Soomaaliya. Weerarrada kale ee gobolka waxaa looga hadlay [Weerarrada al-Shabaab ee Yugandha iyo Kenya, 2010 ilaa 2019](/so/history/al-shabaab-attacks-kenya-uganda-2010-2019/), hawlgallada Maraykankana [Ciidamada Maraykanka ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/us-military-in-somalia/). ## Qaraxyadii safaaradaha, 1998, iyo Mombasa, 2002 7 Agoosto 1998 bambooyin ayaa lagu qarxiyay safaaradaha Maraykanka ee Nairobi iyo Dar es Salaam, waxaana ku dhintay in ka badan 220 qof, qiyaastii 5,000 oo kalena way ku dhaawacmeen. Hay'adda FBI waxay masuul ka dhigtay qorsheynta qaraxyada Fasuul Cabdalla Maxamed (Fazul Abdullah Mohammed), oo ku dhashay Komoros (Comoros), waxayna ku dartay liiska dadka ay ugu daran tahay inay raadiso, waxayna u ballanqaadday abaal-marin dhan 5 milyan oo doollar ([Al Jazeera, 11 Juun 2011](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/6/11/east-africa-al-qaeda-chief-killed-in-somalia)). Nofembar 2002 hudheel ay Israa'iiliyiin leeyihiin oo u dhow Mombasa ayaa la qarxiyay, gantaal lagu ganay diyaarad rakaab oo Israa'iili ah oo joogtay garoonka magaaladana wuu gaari waayay; Saalax Cali Saalax Nabhaan (Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan) ayaa markii dambe lala xiriiriyay labadaba ([Jonathan Adams, *Christian Science Monitor*, 15 Sebtembar 2009](https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2009/0915/us-raid-in-somalia-kills-al-qaeda-chief)). ## Saalax Cali Saalax Nabhaan, la dilay 2009 Saalax Cali Saalax Nabhaan wuxuu ku dhashay Mombasa 1979, waxaana raadinayay FBI iyo Kenya oo ku eedaynayay qaraxyadii 1998 iyo weerarradii Mombasa 2002; waxaa la rumaysnaa inuu hoggaaminayay unug al-Qaacida oo Mombasa ku sugan. Isniintii 14 Sebtembar 2009 ciidamada Maraykanku waxay weerar ku qaadeen kolonyo gaadiid ah oo ku sugnayd koonfurta Soomaaliya. Fox News, oo soo xiganaysa laba sarkaal oo sare oo ka tirsan ciidamada Maraykanka, waxay sheegtay in ciidamada gaarka ah ee badda (Navy SEALs) ay ka qayb galeen, iyagoo wata ugu yaraan laba helikobtar oo nooca AH-6 ah oo ka duulay markab ka tirsan Ciidamada Badda Maraykanka oo xeebta ag joogay, warbaahintuna waxay sheegtay in Nabhaan iyo saddex kale lagu dilay (*Christian Science Monitor*, 2009). Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay in weerarku ka dhacay meel u dhow Baraawe (Barawa) ([Wikipedia, Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Ali_Saleh_Nabhan)). ## Fasuul Cabdalla Maxamed, la dilay 2011 Juun 2011 Fasuul Cabdalla Maxamed waxaa lagu dilay kontarool booliis oo ku yaal xaafadaha koonfureed ee Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Sarkaal ammaan oo la yiraahdo Xaliimo Aaden (Halima Aden) ayaa sheegtay in darawalkiisu "si kama ah gaariga ugu soo galay kontaroolka" (tarjumaad) qiyaastii saqdii dhexe habeen Talaado ah; saraakiishu waxay sheegeen inuu sitay baasaboor been abuur ah oo Koonfur Afrika ah, kumanaan doollar, kombiyuutar laab-laab ah (laptop) iyo qori AK-47 ah oo wax laga beddelay, waxayna ku aqoonsadeen sawirro: "Sawirradiisa ayaan haynay, markaas ayaan wejigiisa la barbardhignay" (tarjumaad). Xoghayntii Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka Hillary Clinton waxay dhimashadiisa ku tilmaantay "dharbaaxo weyn oo ku dhacday al-Qaacida iyo xulafadeeda xagjirka ah iyo hawlgalladeeda Bariga Afrika" (tarjumaad). Falanqeeyaha David Shinn ayaa ku tilmaamay "hoggaamiyaha al-Qaacida ee Bariga Afrika muddadii 10-ka sano ama wax la mid ah" (tarjumaad) (Al Jazeera, 2011). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Maalinta Fasuul la dilay.** Qiyaastii saqdii dhexe habeen Talaado ah (sarkaalka ammaanka Soomaaliyeed); "Arbacadii hore" (tarjumaad) (taliye al-Shabaab ka tirsan), sida ay Al Jazeera wariyeen. - **In dhimashada Nabhaan la xaqiijiyay iyo in kale.** ABC News waxay sheegtay in "aan weli si rasmi ah loo xaqiijin" (tarjumaad), laakiin meydkiisu gacanta Maraykanka ku jiro (*Christian Science Monitor*, 2009); Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay inuu ku dhintay weerarka. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Al Jazeera, "East Africa al-Qaeda chief killed in Somalia" (Hoggaamiyaha al-Qaacida ee Bariga Afrika oo lagu dilay Soomaaliya) (2011): [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/6/11/east-africa-al-qaeda-chief-killed-in-somalia). - *Christian Science Monitor*, "US raid in Somalia kills Al Qaeda chief" (Weerar Maraykan oo Soomaaliya ka dhacay oo lagu dilay madax al-Qaacida) (2009): [maqaal](https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2009/0915/us-raid-in-somalia-kills-al-qaeda-chief). --- # Muqdisho iyo Baraawe sida ay ugu qoran yihiin buugga Décadas da Ásia ee João de Barros, 1503–1510 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Taariikhyahanka Boortaqiiska ah João de Barros, buuggiisa Décadas da Ásia (oo la daabacay laga bilaabo 1552), wuxuu ku qoray in Muqdisho (Mogadishu) ay ahayd magaaladii ugu horreysay ee xeebta ay dhisaan Carab ka yimid meel u dhow Al-Axsa (al-Ahsa), kadibna Baraawe (Brava), oo waqtigiisii weli ay xukumi jireen laba iyo toban madax 'sida jamhuuriyad oo kale'. Wuxuu qoray in markab Muqdisho ka yimid uu ahaa markabkii shisheeye ee ugu horreeyay ee gaara ganacsiga dahabka ee Sofala. Wuxuu kaloo sharxay sidii laba iyo tobanka madax ee Baraawe ay 1503 ugu heshiiyeen canshuur, sidii Tristão da Cunha 1506 u weeraray oo u gubay Baraawe, iyo sidii maraakiibta Boortaqiiska ay 1509–1510 u ag mareen oo u duqeeyeen Muqdisho. ## Kooban João de Barros wuxuu qoray taariikhda Boortaqiiska ee Aasiya, *Décadas da Ásia*, oo qaybo qaybo loo daabacay laga bilaabo 1552 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros)). Taariikhda hore ee xeebta Bariga Afrika wuxuu sheegay inuu ka soo qaatay "taariikh-qoraal ku saabsan boqorradii Kilwa" (tarjumaad). Boggani wuxuu ka soo xigtaa daabacaaddii Lisbon ee 1777–1778: *Década I*, qaybta 2 ([archive.org](https://archive.org/details/daasiadejoodebar01p2barr)) iyo *Década II*, qaybta 1 ([archive.org](https://archive.org/details/daasiadejoodeb21barr)). Tarjumaadaha af-Boortaqiiska annaga ayaa sameynay. Waxa socdaalayaal kale ka arkeen isla magaalooyinkaas, eeg [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/). ## Sida Barros u sharxay bilowgii Muqdisho iyo Baraawe *Década I*, buugga VIII, cutubka IV, Barros wuxuu ku sharxay xeebta uu ugu yeero Zanguebar iyo "dhulka Ajan" (tarjumaad) ee waqooyigeeda ka xiga (bogagga 209–214): - **Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay.** Wuxuu qoray in, sida uu sheegay taariikh-qoraalka Kilwa, shisheeyihii ugu horreeyay ee xeebtan yimid ay ahaayeen Carab la masaafuriyay kadib soo bixitaankii Islaamka, oo uu ugu yeeray *Emozaydij*, kuwaas oo raacsanaa "nin Muslim ah oo la oran jiray Zaide" (tarjumaad), oo uu ku sheegay awowga Xuseen ina Cali, kana mid ahaa kuwa Muslimiinta kale ay waxbariddooda u arkayeen bidco. Iyagu "ma aysan dhisin magaalooyin caan ah" (tarjumaad), laakiin waxay degeen meel kasta oo ay ku nabad geli karaan. - **Toddobadii walaal.** Mar dambe, ayuu qoray, waxaa yimid saddex markab oo ay saarnaayeen Carab badan oo ay hoggaaminayeen toddoba walaal oo ka mid ahaa dad deganaa meel u dhow "magaalada Laçah" (tarjumaad) (Al-Axsa), oo qiyaastii 40 leagues u jirta Baxrayn (Bahrain), kuwaas oo ka cararayay cadaadis uu ku hayay boqorkoodu. "Magaaladii ugu horreysay ee ay ka dhiseen dhulkan Ajan waxay ahayd magaalada Magadaxo, kadibna Baraawe, oo xitaa maanta ay xukumaan laba iyo toban madax sida jamhuuriyad oo kale, kuwaas oo ka soo farcamay walaalahan" (tarjumaad). - **Kobaca Muqdisho.** Muqdisho "waxay gaartay awood iyo heer ay mar dambe ka dhigatay marwada iyo madaxa dhammaan Muslimiinta xeebtan" (tarjumaad). - **Badu.** Dadkii hore u degganaa ma aysan doonin inay u hoggaansamaan kuwii cusbaa, ayuu Barros qoray, waxayna u guureen gudaha, iyagoo guursaday dadyowga deegaanka. "Kuwani waa kuwa Muslimiinta badda ag deggan ugu yeeraan *Baduijs*, magac guud, sida aan halkan dadka miyiga ugu yeerno *Alarves*" (tarjumaad). - **Dhul xoolo-dhaqasho.** Xeebta "Magadaxo ilaa Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui)" (tarjumaad) wuxuu ka qoray inay ahayd mid dalag yar, dadkeeduna inta badan ku noolaayeen xoolo-dhaqasho, iyagoo badar ku beeri jiray yaambo, kuna noolaa midho duurjoog ah, ugaadh iyo caano. Tifaftirayaashii taariikhda Kilwa ee laga daabacay qoraal-gacmeed Carabi ah 1895 waxay soo xigteen dhaqan la mid ah oo ku jira warbixin uu qoray sarkaalka Ingiriiska ah Rigby, oo ah in Carab ka mid ah "qabiilka El-Harth ee ka yimid agagaarka Bahrein" (tarjumaad) ay dhiseen "Magadosha iyo Brava" (tarjumaad) qiyaastii 924 CD ([*Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society* 1895, bogga 399](https://archive.org/details/journalroyalasi74irelgoog)). Waxa cilmiga qadiimiga iyo ilaha Carabiga ka sheegaan Muqdisho hore, eeg [Muqdisho hore iyo xeebta Banaadir ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/). ## Muqdisho iyo dahabka Sofala Barros wuxuu qoray in "quruuntii ugu horreysay ee shisheeye ee badda mara oo gaartay ganacsiga macdanta Sofala ay ahayd magaaladan Magadaxo" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu sheegay inaysan u ambabixin inay raadiyaan: markab Muqdisho ka yimid ayaa duufaan iyo mowjado halkaas u tuuray. Xitaa markii ay gobolka garteen kadib, ayuu qoray, waligood kuma dhicin inay ka gudbaan "Geeska Mowjadaha" (Cape of Currents) (tarjumaad), sababtoo ah mowjadaha xooggan ee u dhexeeya Madagaskar (Madagascar) iyo dhulka weyn (bogagga 212–214). Wuxuu ku daray in Kilwa ay mar dambe la wareegtay ganacsiga Sofala, noqotayna magaalada ugu horreysa xeebta (bogga 214). Cutubka VI, isagoo dib u sheegaya taariikh-qoraalka Kilwa, Barros wuxuu qoray in Kilwa la dhisay "wax yar ka badan toddobaatan sano" (tarjumaad) kadib Muqdisho iyo Baraawe, waxaana dhisay Cali, oo ahaa wiil uu dhalay Suldaan Xasan oo reer Shiraz ah iyo hooyo Itoobiyaan ah. Cali wuxuu marka hore yimid "magaalooyinka Magadaxo iyo Baraawe" (tarjumaad), laakiin wuxuu u sii gudbay koonfur, sababtoo ah wuxuu ahaa Faarisi, "kuwaas oo mad-habka Maxamed kaga duwan Carabta" (tarjumaad), wuxuuna doonayay magaalo isaga u gaar ah (bogagga 224–225). ## Laba iyo tobanka madax ee Baraawe iyo canshuurtii 1503 *Década I*, buugga VII, cutubka IV, Barros wuxuu ku qoray in 1503 kabtanka Boortaqiiska ah Ruy Lourenço, isagoo ku socdaalayay meel u dhow Mombasa, uu qabsaday laba markab iyo saddex doon oo yaryar oo ay saarnaayeen "laba iyo toban Muslim ah, oo ahaa raggii ugu sarreeyay magaalada Baraawe" (tarjumaad). Maadaama Baraawe "ay xukumi jirtay bulsho, oo laba iyo tobankan Muslim ah ay ahaayeen madaxdii ugu sarreysay ee dowladdeeda" (tarjumaad), waxay iska furteen naftooda, magaalada magaceedana waxay uga dhigeen mid canshuur siisa Boqorka Boortaqiiska, 500 *mithqaal* oo dahab ah sannadkiiba, waxayna codsadeen calan Boortaqiis ah si ay nabad ugu maraan. Barros wuxuu sharxay in sababta ay sida degdegga ah ugu oggolaadeen ay ahayd markab aad u hodan ah oo Baraawe ka yimid oo gadaashooda soo socday; Lourenço wuxuu u daayay inuu maro isagoo aan la taaban (bogagga 111–112). ## Dhacii iyo gubiddii Baraawe, 1506 *Década II*, buugga I, cutubka II, Barros wuxuu ku sheegay waxii xigay (bogagga 30–35): - **Canshuurtii la diiday.** Markii laba iyo tobankii madax ay guryahoodii ku noqdeen, madaxdii kale waxay "si xun ula dhaqmeen" (tarjumaad), waxayna ka saareen dowladda, maadaama ay canshuurta si fudud u bixiyeen. Magaalada, oo ahayd "mid aad u xooggan oo ku kalsoon derbiyadeeda, munaaradaheeda iyo goobteeda la difaaci karo" (tarjumaad), ma aysan bixin. - **Difaacii.** Markii Tristão da Cunha uu yimid 1506 oo uu farriin-qaade u diray, jawaabtu waxay ahayd "erayo dad kibir leh" (tarjumaad). Magaaladu waxay xeebta dhinaceeda soo dhigtay "qiyaastii lix kun oo nin, oo dhammaantood u hubaysan sidooda" (tarjumaad). Boortaqiisku waxay ku soo degeen iyagoo fallaaro, warmo iyo dhagxaan lagu tuurayo, waxayna ka soo galeen meel derbiga ka hooseysa. - **Madaxdii.** Barros wuxuu qoray in inta badan dadku cararayeen, raggii hoggaanka ahaa "mid kastaaba uu ku sugnaaday meeshii uu dhimashadu ka qabatay, isagoo oofinaya dhaartii ay dadka u mareen inay u dhintaan difaaca iyo xorriyadda dhammaan" (tarjumaad). - **Khasaarihii.** Dadkii magaalada ka dhintay "lama tirin karin" (tarjumaad); Boortaqiiska waxaa ka dhintay 42, waxaana ka dhaawacmay in ka badan 70. Doon ay ku buux dhaafiyeen alaab la dhacay ayaa degtay; Barros wuxuu diiwaangeliyay warbixin sheegaysa in qaar ka mid ah kuwii saarnaa ay gacmaha ka gooyeen haween si ay u qaataan jijimadooda lacagta ah. - **Gubiddii.** Da Cunha wuxuu joogay saddex maalmood, wuxuu qaatay cuntada iyo alaabta magaalada, "ugu dambeyntiina wuxuu amar ku bixiyay in dab la qabadsiiyo" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu damacsanaa inuu sidaas oo kale ku sameeyo Muqdisho, oo 45 leagues ka sii fog, laakiin cimiladu uma oggolaan. ## Muqdisho iyo Saylac, 1509–1510 *Década II*, buugga IV, cutubka II, Barros wuxuu ku qoray in 1509 kabtan Duarte de Lemos uu toddoba markab la joogay badda Muqdisho hortiisa laakiin halkaas "waxba kama qaban" (tarjumaad), isagoo weerar u arkay "mid aad looga shakisan yahay" (tarjumaad) sababtoo ah goobta magaalada. Habeenkii markab yar oo uu watay Gregório da Quadra ayaa xadhiggiisii ka go'ay, mowjaduhuna waxay soo wareejiyeen Raas Caseyr ilaa "magaalada Saylac (Zeila)" (tarjumaad), halkaas oo raggiisii la qabsaday. Markii uu soo noqonayay 1510, Lemos "wuxuu duqeeyay magaalada Magadaxo" (tarjumaad), laakiin maadaama xeebtu kacsanayd waxba kama qaban karin wax ka badan inuu xeebteeda rasaas ku furo (bogagga 380–381, 389). Buugga III, cutubka II, Barros wuxuu kaloo xusay maraakiib Boortaqiis ah oo qabsaday markab "iyadoo Magadaxo la arkayo" (tarjumaad) (bogga 234). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Saldanadda Muqdisho](/so/history/sultanate-of-mogadishu/) - [Dowladdii Ajuuraan](/so/history/ajuran-state/) - [Ibnu Batuuta oo jooga Muqdisho iyo Saylac, 1331](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/) - [Marco Polo iyo xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/marco-polo-and-the-somali-coast/) - [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida, 1500 ilaa 1884](/so/history/books-about-somalis-1500-1884/) - [Saylac iyo Berbera sida ay ugu qoran yihiin buugga Décadas da Ásia ee João de Barros, 1513–1518](/en/history/zeila-and-berbera-in-joao-de-barros/) --- # Xilligii gumeysiga: qaybinta dhulalka Soomaalida, 1884–1926 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/partition-1884-1926/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 1884 ilaa 1926 dhulalka Soomaalida waxaa loo qaybiyay shan qaybood: Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska, Somaliland-tii Faransiiska (Jabuuti), Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga, Ogaadeenya oo Itoobiya xukuntay iyo NFD-dii Kenya. Qaybintaas waxaa lagu sameeyay heshiisyo gooni gooni ah oo lala galay hoggaamiyeyaal deegaan iyo heshiisyo boqortooyooyinka dhexmaray, lamana gelin hal awood Soomaaliyeed. ## Waxa dhacay - **1884.** Kacdoon Suudaan ka dhacay ayaa soo afjaray qorshayaashii Masar ee Geeska, Masarna waxay u baahatay caawimaad Ingiriis si ay ciidamadeeda uga saarto xeebta Soomaalida. Ingiriiska ayaa buuxiyay meeshii bannaanaatay ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). - **1884 ilaa 1886.** Saraakiil Ingiriis ah ayaa mid mid ula saxiixday beelaha xeebta heshiisyo "saaxiibtinimo iyo ilaalin" ah, ku-xigeenno qunsul ahna waxaa la dhigay Berbera, Bulhar iyo Saylac ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm); [Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate)). - **1887 ilaa 1897.** Boqorka Itoobiya Menelik II wuxuu xukunkiisa ku fidiyay Harar iyo Ogaadeenya ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Boqortooyo Afrikaan ah, oo aan ahayn kuwa Yurub oo keliya, ayaa ka qayb qaadatay qaybinta. - **1888 iyo 1889.** Saldanadda Hobyo kadibna tan Majeerteen waxay aqbaleen "ilaalinta" Talyaaniga, taas oo jidka u xaartay Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). - **1893.** Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday Muqdisho, Marka, Baraawe iyo Warsheekh ([Banadir resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadir_resistance), oo soo xiganaya Hess 1966). - **1897.** Heshiis Ingiriis iyo Itoobiya dhexmaray ayaa aqoonsaday sheegashada Itoobiya ee dhulka daaqa Soomaalida. Wuxuu noqday salka sharci ee lumitaankii Hawd 1954 ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). - **Ilaa 1900.** Jasiiradda Geeska waxaa loo kala qaybiyay shan dhul ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). - **1924 ilaa 1926.** Ingiriisku wuxuu Talyaaniga siiyay Jubbada Sare (Oltre Giuba), caasimaddeeduna ahayd Kismaayo, ilaa 91,000 km² iyo 120,000 qof, abaalmarin ahaan markii uu xulafada ku biiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka. Waxaa lagu daray Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga 10 Juun 1926. Qaybta koonfureed waxay ku hartay Kenya ([Oltre Giuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltre_Giuba)). - **1926.** Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa wuxuu xoog militari ku soo afjaray saldanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee waqooyiga, Majeerteen iyo Hobyo ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland)). ## Dhaxalka, sida loo diiwaangeliyay Cabashadaas la wadaago waxay gacan ka geysatay midaynta waddaniyiintii 1940-meeyadii, shanta dhulna waxay markii dambe noqdeen shanta gees ee xiddigta calanka ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Eeg [calanka](/so/history/the-flag/). ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen - Maadaama heshiisyada beel beel loo saxiixay, madax-bannaanida Soomaalida waxaa lagu gorgortamay qaybo qaybo. - Suldaannadii is-hayay mid kastaa wuxuu doortay ilaaliye shisheeye oo kale ah. - Dhulka Soomaalida waxaa boqortooyooyinku isu dhiibeen sidii abaalmarin dagaal, sida Jubbada Sare. - Waqooyiga Kenya, taariikhyahan E. R. Turton wuxuu ogaaday in iska-caabintu aysan weligeed midoobin, kooxaha tabarta yarna mararka qaarkood ay la safteen dowladdii gumeysiga si ay uga hortagaan xafiiltamayaal ka xoog badan ([Turton, Journal of African History, 1972](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/somali-resistance-to-colonial-rule-and-the-development-of-somali-political-activity-in-kenya-18931960/4C145E9BBE5B153DC4CB2EBA52B82F09)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Wikipedia waxay bixisaa 15 Luulyo 1924 wareejinta Jubbada Sare; Britannica iyo Maktabadda Koongareeskuna waxay bixiyaan 1925. --- # Doorashadii madaxtinimada Somaliland ee 2003 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2003/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 14 Abriil 2003 Somaliland waxay qabatay doorashadeedii madaxtinimo ee ugu horreysay ee tartan leh. Guddiga doorashadu wuxuu sheegay in Madaxweynihii xilka hayay, Daahir Riyaale Kaahin oo ka tirsan UDUB, uu 80 cod kaga adkaaday Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud 'Siilaanyo' oo ka tirsan Kulmiye, iyadoo la dhiibay ku dhawaad 500,000 cod. Kulmiye wuu diiday natiijada. 11 Maajo Maxkamadda Sare waxay farqiga Riyaale ka dhigtay 217 cod, xilkana waxaa loo dhaariyay 16 Maajo 2003. Faysal Cali Waraabe oo ka tirsan UCID ayaa galay kaalinta saddexaad. ## Si kooban "'Doorashooyinka madaxtinimada' waxay 'Somaliland' ka dhaceen 14 Abriil 2003" (tarjumaad), sidaas waxaa soo sheegay Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay. 19 Abriil guddiga doorashadu wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in Madaxweynihii xilka hayay, [Daahir Riyaale Kaahin (Dahir Riyale Kahin)](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/), "uu doorashada ku guulaystay farqi 80 cod ah, iyadoo la dhiibay ku dhawaad 500,000 cod" (tarjumaad). Xisbiga Kulmiye "wuu diiday natiijada, isagoo shaki geliyay saxnaanteeda kuna dooday in Guddiga cadaadis siyaasadeed la saaray" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2003/636, faqradda 21](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf)). Dhammaan doorashooyinka Somaliland, eeg [doorashooyinka Somaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). Codbixinta madaxtinimo ee xigtay, eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada Somaliland 2010](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2010/). ## Musharraxiinta Laga soo xigtay warbixinta QM ([S/2003/636, faqradda 21](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf)): | Musharraxa | Xisbiga | Sida warbixinta QM u tilmaantay | |---|---|---| | Daahir Riyaale Kaahin | UDUB (Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Shacabka Midaysan) | madaxweynaha xilka haya | | Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo" (Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud "Silanyo") | Kulmiye (Xisbiga Midnimada) | "siyaasi waayo-arag ah" (tarjumaad) | | Faysal Cali Waraabe (Faisal Ali Warabe) | UCID (Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Daryeelka) | "injineer madani ah oo ka yimid qurbaha" (tarjumaad) | Riyaale wuxuu Madaxweyne noqday 3 Maajo 2002, markii [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal)](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) ku geeriyooday isagoo xilka haya ([World Statesmen, Soomaaliya](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Eeg [madaxweynayaasha Somaliland](/so/institutions/presidents-of-somaliland/). ## Codbixinta - **Codeynta.** "Warbixinnadu waxay muujinayaan in codbixintu si nabad ah u dhacday, iyadoo kormeerayaal 'Somaliland' ah oo tababaran ay joogeen goobaha codbixinta" (tarjumaad) ([S/2003/636, faqradda 22](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Kormeerayaasha.** "Ma jirin kormeer caalami ah oo rasmi ah oo lagu sameeyay doorashooyinka" (tarjumaad). Waxaa goobjoog ahaa wakiillo ka socday hay'ado aan dowli ahayn oo Koonfur Afrika ah iyo Inter-Africa Group, iyo diblomaasiyiin ka socday Kanada, Iswiidhan, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Maraykanka oo fadhigoodu ahaa Addis Ababa iyo Nairobi (isla ishaas). Tirooyinka sida uu u bixiyay African Elections Database ([sida ay Wikipedia u soo xigatay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Somaliland_presidential_election)): | Musharraxa | Xisbiga | Ku xigeenka | Codad | Saami | |---|---|---|---:|---:| | Daahir Riyaale Kaahin | UDUB | Axmed Yuusuf Yaasiin | 205,595 | 42.08% | | Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo" | Kulmiye | Cabdiraxmaan Saylici | 205,515 | 42.07% | | Faysal Cali Waraabe | UCID | Maxamed Rashiid | 77,433 | 15.85% | | Codad sax ah | | | 488,543 | | | Codad khaldan ama madhan | | | 10,096 | | | Wadar | | | 498,639 | | ## Khilaafka - **11 Maajo 2003.** Maxkamadda Sare "waxay ku dhawaaqday natiijada rasmiga ah, iyadoo wax ka beddeshay tirooyinkii uu hore u soo saaray Guddigu, UDUB-na ka dhigtay mid hoggaanka ku haya 217 cod" (tarjumaad) ([S/2003/636, faqradda 23](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Mowqifka Kulmiye.** Guddoomiyihiisa ayaa "ku celiyay inuusan aqbali doonin natiijada Guddiga iyo go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare midna" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **16 Maajo 2003.** Daahir Riyaale Kaahin iyo ku xigeenkiisa, Axmed Yuusuf Yaasiin, "waxaa xilka u dhaariyay guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee 'Somaliland'" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Muddooyinka la kordhiyay.** Isla waqtigaas Golaha Guurtida ayaa "muddada Golaha Wakiilada laba sano u kordhiyay, muddadiisa gaarka ahna saddex sano" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Golaha Wakiilada waxaa la doortay 2005. Eeg [doorashadii golaha wakiilada Somaliland 2005](/so/history/somaliland-parliamentary-election-2005/). - **Toddoba sano kadib.** Siilaanyo wuxuu Riyaale kaga adkaaday doorashadii 2010, xilkana waxaa loo dhaariyay 27 Luulyo 2010 ([S/2010/447, faqradda 10](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/447&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Codbixiyayaasha Kulmiye,** oo xisbigoodu sheegay in tirintu khaldanayd iyo in guddiga cadaadis siyaasadeed la saaray (S/2003/636). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Farqiga.** Guddiga doorashadu wuxuu bixiyay 80 cod. Maxkamadda Sare waxay bixisay 217. Qoraalka Wikipedia wuxuu tirada maxkamadda ku sheegaa 214. - **Natiijada.** Kulmiye wuu diiday tirooyinka guddiga iyo kuwa maxkamadda labadaba. Guddiga iyo maxkamaddu waxay ku dhawaaqeen in Riyaale guulaystay. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2003/636 (10 Juun 2003), faqradaha 21–23: [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf). --- # Iska-caabinta, 1890-meeyadii–1945 (Banaadir/Biimaal, Daraawiishta, Xasan Barsane, Sheekh Bashiir) Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/resistance-1890s-1945/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga bilaabo 1890-meeyadii ilaa 1945, Soomaalidu waxay iska caabiyeen xukunka gumeysiga meel kasta oo dhulkooda ah: magaalooyinka Banaadir iyo Biimaal ee koonfurta, dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta ee Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan ee waqooyiga, Sheekh Xasan Barsane ee Shabeellaha iyo Sheekh Bashiir ee Burco. ## Waxa dhacay - **2 Oktoobar 1893.** Sarkaal Talyaani ah ayaa lagu dilay Marka, falkii ugu horreeyay ee la diiwaangeliyay ee iska-caabinta Talyaaniga ee koonfurta ([Banadir resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadir_resistance), oo soo xiganaya Hess 1966). - **Nofembar 1896, Lafoole.** Dagaalyahanno Wacdaan iyo Biimaal ah ayaa u dhow Afgooye ku dilay qunsulkii Talyaaniga Antonio Cecchi iyo ilaa 14 Talyaani ah. Bulshooyin kala duwan ayaa ka wada shaqeeyay cadow ay wadaagaan ([Banadir resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadir_resistance)). - **1899 ilaa 1920, dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta.** Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan wuxuu la dagaallamay Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya. Daraawiishtu waxay iska celiyeen afar duullaan oo waaweyn 1900 ilaa 1904, Ingiriiskuna wuxuu dib ugu gurtay xeebta 1910. 1920 Ciidanka Cirka ee Ingiriisku waxay duqeeyeen Taleex, Sayidkuna wuxuu u geeriyooday hargab 1921 ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/10.htm); [Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland)). Eeg [Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1904 ilaa 1908.** Iska-caabinta Biimaal, oo ay hoggaaminayeen macallimiin diineed, way sii socotay koonfurta. Sayidku wuxuu u qoray warqad uu ku dhiirrigelinayo, xiriir dhif ah oo waqooyiga iyo koonfurta ah ([Banadir resistance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadir_resistance)). - **Horraantii 1900-meeyadii ilaa 1924.** Sheekh Xasan Barsane oo Shabeellaha Dhexe ahaa wuxuu diiday amarkii Talyaaniga ee hub ka dhigista, isagoo ku daliishanaya sharciga Islaamka. Waxaa la qabtay Abriil 1924, wuxuuna ku geeriyooday xabsi Muqdisho 1928 ([Sheikh Hassan Barsane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hassan_Barsane), oo soo xiganaya Cassanelli 1982). - **1939 iyo Luulyo 1945.** Sheekh Bashiir wuxuu hoggaamiyay bannaanbaxyo Burco, waxaana la dilay 7 Luulyo 1945 ([1945 Sheikh Bashir rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion), oo soo xiganaya Jama Mohamed 2002). ## Dhaxalka, sida loo diiwaangeliyay Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta ugu yeertaa dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaalinimo guud, taariikhyahan Robert Hess-na wuxuu Sayidka ku tilmaamay "horseedka waddaninimada casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed" ([Hess, Journal of African History, 1964](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/mad-mullah-and-northern-somalia/64A47DB9294A878A7FC8A0AA00589029)). ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen - Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qiyaastay in saddex meelood meel dadka waqooyiga ay dhinteen intii dagaalka Daraawiishta socday ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/10.htm)). - Hess wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in dhaqdhaqaaqu xuddunta ka helay bulshooyin qaar in ka badan kuwa kale, iyo in Soomaali badan ay ka soo horjeedeen sababo diimeed iyagoo weli u naxariisanaya iska-caabinta ([Hess](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/mad-mullah-and-northern-somalia/64A47DB9294A878A7FC8A0AA00589029)). - Xafiiltanka dariiqooyinka suufiyada wuxuu isu beddelay rabshad: 1909 Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi oo Qaadiriyada ahaa waxaa dilay xertii Saalixiyada oo la xafiiltamaysay ([Journal of African History, 1969](https://core-prod.cambridgecore.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/muslim-politics-and-resistance-to-colonial-rule-shaykh-uways-b-muhammad-albarawi-and-the-qadiriya-brotherhood-in-east-africa/7E6B77046CAC06E6C6C45121EF076E56)). --- # Doorashadii baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ee 2016 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-2016/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga soo bilaabo Oktoobar 2016 ilaa Febraayo 2017, Soomaaliya waxay doorasho dadban ku dooratay Baarlamaan Federaal oo cusub oo laba aqal ka kooban. 135 oday dhaqameed ayaa xulay 275 guddi doorasho oo mid kastaa ka koobnaa 51 ergo, guud ahaan qiyaastii 14,000 qof, kuwaas oo doortay 275-ta xildhibaan ee Golaha Shacabka, iyadoo kuraasta loo qaybiyay nidaamka 4.5 ee ku salaysan beelaha. Golayaasha dowlad goboleedyada ayaa doortay Aqalka Sare oo ka koobnaa 54 xubnood. QM waxay sheegtay laaluush iyo cabsigelin loo geystay ergooyinka, waxayna amartay in dib loo qabto shan kursi, balse waxay codbixinta ku tilmaantay mid ka nabad badan oo ka loo dhan yahay tii 2012. Haweenku waxay ku guuleysteen 24 boqolkiiba kuraasta aqalka hoose. ## Kooban "Doorashooyinka baarlamaanka federaalka waxaa la daah-furay 15 Oktoobar" 2016, sida uu sheegay Xoghayaha Guud ee QM. "Inkastoo ay jireen dib-u-dhacyo iyo khaladaad, oo ay ku jiraan laaluush iyo cabsigelin loo geystay ergooyinka, hannaanka doorashadu wuxuu ahaa mid ka nabad badan oo ka loo dhan yahay tii 2012" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2017/21, faqradaha 2–3](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)). "Bishii Febraayo, waxaa la dhammaystiray hannaanka doorashada 329-ka xubnood ee Golaha Shacabka iyo Aqalka Sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka" (tarjumaad) ([S/2017/408, faqradda 23](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/408&l=en&t=pdf)). Baarlamaanka cusub ayaa markaas doortay Madaxweynaha. Eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada ee 2017](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2017/). ## Maxaa loo doortay doorasho dadban? "Maadaama doorashooyinka qof iyo cod aysan weli suurtagal ahayn, waxaa la sameeyay hannaan doorasho oo fududeynaya ka qaybgal ballaaran 2016 marka loo eego 2012, kuna socda dhanka cod guud 2020" (tarjumaad), sidaas ayay sharraxday hay'adda QM ee Soomaaliya (UNSOM) ([UNSOM, *Somalia 2016 Electoral Process*](https://unsom.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/somalia_2016_electoral_process_0.pdf)). Muddooyinka Baarlamaanka iyo Madaxweynaha waxay dhammaadeen 2016 sida uu dhigayo Dastuurka Federaalka ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah (isla ishaas). Habkan "wuxuu ka soo baxay 18 bilood oo la-tashiyo dadweyne iyo wada-xaajood siyaasadeed ah" (tarjumaad) ([S/2017/21, faqradda 21](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)). Madasha Hoggaanka Qaranka (National Leadership Forum), oo "ka kooban hoggaamiyeyaasha federaalka iyo gobollada" (tarjumaad), ayaa dejisay xeerarkiisa (isla ishaas, faqradda 3). ## Sida ay u shaqaysay Sida ku cad warqadda xogta ee UNSOM ([UNSOM](https://unsom.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/somalia_2016_electoral_process_0.pdf)): - **Golaha Shacabka.** 275-tiisa kursi waxaa "mar kale loo qaybiyay sida uu dhigayo nidaamka awood-qaybsiga 4.5 ee ku salaysan beelaha" (tarjumaad). "135 oday dhaqameed ayaa xuli doona xubnaha 275 guddi doorasho. Guddiyadaas doorashada, oo mid kastaa ka koobnaan doono 51 ergo, ayaa markaas dooran doona 275-ta xubnood" (tarjumaad). - **Ergooyinka.** Odayaasha ayaa xulay "iyagoo la tashanaya odayaasha jilibyada", si ay "u matalaan dhammaan jilibyada wadaaga kursiga" (tarjumaad). Guddi kasta oo 51 ah wuxuu u baahnaa "ugu yaraan 16 haween ah iyo 10 dhallinyaro ah" (tarjumaad). Wadarta la qorsheeyay waxay ahayd 14,025 ergo. - **Aqalka Sare.** Gole cusub oo matalaya dowlad goboleedyada. Xukuumadaha dowlad goboleedyada ayaa kursi kasta u magacaabay ugu yaraan laba musharrax, golayaasha dowlad goboleedyaduna waxay doorteen xubnaha, "iyadoo loo sameeyay qabanqaabo gaar ah Banaadir iyo Soomaaliland" (tarjumaad). - **Musharrixiinta.** Muwaadin kasta oo ka mid ah jilibyada wadaaga kursi, oo jira ugu yaraan 25 sano, lehna waxbarasho dugsi sare ama mid u dhiganta. Lacagta diiwaangelintu waxay ahayd $5,000 ragga iyo $2,500 haweenka. - **Halka.** Codbixintu waxay ka dhacday Garoowe, Cadaado (Adado), Kismaayo, Baydhabo iyo Jowhar, iyo Muqdisho oo loogu talagalay kuraasta Banaadir iyo Soomaaliland. - **Yaa maamulay.** Guddiga Hirgelinta Doorashada Dadban ee Federaalka oo ka koobnaa 22 xubnood, iyo guddiyo heer dowlad goboleed ah iyo guddi madax-bannaan oo xalliya khilaafaadka. Qaybinta kuraasta Golaha Shacabka ee warqadda xogta: | Dowlad goboleed | Kuraas | Goobta codbixinta | Ergooyin | |---|---|---|---| | Puntland | 37 | Garoowe | 1,887 | | Galmudug | 36 | Cadaado | 1,836 | | Jubbaland | 43 | Kismaayo | 2,193 | | Hirshabeelle | 37 | Jowhar (ku-meel-gaar) | 1,887 | | Koonfur Galbeed | 69 | Baydhabo | 3,519 | | Soomaaliland | 46 | Muqdisho | 2,346 | | Banaadir | 7 | Muqdisho | 357 | | **Wadarta** | **275** | | **14,025** | ## Marka la barbardhigo 2012 QM waxay taxday waxyaabaha cusbaa ([S/2017/21, faqradda 21](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)): "xeerar anshaxeed, codbixin qarsoodi ah iyo dhisidda hay'ado ku-meel-gaar ah oo hirgelin iyo xallinta khilaafaadka", "codbixiyeyaal la ballaariyay, doorashooyin ka dhacay dalka oo dhan markii ugu horraysay ku dhowaad 50 sano, iyo doorashada aqal sare oo ku salaysan matalaad juqraafi, ee aan beel oo keliya ahayn" (tarjumaad). 2012, 135 oday ayaa doortay baarlamaan hal aqal ah, iyadoo codbixintu ka dhacday Muqdisho oo keliya, codbixin qarsoodi ahna aysan jirin ([UNSOM](https://unsom.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/somalia_2016_electoral_process_0.pdf)). Eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada ee 2012](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2012/). ## Codbixinta - **15 Oktoobar 2016.** Codbixintu way bilaabatay ([S/2017/21, faqradda 2](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Khaladaadka.** "Kiisas la xaqiijiyay oo khaladaad doorasho ah ayaa keenay in Madashu amarto in dib loo qabto shan kursi oo baarlamaan" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 3). Xoghayaha Guud wuxuu ku daray in "kiisaska anshax-xumada ee la soo sheegay aan dhammaantood si ku filan wax looga qaban, oo ay ku jirto ilaalinta kuraasta haweenka loo qoondeeyay" (tarjumaad) (faqradda 75). - **Rabshadaha.** Maleeshiyaad taageersan musharrixiin isku haysta oo aqalka hoose ah ayaa ku dagaallamay Baydhabo 29 Oktoobar iyo 12 Nofembar. Cadaado, xiisad beeleed ayaa keentay in askari Soomaaliyeed toogto oo dilo qof rayid ah. Rasaas goos goos ah ayaa dhacday intii codbixintu socotay Garoowe 5 Nofembar (faqradda 12). - **27 Diseembar.** "Baarlamaanka Federaalka cusub ayaa la caleemo saaray" (tarjumaad) fadhi wadajir ah. Ilaa 31 Diseembar, 43 ka mid ah 54-ta xubnood ee Aqalka Sare iyo 258 ka mid ah 275-ta xubnood ee Golaha Shacabka ayaa la doortay (faqradda 2). - **Kharashka.** $14 milyan: "60 boqolkiiba waxaa bixiyay deeq-bixiyeyaasha caalamka, 10 boqolkiiba Dowladda Federaalka, 30 boqolkiibana lacagaha diiwaangelinta musharrixiinta" (tarjumaad) (faqradda 3). ## Baarlamaanka cusub Sida ku cad warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Maajo 2017 ([S/2017/408, faqradaha 2, 5 iyo 23](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/408&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Guddoomiyeyaasha.** Maxamed Sheekh Cismaan Jawaari (Mohamed Sheikh Osman Jawari) ayaa dib loogu doortay Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka 11 Janaayo 2017. Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahi (Abdi Hashi Abdullahi) ayaa loo doortay Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Sare ee cusub 22 Janaayo. Eeg [Guddoomiyeyaasha Baarlamaanka](/so/institutions/speakers-of-parliament/). - **Codbixiyeyaasha.** "Qiyaastii 13,000 ergo beeleed oo la magacaabay ayaa wakiilladooda Golaha Shacabka Federaalka ku doortay caasimadaha dowlad goboleedyada iyo Muqdisho" (tarjumaad). - **Yaa ku guuleystay.** "Haweenku waxay yihiin 24 boqolkiiba Golaha Shacabka, koror weyn oo ka yimid 14 boqolkiiba ee baarlamaankii hore. Guud ahaan, in ka badan 50 boqolkiiba xildhibaannada waa cusub yihiin. Qiyaastii 18 boqolkiiba xubnaha la doortay waxay ka yar yihiin 35 sano" (tarjumaad). - **Hadafka haweenka.** Madashu waxay haweenka u dejisay hadaf ah 30 boqolkiiba; natiijadu way ka hoosaysay ([S/2017/21, faqradaha 3 iyo 46](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)). Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/) iyo [doorashooyinka Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Odayaasha beelaha iyo ergooyinka.** "Dad looga shakisan yahay inay ka tirsan yihiin Al-Shabaab ayaa toogtay lix oday beeleed iyo laba ergo doorasho 20 Oktoobar, 2, 6, 9 iyo 29 Nofembar iyo 11 iyo 28 Diseembar" (tarjumaad) ([S/2017/21, faqradda 7](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Musharrixiinta haweenka.** "Musharrixiinta haweenka iyo u-doodayaashu waxay la kulmeen hanjabaad iyo cabsigelin. Waxay sidoo kale sheegeen musuqmaasuqa inuu yahay arrin si xun u saameysa awoodda haweenku u yeelan karaan musharraxnimo guuleysata" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 47). - **Dadka Muqdisho.** Al-Shabaab "waxay kordhisay adeegsiga qaraxyada baabuurta" (tarjumaad) intii lagu jiray xilliga doorashada. 11 Diseembar baabuur yar ayaa ku qarxay dekedda, "isagoo dilay in ka badan 35 qof" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 7). - **Qof rayid ah oo Cadaado ku sugnaa,** oo uu toogtay askari xilli ay jirtay xiisad beeleed oo la xiriirta codbixinta (isla ishaas, faqradda 12). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Immisa ergo.** Warqadda xogta ee UNSOM waxay qorshaysay 14,025. Warbixinnada Xoghayaha Guud waxay bixiyaan "ku dhowaad 13,000" iyo "qiyaastii 13,000" oo codeeyay. - **Nabad mise cillado.** QM waxay hannaanka ku tilmaantay "mid ka nabad badan oo ka loo dhan yahay tii 2012", iyadoo isla markaas diiwaangelisay "laaluush iyo cabsigelin loo geystay ergooyinka" iyo anshax-xumo aan "si ku filan wax looga qaban". ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - UNSOM, *Somalia 2016 Electoral Process* (warqad xog ah, 2016): [PDF](https://unsom.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/somalia_2016_electoral_process_0.pdf). - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinno ku saabsan Soomaaliya: S/2017/21 (9 Janaayo 2017), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf); S/2017/408 (9 Maajo 2017), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/408&l=en&t=pdf). --- # Doorashadii golaha wakiilada Soomaaliland ee 2005 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somaliland-parliamentary-election-2005/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 29 Sebtembar 2005 Soomaaliland waxay cod dadweyne ku dooratay Golaheedii Wakiilada ee ugu horreeyay: 82 xildhibaan oo ka socda saddex xisbi. Xisbiga talada haya ee UDUB wuxuu helay 33 kursi, Kulmiye 28, UCID-na 21, sidaas darteed labada xisbi mucaaradka ah waxay wadajir u haysteen aqlabiyadda. Markii golaha cusubi ugu horraysay shiray 29 Nofembar 2005, xildhibaannada mucaaradku waxay doorteen Guddoomiye iyo ku-xigeenno iyaga u gaar ah iyadoo UDUB ay diiddan tahay, Madaxweyne Daahir Rayaale Kaahin (Dahir Riyale Kahin) wuxuuna natiijada aqbalay 7 Diseembar kadib markii Golaha Guurtidu soo dhex galay. Doorashada baarlamaanka ee xigtay lama qaban ilaa 2021. ## Kooban Golaha Wakiilada Soomaaliland waxaa markii ugu horraysay cod dadweyne lagu doortay 29 Sebtembar 2005. Madaxweyne [Daahir Rayaale Kaahin](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/) wuxuu codbixinta u qorsheeyay bartamaha Sebtembar, 10 Agoosto 2005-na wuxuu "doorashooyinka baarlamaanka dib u dhigay laba toddobaad, ilaa 29 Sebtembar, codsi ka yimid guddiga doorashada 'Soomaaliland'" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2005/642, faqradda 33](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2005/642&l=en&t=pdf)). Xisbiyada mucaaradka ayaa wadajir ugu guuleystay aqlabiyadda 82-ka kursi. Dhammaan doorashooyinka Soomaaliland, eeg [doorashooyinka Soomaaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). Codbixintii ka horraysay, eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada ee 2003](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2003/). ## Codbixinta ka hor - **Dib-u-dhac.** 2003 Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu "muddada Golaha Wakiilada u kordhiyay laba sano" (tarjumaad) ([S/2003/636, faqradda 23](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Xeerarka warbaahinta.** Tifaftirayaasha wargeysyada iyo idaacadaha ayaa diyaariyay xeer anshaxeed oo "ugu baaqaya warbaahinta inay ku dhegganaato tebinta dhexdhexaadka ah ee doorashada" (tarjumaad) ([S/2005/642, faqradda 34](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2005/642&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Kormeerayaasha.** Guddiga doorashadu wuxuu ku martiqaaday Progressio inay abaabusho hawlgal kormeer caalami ah ([Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Kormeerka Doorashada, warbixinta 2018, b. 16](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf)). Warbixinteeda waxaa la daabacay 2006 iyadoo cinwaankeedu yahay *Further Steps to Democracy: The Somaliland Parliamentary Elections, September 2005*. ## Natiijada Tirooyinka sida ay ku soo tebisay qiimaynta Machadka Jamhuuriga Caalamiga ah (IRI) ee codbixinta ([sida ay Wikipedia u soo xigatay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Somaliland_parliamentary_election)): | Xisbiga | Codadka | Saami | Kuraas | |---|---:|---:|---:| | UDUB (Ururka Dimuqraadiga Ummadda Bahawday) | 261,449 | 39.00% | 33 | | Kulmiye (Xisbiga Nabadda, Midnimada iyo Horumarka) | 228,328 | 34.06% | 28 | | UCID (Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Daryeelka) | 180,545 | 26.93% | 21 | | Codadka ansaxa ah | 670,322 | | 82 | | Kuwa aan ansax ahayn ama bannaan | 4,585 | | | | Wadarta | 674,907 | | | Isla maqaalkaas wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in 76 kormeere oo ka kala yimid toddoba dal ay doorashooyinka ku tilmaameen "guud ahaan xor iyo xalaal", iyagoo sheegay in codbixintu "ka gaabisay buuxinta dhowr heer oo caalami ah" (tarjumaad) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Somaliland_parliamentary_election)). ## Murankii Guddoomiyaha Sida ku cad warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Febraayo 2006 ([S/2006/122, faqradda 19](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/122&l=en&t=pdf)): - **29 Nofembar 2005.** Fadhigii ugu horreeyay, xildhibaannada mucaaradka ee Kulmiye iyo UCID "waxay diideen go'aankii guddoomiyaha ku-meel-gaarka ah ee ahaa in baarlamaanka la hakiyo, waxayna u gudbeen inay doortaan guddoomiye cusub iyo laba guddoomiye-ku-xigeen" (tarjumaad). - **Xisbiga talada haya.** Xildhibaannada UDUB way ka soo horjeesteen tallaabadaas. - **7 Diseembar 2005.** "Kadib faragelin uu sameeyay Golaha Guurtida", Madaxweyne Rayaale "wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu aqbalay doorashada Guddoomiyaha iyo labadiisa Ku-xigeen ee ay sameeyeen xildhibaannada mucaaradka" (tarjumaad). Guddoomiyaha laga soo bilaabo Nofembar 2005 wuxuu ahaa [Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi "Irro")](/en/people/abdirahman-mohamed-abdullahi-irro/) ([Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141714838)), oo markii dambe aasaasay Waddani, noqdayna Madaxweyne 2024. Eeg [guddoomiyeyaasha baarlamaanka Soomaaliland](/so/institutions/speakers-of-somaliland-parliament/). ## Waxa xigay Golihii la doortay 2005 wuxuu jiray ilaa 2021. Kormeerayaashii 2017 waxay diiwaangeliyeen oo keliya "hal doorasho baarlamaan (aqalka hoose) oo dhacday 2005" (tarjumaad) intii u dhaxaysay 2002 iyo 2017 ([IEOM, 2018, b. 16](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf)). Codbixinta golaha ee xigtay waxay dhacday 31 Maajo 2021, oo ahayd doorashadii baarlamaanka ee ugu horraysay tan iyo 2005 ([Al Jazeera, 6 Juun 2021](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/6/somaliland-opposition-wins-first-parliamentary-polls-since)). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Codbixiyeyaasha,** oo aan mar kale dooran Gole Wakiilo oo cusub ilaa 2021 (Al Jazeera). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Sida codbixinta loo qiimeeyay.** Kormeerayaashu waxay ku tilmaameen "guud ahaan xor iyo xalaal", iyagoo xusay inay ka gaabisay "dhowr heer oo caalami ah". - **Doorashada Guddoomiyaha.** Aqlabiyadda mucaaradku waxay qabtay inay ansax ahayd. UDUB way ka soo horjeedday ilaa Madaxweynuhu aqbalay 7 Diseembar 2005. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinno ku saabsan Soomaaliya: S/2003/636, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2003/636&l=en&t=pdf); S/2005/642 (11 Oktoobar 2005), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2005/642&l=en&t=pdf); S/2006/122 (21 Febraayo 2006), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2006/122&l=en&t=pdf). - Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Kormeerka Doorashada, *The limits of consensus?* (2018), b. 16: [PDF](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf). --- # Maamulkii Militariga Ingiriiska ee Soomaaliya, 1941 ilaa 1950 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/british-military-administration-1941-1950/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Kadib markii Ingiriisku ka adkaaday Talyaaniga Bariga Afrika, Maamul Militari oo Ingiriis ah ayaa xukumay Soomaalidii Talyaaniga hore laga bilaabo 1941 ilaa uu dhulka u wareejiyay wasaayaddii Talyaaniga 1 Abriil 1950. Wuxuu kala diray qaybihii amniga Talyaaniga, wuxuuna aasaasay Somalia Gendarmerie oo ay hoggaaminayeen saraakiil Ingiriis ah, markii hore inta badan askari Kenya iyo Uganda ka yimid, markii dambena askar Soomaali ah oo lagu tababaray akadeemiyad booliis oo cusub. Ururkii Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (Somali Youth Club) waxaa la aasaasay xilligiisii 1943, rabshadihii 1948na waxaa ku dhintay 51 Talyaani iyo 24 Soomaali. ## Si kooban Ciidamada Ingiriisku waxay 1941 qabsadeen Soomaalidii Talyaaniga, waxayna ku xukumeen xukun militari ilaa wasaayaddii QM ay bilaabatay 1950. Xilligaas waxaa la sameeyay ciidankii booliis ee ugu horreeyay ee koonfurta oo Soomaali hoggaamiso, waxaana kobcay xisbiyadii siyaasadeed ee Soomaalida. Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa ilaha ay sheegaan. Ciidankii uu beddelay waxaa lagu sheegay [Askartii Soomaalida ee xukunkii Talyaaniga](/en/institutions/somali-colonial-troops-italian/); wixii ka dambeeyayna [Wasaayaddii QM, 1950 ilaa 1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/). ## Xukunkii Ingiriiska Ingiriisku wuxuu weerar celin ah qaaday Maarso 1941, dib ayuu u qabsaday Somaliland-ta Ingiriiska, wuxuuna koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo Ogaadeenya hoos geeyay maamul militari ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "Somalia During World War II"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm)). Wikipedia waxay maamulka ku taariikhaysaa 25 Febraayo 1941 ilaa 1 Abriil 1950, waxayna u taxdaa maamulayaashiisii sare sidan: William Scupham (1941 ilaa 1943), Denis Wickham (1943 ilaa 1948), Eric de Candole (1948) iyo Geoffrey Gamble (1948 ilaa 1950) ([Wikipedia, British Military Administration (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Somali))). ## Somalia Gendarmerie Ingiriisku wuxuu kala diray qaybihii amniga Talyaaniga ee koonfurta, wuxuuna aasaasay Somalia Gendarmerie, oo ay hoggaaminayeen saraakiil Ingiriis ah, si ay u ilaaliso dhulka la qabsaday. Askartiisii ugu horreysay inta badan waxay ahaayeen askari ka yimid Kenya iyo Uganda oo hoos joogay saraakiil Ingiriis ah; waqti kadib wuxuu noqday ciidan Soomaali ah markii askar deegaanka laga qortay lagu tababaray akadeemiyad booliis oo cusub. Hawlihiisa waxaa ka mid ahaa soo ururinta Talyaanigii kala firdhay iyo hub ka dhigista Soomaalidii hub qaadatay intii dagaalku socday. Woqooyiga, Somaliland Camel Corps dib ayaa loo habeeyay, waxaana markii dambe beddelay shan guuto oo loo yaqaan Somaliland Scouts ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "British Military Administration"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) wuxuu ku biiray booliiska xilligii maamulka Ingiriiska (eeg boggiisa). Eeg [Ciidanka Booliiska Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-police-force/) iyo [Somaliland Camel Corps](/en/institutions/somaliland-camel-corps/). ## Xisbiyada, Guddiga Afarta Quwadood iyo rabshadihii 1948 Ururkii Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (Somali Youth Club) waxaa Muqdisho lagu aasaasay 1943, 1946-kii wuxuu lahaa 25,000 xubnood, 1947-kiina wuxuu noqday [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/). Ingiriiska, Faransiiska, Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanku waxay sameeyeen Guddi Afar Quwadood ah oo ka tashanaya mustaqbalka dhulka, kaas oo Muqdisho yimid Janaayo 1948. Isu soo bax SYL oo la qabtay intii booqashadiisu socotay, bannaanbax ka soo horjeeda oo ay sameeyeen kooxo Talyaaniga taageersan ayaa isu beddelay rabshad, rabshaddaasna waxaa lagu dilay 51 Talyaani iyo 24 Soomaali (Maktabadda Koongareeska, "British Military Administration"). Quwaduhu way ku heshiin waayeen, su'aashuna waxay u gudubtay Golaha Guud ee QM, kaas oo Nofembar 1949 dhulka hoos geeyay wasaayadda Talyaaniga iyadoo shardi looga dhigay xorriyad toban sano gudahood ah (Maktabadda Koongareeska; Wikipedia). ## Ogaadeenya iyo Hawdka 1948, iyadoo cadaadis ka imanayo Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti, Ingiriisku wuxuu Ogaadeenya u celiyay Itoobiya "iyadoo Soomaalidu si ballaaran uga soo horjeedday" (tarjumaad), 1949-kiina wuxuu celiyay dhul daaqsimeed kale (Maktabadda Koongareeska, "British Military Administration"). Wareejintii dambe ee Hawdka waxaa lagu sheegay [Wareejintii Hawdka, 1954 ilaa 1955](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Goorta xukunka Ingiriisku dhammaaday.** 1949 (Maktabadda Koongareeska) ama 1 Abriil 1950, markii wasaayaddu bilaabatay (Wikipedia). - **Rabshadihii 1948.** Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay dhimashada dhigtaa hal rabshad oo Muqdisho ka dhacday; Wikipedia waxay sharraxdaa rabshado ka dhacay dhowr magaalo oo xeebeed. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "British Military Administration": [bog](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm). - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "Somalia During World War II": [bog](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm). --- # Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta, 1899–1920 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta wuxuu ahaa iska-caabintii hubaysnayd ee uu Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan ku hoggaaminayay Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya laga bilaabo 1899 ilaa 1920. Wuxuu galay 41 dagaal oo la diiwaangeliyay, wuxuu Talyaaniga la saxiixday heshiis 1905, wuxuu Taleex ka dhisay caasimad dhagax ah, wuxuuna dhammaaday markii diyaaradaha iyo ciidamada dhulka ee Ingiriisku qabsadeen Taleex Febraayo 1920. ## Kooban Daraawiishtu (Daraawiish, oo ka timid erayga Carabiga ee xerta suufiyada) waxay ahaayeen xertii [Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan](/so/people/sayid-maxamed-cabdulle-xasan/). In ka badan labaatan sano waxay iska celiyeen saddex boqortooyo: Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya. Xafiiska Dagaalka Ingiriisku wuxuu qoray taariikh laba mug ah oo ku saabsan duullaannadiisii, aqoonyahanka Soomaaliyeed Jaamac Cumar Ciisena wuxuu Af-Soomaali ku ururiyay taariikhdooda iyo gabayadooda ([War Office 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog); [Jaamac Cumar Ciise, *Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan*, Akademiyaha Dhaqanka, Muqdisho, 1974](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). Boggani wuxuu ka soo dheegtay labadaba. ## Sidee buu dhaqdhaqaaqu ku bilaabmay? Sayidku wuxuu Maka kaga soo laabtay Berbera 1895, wuxuuna bilaabay inuu wax dhigo. Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu diiwaangeliyay inuu xaruntii ugu horreysay ee Daraawiishta ka sameeyay ceelka Qoryaweyn, ilaa 60 mayl Burco u jira ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, b. vii](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). Daraawiishtii ugu horreysay waxay ka kala yimaadeen bulshooyin dhowr ah hal mar, Nugaal, Hawd iyo Ogaadeenya. Xafiiska Dagaalka Ingiriisku wuxuu sheegay in Sayidku si gaar ah isugu dayay inuu jebiyo daacadnimada qabiilka, isagoo awooddiisa ka sarraysiiyay tan odayaasha beelaha ([War Office 1907, b. 49](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Agoosto 1899 ciidankiisu wuxuu galay Burco. Ingiriisku wuxuu ku qiyaasay 5,000 nin, oo 1,500 fardooley ah iyo 200 qori ([War Office 1907, b. 49](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). 1 Sebtembar 1899 wuxuu Ingiriiska u diray warqad Carabi ah. Sarkaalkii Ingiriiska Douglas Jardine ayaa tarjumaaddeeda daabacay ([Jardine, *The Mad Mullah of Somaliland*, 1923, b. 43](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Warqaddu (tarjumaad): Waxaad dulmiseen diinteenna qadiimiga ah sabab la'aan… Haddaad dagaal doonaysaan, waan aqbalnay; laakiin haddaad nabad doonaysaan, bixiya ganaaxa. Qunsulka Guud ee Ingiriisku wuxuu markaas ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay fallaago. Dowladda Ingiriisku waxay dib u dhigtay duullaan dagaalkii Koonfur Afrika awgiis ([Jardine 1923, b. 43](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). ## 41 dagaal Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu tiriyay 41 dagaal oo la diiwaangeliyay oo Daraawiishta iyo Ingiriiska dhexmaray. Wuxuu taxay kuwa ugu waaweyn, iyadoo taariikhuhu yihiin sida uu u bixiyay ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, b. ix](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)): - Afbakayle, 3 Maajo 1901 - Fardhiddin, 16 Luulyo 1901 - Beerdhiga, 10 Agoosto 1902 - Cagaarweyne, 17 Abriil 1903 - Daratoole, 18 Abriil 1903 - Jidbaale, 10 Janaayo 1904 - Ruuga (Dul Madoobe), 1913 - Dagaalkii cirka, Janaayo 1919 Nuqulka sawirka ah ee buuggiisa wuxuu taariikhaha Cagaarweyne iyo Daratoole u daabacay 1905. Diiwaanka Ingiriiska iyo habka liiskiisa laftiisu waxay dhigaan Abriil 1903, markii ciidankii Ingiriisku ku lumay Gumburu. Wuxuu kaloo qoray in Soomaalidu "laba u kala qaybsantay": qaar waxay ku biireen dhinaca gumeysiga, qaarna Daraawiishta. ## Afartii duullaan ee Ingiriiska, 1901–1904 Ingiriisku wuxuu Daraawiishta u diray afar duullaan. Xafiiska Dagaalku wuxuu qoray taariikh laba mug ah oo ku saabsan, oo si buuxda u jirta ([War Office 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog); [mugga 2](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory03stafgoog)). Baarlamaanka Ingiriiska ayaa sidoo kale daabacay teleegaraamyada qunsulka iyagoo ah buug buluug ah ([*Correspondence respecting the Rising of the Mullah*, Africa No. 3, 1902](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.106629)). - **1901.** Kornayl Eric Swayne wuxuu hoggaaminayay ciidan Soomaali ah oo la qoray. Dagaallo Samala iyo Ferdiddin ayaa ku dhammaaday in ciidanku dib ugu laabto Burco ([War Office 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). - **6 Oktoobar 1902, Erigo.** Duullaankii labaad wuxuu Daraawiishta kula kulmay duur cufan oo u dhow Mudug. Dagaalku wuu adkaa, ciidankuna wuxuu dib ugu gurtay Bohotle ([War Office 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). - **17 Abriil 1903, Gumburu.** Koox Ingiriis ah oo uu hoggaaminayay Kornayl Plunkett ayaa la tirtiray. Xafiiska Dagaalku wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in "saraakiishii oo dhan la dilay" iyo in meydadka Daraawiishtu ay "taallo taallo ugu jiifeen afaafka safka" ([War Office 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). - **10 Janaayo 1904, Jidbaale.** Duullaankii afraad ee Jeneraal Egerton wuxuu la kulmay 6,000 ilaa 8,000 Daraawiish ah. Ingiriisku wuxuu tiriyay 668 meyd oo u dhow goobta laba maalmood kadib ([War Office 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). - **21 Abriil 1904, Illig.** Ciidamo Ingiriis iyo Hindi ah ayaa badda ka soo degay oo qabsaday saldhigga xeebta ee Daraawiishta ee Illig ([Jardine 1923, cut. V](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). ## "Waxaan doonayaa inaan dalkayga xukumo" 1903, intii duullaankii saddexaad socday, Sayidku wuxuu warqad u qoray "dadka Ingiriiska". Jardine wuxuu daabacay tarjumaaddeeda ([Jardine 1923, b. 122](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Warqaddu (tarjumaad): Sannad ayaan dagaallamaynay. Waxaan doonayaa inaan dalkayga xukumo oo diintayda ilaaliyo… Xeradayda waan raray, laakiin ma aanan carar. Jardine laftiisu, isagoo wax u qoraya sidii sarkaal Ingiriis ah, wuxuu qirtay in Sayidku "weligiis ku noolaan doono sidii halyey qaran" quluubta dadkiisa ([Jardine 1923, b. 308](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). ## Heshiiskii Illig ee 1905: dowlad heshiisyo saxiixda 5 Maarso 1905 Sayidku wuxuu Illig kula saxiixday heshiis qoran ergaygii Talyaaniga, Giulio Pestalozza. Jardine wuxuu daabacay qoraalka oo dhan, oo laga tarjumay Carabiga ([Jardine 1923, bb. 156–159](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Shuruudihiisa ugu muhiimsan waxay ahaayeen: - Nabad u dhexeysa Daraawiishta Sayidka iyo Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya, iyadoo Talyaanigu dammaanad qaadayo. - Deegaan Daraawiishta loogu talagalay xeebta u dhexeysa Raas Garad iyo Raas Gabbe, calanka Talyaaniga hoostiisa. - In Sayidku bulshooyinka la jira ee gudaha u xukumo "caddaalad iyo sinnaan", waddooyinkana nabad ka dhigo. - Mamnuucidda soo dejinta hubka iyo ganacsiga addoonsiga. - Xuquuqda daaqa xoolaha Daraawiishta ee Nugaal, gudaha ceelal la magacaabay. Heshiisku waa diiwaanka ugu cad ee muujinaya in quwado shisheeye ula macaamileen dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta sidii dowlad. Qoraalka la saxiixay wuxuu ku taariikhaysan yahay 5 Maarso, halka sadarka ugu dambeeya uu bixiyo 8 Maarso 1905, oo u dhiganta 28 Dul Xijja 1322 ([Jardine 1923, b. 158](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). ## Taleex: caasimad dhagax lagu dhisay Janaayo 1913 Sayidku wuxuu xaruntiisa u raray Taleex, oo ku taal gobolka Sool ee maanta. Dhagax-dhisayaal Yamani ah ayaa dhisay deyr ay ku jiraan saddex iyo toban qalcadood iyo saddex qalcadood oo dhaadheer oo daboolaya ([Jardine 1923, bb. 212–213](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Jardine wuxuu diiwaangeliyay derbiyo salkooda 12 ilaa 14 fuudh ka ballaaran iyo qalcado daboolaya oo 50 ilaa 60 fuudh dherer ah. Gudaha waxaa ku jiray ceelal iyo bakaaro dhagax ah, oo laga buuxiyay masago ka timid beerihii Daraawiishta ee Gaolo, toban mayl u jirta. Jardine wuxuu qalcadda ku tilmaamay "caddayn la yaab leh oo ku saabsan hibada militari ee Mullaha". Ingiriisku wuxuu horay ciidamadiisa dib ugu celiyay xeebta 1910 ([Jardine 1923, cut. VI](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). ## Dul Madoobe, 9 Agoosto 1913 Ciidan geel-fuul Soomaaliyeed oo 109 nin ah oo Ingiriisku hoggaaminayo ayaa Burco ka ambabaxay iyagoo uu hoggaaminayo Richard Corfield (Koofil). Dul Madoobe waxay kula kulmeen ilaa 2,000 Daraawiish ah oo qoryo sita ([Jardine 1923, cut. VII, bb. 220–226](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Corfield waxaa la dilay ilaa 7.15 subaxnimo. Soddon iyo shan ka mid ah ciidanka ayaa la dilay, toddoba iyo tobanna si xun ayaa loo dhaawacay. Jardine wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 395 meyd oo Daraawiish ah oo goobta lagu tiriyay. ## Dhammaadkii, 1920 Janaayo 1920 Ingiriisku wuxuu soo diray koox diyaarado DH.9 ah, Unugga "Z" ee Ciidanka Cirka. Siddeed diyaaradood ayaa gaaray safka hore 19 Janaayo, lixna waxay duuleen weerarkii ugu horreeyay 21 Janaayo 1920 ([Jardine 1923, bb. 262–266](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Ciidanka Geel-fuulka iyo ciidan Soomaali ah oo 1,500 nin ah ayaa dhulka ka raacay. 9 Febraayo 1920 Sayidku wuxuu ka baxay albaabka waqooyi ee Taleex isagoo wata toddobaatan ilaa siddeetan fardooley ah. Ciidankii la qoray ayaa qalcadda qabsaday fiidkii ([Jardine 1923, bb. 274–275](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Sayidku wuxuu u gudbay dhul Itoobiya xukunto isagoo wata saddex ama afar boqol oo xer ah. Waxay dhiseen saddex iyo toban qalcadood oo ku yaal Guano Imi, u dhow madaxa Webiga Shabeelle, Oktoobar 1920 ([Jardine 1923, b. 307](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Cudur, "malaha hargab", iyo gaajo ayaa ku dhacay xerada, wuxuuna dhintay lix maalmood oo jirro ah kadib. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda geeridiisa.** Jardine, sarkaalkii Ingiriiska, wuxuu bixiyaa 23 Nofembar 1920 ([Jardine 1923, b. 307](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu bixiyaa 1921, Imey ee Shabeellaha sare ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, b. xii](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)), sidoo kale Maktabadda Koongareesku ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/10.htm)). - **Magaca.** Qorayaasha Ingiriisku waxay ugu yeereen "the Mad Mullah". Soomaalidu waxay ugu yeeraan Sayid Maxamed, ama "Sayidka". Calankii waxay adeegsataa magaciisa iyo darajadiisa. - **Dagaalkii cirka.** Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu weerarradii cirka ee ugu horreeyay ku taariikheeyaa Janaayo 1919; Jardine, oo xilligaas ka tirsanaa dowladda gumeysiga, wuxuu ku taariikheeyaa Janaayo 1920 ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, b. x](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan); [Jardine 1923, b. 266](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Jardine wuxuu ahaa Xoghayaha maamulka Somaliland 1916 ilaa 1921. - **Cidda taageertay.** Diiwaannada Ingiriisku waxay muujinayaan in Soomaali badan ay la dagaallameen Daraawiishta, iyagoo ku jira ciidamo la qoray iyo booliska ([War Office 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Taariikhyahan Robert Hess wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in Soomaali badan ay ka soo horjeedeen sababo diimeed iyagoo weli u naxariisanaya iska-caabinta ([Hess, *Journal of African History*, 1964](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/mad-mullah-and-northern-somalia/64A47DB9294A878A7FC8A0AA00589029)). ## Sida taariikhyahannadu u akhriyaan dhaqdhaqaaqa Inta badan waxa aan ognahay waxay ka yimaadeen kuwii ka soo horjeeday. Jardine, sarkaal Ingiriis ah, wuxuu ugu yeeray "khaa'in dhammaystiran" isla cutubka uu ugu magacaabay halyey qaran ([Jardine 1923, b. 308](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Calankii waxay diiwaannadan u akhridaa xaqiiqooyinkooda iyo taariikhahooda, ee ma aha go'aamadooda. Taariikhyahanka Soomaaliyeed Saciid S. Samatar wuxuu Sayidka ku bartay gabayadiisa. Samatar wuxuu muujiyay sida Sayidku u adeegsaday gabayga afka ah si uu u dhiso una hayo dhaqdhaqaaq bulsho aan weli afkeeda qorin dhexdeeda ([Samatar, *Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism*, Cambridge University Press, 1982](https://catalogo.abie.es/Record/unav.b39731091)). Hess wuxuu ugu yeeray "horseedka waddaninimada casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed" ([Hess 1964](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/mad-mullah-and-northern-somalia/64A47DB9294A878A7FC8A0AA00589029)). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - War Office, *Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901–04*, 1907: [mugga 1](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog), [mugga 2](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory03stafgoog). - *Correspondence respecting the Rising of the Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland*, Africa No. 3, 1902: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.106629). - Douglas Jardine, *The Mad Mullah of Somaliland*, 1923, oo ay ku jiraan warqadaha Sayidka iyo heshiiskii Illig: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland). - Jaamac Cumar Ciise, *Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan*, Muqdisho, 1974, Af-Soomaali, oo ay ku jiraan taariikhda Daraawiishta iyo 120 gabay: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan). --- # Xukunkii Faashiistaha iyo dagaalka, 1923–1941 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/fascist-rule-and-the-war-1923-1941/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 1923 ilaa 1941 Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa wuxuu xoog ku xukumay koonfurta Soomaaliya, wuxuu soo afjaray saldanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee waqooyiga 1926, intii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka socdayna muddo kooban wuxuu inta badan dhulalka Soomaalida hoos geeyay hal maamul. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustay in xilligaasi uu maamul Soomaaliyeed oo midaysan ka dhigay mid suurtagal u muuqda. ## Waxa dhacay - **1923.** Cesare De Vecchi wuxuu noqday guddoomiyihii Faashiistaha ee ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland)). - **1924.** Sheekh Xasan Barsane wuxuu diiday amarkii De Vecchi ee hub ka dhigista, isagoo ku daliishanaya sharciga Islaamka, waxaana la qabtay Abriil 1924 ([Sheikh Hassan Barsane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hassan_Barsane)). - **1926.** Duullaan militari kadib, Talyaanigu wuxuu la wareegay saldanadaha Majeerteen iyo Hobyo ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland)). Isla sannadkaas Jubbada Sare, oo ay Kismaayo ku jirto, waxaa lagu daray Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga ([Oltre Giuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltre_Giuba)). - **Laga bilaabo 1906.** Guddoomiyeyaashii Talyaanigu waxay dhiseen dhaqaale beereed oo u dhexeeya webiyada Shabeelle iyo Jubba, taas oo saldhig u noqotay kala duwanaanshaha dambe ee waqooyiga iyo koonfurta ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/11.htm)). - **1920-meeyadii ilaa 1930-meeyadii.** Soomaalidu waxay sameysteen faro u gaar ah: Cismaaniya oo uu sameeyay Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid (1920 ilaa 1922) iyo farta Boorama oo uu sameeyay Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur (ilaa 1933) ([Somali writing systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_writing_systems)). Eeg [sida Af-Soomaaligu u noqday mid la qoro](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/). - **1934.** Isku dhac ka dhacay Walwaal oo ku taal Ogaadeenya lagu muransan yahay ayaa Talyaaniga u noqday cudurdaar uu ku duulo Itoobiya ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland)). - **1935 ilaa 1936.** Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday Itoobiya. **1940:** wuxuu qabsaday Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska. Muddo kooban Ogaadeenya, waqooyiga iyo koonfurta ayaa si wadajir ah loo maamulay, iyagoo leh lacag iyo canshuur isku mid ah ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm)). - **1939.** Bannaanbaxyo ku saabsan waxbarashada oo Burco ka dhacay, oo ay hoggaaminayeen shakhsiyaad uu ka mid ahaa Sheekh Bashiir ([1945 Sheikh Bashir rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion)). - **Maarso 1941.** Ingiriisku wuxuu dib u qabsaday waqooyiga, koonfurta iyo Ogaadeenyana wuxuu hoos geeyay maamulkiisa militari ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm)). ## Dhaxalka, sida loo diiwaangeliyay Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustay in tani ay midaynta ka dhigtay mid suurtagal u muuqata ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm)). ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen Saldanadihii waqooyiga waxaa lagu soo afjaray duullaan militari ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland)). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay kala duwanaanshaha dambe ee waqooyiga iyo koonfurta ku xirtaa dhaqaalihii beereed ee Talyaanigu ka dhisay koonfurta ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/11.htm)). --- # Doorashadii madaxtinimada Soomaaliya ee 2017 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2017/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 8 Febraayo 2017 labada aqal ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya waxay Madaxweyne u doorteen Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed 'Farmaajo'. Wareegii labaad wuxuu helay 184 cod, Madaxweynihii xilka hayay, Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, 97, Shariif Sheekh Axmedna 46. Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuu qiray guuldarada ka hor wareeg saddexaad. Xildhibaannada waxaa laga bilaabo Oktoobar 2016 soo doortay ku dhowaad 13,000 ergo beeleed, hannaan ay QM sheegtay inuu ka nabad iyo ka loo dhan badnaa 2012 inkastoo ay jireen laaluush iyo cabsi gelin ergada. ## Si kooban 8 Febraayo 2017, 328 xubnood oo ka tirsan labada aqal ee baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ayaa ku kulmay hangar ay leedahay Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliyeed oo ku yaal garoonka caalamiga ah ee Muqdisho, waxayna Madaxweyne u doorteen [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed "Farmaajo"](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/). Wareegii labaad wuxuu ku hormuuday 184 cod. Madaxweynihii xilka hayay, [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/), wuxuu helay 97 wuuna qiray guuldarada ([UNSOM, 8 Febraayo 2017](https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/node/51627)). Xoghayaha Guud ee QM wuxuu qoray in, "inkastoo ay jireen dib-u-dhacyo iyo kiisas khalad ah, oo ay ku jiraan laaluush iyo cabsi gelin ergada, hannaanka doorashadu uu ka nabad iyo ka loo dhan badnaa 2012" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2017/21, faqradda 3](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)). Codbixintii hore, eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada 2012](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2012/). Nidaamka oo dhan, eeg [doorashooyinka Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/). ## Doorashada Baarlamaanka, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2016 Laga soo xigtay warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee 9 Janaayo 2017 ([S/2017/21, faqradaha 2 ilaa 3](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Bilowga.** Kadib "wadahadallo dheer oo ku saabsan faahfaahinta qaabka doorashada" (tarjumaad), doorashooyinka baarlamaanka federaalku waxay bilaabmeen 15 Oktoobar 2016. - **Codbixiyayaasha.** "Ku dhowaad 13,000 ergo oo dalka oo dhan ah ayaa u codeeyay xubnaha aqalka hoose, halka golaha deegaanku doorteen xubnaha aqalka sare" (tarjumaad). - **Aqal sare oo cusub.** Baarlamaanku hadda wuxuu lahaa aqal sare oo 54 kursi ah iyo aqal hoose oo 275 kursi ah. Baarlamaanka cusub waxaa la furay 27 Diseembar 2016. - **Khaladaadka.** Madasha Hoggaanka Qaranka ee madaxda federaalka iyo dowlad-goboleedyada ayaa dejisay xeer anshax iyo hay'ad khilaaf xallisa. "Kiisas la xaqiijiyay oo khalad doorasho ah ayaa Madasha ku kallifay inay amarto dib-u-qabasho shan kursi oo baarlamaan ah" (tarjumaad). - **Haweenka.** Haweenku waxay haysteen 24 boqolkiiba kuraasta aqalka hoose iyo 23 boqolkiiba kuraasta aqalka sare, oo ka kordhay 14 boqolkiiba 2012 laakiin ka hooseeya bartilmaameedka 30 boqolkiiba. - **Kharashka.** Hannaanku wuxuu ku kacay $14 milyan: 60 boqolkiiba deeq-bixiyayaasha caalamiga ah, 10 boqolkiiba dowladda federaalka iyo 30 boqolkiiba khidmadaha musharrixiinta. Guddoomiyayaasha waxaa la doortay Janaayo 2017: [Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari](/en/people/mohamed-osman-jawari/) waxaa dib loogu doortay Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka 11 Janaayo, Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahina wuxuu noqday Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Sare 22 Janaayo ([S/2017/408, faqradda 2](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/408&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Codbixinta, 8 Febraayo 2017 Laga soo xigtay war-saxaafadeedka howlgalka QM ee maalintaas ([UNSOM](https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/node/51627)): - **Musharrixiinta.** 21-ka musharrax ee diiwaangashan midkoodna kuma helin laba meelood meel wareegii koowaad. - **Wareegga labaad.** Farmaajo 184, Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud 97, [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) 46. Cidna ma gaarin laba meelood meel, laakiin Madaxweynihii wuu qiray. - **Goobta.** Codbixintu "waxay ka dhacday hangar Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliyeed oo ku yaal garoonka caalamiga ah ee Muqdisho, iyadoo ay si adag u ilaalinayeen ciidamada AMISOM iyo ciidamada amniga Soomaalida" (tarjumaad). Guddoomiye Jawaari ayaa shir guddoominayay. - **Qirashada.** Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu yiri: "Waxaan ku boorinayaa shacabka Soomaaliyeed ee gudaha iyo qurbaha inay taageeraan madaxweynaha cusub oo si dhow ula shaqeeyaan" (tarjumaad). - **Guuleystaha.** Farmaajo wuxuu yiri: "Tani waa bilowga midnimada shacabka Soomaaliyeed... Waxaan ballan qaadayaa inaanan ku xadgudbin kalsoonidiinna, inaan si caddaalad ah u shaqeeyo oo aan taageero masaakiinta" (tarjumaad). ## Eedaha laaluushka Mohammed Adow oo ka tirsan Al Jazeera ayaa soo warisay in ilo ka tirsan baarlamaanku sheegeen in "lacag aad u badan ay bixiyeen qaar ka mid ah musharrixiinta", xildhibaan ayaana u sheegay inuu "kumanaan ka helay mid ka mid ah musharrixiinta madaxtinimada" (tarjumaad). Kooxaha is-haystay way is eedeeyeen, wayna beeniyeen eedaha. Al Jazeera waxay tirada dadkii doortay xildhibaannada iyo senetarrada ku sheegtay qiyaastii 14,000 oday iyo shakhsiyaad gobol ([Al Jazeera, 8 Febraayo 2017](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/2/8/abdullahi-mohamed-farmajo-declared-somalia-president)). ## Codbixinta kadib - **22 Febraayo 2017.** Farmaajo xilka ayaa loo dhaariyay, iyadoo ay goob joog ahaayeen Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Itoobiya iyo Madaxweynayaasha Jabuuti iyo Kenya ([S/2017/408, faqradda 3](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/408&l=en&t=pdf)). - **23 Febraayo.** Wuxuu Ra'iisul Wasaare u magacaabay [Xasan Cali Kheyre](/en/people/hassan-ali-khaire/). Baarlamaanku wuu ansixiyay 1 Maarso, golihiisa wasiirrada ee 68-da xubnood ahaana 29 Maarso (isla ishaas, faqradda 4). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Odayaasha beelaha iyo ergada.** Rag hubeysan oo looga shakiyay al-Shabaab ayaa "toogtay lix oday beeleed iyo laba ergo doorasho" (tarjumaad) weerarro dhacay 20 Oktoobar, 2, 6, 9 iyo 29 Nofembar, iyo 11 iyo 28 Diseembar 2016 ([S/2017/21](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf)). Eeg [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). - **Ergadii la kulantay laaluush iyo cabsi gelin,** sida ay QM diiwaangelisay (S/2017/21). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Inta doortay Baarlamaanka.** QM waxay aqalka hoose u bixisaa "ku dhowaad 13,000 ergo". Al Jazeera waxay labada aqalba u bixisaa qiyaastii 14,000 oday iyo shakhsiyaad gobol. - **Sida ay codbixintu u nadiif ahayd.** QM waxay hannaanka ku tilmaantay mid ka nabad iyo ka loo dhan badan 2012, iyadoo diiwaangelisay laaluush, cabsi gelin iyo shan dib-u-qabasho. Ilaha Al Jazeera waxay sharraxeen lacag badan oo musharrixiintu bixiyeen, taas oo kooxuhu beeniyeen. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2017/21 (9 Janaayo 2017): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/21&l=en&t=pdf). - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2017/408 (9 Maajo 2017): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/408&l=en&t=pdf). - UNSOM, war-saxaafadeedka doorashada 8 Febraayo 2017: [qoraal](https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/node/51627). - Al Jazeera, "Abdullahi Mohamed Farmajo declared Somalia president", 8 Febraayo 2017: [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/2/8/abdullahi-mohamed-farmajo-declared-somalia-president). --- # Doorashadii madaxtinimada Somaliland ee 2010 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2010/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 26 Juun 2010 codbixiyayaasha Somaliland waxay Madaxweyne u doorteen Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud 'Siilaanyo' oo ka tirsan xisbiga mucaaradka ee Kulmiye, isagoo helay 49.59 boqolkiiba codadka. Madaxweynihii xilka hayay, Daahir Riyaale Kaahin oo ka tirsan UDUB, ayaa galay kaalinta labaad wuuna aqbalay natiijada, Siilaanyana xilka ayaa loo dhaariyay 27 Luulyo. Codbixinta shan jeer ayaa dib loo dhigay tan iyo Abriil 2008, iyadoo ay jirtay xiisad ku saabsan diiwaanka codbixiyayaasha oo lagu xalliyay heshiis ay dhexdhexaadiyeen Itoobiya iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska Sebtembar 2009. ## Si kooban 26 Juun 2010 Somaliland waxay qabatay doorashadeedii madaxtinimo ee labaad. 1 Luulyo Guddiga Doorashada Qaranku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in [Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo"](/en/people/ahmed-mohamed-mohamoud-silanyo/) oo ka tirsan xisbiga mucaaradka ee Kulmiye uu ku guulaystay "49.59 boqolkiiba codadka" (tarjumaad). Maxkamadda Sare ayaa ansixisay natiijada 11 Luulyo, Siilaanyana xilka ayaa loo dhaariyay 27 Luulyo ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2010/447, faqradda 10](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/447&l=en&t=pdf)). Madaxweynihii xilka hayay, [Daahir Riyaale Kaahin](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/) oo ka tirsan UDUB, ayaa guuldarraystay. Xoghayaha Guud ee QM wuxuu qoray in codbixinta "ay kormeerayaasha caalamigu ku tilmaameen mid xor ah, xalaal ah oo daah-furan" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Dhammaan doorashooyinka Somaliland, eeg [doorashooyinka Somaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). Codbixinta madaxtinimo ee xigtay, eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada Somaliland 2017](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2017/). ## Shan dib-u-dhac, 2008 ilaa 2009 Laga soo xigtay warbixinnada Xoghayaha Guud ee QM: - **Taariikhdii hore.** Codbixinta "markii hore waxaa loo qorsheeyay Abriil 2008" (tarjumaad) ([S/2009/684, faqradda 8](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/684&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Khilaafka diiwaanka.** 2009, "xisbiyada mucaaradka, bulshada rayidka iyo golaha sharci-dejintu waxay diideen go'aankii Guddiga Doorashada Qaranka, oo laanta fulintu taageertay, ee ahaa in doorashooyin la qabto iyadoo aan diiwaan codbixiyayaal jirin" (tarjumaad). 11 Agoosto 2009 Baarlamaanku wuxuu guddiga iyo dowladda ka codsaday inay qorshahaas ka tanaasulaan ([S/2009/503, faqradda 13](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/503&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Dhexdhexaadinta.** 21 Agoosto Wasiirka Dowladda ee Arrimaha Dibadda Itoobiya ayaa la kulmay Madaxweynaha, mucaaradka, bulshada rayidka iyo odayaasha. 25 Agoosto wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Somaliland wuxuu Itoobiya ka codsaday inay dhexdhexaadiso, 30 Agoostana Baarlamaanku wuxuu sameeyay guddi ka kooban saddexda xisbi (isla ishaas). - **Dib-u-dhacii shanaad.** Horraantii Sebtembar 2009 guddigu wuxuu dib u dhigay codbixintii loo qabtay 27 Sebtembar. "Kani wuxuu ahaa dib-u-dhigistii shanaad ee codbixinta" (tarjumaad). Xiisaddu way degtay markii muddada Madaxweynaha iyo Madaxweyne ku xigeenka hal bil lagu kordhiyay ([S/2009/684, faqradda 8](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/684&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Heshiiska.** 30 Sebtembar 2009 xisbiga talada haya ee UDUB iyo xisbiyada mucaaradka ee Kulmiye iyo UCID waxay saxiixeen heshiis-is-afgarad "ay dhexdhexaadiyeen Itoobiya iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriisku" (tarjumaad). Waxay ku heshiiyeen inay sugaan diiwaanka codbixiyayaasha, in codbixinta madaxtinimadu ka horreyso doorashooyinka golayaasha deegaanka, iyo in la sameeyo guddi doorasho oo cusub, kaas oo xubnihiisa la dhaariyay 28 Oktoobar (isla ishaas). - **Kaararka cusub.** Horraantii 2010 guddigu wuxuu sheegay inuu bixin doono kaararka codbixinta ee cusub ilaa Maajo "si loo hubiyo doorashooyin xor ah oo xalaal ah" (tarjumaad) ([S/2010/234, faqradda 6](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/234&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Codbixinta iyo natiijada - **Maalinta codbixinta.** 26 Juun 2010. Howlgalka kormeerka caalamiga ahi wuxuu lahaa 59 kormeere oo ka kala yimid 16 dal, kuwaas oo daboolay 33 boqolkiiba goobaha codbixinta ee lixda gobol ee Somaliland. Wuxuu doorashooyinka ku tilmaamay "si macquul ah xor iyo xalaal, inkastoo dhibaatooyin qaarna la xusay" (tarjumaad) ([Howlgalka Kormeerka Doorashada Caalamiga, warbixinta 2018, b. 16](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf)). - **Ku dhawaaqista.** Guddoomiyaha guddiga, Ciise Yuusuf Maxamed, ayaa ku dhawaaqay natiijada. Al Jazeera waxay bixisay qiyaastii 538,000 cod oo sax ah oo ka mid ah 1.09 milyan codbixiye oo diiwaangashan, waxayna soo warisay khaladaad sida xisbiga talada haya oo ololihiisa u adeegsaday lacagta dadweynaha, warbaahinta dowladda iyo gaadiidka ([Al Jazeera, 2 Luulyo 2010](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/7/2/opposition-wins-somaliland-vote)). Tirooyinka sida uu u bixiyay guddiga doorashadu, iyadoo loo marayo African Elections Database ([Wikipedia, "2010 Somaliland presidential election"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Somaliland_presidential_election)): | Musharraxa | Xisbiga | Ku xigeenka | Codad | Saami | |---|---|---|---:|---:| | Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo" | Kulmiye | Cabdiraxmaan Saylici | 266,906 | 49.59% | | Daahir Riyaale Kaahin | UDUB | Axmed Yuusuf Yaasiin | 178,881 | 33.23% | | Faysal Cali Waraabe | UCID | Maxamed Rashiid | 92,459 | 17.18% | | Wadar | | | 538,246 | | Ka-qaybgalku wuxuu ahaa 50.31 boqolkiiba 1,069,914 codbixiye oo diiwaangashan (isla ishaas). ## Xil-wareejinta - **Jawaabta kii guuldarraystay.** Maqaal ra'yi ah oo Al Jazeera daabacday 22 Luulyo 2010 ayaa sheegay in Riyaale "uu aqbalay go'aanka shacabka oo si sharaf leh u qiray guuldarada" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/7/22/somaliland-a-radical-change)). - **Dowladda cusub.** Siilaanyo wuxuu magacaabay gole wasiirro oo ka kooban 20 wasiir iyo lix wasiir ku xigeen, saddex ka mid ahna haween ah ([S/2010/447, faqradda 10](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/447&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Shaqaalaha doorashada iyo codbixiyayaasha bariga.** QM waxay diiwaangelisay "dhowr dhacdo amni oo la xiriira doorashooyinkii 'madaxtinimada' ee Juun" (tarjumaad), iyo iska horimaadyo Sool iyo Sanaag ka dhacay oo u dhexeeyay ciidamada Somaliland iyo maleeshiyaadka Sool, Sanaag iyo Cayn (SSC) ([S/2010/447, faqradda 16](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/447&l=en&t=pdf)). Wikipedia, iyadoo soo xiganaysa warbixinta kormeerka Progressio, waxay diiwaangelisay rabshad Sool ka dhacday oo sababtay dhimashada sarkaal doorasho ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Somaliland_presidential_election)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Sida ay codbixintu u nadiif ahayd.** QM waxay sheegtay in kormeerayaashu ku tilmaameen "xor, xalaal oo daah-furan". Soo koobidda dambe ee kormeerayaasha laftooda waxay leedahay "si macquul ah xor iyo xalaal, inkastoo dhibaatooyin qaarna la xusay". Al Jazeera waxay soo warisay in xisbiga talada hayaa adeegsaday kheyraadka dowladda. - **Codadka UDUB.** Shaxda ugu weyn ee Wikipedia waxay Riyaale siisaa 178,881 cod; shaxdeeda degmooyinka waxay bixisaa 179,881. - **Taariikhda ku dhawaaqista.** QM waxay bixisaa 1 Luulyo 2010. Al Jazeera waxay soo warisay ku dhawaaqista 2 Luulyo. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinnada Soomaaliya: S/2009/503 (2 Oktoobar 2009), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/503&l=en&t=pdf); S/2009/684 (8 Janaayo 2010), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/684&l=en&t=pdf); S/2010/234 (11 Maajo 2010), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/234&l=en&t=pdf); S/2010/447 (9 Sebtembar 2010), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/447&l=en&t=pdf). - Howlgalka Kormeerka Doorashada Caalamiga, *The limits of consensus?* (2018), oo leh soo koobidda howlgalkii 2010 b. 16: [PDF](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf). - Al Jazeera, "Opposition wins Somaliland vote", 2 Luulyo 2010: [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/7/2/opposition-wins-somaliland-vote). --- # Xilligii waddaniyadda, 1943–1960 (SYL, SNL, NUF, HDM) Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/nationalist-era-1943-1960/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 1943 ilaa 1960 Soomaalidu waxay dhiseen dhaqdhaqaaqa casriga ah ee midnimada iyo xorriyadda. Wuxuu bilaabmay markii 13 dhallinyaro Soomaaliyeed ay Muqdisho ka aasaaseen Naadiga Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYC) Maajo 1943, iyagoo diiday inay sheegaan beelaha ay ka soo jeedaan, wuxuuna ku dhammaaday Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya oo xor ah oo midaysan 1960. ## Waxa dhacay - **Maajo 1943.** Naadiga Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYC) waxaa lagu aasaasay Muqdisho. 13-kiisii aasaasay waxay ka kala yimaadeen afar ka mid ah lixda qabiil-qoys ee waaweyn, mana sheegin beelahooda ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Somali-Youth-League); [Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). - **1946.** Shir ay quwadaha waaweyni Paris ku yeesheen, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Ingiriiska, Ernest Bevin, wuxuu soo jeediyay "Soomaaliya Midaysan" oo hoos timaadda wasaayadda Ingiriiska. Quwadaha kale kuma raacin ([US State Department, FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1946v02/d88)). Xubnaha SYC sannadkaas waxay ahaayeen ilaa 25,000. - **1947.** SYC waxay noqotay Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL), oo xafiisyo ku lahayd dhammaan shanta dhul ee Soomaalida. Ujeeddooyinkeedu waxay ahaayeen midaynta Soomaalida, far Soomaali ah oo la mideeyo, ballaarinta waxbarashada iyo ka hortagga soo noqoshada Talyaaniga. Waxay mamnuucday qabyaaladda ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). - **Janaayo 1948.** Intii ay socotay booqasho guddi afar quwadood ah, rabshad dhex martay bannaanbax SYL iyo bannaanbax ka soo horjeeda oo Talyaaniga taageersan ayaa lagu dilay 51 Talyaani iyo 24 Soomaali ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). - **1948 ilaa 1949.** Ingiriisku wuxuu Ogaadeenya dib ugu celiyay Itoobiya ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). Nofembar 1949 QM waxay Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga hoos geysay wasaayad Talyaani, iyadoo xorriyadda la filayay 1960. - **1954 ilaa 1955.** Ingiriisku wuxuu ogolaaday inuu dhulka daaqa ee Hawd u wareejiyo Itoobiya. Jabhadda Midowga Qaranka (NUF), oo ay taageerayeen xisbiyada waqooyigu, waxay ergooyin u dirtay London iyo QM. Baarlamaanka Ingiriiska, xildhibaan ayaa heshiiska ku tilmaamay "murugo iyo ceeb", ergada Soomaaliduna waxaa lagu ammaanay dabeecaddeeda "sharafta leh" ([UK Parliament, Hansard, 25 Febraayo 1955](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/25/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian)). - **1956.** Doorashooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dhulka oo dhan ee koonfurta; Cabdullaahi Ciise ayaa noqday ra'iisul wasaare ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). - **1957 ilaa 1958.** Aqlabiyadda SYL waxay dooratay "dib u midayn … si nabadeed ah". Haweenku waxay codeeyeen 1958 (isla ishaas). ## Dadka iyo kooxaha muhiimka ah SYL ee koonfurta, Leegada Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNL) iyo Xisbiga Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USP) ee waqooyiga, Jabhadda Midowga Qaranka, iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Xisbiga Digil iyo Mirifle (HDM), oo ahaa xisbi beeraley-xoolaley ah, wuxuu aqbalay dowladnimada Soomaaliyeed laakiin wuxuu doonayay nidaam federaal ah. ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen - Qorshihii Bevin iyo ololihii Hawd dib uma soo celin Ogaadeenya iyo Hawd. - Soomaali qaar, oo ay ku jiraan HDM iyo kooxihii Talyaaniga taageersanaa, waxay ka baqeen in dowlad midaysan ay xukumi doonaan beelaha xoolo-dhaqatada ah. Taariikhyahanad Annalisa Urbano waxay ku doodaysaa in kooxihii Talyaaniga taageersanaa ay baqdimahaas ku kaceen, ee aysan ahayn jacayl gumeysi ([Urbano, Journal of African History, 2016](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/that-is-why-we-have-troubles-the-proitalia-movements-challenge-to-nationalism-in-britishoccupied-somalia194691/48D65319E9570D6826BB5C026104FF70)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Britannica waxay bixisaa 13 Maajo 1943 aasaaska; Soomaalidu waxay xusaan 15 Maajo. Magac-beddelka SYL ilaha qaar waxay ku taariikheeyaan 1947, qaar kalena 1948. Eeg [xorriyadda iyo midowga 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/). --- # Doorashadii madaxtinimada Somaliland ee 2017 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2017/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 13 Nofembar 2017 codbixiyayaasha Somaliland waxay Madaxweyne u doorteen Muuse Biixi Cabdi oo ka tirsan xisbiga Kulmiye, isagoo helay 305,909 cod (55.10 boqolkiiba), halka Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi 'Cirro' oo ka tirsan Waddani helay 226,092 (40.73 boqolkiiba), Faysal Cali Waraabe oo ka tirsan UCID-na helay 23,141 (4.17 boqolkiiba). Ka-qaybgalku wuxuu ahaa 80.32 boqolkiiba 704,198 codbixiye oo kaararka haystay. Waxay ahayd doorashadii ugu horreysay ee lagu isticmaalo diiwaan codbixiyayaal oo lagu aqoonsado iriska indhaha. Waddani wuu ku murmay tirinta, booliskuna wuxuu Burco ku riday dibadbaxayaal, natiijadana waxaa lagu dhawaaqay 21 Nofembar. ## Si kooban Somaliland waxay doorashadeedii madaxtinimo ee saddexaad qabatay 13 Nofembar 2017. Madaxweynihii xilka ka degayay, [Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo" (Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud "Silanyo")](/en/people/ahmed-mohamed-mohamoud-silanyo/), ma uu tartamin. Saddex musharrax ayaa tartamay: [Muuse Biixi Cabdi (Muse Bihi Abdi)](/en/people/muse-bihi-abdi/) oo u tartamay Kulmiye, [Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi "Irro")](/en/people/abdirahman-mohamed-abdullahi-irro/) oo u tartamay Waddani, iyo Faysal Cali Waraabe (Faisal Ali Warabe) oo u tartamay UCID. Muuse Biixi Cabdi wuxuu ku guulaystay 55.10 boqolkiiba ([Howlgalka Kormeerka Doorashada Caalamiga, *The limits of consensus?*, 2018, b. 34](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf)). Kormeerayaasha caalamiga ah, oo ahaa 60 qof oo ka kala yimid 27 dal, waxay soo sheegeen "maalin codbixin oo inteeda badan nabad ahayd oo si wanaagsan loo abaabulay" (tarjumaad), laakiin sidoo kale dib-u-dhac xagga tirinta ah, xayiraad la saaray baraha bulshada, dibadbaxyo dad lagu dilay, iyo natiijo Waddani aqbalay "Somaliland darteed, iyadoo ay weli ku adkaysanayaan inay khaldanayd" (tarjumaad) (isla warbixinta, b. 6). Sida doorashooyinka Somaliland u shaqeeyaan iyo dhammaan natiijooyinka tan iyo 2002, eeg [doorashooyinka Somaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). Sheekada guud ee Somaliland, eeg [Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Waddadii loo maray codbixinta Laga soo xigtay warbixinta kormeerayaasha ([IEOM, bb. 5–17](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf)): - **Dib-u-dhacyada.** Doorashada markii hore waxaa loo qorsheeyay Juun 2015. Maarso 2015 guddiga doorashada (NEC) wuxuu codsaday dib-u-dhac sagaal bilood ah si looga gudbo "caqabado siyaasadeed iyo farsamo oo waaweyn" (tarjumaad), oo uu ka mid ahaa diiwaanka codbixiyayaashu. Kadib [Golaha Guurtida](/en/institutions/somaliland-institutions/) ayaa muddada Madaxweynaha laba sano u kordhiyay, ilaa Maarso 2017, "iyadoo dibadbaxyo jiraan" (tarjumaad). Warbixintu waxay sheegaysaa in abaartu sidoo kale dib u dhigtay codbixinta. - **Diiwaan cusub.** Codbixinta waxaa lagu isticmaalay diiwaan codbixiyayaal oo cusub oo "adeegsanaya farsamada iriska indhaha ee bayoometrigga, loona sameeyay in lagula dagaallamo dhibaatooyinka qofka dhowr jeer codeeya ee wiiqay doorashooyinkii hore" (tarjumaad). - **Cidda codeyn kartay.** 704,089 codbixiye oo diiwaangashan ayaa qaatay kaararkooda. Warbixintu waxay xustay in 169,242 kale oo is-diiwaangeliyay "laga diiday xaqa codbixinta sababtoo ah ma doonayn ama ma awoodin inay kaararkooda qaataan" (tarjumaad) (b. 27). - **Saddex xisbi.** Dastuurka 2001 wuxuu oggol yahay saddex xisbi oo keliya inay tartamaan. Waddani wuxuu soo galay doorashooyinkii golayaasha deegaanka 2012 "iyadoo laga qaaday UDUB" (tarjumaad), xisbigii Madaxweynihii hore [Daahir Riyaale Kaahin (Dahir Riyale Kahin)](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/). - **Ololaha.** Tartanka u dhexeeyay Kulmiye iyo Waddani waxaa ka dhex muuqday "siyaasad ku dhisan beelaysi, sumcad-dil iyo dhacdooyin rabshadeed oo kala go'go'an" (tarjumaad) (b. 17). - **Warbaahinta.** Wasaaradda Warfaafintu waxay ruqsadda ka qaadday Kalsan TV, sababo la xiriira warbixin ay ka bixisay dhacdo ka dhacday Laascaanood (Las Anod) oo xabbado la riday intii uu khudbad jeedinayay musharraxa Kulmiye (b. 26). ## Musharraxiinta | Musharraxa | Xisbiga | Ku xigeenka | |---|---|---| | Muuse Biixi Cabdi | Kulmiye | Cabdiraxmaan Cabdullaahi Ismaaciil "Saylici" | | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" | Waddani | Maxamed Cali Aw Cabdi | | Faysal Cali Waraabe | UCID | Axmed Cabdi Muuse Abyan | Isha: IEOM, bb. 8 iyo 17. Warbixintu waxay Cirro ku tilmaantay inuu muddo dheer ahaa Guddoomiyaha Golaha Wakiilada, kadibna sameeyay Waddani markii uu ka go'ay UCID, Muuse Biixi Cabdina "taliye ciidan oo ka soo jeeda maalmihii halgankii hubaysnaa ee lagaga soo horjeeday [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/)" (tarjumaad). ## Maalinta doorashada - **Baaxadda kormeerka.** Kormeerayaashu waxay booqdeen 355 ka mid ah 1,642 goobood oo codbixin, lixda gobol oo dhan iyo 17 ka mid ah 21 degmo, laga bilaabo Saylac (Zeila) dhinaca galbeed ilaa [Ceerigaabo (Erigavo)](/so/regions/sanaag/), Laascaanood iyo Xudun dhinaca bari (IEOM, b. 6). - **Waxa la ogaaday.** Waxay ka walaacsanaayeen "is-waafaq la'aanta maareynta goobaha codbixinta", "bixinta waraaqaha codbixinta oo aan shaabadaysnayn, iyo baahsanaanta carruur aan da'da gaarin oo codeeya" (tarjumaad) (b. 6). - **Xayiraadda baraha bulshada.** Baraha bulshada waa la xiray "laga bilaabo galabnimadii dambe ee maalinta codbixinta iyo dhowr maalmood kadib" (tarjumaad). Kormeerayaashu waxay qoreen in go'aankaas "uu dhab ahaan jebiyay Qodobada 30 iyo 32 ee Dastuurka Somaliland" (tarjumaad), xayiraaddana waxay ku tilmaameen "mid inteeda badan aan waxba tarin" (tarjumaad) sababtoo ah VPN-yada si ballaaran ayaa loo isticmaalay. Dacwad uu Xarunta Xuquuqda Aadanaha u gudbiyay maxkamadda si loo joojiyo xayiraadda ma guulaysan (b. 26). ## Natiijada Natiijada kama dambaysta ah sida ay NEC soo saartay ([IEOM, b. 34](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf)): | Musharraxa | Xisbiga | Codad | Saami | |---|---|---:|---:| | Muuse Biixi Cabdi | Kulmiye | 305,909 | 55.10% | | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" | Waddani | 226,092 | 40.73% | | Faysal Cali Waraabe | UCID | 23,141 | 4.17% | | Codad khaldan ama madhan | | 10,475 | | | Wadar | | 565,617 | | Ka-qaybgalku wuxuu ahaa 80.32 boqolkiiba 704,198 codbixiye oo diiwaangashan. ## Khilaafka Laga soo xigtay sida kormeerayaashu u qoreen maalmihii codbixinta ka dambeeyay (IEOM, bb. 34–35): - **Tirin barbar socotay.** Taageerayaasha Waddani waxay sheegeen inay ku guulaysteen "qiyaastii 20,000 cod" (tarjumaad); goobaha Kulmiye waxaa laga hadlayay farqi "ku dhow 80,000 cod" (tarjumaad). - **16 Nofembar.** Waddani wuxuu ka baxay tirinta. Wuxuu ku eedeeyay in sanduuqyada codbixinta si sharci darro ah loo buuxiyay, wuxuuna soo bandhigay buug waraaqo codbixin ah oo uu sheegay inuu been abuur yahay. - **Dibadbaxyada.** Fiidkii dibadbaxyo ayaa ka dhacay [Hargeysa (Hargeisa)](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) iyo [Burco (Burao)](/so/regions/togdheer/). Burco "booliska ayaa rasaas nool furay" (tarjumaad), "iyagoo dilay laba ilaa toddoba qof" (tarjumaad), sida ay qortay *The National*, oo ay kormeerayaashu soo xigteen. - **18 Nofembar.** Shir jaraa'id oo uu la qabtay guddoomiyaha NEC, Cabdiqaadir Iimaan Warsame, Cirro wuxuu qiray in buuggii la sheegay inuu been abuur yahay "uu dhab ahaan sharci ahaa" (tarjumaad). NEC waxay oggolaatay dib-u-tirin Hargeysa, laakiin ma oggolaan mid dalka oo dhan ah. - **21 Nofembar.** NEC waxay ku dhawaaqday in Muuse Biixi Cabdi guulaystay. Cirro wuxuu aqbalay natiijada "Somaliland darteed" (tarjumaad), isagoo weliba sheegay in natiijadu khaldanayd. Cabasho rasmi ah looma gudbin Maxkamadda Sare. - **13 Diseembar 2017.** Muuse Biixi Cabdi waxaa xilka u dhaariyay Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare. - **Wixii ka dambeeyay.** Janaayo 2018 koox taageerayaasha Waddani ah ayaa dowladda Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ka codsaday inay "iska indha tirto natiijada doorashada ee aan caddaaladda ahayn, aadka loogu muransan yahay ee cilladaysan" (tarjumaad). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Dibadbaxayaasha Burco,** halkaas oo rasaasta booliisku ku dishay laba ilaa toddoba qof (IEOM, oo soo xiganaysa *The National*). - **Codbixiyayaasha diiwaangashan ee aan kaararka haysan,** 169,242 qof oo aan codeyn karin (IEOM, b. 27). - **Saxafiyiinta iyo Kalsan TV,** oo ruqsaddeeda la qaaday intii ololuhu socday (IEOM, b. 26). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **"Xor iyo xalaal".** Muuse Biixi Cabdi wuxuu wargeyska *Financial Times* ku qoray in doorashada "ay xor iyo xalaal ku caddeeyeen koox ka kooban 60 kormeere caalami ah" (tarjumaad). Kormeerayaashu waxay ku jawaabeen inaysan "sheegan inay doorashooyin 'caddeeyaan'" (tarjumaad), ayna iska ilaaliyaan erayga "xor iyo xalaal" (IEOM, b. 15). - **Tirinta.** Natiijada NEC waxay Kulmiye siisay farqi qiyaastii 80,000 cod ah. Waddani wuxuu ku adkaystay in natiijadu "khaldanayd" (tarjumaad). Kormeerayaashu waxay soo gabagabeeyeen in khaladaadkii ay arkeen "aysan ahayn baaxad ama qaab saameyn ku yeelan kara natiijada kama dambaysta ah" (tarjumaad) (b. 6). - **Tirada lagu dilay Burco.** Isha ay kormeerayaashu soo xigteen waxay bixisaa laba ilaa toddoba. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Howlgalka Kormeerka Doorashada Caalamiga (UCL Development Planning Unit iyo Somaliland Focus UK), *The limits of consensus? Report on the Somaliland Presidential Election, 13th November 2017* (Maarso 2018): [PDF](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10047014/1/SOMALILAND-ELECTION-REPORT_WEB2.pdf). --- # Xorriyadda iyo midowga, 26 Juun – 1 Luulyo 1960 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 26 Juun 1960 Somaliland-tii Ingiriisku waxay heshay xorriyadda, 1 Luulyo 1960na dhulkii wasaayadda Talyaaniga ayaa xor noqday, labadooduna waxay u midoobeen Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan ayaa noqday madaxweyne, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarkena ra'iisul wasaare. ## Waxa dhacay - **Febraayo 1960.** Doorashooyinkii waqooyiga, Leegada Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNL) iyo xulafadeedii Xisbiga Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USP) waxay ku guuleysteen 32 kursi oo 33 ka mid ah, iyagoo ku tartamayay midnimo ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). - **Abriil 1960.** Hoggaamiyeyaasha waqooyiga iyo koonfurta ayaa Muqdisho ku kulmay oo ku heshiiyay hal dowlad oo leh madaxweyne la doortay iyo gole 123 xubnood ah (isla ishaas). - **26 Juun 1960.** Somaliland-tii Ingiriisku waxay heshay xorriyadda ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm); [Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Revolt-in-British-Somaliland)). - **1 Luulyo 1960.** Dhulkii wasaayadda ayaa xor noqday, labada dhulna waxay u midoobeen Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan ayaa noqday madaxweyne, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarkena ra'iisul wasaare, dowlad ay wada lahaayeen Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) iyo SNL ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm); [Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Somali-Youth-League)). - **1 Luulyo 1960.** "Soomaaliyeey toosoo" ayaa la qaaday xorriyadda ([Soomaaliyeey toosoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomaaliyeey_toosoo)). - **1961.** Dastuurka cusub wuxuu sii hayay ujeeddada ah in dhulalka Soomaalida la mideeyo "si sharci iyo nabad ah" ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). ## Wixii xigay Guddigii Contini ee QM wuxuu isku dayay inuu isku daro laba nidaam oo sharci iyo maamul midowga kadib. Codbixintii Juun 1961 ee dastuurka, taageerada waqooyigu waxay ka hoosaysay 50%. Diseembar 1961 saraakiil waqooyi ah ayaa isku dayay afgambi ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). ## Dadka iyo kooxaha muhiimka ah SYL iyo SNL, USP, Jabhadda Midowga Qaranka (NUF), iyo dadka labada dhul ee doortay midowga. 1da Luulyo weli Soomaalidu meel kasta way u dabaaldegaan. ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen Midowga waxaa lagu heshiiyay Abriil 1960, ka hor intaan la isku darin labada nidaam ee sharciga, canshuurta, booliska, waxbarashada iyo lacagta. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay cadho iyo dareen ah in la hungureeyay oo waqooyiga ka jiray sannadihii xigay ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/11.htm)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Somaliland maanta waxay ku doodaa in shantii maalmood ee xorriyadda 1960 iyo habka loo sameeyay Sharciga Midowga ay siinayaan sal sharci oo ay keligeed ku istaagi karto. Dowladda federaalka, Midowga Afrika iyo dowladaha intooda badan waxay qabaan in midowgu taagan yahay. Tani waa su'aal weli nool, labada mowqifna waan soo bandhignaa annagoon go'aamin. Eeg [calanka](/so/history/the-flag/) iyo [Somaliland 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). --- # Doorashooyinkii golaha wakiilada iyo golayaasha deegaanka Somaliland ee 2021 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somaliland-parliamentary-election-2021/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 31 Maajo 2021 Somaliland waxay qabatay doorashooyin wadajir ah oo loogu codeeyay Golaha Wakiilada oo 82 kursi leh iyo golayaasha deegaanka, waana codbixintii baarlamaan ee ugu horreysay tan iyo 2005. Ka-qaybgalku wuxuu ahaa 65 boqolkiiba qiyaastii 1.07 milyan codbixiye oo diiwaangashan. Waddani wuxuu helay 31 kursi, Kulmiye oo talada hayay 30, UCID-na 21, labada xisbi ee mucaaradkuna waxay sameeyeen isbahaysi leh aqlabiyad 52 kursi ah. 13-kii haween ee u tartamay baarlamaanka midna lama dooran. Kormeerayaashu waxay soo sheegeen dhibaatooyin yaryar iyo carruur aan da'da gaarin oo codeeyay, laakiin wax muujinaya musuqmaasuq doorasho ma jirin. ## Si kooban "31 Maajo, 'Somaliland' waxay qabatay doorashooyin wadajir ah oo golaha wakiilada iyo golayaasha deegaanka ah oo muddo dheer dib u dhacayay. Lixdan iyo shan boqolkiiba codbixiyayaasha diiwaangashan ayaa codeeyay si ay u doortaan 82 xubnood oo Golaha Wakiilada ah iyo xubnaha golayaasha 21 degmo" (tarjumaad), sidaas waxaa soo sheegay Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay. 5 Juun ayaa natiijada lagu dhawaaqay, "iyadoo mucaaradku ku guulaystay 52 ka mid ah 82-ka kursi ee baarlamaanka" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2021/723, faqradda 9](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2021/723&l=en&t=pdf)). Waxay ahayd doorashadii baarlamaan ee ugu horreysay tan iyo 2005 ([Al Jazeera, 6 Juun 2021](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/6/somaliland-opposition-wins-first-parliamentary-polls-since)). Eeg [doorashadii 2005](/so/history/somaliland-parliamentary-election-2005/) iyo [doorashooyinka Somaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). ## Codbixinta ka hor Waxaa qoray Scott Pegg iyo Michael Walls, oo kormeeray codbixinta, iyagoo u qoraya Jaamacadda Tartu ([Unugga Cilmi-baarista Dowladaha De Facto, 13 Juun 2021](https://defactostates.ut.ee/observing-somalilands-2021-parliamentary-and-local-council-elections)): - **Dib-u-dhaca.** Golaha Wakiilada ee la doortay 2005 wuxuu xilka hayay 11 sano oo ka badan muddadiisii shanta sano ahayd. - **Baaxadda.** Qiyaastii 1.065 milyan codbixiye oo diiwaangashan, 2,709 goobood oo codbixin iyo in ka badan 30,000 shaqaale doorasho. Waxay ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee labada doorasho la wada qabto. - **Musharraxiinta.** Guud ahaan 798: 552 u tartamay 220 kursi oo golayaasha deegaanka ah iyo 246 u tartamay 82 kursi oo baarlamaanka ah. "Kaliya 28 (3.5%) ayaa ahaa haween" (tarjumaad), taas oo ka hoosaysa 5.91 boqolkiiba ee 2012. - **Diiwaanka.** Diiwaanka codbixiyayaasha ee lagu aqoonsado iriska indhaha wuxuu ahaa "mid aad waxtar u leh" (tarjumaad) xagga joojinta in qofku dhowr jeer codeeyo, taas oo dhibaato weyn ahayd 2012. Eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada 2017](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2017/). ## Natiijada Golaha Wakiilada, sida ay Al Jazeera soo warisay ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/6/somaliland-opposition-wins-first-parliamentary-polls-since)): | Xisbiga | Kuraasta | |---|---:| | Waddani (Xisbiga Qaranka Somaliland) | 31 | | Kulmiye (Xisbiga Nabadda, Midnimada iyo Horumarka) | 30 | | UCID (Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Daryeelka) | 21 | | Wadar | 82 | - **Isbahaysiga.** Waddani iyo UCID waxay ku dhawaaqeen "isbahaysi siyaasadeed oo lagu helayo guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka Somaliland" (tarjumaad) (Al Jazeera). - **Golayaasha deegaanka.** Labada xisbi ee mucaaradku "waxay ku guulaysteen jagooyinka duqa magaalada shan ka mid ah toddobada magaalo ee waaweyn, oo ay ku jirto caasimadda, Hargeysa (Hargeisa)" (tarjumaad) ([S/2021/723, faqradda 9](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2021/723&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Haweenka iyo beelaha laga tirada badan yahay.** "Haweeney lagama dooran Baarlamaanka, laakiin musharrax ka soo jeeda beel laga tirada badan yahay ayaa loo doortay Golaha Wakiilada, haweeneyna waxaa loo doortay duq magaalo" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Al Jazeera waxay soo warisay in "13-kii haween ee u tartamay baarlamaanka midkoodna aanu ku guulaysan tartankiisa" (tarjumaad). ## Waxa kormeerayaashu sheegeen - **Pegg iyo Walls.** Walls wuxuu ahaa madaxa kormeerayaasha ee Howlgalka Xaddidan ee Kormeerka Doorashada Caalamiga; labadooduba waxay u qoreen si shakhsi ah. Waxay arkeen dhibaatooyin yaryar 25-ta goobood ee codbixinta ee ay booqdeen, "wax muujinaya musuqmaasuq ama khiyaano midna ma jirin" (tarjumaad), iyo "dhowr kiis oo carruur aan da'da gaarin ay codeeyeen" (tarjumaad). Somaliland ma laha diiwaan dhalasho oo lagu hubiyo da'da ([Tartu](https://defactostates.ut.ee/observing-somalilands-2021-parliamentary-and-local-council-elections)). - **Hay'adda Brenthurst Foundation** waxay dirtay howlgal kale oo gooni ah, kaas oo booqday goobaha codbixinta ee shan xarumood oo daboolaya "in ka badan 70% dadka codbixiya" (tarjumaad) ([Brenthurst Foundation](https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/publications/report-of-the-brenthurst-foundation-somaliland-election-monitoring-mission/)). ## Waxa xigay - **Doorashada madaxtinimada.** Waxay ahayd inay dhacdo 2022, waxaase dib loogu dhigay Nofembar 2024. Eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada Somaliland 2024](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2024/). - **Baarlamaanka xiga.** Abriil 2026 Golaha Guurtida ayaa muddada Golaha Wakiilada iyo golayaasha deegaanka u kordhiyay ilaa Oktoobar 2028 ([Dawan Africa, Abriil 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-elders-extend-parliament-councils-terms-by-27-months)). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Haweenka musharraxiinta ahaa,** oo midkoodna aanu helin kursi baarlamaan (S/2021/723; Al Jazeera). - **Codbixiyayaasha,** oo 16 sano sugayay Golaha Wakiilada cusub (Al Jazeera). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Ka-qaybgalka.** QM waxay bixisaa 65 boqolkiiba codbixiyayaasha diiwaangashan. Qoraalka kormeerayaashu ma bixiyo tirada ka-qaybgalka. - **Haweenka musharraxiinta ahaa.** Al Jazeera waxay tirisaa 13 haween ah oo u tartamay baarlamaanka. Pegg iyo Walls waxay tiriyaan 28 haween ah oo ka mid ah dhammaan 798-da musharrax ee baarlamaanka iyo golayaasha deegaanka. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2021/723 (10 Agoosto 2021), faqradda 9: [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2021/723&l=en&t=pdf). - Scott Pegg iyo Michael Walls, "Observing Somaliland's 2021 parliamentary and local council elections", Jaamacadda Tartu, 13 Juun 2021: [maqaal](https://defactostates.ut.ee/observing-somalilands-2021-parliamentary-and-local-council-elections). - Al Jazeera, "Somaliland opposition wins first parliamentary polls since 2005", 6 Juun 2021: [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/6/somaliland-opposition-wins-first-parliamentary-polls-since). --- # Dagaalka Soomaaliya, 2009 ilaa hadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-civil-war-2009-present/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga soo bilaabo 2009, dagaalka ugu weyn ee Soomaaliya wuxuu u dhexeeyay dowladda ay beesha caalamku taageerto, oo ay la jiraan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, iyo Al-Shabaab. Sannadihii 2009 iyo 2010 Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam waxay haysteen inta badan Muqdisho, waxayna weerareen madaxtooyada. Al-Shabaab waxay Muqdisho ka baxday 6 Agoosto 2011, xilli ay jirtay macaluul uu daraasad dambe ku qiyaasay inay dishay ilaa 258,000 oo qof, waxayna 2012 lumisay Afgooye, Afmadow, Marka iyo Kismaayo. Weli waxay haysaa dhul baadiye ah oo ballaaran. Duullaan ay dowladdu bilowday Agoosto 2022 ayaa dib u qabsaday dhul ku yaal bartamaha, inta badankiisna Al-Shabaab ayaa dib u qabsatay 2025. ## Kooban Kadib markii ciidamada Itoobiya ay baxeen Janaayo 2009 (eeg [dagaalka Soomaaliya, 2006–2009](/en/history/war-in-somalia-2006-2009/)), dagaalku ma joogsan. [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) iyo Xisbul Islaam (Hizbul Islam) waxay la dagaallameen Dowladda Federaalka KMG ee uu madaxweyne ka ahaa [Shariif Sheekh Axmed (Sharif Sheikh Ahmed)](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) iyo ciidamada Midowga Afrika, [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/). Sannadkii 2023 guddi khubaro ah oo QM ayaa qoray in Al-Shabaab ay "weli tahay khatarta ugu dhow ee ku wajahan nabadda, amniga iyo xasilloonida Soomaaliya", iyo in "awoodda ay u leedahay inay Soomaaliya ka fuliso weerarro adag oo aan isku mid ahayn aysan weli dhimin" (tarjumaad) ([Guddiga Khubarada QM, S/2023/724, soo koobidda](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). Boggani wuxuu soo bandhigayaa marxaladaha waaweyn. Mid kasta wuxuu ku xiran yahay bog faahfaahin badan. ## 2009–2010: dagaalkii Muqdisho Warbixinnada Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ayaa laga soo xigtay: - **May ilaa Luulyo 2009.** Kadib isku dayo weerar oo May iyo Juun, Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam waxay "ciidamadooda ku xoojiyeen maleeshiyaad ka timid meelo ka baxsan Muqdisho iyo dagaalyahanno ajnabi ah". Dagaal heerkiisii ugu sarreeyay gaaray 12 Luulyo 2009 waxay "u soo dhowaadeen 300 mitir oo madaxtooyada (Villa Soomaaliya) ah" (tarjumaad). Ciidamada dowladda iyo AMISOM ayaa dib u riixay ([S/2009/503, faqradda 14](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/503&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Magaalo kala qaybsan.** Sebtembar 2009 "maleeshiyaad kala duwan ayaa weli gacanta ku hayay inta badan xaafadaha Muqdisho", iyadoo "lagu qiyaasay 20 ilaa 50 dhimasho toddobaadkii" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 15). - **17 Sebtembar 2009.** Laba gaari oo walxaha qarxa laga buuxiyay, oo ahaa gaadiid QM laga xaday, ayaa lagu weeraray xarunta AMISOM ee garoonka diyaaradaha, waxaana ku dhintay ugu yaraan 21 qof, 17 ka mid ah ay ahaayeen askar Midowga Afrika (isla ishaas, faqradda 16). Eeg [weerarrada Muqdisho, 2009–2013](/so/history/mogadishu-attacks-2009-2013/). - **11 Luulyo 2010.** Weerarro is-qarxin ah oo ka dhacay Kampala, Uganda, xilligii ciyaartii finalka Koobka Adduunka ayaa dilay "in ka badan 70 qof" (tarjumaad). Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay, waxayna ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee ay weerar ka fuliso dibadda Soomaaliya ([S/2010/447, faqradda 6](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/447&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Isbitaallada.** Hay'adda Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) waxay tirisay ilaa 1,600 dhaawac oo shacab ah oo la dhigay labada isbitaal ee ugu waaweyn Muqdisho intii u dhexeysay 20 Maarso iyo 11 Luulyo 2010, oo ay ku jiraan ku dhowaad 400 carruur ah oo da'doodu ka yar tahay shan sano (isla ishaas, faqradda 22). - **Xisbul Islaam** waxay noqotay mid "si weyn u daciifay" kadib markii kooxda Raas Kambooni ay ka go'day May 2010 (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 14). ## 2011: ka bixitaankii Muqdisho iyo macaluushii - **20 Luulyo 2011.** QM waxay ku dhawaaqday macaluul ka jirta koonfurta Bakool iyo Shabeellaha Hoose. 3 Agoosto waxay ku fidisay qaybo ka mid ah Shabeellaha Dhexe, marinka Afgooye iyo xeryaha barakacayaasha ee Muqdisho ([S/2011/549, faqradda 21](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2011/549&l=en&t=pdf)). - **6 Agoosto 2011.** "Kadib bilo hawlgallo ciidan oo xooggan oo ay fuliyeen ciidamada Dowladda Federaalka KMG, iyagoo ay taageerayaan ciidamada AMISOM, Al-Shabaab waxay 6 Agoosto ka baxday goobihii ay ku haysay Muqdisho ku dhowaad laba sano" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 9). - **Khasaaraha macaluusha.** Daraasad ay sameeyeen hay'adda QM ee sugnaanta cuntada (FSNAU) iyo FEWS NET ayaa lagu qiyaasay in "macaluusha iyo cunto-yarida ba'an ee Soomaaliya ay naftooda ku waayeen ilaa 258,000 oo qof intii u dhexeysay Oktoobar 2010 iyo Abriil 2012, oo ay ku jiraan 133,000 carruur ah oo ka yar 5 sano" (tarjumaad) ([FSNAU, war-saxaafadeed farsamo, May 2013](https://fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine-)). - **Dhammaadkii 2011.** "Hawlgallada wadajirka ah ee ciidamada militariga Kenya iyo ciidamada Itoobiya oo la shaqeynayay ciidamo la saftay Dowladda Federaalka KMG" (tarjumaad) ayaa dhul ka qabsaday meelo ka baxsan Muqdisho, oo ay ku jirto Beledweyne 31 Diseembar 2011 ([S/2012/74, faqradda 8](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2012/74&l=en&t=pdf)). Ciidamada Kenya ayaa markii dambe ku biiray AMISOM ([S/2012/643, faqradda 29](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2012/643&l=en&t=pdf)). ## 2012: magaalooyinkii gacmaha beddelay - **May 2012.** Ciidamada dowladda iyo Midowga Afrika waxay qabsadeen Afgooye iyo Afmadow, kadib guulo hore oo ay ka gaareen Bay, Bakool iyo Hiiraan ([S/2012/643, faqradda 25](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2012/643&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Dib u dhac.** Markii ciidamadii la saftay ay ka baxeen Ceelbuur (Ceel Buur) Juun 2012, Al-Shabaab waxay dib u qabsatay koonfurta Galguduud (isla ishaas, faqradda 26). - **Tirada AMISOM.** Agoosto 2012 AMISOM waxay ku dhowaatay tiradii loo oggolaaday ee 17,731 oo shaqaale ah oo labisan (isla ishaas, faqradda 29). - **Marka iyo Kismaayo.** Qabsashadoodii ay AMISOM iyo ciidamada Soomaaliyeed sameeyeen dhammaadkii 2012 waxay ahaayeen "guulihii dhul ee ugu muhiimsanaa" xilligaas (tarjumaad) ([S/2013/69, faqradda 12](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf)). Eeg [dagaallada Kismaayo, 2006–2012](/so/history/battles-for-kismayo-2006-2012/). - **Dowlad cusub.** Xilligii KMG-ga wuxuu dhammaaday Agoosto iyo Sebtembar 2012. Eeg [doorashadii madaxweynaha 2012](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2012/). ## 2013–2021: dagaal ka socda baadiyaha - **Qaraxyo.** Al-Shabaab waxay sii wadday weerarrada caasimadda. Kii ugu dhimashada badnaa wuxuu ahaa qaraxii gaariga xamuulka ee isgoyska Zoobe 14 Oktoobar 2017, kaas oo dilay ugu yaraan 512 qof. Eeg [qaraxyada Muqdisho, 2017–2022](/so/history/mogadishu-bombings-2017-2022/). - **Walxaha qarxa.** Guddiga QM wuxuu xusay in dhaawacyada iyo dhimashada walxaha qarxa ee gacanta lagu sameeyo ay heerkoodii ugu sarreeyay gaareen 2017, iyagoo ahaa 2,294 ([S/2023/724, qoraalka hoose ee 14](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Daacish (Islamic State).** Garab daacad u ah Daacish ayaa ka dhismay Puntland. Eeg [Daacish ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/islamic-state-somalia/). - **Hawlgalka Midowga Afrika.** AMISOM waxay noqotay [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/) 1 Abriil 2022, iyadoo qorshuhu ahaa in amniga loo wareejiyo ciidamada Soomaaliyeed. ## 2022 ilaa hadda: duullaankii iyo wixii ka dambeeyay - **Agoosto 2022.** Dowladda federaalka, ciidamada qaranka iyo dagaalyahanno beeleed oo loo yaqaan Macawisley ayaa bilaabay ololihii ugu weynaa ee Al-Shabaab laga sameeyo toban sano gudahood, kaas oo ka dhacay Hiiraan iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe. Eeg [duullaankii ka dhanka ahaa Al-Shabaab, 2022–2025](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/) iyo [Macawisley](/en/institutions/macawisley/). - **2023.** Guddiga QM wuxuu ogaaday in duullaanku uu "wiiqay awoodda Al-Shabaab ee ay ku maamusho" deegaannadii dib loo qabsaday, iyadoo kooxdu "weli gacanta ku haysay deegaanno muhiim ah oo ka mid ah bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad) ([S/2023/724, soo koobidda iyo faqradda 8](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). - **1 Janaayo 2025.** [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/) ayaa beddeshay ATMIS. - **2025.** Laga bilaabo Febraayo, Al-Shabaab waxay dib u qabsatay inta badan dhulkii ay ku lumisay Shabeellaha Dhexe, oo ay ku jiraan Aadan Yabaal (Adan Yabaal) iyo, bishii Luulyo, Moqokori (eeg [duullaankii ka dhanka ahaa Al-Shabaab](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/)). Liiska dhacdooyinka siyaasadeed sannad kasta, eeg [taariikhda, 2012 ilaa 2026](/so/history/timeline-2012-to-2026/). Ciidamada ajnabiga, eeg [ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu soo gaartay? - **Dadka Muqdisho,** sannado dagaal waddooyinka ah, duqeyn iyo qaraxyo: "20 ilaa 50 dhimasho toddobaadkii" dhammaadkii 2009 (S/2009/503) iyo 1,600 qof oo isbitaal la dhigay wax ka yar afar bilood oo 2010 ah (S/2010/447). - **Dadka deegaannada macaluushu ka dhacday,** ilaa 258,000 oo dhimasho Oktoobar 2010 ilaa Abriil 2012, in ka badan kalabarkood carruur ka yar shan sano (FSNAU). - **Dadkii qaraxyadu ku dhaceen,** Muqdisho iyo Kampala 2010 (S/2010/447). - **Askarta Midowga Afrika iyo Soomaalida,** oo ay ku jiraan 17 askari oo Midowga Afrika ah oo lagu dilay xaruntooda 17 Sebtembar 2009 (S/2009/503). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Magaca la siiyo.** Wikipedia iyo qoraallo kale waxay xilligan ugu yeeraan Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya (2009 ilaa hadda). Warbixinnada QM waxay ku tilmaamaan dagaal u dhexeeya dowladda, xulafadeeda iyo AMISOM dhinac, iyo Al-Shabaab dhinaca kale. - **Yaa maamula meesha.** Sheegashooyinka dowladda iyo Al-Shabaab ee dhulka way kala duwan yihiin. Sannadkii 2023 guddiga QM wuxuu xusay in Al-Shabaab ay sii daysay muuqaallo dabaaldegyo ah oo ka dhacay sagaal gobol oo "la sheegay inay kooxdu gacanta ku hayso" (tarjumaad) (S/2023/724, faqradda 8). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinnada Soomaaliya: S/2009/503, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2009/503&l=en&t=pdf); S/2010/447, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2010/447&l=en&t=pdf); S/2011/549, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2011/549&l=en&t=pdf); S/2012/74, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2012/74&l=en&t=pdf); S/2012/643, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2012/643&l=en&t=pdf); S/2013/69, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2013/69&l=en&t=pdf). - Guddiga Khubarada QM ee Soomaaliya, warbixinta kama dambaysta ah, S/2023/724 (2 Oktoobar 2023): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf). - FSNAU iyo FEWS NET, *Mortality among populations of southern and central Somalia affected by severe food insecurity and famine during 2010–2012* (Dhimashada dadka koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya ee ay saameysay cunto-yarida ba'an iyo macaluusha 2010–2012) (May 2013): [PDF](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia_Mortality_Estimates_Final_Report_8May2013_upload.pdf). --- # Doorashadii madaxtinimada Soomaaliya ee 2022 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2022/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 15 Maajo 2022 Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya wuxuu Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud mar labaad u doortay Madaxweyne. Wuxuu wareegii saddexaad kaga adkaaday Madaxweynihii xilka ka degayay, Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed 'Farmaajo', 214 cod iyo 110, Farmaajona wuu qiray. Codbixintu waxay dhacday in ka badan sannad kadib markii muddada Farmaajo dhammaatay Febraayo 2021. Abriil 2021 aqalka hoose wuxuu muddadiisa ku kordhiyay laba sano, dagaal ayaa Muqdisho ka qarxay, kordhintuna waxaa la laalay 1 Maajo 2021. ## Si kooban 15 Maajo 2022, hangar Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliyeed oo ku yaal garoonka Muqdisho, labada aqal ee Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya waxay Madaxweyne u doorteen [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/). Waxay qaadatay saddex wareeg. Madaxweynihii xilka ka degayay, [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed "Farmaajo"](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/), wuu qiray, Xasan Sheekh Maxamuudna "isla markiiba xilka ayaa loo dhaariyay" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2022/665, faqradaha 2 ilaa 5](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/665&l=en&t=pdf)). Al Jazeera waxay soo warisay in muddada Farmaajo "ay dhammaatay Febraayo 2021 iyadoo aan doorasho dhicin" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera, 15 Maajo 2022](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/15/somalia-elects-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-as-president)). Wareegyadii hore ee nidaamkan, eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada 2017](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2017/) iyo [doorashooyinka Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/). ## Xiisaddii 2021 Laga soo xigtay warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee 19 Maajo 2021 ([S/2021/485, faqradaha 2 ilaa 10 iyo 20 ilaa 21](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2021/485&l=en&t=pdf)): - **Heshiiska.** Codbixintu waxay ahayd inay raacdo heshiis doorasho oo 17 Sebtembar 2020. Saddex arrimood ayaa furnaa: hay'adaha doorashada, xulashada kuraasta "Somaliland", iyo codbixinta gobolka Gedo ee Jubbaland. - **Wadahadallo aan heshiis lagu gaarin.** Shirar loo qorsheeyay Febraayo iyo Maarso 2021 ma heshiin. 7 Abriil dowladda federaalku waxay sheegtay in wadahadalladu burbureen, waxayna eedda saartay Madaxweynayaasha Puntland iyo Jubbaland. - **19 Febraayo 2021.** Iska horimaadyo Muqdisho ka dhacay oo u dhexeeyay ciidamada dowladda iyo ciidamo u daacad ah musharrixiinta mucaaradka ayaa keenay "ugu yaraan saddex khasaare rayid ah" (tarjumaad). - **12 Abriil 2021.** Golaha Shacabku wuxuu ansixiyay Sharci Doorasho Gaar ah oo heshiiskii 2020 ku beddelay doorasho qof iyo cod ah "oo la qabanayo laba sano gudahood", wuxuuna "isla muddadaas ku kordhiyay muddada Baarlamaanka iyo Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad). Farmaajo wuxuu saxiixay 13 Abriil. - **Mucaaradka.** Madasha Badbaadinta Qaranka, oo 20 Maarso ay sameeyeen musharrixiinta mucaaradka, Madaxweynayaasha Puntland iyo Jubbaland iyo Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Sare, ayaa sharciga "si adag u diiday" (tarjumaad). - **25 Abriil 2021.** "Dagaal ayaa Muqdisho ka qarxay oo u dhexeeyay ciidamada amniga ee u daacadda ah Dowladda Federaalka iyo askar xiriir la leh mucaaradka" (tarjumaad), kadib markii ciidamo mucaaradka la safan ay magaalada uga soo galeen Shabeellaha Dhexe. - **Laalista.** 27 Abriil Ra'iisul Wasaaraha, [Maxamed Xuseen Rooble](/en/people/mohamed-hussein-roble/), iyo madaxda Galmudug, Hirshabeelle iyo Koonfur Galbeed ayaa ka soo horjeestay kordhinta. 1 Maajo Golaha Shacabku wuu laalay sharciga, Farmaajona wuxuu mas'uuliyadda doorashooyinka u wareejiyay Ra'iisul Wasaaraha. Heshiis kala bixitaan ayaa la gaaray 5 Maajo. ## Doorashada Baarlamaanka - **Codbixin dadban.** Al Jazeera waxay sharraxday qaabka: "golayaasha sharci-dejinta dowlad-goboleedyada iyo ergada beeluhu waxay doortaan xildhibaannada, kuwaas oo markaas doorta madaxweynaha" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/15/somalia-elects-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-as-president)). - **Gedo.** Laba koox oo xubno ah oo is-haysta ayaa loo doortay Gedo, Garbahaarrey iyo Ceel Waaq. 8 Maajo 2022 Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka, Aadan Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe", wuxuu aqoonsaday xubnaha Ceel Waaq, "isagoo u oggolaaday doorashooyinka madaxtinimadu inay socdaan" (tarjumaad) ([S/2022/665, faqradda 3](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/665&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Haweenka.** Hannaanku "ma gaarsiin kootada 30 boqolkiiba" (tarjumaad). Haweenku waxay heleen 20 boqolkiiba kuraasta Golaha Shacabka, oo ka hooseeya 24 boqolkiiba 2016, iyo 26 boqolkiiba kuraasta Aqalka Sare. Wadar ahaan haweenku waxay haysteen 67 kursi, marka loo eego 80 sannadkii 2016 (isla ishaas, faqradda 27). ## Codbixinta, 15 Maajo 2022 - **Musharrixiinta.** Lix musharrax ayaa is-sharaxaadda ka bixiyay wax yar ka hor codbixinta, "taasoo ka tagtay 33 musharrax, oo ay ku jirto 1 haweeney" (tarjumaad) ([S/2022/665, faqradda 4](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/665&l=en&t=pdf)). Warbixinnada wararku waxay sheegeen 36 musharrax, iyagoo tirinaya ka hor bixitaannada ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/15/somalia-elects-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-as-president)). - **Amniga.** Lix hoobiye ayaa maalintii doorashada lagu ganay garoonka. Afar waxay ku dhaceen qiyaastii 900 mitir hangarka (S/2022/665, faqradda 18). Tirinta wareeg-wareeg, sida ay Garowe Online soo warisay ([Garowe Online, 15 Maajo 2022](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/hassan-sheikh-defeats-farmajo-in-somalia-s-titanic-presidential-race)): | Musharraxa | Wareegga 1 | Wareegga 2 | Wareegga 3 | |---|---|---|---| | Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud | 52 | 110 | 214 | | Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed "Farmaajo" | 59 | 83 | 110 | | [Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni](/en/people/said-abdullahi-deni/) | 65 | 68 | | | [Xasan Cali Kheyre](/en/people/hassan-ali-khaire/) | 47 | 63 | | | [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) | 39 | | | Tirinta wareegga saddexaad ee 214 iyo 110 waxaa sidoo kale bixiyay warbaahin kale ([The Star, Kenya, 16 Maajo 2022](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/africa/2022-05-16-ex-somali-leader-mohamud-wins-presidency-to-face-war-and-drought)). ## Codbixinta kadib - **Wareejinta.** QM waxay doorashada ku tilmaantay "mid nabadeed oo daah-furan" oo "ay si ballaaran u soo dhaweeyeen daneeyayaasha Soomaalidu" (tarjumaad). Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu awoodda buuxda la wareegay 23 Maajo, waxaana xilka loo dhaariyay 9 Juun 2022 ([S/2022/665, faqradda 5](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/665&l=en&t=pdf)). - **15 Juun.** Wuxuu Ra'iisul Wasaare u magacaabay [Xamse Cabdi Barre](/en/people/hamza-abdi-barre/) (isla ishaas, faqradda 8). - **Muddo labaad.** Al Jazeera waxay qortay inuu noqday "qofkii ugu horreeyay ee laba jeer madaxweyne loo doorto" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera, 18 Maajo 2022](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president)). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Dadka Muqdisho ee 2021 barakacay.** QM waxay soo warisay 200,000 qof oo ku barakacay agagaarka Muqdisho tan iyo 15 Abriil 2021, oo ka mid ah 250,000 ku barakacay Banaadir iyo laba deegaan oo kale ([S/2021/485](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2021/485&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Dadka rayidka ah ee iska horimaadyadii Febraayo 2021,** oo ugu yaraan saddex khasaare ah (S/2021/485). - **Dadka degmada Wadajir.** Gantaallo la ganay maalintii xil-dhaarinta, 9 Juun 2022, ayaa ku dhacay xaafad la deggan yahay; "ilaa saddex rayid ah ayaa la sheegay in la dilay" (tarjumaad) ([S/2022/665, faqradda 19](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/665&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada musharrixiinta.** QM waxay bixisaa 33 kadib markii lix ka bixeen. Warbixinnada wararku waxay bixiyaan 36. - **Dheererka dib-u-dhaca.** Al Jazeera waxay 18 Maajo 2022 qortay in doorashada "dib loo dhigay qiyaastii laba sano" (tarjumaad). Muddada Farmaajo waxay dhammaatay Febraayo 2021, codbixintuna waxay dhacday Maajo 2022. - **Kordhintii 2021.** Golaha Shacabku wuxuu u ansixiyay tallaabo loo qaadayo doorashooyin toos ah. Madasha Badbaadinta Qaranka ee mucaaradku way diiday, waxaana la laalay 1 Maajo 2021 (S/2021/485). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2021/485 (19 Maajo 2021): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2021/485&l=en&t=pdf). - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2022/665 (1 Sebtembar 2022): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/665&l=en&t=pdf). - Al Jazeera, "Somalia elects Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as new president", 15 Maajo 2022: [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/15/somalia-elects-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-as-president). - Garowe Online, natiijooyinka wareeg-wareeg, 15 Maajo 2022: [maqaal](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/hassan-sheikh-defeats-farmajo-in-somalia-s-titanic-presidential-race). --- # Al-Shabaab (Xarakada Al-Shabaab al-Mujaahidiin), 2006 ilaa maanta Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/al-shabaab/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Al-Shabaab ('Dhallinyarada') waa dhaqdhaqaaq Islaami ah oo hubeysan oo ka soo baxay garabkii xagjirka ahaa ee Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga 2006. Wuxuu haystay inta badan koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho, ilaa 2011, weli wuxuu gacanta ku hayaa dhul miyi ah oo ballaaran. Wuxuu doonayaa inuu dhulka Soomaalida ku xukumo fasiraaddiisa shareecada, wuu diidaa dowladda federaalka, Maraykanku wuxuu u aqoonsaday urur argagixiso (tan iyo 2008), waxaana saaran cunaqabatayn Golaha Ammaanka QM. Khubarada QM waxay ku qiyaasaan 7,000 ilaa 12,000 dagaalyahan. ## Si kooban Al-Shabaab waa kooxda hubeysan ee ugu weyn ee la dagaallanta dowladda Soomaaliya. Waxaa saaran nidaam cunaqabatayn QM, dowladda Maraykankuna waxay ugu yeertaa laanta ugu weyn ee al-Qaacida ([Guddiga Khubarada QM ee Soomaaliya, S/2023/724](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf); [Adeegga Cilmi-baarista Koongareeska, *Al Shabaab*, IF10170, 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). Boggani wuxuu kooxda ku sharraxayaa diiwaannadaas iyo Human Rights Watch, oo ka warbixisa xadgudubyada dhinacyada oo dhan. Dhinac ma qaato. Wuxuu diiwaangeliyaa waxa ilaha ay sheegaan. Waxyeellada qoysaska iyo sida bulshooyinku uga jawaabaan, eeg [Al-Shabaab: waxyeellada ay geysato iyo sida Soomaalidu uga jawaabto](/en/society/al-shabaab/). ## Asalka, 2006 ilaa 2008 Adeegga Cilmi-baarista Koongareeska (CRS) wuxuu qoray in al-Shabaab ay "ka soo baxday garab xagjir ah" oo ka tirsanaa [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/), kaas oo qabsaday Muqdisho 2006 (tarjumaad) ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). Markii Itoobiya, oo Maraykanku taageerayo, ay maxkamadaha xukunka ka tuurtay Diseembar 2006, CRS waxay sheegtaa in al-Shabaab "ay ka faa'iidaysatay dareenkii taariikhiga ahaa ee Itoobiya-diidka ahaa ee Soomaalida si ay u hesho askar cusub iyo taageero" (tarjumaad), oo ay ku jiraan qurbajoogta (isla ishaas). Qaar ka mid ah aasaasayaasha waxay tababar ku qaateen Afgaanistaan (isla ishaas). ## Waxa ay sheegto inay doonayso CRS waxay soo koobtay ujeeddooyinka kooxda ay sheegto ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)): - Waxay "diidaa dimuqraadiyadda" (tarjumaad). - Waxay doonaysaa inay midayso deegaannada Soomaalidu degto ee Jabuuti, Kenya, Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya "dowlad Islaami ah oo ku dhaqanta fasiraaddeeda sharciga Shareecada" (tarjumaad). - Waxay dowladda Soomaaliya ugu yeertaa "maamul riddo ah oo aan sharci ahayn oo u hoggaansan quwado shisheeye" (tarjumaad). Waxay 2012 ku dhawaaqday xiriir rasmi ah oo ay la leedahay al-Qaacida. 2015 xubno qaar ayaa ku boorriyay in loo wareego Daacish; hoggaanku wuu diiday wuxuuna u dhaqaaqay ka dhankooda (isla ishaas). Eeg [Daacish Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/islamic-state-somalia/). ## Dhulka Al-Shabaab waxay haysatay "inta badan koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jirto caasimadda" (tarjumaad) laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii 2000-meeyadii ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). Waxay ka baxday Muqdisho 6 Agoosto 2011 ([Al Jazeera, 2011](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/8/6/al-shabab-rebels-withdraw-from-somali-capital)). Ciidamada Midowga Afrika iyo saaxiibbadood ayaa ka saaray magaalooyin iyo dekedo kale 2011 ilaa 2014 (isla ishaas). Gacan ku haynteeda miyiga ayaa kadib ahayd mid "aan inta badan isbeddelin" (tarjumaad) ilaa 2022 (isla ishaas). 2023 muuqaalladeeda ayaa muujiyay dabaaldegyo Ciid oo ka dhacay sagaal gobol, oo ay ku jiraan Jilib, Bu'aale iyo Salagle ee Jubbada Dhexe ([Guddiga QM, S/2023/724, faqradda 8](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Sida ay u maamusho oo lacag u ururiso CRS waxay sheegtaa in kooxdu "ka faa'iidaysato cabashooyinka iyo kalsooni darrada dowladda" iyo inay "buuxiso doorarka maamulka deegaanka, iyadoo bixisa adeegyo aasaasi ah oo xallisa khilaafaadka" (tarjumaad). Waxay sidoo kale "xoog ku qortaa dagaalyahanno, oo ay ku jiraan carruur" (tarjumaad) ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). Kormeerayaasha QM waxay dakhligeeda ku qiyaaseen $50 ilaa $100 milyan sannadkii, oo ka yimaada "nidaam canshuureed ballaaran oo dabooli dhinac kasta oo dhaqaalaha Soomaalida ah" (tarjumaad). Waxay "lacag ka dhacdaa ganacsiyada xitaa deegaannada dowladda" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Guddiga QM wuxuu sharraxaa lacag ka dhicidda ganacsiyada iyo canshuuraha xoolaha iyo dalagga beeraha ([Guddiga QM, S/2023/724](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Hoggaamiyayaasha - **Axmed Cabdi Godane.** Kii ka horreeyay waxaa lagu dilay duqeyn Maraykan ah 2008. Godane kadib wuxuu "awoodda ku xoojiyay dilka kuwii la loollamayay" (tarjumaad). Waxaa lagu dilay duqeyn cirka ah oo Maraykan ah 2014 ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). - **Axmed Diiriye (Abuu Cubeyda).** Wuxuu hoggaaminayay kooxda tan iyo 2014 (isla ishaas; [Guddiga QM, faqradda 6](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Mukhtaar Roobow.** Ku xigeenkii hore ee hoggaamiyaha ayaa ka tagay kooxda, markii dambe u tartamay xil dowlad-goboleed, waxaana lagu hayay xabsi aan dacwad lahayn 2018 ilaa 2022. 2022 wuxuu noqday Wasiirka Arrimaha Diinta ee federaalka ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). ## Weerarrada waaweyn - **14 Oktoobar 2017, Muqdisho.** Gaari xamuul ah oo qarax lagu rakibay ayaa dilay in ka badan 500 qof. Waa weerarka keliya ee ugu dhimashada badan ee kooxda loo nisbeeyo ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). Eeg [Qaraxyadii ugu dhimashada badnaa Muqdisho](/so/history/mogadishu-bombings-2017-2022/). - **Kenya.** Waxay dishay boqollaal Kenyan ah. Weerarrada waxaa ka mid ah suuqa Westgate (2013), Kulliyadda Jaamacadda Garissa (2015, ugu yaraan 147 la dilay) iyo hudheelka DusitD2 (2019) (isla ishaas). - **Qaraxyada.** Guddiga QM wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in ka badan 2,000 khasaare oo ka yimid qiyaastii 462 dhacdo qarax 2022 iyo ugu yaraan 950 qeybtii hore ee 2023 ([Guddiga QM, faqradda 11](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Cidda la dagaallanta - **Ciidamada Midowga Afrika.** [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/) laga bilaabo 2007, oo loo beddelay [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/) 2022, oo leh qiyaastii 18,000 ilaa 20,000 askari ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html); [Human Rights Watch, *World Report 2024*](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/somalia)). - **Dowladda Soomaaliya.** Agoosto 2022 [Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-national-army/) wuxuu bilaabay [duullaan](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/) "isagoo la kaashanaya maleeshiyaadka deegaanka iyo kacdoon shacab", kooxduna "waxay lumisay dhul badan oo bartamaha Soomaaliya ah" (tarjumaad) ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). Guddiga QM wuxuu sheegay inuusan xaqiijin karin sheegashooyinka dowladda ee ah 3,000 dagaalyahan oo la dilay ilaa Maarso 2023 ([Guddiga QM, faqradda 5](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Quwadaha dibadda.** Maraykanku wuxuu kooxda u aqoonsaday urur argagixiso 2008, wuxuuna fuliyay duqeymo cirka ah. Human Rights Watch waxay xustay warbixinno ku saabsan duqeymo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee Turkiga ([HRW 2024](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/somalia)). Eeg [Duqeymaha cirka ee Maraykanka](/so/history/us-air-strikes-in-somalia/). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? Human Rights Watch waxay diiwaangelisay waxyeellada dadka rayidka ah ee dhinac walba ([HRW, *World Report 2024*](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/somalia)): - **Al-Shabaab.** "Weerarro la beegsaday iyo kuwo aan kala sooc lahayn" ayaa 2023 dilay boqollaal rayid ah. Dagaalyahannadeedu "waxay sii wadeen dilka dadka lagu eedeeyay inay u shaqeeyaan ama u basaasaan dowladda" (tarjumaad), inta badan kadib maxkamadayn aan caddaalad ahayn. Waxay go'doomisay magaalooyin dowladdu haysato, oo ay ku jirto Baydhabo 10 maalmood Luulyo 2023. - **Ciidamada dowladda.** Dil kadib maxkamado militari "oo jebiyay heerarka caalamiga ah ee maxkamadaynta caddaaladda ah" (tarjumaad). Ciidamada amniga ayaa xiray oo hayay carruur ku nool deegaanno dhowaan laga qabsaday kooxda. - **Duullaanka.** Duullaankii 2022, oo "ciidamada dowladdu ay taageerayeen maleeshiyaad beeleed" (tarjumaad), wuxuu keenay barakac dad rayid ah. - **Barakaca.** Janaayo ilaa Sebtembar 2023, 1.5 milyan qof ayaa cusub u barakacay, 40 boqolkiiba colaad dartiis (tirooyinka QM ee isla ishaas). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Baaxadda.** Kormeerayaasha QM waxay ku qiyaasaan 7,000 ilaa 12,000 dagaalyahan ([CRS 2023](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html)). ATMIS waxay 2022 ku qiyaastay 7,000 ilaa 9,000 ([Guddiga QM, qoraalka 2](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Dakhliga.** CRS, oo soo xiganaysa warbixinnadii hore ee QM, waxay bixisaa $50 ilaa $100 milyan sannadkii. Qiyaas dambe oo guddi QM ah, oo lagu soo xigtay [boggayaga bulshada](/en/society/al-shabaab/), waa in ka badan $150 milyan 2023. - **Khasaarooyinka duullaankii 2022 ilaa 2023.** Tirooyinka dowladda Soomaaliya iyo natiijooyinka Guddiga QM way kala duwan yihiin, sida kor lagu xusay. - **Magacyada.** Kooxdu waxay isku magacawdaa Xarakada Al-Shabaab al-Mujaahidiin. Dowladaha iyo warbaahintu waxay sidoo kale adeegsadaan "al-Shabab" ama "Shabaab". ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Guddiga Khubarada QM ee Soomaaliya, warbixinta kama dambaysta ah, S/2023/724, 2 Oktoobar 2023: [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2023/724&l=en&t=pdf). - Adeegga Cilmi-baarista Koongareeska, *Al Shabaab*, IF10170, la cusboonaysiiyay 14 Febraayo 2023: [qoraal](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10170.html). - Human Rights Watch, *World Report 2024*, cutubka Soomaaliya: [qoraal](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/somalia). --- # Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL), 1943–1969 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-youth-league/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) waxay ahayd xisbigii Soomaaliya u horseeday xorriyadda. Saddex iyo toban nin oo dhallinyaro ah ayaa Muqdisho ku aasaasay 15 Maajo 1943 iyagoo ah Naadiga Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed; waxay noqotay SYL 1 Abriil 1947, waxay ku guuleysatay doorashooyinkii qaran ee ugu horreeyay ee 1956, 1959 iyo 1964, waxayna xukunka haysay ilaa xisbiyada siyaasadda la mamnuucay Oktoobar 1969. ## Kooban Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed waxay ahayd xisbigii siyaasadeed ee casriga ahaa ee Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay, waana tii koonfurta u horseeday xorriyadda 1960. Ujeeddooyinkeedu waxay ahaayeen midaynta Soomaalida oo dhan, soo afjaridda kala qaybinta qabyaaladda, faafinta waxbarashada casriga ah iyo qorista Af-Soomaaliga ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). Xubnaheedu waxay ku dhaarteen inaysan sheegin beeshooda. ## Sidee ku bilaabatay? 15 Maajo 1943, saddex iyo toban dhallinyaro Soomaaliyeed ayaa ku kulmay xafiis hal qol ah oo ku yaal Via Cardinale Massaia, Muqdisho, waxayna aasaaseen Naadiga Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ([Mohamed Trunji, Hiiraan Online, 2017](https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2017/May/142148/may_15_1943_a_date_to_be_remembered.aspx)). Trunji waa qoraaga buugga *Somalia: The Untold History, 1941–1969*. Ingiriisku wuxuu xukumayay gumeysigii hore ee Talyaaniga tan iyo 1941, isagoo hoos geeyay Maamul Militari oo Ingiriis ah. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in saraakiisha Ingiriisku ay Soomaalida ku dhiirrigeliyeen inay is-abaabulaan, ayna u oggolaadeen booliska iyo shaqaalaha dowladda ee wax bartay inay ku biiraan naadiga ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). Mid ka mid ah aasaasayaashii ugu dambeeyay ee noolaa, Cali Xasan "Verdura", ayaa wareysi 2002 ah ku yiri Leegadu waxay "ka koobnayd dad asal kala duwan leh" ([Goobjoog News, 2016](https://en.goobjoog.com/syl-day-we-were-united-by-a-common-bond-for-the-good-of-somalia-syl-co-founder/)). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in aasaasayaashu ka kala yimaadeen afar ka mid ah lixda qabiil-qoys ee waaweyn ee Soomaaliya, ayna diideen inay sheegaan kuwa ay yihiin ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). ## Yaa ahaa aasaasayaashii? Liisaska aasaasayaashu way kala duwan yihiin, Soomaalidiina weli way ka doodaan cidda bilowday. Liiska Wakaaladda Wararka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SONNA) waxaa ka mid ah Cabdulqaadir Sheekh Sakhaawudiin, Yaasiin Xaaji Cismaan Sharmaarke, Maxamed Xirsi Nuur "Sayidiin", Xaaji Maxamed Xuseen, Dheere Xaaji Dheere, Daahir Xaaji Cismaan "Dhegaweyne", Cali Xasan Maslax, Maxamed Cali Nuur, Maxamed Faarax Hilowle iyo Maxamed Cismaan Barbe, iyo kuwo kale ([SONNA, 2021](https://sonna.so/en/article/marking-78th-anniversary-of-somali-youth-league-day)). Trunji wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in Cabdulqaadir Sheekh Sakhaawudiin loo doortay guddoomiyihii ugu horreeyay ee naadiga, Daahir Xaaji Cismaanna xoghaye ([Trunji 2017](https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2017/May/142148/may_15_1943_a_date_to_be_remembered.aspx)). Qaar waxay fikradda u nisbeeyaan Yaasiin Xaaji Cismaan Sharmaarke; qaar kalena Sakhaawudiin iyo Xaaji Maxamed Xuseen. ## Maxay u taagnayd? Dastuurkii ugu horreeyay ee naadigu wuxuu lahaa laba ujeeddo, sida uu Trunji qoray: in la mideeyo Soomaalida oo dhan, gaar ahaan dhallinyarada, iyadoo la soo afjarayo eex-qabyaaladeedka bulshooyinka isku diraya; iyo in dhallinyarada wax la baro iyadoo loo marayo dugsiyo iyo goleyaal dhaqameed ([Trunji 2017](https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2017/May/142148/may_15_1943_a_date_to_be_remembered.aspx)). 1 Abriil 1947 naadigu wuxuu noqday Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed, isagoo leh dastuur cusub. Wargeyska rasmiga ah, *The Somalia Courier*, ayaa xilligaas qoray in carruurnimadii dhammaatay oo raganimadii la gaaray (sida uu soo xigtay [Trunji 2017](https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2017/May/142148/may_15_1943_a_date_to_be_remembered.aspx)). Leegadu waxay ku dartay laba ujeeddo: in la tirtiro wax kasta oo dan Soomaaliyeed u daran, iyo in Af-Soomaaligu noqdo afka qaranka, laguna qoro farta Cismaaniya ee uu sameeyay Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ujeeddooyinka Leegada ku taxday: midaynta dhammaan dhulalka Soomaalida, oo ay ku jiraan NFD-da Kenya iyo Ogaadeenya; waxbarasho casri ah oo qof walba u furan; Af-Soomaali qoran oo heer ah; iyo ka soo horjeedka soo noqoshada xukunka Talyaaniga ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). ## Dhaarta xubnaha Soomaali kasta oo ka weyn 15 jir ayaa ku biiri karay, laga bilaabo shirweynihii xisbiga ee 1950na haweenku waxay ku biireen iyagoo ah xubno buuxa oo lacag bixiya ([Trunji 2017](https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2017/May/142148/may_15_1943_a_date_to_be_remembered.aspx)). Xubin kasta oo cusub waxay ku dhaaratay (tarjumaad): Waxaan ku dhaaranayaa Ilaaha Weyn inaanan ficil ka qaadi doonin Soomaali kasta. Waqtiyada dhibaatada, waxaan ballan qaadayaa inaan Soomaalida caawiyo. Waxaan walaal u noqon doonaa xubnaha kale oo dhan. Ma sheegi doono magaca beeshayda. Dhaartu waxay kaloo ballan qaaday in guurka aan lagu takoorin bulshooyinka laga tiro badan yahay ee Soomaaliyeed ee xirfadaha ku caan baxay, kuwaas oo ay magacawday. ## Intee in le'eg ayay ku korantay? Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in naadigu lahaa 25,000 xubnood oo kaararka sita 1946 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). Wuxuu xafiisyo ka furay Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska, Ogaadeenya iyo NFD-da Kenya. Warbixin sirdoon Mareykan ah oo Sebtembar 1948 ayaa xubnihiisa Geeska oo dhan ku qiyaastay ilaa 75,000, oo 10,000 ay Muqdisho joogaan ([CIA information report, 7 September 1948](https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00457r001800820003-3)). Warbixin labaad oo isla biishaas ayaa laamo Leegada ka heshay Hargeysa, Berbera iyo Burco ([CIA information report, 7 September 1948](https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00457r001800820004-2)). Dowladihii gumeysiga way ka baqeen. Guddoomiyaha Kenya wuxuu laanta Leegada ee Garissa ku dhawaaqay sharci darro 4 Juun 1948, hoggaamiyeyaasheedana waxaa loo masaafuriyay Turkana ilaa 1960 ([Trunji 2017](https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2017/May/142148/may_15_1943_a_date_to_be_remembered.aspx)). ## Janaayo 1948: Guddigii Afarta Quwadood Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka kadib, Ingiriiska, Faransiiska, Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Mareykanku waxay direen guddi si uu Soomaalida u weydiiyo mustaqbalka ay doonayaan. Wuxuu Muqdisho gaaray Janaayo 1948 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). Leegadu waxay qabatay isu soo bax weyn si ay u muujiso xoogga dalabka xorriyadda. Bannaanbax ka soo horjeeda oo taageeraya soo noqoshada Talyaaniga ayaa isla waqtigaas la qabtay. Rabshaddii xigtay, Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay 51 Talyaani iyo 24 Soomaali oo la dilay (isla ishaas). Soomaalidii dhimatay waxaa ka mid ahayd Xaawo Taako, xubin Leegada ka tirsanayd oo loo xusuusto halyeyad xorriyadeed. Taallo loo dhisay ayaa ag taagan Tiyaatarka Qaranka ee Muqdisho ([Goobjoog News](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-like-this-day-in-1948-somalia-popular-freedom-fighter-hawa-tako-killed); [Somali Architecture](https://somaliarchitecture.com/project/xaawo-taako)). Leegadu waxay guddiga ka codsatay hal shay: in Soomaalida oo dhan dib loo mideeyo iyagoo hoos imaanaya wasaayad caalami ah oo toban sano ah oo u horseedda xorriyadda. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in guddigu ku taliyay qorshe u dhow kii Leegada ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). ## Maxay Talyaanigu u soo noqdeen? Afarta quwadood kuma heshiin. Golaha Wakiillada Ingiriiska 29 Nofembar 1948, wasiir ayaa sheegay in "Soomaaliya Midaysan ay noqon lahayd xalka ugu fiican", laakiin arrintu hadda QM ayay u taal ([Hansard, 29 November 1948](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1948/nov/29/british-and-italian-somaliland)). 21 Nofembar 1949 Golaha Guud ee QM wuxuu koonfurta hoos geeyay wasaayad Talyaani muddo toban sano ah, iyadoo xorriyadda loo qabtay 1960 ([Go'aanka Golaha Guud ee QM 289 (IV)](https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/289(IV))). Leegadu waxay ka soo horjeeday soo noqoshada Talyaaniga, laakiin waxay aqbashay taariikhda go'an, una shaqeysay. Eeg [wasaayaddii QM](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/). ## Jidka 1960 - **1950 ilaa 1953.** Maamulka wasaayadda Talyaanigu wuxuu xiray xubno Leegada ah, kuwo kalena ka eryay shaqada dowladda. Leegadu waxay ku jawaabtay bannaanbaxyo, caasinimo rayid ah iyo codsiyo loo gudbiyay Golaha La-talinta QM ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). - **1956.** Doorashooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dhulka oo dhan, Leegadu waxay heshay 43 ka mid ah 60-ka kursi ee Soomaalida ee Golaha Sharci-dejinta cusub. Hoggaamiyeheeda golaha, Cabdullaahi Ciise, ayaa noqday ra'iisul wasaarihii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay (isla ishaas). - **1958.** Haweenka koonfurta waxay heleen codka, Leegaduna waxay ku guuleysatay doorashooyinka degmooyinka (isla ishaas). - **1959.** Laba xisbi oo kale ayaa qaadacay doorashadii xorriyadda ka horreysay. Leegadu waxay heshay 61 kursi oo aan cid kale u tartamin iyo 20 kursi oo lagu tartamay, Cabdullaahi Ciisena wuxuu dhisay dowladdii cusbayd (isla ishaas). - **1 Luulyo 1960.** Koonfurta iyo waqooyiga waxay u midoobeen Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, hoggaamiyihii baarlamaanka ee Leegada, ayaa noqday madaxweynaheedii ugu horreeyay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). ## Kala qaybsanaanta gudaha Leegada, 1956–1960 Leegadu ma ahayn hal ra'yi. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in sannadihii xorriyadda ka horreeyay, khilaafaadku ay "u ekaayeen muran gudaha SYL-ta xukunka haysay ah, halkii ay ahaan lahaayeen tartan xisbiyo" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). - **Garabyo is-haya.** Isla ishaas waxay diiwaangelisay in xubnaha Daarood iyo Hawiye ay sameeyeen garabyo. Mid kastaa wuxuu kan kale ku eedeeyay: mid inuu saameyn Talyaani ku hoos jiro, kan kalena eex qabiil. - **Xaaji Maxamed Xuseen.** Wuxuu hoggaamiyay xisbiga sannadihiisii hore, waxaana mar kale loo doortay guddoomiyaha Leegada Luulyo 1957. Wuxuu doonayay xiriir ka dabacsan oo reer Galbeedka ah iyo xiriir dhow oo Carabta ah. Cabdullaahi Ciise iyo Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan ayaa isaga iyo taageerayaashiisa ka saaray, wuxuuna aasaasay Leegada Soomaaliweyn (isla ishaas). - **Qaadacaaddii 1959.** HDM iyo Leegada Soomaaliweyn waxay Leegada ku eedeeyeen inay faragelisay hannaanka doorashada, waxayna qaadaceen codbixintii 1959 (isla ishaas). ## Xorriyadda kadib Leegadu waxay ahaatay xisbiga ugu weyn. Waxay heshay 74% kursiyada doorashooyinka degmooyinka ee Nofembar 1963, iyo 69 ka mid ah 123 kursi doorashadii qaran ee Maarso 1964 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/18.htm)). Doorashadii Maarso 1969, 64 xisbi ayaa tartamay, laakiin Leegada oo keliya ayaa ka tartantay degmo kasta. Dhammaadkii Maajo 1969 xubnaheeda golaha waxay ka kordheen 73 ilaa 109, iyadoo xubno xisbiyada yaryar ah ay ku soo biireen ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm)). 21 Oktoobar 1969 ciidamadu waxay qabsadeen xukunka. Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ee cusub wuxuu mamnuucay dhammaan xisbiyada siyaasadda, oo ay Leegaduna ku jirto ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Halka lagu aasaasay.** Ilaha intooda badan, oo ay ku jiraan xogta aasaasayaasha laftooda, waxay sheegaan Muqdisho. Maqaalka Wikipedia ee Ingiriisiga ah ee Leegada wuxuu kaloo xusayaa Harar ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Youth_League)). Calankii waxay raacdaa Muqdisho, sidii aasaasayaashu sheegeen ([Goobjoog News, 2016](https://en.goobjoog.com/syl-day-we-were-united-by-a-common-bond-for-the-good-of-somalia-syl-co-founder/)). - **Goorta ay noqotay SYL.** *The Somalia Courier* ee xilligaas waxay bixisaa 1 Abriil 1947 (sida uu soo xigtay [Trunji 2017](https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2017/May/142148/may_15_1943_a_date_to_be_remembered.aspx)); xog qaar waxay bixiyaan 1948. - **Dhimashadii Janaayo 1948.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay bixisaa 51 Talyaani iyo 24 Soomaali. Xog kale waxay bixiyaan tirooyin Soomaaliyeed oo ka yar. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Go'aanka Golaha Guud ee QM 289 (IV), 21 Nofembar 1949: [qoraalka](https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/289(IV)). - Doodda Golaha Wakiillada Ingiriiska ee Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska iyo Talyaaniga, 29 Nofembar 1948: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1948/nov/29/british-and-italian-somaliland). - Warbixinno sirdoon Mareykan ah oo ku saabsan ururrada siyaasadda Soomaaliyeed, Sebtembar 1948: [Soomaaliyadii Talyaaniga](https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00457r001800820003-3), [Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska](https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00457r001800820004-2), iyo [Leegada, Luulyo 1950](https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp82-00457r005200110008-8). --- # Duullaankii ka dhanka ahaa al-Shabaab iyo Macawisley, 2022 ilaa 2025 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Agoosto 2022 dowladda federaalka, dagaalyahanno beeleed oo loo yaqaan Macawisley iyo ciidanka xoogga ayaa furay ololihii ugu weynaa ee toban sano ka dhan ah al-Shabaab, iyagoo ka bilaabay Hiiraan iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe. ACLED waxay tirisay in ka badan 215 meelood oo dib loo qabsaday wejigii koowaad. Wejigii labaad waa la dib dhigay 2023, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025na al-Shabaab waxay dib u qabsatay inta badan dhulkii ay ku lumisay Shabeellaha Dhexe, oo ay ku jiraan Aadan Yabaal iyo, Luulyo, Moqokori. ## Si kooban Boggani wuxuu ka sheekeynayaa hal olole: dagaalkii ay dowladda federaalku 2022 ku dhawaaqday ee ka dhanka ahaa [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/), oo ay ku dagaallameen [Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-national-army/), dagaalyahanno beeleed iyo saaxiibbo shisheeye, iyo weerar-celintii al-Shabaab ee 2025. Wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa ficillada ciidan kasta sida ilaha ay u sharraxaan. ## Waa kuwama Macawisley *Macawisley* (sidoo kale loo qoro Macwiisley) waa magac loo yaqaan dagaalyahannada beelaha deegaanka. Wuxuu ka yimid *macawiska* ay qaar badan oo ka mid ahi xirtaan, oo ka duwan dirayska askarta. Garowe Online waxay kuwa Hiiraan ku tilmaantay "maleeshiyaad shacab" (tarjumaad) oo ka tirsan beesha Xawaadle, oo al-Shabaab kula dagaallama miyiga ku hareeraysan Beledweyne ([Garowe Online, 21 Maajo 2025](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/hawadle-clan-militias-left-to-fight-al-shabaab-alone-in-somalia-s-hiiraan-region)). Dagaalyahanno ka socda beelo kale oo Hiiraan, Shabeellaha Dhexe iyo Galgaduud ah, oo ay ka mid yihiin Abgaal iyo Gaaljecel, ayaa ku biiray wejiyadii dambe. ## Wejigii koowaad, Agoosto 2022 ilaa 2023 Daisy Muibu iyo Yayedior Mbengue, oo wax ku qoray *CTC Sentinel* ee West Point, waxay diiwaangeliyeen in duullaanku bilaabmay Agoosto 2022. Ciidamada federaalku waxay garab dagaallamayeen Macawisley, waxayna heleen taageero diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee Maraykanka iyo Turkiga. Warbixin ACLED oo Abriil 2023 ah ayaa tirisay in ka badan 215 meelood oo dib loo qabsaday wejigii koowaad, inta badan dowlad-goboleedyada Hirshabeelle iyo Galmudug ([CTC Sentinel, Maajo 2025](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalia-at-a-crossroads-resurgent-insurgents-fragmented-politics-and-the-uncertain-future-of-aussom/)). Magaalooyinka la qabsaday waxaa ka mid ahaa Aadan Yabaal oo ku taal Shabeellaha Dhexe, oo hore u ahayd xarun al-Shabaab, Diseembar 2022 (isla ishaas). Janaayo 2023 dowladdu waxay sheegtay inay tababari doonto oo qalabayn doonto 24,000 askari oo dheeraad ah ilaa 2024, inta badan lacag ka timid Imaaraadka iyo Qadar ([Paul D. Williams, *CTC Sentinel*, Abriil 2024](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-somali-national-army-versus-al-shabaab-a-net-assessment/)). ## Hakadka, 2023 Wejiga labaad, Howlgalka Libaaxa Madow (Operation Black Lion), waxaa loogu talagalay inuu koonfur u dhaqaaqo oo uu weeraro xarumaha al-Shabaab ee Jubbaland iyo Koonfur Galbeed. Juun 2023 waa la dib dhigay. Agoosto 2023 al-Shabaab waxay weerartay fariisimaha ciidanka ee Cowsweyne oo ku taal Galgaduud, khasaare culusna way geysatay, safkii koonfurta Galmudugna wuu burburay ([CTC Sentinel, Maajo 2025](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalia-at-a-crossroads-resurgent-insurgents-fragmented-politics-and-the-uncertain-future-of-aussom/)). Williams wuxuu soo tebiyay in in ka badan 1,300 askari oo Gorgor ah oo Turkigu tababaray ay ka goosteen intii duullaanku socday, boqollaal kalena la dilay ([CTC Sentinel, Abriil 2024](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-somali-national-army-versus-al-shabaab-a-net-assessment/)). ## Soo laabashadii al-Shabaab, 2025 Al-Shabaab waxay weerar-celinteeda bilowday Febraayo 2025, wax yar ka hor Ramadaan, inta badan Shabeellaha Dhexe. Waxay dib u qabsatay Aadan Yabaal qiyaastii 16 Abriil 2025, bartamihii Maajona waxay dib u qabsatay inta badan dhulkii Shabeellaha Dhexe ee ay lumisay tan iyo 2022. Dagaalyahannadeedu waxay hoobiyeyaal ku garaaceen saldhigga ciidanka ee Afgooye, oo qiyaastii 30 km u jira Muqdisho. 18 Maarso 2025 qarax meel u dhow Muqdisho ayaa lala beegsaday Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, oo aan waxba noqon ([CTC Sentinel, Maajo 2025](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalia-at-a-crossroads-resurgent-insurgents-fragmented-politics-and-the-uncertain-future-of-aussom/)). Eeg [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/). Hiiraan, Garowe Online waxay Maajo 2025 soo warisay in dagaalyahannada Xawaadle "loo daayay inay keligood la dagaallamaan al-Shabaab" (tarjumaad) markii taageerada federaalku yaraatay, saraakiil deegaankuna waxay sheegeen in "taageerada dowladdu aad u yaraatay" (tarjumaad) ([Garowe Online, 21 Maajo 2025](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/hawadle-clan-militias-left-to-fight-al-shabaab-alone-in-somalia-s-hiiraan-region)). Al-Shabaab waxay qabsatay Moqokori 7 Luulyo 2025 kadib dagaal bilooyin socday ([Garowe Online, sida al-Shabaab u qabsatay Moqokori](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-how-al-shabaab-captured-moqokori-town-from-govt-forces)). ## Duqeymaha cirka Duqeymaha cirka ee Maraykanku si weyn ayay u kordheen 2025: mashruuca Mapping Militants ee Jaamacadda Stanford wuxuu tiriyay qiyaastii 30 inta u dhexeysa Janaayo iyo Maajo 2025, marka loo eego 51 dhammaan 2021 ilaa 2024 ([Mapping Militant Organizations, Stanford University](https://mappingmilitants.org/profiles/al-shabaab)). Turkigu wuxuu tan iyo dabayaaqadii 2022 duulinayay diyaarado aan duuliye lahayn oo hubeysan oo taageeraya ciidanka ([CTC Sentinel, Abriil 2024](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-somali-national-army-versus-al-shabaab-a-net-assessment/)). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? Ilaha waxay diiwaangeliyeen dhibaatada dadka rayidka ah ee degmooyinka lagu loollamayay. QM waxay soo warisay in al-Shabaab 2022 qortay qiyaastii 900 carruur ah, 663na afduubtay ([CTC Sentinel, Abriil 2024](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-somali-national-army-versus-al-shabaab-a-net-assessment/)). Dhinaca bani'aadamka, eeg [Al-Shabaab: waxyeellada ay geysato iyo sida Soomaalidu uga jawaabto](/en/society/al-shabaab/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Inta dhul ee gacmaha kala beddeshay.** Tirooyinka dowladda, al-Shabaab iyo kuwa madaxa-bannaan way kala duwan yihiin; kuwa ACLED ayaa ugu badan ee la xigto. - **Khasaaraha.** Dowladda iyo al-Shabaab mid walba tirooyin u gaar ah ayuu soo saaraa, wayna kala duwan yihiin. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Daisy Muibu iyo Yayedior Mbengue, "Somalia at a crossroads", *CTC Sentinel* 18:5 (2025): [maqaal](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalia-at-a-crossroads-resurgent-insurgents-fragmented-politics-and-the-uncertain-future-of-aussom/). - Paul D. Williams, "The Somali National Army versus al-Shabaab: A net assessment", *CTC Sentinel* 17:4 (2024): [maqaal](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-somali-national-army-versus-al-shabaab-a-net-assessment/). --- # Doorashadii madaxtinimada Somaliland ee 2024 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2024/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 13 Nofembar 2024 Somaliland waxay qabatay doorasho madaxtinimo iyo xisbiyo oo isku mar ah. Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi 'Cirro' oo ka tirsan Waddani ayaa ku guulaystay madaxtinimada isagoo helay 407,908 cod (63.92 boqolkiiba), marka loo eego 225,519 (34.81 boqolkiiba) oo uu helay Madaxweynihii xilka hayay, Muuse Biixi Cabdi oo ka tirsan Kulmiye. Biixi wuu qiray, Cirrona xilka wuxuu la wareegay Diseembar 2024. Codbixintu waxay dib u dhacday laba sano: Oktoobar 2022 Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu muddada Biixi ku kordhiyay laba sano, kadib bannaanbaxyo Agoosto 2022 oo ay ku dhinteen ugu yaraan shan qof. ## Si kooban 13 Nofembar 2024 Somaliland waxay isku mar u codaysay laba doorasho: Madaxweynaha, iyo saddexda xisbi ee loo oggol yahay inay ka qayb galaan doorashooyinka qaranka tobanka sano ee soo socda. [Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro"](/en/people/abdirahman-mohamed-abdullahi-irro/) oo ka tirsan Waddani ayaa madaxtinimada ku guulaystay 63.92 boqolkiiba. Madaxweynihii xilka hayay, [Muuse Biixi Cabdi](/en/people/muse-bihi-abdi/) oo ka tirsan Kulmiye, wuxuu helay 34.81 boqolkiiba ([Guddiga Doorashada Qaranka Somaliland, natiijooyinka ku-meel-gaarka ah](https://slnec.net/news/somaliland-national-electoral-commission-releases-interim-results-of-the-november-13-double-election)). Daraasad uu sameeyay Qaybta Cilmi-baarista Dowladaha De Facto ee Jaamacadda Tartu ayaa qortay in Biixi "si degdeg ah oo sharaf leh u qiray guuldarada" (tarjumaad), iyo in Cirro xilka la wareegi doono 13 Diseembar 2024 ([Scott Pegg, Jaamacadda Tartu, 9 Diseembar 2024](https://defactostates.ut.ee/the-system-worked-somalilands-2024-presidential-and-political-party-elections/)). Sida doorashooyinka Somaliland u shaqeeyaan, eeg [doorashooyinka Somaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). Codbixintii hore, eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada Somaliland 2017](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2017/). ## Xiisaddii 2022 - **Khilaafka.** Muddada Biixi waxay ahayd inay dhammaato 2022. Dowladda iyo mucaaradku waxay isku khilaafeen in doorashada xisbiyada ama doorashada madaxtinimadu hor marto ([Pegg, 2024](https://defactostates.ut.ee/the-system-worked-somalilands-2024-presidential-and-political-party-elections/)). - **11 Agoosto 2022.** Bannaanbaxyo ayaa ka dhacay dhowr magaalo. QM waxay soo warisay in "5 rayid ah oo rag ah la dilay, 86na la dhaawacay", iyo in "332 qof la xiray, kuwaas oo ku dhowaad dhammaantood la sii daayay" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2022/665, faqradda 55](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/665&l=en&t=pdf)). Pegg wuxuu magacaabaa Hargeysa, Burco iyo Ceerigaabo. - **Dib-u-dhigista.** Guddiga doorashadu wuxuu sheegay in taariikhda 13 Nofembar 2022 "aysan suurtagal ahayn sababo la xiriira waqti, farsamo iyo dhaqaale" (tarjumaad), wuxuuna codbixinta u wareejiyay Luulyo 2023 ([The New Arab, 1 Oktoobar 2022](https://www.newarab.com/news/lawmakers-breakaway-somaliland-extend-presidents-term)). - **1 Oktoobar 2022.** Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu 72 cod iyo 1 cod, iyo hal ka aamusan, u codeeyay in muddada Madaxweynaha laba sano lagu kordhiyo. Xubintii diidday, Cumar Nuur, ayaa Associated Press u sheegay: "Ma doonayo inaan arko dalkeenna oo fowdo ku dhacaya" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Mucaaradka.** Shir jaraa'id oo Hargeysa ka dhacay, Cirro wuxuu kordhinta ku tilmaamay mid ka soo horjeedda dastuurka, wuxuuna sheegay in mucaaradku "aysan Biixi u aqoonsan doonin Madaxweyne markii muddadiisu dhammaato" 13 Nofembar 2022 (tarjumaad) ([Somali Guardian, 2 Oktoobar 2022](https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somaliland-opposition-rejects-move-to-extend-presidents-term-by-two-years/)). Colaadda Laascaanood laga bilaabo 2023, eeg [Dowlad-goboleedka Waqooyi Bari](/so/states/north-eastern-state/). ## Codbixinta, 13 Nofembar 2024 Laga soo xigtay daraasadda Pegg, oo soo xiganaysa guddiga doorashada ([Jaamacadda Tartu](https://defactostates.ut.ee/the-system-worked-somalilands-2024-presidential-and-political-party-elections/)): - **Codbixiyayaasha.** 1,227,048 qof ayaa diiwaangashanaa, oo ka kordhay 1,065,847 sannadkii 2021. - **Halka aan codbixin ka dhicin.** Codbixin lagama qaban afar degmo: Buuhoodle ee Togdheer, iyo Xudun, Laascaanood iyo Taleex ee Sool. Goobaha codbixintu waxay ka yaraadeen 2,709 sannadkii 2021 ilaa 2,637. - **Ka-qaybgalka.** Qiyaastii 55 boqolkiiba codbixinta madaxtinimada iyo qiyaastii 53 boqolkiiba codbixinta xisbiyada. Natiijada madaxtinimada sida uu guddigu u daabacay ([Guddiga Doorashada](https://slnec.net/news/somaliland-national-electoral-commission-releases-interim-results-of-the-november-13-double-election)): | Musharraxa | Xisbiga | Codad | Saami | |---|---|---:|---:| | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" | Waddani | 407,908 | 63.92% | | Muuse Biixi Cabdi | Kulmiye | 225,519 | 34.81% | | Faysal Cali Waraabe | UCID | 4,699 | 0.74% | Guddigu wuxuu bixiyay 638,126 cod oo sax ah iyo 9,528 aan sax ahayn. VOA waxay soo warisay in natiijada lagu dhawaaqay Talaadadii, 19 Nofembar 2024 ([VOA, 19 Nofembar 2024](https://www.voanews.com/a/opposition-leader-wins-somaliland-presidential-contest/7868957.html)). ## Doorashada xisbiyada Toban xisbi iyo urur ayaa tartamay. Waddani (216,284 cod), Kaah (131,507) iyo Kulmiye (108,100) ayaa helay heerka xisbi qaran muddo toban sano ah. Horseed (87,218), Hilaac (59,569), Barwaaqo (16,852), UCID (10,105), Talowadaag (6,080), Rejo (2,083) iyo Shacabka (2,014) ma helin ([Guddiga Doorashada](https://slnec.net/news/somaliland-national-electoral-commission-releases-interim-results-of-the-november-13-double-election)). UCID waxay waysay booskeedii xisbi qaran. Shaxda, eeg [doorashooyinka Somaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). ## Waxa kormeerayaashu yiraahdeen - **Howlgalka caalamiga ah.** War-saxaafadeedkiisii hordhaca ahaa wuxuu sheegay in codbixintu ka dhacday "jawi inta badan deggan oo nabad ah oo codbixiyayaasha diiwaangashan ay awoodeen inay xuquuqdooda codbixineed adeegsadaan maalintii oo dhan" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu xusay is-waafaq la'aan habraac iyo maamul, wuxuuna ku taliyay tababar badan oo codbixiyayaasha ah iyo cusboonaysiin joogto ah oo diiwaanka ah ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/opposition-leader-wins-somaliland-presidential-contest/7868957.html)). Pegg wuxuu ku daray inuu tilmaamay codbixiyayaal u muuqda kuwo da' yar, helitaan liita oo dadka naafada ah, iyo sirnaanta codka oo daciif ah. - **Brenthurst Foundation.** Howlgalkeedu wuxuu doorashada ku tilmaamay "xor, xalaal oo la isku hallayn karo" (tarjumaad) (sida uu Pegg soo xigtay). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Bannaanbaxayaashii Agoosto 2022:** shan nin oo la dilay, 86 la dhaawacay iyo 332 la xiray, sida ay QM tirisay (S/2022/665). - **Dadka afarta degmo ee Sool iyo Togdheer,** halkaas oo aan codbixin laga qaban (Pegg, 2024). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Kordhintii 2022.** Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu ku ansixiyay 72 iyo 1. Waddani way diiday, waxayna sheegtay inaysan Biixi aqoonsan doonin Nofembar 2022 kadib. - **Tirooyinka guddiga.** Bogga natiijooyinka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Guddiga waxay bixisaa ka-qaybgal madaxtinimo oo ah 674,863, iyadoo codadkiisa saxda ah iyo kuwa aan saxda ahayni isku geyntoodu tahay 647,654. Wadarta xisbiyadu waxay bixisaa 630,812 cod oo sax ah, iyadoo codadka xisbiyada ee la taxay isku geyntoodu tahay 639,812. Saamiyada uu siiyay saddexda musharrax isku geyntoodu waa 99.47 boqolkiiba. - **Ka-qaybgalka.** Pegg wuxuu codbixinta madaxtinimada u bixiyaa qiyaastii 55 boqolkiiba. Guddigu wuxuu codbixinta xisbiyada u bixiyaa 53 boqolkiiba. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Guddiga Doorashada Qaranka Somaliland, natiijooyinka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee doorashada 13 Nofembar: [bog](https://slnec.net/news/somaliland-national-electoral-commission-releases-interim-results-of-the-november-13-double-election). - Scott Pegg, "The system worked: Somaliland's 2024 presidential and political party elections", Jaamacadda Tartu, 9 Diseembar 2024: [maqaal](https://defactostates.ut.ee/the-system-worked-somalilands-2024-presidential-and-political-party-elections/). - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinta Soomaaliya, S/2022/665 (1 Sebtembar 2022): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/665&l=en&t=pdf). - VOA, "Opposition leader wins Somaliland presidential contest", 19 Nofembar 2024: [maqaal](https://www.voanews.com/a/opposition-leader-wins-somaliland-presidential-contest/7868957.html). - The New Arab, warbixin ku saabsan codkii Golaha Guurtida ee kordhinta muddada Madaxweynaha, 1 Oktoobar 2022: [maqaal](https://www.newarab.com/news/lawmakers-breakaway-somaliland-extend-presidents-term). --- # Sida Af-Soomaaligu u noqday mid la qoro: laga bilaabo Cismaaniya ilaa farta Laatiinka ee 1972 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Af-Soomaaligu ma lahayn far rasmi ah oo keliya ilaa 21 Oktoobar 1972, markii dowladdu qaadatay far Laatiin ah oo uu dhisay aqoonyahanka afafka Shire Jaamac Axmed. Olole akhris-qoraal oo baaxad leh ayaa xigay 1973 ilaa 1975, markii ardayda dugsiyada sare loo diray miyiga si ay wax u baraan. ## 1972 ka hor: faro badan, midna rasmi ma ahayn Qarniyo badan, culimada Soomaaliyeed waxay Af-Soomaaliga ku qori jireen xarfaha Carabiga, inta badan maansada diinta. Horraantii 1920-meeyadii Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid, oo ka mid ahaa qoyska boqortooyada Hobyo, ayaa sameeyay far u gaar ah, Cismaaniya ([Osmanya script, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanya_script)). Waxaa loo adeegsan jiray warqadaha iyo xisaabaadka. Maamulka Talyaanigu wuxuu u arkay calaamad waddaninimo. Cismaaniya waxaa lagu daray heerka Unicode 2003, nooca 4.0 ([Unicode Osmanya chart](https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10480.pdf)). Laba far oo kale oo gudaha ka soo baxay ayaa xigay. 1933 magaalada Boorama, macallinka Quraanka Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur ayaa sameeyay farta Boorama (Gadabuursi), oo inta badan loo adeegsaday maansada diinta ([Gadabuursi Somali Script, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_Script)). Farta Kaddare ayaa xigtay 1952 ([Osmanya script, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanya_script)). Dhowr bilood xorriyadda kadib, Guddiga Af-Soomaaliga ayaa loo sameeyay inuu raadiyo habka ugu fiican ee Af-Soomaaliga loo qoro. Wuxuu tixgeliyay sagaal far, Carabi, Laatiin iyo dhowr Soomaali sameeyeen. Warbixintiisii 1962 waxay door bidday Laatiinka, laakiin khilaafku wuxuu ahaa mid aad u xooggan oo dowladna wax kama qaban ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm)). Ilaa 1972, Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriisigu waxay ahaayeen afafka dowladda iyo dugsiyada, xilal muhiim ahna waxaa hayay laba sarkaal, mid af walba (isla ishaas). ## 21 Oktoobar 1972: farta Laatiinka Dowladdu waxay dooratay far Laatiin ah oo uu sameeyay Shire Jaamac Axmed ([Shire Jama Ahmed, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_Jama_Ahmed)). Waxay ka saartay p, v iyo z. Waxay c u adeegsataa codka Carabiga ee cayn, x xaa'da qoto dheer, q-na kaafta qoto dheer. Waxay ku dartaa lammaanaha dh, kh iyo sh. Shaqallada dheer waxaa loo qoraa labanlaab, sida *Soomaali*. Go'aanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqay 21 Oktoobar 1972, sannad-guuradii saddexaad ee afgambigii 1969, si looga isticmaalo Soomaaliya oo dhan laga bilaabo 1 Janaayo 1973 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm); [Goobjoog News](https://en.goobjoog.com/key-milestones-in-the-history-of-somali-language)). Shaqaale kasta oo dowladda ah waxaa la siiyay saddex bilood, markii dambena lix, inuu barto farta cusub. Buugaagta Af-Soomaaliga waxay gaareen dugsiyada hoose 1973, dugsiyada sare iyo waxbarashada sarena 1975 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm)). ## Ololaha akhris-qoraalka: "bar ama baro" Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay akhris-qoraalka 1972 ku qiyaastaa ilaa 5 boqolkiiba oo keliya. Wareegga koowaad ee ololaha wuxuu ku socday kulammo saddex bilood ah oo magaalooyinka iyo deegaannada degan, waxaana dhigayay ilaa 8,000 macallin, inta badan shaqaale dowladeed iyo askar. Waxaa la sheegay inuu wax akhris iyo qoris baray dhowr boqol oo kun oo qof ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm)). Ololaha miyiga wuxuu bilaabmay Agoosto 1974, iyadoo ay jiraan in ka badan 20,000 macallin, kala badh ardayda dugsiyada sare oo sannad-dugsiyeedkoodii la hakiyay (isla ishaas). 1974 dugsiyada waa la xiray. Ardayda dugsiyada sare waxay u baxeen tuulooyinka iyo reer guuraaga si ay wax u baraan ([Hoben, "Literacy Campaigns in Ethiopia and Somalia", Northeast African Studies, 1988](https://www.jstor.org/stable/43661187)). Halku-dhiggu wuxuu ahaa *bar ama baro*. Xasan M. Abukar wuxuu ahaa macallin 14 jir ah oo loo diray Jamaame, 362 km Muqdisho u jirta. Waxaa la siiyay jeeso, sanduuq sabuuradeed, buste iyo weel biyo. "Muxuu bari karaa wiil 14 jir ah?" ayuu u malaynayay inay hooyadiis weydiinayso ([Abukar, "Ololihii (The Campaign)", WardheerNews, 2015](https://wardheernews.com/ololihii-the-campaign/)). Wasaaradda Waxbarashadu waxay heshay abaalmarinta akhris-qoraalka ee UNESCO 1975 ([Literacy in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Somalia)). Sheegashooyinka heerka akhris-qoraalka intaas kadib aad ayay u kala duwan yihiin, ilaa 55 ilaa 80 boqolkiiba ([Literacy in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Somalia)). Ololuhu wuxuu la kulmay abaartii daran ee 1974 ilaa 1975 (Abaartii Dabadheer), qiyaas QM-na waxay akhris-qoraalka 1990 ku sheegtay 24 boqolkiiba ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm)). ## Akhris-qoraalka maanta Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa USAID, waxay akhris-qoraalka dadka waaweyn 2022 ku sheegtaa ilaa 41 boqolkiiba: 54 boqolkiiba ragga iyo 22 boqolkiiba haweenka ([Literacy in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Somalia)). Dagaalkii 1991 kadib wuxuu sannado badan xiray dugsiyada dowladda intooda badan. ## Qorista Af-Soomaaliga maanta Bandhigga Caalamiga ah ee Buugaagta Hargeysa, oo uu aasaasay Jaamac Muuse Jaamac 2008, wuxuu u dhashay kobcinta akhriska iyo qoraalka Af-Soomaaliga. Warbixin ayaa tirisay in ka badan boqol buug oo cusub oo Af-Soomaali ah hal sano gudaheed ([NPR, 2016](https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/16/490174033/a-land-in-limbo-hopes-that-books-will-keep-it-going)). Af-Soomaaliga maanta waxaa lagu qoraa telefoon kasta, waxaana lagu akhriyaa goob war kasta. --- # Wasaayaddii QM, 1950–1960: toban sano oo loo marayo xorriyadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga bilaabo 1 Abriil 1950 ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960, koonfurta Soomaaliya waxay ahayd dhul wasaayadeed oo QM ah oo Talyaanigu maamulayo. Golaha Guud ee QM wuxuu ansixiyay heshiiskii wasaayadda 2 Diseembar 1950. Wuxuu caddeeyay in madax-bannaanidu ay u taal dadka dhulka, xorriyaddana wuxuu u qabtay dhammaadka toban sano. Soomaalidu waxay doorteen golahoodii ugu horreeyay 1956, waxay dhiseen dowladdoodii ugu horreysay oo uu hoggaaminayo Cabdullaahi Ciise, QM-na xorriyadda waxay soo hormarisay 1 Luulyo 1960. ## Kooban Toban sano koonfurta Soomaaliya waxay ahayd amaano. Qaramada Midoobay waxay hoos geysay maamul Talyaani, iyadoo shardi keliya lagu qoray sharciga caalamiga: dhammaadka toban sano way xoroobi doontaa. Taariikhdaas go'an ayaa koonfurta ka soocday ku dhowaad gumeysi kasta oo kale oo Afrika ah. Soomaalidu tobankaas sano waxay ku dhiseen xisbiyadooda, golayaashooda, dugsiyadooda iyo dowladdooda. ## Sidee ku bilaabatay? Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka kadib afarta quwadood ee waaweyn kuma heshiin karin mustaqbalka gumeysigii hore ee Talyaaniga (eeg [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/) wixii ku saabsan Guddigii Afarta Quwadood ee 1948). Su'aashu waxay u gudubtay QM. 21 Nofembar 1949 Golaha Guud wuxuu go'aamiyay in dhulku "noqon doono dowlad xor ah oo madax-bannaan". Xorriyaddiisu waxay iman doontaa dhammaadka toban sano, iyadoo hoos timaadda wasaayadda QM oo Talyaanigu maamule yahay ([Go'aanka Golaha Guud ee QM 289 (IV)](https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/289(IV))). Talyaanigu wuxuu la wareegay maamulka 1 Abriil 1950 ([dukumeentiga QM A/1550, 25 Nofembar 1950, faqradda 7](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/862628/files/A_1550-EN.pdf)). ## Maxay heshiisku tiri? Golaha Wasaayaddu wuxuu ansixiyay heshiiska 27 Janaayo 1950. Golaha Guud wuxuu ansixiyay 2 Diseembar 1950, 44 cod iyo 6 ([*Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950*, vol. V](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d907)). Qoraalkiisa, sidii Golaha Wasaayaddu u diyaariyay, wuxuu ku jiraa diiwaanka QM ([dukumeentiga QM T/449, 1950](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3827689/files/T_449-EN.pdf)). - **Dhammaad go'an.** Qodobka 23: heshiisku wuu "joogsan doonaa toban sano kadib" ansixintiisa, "dhammaadkeedana dhulku wuxuu noqon doonaa dowlad xor ah oo madax-bannaan". - **Qorshe wareejin.** Qodobka 24: Talyaanigu wuxuu ahaa inuu QM siiyo qorshe lagu wareejinayo "dhammaan hawlaha dowladda" ugu yaraan 18 bilood dhammaadka ka hor. - **Waajibaad.** Qodobka 3 wuxuu Talyaaniga ku waajibiyay inuu dhiso "hay'ado siyaasadeed oo xor ah", Soomaalidana siiyo "ka qayb qaadasho sii kordhaysa" oo dowladda ah, iyo inuu "dadka ka ilaaliyo lumitaanka dhulkooda". - **Ilaaliye.** Gole La-talin oo ka kooban Kolombiya, Masar iyo Filibiin ayaa Muqdisho fadhiyay si uu u taliyo oo u warbixiyo (Qodobka 2). ## Baaqa Mabaadi'da Dastuuriga ah Heshiiska waxaa ku lifaaqnaa, qayb ka mid ahna ahaa, liis xuquuq oo gaaban. Qodobkiisa koowaad wuxuu leeyahay ([T/449, Baaqa, qod. 1](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3827689/files/T_449-EN.pdf)): madax-bannaanida dhulku waxay u taal dadkiisa, waxaana iyaga u fulinaysa… Maamulka Maamulaha ah. Qodobka 8 wuxuu ballan qaaday "sinnaan buuxda oo sharciga hortiisa ah iyadoon loo eegin jinsiyad, lab iyo dheddig, luqad, fikir siyaasadeed ama diin". Qodobka 7 wuxuu maxkamadaha ku waajibiyay inay adeegsadaan "sharciga Islaamka iyo xeerka deegaanka" meesha ku habboon, Soomaalidana tallaabo tallaabo ugu soo daraan garsoorka (isla ishaas). ## SYL oo QM hor timid Sebtembar 1950 Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed waxay codsatay inay kala hadasho Guddiga Afraad ee QM qabyo-qoraalka heshiiska. Guddigu wuxuu ku codeeyay 20 iyo 11 in loo oggolaado inay ka qayb gasho ([A/1550, faqradaha 3–4](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/862628/files/A_1550-EN.pdf)). Conferenza della Somalia, koox xisbiyo ah oo taageersanayd soo noqoshada Talyaaniga, ayaa sidoo kale la dhegaystay (isla ishaas, faqradda 5). Labada cod ee Soomaaliyeedba waxay joogeen qolka markii heshiiska la go'aaminayay. ## Sannadihii adkaa, 1950–1953 Bilowgu wuu adkaa. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in maamulka Talyaanigu xiray xubno SYL ah, kuwo kalena ka eryay shaqada dowladda ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Leegadu waxay ku jawaabtay bannaanbaxyo, caasinimo rayid ah iyo racfaan loo gudbiyay Golaha La-talinta QM. Goluhu wuxuu soo galay inuu dhexdhexaadiyo. Ilaa saddex sano kadib, qorshayaal horumarineed oo cusub ayaa "u furay jid tamarta waddaniyiinta Soomaaliyeed" (isla ishaas). ## Dhisidda dowlad, 1950–1960 Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay taxday waxa la dhisay tobankaas sano ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)): - **Golaha Dhulka, 1950.** Soddon iyo shan xubnood ayaa ka taliyay sharci kasta, waxaana ugu dambeyntii hoggaamiyay xisbiyada. Wuxuu u shaqeeyay "sidii baarlamaan dhalanaya". - **Golaha degmada Muqdisho, 1950.** Siddeed iyo afartan xubnood ayaa maamulay qorsheynta iyo adeegyada, miisaaniyadahana tan iyo 1956. - **Dugsiyada.** Tirada ardaydu way labanlaabantay 1952 ilaa 1957. 1957 ilaa 2,000 Soomaali ah ayaa ku jiray waxbarasho dugsi sare, farsamo ama jaamacadeed, qaarna deeq waxbarasho ku joogay Shiinaha, Masar iyo Talyaaniga. - **Ganacsiga.** Dhoofintu way saddex-laabantay 1954 ilaa 1960. ## Dowladdii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreysay, 1956 1956 koonfurtu waxay qabatay doorashooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dhulka oo dhan, Gole Sharci-dejin oo 70 kursi ah. SYL waxay heshay 43 ka mid ah 60-ka kursi ee Soomaalida, xisbiga HDM-na 13 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Cabdullaahi Ciise wuxuu noqday ra'iisul wasaarihii ugu horreeyay, isagoo hoggaaminaya shan wasiir oo dhammaan Soomaali ah. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay afarta sano ee xigay ku tilmaantaa "kuwii ugu xasilloonaa siyaasadda Soomaaliyeed ee casriga ah" (isla ishaas). Haweenku waxay heleen codka 1958, Soomaalidiina waxay la wareegeen xilal laga bilaabo guddoomiye degmo ilaa guddoomiye gobol. ## Taariikhda oo la soo hormariyay Heshiisku wuxuu xorriyadda u qabtay 2 Diseembar 1960. 5 Diseembar 1959, iyadoo Talyaanigu oggol yahay, Golaha Guud wuxuu u soo hormariyay 1 Luulyo 1960 ([Go'aanka Golaha Guud ee QM 1418 (XIV)](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/206573); [HC Deb 7 December 1959](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1959/dec/07/somalia-independence)). Waqooyigu wuxuu xoroobay 26 Juun 1960. 1 Luulyo 1960 labaduba waxay isugu biireen Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, iyagoo hoos imaanaya [Dastuurkii 1960](/so/history/1960-constitution/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda bilowga.** Xog qaar waxay bixiyaan 1950, qaar kalena 2 Diseembar 1950. Talyaanigu wuxuu bilaabay maamulka 1 Abriil 1950, ka hor intaan Golaha Guud ansixin heshiiska Diseembar. - **Cidda doonaysay federaalka.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in HDM ay doonaysay dowlad federaal ah, SYL-na mid midaysan ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Dastuurkii 1960 wuxuu doortay dowlad midaysan. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Go'aanka Golaha Guud ee QM 289 (IV), 21 Nofembar 1949: [qoraalka](https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/289(IV)). - Qabyo-qoraalka Heshiiska Wasaayadda iyo Baaqa Mabaadi'da Dastuuriga ah, dukumeentiga QM T/449, 1950: [PDF](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3827689/files/T_449-EN.pdf). - Warbixinta Guddiga Afraad ee Heshiiska Wasaayadda, dukumeentiga QM A/1550, 25 Nofembar 1950: [PDF](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/862628/files/A_1550-EN.pdf). - Go'aanka Golaha Guud ee QM 1418 (XIV), 5 Diseembar 1959: [diiwaanka](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/206573). --- # Duqeymaha cirka ee Maraykanka ee Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/us-air-strikes-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maraykanku wuxuu Soomaaliya ka fulinayay duqeymo cirka tan iyo Janaayo 2007, inta badan ka dhan ah al-Shabaab iyo markii dambe Daacish Soomaaliya. Duqeymuhu si weyn ayay u kordheen kadib 30 Maarso 2017, markii koonfurta Soomaaliya lagu dhawaaqay aag colaad firfircoon: CFR waxay tirisay in ka badan 275 xilligii maamulkii koowaad ee Trump, marka loo eego qiyaastii 60 sannadihii Obama. Amnesty International waxay diiwaangelisay 14 dhimasho rayid ah oo shan duqeymood 2017 ilaa 2018; AFRICOM markii hore way beenisay, kadibna waxay qiratay dhimasho rayid ah duqeymo Abriil 2018 iyo Febraayo 2019. ## Si kooban Ciidamada Maraykanku waxay ku dhowaad labaatan sano Soomaaliya ka duqeynayeen bartilmaameedyo, iyagoo hoos imanaya Taliska Afrika ee Maraykanka (AFRICOM) tan iyo markii la aasaasay. Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa dowladda Maraykanka, ururrada xuquuqda iyo cilmi-baarayaashu ka sheegaan duqeymaha, isagoon dhinac qaadan. Sawirka guud ee ciidamada shisheeye wuxuu ku jiraa [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Duqeymihii hore iyo hoggaamiyayaashii la dilay 8 Janaayo 2007 weerar diyaarad dagaal oo Maraykan ah ayaa la sheegay inuu dilay siddeed dagaalyahan oo xiriir la lahaa [Aadan Xaashi Cayroow](/en/people/aden-hashi-ayro/), 1 Maajo 2008na duqeyn Maraykan ah oo lagu qaaday gurigiisa Dhuusamarreeb ayaa dishay isaga iyo dad kale ([Wikipedia, Aden Hashi Farah Ayro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Ayro)). 1 Sebtembar 2014 duqeyn Maraykan ah oo meel u dhow Sablaale ee Shabeellaha Hoose ayaa dishay amiirka al-Shabaab [Axmed Cabdi Godane](/en/people/ahmed-abdi-godane/) ([Christopher Anzalone, *CTC Sentinel*, Sebtembar 2014](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-life-and-death-of-al-shabab-leader-ahmed-godane/)). ## Kororka 2017 kadib 30 Maarso 2017 Madaxweyne Trump wuxuu saxiixay amar koonfurta Soomaaliya ku dhawaaqaya "aag colaad firfircoon". Amnesty International waxay diiwaangelisay 34 duqeymood sagaalkii bilood ee ugu dambeeyay 2017, oo ka badan 2012 ilaa 2016 oo la isku daro, 47 sannadkii 2018 iyo 24 labadii bilood ee ugu horreeyay 2019; jeneraal Maraykan ah oo hawlgab ah ayaa Amnesty u sheegay in isbeddelku ballaariyay cidda la beegsan karo ([Amnesty International, 20 Maarso 2019](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/03/usa-somalia-shroud-of-secrecy-around-civilian-deaths-masks-possible-war-crimes/)). Golaha Xiriirka Dibadda (CFR) wuxuu tiriyay in ka badan 275 duqeymood oo la soo sheegay maamulkaas, marka loo eego 60 siddeedda sano ee Obama; Madaxweyne Biden wuxuu xaddiday duqeymaha markii uu xilka qabtay, kadibna bartamihii 2022 wuxuu dib u diray dhowr boqol oo askari wuxuuna oggolaaday beegsiga qiyaastii laba iyo toban hoggaamiye oo al-Shabaab ah ([Council on Foreign Relations, *Al-Shabaab*](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab)). Mashruuca Mapping Militants ee Stanford wuxuu tiriyay qiyaastii 30 duqeymood Janaayo ilaa Maajo 2025 oo keliya (eeg [duullaankii ka dhanka ahaa al-Shabaab, 2022 ilaa 2025](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/)). Duqeymaha Maraykanka waxay sidoo kale beegsadeen [Daacish Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/islamic-state-somalia/), oo ay ku jirto mid koonfur-bari ka xigta Boosaaso 31 Maajo 2024 (eeg [Cabdulqaadir Muumin](/en/people/abdulqadir-mumin/)). ## Natiijooyinka Amnesty International, 2019 Warbixinta *The Hidden US War in Somalia*, oo la daabacay 20 Maarso 2019, Amnesty waxay ku baartay shan duqeymood oo Shabeellaha Hoose ah, waxayna heshay inay dileen 14 rayid ah, 8na dhaawaceen, iyadoo ku salaysan in ka badan 150 waraysi, sawirro dayax-gacmeed iyo jajabka rasaasta. Waxaa ka mid ahaa duqeyn meel u dhow Daarusalaam 12 Nofembar 2017 oo dishay saddex beeralay, iyo qarax ka dhacay Ilimey 6 Diseembar 2017 oo dilay shan rayid ah, laba ka mid ahna carruur. Amnesty waxay sheegtay in duqeymuhu u muuqdeen kuwo jebiyay sharciga bani'aadamnimada caalamiga ah, qaarkoodna ay noqon karaan dembiyo dagaal (Amnesty International). AFRICOM way diiday natiijooyinka. Waxay sheegtay in qiimeyntooda ay "heshay in duqeyn AFRICOM ahi aysan keenin wax khasaare ama dhaawac rayid ah" (tarjumaad), way beenisay inay fulisay weerarka Ilimey, waxay sheegtay in kuwii lagu dilay Faraax Waceys ahaayeen xubno al-Shabaab, waxayna sheegtay in al-Shabaab dano ugu jiraan sheegashooyin been ah oo dhimasho rayid ah (Amnesty International; [Amnesty International, bogga warbixinta](https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr52/9952/2019/en/)). ## Qirashooyinka AFRICOM 5 Abriil 2019 AFRICOM waxay sheegtay in dib-u-eegis ay heshay in duqeyn meel u dhow Ceel Buur 1 Abriil 2018 ay dishay laba rayid ah iyo afar dagaalyahan; natiijo gudaha ah oo Abriil 2018 ahayd "si sax ah looma soo gudbin" xarunta (tarjumaad), Koongareeskana waxaa loo sheegay eber khasaare rayid ah. Taliyihiisa, General Thomas Waldhauser, wuxuu yiri: "Kalsoonida, daah-furnaanta iyo la xisaabtanku waa aasaaska howlgallada militariga" (tarjumaad) ([The Defense Post, 5 Abriil 2019](https://thedefensepost.com/2019/04/05/us-africom-admits-somalia-civilian-casualties-airstrike/)). Abriil 2020 warbixintii ugu horreysay ee saddex-biloodlaha ah ee AFRICOM ee khasaaraha rayidka ayaa qiratay in duqeyn Febraayo 2019 meel u dhow Kunyo Barrow ay dishay laba rayid ah, saddexna dhaawacday; General Stephen Townsend wuxuu yiri: "Aad ayaan uga xun nahay inay tani dhacday" (tarjumaad). Amnesty waxay warbixinnada ku tilmaantay "tallaabo la soo dhaweeyo oo xagga daah-furnaanta ah" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera, 27 Abriil 2020](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/27/us-admits-killing-civilians-during-air-attacks-in-somalia)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Dhimashada rayidka.** Amnesty iyo markhaatiyaal deegaanku waxay soo sheegaan in ka badan inta AFRICOM qiratay; AFRICOM waxay sheegtay in al-Shabaab dano ugu jiraan sheegashooyin been ah oo dhimasho rayid ah. - **Tirada duqeymaha.** Wadartu way ku kala duwan tahay war-saxaafadeedyada AFRICOM, CFR, Amnesty iyo mashaariicda cilmi-baarista, maadaama aan duqeyn kasta lagu dhawaaqin. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Amnesty International, *The Hidden US War in Somalia* (2019): [warbixin](https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr52/9952/2019/en/). - Council on Foreign Relations, *Al-Shabaab*: [bog](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab). --- # Qaraxyadii ugu dhimashada badnaa Muqdisho: 2017, 2019 iyo 2022 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/mogadishu-bombings-2017-2022/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saddex qarax oo baabuur xamuul iyo baabuur yaryar ah oo Muqdisho ka dhacay ayaa dilay dad ka badan weerar kasta oo kale oo taariikhda dhow ee Soomaaliya. 14 Oktoobar 2017 gaari xamuul ah oo ka qarxay isgoys mashquul ah ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 512 qof, markii dambena lagu tiriyay 587. 28 Diseembar 2019 gaari xamuul ah oo ka qarxay barta koontaroolka Ex-Control Afgooye ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 81, badankood arday; al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay. 29 Oktoobar 2022 laba baabuur oo ka qarxay meel u dhow wasaaradda waxbarashada ee isgoyska Zoobe ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 100, markii dambena lagu tiriyay 121; al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay. ## Si kooban Boggani wuxuu isu keenayaa saddexda qarax ee Muqdisho ee dhimashada ugu badan lahaa tan iyo markii dowladdu ku soo laabatay magaalada. Wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa la soo sheegay, tirooyinka sida ay isu beddeleen, iyo cidda sheegatay. Colaadda ballaaran waxaa lagu sharraxay [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) iyo [Duullaankii ka dhanka ahaa al-Shabaab, 2022 ilaa 2025](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/). Weerarradii hore waxaa lagu sheegay [Weerarradii waaweynaa ee Muqdisho, 2009 ilaa 2013](/so/history/mogadishu-attacks-2009-2013/). ## 14 Oktoobar 2017 Gaari xamuul ah oo qarax lagu rakibay ayaa ka qarxay isgoys dad badan ku jiraan oo u dhow Hotel Safari ee degmada Hodan; booyad shidaal oo agtiisa taagnayd ayaa dabka sii huriyay ([Wikipedia, 14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings), oo soo xiganaysa *The Guardian*, 16 Oktoobar 2017). - **Dhimashada.** Dowladdu waxay 20 Oktoobar sheegtay 358 dhintay iyo 228 dhaawacmay ([Al Jazeera, 20 Oktoobar 2017](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/20/mogadishu-bombing-death-toll-rises-to-358/)). Al Jazeera markii dambe waxay soo warisay 512 dhintay; Wikipedia waxay bixisaa ugu yaraan 587, Maarso 2018 (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Hiiraan Online, 5 Maarso 2018). - **Mas'uuliyadda.** Koox ma sheeganin. Saraakiishu waxay eedda saareen unug al-Shabaab ah. *The Economist* waxay soo warisay in gaariga xamuulku maray laba barood oo koontarool iyadoo aan rarkiisa la baarin (Wikipedia). - **Kadib.** Madaxweyne [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/) wuxuu ku dhawaaqay saddex maalmood oo baroor-diiq ah wuxuuna deeqay dhiig, kumanaan qofna waxay Muqdisho ka dhigeen bannaanbax ka dhan ah weerarka. Febraayo 2018 maxkamad militari ayaa laba nin ku xukuntay dil; mid ka mid ah, Xasan Aadan Isaaq, ayaa la toogtay 14 Oktoobar 2018 (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Bloomberg iyo AP). Al Jazeera waxay Janaayo 2018 soo warisay in in ka badan 1,500 carruur ah ay agoon noqdeen ([Al Jazeera, 31 Janaayo 2018](https://www.aljazeera.com/video/2018/1/31/somalia-more-than-1500-children-orphaned-after-twin-blasts)). ## 28 Diseembar 2019 Gaari xamuul ah oo qarax lagu rakibay ayaa ka qarxay saacadaha mashquulka barta koontaroolka Ex-Control Afgooye ee cirifka galbeed ee magaalada. Tirada markii hore waxaa lagu sheegay 78, kadibna ugu yaraan 81 ([Al Jazeera, 31 Diseembar 2019](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/31/al-shabab-claims-deadly-attack-in-somalias-mogadishu)). Dadka dhintay waxaa ka mid ahaa ugu yaraan 15 arday oo Jaamacadda Banaadir ah, oo baskoodii yaraa burburay, iyo laba injineer oo Turki ah oo dhisayay waddo ka bilaabanaysa barta koontaroolka; Wikipedia markii dambe waxay bixisaa ugu yaraan 85 dhintay iyo in ka badan 140 dhaawacmay, qaarkood loo qaaday Turkiga iyo Qadar si loo daaweeyo (Wikipedia, December 2019 Mogadishu bombing). - **Mas'uuliyadda.** Al-Shabaab waxay sheegatay 30 Diseembar, iyadoo sheegtay inay beegsatay kolonyo ciidamo Turki iyo Soomaali ah (Al Jazeera, 31 Diseembar 2019). - **Jawaabta.** Ra'iisul Wasaare [Xasan Cali Kheyre](/en/people/hassan-ali-khaire/) wuxuu sameeyay guddi qaran oo u xilsaaran dhaawacyada iyo qoysaska la dhibaateeyay. Ciidamada Soomaalida iyo Maraykanku waxay kadib duqeymo cirka ah ka fuliyeen Shabeellaha Hoose (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Reuters iyo VOA). Xoghayaha Guud ee QM António Guterres wuxuu ku tilmaamay "dembi naxdin leh" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera, 29 Diseembar 2019](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/29/horrendous-crime-un-chief-condemns-deadly-mogadishu-attack)). ## Hotel Xayaat, Agoosto 2022 Dagaalyahanno al-Shabaab ah ayaa weeraray Hotel Xayaat ee Muqdisho fiidnimadii Jimcaha 19 Agoosto 2022, ciidamada amniguna waxay go'doominta soo afjareen habeenkii Sabtida, qiyaastii 30 saacadood kadib. Wasaaradda caafimaadku waxay sheegtay in 21 qof la dilay, 117na dhaawacmeen, maamulkuna wuxuu sheegay in in ka badan 100 qof, oo ay ku jiraan haween iyo carruur, la badbaadiyay. Ra'iisul Wasaare [Xamse Cabdi Barre](/en/people/hamza-abdi-barre/) wuxuu al-Shabaab ugu yeeray "carruurta naarta" (tarjumaad), wuxuuna ballan qaaday in la xisaabtamo saraakiishii aan waajibkooda gudan ([Al Jazeera, 22 Agoosto 2022](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/22/somalia-pm-barre-pledges-accountability-over-deadly-hotel-siege)). Wuxuu ahaa go'doomin hub iyo qarax ah ee ma ahayn hal qarax, khasaarihiisuna wuu ka yaraa saddexda qarax ee boggan. ## 29 Oktoobar 2022 Laba baabuur oo qarax lagu rakibay ayaa daqiiqado u dhexeeyaan ka qarxay meel u dhow wasaaradda waxbarashada ee isgoyska Zoobe, isla aaggii 2017; kii labaad wuxuu qarxay markii gawaarida gurmadku yimaadeen (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Al Jazeera iyo AP). Madaxweyne [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) wuxuu sheegay in ugu yaraan 100 qof la dilay, qiyaastii 300na dhaawacmeen, wuxuuna weerarka ku tilmaamay "mid foolxun" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera, 30 Oktoobar 2022](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2022/10/30/hundreds-killed-wounded-in-heinous-mogadishu-car-bombings)). Tirada markii dambe waxay gaartay ugu yaraan 121 (Wikipedia, 2022 Somali Ministry of Education bombings, oo soo xiganaysa Voice of America). - **Mas'uuliyadda.** Al-Shabaab waxay weerarka sheegatay 1 Nofembar, iyadoo wasaaradda ugu yeertay "saldhig cadow" (tarjumaad) (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa AP). - **Jawaabta.** Madaxweynuhu wuxuu dibadda ka codsaday dhakhaatiir iyo agab caafimaad, wuxuuna carruurta dhibbanayaasha u ballan qaaday waxbarasho bilaash ah. Amnesty International waxay weerarka lagu qaaday dadka rayidka ah ku tilmaantay dembi dagaal (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa VOA iyo Amnesty International). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada 2017.** 358 (dowladda, Oktoobar 2017), 512, iyo 587 (Maarso 2018) dhammaan waa la soo sheegay. - **Tirada 2019.** Ugu yaraan 78, 81 ama 85, iyadoo ku xiran taariikhda warbixinta. - **Tirada 2022.** Ugu yaraan 100 (madaxweynaha, 30 Oktoobar 2022) ama ugu yaraan 121 (warbixinnada dambe). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Al Jazeera, "Mogadishu bombing death toll rises to 358" (2017): [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/20/mogadishu-bombing-death-toll-rises-to-358/). - Al Jazeera, "Al-Shabab claims deadly attack in Somalia's Mogadishu" (2019): [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/31/al-shabab-claims-deadly-attack-in-somalias-mogadishu). - Al Jazeera, "At least 100 killed, 300 hurt in 'heinous' Mogadishu car bombings" (2022): [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2022/10/30/hundreds-killed-wounded-in-heinous-mogadishu-car-bombings). --- # Weerarrada al-Shabaab ee Yugandha iyo Kenya, 2010 ilaa 2019 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/al-shabaab-attacks-kenya-uganda-2010-2019/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Weerarrada ugu dhimashada badan ee al-Shabaab ay ka geysatay meel ka baxsan Soomaaliya waa: labadii qarax ee Kampala 11 Luulyo 2010, oo ay ku dhinteen ugu yaraan 74 qof oo daawanayay ciyaarta kama dambaysta ah ee Koobka Adduunka; go'doomintii suuqa Westgate ee Nairobi oo bilaabatay 21 Sebtembar 2013, oo ay ku dhinteen ugu yaraan 67; weerarkii Kulliyadda Jaamacadda Gaarisa 2 Abriil 2015, oo ay ku dhinteen ugu yaraan 147; iyo weerarkii xarunta DusitD2 ee Nairobi 15 Janaayo 2019, oo ay ku dhinteen 21. Xilligaas Yugandha iyo Kenya labaduba ciidamo ayay Soomaaliya ku lahaayeen. ## Kooban [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) waxay weerarro ka geysatay dalalkii ciidamada u diray Soomaaliya, gaar ahaan Yugandha (Uganda) iyo Kenya. Boggan wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa afarta weerar ee ugu dhimashada badnaa, sida ay ilaha u wariyeen. Ciidamada la geeyay waxaa looga hadlay [Ciidamada Yugandha ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/uganda-military-in-somalia/) iyo [Ciidamada Kenya ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/kenya-military-in-somalia/). ## Kampala, 11 Luulyo 2010 Habeenkii ciyaarta kama dambaysta ah ee Koobka Adduunka, laba bambo ayaa ka qarxay Kampala, mid wuxuu ka qarxay maqaayad Itoobiyaan ah, midka kalena naadi rugby oo dad ciyaarta ku daawanayeen. Ugu yaraan 74 qof ayaa ku dhintay. Al-Shabaab waxay Al Jazeera u sheegtay inay iyadu abaabushay oo fulisay qaraxyada ([Al Jazeera, 12 Luulyo 2010](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/7/12/al-shabab-behind-uganda-blasts)). Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantay weerarkii ugu horreeyay ee kooxdu ka geysato meel ka baxsan Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, qaraxyadii Kampala 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kampala_bombings)). ## Westgate, Nairobi, Sebtembar 2013 Sabtidii 21 Sebtembar 2013 niman hubeysan ayaa galay suuqa weyn ee Westgate ee Nairobi; go'doomintu waxay socotay, ugu yaraan magac ahaan, afar maalmood. Ugu yaraan 70 qof ayaa la dilay, sida ay sheegtay Council on Foreign Relations (Golaha Xiriirka Dibadda), oo qortay in weerarayaashu su'aalo weydiinayeen dadka wax iibsanayay, ayna dileen kuwii ay u qaateen inay Masiixiyiin yihiin, Muslimiintana ay daayeen, waqtiyo kalena ay si aan kala sooc lahayn wax u dileen. Waxay xustay su'aalo aan jawaab loo helin oo ku saabsan inta weerarayaasha ahaayeen iyo goorta ay ka baxeen, iyo in muuqaal la duubay uu muujiyay askar Kenyan ah oo suuqa dhacaya; Madaxweyne Uhuru Kenyatta wuxuu amar ku bixiyay baaritaan ([John Campbell, Council on Foreign Relations, 8 Oktoobar 2013](https://www.cfr.org/blog/nairobis-westgate-mall-attack-unanswered-questions)). Oktoobar 2013 barnaamijka *Newsnight* ee BBC wuxuu mid ka mid ah afartii nin ee hubeysnaa ee ka muuqday kamaradaha CCTV ku magacaabay Xasan Cabdi Dhuhulow (Hassan Abdi Dhuhulow), oo ahaa 23 jir u dhashay Norway, asal ahaan Soomaali ah; hay'adda sirdoonka Norway waxay Kenya u dirtay saraakiil si ay u hubiyaan warbixinnada ([Graphic Online, BBC, 18 Oktoobar 2013](https://graphic.com.gh/international/africa/norwegian-suspected-of-being-kenya-mall-attacker-named.html)). Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay in hay'addu markii dambe xaqiijisay inuu ku dhintay suuqa, kadib markii FBI ay aqoonsatay iyadoo adeegsanaysa baaritaan sayniseed ([Wikipedia, Hassan Abdi Dhuhulow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Abdi_Dhuhulow)). ## Kulliyadda Jaamacadda Gaarisa, 2 Abriil 2015 Niman hubeysan ayaa qiyaastii 5:30 subaxnimo weeraray Kulliyadda Jaamacadda Gaarisa (Garissa University College) ee waqooyi-bari Kenya, waxayna saacado badan afduub ku hayeen ardayda iyo shaqaalaha. Markii habeenku dhacay dowladdu waxay xaqiijisay 147 qof oo dhintay, waxayna sheegtay in ciidamada ammaanku dileen afartii nin ee hubeysnaa oo dhan; ilo deegaanka ah ayaa maalintii xigtay sheegtay in tiradu tahay 170. Warbaahintu waxay sheegtay in weerarayaashu si gaar ah u beegsadeen ardayda Masiixiyiinta ah. Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay weerarka. Leslie Lefkow oo ka tirsan Human Rights Watch ayaa ku tilmaantay "weerar foolxun oo lagu qaaday arday" (tarjumaad), waxayna ku boorisay Kenya inay "hubiso jawaab sharci ah oo waafaqsan xuquuqda aadanaha" (tarjumaad) ([Human Rights Watch, 3 Abriil 2015](https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/03/kenya-least-147-dead-heinous-garissa-attack)). ## DusitD2, Nairobi, 15 Janaayo 2019 Shan weerarayaal ah ayaa weeraray xarunta xafiisyada ee ku taal 14 Riverside Drive ee Nairobi, oo ay ku jirto hoteelka DusitD2. Mid ka mid ah ayaa isku qarxiyay meel maqaayad ka baxsan, kuwii kalena waxay xafiisyada iyo hoteelka ku dhex socdeen iyagoo wata qoryo iyo bambooyin gacmeed. 21 qof ayaa la dilay, ugu yaraan 28 kalena waa dhaawacmeen; go'doomintu waxay dhammaatay subaxdii xigtay, iyadoo qiyaastii 700 qof la badbaadiyay. Al-Shabaab waxay weerarka ku sheegatay war ay ku xirtay go'aankii Mareykanka ee uu Qudus (Jerusalem) ugu aqoonsaday caasimadda Israa'iil. Cilmi-baarayaal ka tirsan Combating Terrorism Center ee West Point ayaa qoray in uu ahaa qaraxii ismiidaamin ee ugu horreeyay ee al-Shabaab si guul ah uga fulisay Kenya, iyo weerarkeedii ugu weynaa ee ugu horreeyay ee halkaas ay inta badan fuliyeen Kenyan aan Soomaali ahayn ([Matt Bryden iyo Premdeep Bahra, *CTC Sentinel*, Luulyo 2019](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/?p=46200)). Unugga hore ee al-Qaacida ee Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan qaraxyadii safaaradaha 1998 iyo dilalkii hoggaamiyeyaashiisa lagu dilay Soomaaliya 2009 iyo 2011, waxaa looga hadlay [Unugga al-Qaacida ee Bariga Afrika iyo Soomaaliya, 1998 ilaa 2011](/so/history/al-qaeda-east-africa-cell-somalia/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Dhimashada Kampala.** 74 (Al Jazeera); warbixinnadii hore waxay sheegeen tiro ka yar, qaar ka mid ah falanqayntii dambena 76. - **Dhimashada Westgate.** 67 sida ay dowladda Kenya tirisay; ugu yaraan 70 (Council on Foreign Relations); wadarro dambe oo ah 72 oo ay ku jiraan weerarayaashii. - **Dhimashada Gaarisa.** 147 (dowladda, 2 Abriil 2015), 148 tirinno dambe (Wikipedia), ama 170 (il deegaanka ah oo Human Rights Watch soo xigatay). - **Sababta al-Shabaab ay u sheegtay weerarka DusitD2.** Kooxdu waxay soo qaadatay Qudus; qorayaasha *CTC Sentinel* waxay ku doodeen in weerarka la qorsheeyay waqti dheer ka hor go'aankaas. ## Adiga akhri ilaha asalka ah - Human Rights Watch, "Kenya: At least 147 dead in heinous Garissa attack" (Kenya: ugu yaraan 147 ayaa ku dhintay weerarkii foolxumaa ee Gaarisa) (2015): [bayaanka](https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/03/kenya-least-147-dead-heinous-garissa-attack). - Matt Bryden iyo Premdeep Bahra, "East Africa's Terrorist Triple Helix", *CTC Sentinel* (2019): [maqaalka](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/?p=46200). --- # Weerarkii qaraxa ee kolonyada madaxweynaha ee Muqdisho, 18 Maarso 2025 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/attack-on-president-convoy-mogadishu-2025/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Talaadadii 18 Maarso 2025 bambo ayaa ka qarxday meel u dhow qasriga madaxtooyada ee Muqdisho, xilli kolonyada Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ay u ambabaxday garoonka diyaaradaha, iyadoo u socotay safka hore ee dagaalka ee Shabeellaha Dhexe. Madaxweynaha waxba kuma noqon. Al-Shabaab waxay sheegtay in dagaalyahannadeedu beegsadeen kolonyada. Weriye ka tirsan Reuters ayaa goobta ku arkay afar meyd; tirooyinkii dambe way ka badnaayeen. Waxaa ka mid ahaa dadkii dhintay weriye Maxamed Abuukar Dabashe, booliskuna wuxuu weerarka ka dib muddo kooban xiray in ka badan 20 weriye. ## Kooban 18 Maarso 2025, intii lagu jiray weerar-celintii [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) ee Shabeellaha Dhexe (Middle Shabelle), bambo ayaa ka qarxday meel ku dhow kolonyada Madaxweyne [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud (Hassan Sheikh Mohamud)](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) ee Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Boggan wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa weerarka sida ay ilaha u wariyeen. Dagaalladii ku xeernaa waxaa looga hadlay [Howlgalkii ka dhanka ahaa al-Shabaab, 2022 ilaa 2025](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/). ## Weerarka Wakaaladda Associated Press waxay wariysay in bambo dhinaca waddada lagu dhigay ay ka qarxday meel u dhow qasriga madaxtooyada Talaadadii 18 Maarso, isla markii madaxweynaha laga soo saaray xarunta madaxtooyada isagoo saaran kolonyo u socotay garoonka diyaaradaha ee ugu weyn. Wuxuu u socday Shabeellaha Dhexe si uu u kormeero howlgallada militari ee ka dhanka ah al-Shabaab, waxbana kuma noqon. Wasaaradda Warfaafintu waxay qaraxa ku tilmaantay "fal fulaynimo iyo quus ka dhashay" (tarjumaad) ([*The Week*, PTI/AP, 19 Maarso 2025](https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2025/03/19/fgn3-somalia-roadside-bomb.html)). The Media Line waxay sheegtay in qaraxu ka dhacay degmada Xamar Jajab (Hamar-Jajab), qalabkana lagu dhex dhigay dhisme waddada ku yaal ([The Media Line, 19 Maarso 2025](https://themedialine.org/mideast-daily-news/somalia-and-african-union-condemn-terrorist-attack-on-presidents-convoy)). Al-Shabaab waxay bayaan ay soo dhigtay kanaalkeeda Telegram ku tiri: "Dagaalyahannadayadu waxay beegsadeen kolonyo gaadiid ah oo sidday Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud markii ay ka soo baxayeen qasriga madaxtooyada." (tarjumaad) Reuters waxay wariysay in saacado ka dib warbaahinta dowladdu ay muujisay madaxweynaha oo jooga degmada Aadan Yabaal, oo ka tirsan Shabeellaha Dhexe, uuna ahaa weerarkii ugu horreeyay ee si toos ah loogu beegsado tan iyo 2014, xilligii muddo-xileedkiisii koowaad ([Reuters, Yahoo News, 18 Maarso 2025](https://www.yahoo.com/news/somali-militants-target-presidential-convoy-142207941.html)). ## Dadkii dhintay iyo weriyeyaasha Weriye ka tirsan Reuters ayaa arkay meydadka afar qof oo ku ag yaallay qasriga (Reuters, 2025). Goobjoogayaal ay soo xigatay Associated Press ayaa tiriyay laba ama saddex (*The Week*, 2025). Wikipedia, oo ku tiirsan warbixinno dambe, waxay sheegtay ugu yaraan 10 qof oo dhintay, toddoba ka mid ahna ay ahaayeen ciidamada ammaanka, iyo 20 dhaawac ah ([Wikipedia, Attempted assassination of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud)). Guddiga Difaaca Saxafiyiinta (CPJ) wuxuu wariyay in la dilay weriye Maxamed Abuukar Dabashe (Mohamed Abukar Dabashe); meydkiisa waxaa laga helay dhisme burburay oo u dhow goobta. Wuxuu sheegay in boolis hubeysan ay weerareen xafiisyada Risaala Media Corporation qiyaastii 20 daqiiqo kadib markii ay baahisay muuqaallo goobta laga duubay, ayna amreen in kanaalladeeda la damiyo, weriyeyaasheedana ay hayeen qiyaastii laba saacadood, iyo in ugu yaraan 17 weriye oo kale goobta lagu xiray muddo kooban. Af-hayeen u hadlay booliska ayaa hay'adda u sheegay in aan cidna la xirin, saraakiishuna ay hubinayeen aqoonsiga weriyeyaasha ([CPJ, Maarso 2025](https://cpj.org/2025/03/somali-journalist-killed-in-al-shabaab-bombing-at-least-22-others-arrested-for-reporting-attack/)). ## Falcelinta Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Midowga Afrika, Maxamuud Cali Yuusuf (Mahmoud Ali Youssouf), ayaa qaraxa ku tilmaamay "isku day quus ka dhashay" (tarjumaad) oo al-Shabaab ay ku doonayso inay ku wiiqdo hoggaanka Soomaaliya (The Media Line, 2025). Safaaradda Ingiriiska ee Muqdisho waxay tiri: "Boqortooyada Midowday weli waa lammaane adag oo la taagan dowladda Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad) (*The Week*, 2025). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Dhimashada.** Afar meyd oo Reuters arkay; laba ama saddex oo goobjoogayaal tiriyeen (AP); ugu yaraan 10 sida ay tahay wadarta dambe ee Wikipedia. - **Weriyeyaasha la xiray.** Ugu yaraan 22 sida uu CPJ tiriyay; booliska wuxuu sheegay in aan cidna la xirin (CPJ). ## Adiga akhri ilaha asalka ah - Committee to Protect Journalists (Guddiga Difaaca Saxafiyiinta), "Somali journalist killed in Al-Shabaab bombing, at least 22 others arrested for reporting attack" (Weriye Soomaaliyeed ayaa lagu dilay qarax al-Shabaab, ugu yaraan 22 kale ayaa loo xiray tebinta weerarka) (2025): [maqaalka](https://cpj.org/2025/03/somali-journalist-killed-in-al-shabaab-bombing-at-least-22-others-arrested-for-reporting-attack/). - Reuters, "Somali militants target presidential convoy in bomb attack, president safe" (Dagaalyahanno Soomaaliyeed ayaa qarax ku beegsaday kolonyada madaxweynaha, madaxweynuhu waa nabad qabaa) (2025): [maqaalka](https://www.yahoo.com/news/somali-militants-target-presidential-convoy-142207941.html). --- # Yuhuudda Soomaaliya iyo Soomaaliland: waxa diiwaannadu sheegayaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/jews-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Tiro yar oo ganacsato Yuhuud ah, oo intooda badan ka yimid Yemen, ayaa ku noolaa magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida dabayaaqadii 1800-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1900-meeyadii. Agoosto 1949 wakaaladda wararka Jewish Telegraphic Agency ayaa, iyadoo ku saleysan macluumaad ka yimid Shirweynaha Yuhuudda Adduunka (World Jewish Congress), sheegtay in aan Yuhuud ku harin Soomaalida Talyaaniga iyo Soomaalida Ingiriiska, iyo in ku dhawaad bulshadii Soomaalida Faransiiska oo dhan u guurtay Israa'iil. Qorayaal qaar ayaa Yibirka, oo ah koox laga tirada badan yahay oo Soomaali ah, ku xiray asal Yuhuudeed, laakiin daraasadda cilmiyeed ee ugu weyn ee Yibirka ku saabsan waxay sheegtay in abtirsiin Yuhuudeed aysan u badnayn. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku waxay sheegtaa in tirada Yuhuudda Soomaaliya maanta aan la garanayn. ## Kooban "Macluumaad uu helay waaxda abaabulka ee Shirweynaha Yuhuudda Adduunka (World Jewish Congress)" ayaa muujiyay in "aan Yuhuud ku harin Soomaalida Talyaaniga iyo Soomaalida Ingiriiska" (tarjumaad), sida ay sheegtay wakaaladda Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) 15 Agoosto 1949. Ku dhawaad dhammaan Yuhuuddii Soomaalida Faransiiska (Jabuuti) waxay u guureen Israa'iil, saddex qofna waxay ku hareen Jabuuti si ay u dhammeeyaan arrimaha bulshada ([JTA, "Only Three Jews Remain in Somaliland", 15 Agoosto 1949](https://www.jta.org/archive/only-three-jews-remain-in-somaliland-all-other-members-of-community-went-to-israel)). Diimaha kale ee Soomaaliya, eeg [diinta Soomaaliya oo tirooyin ah](/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/) iyo [Masiixiyiinta iyo hay'adaha diinta faafiya](/so/society/christians-and-missions-in-somalia/). ## Ganacsatada xeebta Ganacsato Yuhuud ah oo Yemen ka yimid ayaa laga soo sheegay magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida laga bilaabo 1880-meeyadii. Maqaalka Wikipedia wuxuu magacaabaa Berbera, Saylac (Zeila) iyo Baraawe (Brava), laakiin tirooyinkiisa waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay inay u baahan yihiin il ([Wikipedia, "History of the Jews in Somalia"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Somalia)). Eeg [Soomaalida Ingiriiska (British Somaliland)](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/) iyo [badmaaxiintii Soomaaliyeed iyo muhaajiriintii hore](/en/diaspora/somali-seamen-and-early-migrants/). ## 1949: u guurista Israa'iil Warbixintii JTA ee 1949 waxay sheegtay in Yuhuuddii ku hartay gobolka ay u guureen Israa'iil. Mid ka mid ah saddexdii weli joogay Jabuuti ayaa warqad u qoray Shirweynaha Yuhuudda Adduunka, isagoo codsanaya lacag uu ku bixiyo canshuuraha, khidmadaha iyo deymaha si ay ugu biiraan qoysaskooda halkaas jooga ([JTA, 1949](https://www.jta.org/archive/only-three-jews-remain-in-somaliland-all-other-members-of-community-went-to-israel)). ## Su'aasha Yibirka Yibirka (sidoo kale Yibro) waa koox yar oo Soomaaliyeed oo laga tirada badan yahay, oo dhaqan ahaan loo yaqaannay dhakhaatiir dhaqameed (daaweeyayaal), lagana tiriyo kooxaha Gabooye ([EUAA, *Country Focus: Somalia*, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/). - **Asal Yuhuudeed oo la sheego.** Warar qaar ayaa Yibirka ku xira asal Yuhuudeed; Wikipedia way soo xigataa sheegashadan, laakiin waxay ku calaamadaysaa mid aan il lahayn. - **Daraasadda ugu weyn.** Daraasadda Christian Bader, *Les Yibro: Mages somali. Les juifs oubliés de la corne de l'Afrique* (Paris, 2000), waxay ku soo gabagabaysay in Yibirku yihiin "improbables descendants de Juifs", oo macnaheedu yahay farcan Yuhuud ah oo aan u badnayn (tarjumaad) (sida Wikipedia soo xigatay). - **Sheekadooda.** 2000, hoggaamiye Yibir ah, Axmed Jaamac Xirsi (Ahmed Jama Hersi), ayaa wargeyska *New York Times* uga sheekeeyay taariikh afka laga sheego oo ah inay yimaadeen iyagoo macallimiin Carabi ku hadla ah in ka badan 1,000 sano ka hor, isagoo aan sheegan abtirsiin Yuhuudeed ([Ian Fisher, "Djibouti Journal; Somalia's 'Hebrews' See a Better Day", *New York Times*, 15 Agoosto 2000](https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/15/world/djibouti-journal-somalia-s-hebrews-see-a-better-day.html)). ## Maanta Warbixinta xorriyadda diinta ee 2023 ee Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka waxay Soomaaliya ku sheegtaa "tiro aan la garanayn oo Hinduu ah, Budhiisto ah, Yuhuud ah iyo dad aan diin lahayn" (tarjumaad) ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, *International Religious Freedom Report 2023*](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Israa'iil waxay aqoonsatay Dowladda Soomaaliland (State of Somaliland) intii lagu jiray shantii maalmood ee xorriyaddeeda Juun 1960, waxayna mar kale aqoonsatay Soomaaliland 26 Diseembar 2025. Eeg [Dowladda Soomaaliland, 1960](/en/states/state-of-somaliland-1960/) iyo [Soomaaliya iyo Soomaaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Yibirka,** oo ahaan koox laga tirada badan yahay ay la kulmeen takoorid; eeg [bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Asalka Yibirka.** Qorayaal qaar ayaa sheegta asal Yuhuudeed; daraasadda Bader waxay sheegtay inaysan u badnayn, hoggaamiye Yibir ahna wuxuu 2000 bixiyay taariikh afka laga sheego oo ka duwan. - **Inta Yuhuud ah ee ku noolaa dhulalka Soomaalida.** Halkan laguma xirin tiro tirakoob. Qiyaasaha Wikipedia ee ah 100–200 ganacsato horraantii 1900-meeyadii il ma laha. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Jewish Telegraphic Agency, "Only Three Jews Remain in Somaliland; All Other Members of Community Went to Israel", 15 Agoosto 1949: [maqaalka](https://www.jta.org/archive/only-three-jews-remain-in-somaliland-all-other-members-of-community-went-to-israel). - Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, *International Religious Freedom Report 2023*: Soomaaliya: [qoraalka](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html). --- # Weerarradii al-Shabaab xilligii doorashooyinka 2022: Beledweyne iyo Muqdisho Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/beledweyne-mogadishu-attacks-2022/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Intii ay socdeen doorashooyinkii dadban ee baarlamaanka Soomaaliya horraantii 2022, al-Shabaab waxay weerarro ka geysatay Beledweyne iyo Muqdisho (Mogadishu). 19 Febraayo 2022 nin is-miidaamiyay ayaa ku qarxay maqaayad Beledweyne ah oo ay ku badnaayeen saraakiil iyo siyaasiyiin, wuxuuna dilay ugu yaraan 13 qof. 23 Maarso 2022 rag hubaysan ayaa weeraray aagga u dhow garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho, habeenkaasna laba qarax oo Beledweyne ka dhacay ayaa dilay xildhibaan Aamina Maxamed Cabdi iyo dad kale oo tobanaan ah, iyadoo tirada dhimashada lagu sheegay in ka badan 30 ilaa 48. Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay weerarrada. ## Si kooban Golaha Shacabka Soomaaliya waxaa 2021–2022 doortay ergooyin, oo ay ku jiraan odayaasha beelaha, ka hor inta aysan xildhibaannadu dooran madaxweynaha Maajo 2022 (eeg [Doorashadii madaxtooyada Soomaaliya, 2022](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-2022/) iyo [Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/)). Intii codbixintu socotay, [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) waxay weerartay Beledweyne, oo ah magaalada ugu weyn ee [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/), iyo aagga garoonka diyaaradaha ee Muqdisho. Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa weerarradaas sida ay ilaha u soo tebiyeen. ## Beledweyne, 19 Febraayo 2022 Sabti, 19 Febraayo 2022, oo ahayd maalin ka hor wareegii koowaad ee codbixinta kuraasta baarlamaanka ee Beledweyne, nin is-miidaamiyay ayaa walxo qarxa ku qarxiyay maqaayadda Xasan Dhiif (Hassan Dhiif), oo ay ku badnaayeen saraakiisha deegaanka iyo siyaasiyiin qado cunayay. Ugu yaraan 13 qof ayaa la dilay, badankood dad rayid ah, 20 kalena waa la dhaawacay; laba ku-xigeen guddoomiyeyaasha degmada ah ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii dhintay. Sarkaal booliis ah, Maxamuud Xasan (Mohamud Hassan), ayaa yiri: "Kani waa weerarkii ugu dhimashada badnaa ee aan xasuusto magaaladan." (tarjumaad) Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay weerarka, sida uu sheegay SITE Intelligence ([Al Jazeera, 19 Febraayo 2022](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/19/at-least-13-killed-by-suicide-bomber-in-central-somalia)). Wikipedia waxay bixisaa tiro dambe oo ah 14 qof oo dhintay ([Wikipedia, qaraxii Beledweyne ee Febraayo 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2022_Beledweyne_bombing)). Qaramada Midoobay (QM) waxay tirada dhimashada ku sheegtay "ugu yaraan 18 qof, oo ay ku jiraan saraakiil dowladeed" (tarjumaad), waxayna sheegtay in qaraxu dhacay "iyadoo uu socday kulan olole oo ay lahaayeen ergada doorashada iyo saraakiil kale" (tarjumaad) ([S/2022/392, faqradda 17](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/392&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho, 23 Maarso 2022 Arbaco, 23 Maarso 2022, ciidamada ammaanku waxay toogteen laba nin oo hubaysan oo isku dayay inay soo galaan aagga si adag loo ilaaliyo ee u dhow garoonka diyaaradaha ee ugu weyn Muqdisho, kaas oo ay ku yaallaan QM, hay'adaha gargaarka, safaaradaha shisheeye iyo xarunta [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/). Saddex qof ayaa la dilay: askari booliis ah, askari AMISOM ah iyo qof rayid ah. Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay weerarka ([Arab News, AFP, 24 Maarso 2022](https://www.arabnews.com/news/more-than-30-killed-in-twin-attacks-in-somalia-2049716)). Warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay: "Muqdisho 23 Maarso, koox dagaalyahanno al-Shabaab ah oo hubaysan oo ku lebbisnaa dirays ciidan ayaa si qarsoodi ah u soo galay aagga Garoonka Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Aadan Cadde (Aden Adde), waxayna weerareen xarunta shirkadda SafeLane Global." (tarjumaad) Weerarku wuxuu "sababay shan qof oo dhinta, oo ay ku jiraan saddex shaqaale caalami ah oo SafeLane ka tirsan iyo hal sarkaal booliis Soomaali ah" (tarjumaad). Laba weeraray ayaa la dilay, al-Shabaabna waxay intii weerarku socday lix madfac oo hoobiye ah ku gantay aagga garoonka, iyadoon cid ku dhimanin ama ku dhaawacmin ([S/2022/392, faqradda 14](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/392&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Beledweyne, 23 Maarso 2022 Habeenkaas, Beledweyne, nin is-miidaamiyay ayaa dilay laba xildhibaan oo deegaanka ah, oo ay ka mid ahayd Aamina Maxamed Cabdi (Amina Mohamed Abdi), xildhibaan baarlamaanka ka tirsanayd oo u ololaynaysay in dib loo doorto, iyo dhowr ka mid ah ilaaladeeda. Daqiiqado kadib, gaari walxaha qarxa laga buuxiyay ayaa ka qarxay meel ka baxsan isbitaalka ugu weyn magaalada, halkaas oo loo qaadayay dadkii dhaawacmay. Taliyaha booliska degmada, Gaashaanle sare Isaaq Cali Cabdulle (Isak Ali Abdulle), ayaa sheegay in qaraxa labaad oo keliya lagu dilay in ka badan 30 qof, iyo in weerarayaashu ay "diyaariyeen gaari walxaha qarxa laga buuxiyay oo hor yaal isbitaal si ay u sii badiyaan khasaaraha." (tarjumaad) Al-Shabaab waxay sheegtay inay beegsatay siyaasiyiinta ku tartamaya doorashooyinka. Safiirka Ingiriiska, Katie Foster, ayaa cambaareysay adeegsiga rabshadaha "si loo cabsi geliyo loona carqaladeeyo doorashooyinka" (tarjumaad) (Arab News, AFP, 2022). Ra'iisul Wasaare [Maxamed Xuseen Rooble (Mohamed Hussein Roble)](/en/people/mohamed-hussein-roble/) iyo Madaxweyne [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo (Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo)](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/) ayaa cambaareeyay weerarrada ([Wikipedia, weerarradii Soomaaliya ee Maarso 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2022_Somalia_attacks)). Warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay: "23 Maarso, walxo qarxa oo uu qof sitay ayaa ka qarxay meel u dhow xarunta maamulka Hiiraan iyadoo ay socdeen hawlaha doorashada. Qaraxaas waxaa ku xigay weerar gaari walxo qarxa laga buuxiyay, kaas oo ku dhacay dadkii gurmadka ee dhaawacyada u qaadayay xarumaha caafimaadka. Maamulka dowlad goboleedka ayaa sheegay in la dilay 50 qof, oo ay ku jirto xildhibaanad ka tirsan baarlamaanka, Aamina Maxamed Cabdi, 106 kalena ay dhaawacmeen" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2022/392, faqradda 19](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/392&l=en&t=pdf)). "Shabaab waxay si degdeg ah u sheegatay qaraxyadii is-miidaaminta" (tarjumaad) ([Long War Journal, 24 Maarso 2022](https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/03/shabaab-kills-dozens-in-twin-suicide-bombings-targeting-somalias-election-process.php)). Beledweyne waxay ahayd goobta labaad ee codbixinta Hirshabeelle (Hirshabelle). Kadib xiisad u dhaxaysay maamulka dowlad goboleedka iyo beesha Xawaadle (Hawadle), codbixintu halkaas waxay ka bilaabatay 20 Febraayo. 20 Maarso, saddex maalmood ka hor qaraxyada, madaxweynaha dowlad goboleedka, Cali Cabdullaahi Xuseen "Guudlaawe" (Ali Abdullahi Hussein "Gudlawe"), ayaa beddelay guddoomiyaha guddiga doorashada ee dowlad goboleedka kadib "cabashooyin ka yimid odayaasha beelaha iyo musharraxiinta mucaaradka oo ku saabsanaa daah-furnaan la'aan" (tarjumaad) (S/2022/392, faqradda 4). Dilkii Aamina Maxamed Cabdi kadib, "musharraxiinta haweenka ah waxay muujiyeen walaac ku saabsan badqabkooda iyo ammaankooda shakhsiyeed" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas, faqradda 26). ## Weerarro kale oo lagu qaaday doorashada, Febraayo ilaa Abriil 2022 QM waxay qortay in "dardargelinta hannaanka doorashada ay keentay weerarro al-Shabaab oo kordhay, gaar ahaan goobaha ay ka dhacayeen doorashooyinka baarlamaanku" (tarjumaad) ([S/2022/392, faqradaha 15–19](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/392&l=en&t=pdf)): - **9 Febraayo, Baraawe (Barawa).** Madaafiic loo beegay goob codbixineed ayaa ku dhacay xaafad la deggan yahay, waxayna dileen afar qof oo rayid ah. - **10 Febraayo, Muqdisho.** Nin is-miidaamiyay ayaa beegsaday bas ay saarnaayeen ergada doorashada ee Soomaaliland, degmada Xamar Weyne. Baskii lama gaarin; shan qof oo agagaarka joogay ayaa la dilay. - **19 Febraayo, Boosaaso (Bosaso).** Qarax ka dhacay maqaayad shaah, oo "la sheegay inuu beegsanayay odayaal ku lug leh hannaanka doorashada" (tarjumaad), ayaa dilay afar qof. Laba maalmood kadib miino dhinaca waddada lagu xiray ayaa ku dhacday kolonyada madaxweynaha Puntland, Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni (Said Abdullahi Deni); isaga waxba ma noqon, laba askarina waa la dilay. - **14 Abriil, Muqdisho.** Madaafiic ayaa ku dhacay meel u dhow hangarka Ciidamada Cirka Soomaaliyeed ee garoonka diyaaradaha, xilli ay socotay dhaarinta xildhibaannada cusub ee baarlamaanka. Hal ilaalo ayaa wax yar ku dhaawacmay. Eeg [dagaalka ka dhanka ah al-Shabaab tan iyo 2009](/so/history/somali-civil-war-2009-present/) iyo [qaraxyadii ugu dhimashada badnaa Muqdisho](/so/history/mogadishu-bombings-2017-2022/). ## Yaa waxyeelloobay? - **Dadka Beledweyne,** oo ay ku jiraan dhaawacyada iyo kuwii isbitaalka u qaadayay: 50 dhimasho iyo 106 dhaawac sida uu tiriyay maamulku (S/2022/392). - **Aamina Maxamed Cabdi,** xildhibaan xilka haysay oo dib isu sharraxday, iyo musharrax kale oo baarlamaanka (S/2022/392; Long War Journal). - **Shaqaalaha aagga garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho:** saddex shaqaale shisheeye oo SafeLane Global ka tirsan iyo sarkaal booliis Soomaali ah ayaa ka mid ahaa shanta dhimatay (S/2022/392). - **Musharraxiinta haweenka ah,** oo dilka kadib muujiyay cabsi ku saabsan badqabkooda (S/2022/392, faqradda 26). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Dhimashada 19 Febraayo.** Ugu yaraan 13 (Al Jazeera, oo soo xiganaysa telefishinka dowladda); 14 tirooyinkii dambe (Wikipedia); ugu yaraan 18 (QM, S/2022/392). - **Dhimashada Beledweyne 23 Maarso.** In ka badan 30 (booliska, iyadoo AFP sheegtay, maalintii xigtay); ugu yaraan 48 qof oo dhintay iyo 108 dhaawac qiyaastii dambe ee mas'uuliyiinta (Wikipedia); ugu yaraan 48 (Long War Journal); 50 dhimasho iyo 106 dhaawac sida uu tiriyay maamulka Hiiraan (QM, S/2022/392). - **Dhimashada garoonka diyaaradaha.** Saddex iyo laba weeraray (AFP); shan iyo laba weeraray (Wikipedia iyo QM, S/2022/392). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixin ku saabsan Soomaaliya, S/2022/392 (13 Maajo 2022), faqradaha 4, 14–19 iyo 26: [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/392&l=en&t=pdf). - Caleb Weiss iyo Andrew Tobin, "Shabaab kills dozens in twin suicide bombings targeting Somalia's election process" (Shabaab waxay tobanaan ku dishay laba qarax is-miidaamin oo lagu beegsaday hannaanka doorashada Soomaaliya), *Long War Journal*, 24 Maarso 2022: [maqaalka](https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/03/shabaab-kills-dozens-in-twin-suicide-bombings-targeting-somalias-election-process.php). - Al Jazeera, "At least 13 killed by suicide bomber in central Somalia" (Ugu yaraan 13 qof ayaa ku dhintay qarax is-miidaamin oo ka dhacay bartamaha Soomaaliya) (2022): [maqaalka](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/19/at-least-13-killed-by-suicide-bomber-in-central-somalia). - AFP oo ay faafisay Arab News, "More than 30 killed in twin attacks in Somalia" (In ka badan 30 qof ayaa lagu dilay laba weerar oo Soomaaliya ka dhacay) (2022): [maqaalka](https://www.arabnews.com/news/more-than-30-killed-in-twin-attacks-in-somalia-2049716). --- # Weerarkii Faransiiska ee Buulo Mareer, Janaayo 2013 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/bulo-marer-raid-2013/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Waaberigii 12 Janaayo 2013 kumaandoos ka tirsan hay'adda sirdoonka Faransiiska ee DGSE ayaa weerar ku qaaday Buulo Mareer (Bulo Marer), oo qiyaastii 110 km koonfur ka xigta Muqdisho, si ay u soo furtaan Denis Allex, sarkaal sirdoon oo Faransiis ah oo al-Shabaab haysay tan iyo Luulyo 2009. Weerarku ma soo furan. Faransiiska wuxuu sheegay in laba ka mid ah askartiisa iyo rahiinka la dilay; saraakiisha Soomaaliyeed iyo al-Shabaab waxay sheegeen tirooyin kala duwan oo dagaalyahanno iyo dad rayid ah. Al-Shabaab waxay 16 Janaayo ku dhawaaqday inay dishay Allex. Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya waxay cambaareysay weerarka, iyadoo ku tilmaantay mid hal dhinac ah. ## Si kooban Buulo Mareer (Bulo Marer) waa magaalo ku taal [Shabeellaha Hoose](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) oo 2013 ay gacanta ku haysay [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa isku daygii Faransiiska ee halkaas looga soo furanayay rahiin, sida ay ilaha u sheegaan. Ciidamada kale ee shisheeye waxaa lagu sheegay [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Afduubka, 2009 Denis Allex iyo saaxiibkiis Marc Aubrière, oo labaduba ahaa saraakiil sirdoon oo Faransiis ah, waxaa al-Shabaab ku afduubtay Muqdisho (Mogadishu) Luulyo 2009. Aubrière wuxuu baxsaday bil kadib ([Al Jazeera, 13 Janaayo 2013](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/1/13/france-confirms-failed-somali-hostage-rescue)). ## Weerarka, 12 Janaayo 2013 Hay'adda sirdoonka Faransiiska ee DGSE ayaa weerarka ku qaaday helikobtarro. Axmed Cumar Maxamed (Ahmed Omar Mohamed), oo ah sarkaal gobolka Shabeellaha Hoose ka tirsan, wuxuu yiri: "Helikobtarro ayaa al-Shabaab weerar ku qaaday saacaddu markay ahayd 2.00 habeennimo, waqtiga deegaanka, saakay." Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga Jean-Yves Le Drian wuxuu yiri: "Wax kasta oo muuqda waxay tilmaamayaan in (Allex) ay dileen kuwii haystay," wuxuuna eedda saaray "madax-adaygga argagixisada". Madaxweyne François Hollande wuxuu sheegay in howlgalku "xaqiijinayo go'aanka Faransiiska ee ah inaanu u hoggaansamin baad-dhigista argagixisada." Al-Shabaab waxay sheegtay in Allex nool yahay oo uu ka fog yahay goobta dagaalka, inay haystaan askari Faransiis ah oo dhaawacan, iyo in helikobtarrada Faransiisku ay si aan kala sooc lahayn wax u duqeeyeen (Al Jazeera, 2013). Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay in qiyaastii 50 kumaandoos oo DGSE ah ay ka qayb galeen; in duulimaadyo sahan oo Mareykan ah oo ka ambabaxay Jabuuti (Djibouti) ay gacan ka geysteen helitaanka meesha Allex ku jiray; iyo in Madaxweyne Barack Obama uu u sheegay Koongareeska in diyaarado Mareykan ah ay galeen hawada Soomaaliya si ay taageero xaddidan ugu fidiyaan weerarka, balse aysan hub isticmaalin ([Wikipedia, Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt)). Eeg [Howlgallada badda ee xeebaha Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/naval-missions-off-somalia/) si aad wax uga ogaato Camp Lemonnier. ## Dhimashadii Allex iyo jawaabihii 16 Janaayo 2013 al-Shabaab waxay ku dhawaaqday inay "gaartay go'aan ay dhammaan isku raaceen" oo ah in Allex la dilo, iyo in la dilay, iyadoo sheegtay in Faransiisku "si ikhtiyaar ah ugu saxiixay xukunka dilka Allex" markuu isku dayay inuu soo furto. Saraakiisha Faransiisku waxay ku adkaysteen in la dilay intii weerarku socday ([Bill Roggio, *Long War Journal*, Janaayo 2013](https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/01/shabaab_executes_fre.php)). 13 Janaayo Dowladda Federaalku waxay cambaareysay howlgalka, iyadoo ku tilmaantay mid hal dhinac ah oo la fuliyay iyadoon ay ogeyn ama oggolaansho ka bixin maamulka Soomaaliyeed (Wikipedia). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Faransiiskii dhintay.** Le Drian wuxuu markii hore sheegay laba askari oo la dilay; Al Jazeera waxay maalinta xigtay sheegtay mid la dilay iyo mid la la'yahay; Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay laba la dilay iyo saddexaad oo la rumaysan yahay in la dilay. - **Dadka rayidka ah ee dhintay.** Laba, sida uu sheegay sarkaal Soomaaliyeed; in ka badan 10, sida uu sheegay afhayeenka al-Shabaab Cali Maxamuud Raage (Ali Mahmoud Rage) (Al Jazeera); ugu yaraan siddeed, sida ay Wikipedia tirisay. Wikipedia waxay kaloo soo xigatay warbixin ka timid sarkaal DGSE ah, iyo sheegasho ka weyn oo uu bixiyay saxafiga Vincent Nouzille, oo ah in kumaandooska ay dileen dad rayid ah intii ay u socdeen goobta. - **Al-Shabaabkii dhintay.** Qiyaastii 17 (Al Jazeera). - **Goorta uu Allex dhintay.** Intii weerarku socday (Faransiiska); kadib weerarka (al-Shabaab). ## Adigu akhri ilaha asalka ah - Al Jazeera, "France confirms failed Somali hostage rescue" (Faransiiska oo xaqiijiyay in isku daygii rahiinka Soomaaliya laga soo furanayay uusan dhicin) (2013): [maqaalka](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/1/13/france-confirms-failed-somali-hostage-rescue). - Bill Roggio, "Shabaab executes French hostage Denis Allex" (Shabaab oo dishay rahiinka Faransiiska ah ee Denis Allex), *Long War Journal* (2013): [maqaalka](https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/01/shabaab_executes_fre.php). --- # Xilligii dowladda rayidka, 1960–1969 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga bilaabo midowgii 1 Luulyo 1960 ilaa afgambigii Oktoobar 1969, Soomaaliya waxay ahayd dimuqraadiyad rayid ah oo qabatay doorashooyin, dowladahana si nabad ah isugu wareejisay. Waxay isku keentay laba nidaam gumeysi oo kala duwan, waxay khilaaf la gashay deriskeeda, xisbiyaduna way bateen ilaa 64 ay u tartameen 1969. ## Taxanaha dhacdooyinka - **26 Juun / 1 Luulyo 1960.** Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska (xor 26 Juun) iyo Soomaaliyadii Talyaanigu maamulayay (1 Luulyo) waxay u midoobeen Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Labada qaybood waxay sii hayeen nidaamyo maamul, sharci iyo waxbarasho, luqado, boolis, canshuur iyo lacag kala duwan; guddi la-tashi QM oo isku-dhafka ah (Paolo Contini) ayaa loo sameeyay inuu isku daro. **Dhinacyada:** SYL; SNL; QM. Isha: [S1](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm) - **Juun 1961.** Aftida dastuurka: koonfurta "si aad ah ayaa loo ansixiyay", waqooyiga taageeradu waxay ka hoosaysay 50%. **Dhinacyada:** codbixiyeyaasha waqooyiga; dowladda SYL. Isha: [S1](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm) - **Diseembar 1961.** Saraakiil yaryar oo waqooyi ah oo Ingiriisku tababaray ayaa ka kacay saraakiil sare oo koonfur ah (Talyaanigu tababaray) oo dushooda la dhigay; hoggaamiyeyaashii waxay ku baaqeen kala go'; saraakiil hoose oo waqooyi ah ayaa xiray. **Dhinacyada:** saraakiisha waqooyiga; ciidanka qaranka. Isha: [S1](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm) - **1961.** Ararta dastuurku waxay ballan qaadaysaa in dhulalka Soomaalida oo dhan la mideeyo "si sharci iyo nabad ah" (Soomaaliweyn). **Dhinacyada:** dowladda; xisbiyada Soomaaliweyn. Isha: [S2](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm) - **Maajo 1962.** Garab SYL ka mid ah oo inta badan Hawiye ah ayaa ku biiray Golaha Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNC) oo cusub. **Dhinacyada:** SYL; SNC. Isha: [S1](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm) - **Maarso 1963.** Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay Ingiriiska arrinta NFD ([Hansard, 3 Abriil 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)); gargaarka militari ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa bilaabmay (dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii ilaa 300 la-taliye Soofiyeeti, ilaa 500 Soomaali ahna waxaa lagu tababaray USSR). **Dhinacyada:** Ingiriiska; USSR; Kenya. Isha: [S3](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm) - **1960–1967.** Dagaalka NFD (*shifta*): jabhado Soomaaliyeed ayaa in ka badan afar sano la dagaallamay ciidamada Kenya, kadib markii Ingiriisku iska indho tiray guddi ogaaday in dadka NFD ku dhowaad dhammaan ay taageersan yihiin ka go'idda Kenya; Kenya waxay soo afjartay federaalkii xaddidnaa 1964. **Dhinacyada:** Soomaalida NFD; Kenya; Ingiriiska; dowladda Soomaaliyeed (oo beenisay inay taageertay). Isha: [S2](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm); [S35](https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHCO/article/view/87164) - **Febraayo–Abriil 1964.** Dagaal hubaysan oo lala galay Itoobiya; duqeymo cirka ah oo Itoobiya; xabbad joojin ay Suudaan iyo Ururka Midnimada Afrika (OAU) dhexdhexaadiyeen (Abriil) iyo aag aan ciidan lahayn; heshiis difaac oo Itoobiya iyo Kenya dhexmaray. **Dhinacyada:** Itoobiya; OAU; Suudaan; Kenya. Isha: [S2](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm) - **Maarso 1964.** Doorashooyinkii ugu horreeyay xorriyadda kadib: SYL waxay heshay 69 kursi oo 123 ka mid ah; Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen ayaa loo magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare halkii Sharmaarke; bilo dowlad la'aan ah. **Dhinacyada:** SYL; Madaxweyne Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan; Xuseen; Sharmaarke. Isha: [S4](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/18.htm) - **Juun–Agoosto 1967.** Golaha ayaa Sharmaarke u doortay madaxweyne; Cigaal ayaa noqday ra'iisul wasaare, wuxuuna raadiyay xiriir wanaagsan oo Itoobiya iyo Kenya ah. **Dhinacyada:** Sharmaarke; Cigaal. Isha: [S4](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/18.htm); [S5](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm) - **Sebtembar 1968.** Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya waxay ku heshiiyeen isku xirka duulimaadyada iyo isgaarsiinta; Itoobiya waxay qaaday xaaladdii degdegga ahayd ee xadka ee 1964, taas oo dib u furtay daaqa iyo waddada Muqdisho–Hargeysa. **Dhinacyada:** dowladda Cigaal; Itoobiya. Isha: [S5](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm) - **Maarso 1969.** Doorashooyin 64 xisbi ka qayb galeen; SYL iyo SNC waxay heleen 120 kursi oo 123 ka mid ah; 77 xildhibaan oo xilka hayay ayaa lumiyay kursiyadooda; eedeymo khiyaano; Maxkamadda Sare waxay diiday dacwadaha; taliyaha booliska Cabdi Abshir wuu is casilay. **Dhinacyada:** SYL; 64 xisbi; ciidanka; booliska. Isha: [S5](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm) - **15 Oktoobar 1969.** Madaxweyne Sharmaarke waxaa dilay ilaaliye ka mid ah ilaalintiisa oo cabasho qoys qabay. **Dhinacyada:** Sharmaarke. Isha: [S6](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm) - **21 Oktoobar 1969.** Ciidamadu waxay qabsadeen xukunka; Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) oo uu hoggaaminayay Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Siyaad Barre ayaa mamnuucay xisbiyada, kala diray Golaha, hakiyay dastuurka, wuxuuna ballan qaaday inuu soo afjari doono qabyaaladda, qaraabakiilka, musuqmaasuqa iyo maamul xumada; dalka waxaa loo bixiyay Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya. **Dhinacyada:** ciidanka; booliska; SRC; Siyaad Barre. Isha: [S6](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm) ## Waxa diiwaanku muujinayo - **Midowga ayaa ka horreeyay isku-dhafka.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay carrabka ku adkaysay in waqooyiga iyo koonfurtu ay sii haysteen sharciyo, lacago iyo maamullo kala duwan 1960 kadib, iyo in waqooyigu diiday dastuurka 1961 ([S1](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). - **Kacdoonkii saraakiisha 1961.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in kacdoonkii Diseembar 1961 uu ku saabsanaa saraakiil koonfureed oo la dul dhigay cutubyada waqooyiga ([S1](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). - **Waxa sheegashooyinka Soomaaliweyn ka dambeeyay.** Waxaa ku xigay dagaalka NFD, dagaalkii Itoobiya ee 1964, heshiis cadaawadeed oo Itoobiya iyo Kenya dhexmaray iyo xiriir u go'ay Ingiriiska ([S2](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm), [S3](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). Xiriirka wanaagsan ee Cigaal wuxuu keenay ganacsi iyo helitaanka daaqa ([S5](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm)). - **64 xisbi 1969.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay 64 xisbi iyo eedeymo baahsan oo musuqmaasuq ah 1969 ([S5](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm)), waxayna sheegtay in ballanqaadka ciidamada ee ah in la soo afjaro siyaasadda qabyaaladda uu markii hore caan ahaa ([S6](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). Eeg [dastuurkii 1960](/so/history/1960-constitution/). --- # Hawd iyo Dhulka Kaydsan, 1954–1955: dhulkii daaqa ee loo wareejiyay Itoobiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 29 Nofembar 1954 Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya waxay saxiixeen heshiis soo afjaray maamulka Ingiriiska ee Hawd iyo Dhulka Kaydsan, dhul daaq Soomaaliyeed oo heshiiskii Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya ee 1897 ku daray Itoobiya. Ingiriisku wuxuu ka baxay 28 Febraayo 1955. Ilaa 300,000 qof oo Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska ah ayaa halkaas xoolaha ku daaqsan jiray. Wafdi Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka mudaaharaaday London iyo QM, lumitaankuna wuxuu gacan ka geystay midaynta siyaasadda waqooyiga ee xorriyadda iyo midowga. ## Kooban Hawd waa bannaan ballaaran oo daaq xilliyeed ah oo ka hooseeya xadkii hore ee Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska. Kala badh sannadka, xoolo-dhaqatada waqooyigu waxay geelooda iyo adhigooda u kaxayn jireen halkaas biyo iyo caws dartood. Warqad ahaan wuxuu ka mid ahaa Itoobiya tan iyo [heshiiskii Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya ee 1897](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). Ficil ahaan Ingiriiska ayaa maamulayay tan iyo 1941. 28 Febraayo 1955 Ingiriisku wuu ka baxay, iyadoo la raacayo heshiis lala saxiixday Itoobiya 29 Nofembar 1954 ([HC Deb 23 February 1955, vol. 537, cc. 1281–9](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/23/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian-2)). ## Maxay Ingiriisku u haysteen 1941 kadib? Markii ciidamada Ingiriisku Talyaaniga ka saareen Bariga Afrika 1941, Ingiriisku wuxuu maamul militari ku hayay qaybo ka mid ah bariga Itoobiya. Heshiis xilli dagaal ah oo 1944 ayaa xaqiijiyay tan "iyadoon wax u dhimayn madax-bannaanida Itoobiya", dhinac kastaana wuxuu soo afjari karay ogeysiis saddex bilood ah (isla ishaas). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in Ingiriisku Hawd u maamulayay "sidii qayb ka mid ah Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska", inkastoo madax-bannaanida Itoobiya la aqoonsanaa ([Library of Congress, *Ethiopia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/26.htm)). Inta kale ee Ogaadeenya waxay dib ugu noqotay maamulka Itoobiya 1948. ## Heshiiskii 29 Nofembar 1954 1954 Itoobiya waxay codsatay inay qaadato "adeegsiga buuxa ee madax-bannaanideeda" ee deegaannadaas. Xoghayaha Gumeysiga, Alan Lennox-Boyd, ayaa Golaha Wakiillada u sheegay waxa xigay ([HC Deb 23 February 1955](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/23/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian-2)): inkastoo deegaannadaas ay inta badan adeegsadaan beelo ka yimid Maxmiyadda Somaliland oo Ingiriisku ilaaliyo, haddana waxay ahaayeen dhul Itoobiyaan ah sharciga caalamiga tan iyo Heshiiskii Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya ee 1897; sidaas darteed dhul Ingiriis ah looma wareejinayo Itoobiya. Heshiisku wuxuu xoolo-dhaqatada u ballan qaaday xuquuqda daaqa "weligeed", sarkaal isku xire Ingiriis ah oo deegaanka jooga, iyo dammaanad ku saabsan kastamka iyo hantida (isla ishaas). Khilaafaadka Soomaalida dhexdooda waxaa lagu xallin lahaa maxkamadaha Ingiriiska; kuwa Itoobiyaanka laga dhexmarana maxkamadaha Itoobiya. ## Goorma ayaa Soomaalida loo sheegay? Heshiiska waxaa la saxiixay 29 Nofembar 1954. Odayaasha Soomaaliyeed waxaa loo sheegay 5 Janaayo 1955, ilaa toddoba toddobaad wareejinta ka hor (isla ishaas). Lennox-Boyd wuxuu sharraxay sababta aan loola tashan hoggaamiyeyaasha Soomaaliyeed: ma ahayn caddaalad in hoggaamiyeyaasha Soomaaliyeed laga codsado inay la wadaagaan mas'uuliyadda go'aan hubaal ahaan aan la jeclaan doonin (isla ishaas). ## Wafdigii London Warku wuxuu keenay waxa Lennox-Boyd ugu yeeray "dareen baahsan oo Somaliland ka jira". Wafdi ayaa u safray London si uu u codsado in wareejinta dib loo dhigo ([HL Deb 23 February 1955, vol. 191, cc. 385–7](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1955/feb/23/somaliland)). Xoghayaha Gumeysigu wuxuu Baarlamaanka u sheegay inuu "aragtidooda ku soo bandhigay sharaf iyo xoog". Taariikhyahan Maxamed Trunji wuxuu xubnihiisa ku magacaabay Maykal Mariano, Cabdiraxmaan Cali iyo Maxamed Dubbe ([Trunji, Hiiraan Online, 2021](https://hiiraan.com/op4/2021/feb/181827/today_in_history_february_28_1955_the_disposal_of_the_haud_and_reserved_area.aspx)). Kiiskoodu wuxuu ku dhisnaa saddex qodob: heshiisyadii ilaalinta ee 1884 iyo 1886 ayaa hore u yimid; Soomaalida lalama tashan 1897; wareejintuna waxay diiday aayo-ka-tashiga (isla ishaas). Ingiriisku wuxuu Itoobiya ka codsaday inay dib u dhigto. Itoobiya way diidday inay dhaafto 28 Febraayo ([HC Deb 23 February 1955](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/23/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian-2)). ## Waxa Baarlamaanku yiri Xubno ka tirsan xisbiyada oo dhan ayaa dowladda ku cadaadiyay 23 iyo 25 Febraayo 1955. - **Laba heshiis.** Xubnuhu waxay ku doodeen in heshiisyadii 1884 iyo 1886, oo odayaashu ku codsadeen ilaalinta Ingiriiska "si loo ilaaliyo xorriyaddooda", ay ka hor imaanayaan heshiiskii 1897. Waxay codsadeen in su'aasha loo gudbiyo Maxkamadda Caddaaladda Caalamiga ([HC Deb 25 February 1955, vol. 537, cc. 1678–88](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/25/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian)). - **Baaxadda.** Xildhibaan Frederick Willey wuxuu deegaanka ku qiyaasay "ilaa 25,000 mayl oo labajibbaaran iyo ilaa 300,000 qof" (isla ishaas). Lennox-Boyd wuxuu sheegay ilaa 300,000 qof oo halkaas daaqsan jiray ([HC Deb 23 February 1955](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/23/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian-2)). - **Aragtida dowladda.** Lennox-Boyd wuxuu heshiiskii 1897 ku tilmaamay "nasiib darro", laakiin wuxuu yiri "suurtagal ma aha in la buriyo" (isla ishaas). ## Jidka QM London kadib, wafdi labaad, Suldaan Biixi Muumin iyo Maykal Mariano, ayaa aaday Qaramada Midoobay ee New York. Trunji wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in xoolo-dhaqatada waqooyigu iibiyeen 6,500 ido si loo bixiyo kharashka safarka ([Trunji 2021](https://hiiraan.com/op4/2021/feb/181827/today_in_history_february_28_1955_the_disposal_of_the_haud_and_reserved_area.aspx)). 22 Oktoobar 1956 Golaha La-talinta ee Maxmiyaddu wuxuu si wadajir ah ugu codeeyay in Ingiriiska laga codsado inuu taageero sheegasho QM loo gudbiyo. Ingiriisku wuxuu ku jawaabay in Maxmiyaddu aysan xaq u lahayn inay QM codsi u gudbiso, maadaama ay tahay "mid aan xubin ka ahayn Qaramada Midoobay, ahaynna Dhul Wasaayadeed" ([HC Deb 19 December 1956, vol. 562, c. 149W](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written_answers/1956/dec/19/british-somaliland-reserved-area-and-haud)). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in Ingiriisku "isku dayay inuu Hawd ka iibsado Itoobiya, laakiin uusan ku guuleysan" ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? Xoolo-dhaqatadii xilli kasta xadka ka gudbi jirtay ayaa qaaday kharashka. Nofembar 1955 Xildhibaan James Johnson wuxuu Golaha Wakiillada u sheegay in odayaal iyo suldaanno Soomaaliyeed lagu xiray deegaanka sagaal jeer sannadkaas ([HC Deb 17 November 1955, vol. 546, cc. 902–12](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/nov/17/british-somalis-the-ogaden)). Wuxuu kaloo sheegay in shan nin la deldelay Agoosto 1955, iyo in Boqor Xayle Salaase markii dambe u yareeyay xukunnadii dilka 25 kale (isla ishaas). Kuwani waxay ahaayeen hadallo xildhibaan keliya ka sheegay dood. Meel ka fog Hawd, dadku sidoo kale way baroorteen. Trunji, oo markaas joogay Beledweyne, wuxuu xusuustaa in 28 Febraayo 1955 magaalada oo dhan ay socod aamusnaan ah sameysay ([Trunji 2021](https://hiiraan.com/op4/2021/feb/181827/today_in_history_february_28_1955_the_disposal_of_the_haud_and_reserved_area.aspx)). ## Waxa ka dhashay Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in lumitaanku beddelay siyaasadda waqooyiga. Ilaa 1954 xisbina "ma abaabuli karin taageero hoose". Intaas kadib xisbi cusub, Jabhadda Midowga Qaranka (NUF), ayaa kacay isagoo uu hoggaaminayo Maykal Mariano, oo ahaa halyey hore oo SYL ah ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Isla ishaas waxay diiwaangelisay in bannaanbaxyadu "ku qasbeen Ingiriiska 1956 inuu maxmiyaddiisa ka hirgeliyo dowlad wakiil ah, oo uu aqbalo midowga mustaqbalka ee Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya". Gole Sharci-dejin ayaa xigay 1957, midowguna wuxuu yimid 1 Luulyo 1960. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Baaxadda.** Willey wuxuu bixiyay 25,000 mayl oo labajibbaaran 1955; Trunji wuxuu bixiyaa 65,000 km². Labaduba waxay u dhow yihiin isla baaxadda, ilaa 65,000 km². - **Heshiiskii xilliga dagaalka.** Dowladdu waxay ka hadashay heshiis 1944 ah. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustay heshiis militari oo 1942 ah. Waxaa jiray laba heshiis oo Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya dhexmaray, 1942 iyo 1944. - **Xuquuqda daaqa 1960 kadib.** Trunji wuxuu qoray in Itoobiya soo afjartay xuquuqda daaqa xorriyadda Soomaaliya kadib. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Golaha Wakiillada Ingiriiska, bayaan iyo su'aalo, 23 Febraayo 1955: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/23/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian-2). - Golaha Wakiillada Ingiriiska, dood, 25 Febraayo 1955: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/feb/25/british-somaliland-anglo-ethiopian). - Golaha Aqalka Sare ee Ingiriiska, bayaan, 23 Febraayo 1955: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1955/feb/23/somaliland). - Golaha Wakiillada Ingiriiska, dood ku saabsan Soomaalida Ingiriiska iyo Ogaadeenya, 17 Nofembar 1955: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/nov/17/british-somalis-the-ogaden). - Jawaab qoraal ah oo ku saabsan codsiga QM, 19 Diseembar 1956: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written_answers/1956/dec/19/british-somaliland-reserved-area-and-haud). --- # Cunaqabataynta hubka ee QM ee Soomaaliya, 1992 ilaa 2023 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/un-arms-embargo-1992-2023/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Golaha Ammaanka QM wuxuu Soomaaliya ku soo rogay cunaqabatayn hub oo guud oo dhammaystiran 23 Janaayo 1992, qaraarka 733. Guddi iyo, laga bilaabo 2002 ilaa 2003, koox kormeer ah ayaa la socday jebinta. Maarso 2013 qaraarka 2093 ayaa u fududeeyay ciidamada dowladda federaalka, iyadoo hubka culus weli xaddidnaa. 1 Diseembar 2023 qaraarka 2714 ayaa cunaqabataynta ka qaaday dowladda, nidaam gooni ahna wuxuu cunaqabataynta ku hayay al-Shabaab. ## Si kooban Ku dhowaad 32 sano Soomaaliya waxay ku jirtay cunaqabatayn hub oo QM; 2013-kii waxaa lagu tilmaamay cunaqabataynta hubka caalamiga ah ee noocaas ah ee ugu da'da weyn ee weli dhaqan gal ah (Wikipedia, qaraarka 2093, hoos). Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa sida loo soo rogay, loo fududeeyay oo loo qaaday, laga soo xigtay diiwaannada QM iyo warbixinnada saxaafadda, isagoon dhinac ka qaadan in ay shaqaysay iyo in kale. ## La soo rogay, 1992 23 Janaayo 1992 Golaha Ammaanka, isagoo ku dhaqmaya Cutubka VII ee Axdiga QM, wuxuu si wadajir ah u ansixiyay qaraarka 733, kaas oo cunaqabatayn "guud oo dhammaystiran" ku soo rogay dhammaan keenista hubka iyo qalabka militariga ee Soomaaliya. Isla qaraarku wuxuu Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, isaga iyo madaxda Ururka Midnimada Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta, ka codsaday inay la xiriiraan kooxaha dagaallamaya si colaadda loo joojiyo gargaarkuna dadka u gaaro ([Wikipedia, UN Security Council Resolution 733](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_733)). Qaraarka 751 ee 1992 wuxuu sameeyay guddi Golaha Ammaanka ka tirsan oo kormeera cunaqabataynta ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, guddiga cunaqabataynta 751](https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/751)). Dhacdooyinka guud ee sannadkaas waxaa lagu sheegay [Faragelintii QM, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/). ## Kormeerka Qaraarka 1425 ee 2002 iyo qaraarka 1519 ee 16 Diseembar 2003 waxay sameeyeen guddiyo khubaro ah, oo fadhigoodu ahaa Nairobi, si ay u baaraan jebinta dhulka, cirka iyo badda, u qiimeeyaan awoodda dalalka deriska ah ee fulinta cunaqabataynta, una magacaabaan kuwa jebiya ([Wikipedia, UN Security Council Resolution 1519](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1519)). Qaraarro dambe ayaa hawshan ku sii waday koox kormeer ah, markii dambena guddi khubaro ah (bogga guddiga cunaqabataynta QM). Qaraarka 2036 ee 2012 wuxuu ku daray mamnuucidda dhoofinta dhuxusha (bogga guddiga cunaqabataynta QM). Warbixin QM oo 2016 ah ayaa Iiraan, Liibiya, Kuuriyada Waqooyi iyo Suudaan ku magacawday ilaha hubka sharci darrada ah (Geeska, hoos). ## La fududeeyay, 2013 6 Maarso 2013 qaraarka 2093 wuxuu hal sano u hakiyay cunaqabataynta ciidamada dowladda federaalka cusub ee Madaxweyne [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/), oo codsaday. Hubka fudud waxaa loo iibsan karay "oo keliya horumarinta ciidamada amniga ee Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad); hubka culus sida gantaallada cirka-ka-hortagga iyo madaafiicda weli waa mamnuuc ahaayeen. Maraykanka, Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta iyo Hay'adda Horumarinta Dowladaha (IGAD) ayaa taageeray isbeddelka; Ingiriiska, oo qoray, iyo Faransiiska waxaa la sheegay inay walaac ka qabeen faafitaanka hubka oo ballaarta ([Wikipedia, UN Security Council Resolution 2093](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2093)). ## Dowladda laga qaaday, 2023 1 Diseembar 2023 Goluhu wuxuu si wadajir ah u ansixiyay laba qaraar oo Ingiriisku qoray. Qaraarka 2714 wuxuu cunaqabataynta ka qaaday dowladda federaalka, isagoo sheegay inaysan jirin "cunaqabatayn hub" oo saaran, qaraarka 2713na wuxuu sameeyay nidaam cunaqabatayn oo gooni ah oo cunaqabataynta ku haya al-Shabaab ([Geeska, 7 Febraayo 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/overlooked-dangers-lifting-somalias-arms-embargo); bogga guddiga cunaqabataynta QM). Dowladda waxaa laga codsaday inay ku dhaqanto istaraatiijiyadeeda qaran ee maaraynta hubka iyo rasaasta, oo aysan hub u gudbin cid aan adeegeeda ka tirsanayn. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu sheegay in go'aanku macnihiisu yahay "hadda waxaan xor u nahay inaan iibsanno hub kasta oo loo baahdo" (tarjumaad) iyo in dowladdu si adag u fulin doonto xakamaynta hubkeeda ([CGTN Africa, 3 Diseembar 2023](https://africa.cgtn.com/un-lifts-1992-somalia-arms-embargo/)). ## Doodda Suhaib Mahmoud, oo u qoray Geeska, wuxuu ku dooday in hubka la siiyay ciidamada Soomaalidu uu gaaray al-Shabaab iyadoo loo marayo khasaaraha dagaalka, weerarrada saldhigyada iyo iibinta askarta, isagoo soo xigtay dhicitaankii saldhigga Geriley Luulyo 2023, iyo in hubeynta maleeshiyaadka beelaha tan iyo dabayaaqadii 2022 ay keentay isla khatarihii cunaqabataynta loogu talagalay. Wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in cunaqabataynta wax yar ka qabatay joojinta hubka ka soo gala dalalka deriska ah (Geeska). 2013-kii dowladdu waxay ku doodday in hubku xoojin doono ciidamadeeda ee ka dhanka ah kacdoonka (Wikipedia, qaraarka 2093); eeg [Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-national-army/) iyo [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Cunaqabataynta ma shaqaysay?** Falanqaynta Geeska waxay sheegaysaa in hubku si kastaba uga soo galay dalalka deriska ah; dowladdu waxay 2013 ku doodday inay hub ugu baahan tahay la dagaallanka kacdoonka. - **Khatarta ka qaadista.** Dowladdu waxay sheegtaa inay xakamayso kaydkeeda; falanqeeyayaashu waxay tilmaamaan in hub u leexday al-Shabaab iyo maleeshiyaadka beelaha. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Golaha Ammaanka QM, guddiga cunaqabataynta Soomaaliya (751): [bog](https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/751). - Maktabadda Dijitaalka ee QM, qaraarka 2714 (2023): [diiwaan](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4029177). --- # Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969–1991 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga bilaabo afgambigii 21 Oktoobar 1969 ilaa dhicitaankiisii Janaayo 1991, dowladdii militariga ee Siyaad Barre waxay qortay Af-Soomaaliga, malaayiin dad ah ayay wax akhris bartay, waddooyinna way dhistay, kadibna waxay ku koobantay xero qoys, waxayna ciqaabtay bulshooyin dhan. Jabhado hubaysan ayaa ka kacay gobol kasta, dowladduna waxay burburtay 26 Janaayo 1991. ## Taxanaha dhacdooyinka - **1969–Febraayo 1970.** Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) wuxuu soo saaray Axdiga Koowaad ee Kacaanka; dastuurkii 1960 waa la buriyay (Febraayo 1970); Maxkamadaha Badbaadada Qaranka (1970). **Dhinacyada:** SRC; Siyaad Barre. Isha: [S8](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm) - **Abriil 1970; Maajo 1971.** Shirqoolo la sheegay: Ku-xigeenka Madaxweynaha Qoorsheel waa la xiray (1970); Ku-xigeenka Madaxweynaha Caynaanshe iyo kuwo kale waa la toogtay shirqoolkii 1971 kadib, kaas oo Maktabadda Koongareesku ku xirtay xafiiltan iyo beelo saamayn lumiyay 1969 kadib. **Dhinacyada:** SRC; garabyo ciidan. Isha: [S9](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/23.htm) - **21 Oktoobar 1970.** Soomaaliya waxaa lagu dhawaaqay dowlad hantiwadaag ah; "hantiwadaagga cilmiga ku dhisan" oo isku daraya Marxisnimada, isku-filnaanshaha iyo Islaamka. **Dhinacyada:** Siyaad Barre; SRC. Isha: [S10](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm); [S7](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/21.htm) - **1970-meeyadii.** Siyaasad ka dhan ah qabyaaladda: qabyaaladda waa la cambaareeyay, gobolladii hore waxaa loo qaybiyay unugyo yaryar si loo daciifiyo shirarka beelaha, ilaa 140,000 reer guuraa ah ayaa la dejiyay; Hay'adda Nabadsugidda Qaranka (NSS, oo Soofiyeetigu abaabulay) iyo guddi faaf-reeb ah ayaa dhaqan geliyay. **Dhinacyada:** SRC; NSS. Isha: [S8](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm) - **21 Oktoobar 1972 – 1 Janaayo 1973.** Far Laatiin ah ayaa loo qaatay Af-Soomaaliga, kana dhaqan gashay 1 Janaayo 1973; shaqaalaha dowladda waxaa la siiyay bilo ay wax ku bartaan. **Dhinacyada:** SRC; Guddiga Af-Soomaaliga. Isha: [S11](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm) - **1973–1975.** Ololayaal akhris-qoraal ah oo magaalooyinka kadibna reer guuraaga (laga bilaabo Agoosto 1974, in ka badan 20,000 macallin); akhris-qoraalku wuxuu ahaa ilaa 5% 1972; qiyaasta QM 24% 1990. **Dhinacyada:** SRC; ardayda; macallimiinta. Isha: [S11](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm) - **1973.** Sharci madani oo mideysan ayaa beddelay sharciyadii hore, wuxuuna xaddiday maxkamadaha shareecada. **Dhinacyada:** SRC. Isha: [S8](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm) - **Bartamihii 1970-meeyadii.** Dowladda si aan rasmi ahayn waxaa loogu yeeri jiray "MOD" (Mareexaan, Ogaadeen, Dhulbahante); 1975 toban ka mid ah 20-ka xubnood ee SRC waxay ahaayeen Daarood, Digil iyo Mirifle (Raxanweyn)na midna kuma lahayn. **Dhinacyada:** Siyaad Barre; madaxa NSS Axmed Suleymaan Cabdalle. Isha: [S10](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm) - **1 Luulyo 1976.** SRC waxay isu beddeshay Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS / SRSP), dowlad hal xisbi ah oo Barre uu xoghaye guud ka yahay. **Dhinacyada:** XHKS. Isha: [S12](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/26.htm) - **1977–1978.** Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ee Itoobiya; Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Kuuba waxay taageereen Itoobiya; Soomaaliya waa laga adkaaday; qaxooti badan oo soo galay ayaa Soomaaliya ka dhigay mid ku tiirsan gargaar. **Dhinacyada:** Soomaaliya; WSLF; Itoobiya; USSR; Kuuba. Isha: [S13](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm); [S20](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm) - **Abriil 1978.** Isku day afgambi oo ay sameeyeen saraakiil inta badan Majeerteen ah; 17 ayaa la toogtay; Gaashaanle Sare Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed wuxuu u qaxay Itoobiya oo aasaasay Jabhadda Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (markii dambe SSDF). **Dhinacyada:** saraakiisha Majeerteen; SSDF. Isha: [S15](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/29.htm); [S21](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm) - **Maajo–Juun 1979.** Duub-Cas (Red Berets) waxay burburiyeen berkadaha biyaha ee ku hareeraysan Gaalkacyo; in ka badan 2,000 Cumar Maxamuud (Majeerteen) ah ayaa harraad u dhintay; xoolo badan ayaa le'day. **Dhinacyada:** Duub-Cas; Majeerteen. Isha: [S15](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/29.htm) - **6 Abriil 1981.** Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) waxaa London ku aasaasay 400–500 qurbajoog Isaaq ah; laga bilaabo 1982 wuxuu fadhigiisu ahaa Itoobiya. **Dhinacyada:** SNM; qurbajoogta Isaaq. Isha: [S16](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm); [S21](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm) - **Febraayo–Luulyo 1982.** Barre wuxuu booqday Mareykanka, wuxuuna sii daayay Cigaal iyo Cabdi Abshir; 7 Juun wuxuu xiray 17 siyaasi oo caan ah, taas oo ka fogeysay Isaaq, Majeerteen iyo Hawiye; mucaarad ay taageerayaan diyaaradaha Itoobiya ayaa qabsaday Balanbale iyo Galdogob; gargaarka Mareykanku wuxuu kor u kacay ilaa $80 milyan. **Dhinacyada:** Mareykanka; Itoobiya; SSDF. Isha: [S13](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm) - **Diseembar 1984.** Heshiis lala galay Kenya oo lagu dayacay sheegashooyinka dhulka; WSLF waxay joojisay hawlgallada kadib kala qaybsanaan. **Dhinacyada:** Kenya; WSLF. Isha: [S13](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm) - **1985.** Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed ee SPM ayaa ka dhashay kala qaybsanaanta SSDF, salkiisuna wuxuu ahaa Ogaadeen (Daarood). **Dhinacyada:** SPM. Isha: [S21](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm) - **Janaayo 1986.** Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay IGADD; Barre wuxuu Jabuuti kula kulmay Mengistu. **Dhinacyada:** IGADD; Itoobiya. Isha: [S13](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm) - **Maajo–Nofembar 1986.** Barre wuxuu ku dhaawacmay shil baabuur; loolan awoodeed oo u dhexeeya garabka "dastuuriga" (Ku-xigeenka Madaxweynaha Saamantar) iyo garabka qoyska (walaalkiis, wiilkiis iyo xaaskiisa hore); saraakiisha ciidanka waa la sifeeyay. **Dhinacyada:** qoyska Barre; Saamantar. Isha: [S14](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/28.htm) - **1984–1987.** Gargaarka Mareykanku wuxuu ka dhacay $34 milyan ilaa $8.7 milyan; Koongareesku wuxuu jaray gargaarka xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha darteed. **Dhinacyada:** Koongareeska Mareykanka. Isha: [S13](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm) - **1988.** Heshiis nabadeed oo Itoobiya lala galay ayaa soo afjaray magangalyadii xadka ka gudba; SNM waxay soo gashay Soomaaliya, qabsatay Burco (27 Maajo) iyo qayb ka mid ah Hargeysa (31 Maajo); duqeymo dowladeed; in ka badan 300,000 Isaaq ah ayaa u qaxay Itoobiya; ilaa 5,000 Isaaq ah ayaa la dilay Maajo–Diseembar. **Dhinacyada:** SNM; ciidamada dowladda; Itoobiya. Isha: [S16](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm); [S20](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm); [S22](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war). Eeg [xasuuqii Isaaq 1987–1989](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). - **1989.** Golaha Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USC) waxaa aasaasay hoggaamiyeyaal Hawiye ah oo la shaqeeyay SNM. **Dhinacyada:** USC; Hawiye. Isha: [S21](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm) - **Luulyo 1989.** Bishop Colombo waa la dilay (9 Luulyo); ilaa 450 bannaanbaxayaal ah ayaa Duub-Casku dileen (14 Luulyo); ilaa 47 nin oo inta badan Isaaq ah ayaa lagu toogtay xeebta Jasiira (15 Luulyo). **Dhinacyada:** Duub-Cas; Hawiye; Isaaq. Isha: [S17](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/31.htm) - **1990.** Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDA, Gadabuursi) ayaa la aasaasay; saraakiil ciidan oo Ogaadeen ah ayaa u goostay SPM. **Dhinacyada:** SDA; SPM. Isha: [S21](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm) - **Maajo–Luulyo 1990.** Kooxda Manifesto: 114 qof oo caan ah ayaa codsaday doorashooyin iyo xuquuqda aadanaha; 46 ayaa dil lagu xukumay kadib toogashadii garoonka 6 Luulyo (in ka badan 65 la dilay); eedeymaha waa laga daayay 13 Luulyo bannaanbaxyo kadib. **Dhinacyada:** Kooxda Manifesto; Barre. Isha: [S17](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/31.htm) - **Diseembar 1990 – Janaayo 1991.** Dagaalyahannada USC waxay soo galeen Muqdisho; afar toddobaad oo dagaal ah oo lala galay Duub-Cas; Barre wuu cararay (Janaayo 1991); jabhadaha kale waxay diideen inay la shaqeeyaan USC. **Dhinacyada:** USC; SNM; SPM; SSDF; Duub-Cas. Isha: [S20](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm); [S22](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war) ## Waxa diiwaanku muujinayo - **Beelaha iyo awoodda.** SRC waxay qabyaaladda ka dhigtay dambi, gobolladana way kala qaybisay ([S8](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm)). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay in xerada gudaha ee dowladda ay ka kala yimaadeen saddex beelood, Mareexaan, Ogaadeen iyo Dhulbahante ([S10](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm)), iyo in beelaha loo malaynayay inay taageerayaan iska-caabinta hubaysan si wadajir ah loo ciqaabay ([S15](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/29.htm), [S16](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm), [S17](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/31.htm)). 1991 qabiil-qoys kasta oo waaweyn wuxuu lahaa jabhad hubaysan ([S21](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). - **Farta.** Farta Laatiinka ee Af-Soomaaliga waxaa la qaatay laga bilaabo 1 Janaayo 1973, waxaana xigay ololayaal akhris-qoraal qaran ah ([S11](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm)). Eeg [Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya](/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/). - **Taageerada shisheeye.** Soomaaliya waxaa taageerayay Midowga Soofiyeeti ilaa 1977, Mareykankana intaas kadib; gargaarka Mareykanku wuxuu ka dhacay US$34 milyan 1984 ilaa US$8.7 milyan 1987 ([S3](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm), [S13](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). - **Dhicitaanka kadib.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in jabhadaha kale ay diideen inay la shaqeeyaan USC markii Siyaad Barre dhacay ([S20](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm)). Maajo 1990, 114 qof oo caan ah ayaa saxiixay manifesto ku baaqaya in dowladdu is casisho ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm)). --- # Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, 1969–1991: sida dowladda loo maamulayay Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya waxay ahayd magaca Soomaaliya laga soo bilaabo afgambigii 21 Oktoobar 1969 ilaa dhicitaankii Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre) bishii Janaayo 1991. Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka oo militari ahaa ayaa xukumayay ilaa 1976, markaas oo awoodda loo wareejiyay hal xisbi, Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed. Dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu dhisay nidaam madaxtooyo iyo Golaha Shacabka oo hal xisbi ah. Maxkamadaha Badbaadada Qaranka, oo madaxweynaha keliya ka ahaa mas'uul, ayaa xukumayay kiisaska siyaasadda ilaa Oktoobar 1990. ## Kooban 21 Oktoobar 1969, lix maalmood kadib markii ilaaliye uu dilay Madaxweyne [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke (Abdirashid Ali Shermarke)](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/), cutubyo ciidan ayaa la wareegay Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) ayaa xukunka qabsaday, iyadoo Sarreeye Guuto [Maxamed Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre)](/so/people/siad-barre/) uu guddoomiye u ahaa. Wuxuu mamnuucay xisbiyada siyaasadda, xiray Golaha Shacabka Qaranka, hakiyay dastuurka, magaca dalkana u beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). Magacaasi wuxuu jiray ilaa Siyaad Barre uu Muqdisho ka baxay Janaayo 1991. Boggan wuxuu ka hadlayaa sida dowladda loo habeeyay. Dhacdooyinka xilligaas waxaa lagu sheegay [xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969–1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Afgambigii, Oktoobar 1969 - **15 Oktoobar 1969.** Ilaaliye ayaa dilay Madaxweyne Sharmaarke iyadoo Ra'iisul Wasaare [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal)](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) uu dibadda joogay. Dilaaga waxaa markii dambe maxkamadeysay oo dilay dowladdii cusbayd ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). - **21 Oktoobar 1969.** Markii ay caddaatay in Golaha Shacabku uu taageeri doono musharraxa Cigaal u doortay madaxweynaha, cutubyo ciidan ayaa qabsaday meelaha muhiimka ah ee Muqdisho, iyagoo la shaqaynaya booliiska. Xubnihii hoggaanka dowladdii rayidka ahayd, oo uu ka mid ahaa Cigaal, waxaa lagu xiray qasriga madaxtooyada (isla ishaas). - **Ujeeddooyinka.** Dowladdii cusbayd waxay sheegtay in yoolalkeeda ay ka mid tahay soo afjaridda "qabyaaladda, eexda qaraabada, musuqmaasuqa iyo maamul-xumada" (tarjumaad). Waxay sheegtay inay ixtiraami doonto heshiisyada jira oo ay taageeri doonto "dhaqdhaqaaqyada xoraynta qaranka iyo midowga Soomaalida" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay in Siyaad Barre "aan loo arkin qorsheeyaha la wareegidda militariga" (tarjumaad) laakiin uu hoggaanka u qabtay saraakiishii fulisay. Waxay kaloo sheegtay in "aan jirin wax caddayn ah oo muujinaya in afgambiga ay Soofiyeedku dhiirrigeliyeen" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/21.htm)). ## Xukunkii SRC, 1969–1976 Laba qoraal ayaa dhisay dowladda cusub: Sharciga Lambar 1, oo la soo saaray maalintii afgambiga, iyo Axdiga Koowaad ee Kacaanka ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm)). - **SRC.** Sharciga Lambar 1 wuxuu golaha 25-ka xubnood siiyay dhammaan awoodaha madaxweynaha, Golaha Shacabka Qaranka iyo Golaha Wasiirrada, iyo waajibaad badan oo maxkamadaha ah. Wuxuu go'aamada ku gaari jiray cod aqlabiyad ah, doodihiisana dhif ayuu daabici jiray. - **Golaha wasiirrada.** Golaha Xoghayeyaasha Dowladda oo 14 xubnood ahaa ayaa maamulayay hawlaha maalinlaha ah ee dowladda laakiin "awood siyaasadeed ma lahayn" (tarjumaad). Ilaa 1974 wasaarado dhowr ah waxaa madax u ahaa saraakiil sidoo kale xubno ka ahaa SRC. - **Jagooyinka Siyaad Barre.** Wuxuu ahaa madaxa dowladda, guddoomiyaha golaha wasiirrada, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada iyo guddoomiyaha SRC. - **Dastuurkii 1960.** Waxaa la buriyay Febraayo 1970. Sharciyadii hore way sii shaqaynayeen ilaa SRC ay ka saarto iyagoo ah kuwo "aan la jaanqaadi karin...ruuxa Kacaanka" (tarjumaad). - **Saraakiisha dowladda.** Saraakiil militari ayaa beddelay masuuliyiintii rayidka ahaa ee gobollada iyo degmooyinka. Shaqaalaha dowladda waxay qaateen koorsooyin isku daraya tababar iyo "barbaarin siyaasadeed" (tarjumaad), kuwii loo arkay "kuwo aan siyaasad ahaan la isku hallayn karin" (tarjumaad) shaqada waa laga eryay (isla ishaas). 21 Oktoobar 1970 Siyaad Barre wuxuu Soomaaliya ku dhawaaqay dowlad hantiwadaag ah. Wuxuu fikradda, "hantiwadaagga cilmiga ku dhisan", ku sharxay inay ka kooban tahay saddex qaybood: isku-filnaansho, hantiwadaag ku dhisan habka Marx, iyo Islaam. Wuxuu yiri: "Hantiwadaaggu diin ma aha... Waa mabda' siyaasadeed" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm)). ## Shirqoollo iyo maxkamadeyn, 1970–1974 - **Abriil 1970.** Ku-xigeenka koowaad ee madaxweynaha, Sarreeye Guuto Jaamac Cali Qoorsheel, waa la xiray, Maxkamadda Badbaadada Qaranka ayaa ku xukuntay khiyaano qaran, waana la xiray ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/23.htm)). - **Maajo 1971.** Ku-xigeenka labaad ee madaxweynaha, Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Caynaanshe (Mohamed Ainanche), Gaashaanle Dhexe Salaad Gabeyre Kediye (Salah Gaveire Kedie) iyo saraakiil kale waxaa loo xiray inay qorsheeyeen dilka Siyaad Barre. Caynaanshe, Gabeyre iyo sarkaal kale waa la dilay kadib maxkamadeyn dheer (isla ishaas). - **1974.** Qoorsheel iyo inta badan hoggaamiyeyaashii rayidka ahaa ee xirnaa waa la sii daayay. Cigaal iyo afar wasiir oo hore lama sii dayn; Cigaal waxaa lagu xukumay 30 sano oo lagu eedeeyay lunsasho hanti iyo shirqool (isla ishaas). Waxaa la sii daayay 1982 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). ## Xukunkii xisbiga, 1976–1991 Juun 1976 shir ayaa aasaasay Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS / SRSP). 1 Luulyo 1976 SRC way kala dirtay naftooda, awoodiina waxay u wareejisay xisbiga ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/26.htm)). - **Golaha Sare.** Guddiga dhexe ee xisbigu wuxuu lahaa 73 xubnood. Waxaa ku jiray 19-kii sarkaal ee SRC, laakiin badankoodu waxay ahaayeen rayid. - **Xafiiska siyaasadda (politburo).** Shan xubnood oo hore SRC uga tirsanaa, oo ay ka mid ahaayeen Siyaad Barre iyo seeddigii, madaxa nabadsugidda Axmed Suleymaan Cabdalle (Ahmad Suleiman Abdullah), ayaa go'aamada gaari jiray. Siyaad Barre wuxuu ahaa xoghayaha guud ee xisbiga. - **Xubinnimada.** "Weligeed kama badnayn 20,000" (tarjumaad). Xubnuhu waxay fulin jireen amarrada, "kamana doodi jirin siyaasadda" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/72.htm)). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay in "dhab ahaan awoodda dhabta ah ee xisbiga iyo dowladda ay ku hartay koox yar oo saraakiil militari ah oo ahaa kuwii ugu saamaynta badnaa SRC" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/26.htm)). Oktoobar 1980 SRC dib ayaa loo soo nooleeyay, iyadoo la jirta xisbiga iyo golaha wasiirrada. Isla ishaasi waxay sheegtay in iskudhafkaasi "go'aan-gaarista gacanta Siyaad Barre keliya ku riday" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). ## Dastuurkii 1979 iyo Golaha Shacabka Dastuurkii 1979 waxaa lagu ansixiyay afti ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm)): - **Nidaam madaxtooyo.** Madaxweynuhu wuxuu ahaa madaxa dowladda iyo madaxa xukuumadda, wuxuu doorta oo guddoomiya Golaha Wasiirrada, maamula arrimaha dibadda, ku dhawaaqi kari jiray dagaal iyo xaalad degdeg ah, wuxuuna magacaabi jiray guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare. - **Doorashooyinka.** Markii hore sharci-dejintu waxay madaxweynaha ku dooran jirtay cod saddex meelood laba meel ah, muddo lix sano ah. Wax-ka-beddelladii Diseembar 1984 waxay ka dhigeen cod toos ah oo muddo toddoba sano ah. Codbixintii ugu horreysay ee caynkaas ah, 1986, Siyaad Barre wuxuu ahaa musharraxa keliya wuxuuna helay 99.9 boqolkiiba. - **Golaha Shacabka.** 177 xubnood: 171 la doortay iyo 6 uu madaxweynuhu magacaabay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm)). Golayaasha waxaa la doortay 1979 iyo 1984 iyadoo laga doorayay liisas keliya oo xubnaha XHKS ah, dowladduna mar kasta waxay ku dhawaaqday in ka badan 99 boqolkiiba oo ogolaansho ah. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay in Golaha uu kulmi jiray "dhowr maalmood sannad kasta" oo uu "ansixin jiray sharci kasta oo fulintu go'aansato inay u gudbiso" (tarjumaad). Doorashadii 1989 dib ayaa loo dhigay dagaalka awgiis (isla ishaas). ## Maxkamadaha iyo sharciga - **Maxkamadaha caadiga ah.** Afartii heer ee la dhisay 1962 way sii jireen: 84 maxkamadood oo degmo, 8 maxkamadood oo gobol, maxkamadaha racfaanka ee Muqdisho iyo Hargeysa (Hargeisa), iyo Maxkamadda Sare ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/71.htm)). - **Golaha Sare ee Garsoorka.** 1970 saraakiil militari ayaa la wareegay kursi kasta oo golaha magacaabi jiray oo edbin jiray garsoorayaasha. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in tani ka dhigtay "garsoorka mid fulinta u xisaabtama" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Sharciga madaniga ah ee 1973.** Wuxuu beddelay sharciyadii Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska. Wuxuu soo afjaray xuquuqda beelaha iyo laamaha ee dhulka, biyaha iyo daaqa, wuxuuna *diyada* ku koobay dhibbanaha iyo qaraabadiisa dhow. Wax-ka-beddel dambe ayaa *diyada* gebi ahaanba mamnuucay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/70.htm)). Eeg [xeerka, sharciga dhaqanka Soomaalida](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). - **Sharciga qoyska ee 1975.** Wuxuu haweenka siiyay dhaxal siman. Toban culimo diinta ah oo ka hadlay ayaa maxkamad badbaado dowladeed ku xukuntay dil, waxaana la dilay 23 Janaayo 1975. Eeg [sharciga qoyska ee 1975 iyo tobankii culimo](/so/society/family-law-1975-and-the-ten-scholars/). ## Maxkamadaha Badbaadada Qaranka Maxkamadaha Badbaadada Qaranka (NSC) waxaa la dhisay 1970 "iyagoo ah gacanta garsoorka ee SRC" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm)). Kiisaskoodii ugu horreeyay waxay ahaayeen dilkii Sharmaarke iyo eedaymo musuqmaasuq oo loo soo jeediyay dowladdii hore. - **Yaa fadhiyay.** Sarkaal militari oo sare ayaa guddoomin jiray, inta badan isagoo la jira laba sarkaal oo kale. Xeer-ilaaliye guud oo militari ah ayaa dacwadda oogi jiray ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/71.htm)). - **Waxay dhagaysan jireen.** Dembiyada dowladdu ku tilmaantay kuwo ka dhan ah amniga dowladda: lunsashada hantida ee saraakiisha, dil, waxqabad siyaasadeed oo ka dhan ah dowladda, iyo xatooyada kaydka cuntada dowladda. - **Racfaanka.** "Maxkamad kale, xataa Maxkamadda Sare, dib uma eegi karin xukunnada NSC" (tarjumaad). Racfaanku wuxuu u gudbi jiray madaxweynaha oo keliya. - **Dhammaadka.** Oktoobar 1990 Siyaad Barre wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in maxkamadaha la baabi'iyay. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in "mucaaradka nidaamka Siyaad Barre ay NSC ku eedeeyeen inay boqollaal qof ku xukuntay dil sababo siyaasadeed" (tarjumaad), waxayna maxkamadaha ku tilmaantay "kuwo si ballaaran looga baqo oo la nebcaaday" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). ## Amniga iyo warfaafinta - **Hay'adda Nabadsugidda Qaranka (NSS).** Waxaa la abaabulay "iyadoo Soofiyeedku hagayaan" (tarjumaad), markii hore si looga hor istaago in xirfadlayaasha iyo mucaaradku dalka ka baxaan iyo in beeluhu khilaafaadka ku xalliyaan hababka dhaqanka ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm)). - **Warfaafinta.** Wasaaradda Warfaafinta iyo Hanuuninta Dadweynaha ayaa maamulaysay xafiisyada waxbarashada siyaasadda, waxayna saxaafadda iyo raadiyaha u adeegsatay "guusha waddada hantiwadaagga iyo kacaanka" (tarjumaad). Guddi faaf-reeb ah ayaa wararka u qaabeyn jiray sida ay tilmaamaha SRC dhigayaan (isla ishaas). - **1978 kadib.** Kadib [dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/), Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay "xarig, jirdil iyo dil degdeg ah oo loo geystay mucaaradka iyo ciqaab wadareed oo lagu sameeyay beelaha loo malaynayay inay ka qayb qaateen iska caabin habaysan" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). Eeg [jabhadaha hubaysan, 1978–1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/) iyo [xasuuqii Isaaq, 1987–1989](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). ## Beelaha iyo dowladaha hoose SRC waxay "qabyaaladda" ka dhigtay dembi lagu ciqaabo xarig iyo ganaax. Odayaashii beelaha ee mushaharka qaadan jiray waxaa beddelay *nabadoon* ("nabad-ilaaliyayaal") ay dowladdu magacawday, guurkuna wuxuu ahaa inuu ka dhaco xarumaha hanuuninta ee degmooyinka ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm)). Dowladdu waxay 140,000 oo reer guuraa ah dejisay bulshooyin beeraley iyo kalluumaysato ah (isla ishaas). Golayaashii hoose ee la doortay waa la kala diray afgambiga kadib. Dalka waxaa dib loogu qaybiyay 16 gobol iyo 84 degmo. Saraakiil militari ayaa guddoomin jiray golayaasha gobollada, inta badan xubnaha golayaashuna waxay ka imanayeen ciidamada, booliiska iyo hay'adaha amniga. Sharci 1979 ah ayaa oggolaaday doorashooyin degmo, iyadoo musharraxiinta dowladdu horta ansixinaysay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/69.htm)). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in dowladda "si caadi ah loogu yeeri jiray magaca sirta ah ee MOD" (tarjumaad): Mareexaan (beesha Siyaad Barre), Ogaadeen (beesha hooyadiis) iyo Dhulbahante (beesha seeddigiis). 1975, 10 ka mid ah 20-ka xubnood ee SRC waxay ahaayeen Daarood, Digil iyo Raxanweyn-na midna kuma lahayn ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm)). Ilaa 1980 inta badan hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee XHKS waxay ka imanayeen isla saddexdaas beelood ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/72.htm)). ## Farta Soomaaliga iyo akhris-qoraalka 21 Oktoobar 1972 SRC waxay ku dhawaaqday in far Laatiin ah ay noqonayso habka rasmiga ah ee Af-Soomaaliga loo qoro laga bilaabo 1 Janaayo 1973. Shaqaalaha dowladda waxaa la siiyay saddex bilood, markii dambena lix, si ay u bartaan ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm)). - **Kahor.** Waraaqaha dowladda waxay ku qornaayeen Ingiriisi iyo Talyaani, akhris-qoraalkuna waxaa lagu qiyaasay 5 boqolkiiba 1972. - **Ololayaasha.** Ilaa 8,000 macallin ayaa wax ka dhigayay magaalooyinka, kadibna in ka badan 20,000, oo kala badhkood ahaayeen ardayda dugsiyada sare, ayaa u ambabaxay reer guuraaga laga bilaabo Agoosto 1974. - **Natiijada.** "Dhowr boqol oo kun oo qof" (tarjumaad) ayaa wejigii hore wax akhris bartay. QM waxay akhris-qoraalka ku qiyaastay 24 boqolkiiba 1990 (isla ishaas). Eeg [Af-Soomaaliga](/en/society/the-somali-language/). ## Dhammaadkii, 1990–1991 Maajo 1990, 114 shakhsiyaad bulshada ka mid ah ayaa saxiixay baaq ugu baaqaya dowladda inay is casisho. Oktoobar 1990 Siyaad Barre wuxuu soo jeediyay qabyo dastuur cusub, wuxuuna baabi'iyay Maxkamadaha Badbaadada Qaranka ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm)). Dabayaaqadii Janaayo 1991 wuxuu ka codsaday wasiirkiisii hore ee arrimaha dibadda Cumar Carte Qaalib (Omar Arteh Ghalib) inuu dhiso dowlad la wada xaajooda jabhadaha hubaysan, laakiin wuxuu caasimadda ka baxay ka hor intaan awoodda la wareejin ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm)). Dowladdii ku-meel-gaarka ahayd ee xigtay waxay sii haysay qodobbada dastuurkii 1979 ee aysan burin ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm)). Eeg [burburkii, 1991–2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Siyaasiyiintii la xiray.** Cigaal iyo hoggaamiyeyaal kale oo rayid ah ayaa la haystay laga bilaabo 1969, qaarkood ilaa 1982 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/23.htm); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). - **Kuwii NSC maxkamadaysay.** Mucaaradku waxay sheegeen in boqollaal lagu xukumay dil sababo siyaasadeed ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/71.htm)). - **Beelo dhan** oo loo ciqaabay iska caabin hubaysan, sida ay Maktabadda Koongareesku u qortay, 1978 kadib ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). - **Toban culimo diinta ah** oo la dilay 1975. Eeg [sharciga qoyska ee 1975](/so/society/family-law-1975-and-the-ten-scholars/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Yaa hoggaamiyay afgambiga.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in Siyaad Barre aan loo arkin qorsheeyihii afgambiga laakiin uu hoggaanka la wareegay. Dowladda lafteedu markii dambe waxay afgambiga u soo bandhigtay kacdoon la qorsheeyay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/21.htm)). - **Ilaa intee dowladdu hantiwadaag ahayd.** Siyaad Barre wuxuu fikradda ugu yeeray hantiwadaagga cilmiga ku dhisan. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay in "u janjeedhka dhabta ah ee Marxisnimada uusan Soomaaliya ku xididaysnayn" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm)). - **Natiijooyinka doorashooyinka.** Dowladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday in ka badan 99 boqolkiiba oo ogolaansho ah 1979, 1984 iyo 1986. Mucaaradka iyo dadka dowladda dhaleeceeya looma oggolaan inay tartamaan ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm)). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): [Afgambiga](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm), [Dowladdii kacaanka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/21.htm), [Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/22.htm), [Caqabadihii dowladda](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/23.htm), [Hantiwadaagga cilmiga ku dhisan](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm), [Luqadda iyo akhris-qoraalka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm), [XHKS](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/26.htm), [1980–90](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm), [Qaab-dhismeedka dowladda](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm), [Dastuurka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm), [Sharci-dejinta](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm), [Dowladaha hoose](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/69.htm), [Nidaamka sharciga](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/70.htm), [Maxkamadaha](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/71.htm), [Siyaasadda](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/72.htm). --- # Doorashadii baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ee 1964 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1964/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 30 Maarso 1964 Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya waxay qabatay doorashadii qaran ee ugu horreysay xorriyadda kadib. Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) waxay ku guulaysatay 69 ka mid ah 123-ka kursi ee Golaha Shacabka Qaranka. Koongareeska Qaranka Soomaaliyeed wuxuu helay 22, Midowga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed 15, Xisbiga Dastuurka Madaxa-bannaan ee Soomaaliyeedna 9. Waxay sidoo kale ahayd codbixintii qaran ee ugu horreysay oo haweenka waqooyigii Ingiriisku hore u maamuli jiray ay ka qayb qaataan. Xiisad shan bilood socotay oo ku saabsanayd cidda ra'iisul wasaare noqonaysa ayaa xigtay, waxayna ku dhammaatay Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen oo xilka qabtay. ## Kooban "Doorashooyin dowladaha hoose ah oo dalka oo dhan ka dhacay, oo SYL ay ku heshay 74 boqolkiiba kuraasta, ayaa dhacay Nofembar 1963. Waxaa ku xigay Maarso 1964 doorashooyinkii qaran ee ugu horreeyay ee dalka xorriyadda kadib. Mar kale SYL ayaa guulaysatay, iyadoo ku guulaysatay 69 ka mid ah 123 kursi oo baarlamaan" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "The Husseen government"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/18.htm)). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ku dartay in "farqiga dhabta ah ee guusha" xisbiga uu "ka sii weynaa, maadaama kontonka iyo afarta kursi ee mucaaradku ku guulaysteen ay u kala qaybsanaayeen xisbiyo yaryar oo dhowr ah" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Tobankii sano oo dhan, eeg [xilligii dowladda rayidka, 1960–1969](/so/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/). Xisbiga, eeg [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/). ## Codbixinta kahor - **Dastuurka.** Aftidii Juun 1961 ee dastuurka "dhab ahaantii waxay ahayd doorashadii qaran ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya" (tarjumaad). Waxaa "si aad u ballaaran loogu ansixiyay koonfurta" laakiin "waxaa taageeray in ka yar 50 boqolkiiba codbixiyeyaasha waqooyiga" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress, "From independence to revolution"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). - **Codka haweenka waqooyiga.** "Maajo 1963, cod golaha ah oo 52 ka dhan ah 42, ayaa xaqa codbixinta loo fidiyay haweenka Soomaaliland-kii Ingiriiska" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Nolosha siyaasadda.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay in "siyaasaddu ay mar keliya ahayd farshaxanka ay Soomaalidu ugu badan tahay inay ku dhaqmaan iyo ciyaarta ay ugu jecel yihiin" (tarjumaad), iyo in "heerka ka qayb qaadashada siyaasaddu uu inta badan ka sarreeyay kan dimuqraadiyado badan oo reer Galbeed ah" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Xuduudda.** Codbixintu waxay timid toddobaadyo kadib dagaal lala galay Itoobiya. Eeg [dagaalkii xuduudda Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ee 1964](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1964/). ## Natiijada Tirooyinka sida ay ku qoran yihiin Nohlen, Krennerich iyo Thibaut, *Elections in Africa: A data handbook* (1999), b. 812 ([sida uu soo xigtay Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Somali_parliamentary_election)): | Xisbiga | Codad | Saami | Kuraas | |---|---:|---:|---:| | Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) | 472,296 | 51.67% | 69 | | Koongareeska Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNC) | 186,208 | 20.37% | 22 | | Midowga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDU) | 95,707 | 10.47% | 15 | | Xisbiga Dastuurka Madaxa-bannaan ee Soomaaliyeed (Hizbia Dastur Mustaqil Somali) | 80,173 | 8.77% | 9 | | Wadarta | 914,069 | | 123 | Ururka Baarlamaannada Adduunka (IPU) ayaa markii dambe diiwaangeliyay in 21 xisbi ay ku tartameen doorashadii 1964 ([IPU, warbixinta doorashadii 1969](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1969_E.PDF)). ## Xiisaddii ra'iisul wasaaraha Laga soo xigtay Maktabadda Koongareeska ([*Somalia: A Country Study*, "The Husseen government"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/18.htm)): - **Magacaabista.** Madaxweyne [Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan (Aden Abdulle Osman)](/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/) wuxuu ra'iisul wasaare u doortay [Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen (Abdirizak Haji Hussein)](/en/people/abdirizak-haji-hussein/) "halkii uu ka dooran lahaa kii xilka hayay, Sharmaarke, oo uu taageerayay hoggaanka xisbiga SYL" (tarjumaad). Xiisaddu waxay "Soomaaliya uga tagtay dowlad la'aan ilaa bilowgii Sebtembar" (tarjumaad). - **Isu dheellitirka beelaha.** Xuseen wuxuu wasiirrada u doortay "iyadoo lagu salaynayo awood, iyadoon la eegin meesha uu qofku ka soo jeedo" (tarjumaad), taasoo "jebisay xeerarka aan qornayn ee ahaa in la helo isu dheellitir beeleed iyo mid gobol" (tarjumaad). - **Codkii koowaad.** Golaha wasiirrada la soo jeediyay "waa la ansixin waayay iyadoo laba cod lagu dhaafay" (tarjumaad). Afartan iyo siddeed xubnood oo SYL ah ayaa Xuseen u codeeyay, soddon iyo saddex ayaa ka soo horjeeday, toddobana, oo uu ku jiro [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke (Abdirashid Ali Shermarke)](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/), way ka aamuseen. - **Soomaali Weyn.** Dooddu waxay "ku saabsanayd arrinta Soomaali Weyn" (tarjumaad). Xuseen waxaa "lagu sawiray inuu diyaar u yahay inuu aqbalo in Itoobiya iyo Kenya ay sii haystaan madax-bannaanida deegaannada Soomaalida" (tarjumaad). - **Isu-gudbinta xisbiyada.** "Saddexdii bilood ee ugu horreeyay doorashada kadib, toddoba iyo toban xubnood oo mucaaradka baarlamaanka ah ayaa iska casilay xisbiyadoodii si ay ugu biiraan SYL" (tarjumaad). - **Codkii labaad.** Madaxweynuhu mar kale ayuu Xuseen magacaabay. Liis labaad oo golaha wasiirrada ah, oo saddex jago oo dheeraad ah loogu daray garabyada ka soo horjeeday, ayaa la ansixiyay. Xuseen xilka wuu hayay ilaa doorashadii madaxtooyada ee Juun 1967, markaas oo Goluhu uu Sharmaarke ka doortay Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan. ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Codbixiyeyaasha waqooyiga,** oo aqlabiyad ku diiday dastuurkii 1961 oo saamigooda awooddu ahaa cabasho joogto ah. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in niyad-jabku "uu karkaray Diseembar 1961" (tarjumaad) markii saraakiil hoose ay isku dayeen afgambi waqooyiga ([LoC](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Baaxadda guusha SYL.** SYL waxay ku guulaysatay 69 ka mid ah 123 kursi, laakiin isu-gudbintii xisbiyada ee codbixinta kadib ayaa aqlabiyaddeeda dhabta ah ka dhigtay mid ka weyn (LoC). - **Immisa xisbi ayaa tartamay.** IPU waxay 1964 u bixisaa 21 xisbi. Ilaha halkan lagu xiray waxay tirooyinka codadka u bixiyaan afar. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Xorriyaddii ilaa kacaankii"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm), ["Dowladdii Xuseen"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/18.htm). - Ururka Baarlamaannada Adduunka (IPU), warbixinta doorashooyinkii Soomaaliya ee 1969, oo leh isbarbardhigga 1964: [PDF](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1969_E.PDF). --- # Doorashadii baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ee 1969 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1969/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 26 Maarso 1969 Soomaaliya waxay qabatay doorashadii qaran ee xisbiyada badan ee ugu dambaysay ka hor xukunkii militariga. Lixdan iyo afar xisbi iyo 2,214 musharrax ayaa u tartamay 123 kursi. Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) waxay ku guulaysatay 73 kursi iyadoo heshay 33 boqolkiiba codadka ansaxa ah, ku dhowaad dhammaan xubnihii loo doortay xisbiyada kalena markaas ayay ku biireen. Waxaa jiray eedaymo ah in dowladdu doorashada khiyaameysay, Maxkamadda Sarena way diiddey inay dhagaysato cabashooyinka doorashada. Toddoba bilood kadib, markii Madaxweyne Sharmaarke la dilay, ciidanku waxay xukunka qabsadeen 21 Oktoobar 1969. ## Kooban Doorashadii Maarso 1969 waxay ahayd codbixintii qaran ee xisbiyada badan ee ugu dambaysay Soomaaliya. Ururka Baarlamaannada Adduunka (IPU) wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in "64 koox siyaasadeed oo kala duwan, oo badankood la sameeyay waxyar ka hor codbixinta ujeeddo doorasho oo keliya, ay markaas tartanka ku soo galeen 2,214 musharrax oo u tartamaya 123-ka kursi ee bannaan" (tarjumaad) ([IPU, warbixinta doorashadii 1969](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1969_E.PDF)). Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed waxay ku guulaysatay 73 kursi. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay in "eedaymo dhowr ah oo ah in dowladdu doorashada khiyaameysay la soo jeediyay, qaarkoodna ugu yaraan si adag ayay u salaysnaayeen" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "The Igaal government"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm)). Ciidanku waxay xukunka qabsadeen toddoba bilood kadib. Eeg [doorashadii 1964](/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1964/) codbixintii ka horreysay iyo [xilligii dowladda rayidka, 1960–1969](/so/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/) tobankaas sano. ## Sida codbixintu u shaqaysay Laga soo xigtay warbixinta IPU ([IPU](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1969_E.PDF)): - **Golaha.** 123 xubnood oo loo doortay shan sano. - **Codbixiyeyaasha.** Muwaadin kasta oo labada jinsiba ah oo 18 jir ah wuu codayn karay. "Ma jiraan diiwaanno codbixiyeyaal, codbixiyeyaashuna waxay codkooda ku dhiibtaan deegaanka doorashada ee ay joogaan maalinta codbixinta" (tarjumaad). - **Deegaannada doorashada.** Waxay ahaayeen 48, mid degmo kasta: 10 degmo oo hal kursi leh oo lagu go'aamiyay aqlabiyad, iyo 38 lagu go'aamiyay liisaska xisbiyada iyo matalaad saami ah. - **Musharraxiinta.** Liisaska waxaa ahayd in ay saxiixaan ugu yaraan 500 codbixiye oo deegaanka ah. - **Kuraasta aan lagu tartamin.** Codbixintu waxay ka dhacday 43 deegaan. 5-ta kale, SYL ayaa ahayd xisbiga keliya ee soo taagay musharraxiin, kuwaas oo si toos ah loo doortay. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ku dartay in "doorashooyinkii Maarso 1969 ay ahaayeen kuwii ugu horreeyay ee isku daray codbixinta jagooyinka dowladaha hoose iyo Golaha Shacabka Qaranka" (tarjumaad), iyo in musharraxu u baahnaa "taageerada 500 codbixiye ama kafaalada beeshiisa, oo lagu muujiyo cod ka dhaca shirkeeda dhaqanka" (tarjumaad) ([LoC](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm)). ## Natiijada Xisbiyada hormuudka ahaa, laga soo xigtay warbixinta IPU ([IPU](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1969_E.PDF)): | Xisbiga | Codad | Saami | Kuraas | |---|---:|---:|---:| | Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed | 260,046 | 33.24% | 73 | | Koongareeska Qaranka Soomaaliyeed | 77,339 | 9.89% | 11 | | Xisbiga Dastuurka Madaxa-bannaan ee Soomaaliyeed (Hizbia Dastur Mustaqil Somali) | 27,681 | 3.54% | 8 | | Midowga Qaranka Afrikaanka Soomaaliyeed (Somali African National Union) | 42,006 | 5.43% | 6 | | Midowga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed | 46,064 | 5.89% | 2 | | Dhaqdhaqaaqa Shacbiga ee Ficilka Dimuqraadiga (Popular Movement for Democratic Action) | 42,629 | 5.45% | 2 | | Xisbiyo kale | | | 21 | Waxaa codeeyay 879,554 qof, 97,320 waraaqood ayaa ahaa kuwo buray ama bannaan, 782,234-na waxay ahaayeen codad ansax ah. Dhammaan 123-kii xubnood ee la doortay waxay ahaayeen rag (isla ishaas). ## Codbixinta kadib - **U biirista guulaystaha.** "Dhammaadkii Maajo 1969 kooxda baarlamaanka ee SYL waxay ka kordhay 73 ilaa 109" (tarjumaad). Iyadoo ay la jiraan 11-ka xubnood ee SNC ee isbahaysiga ku jiray, dhinaca dowladdu wuxuu haystay 120 ka mid ah 123 kursi ([LoC](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm)). IPU waxay sheegtay in dhammaan xildhibaannadii xisbiyada kale ay ku biireen SYL "marka laga reebo hal xildhibaan oo ka tirsanaa Dhaqdhaqaaqa Shacbiga ee Ficilka Dimuqraadiga" (tarjumaad). - **Xildhibaannadii xilka hayay.** "Xildhibaannadii xilka hayay, 77 ka mid ah 123 dib looma soo celin (oo ay ku jiraan 8 ka mid ah 18-kii xubnood ee golihii wasiirrada ee hore)" (tarjumaad) (LoC). - **Eedaymaha khiyaanada iyo maxkamadaha.** "Niyad-jabku wuu sii xumaaday markii Maxkamadda Sare, oo uu hoggaaminayay guddoomiyeheedii cusbaa ee la magacaabay, ay diiddey inay qaadato awoodda cabashooyinka doorashada, inkastoo ay mar hore qaadatay awooddaas oo kale" (tarjumaad) (LoC). - **Golaha wasiirrada cusub.** [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal)](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) ayaa dhisay gole wasiirro oo cusub. "Qaar yar oo ka mid ah 120-kaas ayaa ka tagay SYL markii ay caddaatay sida golaha wasiirrada Cigaal u dhisan yahay iyo kadib markii barnaamijkiisa lagu dhawaaqay" (tarjumaad) (LoC). - **15 Oktoobar 1969.** "Ilaaliye ayaa dilay madaxweyne Sharmaarke iyadoo ra'iisul wasaare Cigaal uu dalka ka maqnaa" (tarjumaad) ([LoC, "Coup d'Etat"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). Eeg [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke (Abdirashid Ali Shermarke)](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/). - **21 Oktoobar 1969.** "Markii ay caddaatay in goluhu taageeri doono musharraxa Cigaal doortay" (tarjumaad) madaxweyne cusub, cutubyo ciidan ayaa qabsaday Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ee cusub wuxuu "mamnuucay xisbiyada siyaasadda, baabi'iyay Golaha Shacabka Qaranka, hakiyayna dastuurka" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Eeg [Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, 1969–1991](/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Musharraxiintii lumiyay kuraasta iyo taageerayaashooda,** oo Maktabadda Koongareesku ku sheegtay inay ahaayeen "kuwo niyad-jabsan oo cadhaysan" (tarjumaad), iyadoo aysan jirin maxkamad dhagaysata cabashooyinkooda (LoC). - **Xubnihii la doortay iyo hoggaamiyeyaashii dowladda rayidka,** oo la xiray afgambiga kadib laguna hayay qasriga madaxtooyada, oo uu ku jiro Cigaal ([LoC](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Immisa ayaa ku biiray SYL.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in SYL ay ka kordhay 73 ilaa 109 xubnood dhammaadkii Maajo 1969, iyo in xubnihii 24-ka xisbi ee yaryar, konton dhammaan, ay ku biireen. IPU waxay sheegtay in dhammaan xildhibaannadii xisbiyada kale ay ku biireen marka laga reebo mid. - **Waxa natiijooyinku muujiyeen.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay in waayidda kuraasta ee xildhibaanno badan oo xilka hayay "aysan si cad u muujin niyad-jab laga qabo dowladda" (tarjumaad), maadaama tirooyinku ay ahaayeen "ku dhowaad kuwo la mid ah natiijooyinkii doorashadii 1964" (tarjumaad). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Ururka Baarlamaannada Adduunka (IPU), *Somalia: elections of 26 March 1969*: [PDF](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1969_E.PDF). - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Dowladdii Cigaal"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/19.htm), ["Afgambiga"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm). --- # NFD-dii Kenya, 1962–1967: codkii aan la raacin Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 1962 guddi Ingiriis ah ayaa ogaaday in dadka bariga NFD-da Kenya ay "ku dhowaad si wadajir ah" u doonayeen inay ka baxaan Kenya oo ku biiraan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Maarso 1963 Ingiriisku taa beddelkeed wuxuu deegaanka ka dhigay gobolka toddobaad ee Kenya, Soomaaliyana waxay xiriirka u jartay Ingiriiska. Kenya waxay xoroobtay iyadoo haysata degmada oo dhan Diseembar 1963. Colaad hubaysan ayaa socotay ilaa heshiiskii Arusha ee Oktoobar 1967; guddiga runta ee Kenya wuxuu dhimashada rasmiga ah ku sheegay 2,000. ## Kooban Degmada Xadka Waqooyi (NFD) waxay ahayd waqooyiga qallalan ee Kenya xilligii gumeysiga. Waxay ahayd ilaa kala badh Kenya laakiin waxaa ku noolaa ilaa soddon meelood meel dadkeeda ([HL Deb 3 April 1963, vol. 248, cc. 600–36](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)). Qaybteeda bari waxaa inta badan degganaa Soomaali. 1962 Ingiriisku wuxuu u diray guddi si loo weydiiyo dadka waxa ay doonayaan. Bariga wuxuu ka helay taageero ku dhowaad wadajir ah oo ah in lagu biiro Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Ingiriisku ma raacin natiijadaas, degmaduna waxay u gudubtay Kenya xorta ah Diseembar 1963. ## Guddigii 1962 Shirkii dastuurka Kenya ee 1962, wafdi NFD ah ayaa codsaday in lixda degmo oo dhan ay ka baxaan Kenya oo ku biiraan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Labada xisbi ee waaweyn ee Kenya, KANU iyo KADU, waxay ahaayeen "si siman u midaysan" ka soo horjeedka go'idda kasta, sida wasiir dowladeed markii dambe Baarlamaanka u sheegay (isla ishaas). Ingiriisku wuxuu ballan qaaday baaritaan iyo go'aan ka hor intaan dastuurka cusub ee Kenya dhaqan gelin. Si ay dhexdhexaad u ahaato, wuxuu doortay laba guddoomiye oo aan Ingiriis ahayn: Jeneraal Bogert oo Kanada ah iyo Mr Onyiuke QC oo Nayjeeriyaan ah (isla ishaas). Hawshoodu waxay ahayd "in la ogaado, laguna warbixiyo, ra'yiga dadweynaha" ee degmooyinka Isiolo, Garissa, Mandera, Marsabit, Moyale iyo Wajir. Waxay booqdeen 13 Oktoobar ilaa 28 Nofembar 1962. Warbixinta waxaa la daabacay 20 Diseembar iyadoo ah Cmnd. 1900 ([HC Deb 21 December 1962, vol. 669, cc. 256–7W](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written_answers/1962/dec/21/northern-frontier-district)). ## Waxa guddigu ogaaday Dowladdu waxay natiijooyinka ku soo koobtay Golaha Aqalka Sare ([HL Deb 3 April 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)): - **Bariga.** Mandera, Wajir iyo Garissa, marka laga reebo deegaannada Webiga iyo Orma, iyo deegaanka Ajuuraan ee Moyale, dadku "ku dhowaad si wadajir ah ayay u door bideen ka go'idda Kenya" iyagoo ujeeddadu tahay "ugu dambeyn inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya". - **Xilli Ingiriis marka hore.** Dadkaasi waxay doonayeen xilli ay hoos yimaadaan awoodda Ingiriiska, si ay u dhistaan dowladdooda kuna biiraan Soomaaliya "iyagoo ah unug is-maamula". - **Galbeedka.** Meelaha kale "dadku waxay doonayeen inay Kenya ku sii jiraan ama ra'yigu wuu kala qaybsanaa ama hubanti la'aan ahaa". Guddigu wuxuu sheegay inuusan heli karin sawir dhab ah oo ku saabsan aragtida Rendille. Lord Lytton wuxuu NFD ku tilmaamay xadka Bariga Afrika ee kala qaybiya dadyowga uu ugu yeeray "non-Negro", oo inta badan ah Soomaali iyo Gaalla (Oromo), iyo inta kale ee Kenya (isla ishaas, cc. 603–4). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in guddigu ogaaday in ka go'idda ay taageerayeen Soomaalida iyo xoolo-dhaqatada Oromada labaduba ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Earl of Lytton, oo u dooday kiiska Soomaalida, wuxuu qiyaasay in "86 boqolkiiba deegaanka NFD oo dhan ay doonayaan ka go'id". Wuxuu dowladda ka codsaday inay bixiso tiradeeda haddii tiisu khaldan tahay (isla ishaas). ## Go'aankii 8 Maarso 1963 8 Maarso 1963 Xoghayaha Gumeysiga, Duncan Sandys, ayaa Nairobi ka shaaciyay go'aanka. Deegaanka Soomaalidu wuxuu noqday "Gobol Toddobaad oo gooni ah" oo Kenya ka mid ah, "kuna leh heer la mid ah gobollada kale" ([HC Deb 8 March 1963, vol. 673, cc. 99–100W](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written_answers/1963/mar/08/northern-frontier-district)). Wuxuu ka koobnaa Mandera iyo Wajir, Garissa marka laga reebo deegaannada Webiga iyo Orma, iyo deegaanka Ajuuraan ee Moyale. Sandys wuxuu Baarlamaanka u sharraxay sababihiisa ([HL Deb 12 March 1963, vol. 247, cc. 723–32](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/mar/12/kenya-1)): - Wasiirrada Kenya waxay dareemeen in Ingiriisku aanu qaadin "tallaabo aan dib looga noqon karin" ka hor intaan Kenya yeelan dowlad wakiil buuxda ah. - NFD-da galbeed waxay "si la mid ah oo xooggan uga soo horjeeday ka go'idda". - Wareejin aan oggolaanshaha Kenya lahayn "waxay kicin lahayd falcelin rabshad leh oo dalka oo dhan ah", labada xisbi ee Kenyana way ka bixi lahaayeen dowladda. Wuxuu ku daray: dabcan ma aanan qiyaasin in tani si buuxda u qanciso himilooyinka Soomaalida (isla ishaas). ## Soomaaliya oo xiriirka u jartay Ingiriiska Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya isla markiiba way ka jawaabtay. Ra'iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke wuxuu 17 Maarso 1963 qoray in dowladdiisu, "iyadoo taageero ka helaysa Baarlamaanka", ay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed u jartay Ingiriiska. Wuxuu qoray in bannaanbaxyo "ka qarxeen Muqdisho isla markii ku dhawaaqistiisa raadiyaha laga maqlay" ([HL Deb 3 April 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)). Eeg [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/). Dowladda Soomaaliyeed waxay ku doodday in Ingiriisku jebiyay ballamihiisii markii uu NFD ku daray dastuurka cusub ee Kenya. Dowladda Ingiriisku waxay ku jawaabtay inay ballan qaaday oo keliya go'aan ku saabsan natiijooyinka, ballantaasna ay oofisay (isla ishaas). ## Xorriyadda, Diseembar 1963 2 Diseembar 1963 Golaha Aqalka Sare wuxuu ka dooday Sharciga Xorriyadda Kenya. Lord Lytton wuxuu soo jeediyay in "Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari" laga saaro Kenya xorta ah. Dowladdu waxay sheegtay in gobolka ay ku nool yihiin "qolooyin badan, oo aan Soomaali oo keliya ahayn". Wax ka beddelka waa la diiday ([HL Deb 2 December 1963, vol. 253, cc. 872–92](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/dec/02/kenya-independence-bill)). Kenya waxay xoroobtay 12 Diseembar 1963 iyadoo haysata degmada oo dhan. ## Colaadda, 1963–1967 Iska-caabin hubaysan ayaa ka dhacday waqooyiga. Dowladda Kenya waxay dagaalyahannada ugu yeertay *shifta*, eray macnihiisu yahay burcad. Taageerayaasha kiiska Soomaalida ee Ingiriiska, sida Lord Lytton, waxay ku tilmaameen su'aal aayo-ka-tashi ah ([HL Deb 2 December 1965](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1965/dec/02/somalia-and-kenya)). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay labada mowqif. Kenya waxay ku eedaysay in dagaalyahannada lagu tababaray Soomaaliya, halkaas lagu hubeeyay hub Soofiyeeti ah, Muqdishona laga hagayay. Dowladda Soomaaliyeed si rasmi ah ayay u beenisay, laakiin raadiyaheeda, Codka Soomaaliya, wuxuu warbaahin u gudbinayay Kenya wuxuuna saameeyay heerka dagaalka ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Isla ishaas waxay sheegtay in Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ay u sheegatay aayo-ka-tashi Soomaalida ka baxsan, ee aysan sheegan madax-bannaanida dhulka. Lord Lytton wuxuu Golaha Aqalka Sare uga digay Diseembar 1963 in deegaanku arki doono dagaal jabhadeed iyo "aargoosi xun" ([HL Deb 2 December 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/dec/02/kenya-independence-bill)). Diseembar 1965 Lord Lytton wuxuu Golaha u sheegay in Kenya ku dhawaaqday in NFD ay ku jirto xaalad go'doomin. Wuxuu soo tebiyay tirooyinka Kenya laftigeeda: tan iyo xorriyadda waxay "dishay 400 Shifta, waxayna xirtay 500 kale" ([HL Deb 2 December 1965, vol. 270, cc. 1437–54](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1965/dec/02/somalia-and-kenya)). Wuxuu kaloo ka warramay xoolo la qaaday iyadoo ciqaab ah (isla ishaas). Dowladda Ingiriisku waxay ku jawaabtay in NFD ay tahay "qayb ka mid ah dalka xorta ah ee Kenya", iyo in Ingiriisku aanu faragelin karin "khilaaf u dhexeeya saddex dal oo xor ah". Waxay sheegtay inay diyaar u tahay inay dib u soo celiso xiriirka Soomaaliya goor kasta oo ay Soomaaliya doonto (isla ishaas). ## Heshiiskii Arusha, Oktoobar 1967 Kadib markii Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare 1967, Soomaaliya waxay raadisay xiriir wanaagsan oo deriskeeda ah. Iyadoo Madaxweynaha Saambiya Kenneth Kaunda uu dhexdhexaadinayo, Cigaal iyo Madaxweyne Jomo Kenyatta waxay Arusha, Tansaaniya, dabayaaqadii Oktoobar 1967 ku saxiixeen "warqad is-afgarad" oo ku saabsan khilaafka xadka ([Reuters archive record, 1967](https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/293856)). Reuters waxay sheegtay in labada dhinac ku heshiiyeen inay nabadda xadka ilaaliyaan oo ay joojiyaan dacaayadda colaadeed (isla ishaas). Eeg [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) iyo [xilligii dowladda rayidka, 1960–1969](/so/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? Guddiga Runta, Caddaaladda iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Kenya (TJRC) wuxuu 2013 qoray ([warbixinta TJRC, sida uu u ururiyay mashruuca Truth Commissions ee Jaamacadda McMaster](https://truthcommissions.humanities.mcmaster.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1CAF_References-to-History_Kenya-Report.pdf)): Dagaalkii Shifta, ee la dagaallamay 1964 ilaa 1967, wuxuu ahaa xilli taariikhda Kenya ka mid ah oo ay dhaceen xadgudubyo nidaamsan oo baahsan oo xuquuqda aadanaha ah (oo ay ku jiraan dilal wadareed) oo loo geystay muwaadiniin Kenyan ah. Rasmi ahaan dhimashadu waa 2,000. Qiyaasaha aan rasmiga ahayn waxay dhimashada ku sheegaan 7,000. Guddigu wuxuu ku daray in xilligii gumeysiga, maamulayaasha waqooyigu ay lahaayeen "awoodo aan caadi ahayn oo ay dadka ku xiri karaan kuna hayn karaan", iyadoo safarka iyo socodka la xaddiday (isla ishaas). Ciidamada ammaanka Kenya sidoo kale rag ayay ka dhinteen. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada dhimashada.** TJRC waxay bixisaa 2,000 rasmi ahaan iyo 7,000 qiyaas aan rasmi ahayn. Qiyaasaha kale way ka sarreeyaan. Ma jirto tiro lagu heshiiyay. - **Taariikhaha dagaalka.** TJRC waxay ku taariikheysaa 1964 ilaa 1967. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ka hadashaa in ka badan afar sano oo dagaal ah. Xog kale waxay ku taariikheeyaan 1963, xorriyadda ([Shifta War, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifta_War)). - **Xiriirka Ingiriiska oo la jaray.** Soo koobid qaar waxay bixiyaan 1962. Warqadda Sharmaarke laftigiisa, oo Baarlamaanka lagu akhriyay, waxay ku taariikheysaa Maarso 1963. - **Inta doonaysay inay baxdo.** Guddigu ma bixin hal tiro. Lord Lytton wuxuu qiyaasay 86 boqolkiiba degmada oo dhan; dowladduna ma bixin tiro u gaar ah. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Golaha Aqalka Sare ee Ingiriiska, bayaanka dowladda ee dastuurka Kenya iyo NFD, 12 Maarso 1963: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/mar/12/kenya-1). - Golaha Wakiillada Ingiriiska, jawaab qoraal ah oo leh go'aankii 8 Maarso 1963: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written_answers/1963/mar/08/northern-frontier-district). - Doodda Golaha Aqalka Sare ee NFD, 3 Abriil 1963, oo soo xiganaysa warbixinta guddiga: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya). - Golaha Aqalka Sare, Sharciga Xorriyadda Kenya, 2 Diseembar 1963: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/dec/02/kenya-independence-bill). - Doodda Golaha Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya iyo Kenya, 2 Diseembar 1965: [Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1965/dec/02/somalia-and-kenya). - Guddiga Runta, Caddaaladda iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta Kenya, 2013, qaybaha taariikhda: [ururinta Jaamacadda McMaster (PDF)](https://truthcommissions.humanities.mcmaster.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1CAF_References-to-History_Kenya-Report.pdf). --- # Dagaalkii xuduudda Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ee 1964 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1964/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Febraayo 1964 ciidamada Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya ayaa ku dagaallamay xuduuddooda, iyagoo ka bilaabay Tog Wajaale oo u dhexeysa Hargeysa (Hargeisa) iyo Jigjiga, diyaaradaha Itoobiyana waxay duqeeyeen bartilmaameedyo ku yaal gudaha Soomaaliya. Labada dhinacba khilaafka waxay u qaateen Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU). Suudaan ayaa dhexdhexaadisay, wadahadallo Khartuum lagu qabtay Maarso 1964 waxay keeneen xabbad-joojin, guddi wadaag ah iyo dhul hub ka dhigan oo ballaciisu yahay 10 ilaa 15 km dhinac kasta oo xuduudda ah. Dagaalku wuxuu ka dhashay kacdoon hubeysan oo Soomaalida Ogaadeen ay bilaabeen 1963. ## Si kooban Febraayo 1964 dagaal ayaa ka qarxay xuduudda u dhexeysa Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya, diyaaradaha Itoobiyana waxay weerar ku qaadeen bartilmaameedyo ku yaal Soomaaliya. Suudaan ayaa dhexdhexaadisay iyadoo matalaysa Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU), colaaddiina waxay dhammaatay Abriil, iyadoo la gaaray xabbad-joojin, guddi wadaag ah iyo aag hub ka dhigan oo "ballaciisu yahay toban ilaa shan iyo toban kiilomitir" dhinac kasta oo xuduudda ah ([Maktabadda Koongareeska (Library of Congress), *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Diiwaannadii xilligaas ee dowladda Maraykanka waxaa lagu daabacay *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968*, mugga XXIV, cutubka Soomaaliya ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka (Office of the Historian)](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/ch8)). Dagaalkii 1977–1978, eeg [dagaalkii Ogaadeen](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). ## Asalka - **Sheegashada.** Markii ay xorriyadda qaadatay 1960, Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ma aqbalin xuduudihii lagu sawiray heshiisyadii gumeysiga, mana aqbalin wareejintii Hawd (Haud) loo wareejiyay Itoobiya 1954 ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Eeg [Hawd, 1954–1955](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/). - **Iska horimaadyadii hore.** Lix bilood gudahood markii xorriyadda la qaatay, xuduudda waxaa ka dhacay dhacdooyin hubeysan ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Ethiopia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/26.htm)). - **Kacdoonkii Ogaadeen.** Qiimayn Sirdoon Qaran oo Maraykan ah (National Intelligence Estimate) oo Abriil 1964 ayaa ku tilmaantay Ogaadeenta Itoobiya "kacdoon Soomaaliyeed oo laga dhiirrigeliyo lagana taageero Muqdisho". Waxay tiri "ciidanka Itoobiya way ku adkaanaysaa inay wax ka qabtaan fallaagada" ([FRUS 1964–68, mugga XXIV, dukumeentiga 292](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d292)). Warqad Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Maraykanka ka soo baxday Maarso 1964 ayaa ka hadashay "sagaal bilood oo olole aan guuleysan ah oo ka dhan ah jabhadaha Soomaalida ee Ogaadeen" ([dukumeentiga 290](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d290)). - **Aragtida Soomaalida.** Isla qiimayntaasi waxay ujeeddada ku tilmaantay in "xukunkeeda la hoos keeno nus milyan oo Soomaali ah oo ku nool Itoobiya iyo Kenya" ([dukumeentiga 292](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d292)). Eeg [Gobolka Xuduudda Waqooyi (NFD), 1962–1967](/so/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/). ## Dagaalka, Febraayo 1964 - **6–8 Febraayo.** "Ciidamada Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ayaa ku dagaallamay magaalada xuduudda ee Tog Wajaale", oo u dhexeysa Hargeysa iyo Jigjiga. Dagaalku wuxuu dib u bilaabmay 9 Febraayo kadib hakad yar, "waxaana laga yaabaa inuu u fiday laba meelood oo kale oo xuduudda ah" ([FRUS, dukumeentiga 279](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d279)). - **Iska horimaadkii labaad.** Isla qoraalkaas wuxuu ku tilmaamay "kii labaad ee dhexmara GSR [dowladda Soomaaliya] iyo IEG [dowladda Itoobiya] muddo ka yar hal bil" (isla dukumeentigaas). - **Xaaladaha degdegga.** Soomaaliya waxay ku dhawaaqday xaalad degdeg ah oo qaran, waxayna codsatay in Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (QM) uu shir u yeesho eedeyn ah in Itoobiya ay gardarro samaysay. Itoobiya waxay xaalad degdeg ah ku dhawaaqday aagga xuduudda, waxayna OAU ka codsatay inay eegto eedeynteeda ah in Soomaaliya ay gardarro samaysay (isla dukumeentigaas). - **Duqeymaha diyaaradaha.** Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Maraykanku waxay xustay "tiro sii kordhaysa oo warbixinno la hubiyay ah oo ku saabsan in ciidamada IEG, gaar ahaan Ciidanka Cirka, ay soo galeen dhulka Soomaaliya", iyo dagaal sii socday "kadib wakhtigii xabbad-joojinta ee 16 Febraayo" ([dukumeentiga 281](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d281)). - **Siyaasadda ay Itoobiya sheegtay.** Wasaaradda warfaafinta Itoobiya waxay 10 Febraayo sheegtay in Boqorku "amar ku bixiyay in ciidamada IEG aysan weerar celin ah ku gelin dhulka Soomaaliya inkastoo la weerarayo", iyadoo raacisay in haddii "baahiyaha howlgal militari" ay ku khasbaan inay gudbaan, ay dhakhso u soo laaban doonaan (isla dukumeentigaas). ## Quwadaha waaweyn - **Maraykanka.** Washington ayaa hub siin jirtay ciidanka Itoobiya. Waxay Itoobiya u sheegtay inaysan la qabin in duulimaadyada diyaaradaha ay ahaayeen is-difaac (dukumeentiga 281). Soomaaliyana waxay u cabatay "mowjad sii kordhaysa oo welwel leh oo dareen ka soo horjeeda Maraykanka ah", oo ay ku jiraan sheegashooyin wargeysyo oo ahaa in Itoobiya ay taageero ka haysato Maraykanka ([dukumeentiga 282](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d282)). 21 Febraayo Madaxweyne Johnson wuxuu u qoray Madaxweyne [Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan (Aden Abdulle Osman)](/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/) in "xiriirka saaxiibtinimo ee aan la leenahay Itoobiya uusan sinnaba u yareynayn rabitaankeenna ah saaxiibtinimo sii socota" oo aan la leenahay Soomaaliya ([dukumeentiga 285](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d285)). - **Midowga Soofiyeeti.** Moscow waxay oggolaatay inay Soomaaliya siiso "qiyaastii $35 milyan oo gargaar militari ah" ([dukumeentiga 292](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d292)). Qoraal sirdoon oo Maraykan ah ayaa sheegaya in Khrushchev uu 22 Febraayo warqad u qoray Boqorka, oo ku saabsanayd eedeymaha Soomaaliya ee ahaa in Itoobiya ay "weerarro cirka ah ku qaadayso dhulka Soomaaliya, iyadoo ka duulaysa garoomada diyaaradaha ee Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska" ([dukumeentiga 287](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d287)). ## Dhexdhexaadinta iyo heshiiskii Khartuum - **Febraayo.** Labada dhinacba waxay aqbaleen baaq ka yimid OAU. Suudaan ayaa hoggaanka u qabatay diyaarinta xabbad-joojin, wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda ee OAU-na waxay ku kulmeen Lagos ([dukumeentiga 280](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d280); [dukumeentiga 285](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d285)). - **Dabayaaqadii Maarso.** Wefdiyada Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya waxay Khartuum ku kulmeen laga bilaabo qiyaastii 24 Maarso ([dukumeentiga 289](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d289)). - **Shuruudaha.** Xabbad-joojin, guddi wadaag ah oo "baara sababaha dhacdooyinka xuduudda", iyo aag hub ka dhigan oo dhinac kasta oo xuduudda ah ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Dukumeentiyada Maraykanka ee dambe waxay xusaan "Heshiiskii Khartuum ee Maarso 1964" iyo "marinka xuduudda ee hub ka dhigan" ([dukumeentiga 299](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d299)). - **Weerarkii Hargeysa.** Kadib markii wadahadalladii Khartuum dhammaadeen, Hargeysa waxaa laga duqeeyay cirka, weerar uu Maraykanku "dusha ka saaray IEG". 1 Abriil Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda waxay faray safiirkeeda inuu Boqorka la hadal-hayo "weerarkii duqeynta Hargeysa", iyadoo xustay in lagu isticmaalay "qalab uu bixiyay barnaamijka MAP ee Maraykanka", iyo in gargaarka militari ee Maraykanka la bixiyay "iyadoo shardi looga dhigay in IEG ay ballan qaaddo inay qalabka u isticmaasho difaac oo keliya" ([dukumeentiga 291](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d291)). ## Wixii ka dambeeyay - **Itoobiya iyo Kenya** waxay 1964 saxiixeen heshiis is-difaac wadaag ah, "iyagoo ka jawaabaya waxa labada dalba u arkeen khatar joogto ah oo ka timaadda Soomaaliya". Waxaa la cusbooneysiiyay 1980 iyo 1987 ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). - **Xiisaddii dambe.** Dukumeentiyada Maraykanka ee sannadihii xigay waxay diiwaangelinayaan eedeymo cusub oo dhinac walba u jeedinayay kan kale inuu jebinayo xabbad-joojinta Khartuum, oo ay ku jiraan dacaayad raadiye iyo ciidamo la geliyay aagga hub ka dhigan ([dukumeentiga 302](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d302)). - **1967.** Ra'iisul Wasaare Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal) wuxuu bilaabay siyaasad lagu dejinayo xiisadda Itoobiya iyo Kenya. Eeg [xilligii dowladdii rayidka, 1960–1969](/so/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu soo gaartay? - **Askarta labada dhinac** ee dagaalka xuduudda. Dukumeentiyada halkan lagu xiray ma bixiyaan tirada dadkii dhintay. - **Dadka Hargeysa** iyo deegaannada xuduudda ee la duqeeyay (dukumeentiyada 281 iyo 291). - **Xoolo-dhaqatada** ka daaqi jiray labada dhinac ee xadka. Febraayo 1964 Maraykanku wuxuu xusay "ujeeddada ay Itoobiya ku dhawaaqday ee ah inay xuduudda u xirto xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida ee xuquuq dhaqameed u leh daaqa iyo biyaha dhinaca Itoobiya" ([dukumeentiga 279](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d279)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Yaa bilaabay.** Dowlad walba waxay OAU iyo QM hortooda ku eedeysay tan kale inay gardarro samaysay (dukumeentiga 279). Maraykanku wuxuu sheegay inuusan "doonayn inuu qiimeeyo masuuliyadda", isagoo haddana qoray in dhibaatadu "aysan sidan hadda u culus ahaateen haddii Soomaalidu ka tanaasuli lahayd hadafkooda Soomaaliweyn" (dukumeentiga 281). - **Taageerada dagaalyahannada Ogaadeen.** Sirdoonka Maraykanku wuxuu kacdoonka ku tilmaamay mid "laga dhiirrigeliyo lagana taageero Muqdisho" (dukumeentiga 292). Jabhadaha Kenya, Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in dowladda Soomaaliya ay "si rasmi ah u beenisay" eedeymaha ahaa in lagu tababaray Soomaaliya laguna "maamulo Muqdisho" ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). - **Weerarrada cirka.** Itoobiya waxay duulimaadyadeeda ku tilmaantay is-difaac. Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay inay ka yimaadeen garoomada diyaaradaha ee Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska, sida ay ku warrameen warqadaha Soofiyeetiga (dukumeentiga 287). Maraykanku wuxuu ugu yeeray "khataro culus" (dukumeentiga 281). - **Dadkii dhintay.** Midna ilaha halkan lagu xiray kama bixiyo tiro. ## Ilaha asalka ah adigu akhri - *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968*, mugga XXIV, Afrika, cutubka Soomaaliya: [dukumeentiyada 275–304](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/ch8). - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993), "Siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda" (1960-meeyadii): [qoraalka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm). - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Ethiopia: A Country Study* (1991), "Ogaadeen iyo Hawd": [qoraalka](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/26.htm). --- # Aftidii dastuurka Soomaaliya ee 1979 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-constitutional-referendum-1979/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 25 Agoosto 1979 Soomaaliya waxay codbixin afti ah ka qaaday dastuur cusub oo loogu talagalay Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, toban sano kadib inqilaabkii 1969. Natiijada rasmiga ahi waxay ahayd 3,597,592 cod oo taageersan iyo 7,898 cod oo diiddan, ama 99.78 boqolkiiba oo haa ah. Dastuurku wuxuu dhisay nidaam madaxtooyo oo Madaxweynuhu uu yahay madaxa dowladda iyo madaxa xukuumadda labadaba, iyadoo uu jiro hal xisbi oo sharci ah, Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Soomaaliyeed (SRSP), iyo Golaha Shacabka. Wuxuu dhaqan galay markii madaxweynuhu ansixiyay 23 Sebtembar 1979, wuxuuna shaqeynayay, kadib wax-ka-beddelkii 1984, ilaa dowladdu ay dhacday 1991. ## Kooban "Agoosto 1979, dastuur cusub ayaa lagu ansixiyay afti dadweyne," sida ay diiwaangelisay Ururka Baarlamaannada Adduunka (IPU) (tarjumaad) ([IPU, *Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections* XIV, 1979–80](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1979_E.PDF)). Buugga *World Factbook* ee CIA wuxuu dastuurka u taariikheeyay "25 Agoosto 1979, ansixinta madaxweynaha 23 Sebtembar 1979" (tarjumaad) ([*The World Factbook 1990*, Soomaaliya](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_%281990%29/Somalia)). "Dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu dhigay nidaam madaxtooyo oo madaxweynuhu uu ahaa madaxa dowladda iyo madaxa xukuumadda labadaba" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "Constitution"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm)). Dowladdii uu xukumayay, eeg [Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, 1969–1991](/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/). ## Natiijada Tirooyinka rasmiga ah, sida ay ku qoran yihiin Kaydka Doorashooyinka Afrika (African Elections Database) ([sida ay Wikipedia u soo xigatay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Somali_constitutional_referendum)): | Doorashada | Codadka | Saamiga | |---|---|---| | Haa | 3,597,592 | 99.78% | | Maya | 7,898 | 0.22% | | Wadarta | 3,605,490 | | ## Taariikhda ka horreysay - **Kadib inqilaabkii.** "Kadib doorashooyinkii guud ee 1969, Baarlamaanka waa la kala diray isla sannadkaas dabayaaqadiisa, ciidamaduna waxay la wareegeen talada dalka" (tarjumaad). Sannadkii 1976 waxaa la aasaasay Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Soomaaliyeed (Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, SRSP), oo ahaa "xisbiga siyaasadeed ee keliya ee sharciga ah ee dalka" (tarjumaad) ([IPU](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1979_E.PDF)). Eeg [xilligii Siyaad Barre](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). - **Cadaadis dibadda ka yimid.** Kadib [Dagaalkii Ogaadeen](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/), "dalalka reer Galbeedka ayaa iyaguna ku cadaadinayay nidaamka inuu furfuro nolosha dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Somalia's difficult decade, 1980–90"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). ## Waxa dastuurku dhisay Waxaa laga soo xigtay Maktabadda Koongareeska ([*Somalia: A Country Study*, "Constitution" iyo "Legislature"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm)): - **Madaxweynaha.** Madaxa dowladda iyo madaxa xukuumadda, isagoo dooranayay oo guddoominayay Golaha Wasiirrada. Madaxweynaha markii hore waxaa la rabay in "lagu doorto muddo lix sano ah oo la cusboonaysiin karo, cod aqlabiyad saddex meelood laba meel ah oo sharci-dejinta" (tarjumaad). - **Awoodaha.** Madaxweynuhu wuxuu awood u lahaa inuu "maareeyo arrimaha dibadda, ku dhawaaqo dagaal, adeegsado awoodaha xaaladda degdegga ah, noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida, magacaabana hal ama in ka badan ku-xigeenno madaxweyne, guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare, ilaa lix xubnood oo ka mid ah sharci-dejinta qaranka, iyo xubnaha Golaha Wasiirrada" (tarjumaad). - **Sharci-dejinta.** Golaha Shacabka oo hal aqal ah oo ka koobnaa 177 xubnood, 171 la doortay iyo 6 la magacaabay, muddadooduna ahayd shan sano ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Legislature"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm)). Madaxweynuhu wuxuu kala diri karay muddadiisa ka hor. - **Codbixinta.** "Soomaaliya waxay lahayd xaq codbixineed oo guud oo loogu talagalay dadka ka weyn siddeed iyo toban sano, laakiin haweenku door muuqda kuma lahayn siyaasadda" (tarjumaad). ## Marka la barbardhigo 1961 "Dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu u ekaa dastuurkii 1961, kaas oo isna lagu ansixiyay afti dalka oo dhan ka dhacday." "Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeyay labada qoraal wuxuu ku saabsanaa awoodda fulinta. Dastuurkii 1961 wuxuu dhigay dimuqraadiyad baarlamaani ah, iyadoo ra'iisul wasaaraha iyo Golaha Wasiirrada (xukuumadda) laga soo xulayay xubnaha sharci-dejinta" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Constitution"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm)). Eeg [dastuurkii 1960](/so/history/1960-constitution/). ## Wixii xigay - **Diseembar 1979.** Golihii Shacabka ee ugu horreeyay waxaa laga doortay liisaska SRSP. Eeg [doorashadii baarlamaanka 1979](/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1979/). - **1984.** Wax-ka-beddello, oo iyagana afti lagu ansixiyay, ayaa xilka madaxweynaha ka dhigay muddo toddoba sano ah oo cod toos ah lagu doorto (Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Constitution"). Eeg [doorashadii baarlamaanka 1984](/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1984/) iyo [doorashadii madaxweynaha 1986](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-1986/). - **Kadib 1991.** Dowladdii ku-meel-gaarka ahayd waxay qorsheysay dastuur cusub, laakiin "qodobbada dastuurkii 1979 ee aysan dowladda ku-meel-gaarka ahi si gaar ah u burin way sii shaqeynayeen" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Eeg [Dowladdii KMG ee 1991](/so/history/interim-government-of-somalia-1991/) iyo [dastuurrada Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/constitution-of-somalia/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu soo gaartay? - **Mucaaradka dowladda,** oo aan lahayn xisbi sharci ah: SRSP wuxuu ahaa "xisbiga siyaasadeed ee keliya ee sharciga ah ee dalka" (IPU), dadka dhaleeceeyana "looma oggolaan inay tartamaan" (tarjumaad) doorashooyinkii Golaha Shacabka ee xigay (Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Legislature"). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Natiijada.** Tirooyinka kor ku xusan waxay ka yimaadeen Kaydka Doorashooyinka Afrika sida ay Wikipedia u soo xigatay. Ilaha IPU iyo Maktabadda Koongareeska ee halkan lagu xiray ma bixiyaan tirada codadka aftida. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Maktabadda Koongareeska (Library of Congress), *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Constitution" (Dastuurka)](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm); ["Legislature" (Sharci-dejinta)](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm); ["Somalia's difficult decade, 1980–90" (Tobankii sano ee adkaa ee Soomaaliya, 1980–90)](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm). - Ururka Baarlamaannada Adduunka (Inter-Parliamentary Union), *Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections* XIV (1979–80), Soomaaliya: [PDF](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1979_E.PDF). - *The World Factbook 1990*, Soomaaliya: [qoraalka](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_%281990%29/Somalia). --- # Doorashadii baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ee 1979 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1979/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 30 Diseembar 1979 Soomaaliya waxay dooratay 171-ka xubnood ee la doorto ee Golaha Shacabka cusub, oo uu dhisay dastuurkii lagu ansixiyay afti bishii Agoosto ee sannadkaas. Dhammaan musharraxiintu waxay ka tirsanaayeen Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS / SRSP), xisbiga keliya ee sharciga ahaa, mucaaradka dowladdana looma oggolaan inay tartamaan. Dowladdu waxay sheegtay 3,985,838 codbixiye iyo 99.91 boqolkiiba oo taageeray XHKS. Waxay ahayd golihii sharci-dejinta ee ugu horreeyay afgambigii 1969 kadib. Janaayo 1980 Goluhu wuxuu Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre) u doortay Madaxweyne muddo lix sano ah. ## Kooban "Inkastoo dowladdii Siyaad Barre ay hakisay Golaha Shacabka Qaranka afgambigii 1969 kadib, toban sano kadib waxay dhistay gole sharci-dejin cusub oo hal aqal ah, Golaha Shacabka," ayay diiwaangelisay Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka (tarjumaad). "Laba gole oo caynkaas ah ayaa la doortay, mid 1979 iyo mid kale 1984" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "Legislature"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm)). Codbixintii ugu horreysay ee labadaas waxay dhacday 30 Diseembar 1979. "Dhammaan musharraxiintu waxay ka tirsanaayeen XHKS" (tarjumaad), ayuu diiwaangeliyay Ururka Baarlamaannada Adduunka (IPU) ([IPU, *Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections* XIV, 1979–80, bb. 121–122](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1979_E.PDF)). Codbixintii 1984, eeg [doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 1984](/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1984/). ## Taariikh kooban - **Toban sano baarlamaan la'aan.** "Doorashooyinkii guud ee 1969 kadib, baarlamaanka waa la kala diray isla sannadkaas dabayaaqadiisa, militariguna wuxuu la wareegay taliska dalka" (tarjumaad) (IPU). Eeg [doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 1969](/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1969/) iyo [Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, 1969–1991](/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/). - **Hal xisbi.** "1976, waxaa la aasaasay Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS / SRSP), xisbiga siyaasadeed ee keliya ee sharciga ah ee dalka" (tarjumaad) (IPU). - **Dastuur cusub.** "Agoosto 1979, dastuur cusub ayaa lagu ansixiyay afti dadweyne" (tarjumaad) (IPU). - **Cadaadis dibadda ka yimid.** Kadib [dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/), "waddamada reer Galbeedku waxay sidoo kale nidaamka ku cadaadinayeen inuu furfuro nolosha dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda" (tarjumaad). "Jawaab ahaan, Siyaad Barre wuxuu qabtay doorashooyin baarlamaan Diseembar 1979" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress, "Somalia's difficult decade, 1980–90"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). ## Xeerarka Laga soo xigtay IPU iyo Maktabadda Koongareeska: - **Golaha.** 171 xubnood oo loo doortay shan sano, iyo ilaa lix uu Madaxweynuhu magacaabo "oo laga soo xulo dadka u heellan cilmiga, dhaqanka iyo farshaxanka, ama waddaniyiin aad loo qaddariyo" (tarjumaad) (IPU). Maktabadda Koongareesku wadarta waxay ku sheegtay 177 ("Legislature"). - **Codbixiyeyaasha iyo musharraxiinta.** Muwaadiniintu waxay codayn kareen 18 jir, waxayna tartami kareen 21 jir (IPU). - **Warqadda codbixinta.** "Codbixiyeyaashu waxay u codayn kareen ama ka codayn kareen musharrax kasta, XHKS-na waxay soo magacaabaysay musharrax beddel ah xaaladda dambe" (tarjumaad) (IPU). - **Yaa tartami karay.** "Dadka dhaleeceeya iyo mucaaradka nidaamka looma oggolaan inay tartamaan" (tarjumaad). Dowladdu "waxay diyaarisay liisaska musharraxiinta, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ka tirsanaa xisbiga keliya ee sharcigu oggol yahay" (tarjumaad), waxayna "liisaska oo dhan u gudbisay codbixiyeyaasha si ay u ansixiyaan" (tarjumaad) (Library of Congress, "Legislature"). ## Natiijada Tirooyinka rasmiga ah, sida ay IPU u bixisay: | | | |---|---| | Codbixiyeyaasha | 3,985,838 | | Codadka XHKS | 99.91% | | Kuraasta XHKS ku guulaysatay | 171 ka mid ah 171 | "Kuwa la doortay waxaa ka mid ahaa 20 xubnood oo ciidamada qalabka sida ah iyo lix haween ah" (tarjumaad) (IPU). ## Codbixinta kadib - **26 Janaayo 1980.** "Golaha cusub wuxuu si wadajir ah u doortay Madaxweynihii xilka hayay Siyaad Barre muddo lix sano ah" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu magacaabay dowlad cusub 7 Febraayo (IPU). Eeg [Maxamed Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/). - **Golaha wasiirrada.** "Doorashooyinka kadib, Siyaad Barre mar kale ayuu isku beddelay golaha wasiirrada, isagoo baabi'iyay jagooyinka saddexdiisii ku-xigeen ee madaxweyne" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress, "Somalia's difficult decade"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). - **Oktoobar 1980.** Golihii Sare ee Kacaanka ee hore dib ayaa loo soo nooleeyay, taasoo keentay saddex hay'adood oo isku dhex jira: xafiiska siyaasadda ee xisbiga, Golaha Wasiirrada iyo SRC. "Isku-dhexyaaca hawlaha maamulka ee ka dhashay wuxuu go'aan-gaarista gacanta Siyaad Barre keliya ku riday" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Doorka Golaha.** "Si dhab ah ugama doodi jirin wax sharci ah. Wuxuu kulmi jiray dhowr maalmood sannad kasta wuxuuna ansixin jiray sharci kasta oo fulintu go'aansato inay u gudbiso si uu u 'ansixiyo'" (tarjumaad) (Library of Congress, "Legislature"). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Dadka dhaleeceeya iyo mucaaradka dowladda,** oo laga mamnuucay inay tartamaan (Library of Congress, "Legislature"). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada xubnaha Golaha.** IPU waxay tirisaa 171 kursi oo la doortay iyo ilaa lix la magacaabay. Maktabadda Koongareesku wadarta waxay ku sheegtaa 177. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Ururka Baarlamaannada Adduunka (IPU), *Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections* XIV (1979–80), Soomaaliya, bb. 121–122: [PDF](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1979_E.PDF). - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Sharci-dejinta"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm); ["Tobankii sano ee adkaa ee Soomaaliya, 1980–90"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm). --- # Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, 1977–1978 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya wuxuu u dhexeeyay Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya laga bilaabo Luulyo 1977 ilaa Maarso 1978, wuxuuna ku saabsanaa gobolka Ogaadeenya ee Itoobiya oo Soomaali ku nool tahay. Ciidamada Soomaaliyeed iyo Jabhadda Xoreynta Soomaali Galbeed (WSLF) waxay qabsadeen inta badan gobolka dabayaaqadii 1977, laakiin hubka Soofiyeetiga iyo ilaa 17,000 askari oo Kuuba ah ayaa dagaalka rogay, Soomaaliyana waxay ku dhawaaqday ka bixitaankeeda 9 Maarso 1978. ## Kooban 1977 Soomaaliya waxay dagaal kula gashay Itoobiya arrinta Ogaadeenya, gobol weyn oo Itoobiya ka mid ah oo dadkiisa intooda badan Soomaali yihiin. Dhowr bilood ciidamada Soomaaliyeed waxay haysteen ku dhowaad dhammaan gobolka. Kadib Midowga Soofiyeeti, oo ahaa hub-siiyaha ugu weyn ee Soomaaliya, ayaa u wareegay Itoobiya, ciidamo Kuuba ahna way yimaadeen. Maarso 1978 ciidamada Soomaaliyeed way ka baxeen ([Library of Congress, *Ethiopia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm)). Dagaalka Soomaalidu waxay ku xusuustaan *Dagaalkii 77*. Waa mid ka mid ah isbeddellada waaweyn ee taariikhda casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed. ## Sidee ku bilaabmay? Asalku wuxuu ku noqdaa qaybintii. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad Boqorka Itoobiya Menelik II wuxuu qabsaday Harar, xukunkiisana wuxuu ku fidiyay Ogaadeenya ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/26.htm)). Heshiis Ingiriis iyo Itoobiya ah oo 1897 ayaa aqoonsaday sheegashada Itoobiya ee dhulka daaqa Soomaalida. Ingiriisku wuxuu ka baxay Ogaadeenya 1948, Hawdna 1955 (isla ishaas). Eeg [Hawd 1954–1955](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/). Xorriyadda 1960, Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya waxay higsatay inay midayso dhammaan dhulalka Soomaalidu ku nooshahay: Ogaadeenya, waqooyi-bari Kenya iyo Jabuuti (isla ishaas). Xiddigta shanta gees ee calanku waxay u taagnayd shantaas dhul. Isku dhacyo xadka ah ayaa bilaabmay lix bilood gudahood xorriyadda kadib, mar kalena 1964, markii Ururka Midnimada Afrika iyo Suudaan dhexdhexaadiyeen joojin (isla ishaas). 1974 iyo 1975 boqorkii Itoobiya waa la riday, dowladdii militariga cusbayd ee Dergiguna waxay la kulantay kacdoonno dalka oo dhan ah. Jabhadda Xoreynta Soomaali Galbeed (WSLF), oo dowladda Soomaaliyeed taageeraysay, waxay bilowday inay weerarto saldhigyada Itoobiya ee Ogaadeenya ilaa Febraayo 1977 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm)). ## Sidee loo dagaallamay? - **Luulyo 1977.** 13 Luulyo, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku wuxuu Madaxweyne Carter u sheegay in dagaalyahanno Ogaadeen ah, "oo ay taageerayaan ciidamo Soomaaliyeed oo aan joogto ahayn", ay weerarayaan silsilad saldhigyo Itoobiyaan ah. Abaabul guud oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa socday, ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah saddexda qaybood ee ciidanka Soomaaliyeedna wuxuu u dhaqaaqayay xadka ([*Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980*, vol. XVII, doc. 22](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d22)). - **Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar 1977.** WSLF iyo ciidamada Soomaaliyeed waxay qabsadeen qaybo waaweyn oo Ogaadeenya ah, laga bilaabo agagaarka Dire Dawa ilaa koonfurta xadka Kenya ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm)). - **Sebtembar 1977, Jigjiga.** Kadib fallaago ka dhacday ciidankii Itoobiya ee magaalada, Jigjiga way dhacday. Dowladda Soomaaliyeed waxay sheegtay inay WSLF siinayso "taageero akhlaaqeed, maadi iyo mid kale" (isla ishaas). - **13 Nofembar 1977.** Soomaaliya waxay soo afjartay Heshiiskii Saaxiibtinimo ee 1974 ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, waxay xirtay xarumihii badda Soofiyeeti ee Berbera, waxayna amartay in dhammaan la-taliyayaasha Soofiyeeti ay baxaan ([FRUS, vol. XVII, doc. 45, note 2](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d45)). - **Dabayaaqadii Nofembar 1977, Harar.** Ciidamada Soomaaliyeed waxay Harar ka hareereeyeen saddex dhinac. 28 Nofembar, saraakiil Mareykan ah ayaa qiimeeyay in Soomaalidu ay haystaan "fursad siman oo ay magaalada ku qabsadaan" ([FRUS, vol. XVII, doc. 35](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d35)). Isla maalintaas, Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu bilaabay sahay cirka loo marsiiyo Itoobiya. - **Diseembar 1977 ilaa Febraayo 1978.** Hubka Soofiyeeti ayaa Itoobiya ku qulqulay. Ilaa 17,000 askari oo Kuuba ah ayaa yimid dhammaadkii sannadka, iyagoo cutubyada Itoobiya la jira ayay joojiyeen horumarkii Soomaalida ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm)). - **Horraantii Maarso 1978.** Ciidanka Itoobiya ayaa dib u qabsaday Jigjiga (isla ishaas). ## Ka bixitaankii, 9 Maarso 1978 9 Maarso 1978 Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya waxay u yeeratay safiirrada reer Galbeedka ee Muqdisho, waxayna u akhrisay bayaan. Safaaradda Mareykanku waxay qoraalka u dirtay Washington isla galabtaas ([FRUS, vol. XVII, doc. 72](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d72)): dalal saaxiib ah ayaa marar badan soo jeediyay in cutubyadeenna la saaro si loo abuuro jawi u fiican xal wadahadal ah; Dowladda Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya waxay go'aansatay inay sidaas samayso. Bayaanku wuxuu codsaday afar arrimood: in dhammaan ciidamada shisheeye la saaro, xabbad joojin, wadahadallo ku saleysan aayo-ka-tashiga, iyo kormeerayaal ka hortaga aargoosiga Soomaalida gobolka (isla ishaas). Safaaraddu waxay diiwaangelisay in Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre uu safiirka Mareykanka la kulmay saacaddii 2da habeennimo ee habeenkaas, uuna aqbalay soo jeedinno Madaxweyne Carter. ## Yaa dhibaatooday? Soomaalida labada dhinac ee xadka ayaa dagaalka bixiyay. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in dagaalka iyo "qulqulkii qaxootiga ee ka dhashay" ay Soomaaliya ku qasbeen inay ku tiirsanaato gargaar dibadeed si ay u noolaato ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). Qaxootiga ayaa sidoo kale u gudbay Jabuuti, halkaas oo tareenka Itoobiya loo maro uu bilo go'naa ([FRUS, vol. XVII](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1)). Askar, dagaalyahanno iyo shacab ayaa labada dhinacba ku dhintay, qoysaskoodiina weli way xusuustaan. ## Waxa ka dhashay - **Abriil 1978.** Saraakiil ciidan ayaa Muqdisho isku dayay afgambi, kaas oo aan guuleysan. Qaar ka mid ah kuwii dibadda u baxsaday ayaa sameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqii mucaarad hubaysan ee ugu horreeyay, markii dambe Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). - **1980-meeyadii.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay in dowladdu ay "bilowday inay degto" dagaalka kadib ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/43.htm)). Dhaqdhaqaaqyo hubaysan ayaa ka abuurmay waqooyiga, bartamaha iyo koonfurta, qaarkood Itoobiya ayaa taageertay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). - **1984.** WSLF waxay hakisay hawlgalladeeda; qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasheeda ayaa sheegay in arrintoodii loo adeegsaday ujeeddooyin kale ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). - **1991.** Dowladdii dhexe waxay burburtay saddex iyo toban sano kadib dhammaadkii dagaalka. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Goorta ciidanka Soomaaliyeed galay.** Diiwaannada Mareykanka ee Luulyo 1977 waxay ka warramayaan abaabul Soomaaliyeed iyo "ciidamo aan joogto ahayn" ([FRUS doc. 22](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d22)). Daraasadda Itoobiya ee Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay u diridda rasmiga ah ee Ciidanka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ku taariikheysaa 13 Febraayo 1978 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm)). Xog kale oo badan waxay sheegaan in cutubyo Soomaaliyeed oo joogto ah ay dagaallameen laga bilaabo Luulyo 1977. - **Inta dhimatay.** Ma jiro tiro lagu heshiiyay oo askarta, dagaalyahannada ama shacabka la dilay ah. Qiyaasaha la daabacay aad ayay u kala duwan yihiin. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980*, vol. XVII, qaybta 1, *Horn of Africa*, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2016: [mugga oo dhan](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1). Wuxuu ka kooban yahay 110 dukumeenti Mareykan ah oo sirta laga qaaday oo ku saabsan dagaalka, oo ay ku jirto bayaankii ka bixitaanka Soomaaliyeed ee 9 Maarso 1978. - Library of Congress, *Ethiopia: A Country Study*: [Ogaadeenya iyo Hawd](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/26.htm), [Dagaalka Ogaadeenya](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm). --- # 1991–1999: Burburka, nabadaynta deegaanka, sannadihii QM iyo wadahadallada nabadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/rebuilding-1991-1999/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Markii Siyaad Barre dhacay Janaayo 1991, dowladdu way burburtay. Jabhadihii xukunka ka tuuray way kala qaybsameen, Muqdisho waa la kala qaybiyay, macaluulna waxay dishay ilaa 300,000 qof 1992. Howlgal QM ayaa yimid oo tagay, iyadoo odayaashu nabad ka dhex sameynayeen waqooyiga, ganacsatadu ay maalgelinayeen maxkamado, shabakado telefoon iyo lacag, Somaliland iyo Puntland ay jid gaar ah qaadeen, wadahadallo qaran oo Jabuuti 1991 ilaa Qaahira 1997 ahna ay isku dayeen inay dib u soo celiyaan hal dowlad. - **Janaayo 1991.** Kacdoon uu USC hoggaaminayay ayaa xukunka ka tuuray Barre, oo u cararay dhulka beeshiisa ee Gedo. USC waxay dhistay dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Cali Mahdi Maxamed, taas oo jabhadaha kale diideen. **Dhinacyada:** USC; SNM; SPM; SSDF. Isha: [Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm) - **Luulyo 1991.** Shirkii koowaad ee Jabuuti wuxuu Cali Mahdi u magacaabay madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah. Lama hirgelin: wakiilnimadu ma ahayn mid dhammaystiran, ergooyinku ma xakameynin maleeshiyaadka, Caydiidna wuu diiday natiijada. Dagaal ayaa ka dhacay Muqdisho Nofembar 1991. **Dhinacyada:** Jabuuti; garabyada USC (Cali Mahdi, Caydiid). Isha: [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf) - **Janaayo – 18 Maajo 1991.** SNM waxay qabsatay Berbera, Hargeysa iyo Burco (Janaayo 1991). Iyadoo uu cadaadis saarayo Shirweynaha Burco, waqooyi-galbeed wuxuu buriyay Sharcigii Midowga 1960 wuxuuna 18 Maajo ku dhawaaqay Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, isagoo ku tilmaamay midowgii 1960 "waxba kama jiraan" (Britannica waxay ku dhawaaqista ku taariikheysaa Maajo, Maktabadda Koongareeskuna Juun: [Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm)). Lalama tashan wax koox Soomaaliyeed oo kale ah. SNM waxay heshay muddo ku-meel-gaar ah oo laba sano ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali "Tuur". **Dhinacyada:** SNM; odayaasha beelaha waqooyiga. Isha: [B45](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf); [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf) - **1991–1992.** Shirarka nabadda ee odayaasha waqooyiga: dagaallo Burco (Janaayo 1992) iyo Berbera (Maarso–Oktoobar 1992, dekedda awgeed) waxaa lagu xalliyay dhexdhexaadin odayaal. Shirka Sheekh ayaa ahaa "isbeddelka weyn", iyadoo la is weydaarsaday maxaabiis la isna guursaday. **Dhinacyada:** Guurti (golaha odayaasha); Habar Yoonis; Ciise Muuse; beelo kale oo waqooyi ah. Isha: [B7](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/3215/1/Making%20peace%20in%20Somaliland.pdf); [B45](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf) - **Nofembar 1991 – Febraayo 1992.** USC way kala qaybsantay: Madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar Cali Mahdi iyo Jeneraal Caydiid, oo labaduba Hawiye iyo USC ahaa, ayaa Muqdisho ku dagaallamay madaxtinimada, daacadnimada laan-beeleed iyo hanti la bililiqaystay. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay kala qaybsanaanta ku taariikheysaa xagaagii 1991, khilaaf xilal kadib, oo u dhexeeyay dagaalyahannada Abgaal ee Cali Mahdi (ilaa 5,000) iyo dagaalyahannada Habar Gidir ee Caydiid (ilaa 10,000) ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). Africa Watch iyo Physicians for Human Rights waxay qiyaaseen 14,000 la dilay iyo 27,000 la dhaawacay. **Dhinacyada:** USC (Cali Mahdi; Caydiid). Isha: [B44](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm) - **Nofembar 1991 – horraantii 1992.** Dhakhtar gargaar QM ah ayaa lagu dilay Bandar Qaasim (Boosaaso), iyadoo la sheegay inay dishay koox Islaamiyiin ah oo qarsoon. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ka warramaysaa waxa ay ugu yeertay "messianic Islamism" (Islaamiyad sugaysa badbaadiye) oo buuxisay meeshii dowladdu ka bannaysay. **Dhinacyada:** unug Islaamiyiin ah oo aan la magacaabin. Isha: [Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/50.htm) - **1992.** Macaluul: Africa Watch waxay qiyaastay ilaa 300,000 dhimasho bartamihii 1992, Baydhabo iyo Baardheerena waxay ka mid ahaayeen xeryaha ugu daran. Gargaarka cuntada waxaa la beegsaday bililiqo, oo ay ku jirto bililiqo nidaamsan oo ay SNF (Mareexaan, taageerayaasha Barre) ka geysatay Baay, Gedo iyo Jubbada. QM waxay sheegtay in macaluushu halis gelisay 1.5 milyan, ku dhowaad 1 milyanna ay qaxooti noqdeen. Kooxo beelo ku xiran ayaa bililiqaystay ilaa 80% shixnadaha cuntada, labada dhinac ee Muqdishona waxay cuntada u adeegsadeen hub; xabbad joojin QM dhexdhexaadisay ayaa xigtay Maarso 1992 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm)). UNOSOM I, 50 kormeere oo hoos yimaada Go'aanka 751, waxaa la dhisay Abriil 1992 kadib cunaqabatayn hub oo Janaayo la saaray. **Dhinacyada:** SNF; SPM; garabyada USC; Golaha Ammaanka QM. Isha: [B44](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm); [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html) - **8 Diseembar 1992.** Dilal ay xubno beesha Harti ah Kismaayo ku dileen taageerayaasha Kornayl Cumar Jees (in ka badan 100 dhimasho), kadibna isku dhacyo soo noqnoqday oo Jees iyo Morgan dhexmaray ilaa 1994. **Dhinacyada:** garabyada Jees iyo Morgan. Isha: [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html) - **Diseembar 1992.** Go'aanka 794 wuxuu oggolaaday UNITAF oo Mareykanku hoggaaminayo. Gargaarku wuxuu dib u socday dhammaadkii sannadka. 26–28 Diseembar Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi ayaa wada muuqday si ay u xusaan furfuridda "khadka cagaaran" ee Muqdisho. **Dhinacyada:** QM; Mareykanka; Caydiid; Cali Mahdi. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html); [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html) - **Janaayo 1993.** Kulan aan rasmi ahayn oo Addis Ababa: 14 dhaqdhaqaaq oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ku heshiiyay xabbad joojin iyo hub dhigis (la saxiixay 15 Janaayo). **Dhinacyada:** QM; Itoobiya; garabyada. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html); [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html) - **15–27 Maarso 1993.** Shirka Dib-u-heshiisiinta Qaranka ee Addis Ababa: 15 dhaqdhaqaaq ayaa saxiixay xilli ku-meel-gaar ah oo laba sano ah oo leh Gole Qaran oo Ku-meel-gaar ah oo 74 xubnood ah, golayaal gobol oo 18 gobol ah, golayaal degmo iyo hub ka dhigis. Dhinacyada iyo QM si kala duwan ayay u fahmeen habraacyada xulashada. **Dhinacyada:** QM; Itoobiya; 15 dhaqdhaqaaq. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html); [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf) - **Janaayo/Febraayo – Juun 1993.** Shirka Boorama ee waqooyiga, ku dhowaad afar bilood (Farah iyo Lewis: furmay 24 Febraayo; Bradbury: Janaayo–Maajo). Ilaa 150 oday ayaa sameeyay Guurtida Qaranka ee codeysa; Farah iyo Lewis waxay tiriyaan ku dhowaad 700 ka qaybgale, Bradbury-na ilaa 2,000 oo si uun ugu lug lahaa. Wuxuu qaatay Axdiga Nabadda (ammaanka, hub ka dhigista) iyo Axdiga Qaranka oo leh laba aqal oo sharci-dejin ah (Guurti aan la dooran iyo wakiillo la doortay). Guurtidu waxay Cigaal u magacawday madaxweyne Juun 1993. Maalgelintu waxay inta badan ahayd Soomaali; Farah iyo Lewis waxay xuseen in ka badan $100,000 oo taageero caalami ah, halka Bradbury uu sheegay in UNOSOM aysan waxba bixin. **Dhinacyada:** Guurti; beelaha waqooyiga; Cigaal. Isha: [B7](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/3215/1/Making%20peace%20in%20Somaliland.pdf); [B45](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf); [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf) - **26 Maarso 1993.** Go'aanka 814 wuxuu sameeyay UNOSOM II oo hoos yimaada Cutubka VII. **Dhinacyada:** Golaha Ammaanka QM. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html) - **5 Juun – 3 Oktoobar 1993.** 25 nabad-ilaaliye oo Pakistani ah ayaa lagu dilay koonfurta Muqdisho (5 Juun). Go'aanka 837 (6 Juun). 3 Oktoobar hawlgal Mareykan ah ayaa ka dhashay 18 askari oo Mareykan ah oo dhintay iyo 75 dhaawacmay. Soomaali badan ayaa sidoo kale la dilay ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). **Dhinacyada:** UNOSOM II; Mareykanka; SNA (Caydiid). Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html); [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html) - **1993–1995.** Dowladda Cigaal waxay dib u soo noolaysay wasaaradaha, guddi shaqaalaha dowladda iyo bangiga dhexe; waxay soo saartay lacag cusub; waxay abaabushay booliska iyo kastamka; dib ayay u dhistay maxkamadaha; waxay bixisay mushaharaad, inta badan iyadoo gargaar dibadeed oo aad u yar haysata. Odayaasha Sanaag waxay qaateen Axdi Nabadeed oo gobol (Oktoobar 1993). **Dhinacyada:** dowladda Somaliland; odayaasha Sanaag; ganacsatada. Isha: [B45](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf) - **1994.** Dagaal Hargeysa ka dhacay kadib markii Habar Yoonis ka soo horjeesteen doorashada Cigaal ayaa u fiday Burco. Ilaa 150,000 qof ayaa ka qaxay Hargeysa. **Dhinacyada:** dowladda Somaliland; Habar Yoonis. Isha: [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf) - **24 Maarso 1994.** Nairobi: Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi waxay saxiixeen baaq xabbad joojin iyo hub ka dhigis ikhtiyaari ah. **Dhinacyada:** SNA; isbahaysiga 12-ka garab ee Cali Mahdi. Isha: [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html) - **1994 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Ganacsatada Hawiye ee Muqdisho waxay bilaabeen inay maalgeliyaan maxkamado Islaami ah oo beelo ku salaysan si ay u yareeyaan kharashka ganacsiga oo ay u xalliyaan khilaafaadka. Maxkamaddii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay ee Muqdisho waxaa lagu aasaasay degmada Madiina 1993 kadib. **Dhinacyada:** ganacsatada; odayaasha beelaha; wadaaddada deegaanka. Isha: [B30](https://archive.munkschool.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Aisha-Ahmad-The-Security-Bazaar.pdf); [B10](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/somalia-s-islamists.pdf) - **1994–1995.** Shirkado telefoon dayax-gacmeed oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa la soo bandhigay (1994–95). Shabakadaha xawaaladda, oo bilowgii 1990-meeyadii ku shaqeynayay raadiyaha HF, waxay noqdeen hay'ado maaliyadeed oo dhab ah. **Dhinacyada:** ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed; qurbajoogta; shirkadaha xawaaladda. Isha: [B28](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/1024802/-/oo5m22z/-/index.html) - **2 Maarso 1995.** Ciidamadii Mareykanka iyo Yurub waxay baxeen ilaa Maarso 1994 ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). Ka bixitaanka UNOSOM II waa la dhammeeyay (muddadii waxay ku dhammaatay Go'aanka 954). QM waxay dadaalkii 1992–95 ku amaantaa ugu yaraan ilaa rubuc milyan oo naf la badbaadiyay, 52 gole degmo oo 92 ka mid ah, 8 gole gobol oo 18 ka mid ah, ilaa 8,000 boolis iyo 46 maxkamad degmo. **Dhinacyada:** QM. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html) - **1995.** Ciidanka Iska-caabinta Raxanweyn (RRA) waxaa loo aasaasay inuu iska caabiyo ciidamada Caydiid ee gobolka Baay. **Dhinacyada:** RRA (Digil-Mirifle/Raxanweyn). Isha: [B36](https://mappingmilitants.org/profiles/rahanwein-resistance-army) - **9 Agoosto 1996; Janaayo 1997.** Weerarro Itoobiya ku qaaday saldhigyada al-Itixaad ee Luuq iyo Buulo Xaawo (Gedo). Al-Itixaad waxay Luuq maamulaysay tan iyo Agoosto 1992 iyadoo adeegsanaysa "Urur Islaami ah" iyo maxkamad shareeco. **Dhinacyada:** Itoobiya; al-Itixaad al-Islaami. Isha: [B10](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/somalia-s-islamists.pdf) - **Dabayaaqadii 1996 – horraantii 1997.** Shirka Sodere (Itoobiya) wuxuu dhisay Gole Badbaado Qaran oo adeegsanaya qaybin beeleed u dhow waxa noqday "4.5". Qaacidada markii ugu horreysay waxaa la fikiray 1997. **Dhinacyada:** Itoobiya; garabyada. Isha: [B2](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Role-of-4.5-in-democratisation-and-governence-in-Somalia_EN_4.5_WEB.pdf); [B23](https://www.c-r.org/accord/legitimacy-and-peace-processes/somalia-legitimacy-provisional-constitution); [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf) - **1997.** Shirka Hargeysa wuxuu wax ka qabtay cabashooyinka Habar Yoonis; dagaalkii Burco wuu dhammaaday. Somaliland waxaa lagu tilmaamaa mid nabad ah tan iyo markaas. **Dhinacyada:** dowladda Somaliland; Guurti; Habar Yoonis. Isha: [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf) - **12 Nofembar – 22 Diseembar 1997.** Baaqa Qaahira, oo ay wada guddoomiyeen Xuseen Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi: Soomaaliya "xor ah, aan la kala qaybin karin", Muqdisho caasimad, "nidaam dimuqraadi federaal ah", Gole Madaxtooyo oo 13 xubnood ah, gole 189 kursi ah oo 46 kursi la siiyay afar kooxood mid kasta, iyo qaybo yaryar. Cabdullaahi Yuusuf iyo Aadan Cabdullaahi Nuur Gabyow waxaa lagu qoray kuwa aan saxiixin. **Dhinacyada:** Masar; SNA; Cali Mahdi; kuwo kale. Isha: [B6](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/317/); [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf) - **5 Maajo 1998.** Shir odayaasha Daarood/Harti oo Garoowe ka dhacay ayaa ku dhawaaqay Puntland, oo ka kooban toddoba gobol. Cabdullaahi Yuusuf waxaa odayaashu u doorteen muddo afar sano ah. Habka la sheegay waa "dhagxaan dhismeed" loo dhisayo midnimada qaranka. **Dhinacyada:** SSDF; odayaasha Harti; Cabdullaahi Yuusuf. Isha: [B26](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/b64-somalia-the-trouble-with-puntland.pdf). Eeg [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/). - **1999.** Sida uu qoray Ahmad, ganacsatada Muqdisho waxay joojiyeen inay lacag siiyaan hoggaamiyeyaasha kooxaha hubaysan, waxayna taa beddelkeed maalgeliyeen maleeshiyaadka maxkamadaha. **Dhinacyada:** ganacsatada; maxkamadaha. Isha: [B30](https://archive.munkschool.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Aisha-Ahmad-The-Security-Bazaar.pdf) ## 1992–1995: macaluusha, UNOSOM iyo Dagaalkii Muqdisho **Macaluusha.** QM waxay qiyaastay in laga yaabo 300,000 qof ay dhinteen Nofembar 1991 ilaa dabayaaqadii 1992, in ugu yaraan 1.5 milyan oo naf ay halis degdeg ah ku jireen, iyo in ku dhowaad hal milyan oo Soomaali ah ay u qaxeen dalalka deriska ah iyo meel ka sii fog ([UN, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). Dhimashada intooda badan waxay ka dhacday miyiga, magaalooyinka webiga ee Baydhabo iyo Baardheerena waxay ka mid ahaayeen kuwa ugu saameynta badan ([Human Rights Watch](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)). **UNOSOM I (Abriil 1992).** Golaha Ammaanku wuxuu dhisay Howlgalkii ugu horreeyay ee QM ee Soomaaliya, Go'aanka 751, isagoo ku bilaabay 50 kormeere xabbad joojin ([UN, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). **UNITAF, "Operation Restore Hope" (Diseembar 1992).** Go'aanka 794 wuxuu oggolaaday ciidan uu Mareykanku hoggaaminayo. Wuxuu dhigay ilaa 37,000 askari oo ku baahsan ilaa 40 boqolkiiba dalka, inta badan koonfurta iyo bartamaha, gaarsiinta cuntaduna way soo hagaagtay ([UN, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). **UNOSOM II (Maarso 1993 ilaa Maarso 1995).** Go'aanka 814 wuxuu xilka u wareejiyay howlgal QM oo ka weyn oo awood ballaaran leh. 5 Juun 1993, 25 nabad-ilaaliye oo Pakistani ah ayaa lagu dilay koonfurta Muqdisho, QM iyo ciidamada Jeneraal Caydiidna waxay noqdeen cadow ([UN, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). **Dagaalkii Muqdisho (3–4 Oktoobar 1993).** Ciidamada Rangers ee Mareykanka ayaa weerar ku qaaday koonfurta Muqdisho si ay u qabtaan kaaliyeyaal Caydiid. Laba diyaaradood oo qumaatiga ah oo Black Hawk ah ayaa la soo riday, 18 askari oo Mareykan ah ayaa la dilay, 75 waa la dhaawacay, duuliye ka mid ahna waa la haystay ilaa 14 Oktoobar ([UN, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Soomaali badan, dagaalyahanno iyo shacabba, ayaa sidoo kale la dilay ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). Mareykanku wuxuu markaas sheegay in ciidamadiisu bixi doonaan 31 Maarso 1994, wayna baxeen. Ciidamadii ugu dambeeyay ee QM waxay baxeen 2 Maarso 1995. ## Waxa diiwaanku muujinayo - **Jabhadihii hubaysnaa ee beelaha ku abaabulnaa ma noqon dowlad qaran.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustay in USC aysan "si fiican ula qabsan" u gudubka jabhad dagaal ilaa xisbi, waxayna u kala qaybsantay Abgaal iyo Habar Gidir ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). - **Laba jawaab oo burburka loo helay: kala go' iyo is-maamul gudaha Soomaaliya.** Somaliland waxay soo afjartay midowga; Puntland waxay ku dhawaaqday is-maamul gudaha Soomaaliya ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). Dilalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga weli waa cabashada aasaaska u ah Somaliland ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm)). - **Faragelinta militari ee dibadda dib uma dhisin dowladda** (UNITAF iyo UNOSOM, 1992 ilaa 1995) ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). Waxay ka tagtay golayaal deegaan, boolis iyo maxkamado. --- # Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa 1991 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-armed-forces-1960-1991/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed waxaa la aasaasay 12 Abriil 1960, laga soo dhisay kooxda dhaqdhaqaaqa booliiska (Daraawiishta) iyo Somaliland Scouts-kii Ingiriiska, iyadoo Kornayl Daa'uud Cabdulle Xirsi ahaa taliyihiisii ugu horreeyay. Amaahyo Soofiyeeti ah ayuu kaga koray qiyaastii 12,000 askari 1970 ilaa 22,000 sannadkii 1976, wuxuuna galay dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ee 1977 ilaa 1978. Saraakiishiisu waxay talada qabsadeen 21 Oktoobar 1969. 1978 kadib wuu sii weynaaday laakiin wuxuu u kala qaybsamay khadad beeleed, wuxuuna kala dhantaalmay markii dowladdu dhacday Janaayo 1991. ## Si kooban Soddon sano ciidanka qaranku wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah hay'adaha dhexe ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed. Waxaa la dhisay 1960, talada ayuu qabsaday 1969, wuxuu la dagaallamay Itoobiya 1977 ilaa 1978, wuxuuna kala burburay 1991. Ciidanka dib loo dhisay tan iyo 2008 waxaa lagu sharraxay [Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-national-army/). Boggani wuxuu ka hadlayaa ciidankii koowaad. ## Aasaaskii, 1960 Sharci 6 Abriil 1960 ayaa ciidanka abuuray, 12 Abriil, oo weli loo dabaaldego Maalinta Ciidanka, waa taariikhda aasaaskiisa. Waxaa laga sameeyay kooxda dhaqdhaqaaqa booliiska, Daraawiishta, iyo Somaliland Scouts-kii hore ee Ingiriiska, qiyaastii 5,000 nin, iyadoo uu hoggaaminayay Kornayl Daa'uud Cabdulle Xirsi ([Wikipedia, Somali Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces)). Booliisku wuxuu lahaa adeeg gooni ah; eeg [Ciidanka Booliiska Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-police-force/). ## Taageeradii Soofiyeeti 1962 Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu oggolaaday amaah US$32 milyan ah oo lagu dhiso ciidanka, markii dambena loo kordhiyay US$55 milyan (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska). La-taliyayaal Soofiyeeti ah ayaa yimid 1969. 1960-meeyadii ilaa 1977 ciidanku wuxuu dhisay waxa Wikipedia, iyadoo soo xiganaysa IISS, ku tilmaanto ciidankii gaashaaman iyo kii farsamaysnaa ee ugu weynaa Afrika ka hooseysa Saxaraha. | Sannad | Tirada | Isha la xigtay | |---|---|---| | 1970 ilaa 1971 | qiyaastii 12,000 | IISS | | 1976 | qiyaastii 22,000; qiyaastii 250 taangi | IISS | | 1977 | qiyaastii 35,000 | Wikipedia | | 1980 | qiyaastii 96,000 | Wikipedia | | 1984 ilaa 1985 | qiyaastii 123,000 | Wikipedia | | 1987 | qiyaastii 40,000 | Hay'adda Sirdoonka Difaaca Maraykanka | ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces)) ## Ciidanka oo talada qabsaday, 1969 15 Oktoobar 1969 Madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke waxaa dilay ilaaliyihiisii. 21 Oktoobar 1969, iyadoo baarlamaanku isu diyaarinayay doorashada beddelkiisa, qaybo ciidan ah ayaa qabsaday meelaha muhiimka ah ee Muqdisho waxayna xireen wasiirro iyo siyaasiyiin hormuud ah; booliisku way la shaqeeyeen. Taliyaha ciidanka, Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Siyaad Barre, ayaa hoggaamiyay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ee saraakiisha, kaas oo mamnuucay xisbiyada, xiray baarlamaanka oo hakiyay dastuurka ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). Eeg [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/), [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) iyo [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, 1977 ilaa 1978 Luulyo 1977 ciidanku wuxuu galay deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya. Qaybtiisa 60aad waxay qabsatay safka Godey 24 Luulyo 1977. Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa kadib dhinac beddeshay oo taageeray Itoobiya, taas oo sidoo kale heshay qiyaastii 15,000 askari oo Kuubaan ah; 1978-kii ciidamada Soomaalida waxaa laga saaray inta badan Ogaadeenya ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces)). Sheekada oo dhan waxay ku jirtaa [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). Dagaalka kadib dowladdu waxay taageero militari u jeesatay Maraykanka (isla ishaas). ## Isku daygii inqilaabka 1978 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay Abriil 1978 koox saraakiil ah ayaa isku dayday inay talada qabsato. Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay diiwaangelisay qiyaastii 500 askari oo la dilay iyo toddoba iyo toban sarkaal oo la toogtay; qaar ka mid ah kuwii baxsaday waxay aasaaseen [SSDF](/en/institutions/somali-salvation-democratic-front/) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). 1980-meeyadii ciidanku warqad ahaan wuu sii weynaaday. 1984 dowladdu waxay soo rogtay adeeg qasab ah oo laba sano ah oo saaran ragga da'doodu tahay 18 ilaa 40; qaar badan way ka dhuunteen. 1989 ilaa 1990 ciidanku wuxuu u habaysnaa lix qaybood oo goobeed, laba iyo toban qaybood iyo 45 guuto ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces)). Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay diiwaangelisay sifeyntii saraakiisha looga shakiyay daacadnimo la'aan, iyo adeegsiga qayb gaar ah, Koofiyadaha Cas (*Duub Cas*), oo laga qoray beesha madaxweynaha laftiisa, olole cabsi gelin ah laga bilaabo Nofembar 1986 ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/28.htm)). ## Kala burburkii, 1988 ilaa 1991 Laga bilaabo 1988 ciidanku wuxuu woqooyiga kula dagaallamay [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM)](/en/institutions/somali-national-movement/), markii dambena [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniyiinta Soomaaliyeed (SPM)](/en/institutions/somali-patriotic-movement/) iyo [Golaha Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USC)](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/) ee koonfurta iyo bartamaha. 1990 saraakiil badan oo Ogaadeen ah ayaa uga tagay inay ku biiraan SPM ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). Wikipedia waxay soo xigataa qiyaaso sheegaya in ciidanku ka dhacay ilaa 65,000 horraantii 1990 una dhacay qiyaastii 10,000 dabayaaqadii sannadkaas. Markii Siyaad Barre ka baxay Muqdisho 27 Janaayo 1991 ciidanku wuxuu u kala dareeray ciidamo beel ku salaysan. Qaybihii u daacadka ahaa waxay noqdeen udub-dhexaadka [Jabhadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNF)](/en/institutions/somali-national-front/) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces); [Wikipedia, Somali National Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_National_Front)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Baaxadda 1980-meeyadii.** Qiyaasuhu waxay u dhexeeyaan 40,000 ilaa in ka badan 120,000 iyadoo ku xiran isha iyo in kaydka iyo maleeshiyaadka lagu daray iyo in kale. - **Tiradii ugu horreysay.** Warbixinnadu waxay 1960 u bixiyaan qiyaastii 2,000 ilaa 5,000. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): [Inqilaabka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm), [Tallaabooyinka cadaadiska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/28.htm). - Colin D. Robinson, "Glimpse into an army at its peak", *Defense & Security Analysis* (2019): [maqaal](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14751798.2019.1675944). --- # 2000–2006: Dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa iyo kor u kaca maxkamadaha Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/rebuilding-2000-2006/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 2000 ilaa 2006 laba dowladood oo qaran ayaa lagu dhisay shirar dibadda ka dhacay: TNG oo Carta, Jabuuti, 2000 iyo TFG oo Mbagathi, Kenya, 2004. Somaliland waxay qabatay codbixintii ugu horreysay, Juun 2006na Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ayaa la wareegay Muqdisho. Weerarkii Itoobiya ee Diseembar 2006 ayaa soo afjaray xukunka Maxkamadaha ee magaalada. - **2 Maajo – 27 Agoosto 2000.** Shirka Carta (Jabuuti): 2,000–3,000 ergo, oo ay ku jiraan odayaal dhaqameed, bulshada rayidka, haweenka ("Beesha Lixaad"), culimada, ganacsatada iyo qurbajoogta. Odayaashu waxay u doorteen 810 ergo marxaladda labaad. Axdiga Ku-meel-gaarka: gole 245 kursi ah oo 25 kursi haween u ah, loo qaybiyay 4.5 (44 kursi afarta qabiil-qoys mid kasta, 24 bulshooyinka "0.5"; RVI waxay tirisaa 225 iyo 25 haween ah). Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan ayaa noqday madaxweynaha TNG. **Dhinacyada:** Jabuuti (Geelle); bulshada rayidka; odayaasha. Isha: [B35](https://www.inclusivepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/case-study-women-somalia-2000-en.pdf); [B2](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Role-of-4.5-in-democratisation-and-governence-in-Somalia_EN_4.5_WEB.pdf); [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf) - **2000–2004.** TNG weligeed awood kama yeelan meel ka baxsan qayb ka mid ah Muqdisho. Kooxaha aan wakiilnimo ku filan helin waxay sameeyeen SRRC oo Itoobiya taageerto. Ganacsatadu markii hore waxay taageereen TNG. **Dhinacyada:** TNG; SRRC; ganacsatada Muqdisho. Isha: [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf); [B35](https://www.inclusivepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/case-study-women-somalia-2000-en.pdf); [B30](https://archive.munkschool.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Aisha-Ahmad-The-Security-Bazaar.pdf) - **31 Maajo 2001.** Aftida dastuurka Somaliland: ilaa 1.18 milyan cod, ilaa 97% haa. Waxay xaqiijisay xorriyadda iyo nidaam xisbiyo badan, waxayna Guurtida ka dhigtay aqalka sare. **Dhinacyada:** Somaliland; maamulka Cigaal. Isha: [B37](https://participedia.net/case/5117) - **2001.** Khilaafka muddo xileedka Puntland: odayaashu waxay magacaabeen maamul ku-meel-gaar ah, Jaamac Cali Jaamacna waa la doortay (Nofembar 2001). Cabdullaahi Yuusuf wuu diiday natiijada. Wariyeyaal deegaanku waxay qiyaaseen ku dhowaad 400 dhimasho. **Dhinacyada:** odayaasha Puntland; Cabdullaahi Yuusuf; Jaamac Cali Jaamac. Isha: [B26](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/b64-somalia-the-trouble-with-puntland.pdf) - **2001.** Mareykanku wuxuu xiray al-Barakaat, oo maarayn jirtay ilaa kala badh xawaaladaha oo dhan, ahaydna shaqo-bixiyaha gaarka ah ee ugu weyn. Baaritaannada uu soo xigtay The EastAfrican ma helin wax xiriir ah oo argagixiso. **Dhinacyada:** dowladda Mareykanka; al-Barakaat. Isha: [B28](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/1024802/-/oo5m22z/-/index.html) - **2001–2005.** Somaliland: aftida dastuurka (2001), doorashooyinka deegaanka (2002), doorashada madaxtooyada (2003), doorashada baarlamaanka (2005). **Dhinacyada:** hay'adaha Somaliland. Isha: [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf) - **Oktoobar 2002 – Oktoobar 2004.** Shirka Dib-u-heshiisiinta Qaranka Soomaaliyeed oo IGAD hoggaamisay (Eldoret, kadibna Mbagathi), iyadoo Kenya, Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti ahaayeen guddiga farsamada. Baaqa Eldoret (27 Oktoobar 2002). Axdiga Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (23 Febraayo 2004): qaab federaal ah, 275 xildhibaan oo ay doorteen hoggaamiyeyaasha beelaha iyagoo adeegsanaya 4.5, kootada haweenka 12%. Xildhibaannada waxay dhaarteen 22 Agoosto 2004; Cabdullaahi Yuusuf waxaa loo doortay madaxweyne 10 Oktoobar 2004. Aasha Xaaji Cilmi ayaa noqotay haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee saxiixda heshiis nabadeed oo Soomaaliyeed. **Dhinacyada:** IGAD; Kenya; Itoobiya; Jabuuti; hoggaamiyeyaasha beelaha; Beesha Lixaad. Isha: [B34](https://www.inclusivepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/case-study-women-somalia-2002-2004-en.pdf); [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf) - **2004–2006.** Maxkamadaha laan-beeleedka ee Muqdisho waxay isu biireen Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga (ICU), maleeshiyaadkoodana waxay sameeyeen al-Shabaab (la aasaasay qiyaastii 2004–05). **Dhinacyada:** maxkamadaha; wadaaddada; ganacsatada; al-Shabaab. Isha: [B30](https://archive.munkschool.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Aisha-Ahmad-The-Security-Bazaar.pdf); [B31](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalias-new-government-and-the-challenge-of-al-shabab/); [B32](https://africanarguments.org/2013/04/review-al-shabaab-in-somalia-the-history-and-ideology-of-a-militant-islamist-group-2005-2012-by-magnus-taylor/) - **2005.** Olole "awoodda dadweynaha" ah ayaa ka qaaday isbaarooyinkii maleeshiyaadka ee Muqdisho. **Dhinacyada:** kooxaha bulshada Muqdisho. Isha: [B11](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia) - **Horraantii–Juun 2006.** Isbahaysiga Soo Celinta Nabadda iyo La-dagaallanka Argagixisada (ARPCT), oo Mareykanku taageerayay, ayaa dadka beeluhu ku eedeeyeen sharci darrada. ICU waxay ka adkaatay hoggaamiyeyaasha ARPCT ee Muqdisho Juun 2006. **Dhinacyada:** ICU; ARPCT; Mareykanka. Isha: [B11](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia); [B30](https://archive.munkschool.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Aisha-Ahmad-The-Security-Bazaar.pdf) - **Juun–Diseembar 2006.** ICU waxay hub ka dhigtay maleeshiyaadka beelaha, dib ayay u furtay dekedda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha, waddooyinkana way ka nabad badneyd. Maalgelinta ganacsatadu way muhiim ahayd: sahankii Hansen ee 2007, 69% ganacsiyada waxay sheegeen inay wax ku darsadeen. Lix bilood gudahood ICU waxay gacanta ku haysay ilaa 90% miyiga. Dad badan oo deggan waxay qiimeeyeen degganaanshaha laakiin waxay ka baqeen xeerar adag oo ku saabsan haweenka, warbaahinta iyo bulshada rayidka. **Dhinacyada:** ICU; ganacsatada; odayaasha beelaha. Isha: [B11](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia); [B30](https://archive.munkschool.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Aisha-Ahmad-The-Security-Bazaar.pdf); [B42](https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Africa/250407samatar.pdf) - **24 Diseembar 2006.** Itoobiya waxay bilowday weerar buuxa oo ay ku taageerayso TFG, iyadoo warbaahintu ku tilmaantay "taageero aamusan" oo Washington ka timid. Ra'iisul Wasaare Meles wuxuu sheegay in ujeeddadu tahay ilaalinta madax-bannaanida Itoobiya, ciidamaduna ay bixi doonaan marka howlgalku dhammaado. ICU waxay TFG ku tilmaantay "dabadhilif" shisheeye. Al Jazeera waxay soo warisay in Eritrea taageerayso ICU, iyo wadahadallo hore oo Jaamacadda Carabtu dhexdhexaadisay oo aan natiijo waarta keenin. ICU way kala dirantay Muqdisho, ciidamada Itoobiya iyo TFG-na waxay soo galeen magaalada dhammaadkii 2006. **Dhinacyada:** Itoobiya; TFG; ICU; Mareykanka; Eritrea; Jaamacadda Carabta. Isha: [B11](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia); [B12](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/); [B40](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/12/24/ethiopia-launches-attack-on-somalia) ## Dadka iyo kooxaha muhiimka ah Odayaasha, ururrada haweenka, ganacsatada, culimada iyo qurbajoogta oo shir shir u yimid; dowlad-goboleedyadii la saxiixay Mabaadi'da Garoowe; iyo Soomaali badan oo magaalooyinka shaqaynayay dowlad la'aan. ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen Deris kastaa wuxuu taageeray wadahadal u gaar ah, taageerayaal shisheena waxay taageereen garabyo is-haya ([Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf)). Ammaan laga dhaafiyay xuduudaha beelaha ayaa si degdeg ah u helay taageero dadweyne, sida Maxkamadaha Islaamigu muujiyeen 2006 ([Menkhaus, MERIP, 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). Soomaalidu tobankii sanaba mar kale ayay miiska ku soo laabanayeen, ilaa qaab qaran lagu heshiiyay 2012. Eeg [1991–1999](/so/history/rebuilding-1991-1999/) iyo [dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa 2000–2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/). --- # Doorashadii baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ee 1984 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1984/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 31 Diseembar 1984 Soomaaliya waxay dooratay Golaha Shacabka cusub, iyadoo laga dooranayay hal liis qaran oo ka koobnaa 171 musharrax oo ka tirsan Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS / SRSP), xisbiga keliya ee sharciga ahaa. Codbixiyeyaashu liiska oo dhan ayay mar qura aqbali jireen ama diidi jireen. Tirintii rasmiga ahayd waxay liiska siisay 4,207,977 cod, oo ah 99.84 boqolkiiba codadka la dhiibtay, iyadoo ka qaybgalku ahaa 99.86 boqolkiiba. Isla bishaas dastuurka waa la beddelay si madaxtinimadu u noqoto xil toddoba sano ah oo cod toos ah lagu doorto. Waxay ahayd doorashadii sharci-dejinta ee ugu dambaysay ka hor intaan dowladdu dhicin 1991. ## Kooban "Maalinta codbixinta, liiska keliya ee 171 musharrax ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS) ayaa loo soo bandhigay codbixiyeyaasha, wuxuuna helay 99.84% codadka la dhiibtay. Guud ahaan 46 xildhibaan ayaa ku cusbaa Golaha Shacabka" (tarjumaad), sidaas ayuu Ururka Baarlamaannada Caalamka (IPU) u diiwaangeliyay codbixintii 31 Diseembar 1984 ([IPU, *Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections* XIX, 1984–85, bb. 101–102](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1984_E.PDF)). Waxay ahayd "tii labaad tan iyo inqilaabkii 1969" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Tii ugu horraysay, eeg [doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 1979](/so/history/somali-parliamentary-election-1979/). ## Xeerarka Sida uu IPU sheegay: - **Golaha.** 171 xildhibaan oo shan sano loo doortay, iyo ilaa lix uu Madaxweynuhu magacaabo. - **Yaa codeyn karayay.** Muwaadiniinta da'doodu tahay 18 ama ka badan. "Waxaa laga reebay dadka waalan, maxaabiista iyo dadka laga mamnuucay nolosha guud ama laga qaaday xuquuqda doorashada kadib xukun ciqaabeed" (tarjumaad). - **Yaa u tartami karayay.** Codbixiyeyaasha "wax akhriya oo qora, da'doodu tahay 21 ama ka badan, una daacad ah siyaasadda Kacaanka (1969), Xeerka iyo Barnaamijka Xisbiga" (tarjumaad). "Waxaa laga reebay dadka u xaglinaya qabyaaladda, gobolaysiga ama danaha gaarka ah, iyo kuwa lagu yaqaan inay ka shaqeeyaan danaha guud" (tarjumaad). - **Hal liis.** Dalka oo dhan wuxuu ahaa hal degmo doorasho. Guddiga Dhexe ee XHKS ayaa soo jeediyay "liis qaran oo ay ku jiraan ugu yaraan 20 musharrax oo kayd ah" (tarjumaad). "Codbixiye kastaa wuxuu u codeeyaa liiska oo dhan. Doorashadu waxay ansax tahay haddii aqlabiyadda codbixiyeyaashu ay ansixiyaan isla liiskan; haddii la diido, codbixin kale ayaa la qabtaa lix bilood gudahood" (tarjumaad). - **Taariikhda** waxaa lagu go'aamiyay wareegto uu soo saaray Madaxweynaha, Jeneraal [Maxamed Siyaad Barre (Mohamed Siad Barre)](/so/people/siad-barre/). Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ku dartay in "dadka dhaliila iyo mucaaradka dowladda aan loo oggolaan inay u tartamaan doorashadii 1979 iyo tii 1984 midna" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "Legislature"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm)). ## Natiijada Tirooyinka rasmiga ah, sida uu IPU u bixiyay: | | | |---|---| | Codbixiyeyaasha diiwaangashan | 4,220,466 | | Dadka codeeyay | 4,214,667 (99.86%) | | Warqadaha bannaan ama la buriyay | 1,990 | | Codadka ansaxa ah | 4,212,677 | | Codadka liiska XHKS | 4,207,977 | | Kuraasta ay XHKS ku guuleysatay | 171 ka mid ah 171 | Golaha, oo ay ku jiraan xildhibaannada la magacaabay, wuxuu lahaa 152 rag ah iyo 25 haween ah (IPU). ## Wax-ka-beddelladii dastuurka ee 1984 "Diseembar 1984, Siyaad Barre wuxuu isku dayay inuu ballaariyo saldhigiisa siyaasadeed isagoo wax ka beddelaya dastuurka. Wax-ka-beddel ka mid ah ayaa muddada madaxweynaha ka dhigay toddoba sano halkii ay ka ahayd lix. Wax-ka-beddel kale ayaa dhigay in madaxweynaha lagu doorto cod guud oo dadweyne (Siyaad Barre had iyo jeer wuxuu helay 99 boqolkiiba codadka doorashooyinkaas) halkii uu ka dooran lahaa Golaha Shacabku. Golaha ayaa wax-ka-beddelladan si indho la'aan ah u ansixiyay, sidaasna ku hoggaamiyay ka qaadista awooddiisa" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Somalia's difficult decade, 1980–90"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm)). Codbixintii ugu horraysay ee tooska ah ee madaxtinimada ee xeerarkan hoostooda ah waxay timid 1986. Eeg [doorashadii madaxtinimada ee 1986](/so/history/somali-presidential-election-1986/). ## Golihii ugu dambeeyay "Doorashooyinkii loo qorsheeyay 1989 waa la dib u dhigay sababo la xiriira colaadda sokeeye ee xilligaas qabsatay inta badan dalka." "Golaha Shacabku fadhi kuma jirin markii dowladdii Siyaad Barre la riday" (tarjumaad) (Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Legislature"). Eeg [dhicitaankii Muqdisho, 1991](/so/history/fall-of-mogadishu-1991/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Dadka dhaliila iyo mucaaradka dowladda,** oo laga mamnuucay inay u tartamaan (Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Legislature"). - **Dadka loo arkay kuwo aan daacad ahayn,** "qabyaaliyiin" ama "gobolaysi", oo laga reebay musharraxnimada sida ku cad xeerarka doorashada (IPU). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Natiijada.** IPU wuxuu bixiyaa 99.84 boqolkiiba codadka la dhiibtay, isagoo ku daraya warqadaha bannaan iyo kuwa la buriyay; marka loo eego codadka ansaxa ah, isla tirooyinkaasi waxay noqonayaan 99.89 boqolkiiba. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtay oo keliya "in ka badan 99 boqolkiiba". ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Ururka Baarlamaannada Caalamka (IPU), *Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections* XIX (1984–85), Soomaaliya, bb. 101–102: [PDF](http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOMALIA_1984_E.PDF). - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Legislature"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm); ["Somalia's difficult decade, 1980–90"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/27.htm). --- # 2007–2012: Kacdoon, hannaanka Jabuuti iyo dhammaadka xilliga ku-meel-gaarka Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/rebuilding-2007-2012/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 2007 ilaa 2012 Soomaalida iyo saaxiibbadoodu tallaabo tallaabo ayay dib ugu dhiseen dowlad qaran. Ciidan Midowga Afrika ayaa yimid 2007, hoggaamiye mucaarad hore ahaa ayaa madaxweyne noqday 2009, al-Shabaab waxay ka baxday Muqdisho Agoosto 2011, 2012na dastuur ku-meel-gaar ah ayaa soo afjaray xilligii ku-meel-gaarka. - **20 Febraayo 2007.** Go'aanka 1744 (si wadajir ah) wuxuu oggolaaday AMISOM muddo lix bilood ah. Hawsheedu waa ilaalinta ka qaybgalayaasha wadahadalka iyo hay'adaha ku-meel-gaarka ah iyo taageerada helitaanka gargaarka. Go'aanku wuxuu soo dhoweeyay go'aanka Itoobiya ee ah inay baxdo iyo shir dib-u-heshiisiin oo ay ka qayb galaan hoggaamiyeyaal siyaasadeed, beeleed iyo diimeed iyo bulshada rayidka. **Dhinacyada:** QM; Midowga Afrika; IGAD; Jaamacadda Carabta. Isha: [B22](https://press.un.org/en/2007/sc8960.doc.htm); [B38](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2007-10/lookup_c_glkwlemtisg_b_3454439.php) - **Maarso–Abriil 2007.** Dagaal Muqdisho. HRW waxay ogaatay in saddexda dhinacba (ciidamada Itoobiya, jabhadaha iyo ciidamada TFG) ay ka masuul yihiin xadgudubyo culus oo sharciyada dagaalka ah. Ilaa 400,000 qof ayaa barakacay. **Dhinacyada:** ciidamada Itoobiya; TFG; jabhadaha. Isha: [B12](https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/) - **Luulyo – 30 Agoosto 2007.** Shirka Dib-u-heshiisiinta Qaranka wuxuu soo saaray khariidad loo marayo doorashooyinka 2009. Shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo UIC iyo Hawiye ah ayaa diiday inay ka qayb galaan. **Dhinacyada:** TFG; hoggaamiyeyaasha beelaha. Isha: [B38](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2007-10/lookup_c_glkwlemtisg_b_3454439.php) - **Horraantii Sebtembar 2007.** Shirka Asmara (ilaa 400 hoggaamiye mucaarad ah, iyadoo ay kormeerayaan EU, QM iyo Jaamacadda Carabtu) wuxuu dhisay Isbahaysiga Dib-u-xoreynta Soomaaliya (ARS), oo uu hoggaamiyo Sheekh Shariif Axmed iyo guddoomiyihii hore ee baarlamaanka Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan. Qaybinta guddiga: UIC 40%, xildhibaannadii hore 25%, qurbajoogta 16%. Eritrea ayaa fududaysay. **Dhinacyada:** ARS; Eritrea. Isha: [B38](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2007-10/lookup_c_glkwlemtisg_b_3454439.php) - **9 Juun – Agoosto 2008.** Heshiiska Jabuuti (TFG–ARS, QM fududaysay; markhaatiyaasha waxaa ka mid ahaa Mareykanka, Ingiriiska, Faransiiska, Sacuudiga, Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta, OIC iyo EU): joojinta colaadda, ka bixitaanka Itoobiya 120 maalmood gudahood marka ciidamada QM la dhigo, guddiyo ammaan oo wadajir ah iyo guddiyo heer sare ah. **Dhinacyada:** TFG; ARS (garabka Jabuuti); QM. Isha: [B14](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/825) - **Diseembar 2008 – 26 Janaayo 2009.** Cabdullaahi Yuusuf wuu is casilay (Diseembar 2008). Itoobiya waxay dhammaysay ka bixitaankeeda (Janaayo 2009). Wadahadallada Jabuuti waxay ku heshiiyeen in baarlamaanka laga ballaariyo 275 ilaa 550 kursi. **Dhinacyada:** TFG; ARS; Itoobiya. Isha: [B15](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/1/26/ethiopia-completes-somali-pullout) - **Janaayo–Febraayo 2009.** Sheekh Shariif (Abgaal, wada-hoggaamiyihii hore ee ICU) wuxuu noqday madaxweynaha TFG, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay shareecada, taas oo ka mid ahayd dalabaadka jabhadaha. Ra'iisul Wasaare Cumar Cabdirashiid Sharmaarke wuxuu dib-u-heshiisiinta ka dhigay mudnaan. **Dhinacyada:** Shariif; Sharmaarke; TFG. Isha: [B31](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalias-new-government-and-the-challenge-of-al-shabab/) - **4 Febraayo 2009.** Xisbul Islaam waxaa laga sameeyay ARS-Asmara (Aweys), Raas Kaambooni, Jabhatul Islaamiya iyo Canoole. Ujeeddooyinkiisu: in la riddo TFG, in la soo rogo fasiraaddiisa shareecada, iyo in la saaro ciidamada Midowga Afrika. **Dhinacyada:** Xisbul Islaam; Xasan Daahir Aweys. Isha: [B17](https://mappingmilitants.org/profiles/hizbul-islam); [B31](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalias-new-government-and-the-challenge-of-al-shabab/) - **Dabayaaqadii 2008 – 2009.** Ahlu Sunna Wal Jamaaca (suufiyada) waxay hub u qaateen al-Shabaab, waxayna qabsadeen Dhuusamarreeb iyo magaalooyin kale. **Dhinacyada:** ASWJ. Isha: [B31](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalias-new-government-and-the-challenge-of-al-shabab/); [B10](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/somalia-s-islamists.pdf) - **Oktoobar 2009.** Al-Shabaab waxay si buuxda gacanta ugu dhigtay Kismaayo kadib dagaal ay la gashay Xisbul Islaam. **Dhinacyada:** al-Shabaab; Xisbul Islaam. Isha: [B17](https://mappingmilitants.org/profiles/hizbul-islam) - **2009–2010.** Al-Shabaab waxay maamushay hay'ado sharci fulin, garsoor iyo canshuur (tusaale ahaan canshuurta xoolaha Kismaayo, 2010), oo qayb ahaan ay maalgeliyeen qurbajoog iyo taageerayaal shisheeye. Waxay mamnuucday hay'adaha gargaarka iyo caadooyin bulsheed oo badan. Taageeradeedu waxay ka timid ka soo horjeedka ciidamada Itoobiya iyo waddaninimada Soomaaliyeed, halka xeeladaheedu ay dad badan ka fogeeyeen. **Dhinacyada:** al-Shabaab. Isha: [B32](https://africanarguments.org/2013/04/review-al-shabaab-in-somalia-the-history-and-ideology-of-a-militant-islamist-group-2005-2012-by-magnus-taylor/); [B31](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalias-new-government-and-the-challenge-of-al-shabab/); [B1](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/al-shabaab) - **11 Luulyo 2010.** Qaraxyadii Kampala ee daawashada Koobka Adduunka: ugu yaraan 74 dhimasho. Waa weerarkii ugu horreeyay ee al-Shabaab ka geysato dibadda Soomaaliya. Afhayeenka ciidamada Uganda wuxuu sheegay inay tahay sabab ay ugu sii joogaan Soomaaliya. **Dhinacyada:** al-Shabaab; Uganda. Isha: [B19](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/7/13/al-shabab-claims-uganda-bombings); [B1](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/al-shabaab) - **23–25 Diseembar 2010.** Xisbul Islaam waxaa lagu milay al-Shabaab, taas oo tifaftire Al Jazeera ku tilmaamay "is-dhiibid in ka badan isku-darid". **Dhinacyada:** al-Shabaab; Xisbul Islaam. Isha: [B16](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/12/25/somalia-rebel-groups-merge); [B17](https://mappingmilitants.org/profiles/hizbul-islam) - **9 Juun 2011.** Heshiiska Kampala: Madaxweyne Shariif iyo Guddoomiye Shariif Xasan waxay muddada ku-meel-gaarka ah u kordhiyeen Agoosto 2012. Ra'iisul Wasaare Farmaajo wuxuu is casilay 19 Juun. Dhaleeceeyayaashu waxay sheegeen inuu Uganda ka dhigay "garsooraha kama dambaysta ah". **Dhinacyada:** hoggaamiyeyaasha TFG; Uganda; QM. Isha: [B25](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2011/06/20/somali-power-struggle-could-intensify-premier-quits) - **20 Luulyo 2011.** Macaluul ayaa lagu dhawaaqay. Daraasad dambe oo FSNAU iyo FEWS NET waxay qiyaastay ilaa 260,000 dhimasho Oktoobar 2010 ilaa Abriil 2012, kala badh carruur ka yar shan sano. Shabeellaha Hoose, Muqdisho iyo Baay ayaa ugu daran. Al-Shabaab waxay mamnuucday hay'adaha gargaarka intooda badan deegaannadeeda. **Dhinacyada:** QM; FAO; al-Shabaab; deeq-bixiyeyaasha. Isha: [B18](https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/05/438682); [B20](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/8/6/al-shabab-rebels-withdraw-from-somali-capital) - **6 Agoosto 2011.** Al-Shabaab habeen ayay ka baxday Muqdisho. Afhayeenkeedu wuxuu ku tilmaamay u wareegid xeeladaha dagaal-dhuumaaleysiga; dowladduna waxay ku tilmaantay "guul dahab ah oo shacabka Soomaaliyeed". **Dhinacyada:** al-Shabaab; TFG; AMISOM. Isha: [B20](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/8/6/al-shabab-rebels-withdraw-from-somali-capital); [B1](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/al-shabaab) - **Oktoobar 2011.** Kenya waxay ciidan geysay Dooxada Jubba (Linda Nchi), iyadoo qayb ahaan ku sababaysay culayska in ka badan 500,000 qaxooti Soomaali ah. Waxay higsanaysay maamul Jubbaland ah oo ahaada gaashaan. Crisis Group waxay taxday khataraha, oo ay ka mid yihiin cabsida Soomaalida ee ah in beesha Ogaadeen xukunto iyo khilaafaadka dakhliga dekedda Kismaayo. **Dhinacyada:** Kenya; xulafada deegaanka. Isha: [B13](https://hornaffairs.com/2012/02/20/report-icg-the-kenyan-military-intervention-in-somalia) - **Sebtembar 2011 (Khariidadda) – 24 Diseembar 2011.** Mabaadi'da Garoowe (oo TFG isugu yeertay, Puntland martigelisay, QM-na fududaysay; waxaa saxiixay TFG, baarlamaanka TFP, Puntland, Galmudug iyo ASWJ): gole dastuur oo ilaa 1,000 xubnood ah oo 30% haween ah; baarlamaan laba aqal ah oo 225 kursi ah oo 20% haween ah; odayaasha ayaa magacaabaya xildhibaannada; 4.5 oo lagu koobay aqalka hoose ee xilliga koowaad; jadwal loo marayo codbixinta madaxtooyada 20 Agoosto 2012. **Dhinacyada:** saxiixayaasha Khariidadda; QM. Isha: [B3](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1681/); [B23](https://www.c-r.org/accord/legitimacy-and-peace-processes/somalia-legitimacy-provisional-constitution) - **9 Febraayo 2012.** Hoggaamiyaha al-Qaacida ayaa muuqaal ku shaaciyay in al-Shabaab ku biirtay al-Qaacida, iyadoo hoggaamiyaha al-Shabaab uu bay'ad bixiyay. Khubarada waxay sheegeen in kooxdu isu arkaysay xulafo halkii ay laan ka ahaan lahayd, bay'addeedii ugu horreysay ee bin Laden-na ay ahayd 2009. **Dhinacyada:** al-Shabaab; al-Qaacida. Isha: [B21](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/02/201221054649118317.html); [B1](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/al-shabaab) - **1 Agoosto 2012.** Golaha Dastuurka Qaranka oo 825 xubnood ah ayaa ansixiyay Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah: Islaamka oo diinta dowladda ah, nidaam federaal ah oo laba heer ah, awoodaha ka baxsan afar qaybood oo aasaasi ah oo wadahadal loo daayay, baarlamaanka oo go'aaminaya tirada dowladaha xubinta ka ah, iyo dastuur joogto ah oo afti lagu ansixinayo 2016 ka hor. **Dhinacyada:** Golaha Dastuurka; odayaasha dhaqanka; Guddiga Farsamada ee Xulashada (135); IIEC (15). Isha: [B23](https://www.c-r.org/accord/legitimacy-and-peace-processes/somalia-legitimacy-provisional-constitution); [B24](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/A-new-government) - **4–6 Agoosto 2012.** Saxiixayaasha Khariidadda (Nairobi) waxay ku socdeen 275 xildhibaan, waxayna cambaareeyeen "adeegsiga cabsi gelin iyo laaluush si loo wiiqo xulashada xildhibaannada". **Dhinacyada:** saxiixayaasha Khariidadda; UNPOS; AMISOM. Isha: [B4](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1403/) - **20 Agoosto – 10 Sebtembar 2012.** Muddada ku-meel-gaarka ah way dhammaatay. Golaha Shacabka ayaa dhaartay (20 Agoosto). Baarlamaanku wuxuu Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud u doortay madaxweyne (10 Sebtembar). Al-Shabaab waxaa laga saaray magaalooyinka waaweyn dabayaaqadii 2012. **Dhinacyada:** Baarlamaanka Federaalka; Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud. Isha: [B24](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/A-new-government) ## Dadka iyo kooxaha muhiimka ah Odayaasha, ururrada haweenka, ganacsatada, culimada iyo qurbajoogta oo shir shir u yimid; dowlad-goboleedyadii la saxiixay Mabaadi'da Garoowe; iyo Soomaali badan oo magaalooyinka shaqaynayay dowlad la'aan. ## Waxa taariikhyahannadu diiwaangeliyeen Deris kastaa wuxuu taageeray wadahadal u gaar ah, taageerayaal shisheena waxay taageereen garabyo is-haya ([Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf)). Ammaan laga dhaafiyay xuduudaha beelaha ayaa si degdeg ah u helay taageero dadweyne, sida Maxkamadaha Islaamigu muujiyeen 2006 ([Menkhaus, MERIP, 2007](https://merip.org/2007/02/there-and-back-again-in-somalia)). Soomaalidu tobankii sanaba mar kale ayay miiska ku soo laabanayeen, ilaa qaab qaran lagu heshiiyay 2012. Eeg [2000–2006](/so/history/rebuilding-2000-2006/). --- # Doorashadii madaxtinimada Soomaaliya ee 1986 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/somali-presidential-election-1986/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 23 Diseembar 1986 Soomaaliya waxay qabatay doorashadeedii ugu horreysay ee tooska ah ee Madaxweynaha. Maxamed Siyaad Barre, oo madax u ahaa xisbiga keliya ee sharciga ahaa, Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS), ayaa ahaa musharraxa keliya. Tirintii rasmiga ahayd waxay siisay 4,887,592 cod oo taageero ah iyo 1,486 cod oo diid ah, ama 99.97 boqolkiiba. Waxay ka dambaysay isbeddello dastuuri ah oo 1984 madaxtinimada ka dhigay muddo toddoba sano ah oo cod dadweyne lagu doorto, iyo loollan awoodeed kadib markii Siyaad Barre si xun ugu dhaawacmay shil baabuur Maajo 1986. ## Si kooban Dastuurka Soomaaliya ee 1979, sidii wax looga beddelay 1984, wuxuu "dhigay in madaxweynaha si toos ah dadweynuhu ugu doortaan muddo toddoba sano ah. Doorashadii madaxtinimada ee ugu horreysay waxaa la qabtay 1986. Siyaad Barre, musharraxa keliya, wuxuu helay 99.9 boqolkiiba codadka" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*, "Constitution"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm)). Codbixintu waxay dhacday 23 Diseembar 1986. *World Factbook* ee CIA wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in "Madaxweyne Siyaad dib loo doortay iyadoo aan mucaarad jirin" (tarjumaad) ([*The World Factbook 1990*, Somalia](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_%281990%29/Somalia)). Sida dowladda loo maamulayay sannadahaas, eeg [Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/). ## Xeerarka - **Ka hor 1984.** Dastuurka 1979 "markii hore wuxuu dhigay in madaxweynaha loo doorto muddo lix sano ah oo la cusboonaysiin karo, iyadoo laga helayo laba meelood meel codka golaha sharci-dejinta" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Constitution"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm)). - **Wax-ka-beddelladii 1984.** Waxay madaxtinimada ka dhigeen xil toos loo doorto oo toddoba sano ah (isla ishaas). - **Hal xisbi.** Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS) wuxuu ahaa "xisbiga keliya", iyadoo [Maxamed Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) ahaa xoghayihiisa guud ([*World Factbook 1990*](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_%281990%29/Somalia)). - **Golaha sharci-dejinta.** Golaha Shacbigu wuxuu lahaa 177 xubnood, 171 la doortay iyo 6 la magacaabay. Doorashooyinkii golaha ee 1979 iyo 1984, "dhaleeceeyayaasha iyo mucaaradka nidaamka looma oggolaan inay tartamaan". Dowladdu waxay soo bandhigtay liisas keliya oo musharrixiinta XHKS ah, "labada jeerba, dowladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday in in ka badan 99 boqolkiiba codbixiyayaashu ansixiyeen liisaska rasmiga ah" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "The legislature"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm)). ## Sannadkii ka horreeyay codbixinta Sida ay Maktabadda Koongareeska sheegtay ([*Somalia: A Country Study*, "Siad Barre's repressive measures"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/28.htm)): - **23 Maajo 1986.** Siyaad Barre "wuxuu si culus ugu dhaawacmay shil baabuur" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu shaqada ku soo laabtay qiyaastii bil kadib. - **Loollan awoodeed.** Shilku wuxuu "furay loollan awoodeed" oo u dhexeeyay "garab dastuuri ah", oo uu hoggaaminayay madaxweyne ku xigeenka koowaad, Brigadier General Maxamed Cali Samatar, iyo "garab beeleed" oo ka koobnaa qaraabada Mareexaan ee Madaxweynaha, oo ay ku jiraan walaalkiis, wiilkiisa Kornayl Maslax Siyaad iyo xaaskiisa koowaad, Khadiija (tarjumaad). - **Nofembar 1986.** "Koofiyadaha Cas ee laga baqi jiray waxay olole argagixin iyo cabsi gelin ah ku qaadeen shacab baqdin ku jiray", saraakiishii ciidankana waa la sifeeyay "iyadoo looga shakiyay daacadnimo la'aan madaxweynaha" (tarjumaad). - **Shirweynaha xisbiga.** Isla bishaas XHKS waxay qabatay shirweynihiisii saddexaad. "Guddiga Dhexe dib ayaa loo habeeyay, madaxweynahana waxaa loo magacaabay musharraxa keliya ee muddo kale oo toddoba sano ah" (tarjumaad). ## Natiijada Tirinta rasmiga ah, sida ay ku qoran tahay Nohlen, Krennerich iyo Thibaut, *Elections in Africa: A data handbook* (1999), b. 813 ([sida ay Wikipedia soo xigatay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Somali_presidential_election)): | | Codad | Saami | |---|---:|---:| | Siyaad Barre taageer | 4,887,592 | 99.97% | | Diid | 1,486 | 0.03% | | Wadar | 4,889,078 | | ## Wixii ka dambeeyay - **Codbixinta xigta.** *World Factbook* wuxuu doorashada madaxtinimada ee xigta u qorsheeyay Diseembar 1993. Doorashooyinkii Golaha Shacbiga ee ahaa inay dhacaan Diseembar 1989 waa la dib dhigay ([*World Factbook 1990*](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_%281990%29/Somalia)); Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay sababta u bixisaa "isku dhaca sokeeye ee xilligaas qabsaday inta badan dalka" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "The legislature"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm)). - **Dagaalka.** Laga bilaabo 1988 dowladdu waxay woqooyiga kula dagaallamaysay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM). Eeg [Xasuuqii Isaaq, 1987 ilaa 1989](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/) iyo [dhaqdhaqaaqyadii hubeysnaa, 1978 ilaa 1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). - **Janaayo 1991.** Siyaad Barre waxaa laga saaray Muqdisho ka hor intaan muddadiisu dhammaan. Eeg [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Dadkii ay beegsadeen Koofiyadaha Cas** intii lagu jiray "ololihii argagixinta iyo cabsi gelinta" ee Nofembar 1986 (Maktabadda Koongareeska). - **Saraakiishii laga sifeeyay** ciidanka isla xilligaas (Maktabadda Koongareeska). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Saamiga codadka.** Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay bixisaa 99.9 boqolkiiba. Tirinta Nohlen iyo kuwa kale waxay bixisaa 99.97 boqolkiiba. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Siad Barre's repressive measures"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/28.htm), ["Constitution"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/67.htm), ["The legislature"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/68.htm). - Central Intelligence Agency, *The World Factbook 1990*, Somalia: [Wikisource](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_%281990%29/Somalia). --- # Dagaalkii xuduudda Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ee 1982 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1982/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Luulyo 1982 ciidamada Itoobiya, oo ay la socdeen dagaalyahanno Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF), ayaa soo galay bartamaha Soomaaliya. Waxay qabsadeen tuulooyinka xuduudda ee Balanbale iyo Galdogob, laakiin ma gaarin Gaalkacyo ama Beledweyne, safkuna wuxuu isu beddelay meel la isku istaagay. Soomaaliya waxay codsatay gargaar, waxayna heshay hub Maraykan iyo Shiine ah. Abriil 1988 labada dowladood waxay ku heshiiyeen inay ciidamadooda ka qaadaan xuduudda. ## Si kooban Afar sano kadib [dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/), dagaal ayaa mar kale ka qarxay xuduudda Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya. Markan ciidamada Itoobiya ayaa Soomaaliya soo galay, iyagoo ay la socdaan dagaalyahanno [SSDF](/en/institutions/somali-salvation-democratic-front/), dhaqdhaqaaq hubeysan oo ka soo horjeeday [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/). Boggani wuxuu ilaha ka soo dhigayaa waxa dhacay, wuxuuna bixinayaa tirooyinka dhinac walba sida uu u sheegay. ## Asalka Kadib jabkii Soomaaliya ee Ogaadeenya 1978, saraakiil ayaa isku dayay inay Siyaad Barre xukunka ka tuuraan. Mid ka mid ah, Kornayl [Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/), ayaa u dhaqaaqay Itoobiya wuxuuna aasaasay SSDF, oo ay tababareen saraakiil Itoobiyaan ah ([Wikipedia, 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War)). Eeg [Dhaqdhaqaaqyadii hubeysnaa, 1978 ilaa 1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). Soomaaliya, dhankeeda, weli waxay taageeraysay Jabhadda Xoreynta Soomaali Galbeed ee Ogaadeenya; diblomaasiyiin reer Galbeed ah ayaa soo jeediyay in weerarrada Itoobiya loola jeeday in taas lagu ciqaabo ([UPI, 12 Luulyo 1982](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/12/Fighting-flares-on-Ethiopian-Somali-border/3690395294400/)). ## Dagaalka, Luulyo ilaa Oktoobar 1982 - **1 Luulyo.** UPI waxay soo warisay in dagaalku ku bilaabmay weerar cirka ah oo Itoobiya ku qaadday ciidamada xuduudda Soomaalida (UPI, 12 Luulyo 1982). - **Horraantii Luulyo.** Ciidamada Itoobiya iyo SSDF, oo Wikipedia ku qiyaasto qiyaastii 15,000 wadar ahaan, ayaa horay ugu socday Hiiraan iyo Mudug, iyagoo beegsanaya Beledweyne iyo Gaalkacyo. Weerar meel u dhow Ferfer ah ayaa ciidamadii Beledweyne celiyeen (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Gérard Prunier, 2021). - **10 ilaa 12 Luulyo.** Saf gaashaaman oo Itoobiyaan ah ayaa qabsaday Balanbale. Ciidamada Itoobiya waxay sidoo kale weerareen Galdogob, iyagoo ay taageerayaan diyaaradaha MiG. Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay inay soo riday MiG Itoobiyaan ah intii lagu jiray weerar lagu qaaday Gaalkacyo 11 Luulyo. Tobanaan kun oo qof ayaa Muqdisho ka dhigay bannaanbax ka dhan ah weerarka, Siyaad Barrena wuxuu Ururka Midnimada Afrika u sheegay in Itoobiya isu diyaarinayso "dagaal buuxa" (tarjumaad). Dowladda Itoobiya faallo ma bixin (UPI, 12 Luulyo 1982). - **Balanbale iyo Galdogob.** Ciidamada Itoobiya waxay haysteen labada tuulo, waxayna ka taageen calanka Itoobiya. Weerar-celin Soomaaliyeed oo Ceel Dheer ka yimid ayaa horusocodka ku joojiyay meel u dhow Balanbale (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Gebru Tareke, *The Ethiopian Revolution*, 2009). - **Sebtembar ilaa Oktoobar.** Dagaal culus ayaa dib uga bilaabmay meel u dhow Balanbale. Oktoobar *The New York Times* waxay soo warisay in horusocodkii Itoobiya uu "istaagay" (tarjumaad) (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Alan Cowell, *The New York Times*, 8 Oktoobar 1982). Dhinaca Soomaalida, General Yuusuf Axmed Salxaan ayaa taliyay, iyadoo Brigadier General [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/) masuul ka ahaa qaybta dhexe (Wikipedia). ## Hubka shisheeye Siyaad Barre wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xaalad degdeg ah, wuxuuna hub ka codsaday dalalka reer Galbeedka. Hubka badankiisu wuxuu yimid Diseembar 1982, oo ay ku jiraan hub taangiyada iyo diyaaradaha looga hortago iyo taangiyo Maraykan ah, Shiinuhuna wuxuu keenay diyaarado dagaal. Gargaarka militari ee Maraykanku wuxuu ka kordhay US$20 milyan 1981 ilaa US$51 milyan 1983 (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Jeffrey Lefebvre, *Arms for the Horn*). Itoobiya waxay 1981 heshiis difaac la saxiixatay Liibiya iyo Koonfurta Yemen, ciidamo Kuubaan ah iyo la-taliyayaal Soofiyeeti iyo Jarmalka Bari ahna waxay joogeen Ogaadeenya ([UPI, 1982](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/12/Fighting-flares-on-Ethiopian-Somali-border/3690395294400/)). ## Khasaaraha, sida dhinac walba u sheegay - Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in ciidamadeedu dileen in ka badan 200 askari oo Itoobiyaan ah tobankii maalmood ee ugu horreeyay (UPI, 12 Luulyo 1982). - Tirooyinka Itoobiya ee uu soo xigtay taariikhyahanka Gebru Tareke waxay bixiyaan 383 Itoobiyaan ah oo dhintay iyo 998 dhaawacmay, waxayna sheeganayaan 3,506 Soomaali ah oo dhintay iyo in ka badan 9,500 dhaawacmay (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Tareke, 2009, b. 393). ## Wixii ka dambeeyay Ciidamada Itoobiya ma gaarin Gaalkacyo ama Beledweyne. Juun 1983 ciidanka Soomaalidu wuxuu Galdogob ku celiyay weerar kale oo Itoobiyaan ah. SSDF way kala jabtay; xubno badan ayaa aqbalay cafis oo soo laabtay, Itoobiyana waxay Cabdullaahi Yuusuf xabsi ku haysay ilaa 1991. Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay aarsasho ay ciidamada dowladdu ka geysteen dadka rayidka ah ee Majeerteen ee Mudug, Nugaal iyo Bari, oo ay ku jirto burburinta tuulooyin iyo berkado biyood (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Christopher Clapham, *African Guerrillas*, 1998). Labada dowladood waxay Abriil 1988 ku heshiiyeen inay ciidamadooda ka qaadaan xuduudda (Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa *The New York Times*, 26 Abriil 1988). Eeg [Xilligii Siyaad Barre](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/) iyo [Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa 1991](/so/history/somali-armed-forces-1960-1991/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Natiijada.** Soo koobidda Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantaa guul difaac oo Soomaaliyeed, maadaama Itoobiya aysan gaarin bartilmaameedyadeedii waaweynaa; waxay sidoo kale xustaa inay ahayd markii ugu horreysay tan iyo xorriyadda oo ciidamo Itoobiyaan ahi dhul gudaha Soomaaliya ah haystaan. - **Cidda dagaallantay.** SSDF waxay sheegatay iska horimaadyo badan oo xuduudda ah; Wikipedia, iyadoo soo xiganaysa dhowr taariikhyahan, waxay sheegtaa in ciidanka ugu weyni ahaa Itoobiyaan, iyadoo qaybo SSDF ahi ku dhex jiraan. - **Qoto-dheerida horusocodka.** Waxaa lagu sheegaa 30 ama 32 kiiloomitir gudaha Soomaaliya dhammaadkii 1982. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - UPI, "Fighting flares on Ethiopian-Somali border" (12 Luulyo 1982): [maqaal](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/12/Fighting-flares-on-Ethiopian-Somali-border/3690395294400/). - Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, *Ethiopia's Invasion of Somalia, 1982–83* (1983): [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=f2AMAQAAIAAJ). - Helen Chapin Metz (tif.), *Somalia: A Country Study*, Maktabadda Koongareeska (1993), bb. 47 ilaa 48: [PDF](https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/so/somaliacountryst00metz_0/somaliacountryst00metz_0.pdf). --- # Jabhadihii hubaysnaa ee ka soo horjeeday xukunkii militariga, 1978–1991: SSDF, SNM, USC iyo SPM Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Intii u dhexeysay 1978 iyo 1991 afar jabhadood oo waaweyn oo hubaysan ayaa la dagaalamay dowladdii militariga ee Maxamed Siyaad Barre: Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF, 1978–81), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM, 1981), Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM, 1985) iyo United Somali Congress (USC, 1989). Badankood taageerada waxay inta badan ka heleen hal qoys-beeleed, waxayna ka howlgali jireen Itoobiya. Wadajir ayay dowladda ku soo afjareen Janaayo 1991, laakiin weligood ma samayn maamul ay wadaagaan. ## Kooban Dagaalkii [Ogaadeen (Ogaden)](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) kadib, mucaaradka ka dhanka ahaa dowladdii militariga ayaa sii xoogaystay. Qaar ka mid ah ayaa hub qaatay. Afar jabhadood oo waaweyn ayaa la dagaalamay dowladdii Maxamed Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre) laga soo bilaabo 1978 ilaa 1991. Badankood taageerada waxay inta badan ka heleen hal qoys-beeleed, inkastoo mid kastaa uu sheegtay inuu u hadlayo qaranka oo dhan ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). Janaayo 1991 waxay dowladda ka saareen xukunka. Sannadkii 1990 waxay ku heshiiyeen inay isku duwaan howlahooda, laakiin weligood si wadajir ah uma dagaallamin, kumana heshiin cidda xukunka qabanaysa marka xigta ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm)). Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa waxa jabhad kastaa ahayd, meesha ay ku dagaallantay, iyo waxa diiwaannadu ka sheegaan dagaalka, iyadoo laga soo xiganayo ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee la daabacay. ## SSDF, 1978 Bogga oo dhan: [Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (Somali Salvation Democratic Front)](/en/institutions/somali-salvation-democratic-front/). Abriil 1978, saraakiil ciidan ayaa isku dayay afgambi ka dhacay Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka (Library of Congress) waxay diiwaangelisay in qiyaastii 500 askari lagu dilay dagaalkaas. Kadib 17 sarkaal ayaa la toogtay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). Dhowr gaashaanle sare ayaa u baxsaday dibadda. Mid ka mid ah, Gaashaanle Sare Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed), ayaa door weyn ka qaatay aasaaskii Jabhadda Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSF). Waxay ahayd ururkii ugu horreeyay ee u heellan in dowladda xoog lagu ridayo. Oktoobar 1981 waxay noqotay Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF). Taageeradeeda waxay inta badan ka timid Majeerteen (isla ishaas). Sannadkii 1982 dagaalyahannada SSDF, iyagoo la socda cutubyo ka tirsan ciidanka Itoobiya, waxay qabsadeen deegaanno ku teedsan xuduudda, oo ay ku jiraan laba magaalo oo degmooyin ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1988 waxay gacanta ku dhigeen deegaanno kale oo ku yaal galbeedka Mudug iyo koonfurta Nugaal iyo Bari (isla ishaas). Cabdullaahi Yuusuf wuxuu markii dambe noqday madaxweynaha Puntland iyo madaxweynaha Soomaaliya; eeg [Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/). ## SNM, 1981 Bogga oo dhan: [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Movement)](/en/institutions/somali-national-movement/). Sannadkii 1981 Soomaali ku nool London (Landan) ayaa aasaasay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM), si ay dowladda xukunka uga tuuraan. Taageeradiisa waxay inta badan ka timid beelaha Isaaq ee waqooyi-galbeed. Sannadkii 1982 wuxuu xaruntiisa u wareejiyay Diridhabe (Dire Dawa) oo ku taal Itoobiya, wuxuuna bilaabay weeraro uu ku qaado Waqooyi Galbeed (Woqooyi Galbeed) iyo Togdheer ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). Sida SSDF oo kale, wuxuu lahaa garab militari iyo garab siyaasadeed, wuxuuna taageero ka raadsaday beelo kale. Howlgalkiisii hore ee ugu caansanaa wuxuu ahaa weerarkii 1983 lagu qaaday xabsiga Mandheera (Mandera) oo u dhow Berbera, kaas oo lagu sii daayay maxaabiis siyaasadeed oo reer waqooyi ahaa (isla ishaas). ## Dagaalkii waqooyiga, laga bilaabo Maajo 1988 Abriil 1988 Siyaad Barre iyo hoggaamiyihii Itoobiya Mengistu Haile Mariam ayaa saxiixay heshiis nabadeed. Taageerada Itoobiya ay siinaysay SNM waxay ahayd inay joogsato ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm)). SNM waxay markaas dagaalyahannadeeda u gudbisay gudaha Soomaaliya. Maajo 1988 dagaalku wuxuu gaadhay Burco (Burao) iyo Hargeysa (Hargeisa), Agoosto-na SNM waxay qabsatay Hargeysa iyo magaalooyin kale oo waqooyiga ah ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm)). Human Rights Watch waxay diiwaangelisay in dagaalka waqooyigu "qarxay Maajo 1988", uuna weli socday 1990 ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1990*, Soomaaliya](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). Dowladdu waxay ku jawaabtay xoog. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay "duqeyn hawada ah oo baaxad weyn, oo ay fuliyeen duuliyeyaal shisheeye oo kiro ah, taas oo waxyeelleysay ama burburisay ku dhawaad dhisme kasta oo Hargeysa ku yaal" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm)). Daraasad kale ayaa sheegtay in dagaalku keenay "burbur ku dhawaad dhammaystiran oo ku dhacay magaalooyinka waqooyiga, gaar ahaan Hargeysa… iyo Burco" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/43.htm)). Janaayo 1990 Africa Watch waxay daabacday warbixin 268 bog ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka, *A Government at War with Its Own People* (Dowlad la dagaallamaysa dadkeeda). Waxay baartay "sida ay dagaalka u wadeen ciidamada dowladda iyo jabhadda SNM". Waxay ku qiyaastay in bilowgii 1990 la dilay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 oo qof, ku dhawaad nus milyan oo qofna ay dalka ka carareen, badankoodna u qaxeen Itoobiya ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1990*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). ## SPM, 1985 Bogga oo dhan: [Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM)](/en/institutions/somali-patriotic-movement/). Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) waxay samaysantay 1985 kadib kala qaybsanaan ka dhacday SSDF. Taageeradeeda waxay inta badan ka timid beesha Ogaadeen (Ogaden), oo qaar badan oo ka mid ahi aanay ku qanacsanayn heshiiskii nabadeed ee 1988 lala galay Itoobiya ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). Sannadkii 1990 saraakiil badan oo Ogaadeen ah ayaa ciidanka ka tagay oo ku biiray SPM. Iyaga oo la jira ayay qabsadeen oo gacanta ku hayeen dhowr saldhig oo ciidamada dowladda ah oo koonfurta ku yaallay (isla ishaas). ## USC, 1989 Bogga oo dhan: [United Somali Congress (USC)](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/). Hoggaamiyeyaal Hawiye ah oo horay ula shaqeeyay SNM ayaa 1989 sameeyay urur u gaar ah, United Somali Congress (USC) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1990 wuxuu kordhiyay weerarradiisa agagaarka Muqdisho ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1990*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). USC wuxuu lahaa laba garab oo waaweyn, oo xiriir la lahaa Abgaal iyo Habar Gidir. Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (Mohamed Farah Aidid) ayaa hoggaaminayay garabka Habar Gidir ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). ## Jabhado kale Sannadkii 1990 waqooyigu wuxuu lahaa kooxo hubaysan oo kale. Gadabuursi waxay 1990 sameeyeen Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), qaar ka mid ah Ciisena waxay sameeyeen United Somali Front (USF) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). Jabhadahaasi waxay ka digtoonaayeen in SNM ay gacanta ku dhigto deegaannadooda. ## Cod rayid ah: Manifestadii Maajo 1990 Mucaaradka oo dhammi ma ahayn mid hubaysan. Maajo 1990, 114 muwaadin oo caan ah oo Muqdisho ku noolaa ayaa saxiixay baaq (manifesto) ugu baaqay Siyaad Barre inuu is casilo, doorashooyin xisbiyo badan lehna la qabto. Waxay ka soo jeedeen dhammaan beelaha waaweyn ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm)). 45 ka mid ah saxiixayaasha ayaa la xiray, waxaana lagu soo oogay dembiyo kicin iyo khiyaano qaran ah. Human Rights Watch waxay diiwaangelisay in lagu sii daayay "caddayn la'aan", taasoo ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee maxkamad siyaasadeed oo Soomaaliya ka dhacda eedaysanayaal lagu sii daayo ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1990*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). ## Dhicitaankii dowladda, 1990–1991 - **Agoosto–Sebtembar 1990.** SNM, garabka Caydiid ee USC iyo SPM ayaa ku heshiiyay inay isku duwaan howlahooda. Kadib waxay Itoobiya ku saxiixeen isbahaysi militari ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm)). - **Diseembar 1990–Janaayo 1991.** Dagaalyahannada USC ayaa soo galay Muqdisho oo halkaas kula dagaallamay ciidamada dowladda. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in tan la sameeyay "iyadoon wax caawimaad ah laga helin SNM, SPM, ama garabka Habar Gidir ee USC" (isla ishaas). Siyaad Barre wuxuu caasimadda ka baxay dabayaaqadii Janaayo 1991. - **Janaayo 1991, waqooyiga.** SNM waxay qabsatay saldhigyadii ciidan ee ka harsanaa Berbera, Burco iyo Hargeysa ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). ## Wixii ka dambeeyay USC wuxuu Febraayo 1991 Muqdisho ku magacaabay dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah. SSDF, SPM iyo SNM waxay sheegeen in aan la la tashan oo aanay aqbalin ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). Waqooyiga, SNM waxay Abriil 1991 Burco ku qabatay shir ay isugu yimaadeen beelaha gobolka. 18 Maajo 1991 waxay ku dhawaaqday Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland (Somaliland), iyadoo Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali "Tuur" oo ka tirsanaa SNM loo magacaabay madaxweyne (isla ishaas; Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay 17 Maajo). Eeg [Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur](/en/people/abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur/). Muqdisho, labadii garab ee USC ayaa dagaal dhexmaray laga bilaabo Sebtembar 1991. Dhammaadkii sannadka magaaladu way kala qaybsanayd ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). Wixii xigay waxaa lagu sheegay [burburkii, 1991–2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaadhay? Iluhu waxay diiwaangeliyeen dhimasho iyo khasaare rayid ah oo dhinac kasta iyo gobol kasta ka dhacay. - **Waqooyiga.** Africa Watch waxay ku qiyaastay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 oo la dilay bilowgii 1990, iyo ku dhawaad nus milyan qaxooti ah ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1990*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). 16 Agoosto 1990, askar ku sugnaa Berbera ayaa makhaayad hortiisa ku toogtay 17 nin oo Isaaq ah, iyagoo ka aar goosanaya weeraro SNM (isla ishaas). - **Bartamaha iyo koonfurta.** Isla warbixintaas ayaa diiwaangelisay in ciidanku dilay dad rayid ah oo aan hubaysnayn, burburiyayna xoolo, berkado biyood iyo guryo ku yaallay Beledweyne, Kismaayo (Kismayo), Boosaaso (Bosaso), Burco iyo meelo kale. Kumanaan beeraley iyo xoolo-dhaqato Hawiye ah ayaa lagu xiray xeryo ciidan oo u dhow Muqdisho iyo Beledweyne (isla ishaas). - **Muqdisho.** 6 Luulyo 1990 ilaalada madaxtooyada ayaa garoon kubadda cagta ku toogtay in ka badan 100 qof, kadib markii dadweynuhu ku qayliyeen madaxweynaha (isla ishaas). - **Dhicitaanka kadib.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay diiwaangelisay in dagaalyahannada labada garab ee USC ay 1991–92 boobeen cunto loogu talagalay dadka abaartu saameysay ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda ku dhawaaqista Soomaaliland.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay qortay 17 Maajo 1991. Soomaaliland waxay xustaa 18 Maajo. - **Dadkii ku dhintay waqooyiga.** Qiyaasta Africa Watch ee 50,000 ilaa 60,000 waxay ka timid bilowgii 1990. Qiyaaso kale oo dambe ayaa ka sarreeya. Tiro lagu heshiiyay ma jirto. - **Aasaaskii SSDF.** Waxay ku bilaabatay SSF kadib Abriil 1978, magaca SSDF-na waxay qaadatay Oktoobar 1981. Xogaha qaarkood waxay SSDF ku taariikheeyaan 1978 ama 1979. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): [Jabhadaha mucaaradka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm), [Dib-u-heshiisiinta](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm), [Isku-xigidda xukunka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm), [Kala-daadashada](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm). - Human Rights Watch (Africa Watch), *World Report 1990*, cutubka Soomaaliya: [qoraalka](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm). - Africa Watch, *Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People* (1990): [diiwaanka kaydka iyo nuqul dijitaal ah, Jaamacadda Halle](https://www.opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/108544). --- # Xasuuqii Wagalla, Wajeer, Febraayo 1984 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/wagalla-massacre-1984/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Febraayo 1984 ciidamada amniga Kenya ee Wajeer, waqooyi-bari Kenya, waxay intii lagu jiray howlgal hub ka dhigis ah soo ururiyeen ragga beesha Soomaaliyeed ee Degoodi, waxayna dhowr maalmood ku hayeen garoonka diyaaradaha ee Wagalla iyagoo aan cunto iyo biyo la siin. Qaar badan waa la garaacay, la jirdilay oo la toogtay. Dowladda Kenya markii hore waxay sheegtay 57 dhimasho, markii dambena 365. Guddiga Runta, Caddaaladda iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta Kenya (TJRC) wuxuu 2013 sheegay in 'ku dhowaad kun' la dilay; markhaatiyaashu waxay sheegaan ilaa 5,000. Cidna lama maxkamadayn. ## Si kooban Wagalla waa garoon diyaaradeed oo u dhow Wajeer, oo ku yaal waqooyi-bariga Kenya oo ay inta badan Soomaali degto. Febraayo 1984 ciidamada amniga Kenya, oo loo diray inay hubka ka dhigaan beesha Degoodi kadib iska horimaadyo beelaha dhexmaray, ayaa ragga keenay garoonka oo halkaas ku hayay. Al Jazeera waxay 2014 soo warisay in "markhaatiyaashu sheegaan in kumanaan qof la keenay garoonka, la gaajaysiiyay, la amray inay qaawanaadaan oo maalmo dhulka jiifaan" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera, 27 Febraayo 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later)). Guddiga Runta, Caddaaladda iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta Kenya (TJRC) wuxuu Wagalla ku daray xasuuqyada "ay geysteen hay'adaha amniga dowladdu", wuxuuna qoray in "aan wax sarkaal dowladeed ah la maxkamadayn ama si kale shacabka hortiisa loogula xisaabtamin" (tarjumaad) ([warbixinta TJRC, sida ay u ururisay Jaamacadda McMaster](https://truthcommissions.humanities.mcmaster.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1CAF_References-to-History_Kenya-Report.pdf)). Taariikhda gobolka xorriyadda kadib, eeg [Gobolka Waqooyi-bari (NFD), 1962 ilaa 1967](/so/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/). ## Waxa dhacay - **Howlgalka.** Wuxuu "ku bilaabmay dadaal lagu doonayay in hubka laga dhigo beesha Degoodi kadib colaad beeleed oo gobolka ka dhacday" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later)). - **Soo ururinta.** Sarkaal booliis oo hore ayaa Al Jazeera u sheegay in askartu ragga ku joojin jireen waddooyinka Wajeer oo weydiin jireen beeshooda: "Haddii aad tiraahdo, 'Degoodi baan ahay', baabuurka ayay ku rari jireen oo la tagi jireen" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Garoonka.** Mid ka badbaaday, oo xilligaas arday ahaa, ayaa sheegay in ragga dhulka lagu hayay "afar maalmood" iyagoo "aan cunto iyo biyo haysan qorraxda kulul ee Febraayo", "si joogto ahna loo garaacayay oo loo jirdilayay, qaarna la toogtay" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). BBC waxay soo tebisay warbixinno markhaati oo sheegaya in qiyaastii 5,000 nin "shan maalmood laga hor istaagay cunto iyo biyo ka hor intaan ciidanku toogan" (tarjumaad) ([BBC News, 15 Febraayo 2011](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001)). - **Xadgudubyo kale.** TJRC waxay soo warisay "jirdil, garaacis arxan darro ah, kufsi iyo xadgudub galmo", iyo "gubid guryo iyo dhac hanti" (tarjumaad) (sida ay [Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later) soo xigatay). - **Aaska.** Dadkii la dilay waxaa lagu aasay xabaal aan calaamad lahayn oo u dhow garoonka (isla ishaas). ## Tirada dhimashada | Isha | Dhintay | |---|---| | Dowladda Kenya, tiradii hore | 57 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later)) | | Dowladda Kenya, markii dambe | 365 "oo keliya ay xaqiijin kartay" (tarjumaad) ([BBC, 2011](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001)) | | TJRC, 2013 | "ku dhowaad kun"; "ma awoodin inay go'aamiso tirada saxda ah" (tarjumaad) ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later)) | | Markhaatiyaal | ilaa 5,000 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later); [BBC](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001)) | ## Diiwaanka tan iyo markaas - **15 Febraayo 2011.** Ra'iisul wasaaraha Kenya, Raila Odinga, wuxuu amray baaritaan wuxuuna yiri: "Weli ma ogin cidda amarka siisay askarta iyo cidda go'aanka gaartay" (tarjumaad). Wuxuu sidoo kale amray in matxaf la dhiso ([BBC](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001)). Guddoomiyaha TJRC, Ron Slye, wuxuu ku tilmaamay "xadgudubka xuquuqda aadanaha ee ugu xun taariikhda Kenya" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Khilaafka gudaha TJRC.** Guddoomiyaha guddiga Bethuel Kiplagat laftiisa ayaa baaritaan ugu jiray Wagalla. Warbixinta TJRC waxay diiwaangelisay in hadalladiisii ku saabsanaa mas'uuliyadda dowladda ay keeneen diidmo ku saabsan isku dhac dano. Eed ka dhan ah xubin kale, Major General Axmed Faarax, waa la baaray; TJRC waxay heshay inuu ahaa "dalka dibaddiisa ka hor, inta lagu jiray iyo kadib" xasuuqa (tarjumaad) ([soo koobidda warbixinta TJRC, Kenya Transitional Justice Network, 2013](https://archive.org/details/the-august-2013-truth-justice-and-reconciliation-commission-of-kenya-tjrc-report)). - **2013, warbixinta TJRC.** Waxay Wagalla ku magacawday "tusaale cad" oo ciqaab wadareed ah oo waqooyiga Kenya ah. Waxay diiwaangelisay in markii sarkaalkii Benson Kaaria la su'aalay, "uu difaacay howlgalka amniga oo sheegay inuu guulaystay" (tarjumaad), inkastoo "in ka badan 57 qof" la dilay oo "afar (4) qori oo keliya la soo celiyay" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **2014.** Al Jazeera waxay soo warisay in "midkoodna kuwii geystay aan cadaalad la horkeenin, qoysaskana midkoodna aan magdhow la siin" (tarjumaad). Taallo ayaa Wajeer ka dhigtay Guddiga Qaranka ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Kenya ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later)). ## Yaa dhibaatooday? - **Ragga iyo wiilasha Degoodi** ee garoonka lagu xiray, iyo qoysaskooda (Al Jazeera; BBC). - **Haweenka,** xadgudubka galmada ee TJRC soo warisay (sida ay Al Jazeera soo xigatay). - **Qoysaska Wajeer** ee guryahooda la gubay ama la dhacay (isla ishaas). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada la dilay.** Laga bilaabo 57 (tiradii rasmiga ahayd ee hore) ilaa 365 (tiradii rasmiga ahayd ee dambe), "ku dhowaad kun" (TJRC) iyo ilaa 5,000 (markhaatiyaal). - **Inta ragga la hayay.** Mid ka badbaaday ayaa Al Jazeera u sheegay afar maalmood. Warbixinnada markhaatiyaasha ee BBC soo tebisay waxay sheegaan shan maalmood. - **Cidda amarka bixisay.** Dowladdu waxay howlgalka u difaacday howlgal amni, sida Kaaria ka hor TJRC. Al Jazeera waxay qortay in warbixinnada markhaatiyaasha "markii dambe ay qayb ka noqdeen doodda ah in dowladda Kenya door ku lahayd qorsheynta iyo fulinta howlgalka" (tarjumaad). 2011 ra'iisul wasaaruhu wuxuu sheegay in weli aan la ogayn "cidda amarka bixisay". ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Guddiga Runta, Caddaaladda iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta Kenya, soo koobidda warbixinta 2013 (Kenya Transitional Justice Network): [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/the-august-2013-truth-justice-and-reconciliation-commission-of-kenya-tjrc-report). - Warbixinta TJRC, qaybaha taariikhda ee uu ururiyay mashruuca guddiyada runta ee Jaamacadda McMaster: [PDF](https://truthcommissions.humanities.mcmaster.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1CAF_References-to-History_Kenya-Report.pdf). - Mujalladaha buuxa ee warbixinta TJRC, oo uu hayo Kulliyadda Sharciga ee Jaamacadda Seattle: [ururin](https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/tjrc-core/). - Abdi Latif Dahir, "Kenya's Wagalla massacre 30 years later", Al Jazeera, 27 Febraayo 2014: [maqaal](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later). - "Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe", BBC News, 15 Febraayo 2011: [maqaal](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12463001). --- # Xasuuqii Isaaq, 1987–1989: dilalkii waqooyiga, sida diiwaannadu u qoreen Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laga bilaabo 1987 ilaa 1989, gaar ahaan kadib markii SNM ay Maajo 1988 weerartay Burco iyo Hargeysa, ciidamada dowladdii Siyaad Barre waxay waqooyi-galbeed ku dileen kumanaan rayid ah oo Isaaq ah, waxay duqeeyeen Hargeysa iyo Burco, waxayna 300,000 ilaa 500,000 qof u qaxiyeen Itoobiya. Daraasad 1989 loo sameeyay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka ayaa qiyaastay ugu yaraan 5,000 rayid ah oo 'si ula kac ah loo dilay' toban bilood gudahood; qiyaasaha dambe aad ayay uga badan yihiin. Daraasad 2001 QM loo sameeyay ayaa ugu yeertay xasuuq (genocide). SNM-na waxay dishay rayid iyo qaxooti Itoobiyaan ah. ## Kooban Maajo 1988 [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-national-movement/) (SNM) ayaa weeraray Burco iyo Hargeysa. Ciidamada dowladdii [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) waxay ku jawaabeen olole ka dhan ah shacabka Isaaq ee waqooyi-galbeed, oo ahaa saldhigga taageerada SNM ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm)). Daraasad 1989 uu Robert Gersony u sameeyay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka ayaa sheegtay in ciidanku geysteen "weerar baahsan, nidaamsan oo aad u xun oo lagu qaaday shacabka rayidka ah ee Isaaq ee aan hubaysnayn" ([Gersony, *Why Somalis Flee*, Agoosto 1989, b. 60](https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Gersony-Why-Somalis-Flee-Aug-1989.pdf)). Isla warbixintu waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay dilal ay SNM geysatay. Wixii ku saabsan beesha Isaaq lafteeda, eeg [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). ## Ka hor Maajo 1988 SNM waxay 1982 ilaa xilligaas waqooyiga ku soo duulaysay iyadoo ka soo shaqaynaysa saldhigyo Itoobiya ku yaal (eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqyadii hubaysnaa, 1978–1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/)). Waraysiyada Gersony waxay diiwaangeliyeen tiro yar oo dilal rayid ah oo ciidanku geystay 1982 ilaa 1987: 18 ka mid ah 629-ka dil ee uu tiriyay (bb. 32–33). 1986 ilaa 1988 taliska ciidanka ee waqooyi-galbeed waxaa hoggaaminayay Jeneraal [Maxamed Siciid Xirsi "Moorgan"](/en/people/mohamed-said-hersi-morgan/). Warbixin qarsoodi ah oo xilligaas ah, oo Somaliland loogu yeero "Warqaddii Dhimashada", ayaa soo jeedisay tallaabooyin adag oo ka dhan ah Isaaq (["Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan", Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Said_Hersi_Morgan), oo soo xiganaysa qoraallo cilmiyeed). Abriil 1988 Siyaad Barre iyo hoggaamiyihii Itoobiya waxay ku heshiiyeen in mid kastaa joojiyo taageerada uu siinayay mucaaradka kan kale. SNM-na kadib waxay dagaalyahannadeeda u soo gudbisay gudaha Soomaaliya ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm)). ## Hargeysa iyo Burco, Maajo–Agoosto 1988 SNM waxay Burco weerartay 27 Maajo 1988, Hargeysa-na dhowr maalmood kadib. Library of Congress waxay jawaabtii ciidanka ku qortay "duqayn culus oo hawada ah, oo ay fuliyeen duuliyeyaal kiro ah oo ajnabi ah, taas oo dhaawacday ama burburisay ku dhawaad dhisme kasta oo Hargeysa ku yaal" ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm)). Gersony wuxuu ogaaday in labada magaaloba askartu "mararka qaarkood ay dhaceen oo dileen shacab aan hubaysnayn" meelo ka fog goobta dagaalka. Markii shacabku u carareen Itoobiya, "waxaa weeraray ciidamada dhulka iyo cirka ee Soomaaliya, taas oo u badan inay dhimasho u keentay boqolaal" (b. 61). Wuxuu kaloo ogaaday in SNM ay dagaalyahannadeeda, "oo ku labisan dharka ciidanka iyo dhar rayid", ku kala firdhisay xaafadaha cufan ee Isaaq ee Hargeysa. Dhimashada rayidka "ee qayb ahaan ka dhalatay arrintan waxay gaari kartaa kumanaan" (b. 64). ## Berbera Berbera SNM ma weerarin. Haddana qaxootigu waxay Gersony u sheegeen in laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii Maajo ilaa ugu yaraan Sebtembar 1988, askartu "si nidaamsan u ururiyeen tiro badan oo rag Isaaq ah, iyadoo sababta keliya ay ahayd beeshooda" (b. 25). Badbaadayaashu waxay sheegeen in maxaabiista habeenkii la saari jiray kooxo shan ilaa konton ah, inta badan mindi lagu dili jiray, meel u dhowna lagu aasi jiray. Mid ka mid ah meelaha lagu aasay wuxuu u jiray qiyaastii hal kiilomitir dhammaadka garoonka diyaaradaha. Gersony wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyay in "ugu yaraan shan boqol, oo laga yaabo in ka badan, oo rag Isaaq ah si nidaamsan loogu baabi'iyay Berbera sidan, sababtoo ah keliya inay Isaaq ahaayeen" (bb. 25–26). ## Waxa Gersony ogaaday Kooxda Gersony waxay wareysteen in ka badan 250 qaxooti iyo barakac ah, 31 goobood oo Itoobiya, Soomaaliya iyo Kenya ah (bb. 1–2). Natiijooyinkiisa ugu muhiimsan ee ku saabsan ciidanka (bb. 60–61): - **Tuulooyinka iyo ceelasha.** "Qaab nidaamsan oo weerarro ah oo lagu qaaday tuulooyinka rayidka Isaaq, meelaha biyaha iyo daaqa." - **Dilal.** "Ururin, dil degdeg ah iyo xasuuq lagu laayay boqolaal, haddii aanay ka badnayn." Wuxuu qoray in "muuqaalka ah in dhibbanayaasha dilalkan loo doortay inta badan sababta aqoonsigooda qowmiyadeed uu yahay mid aan la qarin karin." - **Xabsiyada.** Maxaabiistu waxay la kulmeen "garaacis daran, mindiyeyn, ceejin dheer", koronto iyo jirdil kale, mararka qaarkood ilaa dhimasho. - **Tirada.** "Qiyaas taxaddar leh waxay muujinaysaa in ugu yaraan 5,000 oo rayid Isaaq ah oo aan hubaysnayn ay si ula kac ah u dileen Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Soomaaliya intii u dhaxaysay Maajo 1988 iyo Maarso 1989." 629-ka dil ee ay sheegeen qaxootiga Isaaq ee la wareystay, 60% waxay ahaayeen rag, 24% dumar, 14% carruur. Qiyaastii 86% waxaa lagu dilay rasaas, 8% duqayn ama rasaasayn hawada ah (b. 32). ## Waxa SNM samaysay Isla warbixintu waxay diiwaangelisay xadgudubyo ay SNM geysatay (bb. 62–63): - **Rayidka.** Saddexdii bilood ee ugu horreeyay weerarkeeda, SNM waxay dishay rayid aan hubaysnayn, kuwaas oo "wadar ahaan laga yaabo inay dhimasho u keeneen ugu yaraan dhowr boqol ama ka badan". Qaarkood waxay ahaayeen "rag la raadiyay oo la dilay sida muuqata keliya sababtoo ah ma ahayn Isaaq". - **Burco.** SNM waxay fulisay "dil degdeg ah oo konton maxbuus ama ka badan ah", qaar kadib maxkamad ciidan oo gaaban. Dhibbanayaasha qaarkood waxay ahaayeen rayid. - **Xeryaha qaxootiga.** Weerarro lagu qaaday xeryaha QM ee qaxootiga Itoobiyaanka, "ugu yaraan afar boqol oo qaxooti rayid ah oo aan hubaysnayn ayaa la dilay". Gersony wuxuu kaloo ogaaday in dowladdu sannado badan si qasab ah ciidanka ugu qortay qaxooti Itoobiyaan ah oo ka yimid xeryaha QM, Maajo 1988 kadibna qaarkood hub u siisay si ay ula dagaallamaan SNM (b. 63). ## Qaxootiga Intii u dhaxaysay Maajo 1988 iyo Janaayo 1989, qiyaastii 300,000 ilaa 500,000 qof ayaa waqooyiga uga cararay bariga Itoobiya, "mararka qaarkood 4,000 maalintii" (Gersony, b. 1). Janaayo 1990 Africa Watch waxay qiyaastay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 oo la dilay iyo ku dhawaad nus milyan qaxooti ilaa horraantii 1990 ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1990*](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). ## Diiwaanka tan iyo markaas - **Daraasad QM, 2001.** Daraasad loo sameeyay Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku soo gabagabaysay in "dembiga xasuuqa (genocide) ay dowladda Soomaaliya maleegtay, qorshaysay oo fulisay", sida uu soo xigtay *The Nation* ([Einashe iyo Kennard, *The Nation*, 22 Oktoobar 2018](https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/in-the-valley-of-death-somalilands-forgotten-genocide/)). - **Xabaalaha wadareedka.** Guddiga Baaritaanka Dembiyada Dagaalka ee Somaliland, oo la aasaasay xilligii Madaxweyne [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/), wuxuu ilaa 2018 qoday 11 xabaalood oo wadareed, dibna u aasay 318 lafo. Isla maqaalku wuxuu sheegay in ka badan 200 xabaalood oo wadareed, intooda badan dooxada u dhow Hargeysa ee loo yaqaan Dooxada Dhimashada (isla ilaha). - **Maxkamad madani ah oo Maraykan ah, 2012.** Maxkamad federaal ah oo Maraykan ah ayaa $21 milyan ku xukuntay [Maxamed Cali Samatar](/en/people/mohamed-ali-samatar/), wasiirkii difaaca ee Siyaad Barre, kadibna ra'iisul wasaare (isla ilaha). - **Xeerbeegti Maraykan ah, 2019.** 21 Maajo 2019 xeerbeegti ku taal Virginia ayaa Gaashaanle Sare Yuusuf Cabdi Cali ku heshay mas'uuliyadda jirdilka Farxaan Warfaa, oo ahaa wiil yar oo gacantiisa ku jiray 1980-meeyadii. Waxay diiday eedda isku dayga dil ([VOA, Maajo 2019](https://www.voanews.com/a/us-jury-former-somali-colonel-responsible-for-torture/4927432.html); [Center for Justice and Accountability](https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/warfaa-v-ali-col-tukeh/)). *The Nation* waxay 2018 qortay in "qofna aan dembi ahaan loo ciqaabin" (isla ilaha). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? Shacabka Isaaq ee da' kasta ahaa ee Hargeysa, Burco, Berbera, tuulooyinka iyo daaqa waa la dilay, la xiray, la jirdilay oo guryahooda waa laga barakiciyay (Gersony, bb. 60–61). Rayid aan Isaaq ahayn oo SNM dishay, iyo qaxootigii Itoobiyaanka ee xeryaha QM, sidoo kale waxay ahaayeen dhibbanayaal (bb. 62–63). Gersony wuxuu kaloo diiwaangeliyay "dadaallo geesinimo leh oo rayid aan Isaaq ahayn ay ku badbaadiyeen nolosha rayid Isaaq ah", iyo rayid Isaaq ah oo iyaguna badbaadiyay nolosha dad aan Isaaq ahayn (b. 65). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada la dilay.** Gersony wuxuu bixiyay ugu yaraan 5,000 rayid ah oo "si ula kac ah loo dilay" Maajo 1988 ilaa Maarso 1989, iyo ugu yaraan 500 Berbera. Africa Watch waxay qiyaastay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 dhimasho ilaa horraantii 1990, sababo kasta. *The Nation* waxay bixisay qiyaastii 200,000, oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan 40,000 oo lagu dilay duqayn iyo weerarro dhulka ah. Tiro la isku raacsan ma jirto. - **Ereyga "xasuuq" (genocide).** Daraasaddii QM ee 2001 ayaa adeegsatay, *The Nation*-na waxay dhacdooyinka ugu yeertay "xasuuqii la illaaway ee Somaliland". Gersony, 1989, wuxuu ka warramay bartilmaameedsi qowmiyadeed isagoon adeegsan ereygaas. - **Cidda mas'uulka ka ahayd dhimashada rayidka Hargeysa.** Warbixinno qaar waxay eedda dul dhigeen ciidanka keliya. Gersony wuxuu qoray in xeeladaha SNM ay qayb ka ahaayeen, "iyadoon midna laga dhaafin" mas'uuliyadda (b. 64). - **Daraasaddii 2001.** Natiijadeeda waxaa halkan lagu soo xigtay sida ay *The Nation* (2018) u qortay. ## Ilaha asalka ah ka akhriso - Robert Gersony, *Why Somalis Flee: Synthesis of Accounts of Conflict Experience in Northern Somalia*, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka, Agoosto 1989: [PDF](https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Gersony-Why-Somalis-Flee-Aug-1989.pdf). - Africa Watch, *Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People*, Janaayo 1990: [PDF la sawiray](https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/somalia_1990.pdf). - Human Rights Watch, *World Report 1990*, cutubka Soomaaliya: [qoraalka](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm). - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993), "Relations with Ethiopia": [qoraalka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/78.htm). --- # Burburkii Muqdisho, Diseembar 1990 ilaa Janaayo 1991 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/fall-of-mogadishu-1991/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 30 Diseembar 1990 dagaal culus ayaa Muqdisho (Mogadishu) ku dhex maray ciidamadii Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre) iyo United Somali Congress (USC). Ciidamada dowladdu waxay madfac ku garaaceen xaafadaha ay inta badan Hawiye deggan yihiin. Safaaradaha shisheeye waxaa laga daad-gureeyay horraantii Janaayo. Siyaad Barre wuxuu magaalada ka cararay 26 Janaayo 1991, taas oo soo afjartay 21 sano oo xukun militari ah, 29 Janaayona Cali Mahdi Maxamed (Ali Mahdi Mohamed) oo USC ka tirsanaa ayaa isku magacaabay Madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah. Kooxo Hawiye ah oo hubaysan ayaa markaas weeraray xaafadaha Daarood; Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku waxay sheegtay in boqollaal la dilay, boqollaal kun oo dadka Daarood ah oo magaalada degganaana ay ka carareen. ## Kooban Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka ayaa qortay: "Xukunkii 21-ka sano ahaa ee Maxamed Siyaad Barre wuxuu dhammaaday Janaayo 1991, markii Siyaad uu ka cararay kacdoon ka dhacay caasimadda, Muqdisho" (tarjumaad) ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, *Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1991*: Somalia](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/241504)). Africa Watch iyo Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) waxay qoreen in USC ay "door udub-dhexaad ah ka qaadatay weerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee Muqdisho Diseembar 1990, maadaama ay taageero ka heli kartay beesha Hawiye, oo ah inta ugu badan ee dadka ku nool Muqdisho iyo agagaarkeeda" (tarjumaad). "Kacdoonku wuxuu Siyaad Barre ku qasbay inuu carro 26 Janaayo 1991" (tarjumaad) ([Africa Watch iyo PHR, *No Mercy in Mogadishu*, Maarso 1992](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/somalia/)). Jabhadihii hubaysnaa, eeg [jabhadihii hubaysnaa, 1978–1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). Dagaalka oo dhan, eeg [dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya](/so/history/somali-civil-war/). ## U socodkii caasimadda, 1990 Waxaa laga soo xigtay daraasad 1991 uu sameeyay Xarunta Falanqaynta Badda ee Mareykanka (Center for Naval Analyses, CNA) ([CNA, *Eastern Exit*, 1991, bb. 6–8](https://www.cna.org/reports/1991/2791021100.pdf)): - **Saddex saf.** Dabayaaqadii 1990 kooxaha mucaaradka ee ugu waaweynaa waxay ahaayeen SNM oo waqooyiga joogtay, SPM oo koonfurta joogtay, iyo USC, oo "inta badan ka timid qabiilka Hawiye" (tarjumaad), oo "dagaal bilowday bartamihii 1990" (tarjumaad). Eeg [United Somali Congress](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/). - **Oktoobar 1990.** SNM waxay xoojisay weerarradeeda, USC-na waxay weerar ka bilowday bartamaha Soomaaliya, "kaas oo si dhakhso ah guul uga gaaray ciidamada dowladda" (tarjumaad). - **Diseembar 1990.** Ciidamada USC waxay ahaayeen "30 mayl gudahood Muqdisho" (tarjumaad). Wadahadal loo qorsheeyay 11–13 Diseembar oo Qaahira lagu qaban lahaa wuu "burburay" (tarjumaad), maxaa yeelay saddexda jabhadood midna kama qayb gelin. - **Magaalada.** Dabayaaqadii Nofembar waxaa jiray "burcadnimo sii korortay gudaha Muqdisho" (tarjumaad). Ajaanibtu habeenkii guryahooda ayay ku xirnaan jireen, QM-na waxay Diseembar daad-gureysay ku dhawaad dhammaan 300-ka shaqaale ee ay lahayd. ## Dagaalkii, laga bilaabo 30 Diseembar 1990 - **Bilowgii.** "30 Diseembar, dagaal ayaa Muqdisho ka qarxay, iyadoo ciidamada dowladdu adeegsanayeen hub kasta oo gacanta ugu jiray si ay u burburiyaan joogitaanka USC ee sii kordhayay ee caasimadda" (tarjumaad) ([CNA, b. 8](https://www.cna.org/reports/1991/2791021100.pdf)). - **Madfaca.** "Ciidamada dowladda, oo inta badan ka tirsanaa qabiilka Mareexaan, ayaa la sheegay inay kala soocayeen dadka ka tirsan qabiilka Hawiye ee taageeray USC, oo ay si aan kala sooc lahayn madfac ugu garaaceen xaafadaha Muqdisho ee ay inta badan Hawiye deggan yihiin" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). Waaxda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay qortay: "Siyaad Barre wuxuu Muqdisho ku garaacay madfaca goobta, isagoo khasaare culus u geystay beelaha uu u arkayay cadow. Mid ka mid ah taageerayaasha Siyaad ayaa qaybiyay waraaqo ku baaqaya dagaal lagu baabi'inayo beelaha aan Daarood ahayn" (tarjumaad) ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda, 1991](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/241504)). - **Naxariis la'aan.** "Kacdoonka Muqdisho kuma naxariisan ciidamada Siyaad; xubnaha ilaalada madaxtooyada ee 'Koofiyad Cas' (Red Hat) ee la nacayay waxaa lagaga tagay meeshii ay ku dhinteen iyagoon la aasin" (tarjumaad) (isla ishaas). - **Doorka jabhadaha.** Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku (Library of Congress) waxay diiwaangelisay in dagaalyahannada Abgaal ee USC ay "ku dhuunteen Muqdisho, oo dadkeedu qiyaastii 80 boqolkiiba ahaayeen Hawiye, oo ay si guul leh ugu dagaallameen iyagoon helin kaalmada SNM, SPM ama garabka Habargidir ee USC" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm)). ## Daad-gureyntii safaaradaha, Janaayo 1991 Waxaa laga soo xigtay daraasadda CNA ([CNA](https://www.cna.org/reports/1991/2791021100.pdf)): - **2 Janaayo.** Safiirka Mareykanka James K. Bishop wuxuu codsaday kaalmo militari oo daad-gureyn ah. Maraakiibta USS *Guam* iyo USS *Trenton* ayaa habeenkaas dhoofay. - **4 Janaayo.** Rasaas ayaa dhex martay shaqaalaha safaaradda iyo boobayaal. Isku daygii Talyaaniga iyo Midowga Soofiyeetiga ee ahaa in hawada laga daad-gureeyo ma suurtagelin. - **5–6 Janaayo.** Helikobtarro ayaa safaaradda geeyay ciidan ka kooban 60 nin, waxayna ka saareen "281 qof oo ka kala yimid 30 dal (oo ay ku jiraan 8 safiir iyo 39 muwaadin Soofiyeet ah)" (tarjumaad). Dadka la daad-gureeyay waxaa la dejiyay Muscat, Cumaan (Oman), 11 Janaayo. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay xustay in dhammaadkii 1991 "safaaradaha shisheeye laga daad-gureeyay Janaayo, inta badankoodna, oo ay ku jirto tan Mareykanka, ay weli bannaan yihiin" (tarjumaad). ## Cararkii Siyaad Barre iyo dowladdii cusbayd - **26 Janaayo 1991.** Siyaad Barre wuxuu ka cararay caasimadda (Africa Watch iyo PHR). Isaga iyo taageerayaashiisu waxay "isu soo urureen oo sameeyeen koox kale oo ku taal koonfur-galbeedka Soomaaliya, oo ah dhulka ay degto beesha Mareexaan ee Siyaad" (tarjumaad) (Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda). - **29 Janaayo.** "Saddex maalmood oo keliya kadib, isagoon la tashan jabhadaha hubaysan, ama xitaa garabyada kale ee USC, Cali Mahdi, oo ahaa ganacsade xubin ka ah USC, ayaa isku magacaabay Madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah. Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid, oo hoggaaminayay garab kale oo USC ah, ayaa diiday" (tarjumaad) ([Africa Watch iyo PHR](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/somalia/)). Eeg [Cali Mahdi Maxamed](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/) iyo [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/). - **Aqoonsiga.** Waaxda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay qortay in USC ay "ku dhawaaqday dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah oo aanay jabhadaha kale midna aqoonsan" (tarjumaad). - **Wixii xigay.** "17 Nofembar 1991, ciidamada Jeneraal Caydiid... waxay weerar buuxa ku qaadeen goobaha Madaxweyne Mahdi" (tarjumaad) (Africa Watch iyo PHR). Eeg [burburkii, 1991–2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## Dilalkii ka dambeeyay burburka Waxaa laga soo xigtay warbixinta Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda ee 1991 ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/241504)): - **Muqdisho.** "Kooxo Hawiye ah oo hubaysan ayaa bilaabay inay weeraraan xaafadaha Daarood ee Muqdisho. Waxaa jira warar la isku halleyn karo oo sheegaya in boqollaal qof oo aan iska caabin, oo badankood Daarood ahaayeen balse Hawiye-na ku jireen, lagu dilay rabshado qowmiyadeed." (tarjumaad) - **Carar.** "Tirada dadka Muqdisho waxay hoos ugu dhacday kala bar ama ka badan, markii boqollaal kun oo Daarood ah iyo inta u dhexeysa 7,000 ilaa 15,000 oo Isaaq ah ay ka carareen dilka." (tarjumaad) - **Baraawe (Brava).** Maleeshiyaadka USC waxay Baraawe galeen 10 Febraayo 1991. Muddo 36 maalmood ah oo ay haysteen, waxaa la sheegay inay "toogteen ilaa 120 qof oo reer Baraawe ah" (tarjumaad), gabdhona way kufsadeen; gabdhihii la qaaday "weli waa la la'yahay" (tarjumaad). - **Gaalkacyo (Galkayo).** Ururo Daarood ah oo Mareykanka jooga ayaa qiyaasay in "500 shacab ah la dilay, 1,000 la dhaawacay, 200-na la afduubay" (tarjumaad) weerar USC ay qaadday Febraayo. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay qortay in "tirooyinka laga yaabo in la buunbuuniyay" (tarjumaad) balse "eedeyntu u muuqato inay xaqiiq ku dhisan tahay" (tarjumaad). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Dadka Hawiye ee Muqdisho,** oo ay ku dhacday madfaca dowladda laga bilaabo 30 Diseembar 1990 (CNA; Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda). - **Dadka Daarood ee Muqdisho,** oo xaafadahooda lagu weeraray kadib markii dowladdu dhacday; boqollaal ayaa la dilay, boqollaal kunna way carareen (Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda). - **Dadka Isaaq,** oo inta u dhexeysa 7,000 ilaa 15,000 ay magaalada ka carareen (Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda). - **Dadka Baraawe,** oo ay ku jiraan gabdhihii la qaaday, iyo dadka Gaalkacyo (Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda uu Siyaad Barre baxay.** Africa Watch waxay sheegtay 26 Janaayo 1991. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay sheegtay oo keliya "Janaayo 1991" (tarjumaad). - **Tirada dhimashada.** Ilaha halkan lagu xiray midna ma bixiyo wadarta dagaalkii Diseembar 1990 ilaa Janaayo 1991. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay ka hadashay "kumanaan khasaare ah" (tarjumaad). - **Cidda Muqdisho qabsatay.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay guusha siisay garabka Abgaal ee USC oo keligiis dagaallamay. CNA waxay ku tilmaantay USC oo dhan oo ka soo socotay bartamaha Soomaaliya. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, *Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1991*: Somalia: [qoraalka](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/241504). - Africa Watch iyo Physicians for Human Rights, *No Mercy in Mogadishu* (26 Maarso 1992): [qoraalka](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/somalia/). - Adam B. Siegel, *Eastern Exit: The Noncombatant Evacuation Operation (NEO) from Mogadishu, Somalia, in January 1991*, Center for Naval Analyses, CRM 91-211 (Oktoobar 1991): [PDF](https://www.cna.org/reports/1991/2791021100.pdf). - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993), "Politics of reconciliation": [qoraalka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm). --- # Afduubkii diyaaradda Landshut iyo badbaadintii garoonka Muqdisho, Oktoobar 1977 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/landshut-hijacking-mogadishu-1977/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 13 Oktoobar 1977 afar afduube ayaa qabsaday diyaaradda rakaabka ee Lufthansa oo la oran jiray Landshut, iyadoo ka socota Mallorca una socota Frankfurt, waxayna dalbadeen in la sii daayo maxaabiis ka tirsan kooxda Red Army Faction oo ku xirnaa Jarmalka Galbeed. Kadib safar ay ku mareen garoonno dhowr ah, diyaaraddu waxay degtay Muqdisho, halkaas oo kabtanka uu toogtay hoggaamiyihii afduubayaasha. Iyadoo ay oggolaatay dowladda Soomaaliya, cutubka GSG 9 ee Jarmalka Galbeed ayaa diyaaradda weeraray subaxnimadii hore ee 18 Oktoobar 1977; afartii afduube saddex ka mid ah waa la dilay, dadkii la haystay oo dhanna waa la sii daayay. ## Kooban Oktoobar 1977, xilligii dagaalka lala galay Itoobiya (eeg [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, 1977–1978](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/)), garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho (Mogadishu) wuxuu noqday goob ay ka dhacday mid ka mid ah badbaadinta dad afduubnaa ee ugu caansan xilligaas. Boggan wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa dhacdooyinka sida ay ilaha u wariyeen. Xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Jarmalka waxaa looga hadlay [Soomaaliya iyo Jarmalka](/so/relations/germany/), dowladdii xilligaasna [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969–1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Afduubka 13 Oktoobar 1977 afar afduube oo Falastiiniyiin ah ayaa qabsaday diyaaradda Lufthansa ee *Landshut*, iyadoo ka socota Mallorca una socota Frankfurt, waxaana saarnaa 86 rakaab ah iyo shan shaqaale ah. Waxay dalbadeen in la sii daayo hoggaamiyeyaal xiran oo ka tirsan kooxda Red Army Faction (RAF), oo xilligaas afduub ku haysay Hanns Martin Schleyer, hoggaamiyaha ururka loo-shaqeeyeyaasha Jarmalka. Diyaaradda jidkeeda waa laga leexiyay, ugu dambayntiina waxay degtay Muqdisho. Kabtanka waxaa toogtay hoggaamiyihii afduubayaasha ([German History in Documents and Images, Machadka Taariikhda Jarmalka](https://germanhistorydocs.org/en/two-germanies-1961-1989/ghdi:video-5006)). Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay in afduubayaashu ka tirsanaayeen Jabhadda Shacabiga ah ee Xoreynta Falastiin (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine), ayna sidoo kale dalbadeen in la sii daayo laba Falastiini ah oo Turkiga lagu hayay ([Wikipedia, Lufthansa Flight 181](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_181)). ## Badbaadinta Muqdisho Wasiir-ku-xigeenka Jarmalka Galbeed Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski ayaa hoggaaminayay wada-hadallada lala galay dowladda Soomaaliya, taas oo oggolaatay in GSG 9, oo ah cutub gaar ah oo ka tirsan Ilaalada Xuduudaha Federaalka, uu weeraro diyaaradda. 18 Oktoobar 1977 cutubku wuxuu weeraray diyaaradda, hawlgalkaasna wuxuu qaatay toddoba daqiiqo. Afartii afduube saddex ka mid ah waa la dilay; dadkii la haystay wax dhib ah kama soo gaarin, waxaana dhaawacmay sarkaal ka tirsan GSG 9 iyo shaqaalaha diyaaradda mid ka mid ah (German History in Documents and Images). Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay in weerarku dhacay iyadoo mugdi la ku qarsanayo, iyadoo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliyeed ay dhulka ka taageerayeen, isla markaasna la badbaadiyay rakaabkii oo dhan iyo afartii shaqaale ee noolaa (Wikipedia). ## Wixii ka dambeeyay Jarmalka Badbaadinta kadib, hoggaamiyeyaashii RAF ee xirnaa waxay isku dileen xabsiga Stuttgart-Stammheim, xubno RAF ka tirsanna waxay dileen Schleyer (German History in Documents and Images). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Waqtiga weerarka.** Warbixinnadu waxay sheegaan wax yar kadib saqdii dhexe, waqtiga Bartamaha Yurub, ama qiyaastii 2-da subaxnimo, waqtiga deegaanka, 18 Oktoobar. - **Doorka Soomaaliya.** Machadka Taariikhda Jarmalka wuxuu diiwaangeliyay oggolaanshaha dowladda Soomaaliya; Wikipedia waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay taageero dhulka ah oo ciidamada Soomaaliyeed bixiyeen. - **Tirada rakaabka.** 86 rakaab ah iyo shan shaqaale ah (Machadka Taariikhda Jarmalka); Wikipedia waxay sheegtay 87 rakaab ah iyo afar shaqaale ah oo la badbaadiyay, kadib dhimashadii kabtanka. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - German History in Documents and Images, "Hijacking of the Lufthansa plane Landshut" (Afduubkii diyaaradda Lufthansa ee Landshut) (muuqaal iyo qoraallo): [bogga](https://germanhistorydocs.org/en/two-germanies-1961-1989/ghdi:video-5006). - Wikipedia, "Lufthansa Flight 181" (Duulimaadka Lufthansa 181): [maqaal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_181). --- # Taxanaha: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka, 2012 ilaa Nofembar 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/timeline-2012-to-2026/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Kuwa ugu dambeeyay marka hore: dhacdooyinka taariikhaysan ee siyaasadda Soomaaliyeed laga bilaabo dhammaadkii xilliga ku-meel-gaarka Agoosto 2012 ilaa Nofembar 2026, mid kastaa iyo ishiisa. - **5 Nofembar 2026.** Maxkamadda Sare waxay ku dhawaaqday in xil ka qaadista Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ay "waxba kama jiraan" tahay. Waxay diiday dacwadda Shariif Sheekh Axmed maadaama aanu xaq u lahayn, laakiin waxay xukuntay in muddooyinka la kordhiyay ay khuseeyaan kuwa xilka haya oo keliya haddii si cad loo sheego. Waxay go'aamisay in muddada baarlamaanka iyo golaha wasiirradu dhammaatay 14 Abriil, tan madaxweynahana 15 Maajo 2026, tallaabooyinkii dambena ay buran yihiin, golaha wasiirraduna uu sii ahaanayo xukuumad ku-meel-gaar ah. Waxay bixisay 30 maalmood in lagu heshiiyo hannaan iyo 90 maalmood in doorashooyin la qabto. **Dhinacyada:** Maxkamadda Sare; Madaxtooyada; Shariif Sheekh Axmed. Isha: [6](https://somaliatoday.com/politics/somalia-supreme-court-declares-chief-justices-dismissal-void-2026-11-05/) - **4 Nofembar 2026.** Madaxweynaha ayaa xilka ka qaaday Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare Baashe Yuusuf Axmed, wuxuuna magacaabay Ibraahim Iidle Suleymaan, isagoo sabab uga dhigay dib-u-habaynta garsoorka. **Dhinacyada:** Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud; garsoorka. Isha: [6](https://somaliatoday.com/politics/somalia-supreme-court-declares-chief-justices-dismissal-void-2026-11-05/) - **25 Oktoobar 2026.** Madaxweynaha ayaa hoggaamiyeyaasha mucaaradka ku casuumay wadahadal. Wadahadalladii Agoosto waxay sii nooleeyeen wada-hadalka natiijo la'aan. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; SFC. Isha: [9](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-11/somalia-44.php) - **24 Oktoobar 2026.** Cali Guudlaawe Xuseen ayaa dib loogu doortay madaxweynaha Hirshabeelle (81 xildhibaan ayaa ka qayb galay). Codad ka mid ah bulshada Hiiraan ayaa ka cabtay wakiilnimada. **Dhinacyada:** Golaha Hirshabeelle; Madaxweyne XSM (hambalyeeyay). Isha: [17](https://horseedmedia.net/somalia-ali-gudlawe-hussein-re-elected-as-hirshabelle-leader/426803/) - **22 Oktoobar 2026.** Liibaan Axmed Xasan (JSP) ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Galmudug, 72 cod oo 89 ka mid ah. Musharraxa Sincad wuxuu helay 14. Hoggaamiyihii baxayay Qoorqoor (2020-26) waxaa lagu ammaanay xil wareejin nabadeed. **Dhinacyada:** baarlamaanka Galmudug; JSP; Sincad. Isha: [16](https://www.dawan.africa/news/liban-ahmed-hassan-elected-galmudug-leader-pledges-to-serve-all-residents) - **15 Oktoobar 2026.** Guddiga Madaxa-bannaan ee Doorashooyinka iyo Xuduudaha Qaranka (NIEBC) wuxuu u qabtay doorashooyinka baarlamaanka ee qof iyo cod 15 Abriil 2027, kuwa madaxtooyadana 15 Maajo 2027, iyadoo diiwaangelintu tahay 1-22 Nofembar 2026. SFC waxay diiday jadwalka iyadoo ku tilmaantay mid aan cid walba ka qayb gelin. SFC, Nabad iyo Nolol iyo Golaha Midnimada Qaranka waxay soo gudbiyeen qaab qof iyo cod oo u gaar ah. **Dhinacyada:** NIEBC; SFC; kooxaha mucaaradka. Isha: [4](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-sets-presidential-vote-for-15-may-2027)[9](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-11/somalia-44.php) - **13 Oktoobar 2026.** Guddiga qaranka ee la dagaallanka lacag dhaqidda iyo maalgelinta argagixisada ayaa cunaqabatayn saaray madaxweynihii hore ee Koonfur Galbeed Laftagareen iyo 9 kale oo lagu eedeeyay xiriir al-Shabaab. Dhinaciisu wuxuu beeniyay inuu al-Shabaab la garab dagaallamay. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; dhinaca Laftagareen. Isha: [39](https://somaliatoday.com/politics/somalia-sanctions-ex-regional-leader-over-alleged-shabaab-links-2026-10-13/)[2](https://allafrica.com/stories/202611030644.html) - **11 Oktoobar 2026.** Madaxweynihii hore Shariif Sheekh Axmed ayaa dacwad dastuuri ah ka gudbiyay habka wax ka beddelka. **Dhinacyada:** Shariif; Maxkamadda Sare. Isha: [6](https://somaliatoday.com/politics/somalia-supreme-court-declares-chief-justices-dismissal-void-2026-11-05/) - **Oktoobar 2026.** Ciidamo la safan Laftagareen ("Daraawiish") ayaa dib u qabsaday magaalooyin dhowr ah oo Baay ah, oo lagu sheegay Buurhakaba, Diinsoor, Bardaale iyo Qansax Dheere. **Dhinacyada:** dhinaca Laftagareen; DFS; maamulka Koonfur Galbeed. Isha: [2](https://allafrica.com/stories/202611030644.html)[9](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-11/somalia-44.php) - **30 Sebtembar 2026.** Doorashadii Galmudug oo dib loo celiyay. JSP waxay heshay 67 kursi oo 89 ka mid ah, Sincadna 7. Maxkamadda Sare ayaa markii dambe ansixisay natiijooyinka. **Dhinacyada:** NIEBC; JSP; Sincad. Isha: [16](https://www.dawan.africa/news/liban-ahmed-hassan-elected-galmudug-leader-pledges-to-serve-all-residents)[6](https://somaliatoday.com/politics/somalia-supreme-court-declares-chief-justices-dismissal-void-2026-11-05/) - **14-23 Sebtembar 2026.** Madaxweynaha Somaliland Cirro ayaa joogay Washington. Khudbad uu ka jeediyay Hudson Institute wuxuu ku soo bandhigay macdan iyo suurtagalnimada saldhig. Wuxuu la kulmay xubno Koongareeska ah. **Dhinacyada:** Somaliland; Koongareeska Mareykanka. Isha: [31](https://responsiblestatecraft.org/somaliland-us-recognition-iran-war/) - **10 Sebtembar 2026.** Warqad Mareykan ah: wuxuu joojin doonaa taageerada UNSOS marka oggolaanshaha AUSSOM dhammaado 31 Diseembar 2026, wuxuuna soo jeediyay dhimis 12 bilood ah. **Dhinacyada:** Mareykanka; Midowga Afrika; Golaha Ammaanka. Isha: [9](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-11/somalia-44.php) - **24 Agoosto 2026.** Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ayaa buriyay codbixintii Luulyo ee Galmudug, wuxuuna amray in dib loo qabto. **Dhinacyada:** Maxkamadda Sare. Isha: [6](https://somaliatoday.com/politics/somalia-supreme-court-declares-chief-justices-dismissal-void-2026-11-05/) - **17 Agoosto 2026.** Dagaal Baydhabo ka dhex qarxay ciidamada federaalka iyo taageerayaasha Laftagareen. Isku dhacyo cusub 28 Sebtembar. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; dhinaca Laftagareen; maamulka Koonfur Galbeed. Isha: [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Future_Council)[11](https://africanarguments.org/2026/08/somalia-pushes-ahead-with-controversial-regional-elections-despite-opponent-boycott/)[39](https://somaliatoday.com/politics/somalia-sanctions-ex-regional-leader-over-alleged-shabaab-links-2026-10-13/) - **Agoosto 2026.** Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka ayaa qalin jabiyay ilaa 3,000 askari, fasalkii ugu weynaa tan iyo 1991. **Dhinacyada:** Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka. Isha: [34](https://www.military.africa/2026/11/foreign-forces-take-a-bigger-role-in-somalias-war/) - **5 Agoosto 2026.** Ciidamada Puntland ayaa la wareegay xero u dhow garoonka Gaalkacyo oo ay haysteen cutubyo taliyeyaashoodu daacadnimo u muujiyeen Muqdisho. Deni wuxuu ku eedeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq hub federaal. **Dhinacyada:** Puntland; cutubyo la safan DFS. Isha: [15](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/5/puntland-forces-seize-government-held-camp-in-somalias-galkayo)[1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia) - **Horraantii Agoosto 2026.** Codbixinta dowladda Galmudug. JSP ayaa ugu badnayd. SFC waxay ku baaqday guddiyo doorasho oo heer dowlad-goboleed ah. Ra'iisul wasaarihii hore Kheyre wuxuu ka digay in ka gudbidda is-afgaradku ay wiiqayso kalsoonida. **Dhinacyada:** JSP; SFC; Kheyre. Isha: [11](https://africanarguments.org/2026/08/somalia-pushes-ahead-with-controversial-regional-elections-despite-opponent-boycott/) - **29-31 Luulyo 2026.** Shirka dalalka ciidamada ku deeqa ee Kampala wuxuu ku baaqay "ka bixid habaysan, isku duwan oo marxalado ah" oo AUSSOM ah iyo 18-24 bilood oo taageero ah. **Dhinacyada:** dalalka ciidamada ku deeqa ee Midowga Afrika. Isha: [9](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-11/somalia-44.php) - **11 Juun 2026.** Aadan Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe", Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka tan iyo Abriil 2022, ayaa noqday madaxweynaha Koonfur Galbeed codbixin lagu muransan yahay oo Baydhabo ka dhacday. **Dhinacyada:** Koonfur Galbeed; JSP; DFS. Isha: [3](https://en.kaabtv.com/nearly-five-months-into-office-aadan-madoobe-faces-ongoing-fighting-in-south-west-state/)[5](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/) - **26 Maajo 2026.** Odayaal dhaqameed ayaa la kulmay hoggaamiyeyaasha SFC, waxayna wadahadallada ku tilmaameen "dib u dhacay, lamana dayicin". **Dhinacyada:** odayaasha (oo uu ku jiro Garaad Jaamac Garaad Cali); SFC. Isha: [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Future_Council) - **21 Maajo 2026.** Puntland waxay ku dhawaaqday in muddooyinka fulinta iyo sharci-dejinta federaalku dhammaadeen. **Dhinacyada:** Puntland. Isha: [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia) - **20 Maajo 2026.** Deni wuxuu Garoowe ku martigeliyay wafdi sare oo Mareykan ah (saliid, kalluumeysi, macdan). **Dhinacyada:** Puntland; Mareykanka. Isha: [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia) - **12-15 Maajo 2026.** Wadahadallo Mareykanka iyo Ingiriisku dhexdhexaadiyeen oo Xalane ka dhacay ayaa ku burburay su'aasha ah in muddada madaxweynuhu dhammaatay. Muddadii asalka ahayd ee afarta sano ee madaxweynaha waxay dhammaanaysay 15 Maajo. **Dhinacyada:** DFS (XSM, R/W ku-xigeen Saalax Jaamac); SFC (Shariif, Deni); Mareykanka; Ingiriiska. Isha: [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia)[7](https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/6/2/somalia-needs-a-political-settlement-before-it-is-too-late)[8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Future_Council) - **16-17 Abriil 2026.** Golaha wasiirrada Puntland: muddada baarlamaanku waxay dhammaatay 14 Abriil (Qod. 60), tan madaxweynahana waxay dhammaanaysaa 15 Maajo (Qod. 91). Wuxuu ku baaqay "shir degdeg ah" oo is-afgarad. **Dhinacyada:** Puntland. Isha: [40](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/puntland-says-somalia-has-entered-constitutional-vacuum-urges-urgent-talks) - **30 Maarso 2026.** Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka ayaa galay Baydhabo oo kala diray maamulka gobolka. Laftagareen wuu is casilay oo u ambabaxay Kenya. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; Koonfur Galbeed. Isha: [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia)[5](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/) - **17-19 Maarso 2026.** Koonfur Galbeed waxay hakisay iskaashiga DFS, muddo kooban ayayna ku biirtay SFC. **Dhinacyada:** Koonfur Galbeed; SFC. Isha: [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia)[8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Future_Council) - **4-8 Maarso 2026.** Baarlamaanka ayaa ansixiyay dastuur dib loo eegay oo xildhibaannada si toos ah loo dooranayo, muddooyinkuna 4 ka noqdaan 5 sano. Madaxweynaha ayaa saxiixay afar maalmood kadib. SFC waxay ku tilmaantay "afgambi dastuuri ah". **Dhinacyada:** Baarlamaanka; Madaxweynaha; SFC; Puntland; Jubbaland. Isha: [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia)[5](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/)[6](https://somaliatoday.com/politics/somalia-supreme-court-declares-chief-justices-dismissal-void-2026-11-05/) - **Febraayo 2026.** Wadahadallada ayaa ku istaagay goobta (Villa Soomaaliya ama Xalane). Deeq-bixiyeyaashu waxay maalgeliyaan ilaa 68% miisaaniyadda. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; mucaaradka. Isha: [14](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/With-Time-Running-Out-Government-%E2%80%93-Opposition-Talks-Must-Deliver-a-Consensus-Electoral-Model.pdf) - **9 Febraayo 2026.** Soomaaliya iyo Sacuudigu waxay saxiixeen heshiis iskaashi militari. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; Sacuudiga. Isha: [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia) - **Janaayo-Febraayo 2026.** Turkiga ayaa Muqdisho keenay diyaaradaha F-16. Masar waxay dhigtay bandhig ciidan oo loogu diyaar garoobay qaybteeda AUSSOM. **Dhinacyada:** Turkiga; Masar; DFS. Isha: [34](https://www.military.africa/2026/11/foreign-forces-take-a-bigger-role-in-somalias-war/) - **12 Janaayo 2026.** DFS waxay buriyay dhammaan heshiisyadii Imaaraadka (heshiisyada dekedaha Berbera, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo, iskaashiga difaaca). Dowlad-goboleedyadu way diideen. Somaliland waxay sheegtay in Soomaaliya aysan "ka mid ahayn, mana dammaanad qaadin" heshiisyadeeda. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; Imaaraadka; Puntland; Somaliland. Isha: [18](https://www.geeska.com/en/somalia-revokes-all-agreements-uae)[1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia) - **7 Janaayo 2026.** Mareykanku wuxuu hakiyay kaalmada dowladda federaalka sababtoo ah shixnad cunto WFP ah (76 tan) oo la qabsaday. **Dhinacyada:** Mareykanka; DFS. Isha: [41](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/8/us-suspends-assistance-to-somali-government-for-alleged-seizure-of-aid)[1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia) - **6 Janaayo 2026.** Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Israa'iil Gideon Sa'ar ayaa booqday Somaliland. **Dhinacyada:** Israa'iil; Somaliland. Isha: [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia) - **27 Diseembar 2025.** Al-Shabaab waxay ku dhaaratay inay ka hortagi doonto adeegsi kasta oo Israa'iil ku sameyso Somaliland. **Dhinacyada:** Al-Shabaab. Isha: [42](https://english.aawsat.com/world/5223723-somalia%E2%80%99s-al-shabaab-vows-fight-any-israeli-use-somaliland) - **26 Diseembar 2025.** Israa'iil waxay aqoonsatay Somaliland. Dood Golaha Ammaanka ah ayaa xigtay. Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ayaa si wadajir ah ugu dhawaaqay "waxba kama jiraan". Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta, IGAD, Shiinaha, Turkiga, Masar iyo kuwo kale ayaa diiday. **Dhinacyada:** Israa'iil; Somaliland; DFS; xubnaha Golaha Ammaanka. Isha: [10](https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc16270.doc.htm)[12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf) - **25 Diseembar 2025.** Doorashooyinka golaha deegaanka Muqdisho (Banaadir): 390 kursi, 20 xisbi iyo urur, 1,604 musharrax, codbixin liis-xisbi saami ah. Madasha Samatabixinta ayaa qaadacday. **Dhinacyada:** NIEBC; xisbiyada; Madasha Samatabixinta. Isha: [30](https://radiodalsan.com/2025/12/25/mogadishu-votes-at-dawn-benadir-regional-council-elections-begin-in-a-historic-first/)[12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf) - **Diseembar 2025.** Rabshado Boorama (Awdal), kadibna bannaanbaxyo ka soo horjeeda xiriirka Israa'iil. **Dhinacyada:** bulshooyinka Awdal; dowladda Somaliland. Isha: [35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Borama_protests) - **18-20 Diseembar 2025.** SFC waxay madaxweynaha siisay waqti xaddidan oo dhammaanaya 20 Janaayo 2026 wadahadallo doorasho oo loo dhan yahay. **Dhinacyada:** SFC. Isha: [12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf) - **Diseembar 2025.** Guddiga Khubarada QM wuxuu al-Shabaab ku tilmaamay "khatarta degdegga ah ee ugu weyn". ISIS-Soomaaliya waxay leedahay in ka badan 1,000 dagaalyahan (≥60% shisheeye). Golaha Ammaanka wuxuu AUSSOM u kordhiyay 31 Diseembar 2026. **Dhinacyada:** Guddiga Khubarada QM; Golaha Ammaanka. Isha: [29](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/al-shabab-is-greatest-threat-to-peace-in-somalia-and-the-region-un-experts-say) - **2 Oktoobar 2025.** Jubbaland, Puntland iyo Madasha Samatabixinta waxay Nairobi ku shaaciyeen jabhad cusub (markii dambe SFC). Wadahadallo Kismaayo ah oo madaxweynaha iyo Madoobe dhexmaray ayaa xigay 5-7 Oktoobar, heshiis la'aan. **Dhinacyada:** Deni; Madoobe; Madasha Samatabixinta; XSM. Isha: [12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)[8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Future_Council)[13](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf) - **24 Sebtembar 2025.** Isku dhac ka dhacay saldhigga booliska Warta Nabadda oo ay ku lug lahaayeen hoggaamiyeyaal mucaarad ah. Ra'iisul wasaaruhu wuxuu ku tilmaamay isku day afgambi. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; mucaaradka. Isha: [12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf) - **Agoosto-Sebtembar 2025.** Firdhiye ayaa dib loo doortay oo noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Waqooyi Bari (SSC-Khaatumo hore), oo la safan Muqdisho. **Dhinacyada:** Waqooyi Bari; DFS. Isha: [13](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)[36](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/the-making-of-somalia-new-northeast-state-5178184) - **27 Agoosto 2025.** Garab ka baxay Madasha Samatabixinta ayaa madaxweynaha kula heshiiyay in xildhibaannada si toos ah loo doorto, kadibna ay doortaan madaxweynaha. **Dhinacyada:** XSM; qayb ka mid ah Madasha Samatabixinta. Isha: [12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf) - **Agoosto 2025.** Dagaal u dhexeeya ciidamada federaalka iyo Jubbaland. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; Jubbaland. Isha: [15](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/5/puntland-forces-seize-government-held-camp-in-somalias-galkayo) - **29 Maajo 2025.** Xasan Maxamed Xuseen "Mungaab" ayaa loo magacaabay guddoomiyaha Banaadir iyo duqa Muqdisho. **Dhinacyada:** DFS. Isha: [12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)[13](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf) - **13-14 Maajo 2025.** Madaxweynaha ayaa daah-furay Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Wadajirka (JSP). Deni wuxuu ku tilmaamay "awood boob". Golaha Wadatashiga Qaranka ee 6 Maajo wuxuu shiray Puntland iyo Jubbaland la'aantood. **Dhinacyada:** XSM; Deni; Golaha Wadatashiga Qaranka. Isha: [12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)[19](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/puntland-calls-somali-president-s-new-political-party-a-power-grab-and-a-threat-to-federal-system)[21](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalia-at-a-crossroads-resurgent-insurgents-fragmented-politics-and-the-uncertain-future-of-aussom/) - **15 Abriil 2025.** DFS waxay SSC-Khaatumo u aqoonsatay Waqooyi Bari kadib markii ra'iisul wasaaruhu booqday Laascaanood 13 Abriil. Somaliland waxay ka baxday wadahadallada. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; SSC-Khaatumo; Somaliland. Isha: [12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf) - **Febraayo-Maajo 2025.** Weerar rogaal celis ah oo al-Shabaab ayaa dib u qabsaday Aadan Yabaal (Abriil) iyo inta badan Shabeellaha Dhexe. 18 Maarso weerar lagu qaaday kolonyada madaxweynaha. **Dhinacyada:** Al-Shabaab; DFS. Isha: [20](https://hiraalinstitute.org/somalia-security-situation-2020-2025/)[21](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalia-at-a-crossroads-resurgent-insurgents-fragmented-politics-and-the-uncertain-future-of-aussom/)[29](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/al-shabab-is-greatest-threat-to-peace-in-somalia-and-the-region-un-experts-say) - **Janaayo 2025.** AUSSOM ayaa beddelay ATMIS. Hawlgalka Hillaac ee Puntland ee ka dhanka ah ISIS-Soomaaliya ayaa bilaabmay. Iskaashi istiraatiiji ah oo Masar iyo Soomaaliya (23 Janaayo). **Dhinacyada:** Midowga Afrika; Puntland; Masar. Isha: [21](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalia-at-a-crossroads-resurgent-insurgents-fragmented-politics-and-the-uncertain-future-of-aussom/)[12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)[20](https://hiraalinstitute.org/somalia-security-situation-2020-2025/) - **10 Janaayo 2025.** Jubbaland waxay hakisay iskaashiga DFS. **Dhinacyada:** Jubbaland. Isha: [12](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf) - **11 Diseembar 2024.** Baaqa Ankara: Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya waxay midba midka kale u xaqiijiyeen madax-bannaanida. Soomaaliya waxay ka noqotay diidmadeedii Itoobiya ee AUSSOM. **Dhinacyada:** Turkiga; Itoobiya; DFS. Isha: [25](https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/ankara-declaration-t-rkiye-s-diplomatic-win-in-africa) - **11 Diseembar 2024.** Isku dhac Raas Kaambooni oo u dhexeeya ciidamada Jubbaland iyo Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka. Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka ayaa ka baxay Jubbada Hoose. **Dhinacyada:** Jubbaland; DFS. Isha: [38](https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2024/12/analysis-somali-forces-turn-their-weapons-on-each-other.php) - **Dabayaaqadii Nofembar 2024.** Axmed Madoobe ayaa dib loogu doortay madaxweynaha Jubbaland (xilli saddexaad). DFS waxay ku dhawaaqday in codbixintu sharci ahayn, waaran xarigna waa la is weydaarsaday. **Dhinacyada:** Jubbaland; DFS. Isha: [38](https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2024/12/analysis-somali-forces-turn-their-weapons-on-each-other.php)[13](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf) - **13-19 Nofembar 2024.** Doorashada Somaliland: Cabdiraxmaan "Cirro" (Waddani) ilaa 64%, madaxweynihii xilka hayay Muuse Biixi (Kulmiye) ilaa 35%. **Dhinacyada:** xisbiyada Somaliland. Isha: [24](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2024/11/19/oppositions-abdullahi-wins-presidential-election-in-breakaway-somaliland) - **30-31 Maarso 2024.** Baarlamaanka ayaa wax ka beddelay afarta cutub ee hore (madaxtooyo xoog badan, cod toos ah). Puntland waxay joojisay aqoonsiga DFS ilaa afti laga qabto. **Dhinacyada:** Baarlamaanka; XSM; Puntland. Isha: [37](https://worldview.ranenetwork.com/content/analysis/2024-04-16/somalia-s-constitutional-changes-widen-rifts-at-home-and-abroad)[21](https://ctc.westpoint.edu/somalia-at-a-crossroads-resurgent-insurgents-fragmented-politics-and-the-uncertain-future-of-aussom/) - **12 Maarso 2024.** Wasaaradda Maaliyadda Mareykanku waxay qiyaastay dakhliga al-Shabaab ilaa $100 milyan sannadkii, waxayna magacawday 16 qof. **Dhinacyada:** Wasaaradda Maaliyadda Mareykanka. Isha: [28](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/report-al-shabaab-rakes-100-million-annually-supports-groups-outside-somalia) - **1 Janaayo 2024.** Is-afgaradka Itoobiya iyo Somaliland: marin bad iyo militari oo lagu beddelanayo ballan aqoonsi. Soomaaliya waxay ku dhawaaqday "waxba kama jiraan". **Dhinacyada:** Itoobiya; Somaliland; DFS. Isha: [25](https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/ankara-declaration-t-rkiye-s-diplomatic-win-in-africa) - **19 Oktoobar 2023.** DFS waxay SSC-Khaatumo u aqoonsatay maamul federaal oo ku-meel-gaar ah. Puntland way ka soo horjeedday. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; SSC-Khaatumo; Puntland. Isha: [26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_%282023%29) - **Febraayo-Agoosto 2023.** Colaadda Laascaanood. Odayaasha Dhulbahante waxay ku dhawaaqeen SSC-Khaatumo gudaha Soomaaliya. Ciidamada Somaliland waxay ka baxeen Goojacade kadib (25 Agoosto). **Dhinacyada:** SSC-Khaatumo; Somaliland. Isha: [26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_%282023%29) - **Bartamihii 2022.** Weerar federaal ah oo lala galay maleeshiyaadka beelaha ee Macawiisley ee Hirshabeelle iyo Galmudug, cadaadiskii ugu xoogganaa ee al-Shabaab tobankii sano. **Dhinacyada:** DFS; Macawiisley; Danab. Isha: [27](https://riftvalley.net/?p=6063)[20](https://hiraalinstitute.org/somalia-security-situation-2020-2025/) - **Abriil-Maajo 2022.** Baarlamaanka waa la dhammaystiray, guddoomiyeyaashana waa la doortay (26-27 Abriil). AMISOM waxay noqotay ATMIS (Go'aanka 2628). Xasan Sheekh wuxuu ku soo laabtay xilka muddo dhammaanaysa 15 Maajo 2026. **Dhinacyada:** Baarlamaanka; musharraxiinta oo ay ku jiraan Farmaajo, XSM, Shariif, Kheyre. Isha: [23](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2022-05/somalia-25.php)[5](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/) - **2021.** Muddada Farmaajo waxay dhammaatay 8 Febraayo. Kordhin laba sano ah ayaa la ansixiyay 12 Abriil. Is-horfadhi hubaysan oo Muqdisho ka dhacay dabayaaqadii Abriil. Kordhintii waa laga noqday, Ra'iisul Wasaare Rooble ayaana hoggaamiyay wadahadallada doorashada. Puntland iyo Jubbaland waxay ku biireen isbahaysiga mucaaradka. Midowga Afrika wuu cambaareeyay kordhinta. **Dhinacyada:** Farmaajo; Rooble; mucaarad ay Hawiye taageerayaan; Puntland; Jubbaland; Midowga Afrika. Isha: [22](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2021/05/20/back-brink-somalias-political-crisis-explained) - **Febraayo 2017.** Baarlamaanka ayaa doortay Farmaajo. XSM wuu aqbalay jabka wareegga saddexaad ka hor. Hannaanka waxaa lagu dhaleeceeyay kharash badan iyo u nuglaanta iibsiga codadka. **Dhinacyada:** Farmaajo; XSM. Isha: [33](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-02-13-iss-today-somalias-elections-herald-unexpected-fresh-start/) - **2013.** Jubbaland waxaa la sameeyay iyadoo taageero laga helayo dhexdhexaadin Kenya iyo Itoobiya. Puntland waxay hakisay iskaashiga DFS (Agoosto 2013). **Dhinacyada:** Jubbaland; Puntland; DFS. Isha: [13](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)[32](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/somalia-still-in-transition-3) - **Agoosto-Sebtembar 2012.** Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah waxaa la ansixiyay 1 Agoosto. Muddada TFG waxay dhammaatay 20 Agoosto. Baarlamaan ay beeluhu magacaabeen ayaa doortay Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud. Mareykanka iyo EU waxay aqoonsadeen dowladda federaalka cusub. **Dhinacyada:** odayaasha beelaha; baarlamaanka; XSM. Isha: [32](https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/somalia-still-in-transition-3) Gaabsiyada: DFS = Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya; XSM = Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud; SFC = Golaha Mustaqbalka Soomaaliyeed (Somali Future Council); JSP = Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Wadajirka. Eeg [sida nidaamka federaalku u shaqeeyo](/so/states/federal-member-states/). --- # Dhimashada colaadaha hubeysan ee Soomaaliya sannad walba, 1989 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/conflict-deaths-by-year-1989-2026/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Barnaamijka Xogta Colaadaha ee Uppsala (UCDP) wuxuu diiwaangeliyaa dhimashada la soo sheegay ee dagaallada Soomaaliya sannad kasta tan iyo 1989. Qiyaasihiisa ugu wanaagsan waxay ugu sarreeyeen qiyaastii 8,455 sannadkii 1991, markii dowladdu dhacday, waxayna ugu hooseeyeen agagaarka 2000, qiyaastii 171. Waxay mar kale kordheen laga bilaabo 2006, waxay gaareen qiyaastii 2,983 sannadkii 2012, qiyaastii 4,175 sannadkii 2023, intii duullaanka al-Shabaab socday, iyo 3,869 sannadkii 2025. Tirooyinku waxay tiriyaan dagaalyahannada iyo dadka rayidka ah ee dagaallada lagu dilay, ee ma tiriyaan dhimashada gaajada ama cudurrada. ## Si kooban Boggani wuxuu bixiyaa hal tiro oo joogto ah oo ah dhimashada colaadaha hubeysan ee Soomaaliya, sannad sannad, si xilliyada kala duwan loo barbardhigo. Wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa tirooyinka sida ishu u bixiso, isagoon go'aan ka gaarin cidda mas'uulka ah. Mas'uuliyadda weerarrada gaarka ah waxaa lagu sheegay bogagga ciidan iyo koox kasta. ## Isha Tirooyinku waa qiyaasaha ugu wanaagsan ee Barnaamijka Xogta Colaadaha ee Uppsala ee dhimashada dagaalyahannada iyo dadka rayidka ah ee dagaallada nooc kasta ah: dowlado dhexdooda, dowlad iyo kooxo hubeysan, kooxo hubeysan dhexdooda, iyo weerarrada dadka rayidka ah ("rabshad hal dhinac ah"). Colaad waa la tiriyaa marka ay sannadkii keento ugu yaraan 25 dhimasho. Dhimashada cudurrada iyo gaajada uu dagaalku keeno laguma darin. Tirada 2026 waxay daboolaysaa kaliya qeybtii hore ee sannadka, waxayna ku salaysan tahay warbixinno saddexdii biloodba mar ah, oo laga yaabo inay ka yar yihiin xaqiiqda ([Our World in Data, "Deaths in armed conflicts based on where they occurred", UCDP 2026](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-armed-conflicts-by-country); [Uppsala Conflict Data Program](https://ucdp.uu.se/)). ## Sannad sannad | Sannad | Dhimasho | Sannad | Dhimasho | Sannad | Dhimasho | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1989 | 1,061 | 2002 | 624 | 2015 | 1,239 | | 1990 | 2,700 | 2003 | 395 | 2016 | 2,055 | | 1991 | 8,455 | 2004 | 656 | 2017 | 2,060 | | 1992 | 4,729 | 2005 | 338 | 2018 | 2,432 | | 1993 | 478 | 2006 | 1,187 | 2019 | 2,179 | | 1994 | 625 | 2007 | 1,584 | 2020 | 2,091 | | 1995 | 443 | 2008 | 1,731 | 2021 | 2,253 | | 1996 | 939 | 2009 | 2,146 | 2022 | 3,100 | | 1997 | 268 | 2010 | 2,697 | 2023 | 4,175 | | 1998 | 312 | 2011 | 2,093 | 2024 | 2,400 | | 1999 | 522 | 2012 | 2,983 | 2025 | 3,869 | | 2000 | 171 | 2013 | 1,037 | 2026* | 3,031 | | 2001 | 445 | 2014 | 1,225 | | | \* Janaayo ilaa Juun 2026 oo keliya. (UCDP, iyadoo loo marayo Our World in Data.) ## Waxa xilli kasta daboolo - **1989 ilaa 1992.** Dagaalkii ka dhanka ahaa dowladdii [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) ee ay galeen [SNM](/en/institutions/somali-national-movement/), [USC](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/), [SPM](/en/institutions/somali-patriotic-movement/) iyo kuwo kale, dhicitaankeedii Janaayo 1991 iyo dagaalladii ka dambeeyay. Eeg [Dhaqdhaqaaqyadii hubeysnaa, 1978 ilaa 1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). - **1993 ilaa 2005.** [Faragelintii QM](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) iyo sannado dagaal ah oo u dhexeeyay kooxaha sida [Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNA)](/en/institutions/somali-national-alliance/) iyo [RRA](/en/institutions/rahanweyn-resistance-army/). Eeg [Dib-u-dhiska, 1991 ilaa 1999](/so/history/rebuilding-1991-1999/). - **2006 ilaa 2012.** [Maxkamadaha Islaamiga](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/), faragelintii Itoobiya, kacdoonkii uu hoggaaminayay [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) iyo ololihii [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). - **2013 ilaa 2021.** Dagaalka u dhexeeya al-Shabaab iyo dowladda federaalka iyo ciidamada Midowga Afrika, iyo kororkii [duqeymaha cirka ee Maraykanka](/so/history/us-air-strikes-in-somalia/) laga bilaabo 2017. - **2022 ilaa 2026.** [Duullaankii ka dhanka ahaa al-Shabaab](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/) iyo [Macawisley](/en/institutions/macawisley/), dagaallada u dhexeeyay ciidamada federaalka iyo [ciidamada Jubbaland](/en/institutions/jubaland-security-forces/), iyo ololaha Puntland ee ka dhanka ah [Daacish Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/islamic-state-somalia/). ## Xadka xogta - **Soo sheegidda.** Tirooyinka UCDP waa qiyaaso ugu wanaagsan oo laga dhisay dhacdooyinka la soo sheegay; dhimasho aan weligeed la soo sheegin lama tirin karo, ishuna waxay ka digaysaa in tirooyinkeeda saddexda biloodlaha ah ee ugu dambeeyay ay ka yaraan karaan xaqiiqda (Our World in Data). - **Tirooyin kale.** Mashruuca ACLED wuxuu adeegsadaa hab kale, sidaa darteed wadartiisu way ka duwan tahay UCDP; Human Rights Watch iyo QM sidoo kale waxay soo saaraan tirooyinka khasaaraha rayidka ee sannado gaar ah ([Human Rights Watch, *World Report 2024*, Somalia](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/somalia)). - **Gobol ahaan.** UCDP iyo ACLED waxay sidoo kale diiwaangeliyaan goobta dhacdo kasta, laakiin kala soocidaas halkan laguma soo celin. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Our World in Data, dhimashada colaadaha dal kasta (UCDP): [shax iyo xog](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-in-armed-conflicts-by-country). - Uppsala Conflict Data Program: [xog-ururin](https://ucdp.uu.se/). --- # Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya dagaal: taariikh-xariiq, 1527 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/ethiopia-somalia-wars-timeline/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya, iyo dowladihii ka horreeyay, dhowr jeer ayay dagaallameen: Adal iyo boqortooyadii Itoobiya 1527 ilaa 1543; dagaalkii xuduudda Febraayo ilaa Maarso 1964; dagaalkii Ogaadeenya Luulyo 1977 ilaa Maarso 1978; dagaalladii xuduudda Luulyo 1982 ilaa heshiiskii ka bixitaanka 1988; iyo faragelintii Itoobiya ee ka dhanka ahayd Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Diseembar 2006 ilaa Janaayo 2009. Ciidamada Itoobiya tan iyo markaas waxay Soomaaliya ka joogeen howlgallada Midowga Afrika. 2024 labada dowladood waxay ku dhaceen khilaaf diblomaasiyadeed oo ku saabsan heshiis-is-afgaradkii Itoobiya iyo Somaliland, waxaana xalliyay Baaqii Ankara. ## Si kooban Taariikh-xariiqan waxay taxaysaa dagaallada iyo iska horimaadyada hubeysan ee waaweyn ee Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya iyo dowladihii ka horreeyay. Qodob walba wuxuu bixiyaa xaqiiqooyinka ugu muhiimsan iyo ishooda, wuxuuna xiriiriyaa bogga buuxa, oo sheega halka warbixinnadu ku kala duwan yihiin. Khilaafyo badan waxay ku saabsanaayeen gobolka Ogaadeenya ee Itoobiya oo Soomaalidu degto. ## Taariikh-xariiqda - **1527 ilaa 1543. Adal iyo Itoobiya.** Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim al-Qaasi ee Adal, oo xarunteedu ahayd Harar, ciidan inta badan ka koobnaa bulshooyin Soomaaliyeed, wuxuu la dagaallamay boqortooyadii Masiixiga ee Itoobiya. Wuxuu ku guulaystay Shimbra Kure Maarso 1529, 1540-kiina wuxuu haystay inta badan Itoobiya, laakiin waxaa lagu dilay Wayna Daga 21 Febraayo 1543 kadib markii Bortuqaal u dirtay Itoobiya 400 askari oo qoryo wata ([Whiteway, *The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543*, 1902](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Bogga buuxa: [Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim iyo duullaannadii Adal, 1527 ilaa 1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). - **Febraayo ilaa Maarso 1964. Dagaalkii xuduudda.** Dagaalku wuxuu ka bilaabmay Tog Wajaale oo u dhexeysa Hargeysa iyo Jigjiga, diyaaradaha Itoobiyana waxay duqeeyeen bartilmaameedyo gudaha Soomaaliya. Suudaan ayaa dhexdhexaadisay, wadahadallo Khartuum ka dhacay Maarso ayaana keenay xabbad joojin iyo dhul hub laga dhigay oo xuduudda labadeeda dhinac ah ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Bogga buuxa: [Dagaalkii xuduudda Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ee 1964](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1964/). - **Luulyo 1977 ilaa Maarso 1978. Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya.** Ciidamada Soomaalida iyo Jabhadda Xoreynta Soomaali Galbeed (JXSG) waxay dabayaaqadii 1977 qabsadeen inta badan Ogaadeenya. Hubka Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo qiyaastii 17,000 askari oo Kuubaan ah ayaa dagaalka beddelay, Soomaaliyana waxay ku dhawaaqday ka bixitaankeeda 9 Maarso 1978 ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Ethiopia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm)). Bogga buuxa: [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). - **Luulyo 1982 ilaa Abriil 1988. Dagaalkii xuduudda 1982.** Ciidamada Itoobiya, oo ay la socdeen dagaalyahanno Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF), ayaa soo galay bartamaha Soomaaliya waxayna qabsadeen Balanbale iyo Galdogob ([UPI, 12 Luulyo 1982](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/12/Fighting-flares-on-Ethiopian-Somali-border/3690395294400/)). Labada dowladood waxay Abriil 1988 ku heshiiyeen inay ciidamadooda ka qaadaan xuduudda. Bogga buuxa: [Dagaalkii xuduudda Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ee 1982](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1982/). - **Diseembar 2006 ilaa Janaayo 2009. Faragelinta.** Ciidamada Itoobiya waxay Soomaaliya u soo galeen taageero dowladdii ku-meel-gaarka ahayd, waxayna Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ka saareen Muqdisho. Human Rights Watch waxay heshay in dhinacyada oo dhammi ay ku xadgudbeen sharciyada dagaalka intii dagaalku socday ([Human Rights Watch, *Shell-Shocked*, 2007](https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/08/13/shell-shocked/civilians-under-siege-mogadishu)). Ciidamada Itoobiya waxay Muqdisho ka baxeen 15 Janaayo 2009. Bogagga buuxa: [Dagaalkii Soomaaliya, 2006 ilaa 2009](/en/history/war-in-somalia-2006-2009/) iyo [Ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/ethiopia-military-in-somalia/). - **2014 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay. Gudaha howlgallada Midowga Afrika.** Ciidamada Itoobiya si rasmi ah ayay ugu biireen AMISOM Janaayo 2014, qaar kalena waxay ka howlgalayeen meel ka baxsan howlgallada Midowga Afrika iyagoo ku jira heshiisyo laba dal. Eeg [Ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/ethiopia-military-in-somalia/). - **2024. Heshiis-is-afgaradka Somaliland.** Heshiis-is-afgaradkii Itoobiya iyo Somaliland ee 1 Janaayo 2024 wuxuu keenay khilaaf culus oo Soomaaliya la ah, iyo heshiisyo difaac oo Soomaaliya la gashay Turkiga iyo Masar. Dhexdhexaadintii Turkiga waxay keentay Baaqii Ankara 11 Diseembar 2024 ([The National, 29 Agoosto 2024](https://thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/08/29/ethiopia-alarmed-as-egypt-sends-special-forces-and-arms-to-somalia)). Eeg [Ciidamada Masar ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/egypt-military-in-somalia/) iyo [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Bog buuxa walba wuxuu taxaa halka ilihiisu ku kala duwan yihiin. Khilaafyada ugu waaweyn waxay ku saabsan yihiin baaxadda ciidankii Itoobiya ee 2006 (laga bilaabo 4,000 ilaa 50,000 ama ka badan) iyo inta ku dhimatay dagaal kasta. ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study* iyo *Ethiopia: A Country Study*: [Soomaaliya](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm), [Itoobiya](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm). - Human Rights Watch, *Shell-Shocked* (2007): [warbixin](https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/08/13/shell-shocked/civilians-under-siege-mogadishu). --- # Taariikhda Somaliland: taxane taariikheed oo ka bilaabma Waayihii Dhagaxa ilaa 2024 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/history-of-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Waqooyi-galbeedka dhulalka Soomaalida, oo maanta ah Somaliland, waxaa ku yaal goobo Waayihii Dhagaxa ah iyo dekedo qadiim ah sida Saylac (Zeila) iyo Berbera, kuwaas oo qarniyadii dhexe ka mid ahaa dowladihii Islaamka ee Ifat iyo Cadal (Adal). Ingiriisku wuxuu 1884–1886 ka dhigay Maxmiyadda Ingiriiska ee Somaliland. Waxay xorowday iyadoo ah Dowladda Somaliland 26 Juun 1960, waxayna 1 Luulyo 1960 la midowday koonfurta si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Kadib dagaalkii 1980-meeyadii, oo ciidamada dowladdu ku dileen kumanaan dad rayid ah oo Isaaq ah, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) wuxuu Maajo 1991 ku dhawaaqay Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. Tan iyo 2001 waxay qabsatay doorashooyin u gaar ah, Qaramada Midoobayna ma aqoonsana. ## Si kooban Boggani wuxuu taariikhda waqooyi-galbeedka, oo ah dhulka maanta Somaliland, u habeeyay sida ay isugu xigeen. Sadar kasta wuxuu ku xiran yahay bog dhammaystiran oo ilihiisa leh. Khilaafka siyaasadeed ee tan iyo 1991, eeg [Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Kahor 1500: dekedaha iyo saldanadaha - **Waayihii Dhagaxa.** Sawirrada dhagaxa ee Laas Geel oo u dhow Hargeysa (Hargeisa) hoostooda waxaa yaal qalab dhagax ah oo laga soo bilaabo dhammaadkii Xilligii Barafka ee ugu dambeeyay. Eeg [Waayihii Dhagaxa ee dhulalka Soomaalida](/so/history/prehistory-stone-age-somali-lands/). - **Qarnigii 1aad.** Buugga Giriigga ah ee *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* (Socdaalka Badda Cas) wuxuu ka warramayaa suuqa Malao, oo loo aqoonsaday Berbera, iyo Avalites, oo inta badan loo aqoonsado Saylac ([Schoff, *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, 1912](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Eeg [Berbera hore](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/) iyo [Saylac hore](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). - **800-meeyadii–1200-meeyadii.** Juqraafiyahannada Carabtu waxay Saylac ku magacaabaan deked haragga, cambarka iyo uunsiga u dhoofisa Yaman; 1200-meeyadii waxay dadkeeda ku tilmaamaan Muslimiin (Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale, oo lagu soo xigtay [Saylac hore](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/)). - **1300-meeyadii–1500-meeyadii.** Masaajid dhagax ah ayaa laga dhisay magaalooyin ay ka mid yihiin Abasa, Camuud (Amud) iyo Saylac ([Cornax-Gómez iyo de Torres Rodríguez, 2023](https://doi.org/10.4000/remmm.19266)). Eeg [masaajidda qarniyadii dhexe ee Somaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/) iyo [Aw Barre, Aiyanle iyo magaalooyinka xuduudda](/so/history/aw-bare-aiyanle-medieval-border-towns/). - **1331.** Ibn Battuta wuxuu booqday Saylac. Eeg [Ibn Battuta oo Muqdisho iyo Saylac jooga](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/). - **Horraantii 1400-meeyadii.** Suldaan Sacad ad-Diin (Saʿd ad-Din) oo Ifat ahaa wuxuu ku dhintay Saylac; wiilashiisu waxay aasaaseen Barr Sacad ad-Diin, oo ah Cadal ([Chekroun, *Médiévales* 79, 2020](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03086735)). Eeg [dhimashadii Sacad ad-Diin ee Saylac](/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/). ## 1500 ilaa 1884: Cadal iyo saldanadaha - **1527–1543.** Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim (Axmed Gurey) wuxuu hoggaamiyay Cadal, oo ay la socdeen dagaalyahanno Soomaali ah oo badan, dagaal ka dhan ah Itoobiya ([Basset, *Histoire de la conquête de l'Abyssinie*, 1897](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). Eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo duullaannadii Cadal](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). - **1543–1583.** Dhimashadiisa kadib, xarunta Cadal waxay u guurtay gudaha dalka; Cusmaaniyiintu waxay qabsadeen Saylac. Eeg [dhammaadkii Cadal](/so/history/end-of-adal-1543-1583/). - **1700-meeyadii–1880-meeyadii.** Saldanado Soomaaliyeed, oo ay ka mid tahay Saldanadda Isaaq, ayaa xukumayay iyagoo la shaqaynayay xeerka, oo ah sharciga dhaqanka. Eeg [saldanadaha, xeebta iyo xeerka](/so/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s/). - **1854–1855.** Richard Burton wuxuu soo maray Saylac iyo Berbera. Eeg [*First Footsteps in East Africa*](/so/history/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/). ## 1884 ilaa 1960: maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska - **1884–1886.** Heshiisyo lala galay beelaha waqooyiga ayaa xeebta ka dhigay maxmiyad Ingiriis, oo loo haystay inta badan si xoolo loogu keeno Cadan (Aden) ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Eeg [Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska, 1884–1960](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/). - **1899–1920.** Daraawiishtii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) waxay la dagaallameen Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya ilaa diyaaradaha iyo ciidamada Ingiriisku ay qabsadeen Taleex (Taleh) 1920 ([War Office, *Official History*, 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1940–1941.** Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday maxmiyadda Agoosto 1940; Ingiriisku wuxuu dib ula wareegay Maarso 1941 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm)). Eeg [Maamulkii Militariga Ingiriiska](/so/history/british-military-administration-1941-1950/). - **1940-meeyadii–1950-meeyadii.** Xisbiyo siyaasadeed ayaa koray, waxaana ka mid ahaa Ururka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNL). Doorashooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee xisbiyada, 1960, SNL iyo Xisbiga Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USP) waxay ku guulaysteen dhammaan 33 kursi marka laga reebo mid ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). Eeg [xilligii waddaniyadda](/so/history/nationalist-era-1943-1960/). ## 1960: xorriyadda iyo midowga - **26 Juun 1960.** Somaliland-tii Ingiriisku waxay xorowday iyadoo ah Dowladda Somaliland, Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal) oo ra'iisul wasaare ah. Eeg [Dowladda Somaliland, 1960](/en/states/state-of-somaliland-1960/). - **1 Luulyo 1960.** Waxay la midowday dhulkii hore ee wisaayadda Talyaaniga si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Eeg [xorriyadda iyo midowga](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/) iyo [dastuurkii 1960](/so/history/1960-constitution/). ## 1960 ilaa 1991: Jamhuuriyadda iyo dagaalkii waqooyiga - **1969.** Ciidamadu waxay xukunka la wareegeen iyagoo uu hoggaaminayo Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre). Eeg [Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya](/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/). - **6 Abriil 1981.** Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) waxaa London (Landan) ku aasaasay qurbajoog Isaaq ah ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm)). - **Maajo 1988 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Kadib markii SNM weerartay Burco (Burao) iyo Hargeysa, ciidamada dowladdu waxay duqeeyeen labada magaalo waxayna dileen kumanaan dad rayid ah oo Isaaq ah; boqolaal kun ayaa u qaxay Itoobiya. Daraasad 1989 loo sameeyay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka ayaa heshay "weerar baahsan, nidaamsan oo aad u xun oo lagu qaaday dadka rayidka ah ee Isaaq ee aan hubaysnayn" ([Gersony, *Why Somalis Flee*, 1989, b. 60](https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Gersony-Why-Somalis-Flee-Aug-1989.pdf)). Eeg [xasuuqii Isaaq](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). ## 1991 ilaa 2012: Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland - **Janaayo 1991.** SNM waxay qabsatay "saldhigyadii militari ee go'doomiyay ee Berbera, Burco iyo Hargeysa" ([Library of Congress, "Politics of succession"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm)). - **Abriil–Maajo 1991.** Shirweynihii Burco, madaxda beelaha waqooyiga waxay ka doodeen mustaqbalka; 17 ama 18 Maajo 1991 SNM waxay ku dhawaaqday Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, iyadoo Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali "Tuur" (Abdirahman Ahmed Ali "Tuur") madaxweyne ah (isla ishaas). Eeg [shirweynihii Burco iyo ku dhawaaqidda](/so/history/somaliland-declaration-1991/). - **1992–1993.** Shirarkii odayaasha ee Sheekh iyo Boorama (Borama) waxay nabad dhex dhigeen beelaha ([Farah iyo Lewis, *Making Peace in Somaliland*, 1997](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/3215/1/Making%20peace%20in%20Somaliland.pdf)). Laga bilaabo 1993, dowladdii Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal waxay dib u soo noolaysay wasaaradaha, bangi dhexe, lacag, booliis iyo maxkamado ([Bradbury, *Somaliland: Country Report*, 1997](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf)). Eeg [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/). - **31 Maajo 2001.** Afti ayaa lagu ansixiyay dastuur qodobkiisa koowaad uu caddeeyay madax-bannaanida; saraakiishu waxay sheegeen in 97 boqolkiiba ay haa dhaheen ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2001/963, faqradaha 18–19](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf)). Eeg [aftidii 2001](/so/history/somaliland-constitutional-referendum-2001/). - **2003.** Doorashadii madaxtooyada ee ugu horreysay ee dastuurka hoostiisa. Eeg [doorashadii madaxtooyada 2003](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2003/). - **2005.** Doorashadii ugu horreysay ee Golaha Wakiilada. Eeg [doorashadii baarlamaanka 2005](/so/history/somaliland-parliamentary-election-2005/). - **29 Oktoobar 2008.** Qaraxyo is-miidaamin ah oo ka dhacay Hargeysa iyo Boosaaso (Bosaso). Eeg [qaraxyadii Hargeysa iyo Boosaaso](/so/history/hargeisa-bosaso-bombings-2008/). - **2010.** Mucaaradku wuxuu ku guulaystay madaxtooyada, xukunkuna wuu is-beddelay. Eeg [doorashadii madaxtooyada 2010](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2010/). ## 2012 ilaa hadda - **2017.** Doorashada madaxtooyada. Eeg [doorashadii madaxtooyada 2017](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2017/). - **2021.** Doorashooyinka baarlamaanka iyo golaha deegaanka, kuwii ugu horreeyay ee baarlamaanka tan iyo 2005. Eeg [doorashooyinkii 2021](/so/history/somaliland-parliamentary-election-2021/). - **2023.** Bulshooyinka Dhulbahante ee Laascaanood (Las Anod) iyo Sool waxay diideen xukunka Hargeysa waxayna ku biireen federaalka, markii dambena waxay noqdeen Waqooyi Bari (North Eastern State). Eeg [Waqooyi Bari](/so/states/north-eastern-state/). - **13 Nofembar 2024.** Musharraxa mucaaradka, Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi "Irro"), ayaa ku guulaystay doorashada madaxtooyada. Eeg [doorashadii madaxtooyada 2024](/so/history/somaliland-presidential-election-2024/). Aqoonsiga iyo khilaafka dowladda federaalka, eeg [Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Dadka rayidka ah ee Isaaq ee waqooyi-galbeedka,** oo ciidamada dowladdu dileen oo ka barakiciyeen guryahooda 1988–1989 (Gersony, 1989). - **Dadka Sool iyo Laascaanood,** dagaalkii 2023. Eeg [Waqooyi Bari](/so/states/north-eastern-state/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda ku dhawaaqiddii 1991.** Library of Congress waxay bixisaa 17 Maajo 1991. Somaliland waxay xustaa 18 Maajo. - **Waxa 1991 ka dhigan tahay.** Dowladda Somaliland waxay qabtaa inay soo celisay xorriyaddii 26 Juun 1960. Dowladda federaalku waxay qabtaa in Somaliland ay weli qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya sida uu dhigayo midowgii 1960 (S/2001/963). ## Adigu akhri ilaha asalka ah - Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): ["Politics of succession"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/75.htm) (Siyaasadda isku xigxiga xukunka). - Robert Gersony, *Why Somalis Flee* (Sababta Soomaalidu u qaxdo), Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Agoosto 1989: [PDF](https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Gersony-Why-Somalis-Flee-Aug-1989.pdf). - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixin ku saabsan Soomaaliya, S/2001/963 (11 Oktoobar 2001): [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf). - Axmed Yuusuf Faarax (Ahmed Yusuf Farah) iyo I. M. Lewis, *Making Peace in Somaliland* (Nabad-dhisidda Somaliland) (1997): [PDF](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/3215/1/Making%20peace%20in%20Somaliland.pdf). --- # Taariikhda Muqdisho: taxanaha dhacdooyinka laga soo bilaabo 1200-aadkii ilaa maanta Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/history-of-mogadishu/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Magaca Muqdisho (Mogadishu) wuxuu ka muuqdaa qoraallada juqraafiga Carabta sannadihii 1200-aad, dhismaha ugu da'da weyn ee taariikh leh, oo ah munaarad masjid oo ku taal Xamarweyne (Hamar Weyne), waxaa la bilaabay 1238. Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta) wuxuu 1331 ku tilmaamay magaalo ganacsi oo weyn oo uu xukumo suldaan. Kadib sheegashooyinkii Cumaan iyo Zanzibar ee laga soo bilaabo 1700-aadkii, waxay gacanta u gashay Talyaaniga, kaas oo xeebta Banaadir ka dhigay udub-dhexaadka Soomaaliya Talyaaniga. Waxay ahayd xarunta dhulkii ay QM wakiilka ka ahayd laga soo bilaabo 1950, iyo caasimadda Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya laga soo bilaabo 1960. Tan iyo dhicitaankii Siyaad Barre Janaayo 1991, waxaa ku dagaallamay kooxo hubaysan, Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, ciidamada Itoobiya iyo Al-Shabaab, waxaana ka dhacay qaraxyadii ugu dhimashada badnaa Soomaaliya. ## Kooban Boggan wuxuu taariikhda Muqdisho (Mogadishu), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Xamar, u dhigayaa sida ay sannadaha isugu xigaan. Sadar kasta wuxuu ku xiran yahay bog buuxa oo ay ku jiraan ilihiisa. Muqdisho maanta, eeg [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/). ## Kahor 1500: magaaladii qarniyadii dhexe - **Sannadihii 1200-aad.** Aqoonyahanka juqraafiga Yaaquut wuxuu Muqdisho ku tilmaamay magaalo ku taal "dhulka Barbarta", oo ay maamulaan odayaasheeda, oo dibadda u dhoofisa qoryaha sandal-ka, abanuuska, cambarka iyo foolka maroodiga. Eeg [Muqdisho hore iyo xeebta Banaadir](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/). - **1238 iyo 1269.** Qoraal ku yaal munaarad Xamarweyne ku taal ayaa sheegaya in dhismaha la bilaabay bishii Muxarram 636 Hijriyada (Agoosto 1238); qoraallo laga soo bilaabo 667 Hijriyada (1269) ayaa weli ku yaal masaajidda Fakhr al-Diin iyo Arbaca Rukun ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire… de l'Afrique orientale*, 1856](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)). Eeg isla boggaas. - **Sannadihii 1300-aad.** Muqdisho waxaa xukumayay suldaanno iyada u gaar ah ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). Eeg [Saldanadda Muqdisho](/so/history/sultanate-of-mogadishu/). - **1331.** Ibnu Batuuta ayaa booqday. Wuxuu sharraxay dhallinyaro u soo baxa markab kasta si ay ganacsatada u martiqaadaan, iyo suldaanka, Abuu Bakar, oo la jooga qaadigiisa iyo raggiisa ([Ibnu Batuuta, *Travels*, tarjumaaddii Gibb, 1929](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp)). Eeg [Ibnu Batuuta oo Muqdisho iyo Saylac (Zeila) yimid](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/). - **Sannadihii 1200-aad ilaa 1400-aad.** Maraakiibta iyo ardayda Muqdisho waxay ka muuqdaan diiwaannada Yaman xilligii Rasuuliyiinta. Eeg [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ee Yaman xilligii Rasuuliyiinta](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/) iyo [culimada Geeska ee Yaman qarniyadii dhexe](/en/history/zeila-and-jabarti-scholars-in-medieval-yemen/). ## 1500 ilaa 1884: Boortaqiiska, Ajuuraan iyo Zanzibar - **1499–1510.** Maraakiibta dagaalka ee Boortaqiiska ayaa magaalada ag maray. Taariikhyahanka João de Barros wuxuu qoray in Muqdisho ay ahayd magaaladii ugu horraysay ee Carabtu ka aasaaseen xeebta, iyo in markab Muqdisho ka yimid uu ahaa markabkii shisheeye ee ugu horreeyay ee gaara ganacsiga dahabka ee Sofala ([Barros, *Décadas da Ásia*](https://archive.org/details/daasiadejoodebar01p2barr)). Eeg [Muqdisho iyo Baraawe (Barawa) ee qoraallada João de Barros](/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/) iyo [magaalooyinka xeebta, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/). - **Qiyaastii 1550–1650.** Dowladda Ajuuraan (Ajuran) ayaa gacanta ku haysay xeebta Banaadir iyo dooxooyinka webiyada. Sheekooyin la diiwaangeliyay 1840-aadkii ayaa sheegaya in xukunkeedu dhammaaday markii Abgaal ay qabsadeen Muqdisho ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). Eeg [dowladda Ajuuraan](/so/history/ajuran-state/). - **1700-aadkii ilaa 1880-aadkii.** "Cumaaniyiintu waxay xeebta Banaadir ku lahaayeen awood hoos ah oo daciif ah", taas oo "si joogto ah loogu soo jiiday wareegga taliyayaasha Zanzibar" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "The Somali Peninsula on the eve of imperial partition"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm)). Eeg [saldanadaha, xeebta iyo xeerka, 1700-aadkii ilaa 1880-aadkii](/so/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s/) iyo [Saldanadda Geledi](/so/history/geledi-sultanate/). ## 1884 ilaa 1960: xukunkii Talyaaniga iyo wakiilnimadii QM - **1880-aadkii ilaa 1900-aadkii.** "Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday xeebta Banaadir laftigeeda, oo muddo dheer hoos tagaysay awood daciif ah oo Zanzibar, si uu u sameeyo gumeysiga Soomaaliya Talyaaniga" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Imperial partition"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Eeg [qaybintii dhulalka Soomaalida](/so/history/partition-1884-1926/) iyo [iska caabintii, 1890-aadkii ilaa 1945](/so/history/resistance-1890s-1945/). - **1941.** Ciidamada Ingiriiska ayaa qabsaday Soomaaliya Talyaaniga, waxayna ku maamuleen maamul milatari. Eeg [Maamulkii Milatariga Ingiriiska](/so/history/british-military-administration-1941-1950/). - **Maajo 1943.** "Xisbigii siyaasadeed ee casriga ahaa ee Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay, Naadiga Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYC), ayaa lagu aasaasay Muqdisho" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "British Military Administration"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/13.htm)). Eeg [xilligii waddaninimada](/so/history/nationalist-era-1943-1960/). - **Janaayo 1948.** Intii uu socday booqashadii Guddiga Afarta Dowladood, rabshad dhex martay isu soo bax SYL iyo bannaanbax ka soo horjeeday oo taageersanaa Talyaaniga ayaa lagu dilay 51 Talyaani ah iyo 24 Soomaali ah (isla ishaas). - **1950–1960.** Muqdisho waxay xarun u ahayd dhulkii QM ee uu Talyaanigu wakiilka ka ahaa. Eeg [wakiilnimadii QM](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/). - **1 Luulyo 1960.** Muqdisho waxay noqotay caasimadda Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ee xorta ah. Eeg [xorriyadda iyo midowga](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/). ## 1960 ilaa 1991: caasimadda Jamhuuriyadda - **21 Oktoobar 1969.** Ciidamada ayaa xukunka la wareegay. Eeg [Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya](/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/). - **Luulyo 1989.** "Bannaanbax ballaaran oo Luulyo 1989 ka dhacay Muqdisho waxaa la kala eryay oo keliya kadib markii ciidamada dowladdu toogteen oo dileen dad tiradooda lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa 200 ilaa 300" (tarjumaad) ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Politics of reconciliation"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/74.htm)). - **30 Diseembar 1990 – 26 Janaayo 1991.** USC ayaa magaalada kula dagaallantay ciidamada dowladda; Siyaad Barre wuu cararay. Eeg [dhicitaankii Muqdisho](/so/history/fall-of-mogadishu-1991/). ## 1991 ilaa 2012: magaaladii kala qaybsantay - **1991.** USC way kala qaybsantay; Cali Mahdi Maxamed (Ali Mahdi) wuxuu haystay waqooyiga magaalada, Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (Aidid) wuxuuna haystay koonfurta. Eeg [Dowladdii Ku-meel-gaarka ahayd ee 1991](/so/history/interim-government-of-somalia-1991/). - **1992.** QM waxay u dirtay kormeerayaal si ay ula socdaan xabbad joojin Muqdisho ([QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). Eeg [UNOSOM I](/en/history/unosom-i-1992-1993/). - **3–4 Oktoobar 1993.** Dagaalkii u dhexeeyay ciidamada Mareykanka iyo dagaalyahannada Caydiid. Eeg [dagaalkii Muqdisho, 1993](/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-1993/). - **Febraayo–Juun 2006.** Isbahaysigii hoggaamiyeyaasha kooxaha hubaysan iyo maxkamadaha shareecada ayaa ku dagaallamay magaalada; maxkamaduhu way guuleysteen. Eeg [dagaalkii Muqdisho, 2006](/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-2006/) iyo [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). - **Diseembar 2006 – Janaayo 2009.** Ciidamada Itoobiya ayaa magaalada hayay iyagoo la dagaallamaya kacdoon hubaysan; "dabayaaqadii 2008 qiyaastii 870,000 qof ayaa ka cararay Muqdisho". Eeg [dagaalkii Soomaaliya, 2006–2009](/en/history/war-in-somalia-2006-2009/). - **2009–2011.** Al-Shabaab waxay haysay qayb weyn oo magaalada ka mid ah ilaa Agoosto 2011, markii ciidamada dowladda iyo AU ay la wareegeen "gacan ku haynta caasimadda" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2011/549, faqradda 2](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2011/549&l=en&t=pdf)). Eeg [weerarrada waaweyn ee Muqdisho, 2009–2013](/so/history/mogadishu-attacks-2009-2013/). ## 2012 ilaa maanta - **Agoosto 2012.** Baarlamaanka Federaalka ee cusub ayaa lagu dhisay Muqdisho, taas oo soo afjartay xilligii ku-meel-gaarka. Eeg [Baarlamaankii Federaalka ee Ku-meel-gaarka](/en/history/transitional-federal-parliament-2004-2012/). - **14 Oktoobar 2017.** Qarax gaari xamuul ah oo ka dhacay isgoyska Soobe (Zoobe) ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 512 qof, tiradaas oo markii dambe lagu tiriyay 587. Eeg [qaraxyadii ugu dhimashada badnaa Muqdisho](/so/history/mogadishu-bombings-2017-2022/). - **2022.** Go'doominta Hoteel Xayaat (Hayat) bishii Agoosto iyo laba qarax oo baabuur ah oo Soobe ka dhacay bishii Oktoobar. Eeg isla boggaas iyo [weerarrada doorashada 2022](/so/history/beledweyne-mogadishu-attacks-2022/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Dadka Muqdisho** dagaal kasta oo dhacay tan iyo 1990: madaafiicdii 1990–1991, dagaalkii kooxaha ee 1991–1992, dagaalkii 2006–2009 markii boqolaal kun ay carareen, iyo qaraxyada tan iyo 2009. Eeg boggaga lagu xiray. - **Dadka Daarood ee magaalada degganaa,** oo la weeraray kadib dhicitaankii dowladda 1991. Eeg [dhicitaankii Muqdisho](/so/history/fall-of-mogadishu-1991/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Yaa aasaasay magaalada.** João de Barros, oo wax qoray 1500-aadkii, wuxuu sheegay in Carab ka timid meel u dhow al-Axsaa ay aasaaseen. Yaaquut, sannadihii 1200-aad, wuxuu dhigay "dhulka Barbarta" wuxuuna sheegay in ay maamulaan odayaasheeda. Eeg [Muqdisho hore](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/) iyo [Muqdisho ee qoraallada João de Barros](/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Ibnu Batuuta, *Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354*, tarjumaaddii H. A. R. Gibb (1929): [Fordham Medieval Sourcebook](https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/ibnbattuta-africa14C.asp). - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): [bogagga taariikhda](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm). - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixin ku saabsan Soomaaliya, S/2011/549: [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2011/549&l=en&t=pdf). --- # Taariikhda Puntland: xilliyadii saldanadaha ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/history-of-puntland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Waqooyi-bari Soomaaliya, oo maanta ah Puntland, waxay ahayd dhulkii saldanadihii Majeerteen ee 1800-meeyadii iyo caasimaddii Daraawiishta ee Taleex. 1991 kadib, Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF) ayaa gacanta ku haysay inta badan deegaanka. 1998 shirar lagu qabtay Garoowe ayaa dhisay Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, oo ah maamul goboleed ka mid noqonaya dowlad Soomaaliyeed oo mustaqbalka dhisanta, 23 Luulyo 1998na waxay Gaas Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed u doorteen Madaxweyne. Khilaaf ku saabsan muddadiisa xilka 2001–2002 ayaa dagaal dhaliyay. Tan iyo markaas Puntland waxay Soomaaliland kula dagaallantay Sool iyo Sanaag, waxay la kulantay burcad-badeednimo iyo al-Shabaab, 2023 waxay qabatay doorashooyin toos ah oo golayaasha deegaanka, 2024na waxay joojisay aqoonsiga dowladda federaalka. ## Kooban Boggan wuxuu taariikhda waqooyi-bari, oo ah deegaanka maanta ay ku taal Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, u habaynayaa sida ay isugu xigeen. Sadar kasta wuxuu ku xiran yahay bog dhammaystiran oo ilihiisa leh. Puntland maanta, eeg [Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya](/so/states/puntland/). ## Ka hor 1991 - **1800-meeyadii.** Saldanadda Majeerteen iyo Saldanadda Hobyo ayaa xukumayay xeebta waqooyi-bari, 1889na heshiisyo ayay la saxiixdeen Talyaaniga, waxayna sii wateen is-maamulkooda ilaa Talyaanigu xoog ku soo afjaray labadaba 1925–1927. Wakiilka Talyaaniga Vincenzo Filonardi ayaa raadinayay heshiisyadaas ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Imperial partition"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Eeg [saldanadaha Majeerteen iyo Hobyo](/so/history/majeerteen-and-hobyo-sultanates/). - **1899–1920.** Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta ayaa caasimaddiisa dhagaxa ka dhisan ka dhisay Taleex (Taleh), oo maanta ku taal gobolka Sool. Eeg [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1978–1981.** Waxaa la aasaasay Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF), oo ahayd tii ugu horraysay ee jabhadihii hubaysnaa ee ka soo horjeeday Siyaad Barre (Siad Barre). Eeg [jabhadihii hubaysnaa, 1978–1991](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). ## 1998: shirarkii Garoowe Waxaa laga soo xigtay warbixintii Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Agoosto 1999 ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/1999/882, faqradda 18](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/1999/882&l=en&t=pdf)): - **20 Febraayo 1998.** Gaas Cabdullaahi Yuusuf wuxuu QM u sheegay in mudnaantiisu ahayd "qaab-dhismeed maamul oo heer deegaan ah oo loogu talagalay gobollada Waqooyi-bari, kana mid noqda dowlad Soomaaliyeed oo mustaqbalka dhisanta" (tarjumaad). - **25 Febraayo – 4 Maarso 1998.** "Majeerteen, oo ah beesha aqlabiyadda ku ah Waqooyi-bari Soomaaliya, waxay shir ku yeesheen Garoowe, iyagoo ay la socdaan beelo kale oo ka yar" (tarjumaad). Shirku wuxuu ansixiyay "maamul goboleed keliya" (tarjumaad). - **10–12 Maarso 1998.** Shir "ay ka qayb galeen ergooyin ka yimid Sool iyo Sanaag ayaa ku heshiiyay in maamulka goboleed ee cusub loo bixiyo magaca 'Dowladda Puntland'" (tarjumaad). - **23 Luulyo 1998.** Shirkii dastuurka ee Garoowe wuxuu [Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed)](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/) u doortay Madaxweyne, Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi (Mohamed Abdi Hashi)na Madaxweyne ku-xigeen, wuxuuna "ansixiyay axdi ku-meel-gaar ah, wuxuuna dhisay baarlamaan ka kooban 69 xubnood" (tarjumaad). Natiijada waxaa ka soo horjeestay guddoomiyihii SSDF, Jeneraal Maxamed Abshir Muuse (Mohamed Abshir Musse), iyo hoggaamiyaha dhaqanka Boqor Cabdullaahi Boqor Muuse (Boqor Abdullahi Boqor Musse). ## 2001–2002: xiisaddii muddada xilka - **Juun 2001.** Muddadii maamulka ee uu dhigayay Axdiga Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 30 Juun 1998 waxay dhammaatay 30 Juun 2001. Halkii doorashooyin la qaban lahaa, Golaha Wakiilladu wuxuu 27 Juun u codeeyay inuu saddex sano u kordhiyo muddadiisa iyo tan xukuumadda. "Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in kordhintu ka hor imanayso dastuurka" (tarjumaad), wuxuuna la wareegay xilka madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah; Gaas Yuusuf ayaa hakiyay 29 Juun ([S/2001/963, faqradaha 23–24](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf)). - **26 Agoosto 2001.** Shir ay ka qayb galeen in ka badan 400 ergo oo ka kala yimid shanta gobol oo dhan ayaa Garoowe ka furmay. Gaas Yuusuf wuxuu ku tilmaamay mid sharci darro ah, wuxuuna Gaalkacyo (Galkayo) ka dhigay caasimaddiisa ku-meel-gaarka ah (isla ishaas). 5 iyo 6 Agoosto, dagaal dhex maray ciidamadiisa iyo kuwa guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ayaa shaqaalihii QM ka guuriyay Boosaaso (Bosaso) una raray Hargeysa (Hargeisa) (faqradda 52). - **14 Nofembar 2001.** Shirku wuxuu doortay [Jaamac Cali Jaamac (Jama Ali Jama)](/en/people/jama-ali-jama/), "xubin hore oo ka tirsanaa Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed, oo si weyn loogu yaqaan inuu ka soo horjeedo Gaas Cabdullaahi Yuusuf" (tarjumaad). Yuusuf "wuu diiday natiijada, wuxuuna ciidamadiisa la soo laabtay Garoowe" (tarjumaad) ([S/2002/189, faqradda 7](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/189&l=en&t=pdf)). - **Maajo 2002.** Ciidamada Yuusuf waxay galeen Boosaaso "iyagoo aan la kulmin iska caabin ku dhow" (tarjumaad); Jaamac Cali Jaamac "wuxuu u cararay Laascaanood" (tarjumaad) ([S/2002/709, faqradda 8](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/709&l=en&t=pdf)). ## 2004 ilaa 2012 - **Oktoobar 2004.** Baarlamaanka Federaalka ee KMG ah ayaa Cabdullaahi Yuusuf u doortay Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka ee KMG ah](/en/history/transitional-federal-parliament-2004-2012/). - **26 Diseembar 2004.** Mowjadihii tsunami ee Badweynta Hindiya waxay Soomaaliya ku dileen qiyaastii 300 qof, inta badan jasiirad-gacmeedka Xaafuun (Hafun). Eeg [tsunamigii 2004](/en/society/tsunami-2004-somalia/). - **15 Oktoobar 2007.** "Dagaal culus oo ay ku dhinteen ugu yaraan 10 qof kadib, ciidamada 'Soomaaliland' waxay la wareegeen Laascaanood" (tarjumaad), caasimadda Sool. "Puntland" waxay abaabushay ciidamo "si ay u celiso waxay u arkeen duullaan" (tarjumaad) ([S/2007/658, faqradda 14](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2007/658&l=en&t=pdf)). - **29 Oktoobar 2008.** Qaraxyo ismiidaamin ah ayaa ka dhacay Boosaaso iyo Hargeysa. Eeg [Qaraxyadii Hargeysa iyo Boosaaso](/so/history/hargeisa-bosaso-bombings-2008/). - **Bartamihii 2000-meeyadii ilaa 2012.** Afduubyo markab ayaa laga soo qaadi jiray xeebaha Mudug, Nugaal iyo Bari, waxayna heerkoodii ugu sarreeyay gaareen 2009–2011. Eeg [burcad-badeednimada xeebaha Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/). ## 2012 ilaa hadda - **2019.** [Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni (Said Abdullahi Deni)](/en/people/said-abdullahi-deni/) ayaa noqday Madaxweyne. Dhammaan madaxdii soo martay, eeg [Madaxweynayaasha Puntland](/so/institutions/presidents-of-puntland/). - **Febraayo 2022.** Al-Shabaab waxay qarax ka geysatay maqaaxi shaah oo ku taal Boosaaso, "iyadoo la sheegay inay beegsanaysay odayaal ku lug lahaa hannaanka doorashada" (tarjumaad), laba maalmood kadibna waxay weerartay kolonyada Deni ([S/2022/392, faqradda 17](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/392&l=en&t=pdf)). - **2023.** Doorashooyin toos ah oo golayaasha deegaanka ayaa lagu qabtay 30 degmo. Bulshooyinka Dhulbahante ee Laascaanood iyo Sool, oo ka mid ah deegaanka ay Puntland sheegato, waxay ku biireen federaalka iyagoo noqday waxa hadda ah Dowladda Waqooyi Bari. Eeg [Doorashooyinka Puntland](/so/institutions/elections-in-puntland/) iyo [Dowladda Waqooyi Bari](/so/states/north-eastern-state/). - **31 Maarso 2024.** Puntland waxay sheegtay inaysan mar dambe aqoonsanayn awoodda dowladda federaalka, kadib isbeddello lagu sameeyay dastuurka qaranka. Eeg [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Dadka Boosaaso iyo Garoowe,** oo ku dhex jiray dagaalladii 2001–2002 (S/2001/963; S/2002/709). - **Dadka Laascaanood iyo Sool,** dagaalladii 2007 iyo kuwii ka dambeeyay (S/2007/658). - **Dadka jasiirad-gacmeedka Xaafuun,** tsunamigii 2004. - **Muhaajiriinta ka dhoofa Boosaaso.** Sebtembar 2007 oo keliya, 14 doonyood oo ay saarnaayeen in ka badan 1,500 qof ayaa gaaray Yaman (Yemen), "iyadoo 62 la sheegay inay dhinteen ama ay maqan yihiin" (tarjumaad) (S/2007/658, faqradda 47). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda aasaaska.** QM waxay doorashadii Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ku taariikhaysay 23 Luulyo 1998. Puntland waxay xustaa 1 Agoosto 1998. Eeg [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xoghayaha Guud ee QM, warbixinnada Soomaaliya: S/1999/882 (16 Agoosto 1999), [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/1999/882&l=en&t=pdf); S/2001/963, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2001/963&l=en&t=pdf); S/2002/189, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/189&l=en&t=pdf); S/2002/709, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2002/709&l=en&t=pdf); S/2007/658, [PDF](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2007/658&l=en&t=pdf). --- # Taariikhda militariga Soomaaliya: laga soo bilaabo Adal ilaa AUSSOM Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/military-history-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dagaalyahanno Soomaaliyeed ayaa ahaa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah ciidankii Adal intii uu Itoobiya la dagaallamayay 1527 ilaa 1543. 1899 ilaa 1920 Daraawiishtu waxay la dagaallameen Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya. Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed waxaa la aasaasay 12 Abriil 1960, wuxuu xukunka ku qabsaday afgambi 21 Oktoobar 1969, wuxuuna Itoobiya la dagaallamay 1964, 1977–1978 iyo 1982. Wuxuu burburay markii dowladdu dhacday 1991. Tan iyo markaas Soomaaliya waxay soo martay dagaallo kooxeed, faragelinno QM iyo Maraykan 1992–1995, faragelin Itoobiyaan 2006–2009, iyo dagaalka lagula jiro al-Shabaab tan iyo 2009, oo uu wado ciidan dib loo dhisay oo ay la socdaan howlgallada Midowga Afrika. ## Kooban Boggan wuxuu dagaallada iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya u habaynayaa sida ay isugu xigeen. Sadar kasta wuxuu ku xiran yahay bog dhammaystiran oo ilihiisa leh. Dagaallada Itoobiya oo keliya, eeg [Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya dagaal: taariikh-xariiq](/so/history/ethiopia-somalia-wars-timeline/). Dhimashada sannad walba tan iyo 1989, eeg [dhimashada colaadaha hubeysan sannad walba](/so/history/conflict-deaths-by-year-1989-2026/). ## Ka hor 1884 - **1527–1543.** Imaam Axmed ibn Ibraahim (Axmed Gurey) ayaa Adal ku hoggaamiyay dagaal uu la galay Itoobiya. Taariikh-qorkii Carabiga ahaa ee *Futuux al-Xabasha* (*Futuh al-Habasha*), oo uu qoray nin ka tirsanaa ciidankiisa, wuxuu magacaabaa beelo Soomaaliyeed oo ka mid ahaa ciidamadiisa ([Basset, *Histoire de la conquête de l'Abyssinie*, 1897](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). Waxaa lagu dilay Wayna Daga 21 Febraayo 1543, kadib markii Boortaqiisku Itoobiya u direen askar qoryo wata ([Whiteway, *The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia*, 1902](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo duullaannadii Adal](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/) iyo [dhammaadkii dagaalka, 1543–1560](/so/history/imam-ahmads-son-and-the-end-of-the-war-1543-1560/). - **Qiyaastii 1550–1700.** Dowladdii Ajuuraan (Ajuran) ayaa gacanta ku haysay webiyada iyo xeebta koonfureed. Eeg [Dowladdii Ajuuraan](/so/history/ajuran-state/). ## 1884 ilaa 1960 - **1899–1920.** Daraawiishtii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) waxay la dagaallameen Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya, ilaa diyaarado iyo ciidan dhul ah oo Ingiriis ahi ay qabsadeen Taleex (Taleh) Febraayo 1920 ([Xafiiska Dagaalka ee Ingiriiska, *Official History of the Operations in Somaliland*, 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Eeg [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1925–1927.** Talyaaniga ayaa xoog ku soo afjaray saldanadihii waqooyi-bari. Eeg [saldanadaha Majeerteen iyo Hobyo](/so/history/majeerteen-and-hobyo-sultanates/). - **1940–1941.** Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska Agoosto 1940; ciidamada Ingiriisku waxay dib u qabsadeen Maarso 1941, waxayna Talyaaniga ka saareen Bariga Afrika ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/12.htm)). Eeg [Xukunkii Faashiistaha iyo dagaalka](/so/history/fascist-rule-and-the-war-1923-1941/). ## 1960 ilaa 1991: ciidanka qaranka - **12 Abriil 1960.** Ciidanka Soomaaliyeed waxaa laga aasaasay kooxdii booliiska ee socota (Daraawiishta) iyo Somaliland Scouts-kii Ingiriiska. Eeg [Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa 1991](/so/history/somali-armed-forces-1960-1991/) iyo [Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-national-army/). - **1963–1967.** Dagaallo ka dhacay Gobolka Xuduudda Waqooyi (NFD) ee Kenya, kadib markii Ingiriisku deegaanka ku reebay Kenya. Eeg [NFD-dii Kenya](/so/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/). - **Febraayo–Maarso 1964.** Dagaal xuduudeed oo lala galay Itoobiya, oo lagu soo afjaray xabbad joojin lagu heshiiyay Khartoum ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm)). Eeg [Dagaalkii xuduudda ee 1964](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1964/). - **21 Oktoobar 1969.** Ciidanku wuxuu la wareegay xukunka, wuxuuna hakiyay dastuurka ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/20.htm)). Eeg [Xilligii Siyaad Barre](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). - **Luulyo 1977 – Maarso 1978.** Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya. Ciidamada Soomaaliyeed waxay qabsadeen inta badan gobolka, balse "hubka Soofiyeetiga iyo qiyaastii 17,000 oo askari oo Kuuba ah ayaa dagaalka rogay" (tarjumaad), Soomaaliyana waxay ka baxday 9 Maarso 1978 ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Ethiopia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm)). Eeg [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). - **1978–1991.** Jabhado hubaysan ayaa ka soo horjeestay dowladda: SSDF, SNM, SPM iyo USC. Eeg [jabhadihii hubaysnaa](/so/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). - **Luulyo 1982.** Ciidamada Itoobiya oo ay la socdeen dagaalyahanno SSDF ah ayaa qabsaday Balanbale iyo Galdogob. Eeg [Dagaalkii xuduudda ee 1982](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1982/). - **1988–1989.** Ciidamada dowladdu waxay duqeeyeen Hargeysa (Hargeisa) iyo Burco (Burao), waxayna dileen kumanaan qof oo shacab ah oo Isaaq ah ([Gersony, *Why Somalis Flee*, 1989](https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Gersony-Why-Somalis-Flee-Aug-1989.pdf)). Eeg [Xasuuqii Isaaq](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). - **Diseembar 1990 – Janaayo 1991.** USC ayaa qabsatay Muqdisho (Mogadishu), ciidankiina wuu kala dareeray. Eeg [Burburkii Muqdisho](/so/history/fall-of-mogadishu-1991/). ## 1991 ilaa 2009: kooxaha iyo faragelinnada - **1991–1992.** Dagaal dhex maray garabyada USC ee Muqdisho, iyo dagaallo ka dhacay koonfurta oo dhan. Eeg [burburka, 1991–2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/) iyo [Dagaalka Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya](/so/history/somali-civil-war/). - **1992–1995.** Howlgallo QM iyo ciidan uu hoggaaminayay Maraykanku. Eeg [UNOSOM I](/en/history/unosom-i-1992-1993/) iyo [Dagaalkii Muqdisho, 3–4 Oktoobar 1993](/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-1993/). - **1999–2006.** Isbahaysiyo maleeshiyaad ah ayaa ku dagaallamay Kismaayo (Kismayo) iyo Dooxada Jubba. Eeg [Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba](/so/history/juba-valley-alliance/). - **Febraayo–Juun 2006.** Maleeshiyaadka Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ayaa Muqdisho kaga adkaaday isbahaysigii hoggaamiyeyaasha kooxaha hubaysan. Eeg [Dagaalkii Muqdisho, 2006](/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-2006/). - **Diseembar 2006 – Janaayo 2009.** Ciidamada Itoobiya ayaa dowladdii KMG ahayd ka taageeray kacdoon hubaysan. Eeg [dagaalkii Soomaaliya, 2006–2009](/en/history/war-in-somalia-2006-2009/) iyo [Ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/ethiopia-military-in-somalia/). - **Maarso 2007.** Howlgalka Midowga Afrika ee AMISOM ayaa yimid, iyadoo ay hormuud ka ahaayeen ciidamo Yugandha (Uganda) ah. Eeg [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/). ## 2009 ilaa hadda: dagaalka al-Shabaab - **2009–2011.** Al-Shabaab waxay gacanta ku haysay inta badan Muqdisho ilaa 6 Agoosto 2011. Eeg [Dagaalka Soomaaliya, 2009 ilaa hadda](/so/history/somali-civil-war-2009-present/) iyo [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). - **Oktoobar 2011.** Ciidamada Kenya ayaa galay koonfurta Soomaaliya; Kismaayo waxay 2012 gacanta u gashay ciidamada Kenya, Midowga Afrika iyo Soomaaliya. Eeg [Ciidamada Kenya ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/kenya-military-in-somalia/) iyo [Dagaalladii Kismaayo](/so/history/battles-for-kismayo-2006-2012/). - **1 Abriil 2022.** ATMIS ayaa beddeshay AMISOM; 1 Janaayo 2025 AUSSOM ayaa beddeshay ATMIS. Eeg [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/) iyo [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/). - **Agoosto 2022 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Ciidamada dowladda iyo dagaalyahanno beelaha ka socda (Macawisley) ayaa bilaabay duullaankii ugu weynaa ee al-Shabaab laga qaado muddo toban sano ah. Eeg [Duullaankii ka dhanka ahaa al-Shabaab](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/). - **Ciidamada shisheeye.** Ciidamada, tababarayaasha iyo saldhigyada dal kasta, eeg [ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Shacabka dagaal kasta,** gaar ahaan Isaaq 1988–1989, dadka Muqdisho tan iyo 1990, iyo dadka koonfurta oo dhan tan iyo 2006. Eeg boggaga ku xiran iyo [dhimashada colaadaha hubeysan sannad walba](/so/history/conflict-deaths-by-year-1989-2026/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Goorta uu ciidanka qaranku dhammaaday.** Warbixinnada badankoodu burburkiisa waxay ku taariikheeyaan Janaayo 1991, markii dowladdu dhacday. Dib u dhiskiisa waxaa lagu taariikheeyaa 2008–2009. Eeg [Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-national-army/). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - Xafiiska Dagaalka ee Ingiriiska, *Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901–04* (1907): [archive.org](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog). - Maktabadda Koongareeska, *Somalia: A Country Study* (1993): [qoraal](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/16.htm); *Ethiopia: A Country Study*: [qoraal](https://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/32.htm). - Robert Gersony, *Why Somalis Flee* (Sababta Soomaalidu u qaxdo) (1989): [PDF](https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Gersony-Why-Somalis-Flee-Aug-1989.pdf). --- # Taariikhda badda Soomaaliya: taxane laga bilaabo Periplus ilaa xukunkii ICJ ee 2021 Source: https://calankii.com/so/history/maritime-history-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Xeebta Soomaaliya, oo dhererkeedu yahay ilaa 3,333 km, ganacsi badeed ayaa ka socday ugu yaraan 2,000 oo sano. Buugga Periplus ee qarnigii 1aad wuxuu taxayaa dekedo laga bilaabo Avalites oo u dhow Saylac (Zeila) ilaa Opone oo ah Xaafuun (Ras Hafun), kuwaas oo dhoofin jiray malmal, foox iyo xawaash. Diiwaannada Carabta, Shiinaha iyo Yaman waxay Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho (Mogadishu) ku tilmaamaan dekedo ganacsi laga soo bilaabo 800-meeyadii, Ibn Battuta iyo Bortuqiisku waxay qoreen magaalooyin xeebeed hodan ah 1300-meeyadii ilaa 1500-meeyadii. Qarnigii 20aad xeebtu waxay hoos timid xukun gumeysi; Ciidanka Badda Soomaaliya waxaa la aasaasay 1964. Laga soo bilaabo 2000-meeyadii, burcad-badeednimada, kalluumaysiga sharci darrada ah iyo kiiskii xuduudda badda ee Kenya, oo go'aan lagu gaaray 2021, ayaa qaabeeyay xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo badda. ## Kooban Boggani wuxuu taariikhda xeebta Soomaaliya iyo ganacsigeeda badda u habeeyay sida ay u kala horreeyaan. Sadar kastaa wuxuu ku xiran yahay bog dhammaystiran oo ilihiisa leh. Xeebta maanta, eeg [kalluumaysiga iyo badda](/so/economy/fishing-and-the-sea/) iyo [dekedaha](/so/economy/ports/). ## Waqtiyadii hore - **Qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga.** *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, oo ah buug Giriig ah oo hagaya badmaaxiyiinta, wuxuu taxayaa Avalites (oo u dhow Saylac), Malao (Berbera), Mundus (Xiis), Mosylon, Suuqa Xawaashka oo u dhow Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui), iyo Opone (Xaafuun), kuwaas oo dhoofin jiray malmal, foox iyo xawaash ([Chittick, *International Journal of Nautical Archaeology* 8.4, 1979](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). Eeg [dekedihii Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). - **Qarniyadii 1aad–3aad.** Alaab Roomaan, Masaari, Barthiyaan (Parthian), Carbeed Koonfureed iyo Hindi ah ayaa laga helay Xiis (Heis) oo ku taal Sanaag ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres, 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). Eeg [Xiis](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/) iyo [Opone ee Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/). - **Qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka** xeebta waxay u yeereen *Barbaria*. Eeg [qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee xeebta Soomaaliya](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/). ## 800-meeyadii ilaa 1500: ganacsigii Badweynta Hindiya - **Bartamihii 800-meeyadii.** Aqoonyahankii Tang-ka ee Duan Chengshi wuxuu qoray Po-pa-li (Berbera), oo ka ganacsan jirtay foolmaroodi iyo cambar ([Hirth iyo Rockhill, *Chau Ju-kua*, 1911](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)). Eeg [diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaaliya](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). - **Qiyaastii 1000–1600.** Suuqyo xeebeed oo ku dhowaa Berbera ayaa Aasiya la ganacsan jiray; sahamino ayaa laga helay alaab laga keenay Shiinaha, Hindiya iyo Faaris ([González-Ruibal, de Torres iyo kuwo kale, 2021](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2021.100289)). Eeg [suuqyadii ganacsiga ee xeebta Berbera](/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/). - **1229–1454.** Buugaagta canshuurta ee boqortooyadii Rasuuliyiinta ee Yaman waxay Saylac ku tilmaamaan dekedda ugu weyn ee ganacsiga "Abyssinia" (Xabashida), Berbera iyo Maydh dekedo ido u dhoofiya Cadan, Muqdishona magaalo ganacsi oo Bariga Afrika ah ([Vallet, *L'Arabie marchande*](https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/2455)). Eeg [Yamantii Rasuuliyiinta iyo dekedaha Soomaaliya](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/). - **Qiyaastii 1298.** Marco Polo ayaa wax ka qoray xeebta. Eeg [Marco Polo iyo xeebta Soomaaliya](/so/history/marco-polo-and-the-somali-coast/). - **1331.** Ibn Battuta wuxuu qoray in dhallinyaro Muqdisho ah ay soo dhoweyn jireen markab kasta si ay ganacsatada martiqaad ugu sameeyaan ([Gibb, 1929](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617)). Eeg [Ibn Battuta oo jooga Muqdisho iyo Saylac](/so/history/ibn-battuta-in-mogadishu-and-zeila-1331/). ## 1499 ilaa 1884: Bortuqiiska, Cumaan iyo Sansibaar - **1499–1500-meeyadii.** Vasco da Gama wuxuu Muqdisho agteeda maray 1499. Duarte Barbosa wuxuu qoray in Saylac, Berbera, Baraawe (Barawa) iyo Muqdisho ay dahab, foolmaroodi iyo hadhuudh kala ganacsan jireen Hindiya iyo Carabta. Eeg [magaalooyinka xeebta, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/). - **Horraantii 1500-meeyadii.** João de Barros wuxuu qoray in markab Muqdisho ka yimid uu ahaa markabkii shisheeye ee ugu horreeyay ee gaara ganacsiga dahabka ee Sofala. Eeg [Muqdisho iyo Baraawe ee João de Barros](/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/) iyo [Saylac iyo Berbera ee Barros](/en/history/zeila-and-berbera-in-joao-de-barros/). - **1700-meeyadii–1880-meeyadii.** "Cumaaniyiintu waxay xeebta Banaadir ku lahaayeen awood aan muuqan" (tarjumaad), xeebtaas oo markii dambe "lagu soo jiiday saamaynta taliyayaashii Sansibaar (Zanzibar)" (tarjumaad) ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm)). Eeg [saldanaddaha, xeebta iyo xeerka dhaqanka](/so/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s/). ## 1884 ilaa 1991: gumeysiga, badmaaxiyiinta iyo ciidan badeed - **1884 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Ingiriisku wuxuu xeebta waqooyi u qabsaday inta badan si uu Cadan (Aden) xoolo ugu helo; Talyaanigu wuxuu qaatay dekedaha Banaadir. Eeg [Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/) iyo [kala qaybintii](/so/history/partition-1884-1926/). - **1880-meeyadii–1950-meeyadii.** Badmaaxiyiin iyo ganacsato Soomaali ah ayaa dibadda ku degay iyagoo sii maraya Cadan; 1955-kii Cadan waxaa degganaa 10,611 Soomaali ah. Eeg [badmaaxiyiintii Soomaaliyeed iyo muhaajiriintii hore](/en/diaspora/somali-seamen-and-early-migrants/). - **1964.** Ciidanka Badda Soomaaliya waxaa la aasaasay iyadoo Midowga Soofiyeeti caawinayo, saldhigyona ku lahaa Berbera iyo Kismaayo (Kismayo). Wuxuu la burburay dowladdii 1990–1991. Eeg [Ciidanka Badda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/somali-navy/). ## 1991 ilaa hadda: burcad-badeednimada, kalluumaysiga iyo xuduudaha - **Bartamihii 2000-meeyadii ilaa 2012.** Kooxo hubaysan oo ka yimid xeebaha Mudug, Nugaal iyo Bari ayaa afduubay maraakiib; weeraradu waxay heerka ugu sarreeya gaareen 2009–2011. Eeg [burcad-badeednimada xeebaha Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) iyo [maraakiibta laga afduubay xeebaha Soomaaliya](/en/economy/ships-hijacked-off-somalia/). - **26 Diseembar 2004.** Tsunami-gii Badweynta Hindiya ayaa ku dhuftay xeebta Puntland. Eeg [tsunami-gii 2004](/en/society/tsunami-2004-somalia/). - **2009.** Ciidanka badda ayaa dib loo aasaasay. Eeg [Ciidanka Badda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/somali-navy/). - **2014 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Shirkad Turki ah ayaa la wareegtay dekedda Muqdisho, DP World-na waxay ballaarisay Berbera laga bilaabo 2017. Eeg [dekedaha](/so/economy/ports/) iyo [dekedda Berbera](/so/economy/port-of-berbera/). - **12 Oktoobar 2021.** Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) ayaa sawirtay xuduudda badda ee u dhaxaysa Soomaaliya iyo Kenya, waxayna diiday xariiqda Kenya ee ku socota loolka (latitude) ([ICJ, Xukunka 12 Oktoobar 2021](https://lagen.nu/icj/161-20211012-JUD-01-00)). Eeg kiiska badda ee Soomaaliya iyo Kenya. - **8 Febraayo 2024.** Soomaaliya iyo Turkiga waxay saxiixeen heshiis difaac iyo dhaqaale oo toban sano ah, kaas oo Turkigu ku dhisayo kuna tababarayo ciidanka badda. Eeg [Ciidanka Badda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/somali-navy/). - **Kalluumaysiga sharci darrada ah** waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inuu Soomaaliya sannadkiiba ku kaco ilaa $300 milyan ([ENACT, Machadka Daraasaadka Amniga (ISS), Janaayo 2026](https://issafrica.org/enactafrica/research/research-papers/stolen-seas-somalias-struggle-with-illegal-fishing)). Eeg [kalluumaysiga iyo badda](/so/economy/fishing-and-the-sea/). ## Yaa dhibaatadu gaartay? - **Badmaaxiyiinta ay burcad-badeedku qafaasheen,** iyo **bulshooyinka kalluumaysatada** ee ay saameeyeen kalluumaysiga sharci darrada ah iyo tsunami-gii 2004. Eeg boggaga lagu xiray. - **Muhaajiriinta badda maraya.** Sebtembar 2007 oo keliya, doonyo ka ambabaxay Boosaaso (Bosaso) oo siday in ka badan 1,500 qof ayaa gaaray Yaman, "iyadoo 62 la sheegay inay dhinteen ama la la'yahay" (tarjumaad) ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2007/658, faqrad 47](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2007/658&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Halka ay ku yaalleen dekedihii Periplus.** Aqoonyahannada intooda badan waxay Malao dhigaan Berbera, Opone-na Xaafuun; aqoonsiyo kale waxaa looga hadlay [dekedihii Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). ## Akhri ilaha asalka ah - *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, tarjumaaddii W. H. Schoff (1912): [archive.org](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236). - Ibn Battuta, *Travels in Asia and Africa*, tarjumaaddii Gibb (1929): [archive.org](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617). - Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda, *Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya)*, xukunkii 12 Oktoobar 2021: [qoraalka](https://lagen.nu/icj/161-20211012-JUD-01-00). --- # Madaxweyneyaashii Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/presidents-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sagaal qof ayaa noqday Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya tan iyo xorriyaddii 1 Luulyo 1960, afar kalena waxay ahaayeen madaxweyne ku-sime, laga bilaabo Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan ilaa Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, oo xilka hayay tan iyo 23 Maajo 2022. Xilku wuu bannaanaa Janaayo 1997 ilaa Ogosto 2000. Boggani wuxuu taxayaa qof kasta oo xilka qabtay, taariikhdiisa iyo xiriirka boggiisa. ## Kooban Kani waa liiska madaxda dowladda Soomaaliya tan iyo xorriyaddii 1 Luulyo 1960. Taariikhaha waxay raacayaan liiska Wikipedia ee madaxweyneyaasha Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia)). Sida xilku maanta u shaqeeyo waxaa lagu sharxay [Madaxweynaha iyo Golaha Wasiirrada](/en/institutions/president-and-council-of-ministers/). Cali Mahdi Maxamed, oo Janaayo 1991 loo magacaabay madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah, magacaas wuu sii watay 1990-meeyadii, laakiin awoodiisu waxay gaadhay qaybo keliya oo Muqdisho ah ([Wikipedia, Ali Mahdi Muhammad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mahdi_Muhammad)). Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne ku-sime 15 ilaa 21 Oktoobar 1969, kadib dilkii [Madaxweyne Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/) ([Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia)). Somaliland, oo ku dhawaaqday madax-bannaani 1991, waxay leedahay madaxweyneyaal u gaar ah; eeg [Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed (1960–1969) - [Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan (Aadan Cadde)](/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/), 1 Luulyo 1960 ilaa 10 Juun 1967 - [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/), 10 Juun 1967 ilaa 15 Oktoobar 1969 - Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen, 15 Oktoobar 1969 ilaa 21 Oktoobar 1969 (ku-simaha) ## Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (1969–1991) - [Maxamed Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/), 21 Oktoobar 1969 ilaa 26 Janaayo 1991 ## Dowladdii ku-meel-gaarka ahayd (1991–1997) - [Cali Mahdi Maxamed](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/), 27 Janaayo 1991 ilaa 3 Janaayo 1997 ## Bannaan, 3 Janaayo 1997 ilaa 27 Ogosto 2000 Xilka cidna ma hayn sannadahan. ## Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka (2000–2004) - [Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan](/so/people/abdiqasim-salad-hassan/), 27 Ogosto 2000 ilaa 14 Oktoobar 2004 ## Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (2004–2012) - [Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/), 14 Oktoobar 2004 ilaa 29 Diseembar 2008 - [Aadan Maxamed Nuur (Aadan Madoobe)](/en/people/aden-madobe/), 29 Diseembar 2008 ilaa 31 Janaayo 2009 (ku-simaha) - [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/), 31 Janaayo 2009 ilaa 20 Ogosto 2012 ## Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya (2012–) - [Muuse Xasan Sheekh Cabdulle](/en/people/muse-hassan-sheikh-sayid-abdulle/), 20 Ogosto 2012 ilaa 28 Ogosto 2012 (ku-simaha) - [Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari](/en/people/mohamed-osman-jawari/), 28 Ogosto 2012 ilaa 16 Sebteembar 2012 (ku-simaha) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/), 16 Sebteembar 2012 ilaa 16 Febraayo 2017 - [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed (Farmaajo)](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/), 16 Febraayo 2017 ilaa 23 Maajo 2022 - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/), laga bilaabo 23 Maajo 2022 --- # Ra'iisul wasaarayaashii Soomaaliya, 1956 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/prime-ministers-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay lahayd madax dowladeed oo Soomaali ah tan iyo 29 Febraayo 1956, markii Cabdullaahi Ciise noqday Ra'iisul Wasaaraha dhulka wasaayadda. Xilka waa la baabi'iyay 1969 ilaa 1987, wuuna bannaanaa 1993 ilaa 2000. Xamsa Cabdi Barre wuxuu Ra'iisul Wasaare ahaa tan iyo 25 Juun 2022. Boggani wuxuu taxayaa qof kasta oo xilka qabtay. ## Kooban Kani waa liiska madaxda xukuumadda Soomaaliya tan iyo 1956. Taariikhaha waxay raacayaan liiska Wikipedia ee ra'iisul wasaarayaasha Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Somalia)). Sida xilku maanta u shaqeeyo waxaa lagu sharxay [Madaxweynaha iyo Golaha Wasiirrada](/en/institutions/president-and-council-of-ministers/). Kadib markii ciidanku xukunka qabsadeen Oktoobar 1969, xilka waa la baabi'iyay ilaa 1 Febraayo 1987 (isla ishaas). Dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa ee 2000 ilaa 2012 isbeddel badan ayaa dhacay, qaar badan oo xilka qabtayna toddobaadyo keliya ayay hayeen (isla ishaas). ## Dhulka Wasaayadda Soomaaliya (1956–1960) - [Cabdullaahi Ciise](/so/people/abdullahi-issa/), 29 Febraayo 1956 ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960 ## Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed (1960–1969) - [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/), 1 Luulyo 1960 ilaa 12 Luulyo 1960 - [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/), 12 Luulyo 1960 ilaa 14 Juun 1964 - [Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen](/en/people/abdirizak-haji-hussein/), 14 Juun 1964 ilaa 15 Luulyo 1967 - [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/), 15 Luulyo 1967 ilaa 21 Oktoobar 1969 ## Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (1969–1991); xilka waa la baabi'iyay 21 Oktoobar 1969 ilaa 1 Febraayo 1987 - [Maxamed Cali Samatar](/en/people/mohamed-ali-samatar/), 1 Febraayo 1987 ilaa 3 Sebteembar 1990 - Maxamed Xawaadle Madar, 3 Sebteembar 1990 ilaa 24 Janaayo 1991 ## Dowladdii ku-meel-gaarka ahayd (1991–1997) - Cumar Carte Qaalib, 24 Janaayo 1991 ilaa Maajo 1993 ## Bannaan, Maajo 1993 ilaa 8 Oktoobar 2000 Xilka cidna ma hayn sannadahan. ## Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka (2000–2004) - Cali Khaliif Galaydh, 8 Oktoobar 2000 ilaa 28 Oktoobar 2001 - Cismaan Jaamac Cali, 28 Oktoobar 2001 ilaa 12 Nofeembar 2001 (ku-simaha) - Xasan Abshir Faarax, 12 Nofeembar 2001 ilaa 8 Nofeembar 2003 - Maxamed Cabdi Yuusuf, 8 Nofeembar 2003 ilaa 1 Nofeembar 2004 ## Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (2004–2012) - Cali Maxamed Geeddi, 1 Nofeembar 2004 ilaa 29 Oktoobar 2007 - Saalim Caliyoow Ibrow, 29 Oktoobar 2007 ilaa 24 Nofeembar 2007 (ku-simaha) - Nuur Xasan Xuseen (Nuur Cadde), 24 Nofeembar 2007 ilaa 14 Febraayo 2009 - [Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/en/people/omar-abdirashid-sharmarke/), 14 Febraayo 2009 ilaa 24 Sebteembar 2010 - Cabdiwaaxid Cilmi Gonjeex, 24 Sebteembar 2010 ilaa 1 Nofeembar 2010 (ku-simaha) - [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed (Farmaajo)](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/), 1 Nofeembar 2010 ilaa 19 Juun 2011 - [Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali (Gaas)](/en/people/abdiweli-gaas/), 19 Juun 2011 ilaa 20 Ogosto 2012 ## Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya (2012–) - [Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali (Gaas)](/en/people/abdiweli-gaas/), 20 Ogosto 2012 ilaa 17 Oktoobar 2012 (ku-simaha) - [Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon](/en/people/abdi-farah-shirdon/), 17 Oktoobar 2012 ilaa 21 Diseembar 2013 - [Cabdiweli Sheekh Axmed](/en/people/abdiweli-sheikh-ahmed/), 21 Diseembar 2013 ilaa 24 Diseembar 2014 - [Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/en/people/omar-abdirashid-sharmarke/), 24 Diseembar 2014 ilaa 1 Maarso 2017 - [Xasan Cali Kheyre](/en/people/hassan-ali-khaire/), 1 Maarso 2017 ilaa 25 Luulyo 2020 - Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed, 25 Luulyo 2020 ilaa 23 Sebteembar 2020 (ku-simaha) - [Maxamed Xuseen Rooble](/en/people/mohamed-hussein-roble/), 23 Sebteembar 2020 ilaa 25 Juun 2022 - [Xamsa Cabdi Barre](/en/people/hamza-abdi-barre/), laga bilaabo 25 Juun 2022 --- # Imaam Axmed Gurey (Axmed ibnu Ibraahim al-Qaasi) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/ahmad-ibn-ibrahim-al-ghazi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Imaam Axmed ibnu Ibraahim al-Qaasi (qiyaastii 1506–1543), oo Soomaalidu u taqaan Axmed Gurey, Amxaaradana Gragn, labaduba macnahoodu yahay 'gacan-bidix', wuxuu hoggaaminayay Saldanadda Adal laga bilaabo 1527. 1529 wuxuu dagaal la galay boqortooyadii Masiixiga ahayd ee Itoobiya, 1540-kiina inteeda badan ayuu gacanta ku hayay, beelo Soomaaliyeedna qayb weyn ayay ka ahaayeen ciidankiisa. Waxaa lagu dilay Wayna Daga Febraayo 1543. Taariikhyahannadu way ku kala duwan yihiin asalkiisa qowmiyadeed. ## Waa kuma? Imaam Axmed ibnu Ibraahim al-Qaasi wuxuu ahaa imaamka Saldanadda Adal 1527 ilaa 1543 ([Wikipedia, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). Soomaalidu waxay u taqaan Axmed Gurey, Amxaaraduna Gragn, labaduba waxay la macno yihiin "gacan-bidix" (isla ishaas). Wuxuu hoggaaminayay duullaankii Adal ee boqortooyadii Masiixiga ahayd ee Itoobiya (isla ishaas). Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa noloshiisa isagoon dhinac qaadan. Dagaalka oo dhan, dagaal dagaal, eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo ololayaashii Adal, 1527 ilaa 1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). ## Dhalashada iyo asalka Wikipedia waxay leedahay wuxuu dhashay 1506, dhulka hoose ee Hubat ee Adal ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). Waqti badan ayuu ku qaatay magaalada Harar (isla ishaas). Whiteway, oo 1902 diyaariyay diiwaannada Boortaqiiska, wuxuu qoray inuu ahaa ina Ibraahim al-Qaasi, aabbihiis iyo isaguna ay ahaayeen askar caadi ah oo ka tirsan ciidanka Garaad Caboon ([Whiteway, *The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia*, 1902, b. xxxiii](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Asalkiisa qowmiyadeed waa lagu murmay. Taariikhyahannadu waxay qaarkood ku tilmaamaan Soomaali, qaarna Harla ama Harari, qaarna Balaw ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). Whiteway wuxuu u maleeyay inuu "malaha" Soomaali ahaa, xiriirka dhow ee uu la lahaa Soomaali badan darteed, laakiin wuxuu qoray in caddayntu "aanay u muuqan mid go'aamisa" ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxiii](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Taariikhyahanka Didier Morin wuxuu leeyahay waxaa inta badan lagu khaldaa mid ka mid ah taliyayaashiisii, Axmed Gurey ibnu Xuseen "Soomaaliga" ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). ## Kor u kaca Wuxuu u adeegay Garaad Caboon Cadashe, oo xukunka kula loolamayay boqortooyadii Walashma ee Adal ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). Wuxuu dagaalkii Hubat ku jabiyay ciidan Itoobiyaan ah oo uu hoggaaminayay jeneraal Degelhan (isla ishaas). Kadib wuxuu la dagaallamay oo dilay Suldaan Abuu Bakar ibnu Maxamed, wuxuuna suldaan ka dhigay Cumar Diin, isagoo isagu xukunka ku haystay magaca imaam (isla ishaas). Wuxuu qaatay magaca diineed ee imaam, halkii uu ka qaadan lahaa magaca boqornimo ee suldaan ([Basset, *Histoire de la conquête de l'Abyssinie*, 1897, hordhaca](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). Kadib markuu xukunka qabtay 1527, wuxuu mamnuucay khamriga, khamaarka iyo cayaaraha durbaanka ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). Taariikhda Adal waxay leedahay wuxuu iibiyay dahabka xaasaskiisa iyo alaabta gurigiisa si uu hub ugu iibiyo ciidanka ([Basset 1897, b. 73](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). ## Dagaalka Itoobiya Maarso 1529 wuxuu Shimbra Kure ku jabiyay ciidan Itoobiyaan ah oo ka tiro badan ([Whiteway 1902, bb. xxxv–xxxvi](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Beelo Soomaaliyeed ayaa qayb weyn ka ahaa ciidankiisa, taariikhda Adalna waxay ku magacawdaa Habr Magadi (sida taariikhdu u qorto), Geri iyo Mareexaan ([Basset 1897, bb. 72–73](https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacon00bassgoog)). Seeddigiis Garaad Mataan ibnu Cismaan, oo taariikhdu ugu yeerto "Soomaaliga", wuxuu ka mid ahaa taliyayaashiisa (isla ishaas). 1540 Adal waxay gacanta ku haysay inta badan Itoobiya, Boqor Lebna Dengel-na wuxuu dhintay isagoo qaxooti ah ([Whiteway 1902](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Taariikhda iyo ilo kale waxay diiwaangeliyeen dil ballaaran, diin-beddel qasab ah iyo gubidda kaniisado, oo ay ku jiraan Debre Libanos iyo kaniisadda Maryan ee Aksum ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi); [Whiteway 1902](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Taariikhda Adal waxay sidoo kale leedahay wuxuu masaajid iyo magaalooyin ka dhisay Begemder iyo Dembiya, Quraankana isagu ayaa barayay dadkii cusbaa ee Islaamay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). ## Geerida Boortaqiisku 1541 waxay soo direen qiyaastii 400 qori-sideyaal ah oo uu hoggaaminayay Christovão da Gama ([Whiteway 1902](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Imaamku wuu jabiyay Ogosto 1542, da Gama-na waa la qabtay waana la dilay (isla ishaas). Imaamka waxaa lagu dilay dagaalkii Wayna Daga, meel u dhow Harada Tana, 21 Febraayo 1543 ([Whiteway 1902, bb. lxix–lxx](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). Wikipedia waxay xariiqda koowaad ku bixisaa 10 Febraayo 1543 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). Xaaskiisa, Bati Del Wambara, ayaa hadhaagii ciidanka dib ugu celisay Harar (isla ishaas). ## Sida loo xusuusto Xusuustiisu aad bay u kala duwan tahay. Itoobiya waxaa looga xusuustaa duullaan burbur badan geystay. Taariikhyahanka Paul Henze wuxuu qoray in "buur-joog kasta oo Masiixi ah weli carruurnimadiisa maqlo sheekooyinka Gragn" ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). Taariikhaha Soomaaliyeed wuxuu ku jiraa geesi qaran ahaan; buug taariikheed oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa cutubkiisa ugu magac daray "Somali Hero - Ahmad Gurey (1506-43)" ([*Somalia: From the Dawn of Civilization to the Modern Times*, cutubka 8](https://web.archive.org/web/20050309121250/http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/africa/somalia/1994/dawn_of_civilization/chapter_8.htm)). Garoonka Imaam Axmed waxaa loogu magac daray isaga ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi)). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay muujisaa taallo isaga loo dhisay oo Muqdisho ku taal ([Wikipedia Soomaali, Imaam Axmed Qaasi](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaam_Axmed_Qaasi)). Eeg [Sacad ad-Diin II](/en/people/saad-ad-din-ii/), oo wiilashiisu aasaaseen Saldanadda Adal. ## Kooban Imaamka Adal 1527 ilaa 1543, oo hoggaaminayay dagaalkii Itoobiya, laguna dilay Wayna Daga 1543. --- # Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan (Aadan Cadde) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, oo loo yaqaan Aadan Cadde (1908–2007), wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, 1 Luulyo 1960 ilaa 6 Luulyo 1967. Wuxuu ku dhashay Beledweyne, wuxuuna hoggaamiyay Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed iyo golihii sharci-dejinta ee xilligii wasaayadda. 1967 wuxuu ku waayay codkii madaxweynaha ee baarlamaanka, wuxuuna xilka si nabad ah u wareejiyay, isagoo ka mid ah madaxdii ugu horreysay ee Afrika ee sidaas yeela. ## Waa kuma? Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, oo Soomaalidu u taqaan Aadan Cadde, wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed. Xilka wuxuu hayay 1 Luulyo 1960 ilaa 6 Luulyo 1967 ([Wikipedia, Aden Adde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Adde)). Waxaa ugu badan ee lagu xusuusto hal fal. Markii uu 1967 ku waayay codkii madaxweynaha, natiijada wuu aqbalay, xilkiina wuxuu u wareejiyay kii guulaystay. ## Carruurnimada Wuxuu ku dhashay Beledweyne, gobolka Hiiraan, 9 Diseembar 1908 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Adde)). Waalidkiis yaraan ayuu ku waayay. Aabbihiis wuxuu ka qayb galay ololayaashii lagula dagaallamayay Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975, "Aden Abdulla Osman"](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). 1922 wuxuu galay dugsigii hoose ee ugu horreeyay ee laga furay Baydhabo. Shan sano wuxuu wax ku baranayay isagoo shaqaale guri ka ahaa Baydhabo iyo Muqdisho. 1928 ilaa 1933 wuxuu kaaliye caafimaad ka ahaa Isbitaalka De Martino ee Muqdisho. Kadib wuxuu dowladda u shaqeeyay garaacaha iyo turjubaan ahaan ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Maaddooyin badan ayuu iskiis u bartay, wuxuuna ku hadli jiray Soomaali, Carabi, Talyaani iyo Ingiriis ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Adde)). ## Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed Wuxuu ku biiray [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/) 1944. 1946 wuxuu ahaa xoghayaha laanta Beledweyne ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Adde)). Wuxuu guddoomiye ka ahaa Leegada 1954, 1955 iyo 1958 ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). 1951 wuxuu ku biiray Golaha Dhulka ee dhulkii wasaayadda. Wuxuu noqday guddoomiye ku-xigeenkiisa, xilkii ugu sarreeyay ee Soomaali markaas qaban kartay ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). 1956 ilaa 1960 wuxuu ahaa Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sharci-dejinta ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). ## Madaxweyne, 1960 ilaa 1967 1 Luulyo 1960 wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xorriyadda Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed iyo midowga dhulkii wasaayadda ee koonfurta iyo Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska ee waqooyiga ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda. Wuxuu Ra'iisul Wasaare u magacaabay [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/) ([Wikipedia, Abdirashid Shermarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke)). Qorshihii Shanta Sano ee Koowaad ee dowladdiisa (1963 ilaa 1967) wuxuu diiradda saaray mashaariic yar. Waxay ahaayeen warshadda sonkorta ee Jowhar, warshadaynta cuntada, waddooyin, iyo dekedaha Kismaayo, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Adde)). Sannadahaas Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Ururka Midowga Afrika iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dalalka Aan Garab Raacsanayn. ## Xil-wareejintii 1967 Codkii madaxweynaha ee baarlamaanka 1967, waxaa guulaystay Ra'iisul Wasaarihiisii hore Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke. Aadan Cadde natiijada wuu aqbalay. Muddadiisu waxay dhammaatay 6 Luulyo 1967 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Adde)). Ilaha waxay ku tilmaamaan mid ka mid ah xil-wareejintii nabadeed ee ugu horreysay ee madax dowladeed Afrikaan ah sameeyo kadib markuu cod ku waayo. ## Noloshiisii dambe Kadib markii ciidanku xukunka qabsadeen Oktoobar 1969, waxaa lagu hayay qasrigii madaxtooyada ee Afgooye ilaa Abriil 1973 ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Sannadihiisii dambe badankood wuxuu ku qaatay beertiisa Jannaale, Shabeellaha Hoose. Wuxuu ku dhintay isbitaal ku yaal Nairobi 8 Juun 2007, isagoo 98 jir ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Adde)). Dowladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday 21 maalmood oo baroor-diiq ah iyo aas qaran. Garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho waxay u bixisay Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Aadan Cadde (isla ishaas). ## Kooban Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa 1967. Xilka wuu wareejiyay kadib markuu ku waayay codkii madaxweynaha ee baarlamaanka 1967. --- # Hadraawi (Maxamed Ibraahin Warsame), 1943 ilaa 2022 Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/hadraawi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hadraawi waa magaca suugaaneed ee Maxamed Ibraahin Warsame, oo ku dhashay Togdheer 1943, wargeysyaduna ugu yeereen 'Shakespeare-ka Soomaaliya' markuu dhintay. Wuxuu tiriyay in ka badan 200 oo gabay oo dhaadheer iyo in ka badan 70 hees, shan sano ayuu xabsi ku jiray laga bilaabo 1973 suugaantiisa darteed, kadibna gobollada Soomaaliyeed ayuu u lugeeyay socod nabadeed. Wuxuu ku dhintay Hargeysa 18 Ogost 2022, isagoo 79 jir ah. ## Waa kuma? Maxamed Ibraahin Warsame wuxuu dhashay 1943 gobolka Togdheer. Soomaalidu waxay u taqaan **Hadraawi**, magac macnihiisu yahay "aabbaha ama sayidka hadalka" ([Poetry Translation Centre](https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poet/maxamed-ibraahin-warsame-hadraawi/)). Wargeysyadu waxay ugu yeereen "Shakespeare-ka Soomaaliya" markuu dhintay ([VOA, 19 Ogost 2022](https://www.voanews.com/a/death-of-somali-shakespeare-mourned-nationwide-/6707535.html)). Wuxuu tiriyay in ka badan 200 oo gabay oo dhaadheer iyo in ka badan 70 erayada hees. Tiradaas waxaa laga soo qaatay *Hal ka haleel*, buug 2018 ka hadlaya noloshiisa iyo shaqadiisa oo uu qoray Maxamed Baashe X. Xasan (VOA 2022; [African Studies Centre Leiden](https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/library-weekly/hadraawi)). Fannaaniintii ugu caansanaa ayaa sii daayay oo qaaday heesihiisii hore (African Studies Centre Leiden). ## Xabsiga iyo silsiladaha 1973 dowladdii militariga ayaa shan sano xabsi ku dhigtay. Gabayadiisu waxay noqdeen kuwo si adag u dhaleeceeya bulshada iyo siyaasadda (Poetry Translation Centre). VOA waxay sheegtay in loo xiray inuu u shaqeeyay bulsho ka xor ah gacan-ku-haynta dowladda (VOA 2022). Markii la sii daayay wuxuu bilaabay doodo loo maro **silsilad**, oo abwaannadu isu jawaabaan mid mid. Gabayadiisii cusbaa si qarsoodi ah ayaa loo tiriyay, kadibna waa la xafiday oo qof qof u gudbiyay (African Studies Centre Leiden). Silsiladda ugu caansan waa *Deelley*. ## Qurbaha iyo London Kadib wuxuu ka tegay Soomaaliya. Ilaha ayaa ku kala duwan jidka uu maray. Poetry Translation Centre iyo Leiden waxay leeyihiin wuxuu Itoobiya kaga biiray Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM), halkaasna ku tiriyay gabayga dheer ee *Gudgude*. VOA waxay leedahay wuxuu u cararay Jabuuti, wuxuuna sii waday gabayo siyaasadeed oo dadku xafideen. 1993 ilaa 2001 wuxuu ku noolaa bulshada Soomaalida ee London. Muddadaas waxay dhalisay *Dabo Huwan*, gabay ku dhow 800 sadar (African Studies Centre Leiden). ## Socodkii nabadda Markuu dalka ku soo laabtay, wuxuu gobollada Soomaaliyeed u lugeeyay **socod nabadeed**, isagoo dadka ku boorrinayay inay dagaalka joojiyaan oo dib u heshiiyaan. VOA waxay socodkaas ku taariikhaysaa qeybtii labaad ee 2003. Leiden waxay bixisaa 2004. Wuxuu sidoo kale wax ka dhigi jiray Jaamacadda Burco (African Studies Centre Leiden). Diseembar 2012 wuxuu helay **Abaalmarinta Prince Claus** ee Holland, shaqadiisa nabadda ee suugaanta darteed (Poetry Translation Centre; African Studies Centre Leiden). ## Geeridiisa iyo dhaxalka Hadraawi wuxuu ku dhintay Hargeysa 18 Ogost 2022, isagoo 79 jir ah, kadib sannado xanuun ah. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu ku tilmaamay "astaan" suugaanta Soomaaliyeed. Madaxweynaha Somaliland, Muuse Biixi Cabdi, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay aas qaran (VOA 2022). VOA waxay heesaha loogu jecel yahay ku tirisaa "Hooyooy La'aanta" (VOA 2022). Xarunta Suugaanta Hadraawi ee Hargeysa waxay qabataa tababarro, akhrisyo iyo siminaaro qorayaasha dhallinyarada ah (Poetry Translation Centre). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Gabayga Soomaaliyeed (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/somali-poetry/) - [Muusikada Soomaaliyeed (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/somali-music/) ## Kooban Abwaan Togdheer ka soo jeeday oo tiriyay boqollaal gabay iyo hees, xabsi ku jiray, kuna dhintay Hargeysa 2022. --- # Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud (Hassan Sheikh Mohamud) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud (dhashay 1955) waa macallin, hoggaamiye bulshada rayidka ah iyo siyaasi. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Jaamacadda SIMAD ee Muqdisho, wuxuu Madaxweyne ka ahaa Soomaaliya 2012 ilaa 2017, waxaana mar kale la doortay May 2022. Waa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliyeed ee laba jeer la doorto. Maarso 2026 baarlamaanku wuxuu muddadiisa kordhiyay hal sano, tallaabo ay mucaaradku diiddan yihiin. ## Waa kuma? Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud waa Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Wuxuu xilka hayay 2012 ilaa 2017, waxaana mar kale la doortay 2022 ([Wikipedia, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud)). Bogga rasmiga ah ee madaxtooyadu wuxuu ku tilmaamayaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliyeed ee loo doorto laba xilli oo aan isku xigin ([Villa Somalia, Madaxweynaha](https://villasomalia.gov.so/the-president/)). Boggan wuxuu qorayaa doorkiisa dadweyne oo kaliya, kama qayb qaato siyaasadda xisbiyada. ## Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada Wuxuu dhashay 29 Noofembar 1955 gobolka Hiiraan, halkaasna wax ku bartay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud)). Sannadkii 1978 wuxuu u guuray Muqdisho, wuxuuna wax ku bartay Machadka Farsamada (Polytechnic), halkaas oo uu shahaado dibloomo ka qaatay 1981 (isla ishaas). Sannadkii 1988 wuxuu shahaadada labaad ee jaamacadda (master) ee waxbarashada farsamada ka qaatay Jaamacadda Bhopal ee Hindiya (isla ishaas). ## Macallin iyo bulshada rayidka Wuxuu wax ka dhigay Dugsiga Sare ee Farsamada ee Lafoole, kadibna Kulliyadda Tababarka Macallimiinta Farsamada, halkaas oo uu 1986 madax qayb ka noqday ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud)). Dalka kama tagin intii dagaalka sokeeye socday. 1993 ilaa 1995 wuxuu sarkaal waxbarasho u ahaa UNICEF ee bartamaha iyo koonfurta (isla ishaas). Sannadkii 1999 wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Machadka Maamulka iyo Maareynta Soomaaliyeed (SIMAD) ee Muqdisho, kaas oo noqday Jaamacadda SIMAD ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud)). Wuxuu ahaa guddoomiyaha kulliyadda ilaa 2010 (isla ishaas). ## Xilligii koowaad, 2012 ilaa 2017 Sebtembar 2012 Baarlamaanka Federaalka ee cusub ayaa u doortay Madaxweyne ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud)). Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Dowladda Federaalka kadib sannadihii KMG-ga (isla ishaas). Majaladda *Time* waxay ku dartay 100-ka qof ee ugu saameynta badan 2013 (isla ishaas). Dowladdiisii koowaad waxaa sidoo kale lagu dhaleeceeyay musuqmaasuq iyo khilaafaad gudaha ah ([The EastAfrican, May 2022](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/somalia-new-president-mohamud-dove-turned-fierce-critic-3817044)). Febraayo 2017 baarlamaanku wuxuu doortay [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/), wuxuuna xilka si nabad ah ugu wareejiyay. ## Xilliga labaad, laga bilaabo 2022 Wuxuu aasaasay Xisbiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka. May 2022 baarlamaanku mar kale ayuu u doortay Madaxweyne ([The EastAfrican, May 2022](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/somalia-new-president-mohamud-dove-turned-fierce-critic-3817044)). Oktoobar 2022 wuxuu dhammeystay shahaadada dhakhtarnimada (PhD) ee nabadda, maamulka iyo horumarka ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud)). Muddadiisa afarta sano ahayd waxay ku egeyd 15 May 2026. Maarso 2026 baarlamaanku wuxuu wax ka beddelay dastuurka si muddada Madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka loogu kordhiyo hal sano ([Citizen Digital, Maarso 2026](https://citizen.digital/news/somali-parliament-approves-constitution-change-to-extend-presidents-term-delay-election-n378547)). Mucaaradku way diideen kordhintaas. Oktoobar 2026 dowladdu waxay sheegtay in doorashada madaxtooyadu dhici doonto May 2027 ([BusinessDay, 16 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.businessday.co.za/world/africa/2026-10-16-somalia-says-it-will-hold-a-presidential-election-in-may-2027/)). ## Kooban Macallin ka yimid Hiiraan oo ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Jaamacadda SIMAD, Madaxweyne ahaa 2012 ilaa 2017, mar kalena la doortay 2022. --- # Xaawo Taako (Hawo Tako) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/hawo-tako/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Xaawo Taako, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Xaawo Cismaan, waxay ahayd xubin Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed oo dhimatay kadib rabshadihii Muqdisho ee Janaayo 1948, xilligii booqashada Guddiga Afarta Quwadood. Waxaa loo xasuustaa geesiyad qaran. Taallo loogu talagalay ayaa ag taal Tiyaatarka Qaranka ee Muqdisho. ## Waa kuma? Xaawo Taako waxay xubin ka ahayd [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/). Waxay dhimatay kadib rabshadihii Muqdisho ee Janaayo 1948, xilligii booqashada Guddiga Afarta Quwadood ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975, "Hawa Osman Tako"](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Waxaa loo arkaa geesiyad qaran (isla ishaas). Magaceeda waxaa la siiyay waddooyin iyo xarumo, taallo loogu talagalayna waxay ku taal Muqdisho ([Somali Architecture, "Xaawo Taako"](https://www.somaliarchitecture.com/project/xaawo-taako)). ## Halka ay ka timid Ilaha kuma heshiinayaan dhalashadeeda. Wikipedia waxay bixisaa 1925, waxayna magacawdaa Qabri Bayax, oo maanta ku taal Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya ([Wikipedia, Hawo Tako](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawo_Tako)). Kaydka Somali Architecture wuxuu leeyahay waxay dhalatay 1920-meeyadii koonfurta Soomaaliya ([Somali Architecture](https://www.somaliarchitecture.com/project/xaawo-taako)). Magaceeda kale, Xaawo Cismaan, wuxuu sheegayaa magaca aabbeheed, Cismaan. ## Wixii dhacay Janaayo 1948 Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka kadib, afarta quwadood (Ingiriiska, Faransiiska, Maraykanka iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti) waxay go'aamin jireen mustaqbalka gumaystihii hore ee Talyaaniga. Waxay Muqdisho u direen guddi Janaayo 1948 si ay u maqlaan waxa Soomaalidu doonayaan ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). 11 Janaayo 1948 bannaanbax weyn ayaa ka dhacay Muqdisho ([Somali Architecture](https://www.somaliarchitecture.com/project/xaawo-taako)). Magaalada dagaal ayaa ka qarxay. Xaawo Taako si xun ayay u dhaawacantay, waana dhimatay ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Sida ay u dhimatay ilaha ayaa ku kala duwan: - Qaamuuska Castagno wuxuu qoray in "la yiri fallaar ayaa lagu dilay" ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1); turjumaad). - Kaydka Somali Architecture wuxuu leeyahay si xun ayay u dhaawacantay, maalmo kadibna way dhimatay ([Somali Architecture](https://www.somaliarchitecture.com/project/xaawo-taako)). - Goobjoog News waxay leedahay waxay xubnaha Leegada ka hoggaamisay xarunta xisbiga si ay u ilaaliyaan bannaanbaxa, waxayna ku dhimatay iska horimaadyadii ([Goobjoog News, 11 Jan 2016](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-like-this-day-in-1948-somalia-popular-freedom-fighter-hawa-tako-killed)). - Wikipedia waxay xustaa in ilo qaar ay leeyihiin waxay dhimatay iyadoo isku dayaysay inay rabshadaha dad kale ka ilaaliso ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawo_Tako)). ## Sida Soomaalidu u xasuusato 1971 taallo loogu talagalay ayaa la dhigay hortooda Tiyaatarka Qaranka ee Soomaaliyeed ee Muqdisho ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Waxay ag taal tiyaatarka iyo Matxafka Qaranka ([Somali Architecture](https://www.somaliarchitecture.com/project/xaawo-taako)). Ururka Dimuqraadiga Haweenka Soomaaliyeed, oo la aasaasay 1977, waxaa loo sameeyay xusuusteeda ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawo_Tako)). Sawirkeeda waxaa lagu daabacay boorar iyo lacag waraaqeed ([Goobjoog News](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-like-this-day-in-1948-somalia-popular-freedom-fighter-hawa-tako-killed)). ## Kooban Xubin dhaqdhaqaaqa xorriyadda ka mid ahayd oo lagu dilay Muqdisho 1948, laba iyo toban sano ka hor madax-bannaanida. --- # Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/sayid-maxamed-cabdulle-xasan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (qiyaastii 1856–1920) wuxuu ahaa culimo diin, abwaan iyo hoggaamiye Soomaaliyeed. Wuxuu wax ku bilaabay barista Berbera 1895, wuxuuna hoggaaminayay halgankii Daraawiishta ee ka dhanka ahaa Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya in ka badan labaatan sano. Soomaali badan waxay u xusuustaan geesi qaran iyo abwaan weyn, qaar kalese xusuus kale ayay ka hayaan. ## Waa kuma? Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan wuxuu ahaa culimo diinta Islaamka, abwaan, iyo hoggaamiyihii [dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). Laga soo bilaabo 1899 ilaa 1920 wuxuu halgan kula jiray saddex boqortooyo mar keliya: Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya. Calankii wuxuu 131-ka sano ka tiriyaa 1895, sannadkii uu wax ku bilaabay barista Berbera. Inta badan wixii la qoray xilligii uu noolaa waxaa qoray cadowyadiisa. Boggani wuxuu diiwaankooda dhinac dhigayaa diiwaanka Soomaaliga: warqadihiisa, iyo taariikhda iyo gabayada uu Sheekh Jaamac Cumar Ciise ka soo ururiyay asxaabtiisii ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise, *Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan*, Muqdisho, 1974](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). ## Noloshiisa, meel meel - **Sacmadeeqo, Nugaal, 1856.** Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu qoray inuu dhashay 1856, gu' barwaaqo ah oo la oran jiray "Gobaysane", balliga Sacmadeeqo, qiyaastii toddoba mayl waqooyiga Buuhoodle ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, b. viii](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). - **Guriga iyo duksiyada Nugaal.** Quraanka guriga ayuu ku bartay, kadibna wuxuu wax ka bartay culimo ku nool Nugaal, oo xarunteedu ahayd dooxooyinka Casuura iyo Yaaheel (isla ishaas). - **Maka iyo Madiina, qiyaastii 1892 ilaa 1895.** Wuxuu la safray saddex iyo toban culimo ah, wuxuuna joogay in ka badan laba sano (isla ishaas). Xafiiska Dagaalka Ingiriiska wuxuu qoray inuu halkaas kaga biiray dariiqada Saalixiyada ([War Office, *Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901–04*, 1907, b. 48](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). - **Berbera, 1895.** Wuxuu ku degay Berbera, wuxuuna bilaabay barista. Diiwaanka Ingiriisku wuxuu leeyahay halkaas ayuu wacdi ku bixin jiray intuusan gudaha u guurin ([War Office 1907, b. 49](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). - **Qoryaweyn iyo gudaha, 1895 ilaa 1899.** Xaruntii ugu horreysay ee Daraawiishta wuxuu ka dhisay ceelka Qoryaweyn, qiyaastii 60 mayl Burco, dadna dalka oo dhan ayay uga yimaadeen ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, b. vii](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). - **Burco, 1899.** Ogosto 1899 Daraawiishtu waxay soo galeen Burco, qiyaastii 5,000 sida Ingiriisku qiyaasay ([War Office 1907, b. 49](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). - **Illig, 1905.** Xeebta Mudug ee maanta, wuxuu heshiis nabadeed oo qoran la saxiixday ergaygii Talyaaniga ([Jardine, *The Mad Mullah of Somaliland*, 1923, bb. 156–159](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). - **Taleex, 1913 ilaa 1920.** Taleex, oo ku taal gobolka Sool ee maanta, ayuu caasimad ka dhigtay. Wastaadyo reer Yaman ah ayaa dhagax ku dhisay, saddex iyo toban qalcadood oo hal derbi ku wareegsan yahay ([Jardine 1923, bb. 212–213](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). - **Imi, 1920.** Kadib markii Taleex la qabsaday Febraayo 1920, wuxuu u guuray koonfur-galbeed ilaa Guano Imi, meel u dhow ilaha Webiga Shabeelle, halkaas oo uu ku dhintay ([Jardine 1923, b. 307](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). ## Halka magaca "Wadaadkii Waalnaa" ka yimid Qorayaasha Ingiriisku waxay ugu yeeri jireen "the Mad Mullah". Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu qoray sheekada Soomaaliga ee halka magacaasi ka bilaabmay ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, b. viii](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). Markuu 1895 ku degay Berbera, sarkaal Ingiriis ah oo dekedda joogay ayaa ka dalbaday canshuurta soo degidda. Wuxuu ugu jawaabay: "Yaa canshuur kaa qaaday markaad halkan ku degtay?" Turjubaanku wuxuu sarkaalkii ku yiri, "Waa wadaad waalan, iska daa." Erayadan waa dib-u-turjumaad; erayada asalka ah eeg buugga Jaamac. Magaca Ingiriisku halkaas ayuu ka koray. Calankii wuxuu adeegsadaa magaciisa iyo darajadiisa. ## Erayadiisa Warqado Carabi ah ayuu u qori jiray Ingiriiska. Laba ka mid ah ayaa ku badbaaday turjumaad Ingiriisi ah oo ku jirta buugga sarkaal Ingiriis ah, Douglas Jardine. Erayada hoose waa turjumaad shaqo oo laga soo celiyay Ingiriiska. 1 Sebteembar 1899 wuxuu qoray ([Jardine 1923, b. 43](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)): > "Diinteenna qadiimka ah sabab la'aan ayaad u dulmiseen… Haddii aad dagaal rabtaan, waan aqbalaynaa; haddii aad nabad rabtaanna, bixiya ganaaxa." 1903, xilligii ololihii saddexaad ee Ingiriiska, wuxuu u qoray "dadka Ingiriiska" ([Jardine 1923, b. 122](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)): > "Sannad ayaan dagaallamaynay. Waxaan rabaa inaan dalkayga xukumo oo diintayda ilaashado… Xeradayda waan guuriyay, laakiin ma cararin." ## Gabayadiisa Sayidku gabayo ayuu tirinayay halganka oo dhan. Ururinta Jaamac Cumar Ciise waxay haysaa 120 gabay oo uu tiriyay 1904 ilaa 1920, iyo 16 gabay oo la xiriira oo dad kale tiriyeen ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, hordhaca](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). Gabayadu waxay taabanayaan ujeeddo kasta oo gabayga Soomaaliga: dhiirrigelin, ammaan, aflagaaddo, baroorasho, faan, digniin iyo xikmad. Taariikhyahanka Said S. Samatar wuxuu muujiyay in gabayadani ahaayeen sida Sayidku u dhisay una hayay dhaqdhaqaaqiisa, bulsho aan weli afkeeda qorin ([Samatar, *Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism*, Cambridge University Press, 1982](https://catalogo.abie.es/Record/unav.b39731091)). ### Gabay naxariiseed Ururintu waxay sheegaysaa sheekada ka dambeysa jiifto gaaban ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, bb. 213–214](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). Xilli abaareed oo xerada Daraawiishta ee Qudhmis, nin sabool ah xaaskiisa ayaa dhashay. Wuxuu xiray hal irmaan ah oo dhalmo ku dhowayd, si uu ugu gowraco xaaskiisa. Sayidku wuxuu maqlay ooyinta halka, wuxuuna soo baxay isagoo Quraan gacanta ku haya. Xadhigii ayuu jaray, halkiina wuu sii daayay. Kadibna ninkii wuxuu siiyay xoolo uu ku noolaado oo uu xaaskiisa ku daryeelo. Gabaygu wuxuu ku bilaabmaa: > *Guulle Eebbahayow, geel nimaan dhaqin,* > *faciis gacanta haw gelin.* Gabaygu wuxuu sii ammaanayaa geela inuu yahay xoolaha ugu sharafta badan. ## Sida gabayada loo badbaadiyay Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu qoray in kadib jabkii Daraawiishta, dowladdii gumeysigu isku dayday inay xusuustooda tirtirto, ayna gubtay buugaagta, warqadaha iyo gabayada ay heshay ([Jaamac Cumar Ciise 1974, b. xii](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). 1955 Jaamac wuxuu u ambabaxay inuu ururiyo wixii badbaaday. Shan geel ah ayuu iibiyay si uu baadhitaanka ugu bixiyo, wuxuuna bartay dariiqada Saalixiyada si Daraawiishtii hore ugu kalsoonaadaan (isla ishaas, b. xiii). 1954 ilaa 1974 wuxuu gabayada ka duubay qiyaastii 25 Daraawiish hore oo magacyadooda la sheegay, oo badankood ku dhashay kuna koray xarunta Daraawiishta. Wuxuu kula kulmay Buuhoodle, Laascaanood, Taleex, Qardho, Iskushuban, Hargeysa iyo Muqdisho (isla ishaas, b. xiv). Laga bilaabo 4 Janaayo 1972 wuxuu gabayada, qaarkood markii hore far Carabi lagu qoray, u akhriyay Axmed Faarax Cali "Idaajaa", oo ku qoray farta cusub ee Soomaaliga. Shaqadu waxay qaadatay laba sano iyo afar bilood. Wasaaradda Dhaqanka iyo Tacliinta Sare ayaa ururinta ku daabacday Muqdisho 1974 (isla ishaas, b. xiv). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Dhalashadiisa.** Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu bixiyaa 1856 ([1974, b. viii](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). Xafiiska Dagaalka Ingiriisku 1900 wuxuu ku tilmaamay oo keliya "da'da xooggiisa" ([War Office 1907, b. 48](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). - **Geeridiisa.** Jardine wuxuu bixiyaa 23 Nofeembar 1920, "malaha" hargab ([Jardine 1923, b. 307](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu bixiyaa 1921, Imey oo ku taal Shabeellaha sare ([1974, b. xii](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan)). Maktabadda Koongarasku sidoo kale waxay bixisaa 1921 ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/10.htm)). - **Sannadihii Maka.** Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu sheegaa hal safar oo in ka badan laba sano ah oo qiyaastii 1892 bilaabmay. Xafiiska Dagaalku wuxuu leeyahay "xajal badan" ayuu galay ([War Office 1907, b. 48](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). ## Sida loo xusuusto Xitaa cadowyadiisu waxay arkeen waxa uu Soomaalida u ahaa. Jardine, sarkaal Ingiriis ah oo ka dagaallamay, wuxuu qoray in "quluubta dadkiisa… uu weligiis ku noolaan doono geesi qaran ahaan" ([Jardine 1923, b. 308](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland)). Taariikhyahanka Robert Hess wuxuu ugu yeeray "horseedkii waddaniyadda casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed" ([Hess, *Journal of African History*, 1964](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/mad-mullah-and-northern-somalia/64A47DB9294A878A7FC8A0AA00589029)). Soomaalidu xusuus kala duwan ayay ka hayaan. Hess wuxuu qoray in dad badan diin ahaan uga soo horjeedeen iyagoo la jiray iska caabinta, diiwaanka Ingiriiskuna wuxuu muujinayaa Soomaali labada dhinacba ka dagaallamaysay ([Hess 1964](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/mad-mullah-and-northern-somalia/64A47DB9294A878A7FC8A0AA00589029); [War Office 1907](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog)). Jaamac Cumar Ciise wuxuu qoray in Soomaalidu sannadahaas laba u kala qaybsantay. ## Kooban Hoggaamiyihii dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta 1899 ilaa 1920 iyo abwaan. Gabayadiisa si weyn ayaa looga soo xigtaa Af-Soomaaliga. ## Ilaha asalka ah - Jaamac Cumar Ciise, *Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan*, Muqdisho, 1974: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/diiwaanka-gabayadii-sayid-maxamad-cabdulle-xasan). - Douglas Jardine, *The Mad Mullah of Somaliland*, 1923, oo ay ku jiraan warqadihiisa iyo heshiiskii 1905: [qoraalka oo dhan](https://archive.org/details/TheMadMullahOfSomaliland). - War Office, *Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901–04*, 1907: [mugga 1](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory02stafgoog), [mugga 2](https://archive.org/details/officialhistory03stafgoog). --- # Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke (Abdirashid Ali Shermarke) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke (1919–1969) wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, 1960 ilaa 1964, iyo madaxweynihii labaad, 1967 ilaa laga dilay Laascaanood 15 Oktoobar 1969. Wuxuu ku dhashay Xarardheere, wuxuu cilmiga siyaasadda ku bartay Rooma, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa hoggaamiyeyaashii Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed. ## Waa kuma? Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, 12 Luulyo 1960 ilaa 14 Juun 1964. Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii labaad, 6 Luulyo 1967 ilaa geeridiisii 15 Oktoobar 1969 ([Wikipedia, Abdirashid Shermarke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke)). ## Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada Wuxuu dhashay 1919 magaalada Xarardheere, gobolka Mudug ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Wuxuu ka dhashay qoys suldaan ah oo Hobyo ah (isla ishaas). Wikipedia waxay qortaa in qoyska aabbihiis yahay Majeerteen (Daarood), kan hooyadiisna Habar Gidir (Hawiye), iyo in hooyadiis ku korisay Muqdisho ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke)). Wuxuu dhigtay dugsi Qur'aan, kadibna 1932 wuxuu u guuray Muqdisho oo galay dugsi hoose. Wuxuu karraani ka ahaa maamulkii Talyaaniga, kadibna Maamulkii Militariga Ingiriiska ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Wuxuu ku biiray [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/) 1943, sannadkii la aasaasay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke)). Xilligii daryeelka wuxuu wax ku bartay Dugsiga Siyaasadda iyo Maamulka iyo Machadka Sare ee Sharciga iyo Dhaqaalaha ee Muqdisho. Kadib wuxuu aaday Jaamacadda Rooma, wuxuuna 1958 ka qalin jabiyay cilmiga siyaasadda isagoo sharaf leh ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). ## Ra'iisul Wasaare, 1960 ilaa 1964 Wuxuu ku biiray guddiga dhexe ee Leegada 1950. 1959 waxaa loo doortay Golaha Sharci-dejinta, xilkiisii ugu horreeyay ee siyaasadeed ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Markii la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed 1 Luulyo 1960, Madaxweyne [Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan](/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/) ayaa u magacaabay Ra'iisul Wasaare ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke)). Wuxuu safarro badan ku tagay dibadda, wuxuuna raacay siyaasad dibadeed oo dhexdhexaad ah. ## Madaxweyne, 1967 ilaa 1969 1967 baarlamaanku wuxuu u doortay Madaxweyne isagoo ka adkaaday Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, kaas oo xilka si nabad ah ugu wareejiyay. Wuxuu dhaariyay 6 Luulyo 1967 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke)). Wuxuu caan ku ahaa inuu si xooggan ugu doodo Soomaalida ku nool meelaha ka baxsan Jamhuuriyadda. Madaxweyne ahaan wuxuu u dhaqaaqay xiriir nabadeed oo lala yeesho dalalka deriska ah ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Ra'iisul Wasaarihiisu wuxuu ahaa Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal. ## Geeridiisa 15 Oktoobar 1969, isagoo booqasho rasmi ah ku jooga Laascaanood, waxaa toogtay mid ka mid ah ilaaladiisa ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Lix maalmood kadib, 21 Oktoobar 1969, ciidanku wuxuu xukunka la wareegay dagaal la'aan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirashid_Shermarke)). Taariikhyahannadu weli way ka doodaan sababta. Daraasad ayaa eegtay sababo shakhsi ah, kuwa Dagaalkii Qaboobaa iyo kuwo siyaasadeed ([Ingiriis, *African Security* 10:2, 2017](https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2017.1305861)). ## Kooban Hoggaamiye ka tirsanaa Leegada Dhallinyarada oo Ra'iisul Wasaare ahaa 1960 ilaa 1964, Madaxweynena ahaa 1967 ilaa 1969. Wiilkiisa Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke ayaa isna markii dambe noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare. --- # Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud (Abdullahi Issa) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/abdullahi-issa/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud (1921–1988) wuxuu ahaa Soomaaligii ugu horreeyay ee madax dowladeed noqda. Wuxuu hoggaaminayay dowladdii dhulka wakaaladda Soomaaliya 1956 ilaa 1960. Intaas ka hor wuxuu ahaa xoghayaha guud ee Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed, wuxuuna Qaramada Midoobay ka hor dooday madax-bannaanida Soomaaliyeed. ## Waa kuma? Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud wuxuu ahaa Soomaaligii ugu horreeyay ee hoggaamiya dowlad Soomaaliyeed. Wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha dhulka wakaaladda ee Soomaaliya, oo maamul Talyaani iyo kormeer Qaramada Midoobay ku hoos jiray, 1956 ilaa 1960 ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975, "Abdullahi Issa Mohamud"](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Intaas ka hor wuxuu ahaa codka ugu weyn ee [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/) ee caalamka. ## Noloshiisii hore Ilaha ayaa ku kala duwan meesha uu ku dhashay. Wikipedia waxay leedahay wuxuu dhashay 1921 Afgooye ([Wikipedia, Abdullahi Issa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa)). Qaamuuska Castagno wuxuu leeyahay wuxuu dhashay 1922 gobolka Mudug ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Naanaystiisu waxay ahayd "Bidaar". Wuxuu dhigtay dugsi Quraan iyo dugsi hoose oo Muqdisho ah. Lix iyo toban jir ayuu u guuray Marka, halkaas oo uu karraani boosto ka ahaa 1939 ilaa 1941 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa)). Kadib wuxuu ka shaqeeyay Waaxda Arrimaha Dhaqaalaha ee Muqdisho, 1941 kadibna wuxuu galay ganacsi ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). ## Codka Leegada Wuxuu ku biiray Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed sannadihii hore. Wuxuu ahaa xoghayaheeda guud 1947 ilaa 1954 ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Wuxuu Leegada u hadlay guddigii Afarta Quwadood ee yimid 1948, kadibna Qaramada Midoobay dabayaaqadii 1940-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1950-meeyadii (isla ishaas). 1950 ilaa 1954 wuxuu Leegada ka metelay Golaha Wakaaladda ee Qaramada Midoobay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa)). Shaqadani waxay lahayd miisaan. Qaramada Midoobay waxay 1949 go'aamisay in xukunka Talyaanigu socdo toban sano oo keliya, kuna dhammaado madax-bannaani 1960. Eeg [Wakaaladda Qaramada Midoobay, 1950 ilaa 1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/). ## Ra'iisul Wasaare, 1956 ilaa 1960 Doorashooyinkii 1956 kadib, waxaa laga codsaday inuu sameeyo dowladdii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreysay ee dhulka ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa)). Doorashooyinkii 1959 kadib mar kale ayaa la ansixiyay. Mararka qaarkood wuxuu sidoo kale hayay xilalka arrimaha dibadda, arrimaha gudaha iyo caddaaladda (isla ishaas). Dowladdiisu waxay diyaarisay wareejinta madax-bannaanida buuxda ee 1 Luulyo 1960. ## Madax-bannaanida kadib Dowladihii 1960 kadib wuxuu ka ahaa Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda, wuxuuna ka qayb galay shirarka Qaramada Midoobay iyo Afrika ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa)). 1964 waxaa loo doortay Golaha Qaranka isagoo ka socda Beledweyne (isla ishaas). Markii ciidanku xukunka la wareegay Oktoobar 1969, waa la xiray ilaa 1973 ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). 1974 dowladdii cusbayd waxay u magacawday safiirka Iswiidhan. Xilkaas wuxuu hayay ilaa horraantii 1983, kadibna hawlgab ayuu noqday ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa)). Sannadihiisii ugu dambeeyay wuxuu ku noolaa Rooma, halkaasna wuxuu ku dhintay Maarso 1988. Waxaa loo soo celiyay Muqdisho si loogu aaso (isla ishaas). ## Kooban Madaxii dowladeed ee Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay, Ra'iisul Wasaaraha dhulka wakaaladda 1956 ilaa 1960. --- # Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (1928–2002) wuxuu hoggaaminayay Dowladda Somaliland markay xorowday 26 Juun 1960, kadibna wuxuu Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed u soo noqday wasiir iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare 1967 ilaa 1969. Laga bilaabo 1993 ilaa geeridiisii 2002 wuxuu ahaa Madaxweynaha Somaliland, halkaas oo uu ka hoggaamiyay dhisidda hay'adaheeda. ## Waa kuma? Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal wuxuu hayay xilalka ugu sarreeya laba xilli. 1960 wuxuu hoggaaminayay Dowladda Somaliland markii maxmiyaddii Ingiriisku xorowday. Wuxuu Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed u soo noqday wasiir kadibna Ra'iisul Wasaare. 1993 ilaa 2002 wuxuu ahaa Madaxweynaha Somaliland ([Wikipedia, Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal)). ## Noloshiisii hore Wuxuu dhashay 15 Ogost 1928 Oodweyne, oo maanta ku taal gobolka Togdheer. Wuxuu ahaa wiil ganacsade, qoyskiisuna waa Habar Awal (Isaaq) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal)). Wuxuu wax ku bartay Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska, kadibna waxaa loo diray inuu wax ku barto Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, taas oo xilligaas ahayd wax aan caadi ahayn (isla ishaas). ## 1960: laba maalmood oo xorriyadeed 26 Juun 1960 maxmiyaddii Ingiriisku waxay noqotay Dowladda Somaliland oo madax-bannaan, isagana waxaa loo doortay Ra'iisul Wasaarahaeda ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975, "Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal"](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Shan maalmood kadib, 1 Luulyo, waxay la midowday dhulkii wakaaladda ee koonfurta, si ay u sameeyaan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed. Eeg [Xorriyadda iyo midowga, 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/). ## Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed Wuxuu ahaa Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga 1960 ilaa 1961, iyo Wasiirka Waxbarashada 1962 ilaa 1963 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal)). 1967 Madaxweyne [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/) ayaa Ra'iisul Wasaare ka dhigay ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Castagno wuxuu qoray in, sida ra'iisul wasaarayaashii ka horreeyay, uu taageersanaa ujeeddada midaynta Soomaalida oo dhan. Mudnaantiisa gaarka ahi waxay ahayd horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo bulshada iyo xiriir wanaagsan oo Itoobiya iyo Kenya ah ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Wuxuu dibadda joogay markii Madaxweyne Sharmaarke la dilay Oktoobar 1969 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal)). ## Xarigga iyo sannadihii dambe Markii ciidanku xukunka la wareegay 21 Oktoobar 1969, waxaa lagu xiray isaga iyo hoggaamiyeyaal kale oo dowladdii rayidka ka mid ahaa qasriga madaxtooyada ee Afgooye ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Kadib waa la sii daayay, wuxuuna safiir u ahaa Hindiya 1976 ilaa 1978. Mar kale ayaa la xiray ilaa 1985 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal)). ## Madaxweynaha Somaliland, 1993 ilaa 2002 Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madax-bannaani 1991. 1993 wuxuu noqday madaxweynaheeda labaad ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal)). Sannadihiisii xilka, kooxaha hubaysan waa la hub-ka-dhigay oo dib loogu celiyay nolosha rayidka. Somaliland waxay soo saartay shilin, baasaboor iyo calan u gaar ah, waxayna bilowday ganacsi ay la yeelato dalal kale (isla ishaas). Israa'iil waxay aqoonsatay Somaliland 26 Diseembar 2025; inta badan dowladaha iyo Midowga Afrika waxay weli u arkaan qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. Eeg [Somaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). Wikipedia waxay xustaa in dad Somaliland ku nool qaarkood ay shakiyeen sida uu ugu go'naa maqaamka gaarka ah, sababtoo ah mararka qaarkood wuxuu ka hadli jiray wadahadallo mustaqbalka lala yeesho inta kale ee Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal)). ## Geeridiisa Wuxuu dhintay 3 Maajo 2002 isagoo qalliin lagu sameynayo cisbitaal ku yaal Pretoria, Koonfur Afrika. Waxaa loo sameeyay aas qaran, waxaana lagu aasay Berbera agtiisa aabbihiis ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal)). Daahir Riyaale Kaahin ayaa maalintii xigtay loo dhaariyay Madaxweyne (isla ishaas). ## Kooban Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed 1960 iyo 1967 ilaa 1969, iyo Madaxweynaha Somaliland 1993 ilaa 2002. --- # Maxamed Siyaad Barre (Mohamed Siad Barre) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/siad-barre/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maxamed Siyaad Barre (qiyaastii 1919–1995) wuxuu ahaa taliyihii ciidanka ee xukunka la wareegay inqilaabkii 21 Oktoobar 1969, wuxuuna Soomaaliya xukumayay ilaa Janaayo 1991. Dowladdiisu waxay 1972 qortay Af-Soomaaliga, waxayna samaysay ololeyaal waaweyn oo akhris iyo qoraal. Waxay sidoo kale dadka u xirtay maxkamad la'aan, ciidamadeeduna waxay geysteen dil ballaaran, gaar ahaan waqooyiga 1988. Wuxuu ku dhintay masaafuris magaalada Lagos 1995. ## Waa kuma? Maxamed Siyaad Barre wuxuu Soomaaliya xukumayay 21 sano. Wuxuu hoggaamiyay inqilaabkii 21 Oktoobar 1969, lix maalmood kadib markii la dilay Madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, wuxuuna xukumayay ilaa uu Muqdisho ka baxay 26 Janaayo 1991 ([Wikipedia, Siad Barre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre)). Taariikhda dowladdiisa oo dhan waxay ku qoran tahay [xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). Boggan wuxuu ku saabsan yahay ninka laftiisa, kamana qayb qaato dhinac. ## Dhalashada iyo booliska Sannadka uu dhashay si sax ah looma yaqaan; qiyaasuhu waxay u dhexeeyaan 1909 ilaa 1921 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre)). Castagno wuxuu bixiyaa 1919, wuxuuna qoraa inuu ku dhashay Luuq, gobolka Gedo. Waalidkiisii xoolo-dhaqatada ahaa waxay dhinteen isagoo toban jir ah ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Wikipedia waxay qortaa in meesha rasmiga ah ee uu ku dhashay tahay Garbahaarey, sidoo kale Gedo, qoyskiisuna yahay Mareexaan (Daarood) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre)). Wuxuu wax ku bartay Luuq iyo Muqdisho. Xilligii Maamulkii Militariga Ingiriiska (1941 ilaa 1950) wuxuu ku biiray booliska, wuxuuna gaaray darajada ugu sarreysay ee Soomaali loo ogolaa. 1950-meeyadii wuxuu laba sano wax ku bartay dugsiga booliska Carabinieri ee Talyaaniga ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). 1960 wuxuu u wareegay ciidanka qaranka ee cusub, 1965-na wuxuu noqday taliyihiisa (isla ishaas). ## Inqilaabkii 1969 Kadib markii Madaxweyne Sharmaarke la dilay 15 Oktoobar 1969, ciidanku wuxuu xukunka la wareegay 21 Oktoobar dagaal la'aan. Siyaad Barre wuxuu hoggaamiyay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ([Castagno 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Wuxuu sheegay in inqilaabku ahaa xal ugu dambeeyay oo lagu joojinayo musuqmaasuqa iyo siyaasadda qabiilka (isla ishaas). ## Waxa dowladdiisu dhistay Dowladdiisu waxay 1972 Af-Soomaaliga u dooratay far Laatiin ah, waxayna ardayda iyo macallimiinta u dirtay dalka oo dhan si ay dadka wax u baraan ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/25.htm)). Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta 1974, sannadkaasna wuxuu guddoomiye u ahaa Ururka Midnimada Afrika ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre)). Eeg [Shire Jaamac Axmed](/en/people/shire-jama-ahmed/). ## Waxyeellada la diiwaangeliyay Sharci amni oo 1970 la soo saaray ayaa u oggolaaday Hay'adda Nabadsugidda Qaranka inay dadka xirto maxkamad la'aan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre)). Janaayo 1975 toban culimo diimeed ayaa la toogtay kadib markii ay ka soo horjeesteen sharciga qoyska ee cusub (isla ishaas). Kadib [dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) iyo isku daygii inqilaab ee Abriil 1978, dowladdu waxay ciqaabtay bulshooyin dhan ([Library of Congress 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/29.htm)). Wikipedia, iyadoo ku tiirsan daraasado badan, waxay qortaa in cutubyo dowladeed burburiyeen berkadaha biyaha ee xoolo-dhaqatada Majeerteen iyo Isaaq, iyo in tobanaan kun oo shacab Isaaq ah la dilay, qiyaasuhuna yihiin 50,000 ilaa 200,000 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre)). 1988 ciidamada dowladdu waxay duqeeyeen Hargeysa iyo Burco, in ka badan 300,000 oo qofna waxay u qaxeen Itoobiya ([Library of Congress 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm)). Calankii waxyeelladan wuxuu u qoraa falal dowlad iyo ciidamadeeda, ee ma aha bulsho. ## Dhicitaankii iyo geeridiisa 1980-meeyadii jabhado hubaysan ayaa ka kacay gobollada dalka. Wuxuu Muqdisho ka baxay 26 Janaayo 1991 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre)). Kadib laba isku day oo uu ku doonayay inuu soo laabto, May 1991 wuxuu u baxay masaafuris, marka hore Nairobi kadibna Nayjeeriya. Wuxuu ku dhintay wadne xanuun magaalada Lagos 2 Janaayo 1995, waxaana lagu aasay Garbahaarey (isla ishaas). ## Kooban Taliyihii ciidanka ee Soomaaliya xukumay 1969 ilaa 1991. Dowladdiisu waxay qortay Af-Soomaaliga 1972; ilaha waxay sidoo kale diiwaangeliyeen xarig maxkamad la'aan ah iyo dil ballaaran oo ay geysteen ciidamadeeda. Soomaalidu si aad u kala duwan ayay u xusuustaan. --- # Cabdi Xasan Cawaale Qeybdiid (Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/abdi-hasan-awale-qeybdiid/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cabdi Xasan Cawaale, oo loo yaqaan Qeybdiid (dhashay 1948), wuxuu ahaa Madaxweynaha Galmudug 2012 ilaa 2015. Hore wuxuu ahaa wasiirka arrimaha gudaha ee maamulkii Maxamed Faarax Caydiid 1993, taliyaha booliiska Muqdisho xilligii TNG, iyo taliyaha booliiska xilligii TFG. ## Waa kuma? Cabdi Xasan Cawaale Qeybdiid wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii saddexaad ee Galmudug. World Statesmen waxay xilkiisa ku taariikhaysaa 14 Agoosto 2012 ilaa 23 Luulyo 2015 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Wikipedia waxay qortaa in golaha Galmudug uu doortay 1 Agoosto 2012 ([Wikipedia, Abdi Hasan Awale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi_Hasan_Awale)). ## Dhalashada Wuxuu ku dhashay Gaalkacyo 1948 (Wikipedia; [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## SNA, 1993 Horraantii 1990-meeyadii wuxuu xubin sare ka ahaa Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNA) ee uu hoggaaminayay Maxamed Faarax Caydiid. Wikipedia waxay qortaa inuu wasiirka arrimaha gudaha ka ahaa maamulka Caydiid 1993. 12 Luulyo 1993 kulan ka socday gurigiisa Muqdisho ayaa ciidamada UN-ku weerareen (Wikipedia). ## Taliye booliis, 1999 ilaa 2007 Febraayo 1999 BBC News waxay ka warantay doorkiisa hoggaaminta ciidan booliis oo cusub oo Muqdisho ah ([BBC News, 18 Febraayo 1999](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/282249.stm)). 2001 wuxuu ahaa taliyaha booliiska Muqdisho xilligii TNG (Wikipedia). Juun 2006 wuxuu ka baxay isbahaysigii la dagaallamayay Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ([Al Jazeera, 13 Juun 2006](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/6/13/us-backed-somali-commander-defects)). Kadib wuxuu noqday taliyaha booliiska ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (Wikipedia). ## Madaxweynaha Galmudug, 2012 ilaa 2015 Wuxuu Galmudug hoggaaminayay Agoosto 2012 ilaa Luulyo 2015, waxaana beddelay Cabdikariim Xuseen Guuleed. Galmudug waxay dastuur cusub qaadatay 17 Juun 2015 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha ee maamulka Caydiid, 1993 - Taliyaha booliiska Muqdisho xilligii TNG, 2001 - Taliyaha booliiska TFG, laga bilaabo 2007 - Madaxweynaha Galmudug, 14 Agoosto 2012 ilaa 23 Luulyo 2015. Eeg [Madaxweynayaasha Galmudug](/so/institutions/presidents-of-galmudug/). --- # Cabdikariim Xuseen Guuleed (Abdikarim Hussein Guled) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/abdikarim-hussein-guled/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cabdikariim Xuseen Guuleed (dhashay 1966 ama 1967) wuxuu ahaa Madaxweynaha Galmudug, Luulyo 2015 ilaa Febraayo 2017. Ka hor wuxuu ahaa Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha iyo Amniga 2012 ilaa 2014, iyo wasiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Amniga Qaranka 2014. ## Waa kuma? Cabdikariim Xuseen Guuleed wuxuu hoggaamiyay Galmudug 2015 ilaa 2017. World Statesmen waxay xilkiisa ku taariikhaysaa 23 Luulyo 2015 ilaa 26 Febraayo 2017 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantaa madaxweynihii afraad ee Galmudug ([Wikipedia, Abdikarim Hussein Guled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikarim_Hussein_Guled)). ## Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada Wikipedia waxay qortaa inuu ku dhashay Beledweyne 1966; World Statesmen waxay dhalashadiisa u qortaa 1967. Wuxuu macallin ahaa, wuxuuna ka qalin jabiyay waaxda maamulka ee Jaamacadda Sayniska iyo Teknolojiyadda ee Yemen (Wikipedia). ## Wasiir, 2012 ilaa 2014 4 Nofembar 2012 Ra'iisul Wasaare Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon ayaa u magacaabay Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha iyo Amniga, xilkaas oo uu hayay ilaa 17 Janaayo 2014. Ra'iisul Wasaare Cabdiweli Sheekh Axmed ayaa u magacaabay wasiirka wasaaradda cusub ee Amniga Qaranka. 24 Maajo 2014 wuxuu is casilay kadib weerar al-Shabaab ku qaaday xarunta baarlamaanka ee Muqdisho. 9 Luulyo 2014 waxaa xilka loo magacaabay Khaliif Axmed Ereg (Wikipedia). ## Madaxweynaha Galmudug, 2015 ilaa 2017 Luulyo 2015 golaha Galmudug ayaa u doortay madaxweyne, isagoo ka adkaaday Axmed Macallin Fiqi (Wikipedia). 2 Diseembar 2015 wuxuu Madaxweynaha Puntland Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali la saxiixay Heshiiskii Gaalkacyo, kaas oo ay ku heshiiyeen xabbad-joojin iyo ciidamo ka saarid (isla ishaas). Xilkiisu wuxuu dhammaaday 26 Febraayo 2017. Maxamed Xaashi Cabdi "Carabeey" ayaa ku simanaa ilaa Axmed Ducaale Geelle "Xaaf" xilka la wareegay 3 Maajo 2017 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha iyo Amniga, 4 Nofembar 2012 ilaa 17 Janaayo 2014 - Wasiirka Amniga Qaranka, Janaayo ilaa Maajo 2014 - Madaxweynaha Galmudug, 23 Luulyo 2015 ilaa 26 Febraayo 2017. Eeg [Madaxweynayaasha Galmudug](/so/institutions/presidents-of-galmudug/). --- # Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan (Abdiqasim Salad Hassan) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/abdiqasim-salad-hassan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan (dhashay 1941) wuxuu ahaa Madaxweynaha Dowladda KMG-ga ah ee Qaranka (DKMQ) ee Soomaaliya Agoosto 2000 ilaa 2004. Waxaa lagu doortay shirkii nabadda ee Carta ee Jabuuti, kaas oo Soomaaliya siiyay dowladdii ugu horreysay ee caalamka aqoonsado 1991 kadib. 2004 mar kale ayuu tartamay, guul ma helin, wuxuuna si nabad ah u dhinac maray. ## Waa kuma? Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan wuxuu ahaa Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya 2000 ilaa 2004, isagoo madax u ahaa Dowladda KMG-ga ah ee Qaranka (DKMQ) ([Wikipedia, Abdiqasim Salad Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiqasim_Salad_Hassan)). Midowga Yurub wuxuu soo dhoweeyay doorashadiisa ay samaysay Golaha Qaranka ee KMG-ga ah ee Carta, wuxuuna rajeeyay inay gacan ka geysato dib u dhiska dowladda Soomaaliyeed ([war-saxaafadeed EU, dukumentiga QM S/2000/916, Sebtembar 2000](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/423761/files/S_2000_916-EN.pdf)). Boggan kama qayb qaato siyaasadda xisbiyada. ## Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada Wuxuu dhashay 1941 magaalada Galdogob, gobolka Mudug. Qoyskiisu waa Habar Gidir (Hawiye) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiqasim_Salad_Hassan)). Wuxuu cilmiga bayoolajiga ku bartay Jaamacadda Lomonosov ee Moosko, wuxuuna qalin jabiyay 1965 (isla ishaas). ## Dowladda ka hor 1991 Wuxuu xilal kala duwan ka qabtay dowladdii Siyaad Barre. Dhammaadkii 1980-meeyadii wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaare ku xigeenka labaad. 1990 ilaa 1991 wuxuu ahaa Wasiirkii ugu dambeeyay ee Arrimaha Gudaha ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiqasim_Salad_Hassan)). Kadib burburkii dowladda 1991 wuxuu u guuray Qaahira (isla ishaas). ## Doorashadii Carta, 2000 Shirka Carta wuxuu ka furmay Jabuuti May 2000, wuxuuna soo saaray Axdi Qaran oo KMG ah iyo Gole Qaran oo KMG ah ([Wikipedia, Transitional National Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_National_Government_of_Somalia)). Haweenku markii ugu horreysay waxay ka qayb galeen koox u gaar ah, oo loo yaqaanay Qabiilka Lixaad ([Right Livelihood, Caasha Xaaji Cilmi](https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-a-laureate/asha-hagi-elmi/)). 26 Agoosto 2000 shirku wuxuu u doortay Madaxweyne wareegii saddexaad, isagoo helay 145 cod, Cabdullaahi Axmed Caddoowna 92 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiqasim_Salad_Hassan)). Wuxuu dhaariyay maalintii xigtay, wuxuuna ballan qaaday inuu dowladda dib ugu celin doono Muqdisho ([The New Humanitarian, 28 Agoosto 2000](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2000/08/28/new-president-pledges-return-home)). ## Dowladda KMG-ga ah ee Qaranka Dowladdiisu waxay gacanta ku haysay qaybo ka mid ah Muqdisho. Inta badan koonfurta waxaa haystay kooxo kale ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiqasim_Salad_Hassan)). 2003 wuxuu ka baxay wadahadalladii Kenya ee loogu talagalay dhisidda dowlad cusub, wuxuuna xilka ka qaaday Ra'iisul Wasaare Xasan Abshir Faarax kadib khilaaf (isla ishaas). ## Dhinac marista, 2004 Oktoobar 2004 Baarlamaanka Federaalka KMG-ga ah ee cusub wuxuu Madaxweyne u doortay [Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/). Cabdiqaasim wuxuu ahaa musharrax, wuxuuna si nabad ah uga baxay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiqasim_Salad_Hassan)). Markii dambe wuxuu ku noolaa Muqdisho (isla ishaas). ## Kooban Madaxweynaha DKMQ 2000 ilaa 2004, oo lagu doortay shirkii Carta ee Jabuuti. --- # Cali Khaliif Galaydh (Ali Khalif Galaydh) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/ali-khalif-galaydh/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cali Khaliif Galaydh (1941–2020) wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka (TNG), Oktoobar 2000 ilaa Oktoobar 2001, iyo Madaxweynihii Khaatumo, 2014 ilaa 2017. Hore wuxuu u ahaa Wasiirka Warshadaha 1980 ilaa 1982, wuxuuna maamulay shirkaddii sonkorta ee Jowhar. ## Waa kuma? Cali Khaliif Galaydh wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka oo lagu dhisay shirkii Carta ee Jabuuti. Xilka wuxuu hayay 8 Oktoobar 2000 ilaa 28 Oktoobar 2001 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Kadib wuxuu hoggaamiyay Khaatumo, 1 Sebtembar 2014 ilaa 20 Oktoobar 2017 (isla ishaas). ## Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada Wuxuu dhashay 15 Oktoobar 1941 magaalada Laascaanood ([Wikipedia, Ali Khalif Galaydh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khalif_Galaydh)). Wuxuu wax ku bartay Sheekh, kadibna Jaamacadda Boston (1963 ilaa 1965) iyo Jaamacadda Syracuse, halkaas oo uu ka qaatay shahaadada maamulka guud. 1982 ilaa 1987 wuxuu cilmi-baaris ka sameeyay Jaamacadda Harvard (isla ishaas). ## Shirkadaha dowladda iyo wasaaradda Wuxuu agaasime guud ka noqday Machadka Maamulka Guud ee Soomaaliyeed. Luulyo 1974 wuxuu noqday maareeyaha shirkadda sonkorta ee Jowhar, 1977 ilaa 1980 wuxuu guddoomiye ka ahaa mashruuca sonkorta ee Jubba (Mareerey). 1980 ilaa 1982 wuxuu ahaa Wasiirka Warshadaha ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khalif_Galaydh)). ## Ra'iisul Wasaare iyo Khaatumo Madaxweyne Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan ayaa u magacaabay Ra'iisul Wasaare 8 Oktoobar 2000 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Sebtembar 2014 ergooyinka Khaatumo ayaa u doortay madaxweyne, 21 cod iyo 9. Oktoobar 2017 wuxuu heshiis la saxiixday Somaliland magaalada Caynabo, Khaatumana waxay ku biirtay Somaliland (isla ishaas). Wuxuu geeriyooday 8 Oktoobar 2020 magaalada Jigjiga, waxaana lagu aasay Muqdisho ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khalif_Galaydh)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Wasiirka Warshadaha, 1980 ilaa 1982 - Ra'iisul Wasaaraha TNG, 8 Oktoobar 2000 ilaa 28 Oktoobar 2001 - Madaxweynaha Khaatumo, 1 Sebtembar 2014 ilaa 20 Oktoobar 2017. Eeg [Hoggaamiyeyaasha Khaatumo](/so/institutions/leaders-of-khaatumo-and-north-eastern-state/). --- # Cali Maxamed Geeddi (Ali Mohammed Ghedi) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/ali-mohammed-ghedi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cali Maxamed Geeddi (dhashay 1952) wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (TFG), Diseembar 2004 ilaa Oktoobar 2007. Siyaasadda ka hor wuxuu ahaa takhtar xoolaad oo wax ku bartay Jaamacadda Pisa, wuxuuna macallin ka ahaa Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed. ## Waa kuma? Cali Maxamed Geeddi wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah. World Statesmen waxay xilkiisa ku taariikhaysaa 23 Diseembar 2004 ilaa 30 Oktoobar 2007 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Wikipedia waxay magacaabistiisa ku taariikhaysaa Nofembar 2004 ([Wikipedia, Ali Mohammed Ghedi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi)). ## Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada Wuxuu ku dhashay Muqdisho 2 Oktoobar 1952. Wuxuu wax ku bartay Jaamacadda Pisa ee Talyaaniga, wuxuuna ka qalin jabiyay 1978. 1980 ilaa 1983 wuxuu dib ugu noqday Pisa, wuxuuna ka qaatay shahaadada dhakhtarnimada cilmiga cudurrada iyo qalliinka xoolaha. 1983 ilaa 1990 wuxuu macallin ka ahaa Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, wuxuuna madax ka ahaa waaxdiisa (Wikipedia). ## Sannadihii dagaalka sokeeye Markii dagaalku bilaabmay wuxuu la shaqeeyay garabka Cali Mahdi Maxamed ee USC. Wikipedia waxay qortaa inuu ahaa ku-xigeenka xoghayaha difaaca ee Cali Mahdi horraantii 1990-meeyadii (Wikipedia). ## Ra'iisul Wasaare, 2004 ilaa 2007 Madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa u magacaabay Ra'iisul Wasaare. 11 Diseembar 2004 baarlamaanku wuxuu kalsoonida kala noqday xukuumaddiisii ugu horreysay, laakiin Madaxweynuhu laba maalmood kadib ayuu dib u magacaabay (Wikipedia). Xukuumaddu waxay Nairobi joogtay ilaa 18 Juun 2005, kadibna Jowhar. Laga bilaabo 26 Febraayo 2006 waxay fadhiday Baydhabo, 28 Diseembar 2006 waxay u guurtay Muqdisho ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). 1 Janaayo 2007 wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xaalad degdeg ah oo saddex bilood ah, wuxuuna ugu baaqay maleeshiyaadka inay hubka dhigaan (Wikipedia). Wuxuu is casilay 29 Oktoobar 2007 sida ay Wikipedia qortay; World Statesmen waxay xilkiisa ku dhammaysaa 30 Oktoobar. Saalim Caliyoow Ibroow ayaa ku simanaa ilaa Nuur Xasan Xuseen xilka la wareegay 24 Nofembar 2007 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Macallin iyo madaxa waaxda, Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, 1983 ilaa 1990 - Ra'iisul Wasaaraha TFG, 23 Diseembar 2004 ilaa 30 Oktoobar 2007 --- # Cilmi Boodhari (Elmi Boodhari) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/elmi-boodhari/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cilmi Boodhari (Cilmi Ismaaciil Liibaan, 1908–1941) wuxuu ahaa abwaan Soomaali ah oo Berbera ku noolaa, loona yaqaan Boqorkii Jacaylka. Wuxuu ahaa abwaankii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay ee tiriya gabay keliya oo jacayl ku saabsan, dhammaantoodna wuxuu u tiriyay hal haweeney, Hodan. Aqoonyahanno waxay leeyihiin wuxuu geeyay jacaylka meeshii halyeyga dagaalka ee gabayga Soomaaliyeed. ## Waa kuma? Cilmi Boodhari wuxuu ahaa abwaan Soomaali ah iyo hormuudka gabayga jacaylka Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia, Elmi Boodhari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_Boodhari)). Soomaalidu waxay ugu yeeraan Boqorkii Jacaylka (isla ishaas). Daraasad PhD ah oo 2014 ah ayaa ku tilmaantay "abwaankii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay ee gabayo ku tiriya mowduuca jacaylka oo keliya" ([Jamal Abdi Gabobe, University of Washington, 2014](https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/items/4077c7bb-5961-4d77-a4ea-a2ca6c330bec)). ## Carruurnimada Magaciisa oo buuxa wuxuu ahaa Cilmi Ismaaciil Liibaan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_Boodhari)). Wuxuu dhashay 1908, meel u dhow xadka u dhexeeya Itoobiya iyo Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska (isla ishaas). Qoyskiisu waa Ciidagale (Isaaq) (isla ishaas). ## Foornadii Berbera Wuxuu ka shaqeeyay foorno rooti oo ku taal dekedda Berbera ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_Boodhari)). Halkaas ayuu ku jeclaaday gabadh la oran jiray Hodan Cabdi (isla ishaas). Gabayadiisa oo dhan isaga ayuu u tiriyay (isla ishaas). Hodan nin kale ayay guursatay, waxaana la sheegaa inuu u dhintay murugo jacayl (isla ishaas). Aqoonyahanno waxay xusaan in sheekadan si taxaddar leh loo qaado, maadaama qaybo ka mid ah ay ku kordheen marka la sheegayay ([Gabobe 2014](https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/items/4077c7bb-5961-4d77-a4ea-a2ca6c330bec)). ## Nooc cusub oo gabay ah Abwaanno badan oo xilligiisa ahi waxay ka tirin jireen colaadda iyo aarsiga. Isagu jacayl keliya ayuu doortay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_Boodhari)). Waagiisa, in qofka aad jeceshahay magaciisa fagaare lagu sheego waa la naqdin jiray. Waa lagu jees jeesay, xitaa qaraabadiisa (isla ishaas, oo soo xiganaysa Mohamed Diiriye Abdullahi, *Culture and Customs of Somalia*). Mohamed Diiriye wuxuu qoray inuu "kasbaday quluubta Soomaalida oo dhan, degmo kasta" (isla ishaas). Eeg [gabayga Soomaaliyeed](/en/society/somali-poetry/). ## Sababta aqoonyahannadu u qiimeeyaan Daraasadda Gabobe waxay ku doodaysaa in isbeddelkiisu ka weynaa sheekada noloshiisa. Waxay leedahay wuxuu gabayga casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed ka beddelay "halyeygii dagaalka ee dhaqanka" una beddelay "kan jecel oo halyey ah" ([Gabobe 2014](https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/items/4077c7bb-5961-4d77-a4ea-a2ca6c330bec)). Waxay ku aragtaa "is-eegid gudaha ah iyo is-baaritaan joogto ah" udub-dhexaadka shaqadiisa (isla ishaas). Daraasaddu waxay la barbardhigtaa Majnuun Layla, kii jacaylka ee sheekooyinka Carabta iyo Faaris (isla ishaas). ## Geerida Wuxuu dhintay 1941 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi_Boodhari)). Warar qaarkood waxay bixiyaan sannad ka dambeeya. ## Kooban Abwaan 1930-meeyadii iyo 1940-meeyadii caan ku ahaa gabayada jacaylka. --- # Madoobe Nuunow Maxamed (Madobe Nunow Mohamed) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/madobe-nunow/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Madoobe Nuunow Maxamed (1948–2017) wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Koonfur Galbeed, Maarso ilaa Diseembar 2014. Ka hor wuxuu xildhibaan ahaa 2001 ilaa 2012, wuxuuna dowladda federaalka ka ahaa Wasiirka Warfaafinta, Wasiirka Dhallinyarada iyo Isboortiga, iyo Wasiirka Dastuurka iyo Arrimaha Federaalka. ## Waa kuma? Madoobe Nuunow Maxamed wuxuu hoggaamiyay maamulka Koonfur Galbeed 2014, bilihii ka horreeyay madaxweynihii xigay. World Statesmen waxay xilkiisa ku taariikhaysaa 3 Maarso 2014 ilaa 3 Diseembar 2014, markii Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan beddelay ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantaa madaxweynihii labaad ee Koonfur Galbeed ([Wikipedia, Madobe Nunow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madobe_Nunow)). ## Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada Wuxuu ku dhashay degmada Diinsoor, gobolka Baay, 1948. Wuxuu waxbarashadiisa ku bilaabay Diinsoor 1960-meeyadii, 1970-meeyadiina dugsi sare ku dhammeeyay degmada Hawlwadaag ee Muqdisho. 1979 ilaa 1980 wuxuu cilmiga siyaasadda ku bartay machadka Xalane, 1983 ilaa 1984 wuxuuna shahaado maamul ka qaatay SIDAM (Wikipedia). ## Dowladda hoose, 1966 ilaa 1992 - xubin Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee Baay, 1966 ilaa 1968 - karraani Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha ee Baay, 1974 ilaa 1976, kadibna madaxa xafiiska wasaaradda ee Diinsoor, 1976 ilaa 1978 - sarkaal xisbiga XHKS ee Sablaale iyo Beled Xaawo, horraantii 1980-meeyadii - duqa Diinsoor, 1985 - xoghayaha xisbiga iyo guddoomiyaha Cadale, Shabeellaha Dhexe, 1987 ilaa 1990 - guddoomiyaha guddiga samatabixinta degmada Diinsoor, 1991 ilaa 1992 1995 wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Ciidanka Iska-caabbinta Raxanweyn (RRA) (Wikipedia). ## Baarlamaanka iyo dowladda federaalka, 2001 ilaa 2012 Wuxuu xildhibaan ahaa 2001 ilaa 2012. Wuxuu ahaa wasiir ku-xigeenka Batroolka 2004 ilaa 2007, Wasiirka Warfaafinta 2007 ilaa 2008, Wasiirka Dhallinyarada iyo Isboortiga 2008 ilaa 2009, iyo Wasiirka Dastuurka iyo Arrimaha Federaalka 2009 ilaa 2010 (Wikipedia). ## Geeridiisa World Statesmen waxay sannadka geeridiisa u qortaa 2017. Wikipedia waxay qortaa inuu ku dhintay 29 Oktoobar 2017 qarax lala eegtay hoteel Nasa-Hablod ee Muqdisho ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madobe_Nunow)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Duqa Diinsoor, 1985 - Xildhibaan, 2001 ilaa 2012 - Wasiirka Warfaafinta, Dhallinyarada iyo Isboortiga, iyo Dastuurka iyo Arrimaha Federaalka, 2007 ilaa 2010 - Madaxweynaha ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Koonfur Galbeed, 3 Maarso ilaa 3 Diseembar 2014. Eeg [Madaxweynayaasha Koonfur Galbeed](/so/institutions/presidents-of-south-west-state/). --- # Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi (Mohamed Abdi Hashi) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/mohamed-abdi-hashi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi (geeriyooday 2020) wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne ku-xigeenkii ugu horreeyay ee Puntland, 1998 ilaa 2004, iyo madaxweyne ku-simaha Puntland, Oktoobar 2004 ilaa Janaayo 2005. 1990-meeyadii wuxuu guddoomiye ka ahaa ururka USP. ## Waa kuma? Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi wuxuu lix sano ahaa madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Puntland, xilligii Madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed. Markii Cabdullaahi Yuusuf loo doortay madaxweynaha Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah Oktoobar 2004, Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi ayaa noqday madaxweyne ku-simaha Puntland ilaa doorashadii Janaayo 2005 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html); [Wikipedia, Mohamed Abdi Hashi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdi_Hashi)). ## Dhalashada iyo USP Wikipedia waxay qortaa inuu ku dhashay Hargaga, oo ku taal galbeedka Laascaanood, gobolka Sool. 1990-meeyadii wuxuu guddoomiye ka ahaa Ururka Soomaaliyeed ee Midoobay (USP), oo la aasaasay 1991. Janaayo 1993 wuxuu ka qaybgalay shirkii dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Addis Ababa (Wikipedia). ## Madaxweyne ku-xigeen iyo ku-simaha Puntland waxaa la aasaasay 1 Agoosto 1998, Cabdullaahi Yuusuf oo madaxweyne ah iyo Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi oo ku-xigeen ah (Wikipedia). World Statesmen waxay madaxweyne ku-simnimadiisa ku taariikhaysaa 14 Oktoobar 2004 ilaa 8 Janaayo 2005; Wikipedia waxay bilowga u qortaa 10 Oktoobar 2004 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). 8 Janaayo 2005 wuxuu ku tartamay doorashadii baarlamaanka: wuxuu helay 30 cod, Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi "Cadde" wuxuu helay 35, Cadde ayaana noqday madaxweyne (Wikipedia). ## Geeridiisa Wuxuu ku geeriyooday Nairobi 12 Luulyo 2020, waxaana lagu aasay Garoowe 15 Luulyo ([VOA Somali](https://www.voasomali.com/a/5503844.html)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Guddoomiyaha USP, 1990-meeyadii - Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Puntland, 1 Agoosto 1998 ilaa Oktoobar 2004 - Madaxweyne ku-simaha Puntland, Oktoobar 2004 ilaa 8 Janaayo 2005. Eeg [Madaxweynayaasha Puntland](/so/institutions/presidents-of-puntland/). --- # Maxamed Abshir Muuse (Mohamed Abshir Muse) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/mohamed-abshir-muse/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Jeneraal Maxamed Abshir Muuse (1926–2017) wuxuu taliye ka ahaa Ciidanka Booliiska Soomaaliyeed 1959 ilaa uu is casilay 1969. Afgambigii 1969 kadib waa la xiray. 1991 ilaa 1994 wuxuu guddoomiye ka ahaa Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF). ## Waa kuma? Maxamed Abshir Muuse wuxuu hoggaamiyay Ciidanka Booliiska Soomaaliyeed tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay xorriyadda. Wuxuu taliye ahaa 1959 ilaa horraantii 1969 ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Dagaalka sokeeye kadib wuxuu guddoomiye ka ahaa SSDF 1991 ilaa 22 Agoosto 1994 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## Dhalashada iyo booliiska Wikipedia waxay dhalashadiisa u qortaa 1 Luulyo 1926 ([Wikipedia, Mohamed Abshir Muse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abshir_Muse)). Castagno waxay qortaa inuu ku dhashay maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee waqooyiga, laakiin noloshiisa intooda badan ku qaatay koonfurta. Xilligii Maamulka Militariga Ingiriiska, 1941 ilaa 1950, wuxuu ka shaqeeyay booliiska, wuxuuna gaaray darajada kormeeraha booliiska. Xilligii daryeelka wuxuu ku biiray booliiska koonfurta, 1959 ayaana loo magacaabay taliyaha. 1962 ilaa 1963 wuxuu wax ku bartay Jaamacadda Princeton ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). ## Is casilaadda iyo xarigga Castagno waxay qortaa inuu is casilay horraantii 1969. Afgambigii Oktoobar 1969 kadib waxaa lagu hayay xabsi guri. 1972 waa la sii daayay, laakiin markiiba waa dib loo xiray kadib markii dad badan oo taageeraya ay isugu soo baxeen Muqdisho ([Castagno, *Historical Dictionary of Somalia*, 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). ## SSDF, 1991 ilaa 1998 1991 wuxuu noqday guddoomiyaha SSDF. World Statesmen waxay qortaa inuu guddoomiye ahaa ilaa 22 Agoosto 1994, markaas oo Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed beddelay, iyo in SSDF ay u kala qaybsantay laba garab oo mid walba nin ka mid ah hoggaaminayay ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantaa hoggaamiyaha garabka siyaasadda ee SSDF, halka Cabdullaahi Yuusuf hoggaaminayay garabka hubaysan ilaa 1998 (Wikipedia). Wuxuu geeriyooday 25 Oktoobar 2017, isagoo 91 jir ah (Wikipedia; [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Taliyaha booliiska koonfurta, laga bilaabo 1959 - Taliyaha Ciidanka Booliiska Soomaaliyeed, 1960 ilaa 1969 - Guddoomiyaha SSDF, 1991 ilaa 22 Agoosto 1994. Eeg [Madaxweynayaasha Puntland](/so/institutions/presidents-of-puntland/). --- # Nuur Xasan Xuseen "Nuur Cadde" (Nur Hassan Hussein) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/nur-hassan-hussein/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Nuur Xasan Xuseen, oo loo yaqaan Nuur Cadde (1938–2020), wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah, Nofembar 2007 ilaa Febraayo 2009. Hore wuxuu ahaa sarkaal booliis, taliyaha booliiska iyo xeer-ilaaliyaha guud xilligii Siyaad Barre, iyo Xoghayaha Guud ee Ururka Bisha Cas ee Soomaaliyeed. ## Waa kuma? Nuur Cadde wuxuu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaarihii labaad ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (TFG). Xilka wuxuu hayay 24 Nofembar 2007 ilaa 14 Febraayo 2009 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## Booliiska iyo sharciga Wuxuu dhashay 2 Febraayo 1938. Horraantii 1950-meeyadii wuxuu sarkaal booliis ka ahaa Soomaaliya Talyaaniga. Wuxuu sharci ku bartay Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed iyo Rooma. 1987 ilaa 1991 wuxuu ahaa taliyaha booliiska iyo xeer-ilaaliyaha guud. Kadib wuxuu noqday Xoghayaha Guud ee Ururka Bisha Cas ee Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia, Nur Hassan Hussein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Hassan_Hussein)). ## Ra'iisul Wasaare, 2007 ilaa 2009 Cali Maxamed Geeddi ayaa is casilay 29 Oktoobar 2007. Madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa Nuur Cadde u magacaabay 22 Nofembar 2007, baarlamaankii ku fadhiyay Baydhabona wuu ansixiyay 24 Nofembar, 211 cod oo ka mid ah 212 (Wikipedia). 4 Janaayo 2008 wuxuu magacaabay 15 wasiir iyo shan wasiir ku-xigeen, baarlamaankuna 10 Janaayo ayuu ansixiyay. Juun 2008 waxaa Jabuuti lagu saxiixay heshiis xabbad-joojin ah (isla ishaas). 30 Luulyo 2008 wuxuu xilka ka qaaday duqa Muqdisho. 2 Agoosto toban wasiir ayaa is casilay. 1 Sebtembar 2008 baarlamaanku wuu diiday mooshin kalsooni kala noqosho ah (Wikipedia). Xukuumaddiisu waxay fadhiday Muqdisho ilaa Diseembar 2008, kadib Baydhabo, Janaayo 2009 Jabuuti ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). Waxaa xilka kala wareegay Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke 14 Febraayo 2009. ## Safiir iyo geeri Sebtembar 2009 waxaa loo magacaabay safiirka Soomaaliya ee Talyaaniga ([allAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/200909080293.html)). Wuxuu ku geeriyooday London 1 Abriil 2020, cudurka COVID-19 ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/ex-somali-pm-dies-of-coronavirus-in-london)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Taliyaha booliiska iyo xeer-ilaaliyaha guud, 1987 ilaa 1991 - Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya, 24 Nofembar 2007 ilaa 14 Febraayo 2009 - Safiirka Talyaaniga, laga bilaabo 2009 --- # Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan (Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/sharif-hassan-sheikh-aden/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan waa siyaasi Soomaaliyeed oo laba jeer ahaa Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah (2004 ilaa 2007 iyo 2010 ilaa 2012), Wasiirka Maaliyadda iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen 2009 ilaa 2010, iyo Madaxweynaha Koonfur Galbeed, Diseembar 2014 ilaa Nofembar 2018. ## Waa kuma? Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan wuxuu soo qabtay saddex xil oo waaweyn: Guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka, Wasiirka Maaliyadda iyo madaxweyne dowlad-goboleed. Wuxuu Guddoomiye ahaa 14 Sebtembar 2004 ilaa 17 Janaayo 2007, iyo 25 Maajo 2010 ilaa 20 Agoosto 2012 ([Wikipedia, List of speakers of the Parliament of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Somalia)). Wuxuu Madaxweynaha Koonfur Galbeed ahaa 3 Diseembar 2014 ilaa 7 Nofembar 2018 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## Guddoomiye, 2004 ilaa 2007 2005 dowladda cusub waxay isku khilaaftay meesha ay fariisanayso. Madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Cali Maxamed Geeddi waxay doorbideen Jowhar, Guddoomiyuhuna Muqdisho; Baydhabo ayaa la isku raacay ([Wikipedia, Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Hassan_Sheikh_Aden)). 17 Janaayo 2007 baarlamaanku wuxuu codkii 183 iyo 8 ku xil ka qaaday. Waxaa beddelay Aadan Maxamed Nuur Madoobe (isla ishaas). ## Wasiirka Maaliyadda, 2009 ilaa 2010 20 Febraayo 2009 Ra'iisul Wasaare Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke ayaa u magacaabay Wasiirka Maaliyadda iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen (Wikipedia). ## Guddoomiye mar labaad, 2010 ilaa 2012 25 Maajo 2010 baarlamaanku mar kale ayuu doortay. 9 Juun 2011 isaga iyo Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii Kampala, kaas oo doorashooyinka hal sano dib u dhigay (Wikipedia). Xilkiisu wuxuu dhammaaday markii Baarlamaanka Federaalka cusub uu fadhiistay 20 Agoosto 2012. ## Madaxweynaha Koonfur Galbeed, 2014 ilaa 2018 Nofembar 2014 ergooyin ku shiray Baydhabo ayaa u doortay madaxweynaha dowlad-goboleedka cusub ee saddexda gobol ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Hassan_Sheikh_Aden)). Xilka wuxuu la wareegay 3 Diseembar 2014, wuxuuna ka degay 7 Nofembar 2018 ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)). ## Xilalka uu soo qabtay - Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah, 2004 ilaa 2007 iyo 2010 ilaa 2012 - Wasiirka Maaliyadda iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen, 2009 ilaa 2010 - Madaxweynaha Koonfur Galbeed, 3 Diseembar 2014 ilaa 7 Nofembar 2018. Eeg [Madaxweynayaasha Koonfur Galbeed](/so/institutions/presidents-of-south-west-state/). --- # Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (Mohamed Farrah Aidid) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (1934–1996) wuxuu ahaa jeneraal ciidan, diblomaasi iyo hoggaamiye siyaasadeed Soomaaliyeed. Wuxuu ku dhashay Beledweyne, wuxuu ka soo shaqeeyay booliska, ciidanka qaranka iyo safiirnimada Hindiya, kadibna wuxuu hoggaamiyay garab ka mid ah USC oo ka qayb qaatay rididdii dowladdii Siyaad Barre Janaayo 1991. Wuxuu xukunka Muqdisho ku loollamay Cali Mahdi Maxamed, 1993 wuxuu isku dhacay ciidamada Qaramada Midoobay, wuxuuna u dhintay dhaawac Agoosto 1996. ## Waa kuma? Maxamed Faarax Caydiid wuxuu ahaa sarkaal ciidan, diblomaasi iyo hoggaamiye garab siyaasadeed ([Wikipedia, Mohamed Farrah Aidid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid)). Wuxuu hoggaamiyay garab ka mid ah Golaha Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USC) ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm)). Boggan wuxuu qorayaa dhacdooyinka isagoo aan dhinac qaadan. Waxyeellada wuxuu u qoraa falal ciidamo iyo kooxo. ## Dhalashada iyo booliska Wuxuu dhashay 15 Diseembar 1934 magaalada Beledweyne ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid)). Qoyskiisu waa Habar Gidir (Hawiye) (isla ishaas). Isagoo dhallinyaro ah wuxuu u guuray Gaalkacyo, wuxuuna ku biiray booliska xilligii daryeelka Qaramada Midoobay (isla ishaas). 1954 wuxuu tababar ku qaatay Rooma, 1958-na wuxuu noqday taliyaha booliska gobolka Banaadir (isla ishaas). Wuxuu xubin ka ahaa [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/) (isla ishaas). ## Ciidanka iyo diblomaasiyadda 1960 kadib wuxuu ku biiray Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid)). Wuxuu wax ku bartay Akadeemiyada Militariga ee Frunze ee Moosko (isla ishaas). Kadib inqilaabkii Oktoobar 1969 waa la xiray, waxaana la sii daayay Oktoobar 1975 (isla ishaas). Wuxuu ka qayb galay dagaalkii 1977–1978, wuxuuna gaaray darajada sareeye guuto (isla ishaas). 1984 ilaa 1989 wuxuu safiir u ahaa Hindiya (isla ishaas). Eeg [dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). ## Golaha Midowga Soomaaliyeed (USC) Daraasadda Library of Congress waxay xustaa inuu muddo dheer ka soo horjeeday Siyaad Barre ([LoC](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/66.htm)). Noofembar 1990 wuxuu heshiis la saxiixday SNM iyo SPM si ay dadaalladooda u mideeyaan (isla ishaas). Janaayo 1991 kadib wuxuu diiday xaqa guddiga USC u lahaa inay magacaabaan dowlad ku meel gaar ah iyadoo aan la tashi ballaaran la samayn (isla ishaas). Muqdisho waxaa ka dhacay dagaallo u dhexeeyay ciidamada taageersanaa isaga iyo kuwa taageersanaa [Cali Mahdi Maxamed](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/) (isla ishaas). Eeg [burburkii, 1991 ilaa 2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## Sannadihii Qaramada Midoobay Diseembar 1992 wuxuu soo dhoweeyay hawlgalkii UNITAF ee Mareykanku hoggaaminayay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid)). Kadib isku dhac 5 Juun 1993 lagu dilay tobanaan askari oo QM ah, QM waxay mas'uuliyadda saartay isbahaysigiisa (isla ishaas). Ciidamada Mareykanku waxay markaas isku dayeen inay qabtaan. Dagaalkii Muqdisho ee 3–4 Oktoobar 1993 khasaare culus ayaa ka dhashay (isla ishaas). Diseembar 1993 waxaa loo qaaday Addis Ababa si uu uga qayb galo wadahadallo nabadeed (isla ishaas). ## Sannadihiisii ugu dambeeyay Juun 1995 wuxuu isku dhawaaqay madaxweyne, balse dibadda lagama aqoonsan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid)). Wuxuu ku dhaawacmay dagaal Muqdisho ka dhacay, wuxuuna dhintay Agoosto 1996 (isla ishaas). Isbahaysigiisu wuxuu beddelkiisa u magacaabay wiilkiisa Xuseen Maxamed Faarax (isla ishaas). ## Kooban Sarkaal ka soo shaqeeyay booliska xilligii daryeelka iyo ciidanka qaranka, kadibna noqday guddoomiyaha USC. Ilaha si aad u kala duwan ayay u qoraan doorkiisii 1991 kadib. --- # Magool (Xaliimo Khaliif Cumar) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/magool/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Magool (Xaliimo Khaliif Cumar, 1948–2004) waxay ahayd fannaanad Soomaaliyeed, oo Music in Africa ay kaalinta koowaad ka siisay fannaaniinta dumarka ah ee ugu waaweyn dalka, loona yaqaan Hooyadii Fanka. Waxay ku dhalatay Dhuusamareeb, waxay bilowday heesidda 1959, waxay qaadday heesaha abwaanno sida Hadraawi iyo Cali Sugulle, bandhiggeedii dib-u-soo-laabashada 1987na waxaa lagu sheegay in ka badan 160,000 oo qof ay u yimaadeen garoonka Muqdisho. ## Waa kuma? Magool, oo magaceedu ahaa Xaliimo Khaliif Cumar, waxay ahayd fannaanad Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia, Magool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magool)). Waxay heshay naanaysta Hooyadii Fanka (isla ishaas). Music in Africa waxay kaalinta koowaad ka siisay fannaaniinta dumarka ah ee ugu waaweyn dalka ([Music in Africa, "Somali music through the ages"](https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/25169)). This Is Africa waxay ku tirisaa fannaaniinta dumarka Soomaaliyeed ee abid ugu caansan ([This Is Africa, 4 Nofeembar 2020](https://thisisafrica.me/?p=68177)). ## Sannadihii hore Waxay dhalatay 2 Maajo 1948 Dhuusamareeb, gobolka Galgaduud ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magool)). Ilo qaar ayaa bixiya Beledweyne. Waxay lahayd shan walaalo ah (isla ishaas). Qoyskeedu waa Hawiye (isla ishaas). ## Heesihii ugu horreeyay 1959 waxay ku biirtay koox yar oo Muqdisho ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magool)). Isla sannadkaas waxay u guurtay Hargeysa, waxayna la heestay fannaaniinta magaaladaas (isla ishaas). Heesta-tiriye Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan ayaa u bixiyay Magool, oo macnihiisu yahay "ubax" (isla ishaas). Waxay Muqdisho ku soo noqotay bartamihii 1960-meeyadii, caankeeduna sii kordhay (isla ishaas). ## Codkii abwaannada waaweyn Waxay qaadday shaqooyinka [Hadraawi](/so/people/hadraawi/), Cali Sugulle, Xasan Sheekh Muumin iyo Xuseen Aw-Faarax Dubbad ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magool)). Heesaheeda waxaa ka mid ah "Shimbiryahow Ma Duushaa?", oo erayadeedu yihiin Hadraawi (isla ishaas). Waxay heeso wadajir ah la qaadday Xasan Aadan Samatar iyo Maxamed Axmed Kuluc (isla ishaas). Waxay dhowr saacadood ku baran kartay album dhan (isla ishaas). Eeg [Muusikada Soomaaliyeed (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/somali-music/). ## Heesaha qaranka 1970-meeyadii waxay qaadday heeso waddani ah oo caan ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magool)). Dabayaaqadii 1970-meeyadii waxay sidoo kale qaadday heeso diini ah oo dhaleeceynayay dowladdii militariga (isla ishaas). Kadib waxay doorasho u noolayd qurbaha ilaa 1987 (isla ishaas). ## Muqdisho iyo Magool Bandhiggeedii dib-u-soo-laabashada ee 1987 waxaa la oran jiray "Muqdisho iyo Magool" ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magool)). Waxaa la sheegay in ka badan 160,000 oo qof ay yimaadeen garoonka magaalada (isla ishaas). Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantay bandhiggii ugu guulaha badnaa taariikhda Soomaaliyeed (isla ishaas). ## Geerida Waxay u dhimatay kansarka naasaha cisbitaal ku yaal Amsterdam 19 Maarso 2004 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magool)). Waxay eeddo u ahayd fannaanka K'naan, oo xasuustay inay u heesi jirtay isagoo yar ([Wikipedia, K'naan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27naan)). Eeg [Soomaalida Holland (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/netherlands/). ## Kooban Fannaanad qaadday shaqooyinka abwaannadii ugu waaweynaa waqtigeeda. --- # Maxamed Mooge Liibaan (Mohamed Mooge Liibaan) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/mohamed-mooge-liibaan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maxamed Mooge Liibaan (wuxuu dhintay 1984) wuxuu ahaa fannaan, cuud-tume, abwaan iyo macallin reer Hargeysa ah, oo ka mid ahaa kooxda Waaberi. Heesihiisa Raadiyo Hargeysa waxay ammaanayeen waxbarashada. Dagaalkii 1977–78 kadib wuxuu ku biiray mucaaradka dowladdii militariga, wuxuuna noqday hoggaamiye hore oo ka mid ah Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM), isagoo maamulayay raadiyaha iyo warfaafinta. ## Waa kuma? Maxamed Mooge Liibaan wuxuu ahaa aqoonyahan, abwaan, fannaan iyo hoggaamiye siyaasadeed oo Soomaali ah ([Wikipedia, Mohamed Mooge Liibaan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan)). Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantaa mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadkii dhaqanka iyo siyaasadda ee muhiimka ahaa xilligiisii (isla ishaas). Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa noloshiisa isagoon dhinac qaadan. ## Carruurnimada iyo macallinnimada Wuxuu ku dhashay Hargeysa ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan)). Dugsiga hoose halkaas ayuu ku dhigtay, kadibna Dugsiga Axmed Guray (isla ishaas). Intaanu muusikada gebi ahaanba u go'in, wuxuu macallin u ahaa Wasaaradda Waxbarashada (isla ishaas). Wuxuu rumaysnaa in waxbarashadu tahay qalabka ugu fiican ee lagu dhiso bulsho cadaalad ah laguna ilaaliyo dhaqanka (isla ishaas). ## Fannaanka Wuxuu xubin ka ahaa Waaberi, kooxdii ugu weyneyd ee fanka qaranka ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan)). Waxaa lagu yiqiinnay xirfaddiisa cuudka iyo cod dareen badan (isla ishaas). Geeska waxay qortaa in Raadiyo Hargeysa u adeegsatay "codadka Mooge iyo Qarshe" si dadka loogu beero ixtiraamka waxbarashada ([Geeska, "Radio Hargeisa and the rise of Somali modern music"](https://www.geeska.com/en/radio-hargeisa-and-rise-somali-modern-music)). Eeg [Cabdullaahi Qarshe](/en/people/abdullahi-qarshe/) iyo [muusikada Soomaaliyeed](/en/society/somali-music/). ## Mucaaradka Dagaalkii 1977–1978 kadib wuxuu ka tegay dalka, wuxuuna ku biiray dhaqdhaqaaq mucaarad ah oo hore oo saldhig ku lahaa Itoobiya ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan)). Wuxuu joogay Dirir Dhabe, Harar, Addis Ababa iyo Jigjiga (isla ishaas). Markii la aasaasay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) 1981, wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah taliyayaashiisii hore (isla ishaas). Eeg [xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Codka dhaqdhaqaaqa Wuxuu madax ka ahaa warfaafinta iyo arrimaha siyaasadda ee SNM ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan)). Wuxuu hoggaaminayay barnaamijyada Raadiyo Halgan, oo markii dambe loo bixiyay Raadiyo Kulmis (isla ishaas). Wuxuu abaabulay barnaamijyo dhaqan, wuxuuna bixiyay waraysiyo ku saabsan ujeeddooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa (isla ishaas). ## Geerida iyo xusuusta Wuxuu dhintay 1984 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan)). Somaliland waxaa xusuustiisa lagu hayaa xarumo dhaqan, taallooyin iyo dugsiyo (isla ishaas). Heesihiisa iyo gabayadiisa weli si weyn ayaa loo dhegeystaa (isla ishaas). Eeg [Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Kooban Fannaan ka heesay raadiyaha qaranka, kadibna ka qayb qaatay siyaasaddii 1980-meeyadii. --- # Fakhrudiin Cusmaan al-Zaylaci (dhintay 1342/43), faqiihii Saylac iyo Qaahira Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/uthman-al-zaylai/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Fakhrudiin Cusmaan bin Cali al-Zaylaci wuxuu ahaa faqiih Islaami ah oo qarnigii 14aad noolaa, magaciisuna macnihiisu yahay 'kan Saylac ka yimid'. Wuxuu wax ka dhigi jiray Qaahira, halkaas oo ardayda xeebta Soomaalidu ay hoy u gaar ah ku lahaayeen al-Azhar, wuxuuna qoray Tabyiin al-Xaqaa'iq, sharraxaad afar mujallad ah oo lagu tiriyo tixraacyada ugu waaweyn ee fiqhiga Xanafiga. Wuxuu ku dhintay Qaahira sannadkii 743 Hijriga (1342 ama 1343). ## Waa kuma? Abuu Camr Fakhrudiin Cusmaan bin Cali al-Zaylaci wuxuu ahaa caalim Islaami ah, aqoonyahan caqiido iyo faqiih ka mid ahaa qarnigii 14aad. Magaciisa, *al-Zaylaci*, macnihiisu waa "kan Saylac ka yimid", dekedda Gacanka Cadmeed ee ku taal gobolka Awdal maanta ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mukhtar, Arabic Sources on Somalia, 1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i)). Maktabadda Dijitaalka ah ee Qatar, oo haysa qoraal gacmeed ka mid ah buuggiisa ugu weyn, waxay sheegtaa in "malaha uu ka yimid magaalada dekedda ah ee Saylac", wax ka dhigay Qaahira, iyo in wax kale oo yar laga yaqaan noloshiisa ([Qatar Digital Library, Tabyin al-Haqa'iq manuscript](https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/qnlhc/14472)). Liis online ah ayaa ku tilmaamaya caalim Xanafi ah "oo asal ahaan Masri ah" oo wax ka dhigay kulliyadaha waaweyn ee Qaahira ([Usul, al-Zayla'i al-Hanafi](https://usul.ai/author/fakhr-din-zaylaci)). ## Qaahira Wuxuu si ballaaran u safray, kadibna degay Qaahira. Halkaas wuxuu ku biiray arday kale oo xeebta Soomaalida ka yimid oo ku sugnaa Riwaaq al-Zaylaci, hoy iyo hool waxbarasho oo al-Azhar ku yaal oo loogu talagalay ardayda Saylac iyo Geeska ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i)). Daraasad ku saabsan diiwaannada xilligii Mamaaliikta ayaa raadraacaysa sida ardayda Geeska Afrika ay u sameeyeen mid ka mid ah bulshooyinkii ardayda ee ugu horreeyay al-Azhar ([Abyssinia at al-Azhar: Muslim Students from the Horn of Africa in Late Medieval Cairo, AfricArXiv](https://africarxiv.ubuntunet.net/handle/1/8922)). Wuxuu raacay madhabka Xanafiga, halka Soomaalida intooda badani raacaan madhabka Shaafici ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). ## Buuggiisa Buuggiisa ugu weyn waa *Tabyiin al-Xaqaa'iq sharx Kanz al-Daqaa'iq* ("Caddaynta Xaqaa'iqa: sharraxaadda Kaydka Faahfaahinta"). Wuxuu sharraxayaa *Kanz al-Daqaa'iq*, qoraal fiqhi Xanafi ah oo gaaban oo uu qoray Cabdullaahi bin Axmed al-Nasafi (dhintay 1310) ([Qatar Digital Library](https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/qnlhc/14472)). Wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar mujallad, waxaana lagu tiriyaa tixraacyada ugu waaweyn ee fiqhiga Xanafiga ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i)). - Nuqullo ayaa laga sameeyay adduunka muslimka oo dhan. Qoraal gacmeed ka mid ah waxaa Maka lagu qoray 870 Hijriga (1466) ([Oriental Art Auctions](https://www.orientalartauctions.com/object/artisla64098-tabayin-al-haqaliq-li-sharh-kanz-al-daqaiq-by-uthman-bin-ali-zaylai-copied-870-ah-1466-ad-in-mecca)). Jaamacadda Leipzig ayaa haysa kuwo kale ([Leipzig University Library](https://orient-kohd.dl.uni-leipzig.de/receive/KOHDArabicMSBook_manuscript_00006657?lang=en)). - Buugga wuxuu ku soo wariyay hadalka Abuu Xaniifa ee ah in dadku qiblada u jeestaan meel kasta oo ay joogaan: dadka bariga qibladoodu waa galbeed, dadka koonfurtana waqooyi ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i)). ## Geeridiisa Liiska Leipzig wuxuu geeridiisa dhigaa 743 Hijriga, 1342 ama 1343, Qaahira ([Leipzig University Library](https://orient-kohd.dl.uni-leipzig.de/receive/KOHDArabicMSBook_manuscript_00006657?lang=en)). ## Ha lagu khaldin - **Jamaaludiin al-Zaylaci**, caalim dambe oo isla madhabka ah oo uu saameeyay ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i)). - **Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan al-Zaylaci** (1820–1882), macallinkii suufiga Qaadiriyada ee Qolonqol. Eeg [Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan al-Zaylaci](/en/people/abd-al-rahman-al-zaylai/). Eeg sidoo kale [sida Islaamku u gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/). --- # Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed (1934–2012) wuxuu ahaa sarkaal ciidan oo noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Puntland (1998 ilaa 2004), kadibna Madaxweynaha Dowladda Federaalka KMG-ga ah ee Soomaaliya (2004 ilaa 2008). Wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii jabhadda SSDF kadib 1978, xilka madaxweynenimo wuxuu iska casilay Diseembar 2008, wuxuuna ku dhintay Abu Dhabi 2012. ## Waa kuma? Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed wuxuu ahaa askari iyo siyaasi Soomaaliyeed. Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Puntland, 1998 ilaa 2004, iyo Madaxweynaha Dowladda Federaalka KMG-ga ah (DFKMG) ee Soomaaliya 2004 ilaa 2008 ([Wikipedia, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed)). Boggan wuxuu qorayaa dhacdooyinka isagoo aan dhinac qaadan. ## Dhalashada iyo ciidanka Wuxuu dhashay 15 Diseembar 1934 magaalada Gaalkacyo, gobolka Mudug ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed)). Qoyskiisu waa Majeerteen (Daarood). Wuxuu ka shaqeeyay Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed, wuxuuna ka qayb galay dagaalkii xuduudda ee 1964 iyo dagaalkii Itoobiya ee 1977 (isla ishaas). ## Isku daygii inqilaab ee 1978 iyo SSDF Kadib [dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/), saraakiil ciidan ayaa Abriil 1978 isku dayay inay xukunka ka tuuraan Siyaad Barre. Isku daygu ma guuleysan. Toddoba iyo toban qof oo lagu eedeeyay hoggaaminta ayaa la toogtay. Gaashaanle Dhexe Cabdullaahi Yuusuf wuxuu u baxsaday Itoobiya, wuxuuna aasaasay kooxdii noqotay Jabhadda Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed (SSDF), jabhaddii hubaysnayd ee ugu horreysay ee dowladda ka soo horjeedda ([Library of Congress, *Somalia: A Country Study*, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/29.htm)). Dowladda Itoobiya ayaa markii dambe xabsi ku haysay ilaa 1991 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed)). ## Madaxweynihii koowaad ee Puntland 1991 kadib wuxuu ku laabtay waqooyi-bari. 1998 wuxuu ka qayb qaatay aasaasidda Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland, wuxuuna noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed)). Xilligiisii waxaa ka dhacay khilaaf adag oo hoggaanka ah oo u dhexeeyay isaga iyo [Jaamac Cali Jaamac](/en/people/jama-ali-jama/) 2001 iyo 2002 (isla ishaas). Eeg [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/). ## Madaxweynaha DFKMG Oktoobar 2004 Baarlamaanka Federaalka KMG-ga ah ee cusub, oo ku shirayay Kenya, ayaa u doortay Madaxweyne. Wareegii saddexaad wuxuu helay 189 cod, Cabdullaahi Axmed Caddoowna 79 ([Wikipedia, Abdiqasim Salad Hassan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiqasim_Salad_Hassan)). Dhammaadkii 2006 dowladdiisu waxay ciidamada Itoobiya ka codsatay inay ka caawiyaan Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga, tallaabo ay Soomaali badan si adag uga soo horjeesteen ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed)). Wuxuu is casilay 24 Diseembar 2008, xilli baarlamaanku u dhaqaaqay inuu xilka ka qaado ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed)). Kadib wuxuu ku noolaa Yaman. ## Geeridiisa Wuxuu ku dhintay 23 Maarso 2012 magaalada Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo lagu daaweynayay, cudurka sambabada oo kakan dartiis ([The World, 24 Maarso 2012](https://theworld.org/stories/2012-03-24/somalia-ex-president-abdullahi-yusuf-dies-exile)). Maydkiisa waxaa loo qaaday Muqdisho, halkaas oo Qaramada Midoobay ay duubtay xafladdii garoonka diyaaradaha 25 Maarso 2012 ([UN Photo](https://dam.media.un.org/archive/Ceremony-held-to-recieve-the-casket-containing-the-body-of-fomer-Somali-president-Abdullahi-Yusuf-Ahmed--2AM9LOYBUJYP.html)). ## Kooban Sarkaal ciidan oo ka yimid Gaalkacyo, aasaasay SSDF, ahaa madaxweynihii koowaad ee Puntland 1998 ilaa 2004, iyo Madaxweynaha DFKMG 2004 ilaa 2008. --- # Abshir Bacadle (Abshir Nuur Faarax) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/abshir-bacadle/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Abshir Nuur Faarax, oo loo yaqaan Abshir Bacadle, wuxuu ahaa abwaan Soomaali ah oo gabayadiisu ka hadlayeen diinta, dagaalka, dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo masaakiinta. Ilaha way ku kala duwan yihiin halka uu ku dhashay, Gaalkacyo ama Mustaxiil. Gabayo ayuu tiriyay dagaalladii Muqdisho 1993 iyo dagaalkii 2006 ilaa 2009. Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay wuxuu geeriyooday 10 Oktoobar 2010. ## Waa kuma? Abshir Nuur Faarax, oo loo yaqaan Abshir Bacadle, wuxuu ahaa abwaan Soomaali ah ([Wikipedia Soomaali, Abshir Bacadle](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abshir_Bacadle)). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay waa lagu yaqaan meel kasta oo Soomaalidu degto (isla ishaas). Qabyo maqaal Wikipedia Ingiriis ah ayaa ku tilmaantay mid ka mid ah abwaannada Soomaaliyeed ee ugu gabayada badnaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 20aad ([Wikipedia, Draft:Abshir Bacadle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Abshir_Bacadle)). Boggani wuxuu diiwaangelinayaa dhacdooyinka isagoon dhinac qaadan. ## Dhalashada Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin. Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay wuxuu ku dhashay Gaalkacyo, gobolka Mudug, 1946 ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abshir_Bacadle)). Qabyada Ingiriisku waxay leedahay wuxuu ku dhashay Mustaxiil, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya ([Wikipedia, Draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Abshir_Bacadle)). ## Gabayadiisa Qabyada Ingiriisku waxay leedahay gabayadiisu inta badan waxay ku saabsanaayeen diinta, dagaalka, dib-u-heshiisiinta, masiibooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo masaakiinta ([Wikipedia, Draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Abshir_Bacadle)). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay magacawdaa qaar: *Tawxiid*, gabay dib-u-heshiisiin ah, *Ceeryaamo*, iyo gabay uu ku ammaanayo gabdhaha xijaabka xira ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abshir_Bacadle)). Waxay leedahay gabayo badan oo uu tiriyay waxay ku saabsanaayeen Islaamka iyo colaadda Itoobiya (isla ishaas). Ururin gabayadiisa ah, *Diiwaanka Gabayada Abshir Bacadle*, oo uu diyaariyay Maxamed Xuseen Macallin, ayaa soo baxday 2015, sida qabyada Ingiriisku sheegtay ([Wikipedia, Draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Abshir_Bacadle)). Eeg [gabayga Soomaaliyeed](/en/society/somali-poetry/). ## 1970-meeyadii iyo qaxii Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay bixisaa warkan. 1970-meeyadii dowladdu waxay xirtay gabdho xijaab xiran, tallaabo uu hormuud ka ahaa wasiirkii arrimaha diinta ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abshir_Bacadle)). Abshir wuxuu ku jawaabay gabay ka dhan ah wasiirka, oo uu u bixiyay "Guuleed Fansalakh" (isla ishaas). Dowladdu waxay damacday inay xirto, wuxuuna u cararay Sacuudiga (isla ishaas). Sacuudigu markii dambe wuxuu dib ugu celiyay Soomaaliya, wuxuuna arrintaas gabay kale ka tiriyay (isla ishaas). Eeg [xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## 1990-meeyadii iyo 2000-meeyadii Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay ku tirisaa isla qoyska qabiil ee [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/) ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abshir_Bacadle)). Waxay leedahay 1993 wuxuu ku dhowaad maalin kasta tirin jiray gabayo uu ku taageerayo dagaalyahannadii Caydiid ee ka dhanka ahaa hawlgalkii Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya (isla ishaas). Kadib weerar lagu qaaday shir hoggaamiyeyaashii Caydiid ku lahaayeen Muqdisho 1993, wuxuu tiriyay gabay leh tuducan: "Gun iyo gaalaba waa farxeen, gobi se geeri waa taqaan" (isla ishaas). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay in ka badan 69 qof ayaa weerarkaas ku dhintay (isla ishaas). Qabyada Ingiriisku waxay leedahay wuxuu soo maray dagaalkii Muqdisho 1993 iyo dagaalkii Itoobiya hoggaaminaysay ee Soomaaliya 2006 ilaa 2009 ([Wikipedia, Draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Abshir_Bacadle)). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay gabayo ayuu ku taageeray Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abshir_Bacadle)). Eeg [Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga, 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay gabay uu ka tiriyay Somaliland kadib dhacdo la xiriirtay fannaanadda Zamzam Axmed Ducaale (isla ishaas). Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madax-bannaani 1991; Israa'iil waxay aqoonsatay 26 Diseembar 2025, inta badan dowladaha iyo Midowga Afrikana waxay u arkaan qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. ## Geerida Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay wuxuu geeriyooday 10 Oktoobar 2010 ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abshir_Bacadle)). ## Kooban Abwaan Soomaali ah oo ka gabyay diinta, dagaalka iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta, firfircoonaa 1970-meeyadii ilaa geeridiisii, oo la sheegay inay ahayd 2010. --- # Cumar Dhuule Cali (Omar Dhuule) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/omar-dhuule/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cumar Dhuule Cali (1941–2005) wuxuu ahaa fannaan, cuud-tume, laxamiiste iyo jilaa Soomaali ah oo Burco ka soo jeeda, loona yaqaan Boqorka Qaaciga. Wuxuu kooxda qaranka ee Waaberi la jiray 1970 ilaa 1998, dalka ayuu ka tegay xilligii dagaalka sokeeye, wuxuuna ku noolaa Suuriya kadibna Jeneefa. Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay wuxuu dhintay 19 Maajo 2005, waxaana lagu aasay Jabuuti. ## Waa kuma? Cumar Dhuule Cali wuxuu ka mid ahaa fannaaniinta ugu caansan muusikada casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia Soomaali, Cumar Dhuule](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumar_Dhuule)). Taariikh muusikada Soomaaliyeed oo Music in Africa qortay waxay ku tirisaa fannaaniinta rag ee hormuudka ahaa, isaga iyo Maxamed Saleebaan, Axmed Naaji iyo Xasan Aadan Samatar ([Music in Africa, "Somali music through the ages"](https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/node/25169)). Waxaa loogu yeeri jiray Boqorka Qaaciga, heesihiisa dhaqanka darteed ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumar_Dhuule)). ## Carruurnimada Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay wuxuu dhashay horraantii 1941, duleedka Burco, gobolka Togdheer ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumar_Dhuule)). Taariikhda dhalashadiisa waxay ku qortaa 1 Janaayo 1941 (isla ishaas). Burco waxay ku taal Somaliland, oo ku dhawaaqday madax-bannaani 1991; Israa'iil waxay aqoonsatay 26 Diseembar 2025, inta badan dowladaha iyo Midowga Afrikana waxay u arkaan qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. Eeg [Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Fannaanka iyo cuudka Waxaa lagu yiqiinnay heesaha qaaciga, garaacidda kabanka, gaar ahaan cuudka, iyo sameynta laxanka ([Hiiraan Online, 12 Maajo 2023](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2023/May/191262/waaberi_band_member_khadra_omar_dhule_passes_away_in_mogadishu.aspx)). Hiiraan Online waxay sidoo kale leedahay sheekooyin ayuu qori jiray, ruwaayadahana wuu habayn jiray (isla ishaas). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay ku dartaa majaajilo iyo jilid, waxayna leedahay wuxuu firfircoonaa 1958 ilaa 2005 ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumar_Dhuule)). Shaqadiisa waxay ku tirisaa heesaha waddaniga, qaraami, qaaci, heesaha jacaylka iyo qasaa'idka (isla ishaas). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay wuxuu xubin ka ahaa kooxda qaranka ee Waaberi 1970 ilaa 1998 ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumar_Dhuule)). Eeg [muusikada Soomaaliyeed](/en/society/somali-music/). ## Qurbaha iyo geerida Markii dagaalka sokeeye qarxay, wuxuu ka mid ahaa dadkii dalka ka baxay ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumar_Dhuule)). Wuxuu muddo ku noolaa Suuriya, kadibna Jeneefa, Swiiserland (isla ishaas). Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga waxay leedahay wuxuu dhintay 19 Maajo 2005, waxaana lagu aasay magaalada Jabuuti (isla ishaas). ## Qoyska Gabadhiisa Khadra Cumar Dhuule sidoo kale waxay ahayd fannaanad iyo xubin ka mid ah Kooxda Qaranka ee Waaberi ([Hiiraan Online, 12 Maajo 2023](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2023/May/191262/waaberi_band_member_khadra_omar_dhule_passes_away_in_mogadishu.aspx)). Waxay caan ku noqotay heesaa keli ah 2005, waxayna ku dhimatay Muqdisho Maajo 2023 (isla ishaas). Hiiraan Online waxay Cumar Dhuule Cali ku tilmaantay "shakhsi taariikhi ah oo muusikada Soomaaliyeed ku caan ah" (isla ishaas; turjumaad). ## Kooban Fannaan iyo cuud-tume Burco ku dhashay, xubin Waaberi ahaa 1970 ilaa 1998, kuna dhintay qurbaha 2005. --- # Sheekh Xuseen Baale (qarnigii 13aad): waligii Marka ee Itoobiya lagu qaddariyo Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/sheikh-hussein-of-bale/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Sheekh Xuseen, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Sheekh Xuseen Baliale, wuxuu ahaa daaci muslim ah oo qarnigii 13aad ku dhashay Marka oo ku taal xeebta Soomaalida. Hiddaha ayaa u aaneeya inuu Islaamka u keenay dadka buuraha Baale iyo Sidaamo ee Itoobiya maanta. Qabrigiisa, oo ku yaal magaalada Sheekh Xuseen, waxaa sannadkii laba jeer u yimaada qiyaastii 50,000 xujey, dhalashadiisa iyo geeridiisa. Buug ku saabsan karaamooyinkiisa, Rabiic al-Quluub, ayaa Qaahira lagu daabacay 1920-meeyadii. ## Waa kuma? Sheekh Xuseen wuxuu ahaa daaci muslim ah oo qarnigii 13aad ku dhashay Marka, dekedda xeebta koonfureed ee Soomaalida, wuxuuna ku noolaa kana dhigi jiray buuraha Itoobiya maanta. Halkaas waxaa loogu qaddariyaa wali ([Sheikh Hussein (saint), Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Gish, Thay iyo Latif, Ethiopia, 2007, b. 83](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hussein_(saint))). Taariikhyahan Ulrich Braukämper, oo daraasay Islaamka koonfurta Itoobiya, ayaa isna asalkiisa ku xira Marka ([Braukämper, Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia, 2002, b. 155, Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA155)). Noloshiisa wax yar ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay. Waxa la yaqaan wuxuu ka yimid hiddaha afka ah iyo manaaqib, buug ay raacdayaashu ku ammaaneen waliga. Boggani wuxuu sheegayaa midkasta waxa uu yahay. ## Waxa hiddaha sheegaan - **Islaamka oo gudaha la geeyay.** Waxaa loo aaneeyaa inuu Islaamka u keenay dadka Sidaamo iyo dadka Baale ([Sheikh Hussein (saint), Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Braukämper 2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hussein_(saint))). - **Saldanadda Baale.** Hiddaha ayaa sidoo kale u aaneeya aasaaska Saldanadda muslimka ah ee Baale ([isla maqaalka, oo soo xiganaya Østebø, Islam, Ethnicity, and Conflict in Ethiopia, Cambridge University Press, 2020, b. 52](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hussein_(saint))). - **Karaamooyin.** Karaamooyin badan ayaa loo aaneeyaa. Qaar ka mid ah waxaa lagu diiwaan geliyay *Rabiic al-Quluub*, manaaqib lagu daabacay Qaahira 1920-meeyadii ([isla maqaalka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hussein_(saint))). ## Abtirsiintiisa hiddaha Soomaalida Cilmi-baaraha bulshada I. M. Lewis wuxuu diiwaan geliyay in Xaran Madare, koox ku nool gobolka Baay, lagu sheego hiddaha afka ah ee Soomaalida inay laan ka yihiin "abtirsiinta awliyada ee Walamogge", oo ka farcantay "Sheekh Xuseen Baliale caanka ah, waliga ilaaliya muslimiinta Itoobiya" ([I. M. Lewis, "Keeping the Birds at Bay in the Bay Area of Somalia", 1988, kaydka Jaamacadda Roma Tre](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/1027/5/43_I.M.%20LEWIS%20-%20Keeping%20the%20birds%20at%20Bay%20in%20the%20Bay%20area%20of%20Somalia.pdf)). Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa buugga Lewis *Saints and Somalis* (1998, b. 105), waxay abtirsiintan ku xirtaa Ajuuraan ([Sheikh Hussein (saint), Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hussein_(saint))). ## Qabriga iyo siyaarooyinka Magaalada isaga lagu magacaabay, Sheekh Xuseen, waxay ku taal Baale ee gobolka Oromiya ee Itoobiya. Qiyaastii 50,000 xujey oo ka kala yimid Itoobiya ayaa halkaas isugu yimaada sannadkii laba jeer. Siyaarada mid waxay xustaa dhalashadiisa, tan kalena geeridiisa ([Sheikh Hussein (saint), Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia, 1952, bb. 253–256](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hussein_(saint))). Xujaydu dhaqan ahaan waxay sitaan ulo yaryar oo laamo leh oo la yiraahdo "Oulle Sheikh Hussein". Qabriga markay gaaraan, waxay kala dambeyn ku galaan qabriga waliga iyagoo ka gurguurta albaab yar ([Sheikh Hussein (saint), Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Nordic Africa Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hussein_(saint))). Booqashada qabriyada awliyada (siyaaro) sidoo kale waa dhaqan hore oo Soomaalida dhexdeeda ah. Eeg [awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/). ## Marka iyo xeebta Marka waxay ka mid ahayd magaalooyinkii ganacsiga muslimka ee hore ee xeebta koonfureed ee Soomaalida, mar dambena waxay hoy u noqotay Sheekh Cali Maye Durogba, oo dariiqada Axmadiyada keenay Soomaaliya ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/) iyo [sida Islaamku u gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - J. Spencer Trimingham, *Islam in Ethiopia* (Oxford University Press, 1952), bb. 253–256. - Ulrich Braukämper, *Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays* (LIT Verlag, 2002). - I. M. Lewis, *Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-Based Society* (Red Sea Press, 1998). --- # Shariif Sheekh Axmed (Sharif Sheikh Ahmed) Source: https://calankii.com/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shariif Sheekh Axmed (dhashay 1965) wuxuu ahaa Madaxweynaha Dowladda Federaalka KMG-ga ah ee Soomaaliya Janaayo 2009 ilaa Agoosto 2012. Wuxuu yahay culimo diimeed iyo macallin, horayna wuxuu guddoomiye uga ahaa Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga (2004 ilaa 2007) iyo Isbahaysiga Dib-u-xoreynta Soomaaliya. Muddadiisu waxay ku dhammaatay u gudubkii dowladda federaalka 2012. ## Waa kuma? Shariif Sheekh Axmed waa culimo diimeed iyo siyaasi Soomaaliyeed. Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii toddobaad ee Soomaaliya, isagoo hoggaaminayay Dowladda Federaalka KMG-ga ah (DFKMG) 31 Janaayo 2009 ilaa 20 Agoosto 2012 ([Wikipedia, Sharif Sheikh Ahmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed)). Boggan wuxuu qorayaa doorkiisa dadweyne, kamana qayb qaato siyaasadda xisbiyada. ## Dhalashada iyo waxbarashada Wuxuu dhashay 25 Luulyo 1965 magaalada Mahadaay, gobolka Shabeellaha Dhexe. Isagoo yar wuxuu bartay diinta Islaamka iyo Carabiga, Qur'aankana wuu xafiday ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed)). Wuxuu wax ku bartay Machadka Sheekh Suufi ee Muqdisho, oo xiriir la leh Al-Azhar, kadibna jaamacado ku yaal Liibiya iyo Suudaan, halkaas oo uu shahaado sharciga iyo shareecada ka qaatay (isla ishaas). ## Macallin iyo abaabule bulsho Sannadkii 2000 wuxuu ku soo laabtay Muqdisho. Wuxuu aasaasay hay'ad dhaqameed la yiraahdo Al-Shuruuq iyo urur dhallinyaro oo isu keenay dhallinyarada magaalada kala qaybsanayd ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed)). Wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa macallin. ## Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ee xaafadaha Muqdisho ayaa nidaam keenay meel aan dowlad ka jirin. 2004 wuxuu noqday guddoomiyaha midowgooda, Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed)). Bartamihii 2006 Maxaakiimtu waxay gacanta ku hayeen Muqdisho iyo qayb badan oo koonfurta ah. Ciidamada Itoobiya waxay Soomaaliya soo galeen Diseembar 2006, hoggaankii Maxaakiimtuna wuu kala firdhay (isla ishaas). Kadib wuxuu hoggaamiyay Isbahaysiga Dib-u-xoreynta Soomaaliya (ARS), kaas oo 2008 galay wadahadallo Jabuuti ah oo QM taageertay (isla ishaas). ## Madaxweyne, 2009 ilaa 2012 Wadahadalladii Jabuuti kadib, baarlamaankii la ballaariyay wuxuu ku shiray Jabuuti, wuxuuna u doortay Madaxweyne 31 Janaayo 2009 ([Al Jazeera, Janaayo 2009](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/01/200913191343772174.html)). Wuxuu Ra'iisul Wasaare u magacaabay Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, wiilka madaxweynihii hore [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed)). Dowladdiisu waxay 2009 Muqdisho ku wajahday dagaal hubaysan oo ay wadeen Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam. 2011, iyadoo ay la jiraan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, ciidamada dowladdu waxay Al-Shabaab ka saareen caasimadda ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed)). Agoosto 2012 xilligii KMG-ga ahaa wuu dhammaaday, waxaana la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Sebtembar 2012 wuxuu u tartamay madaxweynenimada, waxaana ka guuleystay [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) (isla ishaas). ## 2012 kadib Wuxuu aasaasay xisbiga Himilo Qaran, kadibna wuxuu hoggaamiyay isbahaysiyo mucaarad ah, oo uu ku jiro Madasha Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed ee la aasaasay 2025 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed)). Wuxuu mar kale u tartamay madaxweynenimada 2017 iyo 2022. ## Kooban Madaxweynaha DFKMG 2009 ilaa 2012, kaas oo xilka u wareejiyay dowladdii federaalka ee ugu horreysay 2012. --- # Muqdisho (Mogadishu) iyo Banaadir Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/mogadishu/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Muqdisho waa caasimadda Soomaaliya, waxayna ka kooban tahay gobolka Banaadir. Waxaa ku nool ilaa 2.97 milyan oo qof oo ku kala nool 20 degmo. In ka badan saddex meelood meel waxay ku nool yihiin xeryaha barakacayaasha, shaqada intooda badan waa mid aan diiwaangashanayn, qofka aan xirfad lahayna inta badan wuxuu helaa wax ka yar inta uu ku noolaan karo. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 2.97 milyan oo qof ayaa ku nool 20 degmo (horraantii 2026). In ka badan 1.1 milyan waxay ku nool yihiin 2,493 xero oo barakacayaal ah. Xeryaha intooda badan waxay ku yaallaan Kaxda (1,241) iyo Dayniile (1,029) ([EUAA, xeryaha barakacayaasha](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/13-idps-and-idp-sites-mogadishu)). Bulshada ugu da'da weyn magaalada, Reer Xamar (Banaadiri), waxay ku nool yihiin xaafadaha hore ee Shangaani iyo Xamar Weyne, waxayna la kulmaan in laga reebo ([EUAA, dadka](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/11-mogadishu-demographics-and-clan-composition)). ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Ganacsiyada ilaa saddex meelood laba meel waa kuwo aan diiwaangashanayn. Kaliya 7% ayaa shaqaaleysiiya in ka badan 20 qof. Suuqa Bakaaraha waxaa ku yaal in ka badan 20,000 oo ganacsi, haweenkuna waxay maamulaan ganacsiyo yaryar oo badan oo cunto iyo shaah ah. Shaqada inta badan waxaa lagu helaa qaraabo ama saraakiil ([EUAA, dhaqaalaha](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/213-socioeconomic-indicators)). ### Mushaharka iyo kharashka bishii (doolar) - Shaqaalaha guriga: $50 ilaa $100 bishii - Ilaaliye: $100 ilaa $150 bishii - Kalkaaliye caafimaad oo cusub ama askari: ilaa $200 bishii - Inta uu qof weyn ku noolaan karo: $200 ilaa $250 bishii - Kirada aqal Dayniile ama Kaxda: ilaa $50 bishii - Dugsiga dowladda ee "bilaashka ah", ilmo kasta: $10 ilaa $15 bishii - Dhalmo qalliin ah oo isbitaal gaar ah: $250 ilaa $300, hal mar - Biyaha qoys lix qof ah: $20 ilaa $30 bishii Qofka aan xirfad lahayn wuxuu helaa wax ka yar inta uu ku noolaan karo, mana jiraan adeegyo bulsho oo dowladeed ([EUAA, dhaqaalaha](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/213-socioeconomic-indicators)). ## Yaa maamula Dowladda Federaalka iyo Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir. Magaaladu ma aha dowlad goboleed, heerkeeda ugu dambeeyana weli lama go'aamin ([Heritage Institute, 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)). Diseembar 2025 magaaladu waxay qabatay doorashadii tooska ahayd ee hoose ee ugu horreysay muddo ka badan 50 sano, oo loogu tartamayay 390 kursi oo gole. Ilaa 1,605 musharrax ayaa isu taagay, ilaa 500,000 qofna waa is diiwaangeliyeen. Mucaaradku kama qaybgalin ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/25/somali-capital-holds-first-direct-election-in-five-decades)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Xallinta caddaalad ah ee khilaafaadka dhulka iyo ka saaridda guryaha. 2. Shaqo aan ku xirnayn cid aad taqaan. 3. Khidmadda dugsiga oo qoysasku awoodi karaan. 4. Kharashka dhalmada nabdoon. 5. Biyo nadiif ah oo jaban. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn Tirada ka saaridda guryaha ee 2026, iyo inta qof ee ka timid gobol kasta. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Boorama (Borama) iyo Awdal Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/awdal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Awdal waa gobolka ugu waqooyi-galbeedsan, wuxuuna xad la leeyahay Jabuuti iyo Itoobiya, caasimaddiisuna waa Boorama. Waxaa ku nool inta u dhexeysa 300,000 ilaa 636,000 oo qof. Waxaa maamula Somaliland, inta badanna dagaal kama jiro, balse abaartii 2025 waxay dishay xoolo badan, dad badan oo deggana waxay sheegaan in looga tagay awoodda. ## Yaa ku nool Qiyaasaha Sebtembar 2024 waxay u dhexeeyaan ilaa 303,218 qof (IOM, oo laga yaabo inay ka yar tahay inta dhabta ah) ilaa 636,108 (IPC). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay afar degmo: Boorama (caasimadda), Baki, Lughaya iyo Saylac. Wuxuu xad la leeyahay Jabuuti, Itoobiya iyo Gacanka Cadmeed ([EUAA Awdal, Maajo 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)). Gadabuursi (Dir) ayaa ah inta badan, Ciise (Dir) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool, gaar ahaan dhanka Jabuuti. Beelaha xirfadaha lagu yaqaan ee laga tirada badan yahay, sida Gabooye, waxay la kulmaan takoor iyo ilaalin liidata Somaliland oo dhan ([EUAA, Okt 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/391-persons-belonging-low-status-occupational-minorities)). Tiradooda Awdal lama yaqaan. Ku dhawaad cidna dagaal kuma barakicin: 8 qof 2023. Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Xoolaha ayaa aasaaska dhaqaalaha ah. Luulyo 2025 qiimeyn ayaa heshay biyo iyo daaq yari baahsan iyo "khasaare xoolo oo weyn", gaar ahaan Lughaya iyo Saylac ([OCHA, Agoosto 2025](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-conditions-central-and-northern-regions-flash-update-no1-5-august-2025)). Soomaaliya oo dhan, foostada biyaha ee 200-ka litir ah qiimaheedu wuu labalaabmay ama saddexlaabmay degmooyin badan, shidaalkuna wuxuu ka kacay $0.60 ilaa $1.50 litirkii marka la gaaray Abriil 2026 ([OCHA, Abriil 2026](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-2025-2026-drought-emergency-situation-report-no-5-6-april-2026)). ## Yaa maamula Maamulka Somaliland ayaa maamula gobolka oo dhan. Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madaxbannaani 1991. Qaramada Midoobay iyo Midowga Afrika waxay u arkaan qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay 26 Diseembar 2025, Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrikana way diideen ([Al-Monitor, Diseembar 2025](https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/12/somalia-denounces-israeli-recognition-somaliland)). Al-Shabaab dhul kuma haysato halkan. Waxaa dhacay lix dhacdo amni iyo hal dhimasho Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025. Hoggaamiyeyaasha Gadabuursi muddo dheer ayay sheegayeen in Awdal looga tagay awoodda Somaliland. Mudaaharaadyo rabshado leh ayaa ka dhacay Boorama Maajo 2023, Sebtembar 2023na shir ay yeesheen odayaasha dhaqanka Gadabuursi oo Ottawa ka dhacay ayaa ku baaqay in Awdal ka baxdo Somaliland ([EUAA](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)). Somaliland waxay Awdal u sameysay guddi abaareed Luulyo 2025 ([OCHA](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/monthly-humanitarian-update-september-and-october-2025)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Waqooyiga, fatahaaduhu waxay u yimaadaan daad degdeg ah oo mara togagga xilliyeedka, ee kama yimaadaan webi. Buuraleyda waqooyigu waa qaybta ugu qabow dalka. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Luulyo 2025:** xaalad degdeg ah oo abaareed ayaa lagu dhawaaqay. Cunto ayaa gaartay 5,500 qoys oo Awdal iyo Woqooyi Galbeed ah 20 Luulyo. - **Agoosto 2025:** in ka badan 38 xarumood oo caafimaad iyo nafaqo ah ayaa sheegay daldaloolo waaweyn kadib jarista maalgelinta ([OCHA](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-conditions-central-and-northern-regions-flash-update-no1-5-august-2025)). - **Oktoobar 2025:** cimilo qalalan ayaa la saadaaliyay inay sii socoto ilaa Nofembar. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Biyo dadka iyo xoolaha Lughaya iyo Saylac. 2. Daryeel caafimaad iyo nafaqo marka rugaha caafimaadku maalgelin waayaan. 3. Dakhli xoolo-dhaqatada xoolahoodii waayay. 4. Shaqo mushahar leh oo dhallinyarada ah. 5. Cod loo siiyo dadka dareemaya in looga tagay. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn Qiimaha iyo mushaharka deegaanka, iyo tirada qoysaska beelaha laga tirada badan yahay. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Hargeysa (Hargeisa) iyo Woqooyi Galbeed Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Woqooyi Galbeed waa gobolka ay ku taallo Hargeysa, magaalada ugu weyn waqooyiga. Waxaa ku nool inta u dhexeysa 1 ilaa 1.45 milyan oo qof, maamulka Somalilandna wuxuu maamulaa gobolka oo dhan. Hargeysa waa xarun ganacsi oo ku taal waddada dekedda Berbera iyo Itoobiya, 71,606 qof oo barakacay ayaana ku nool 16 xero oo magaalada ah. ## Yaa ku nool Qiyaasaha Sebtembar 2024 waxay u dhexeeyaan ilaa 1,022,984 qof (IOM, oo laga yaabo inay ka yar tahay inta dhabta ah) ilaa 1,447,484 (IPC). Degmooyinku waa Hargeysa (caasimadda), Gabiley iyo Berbera ([EUAA Woqooyi Galbeed, Maajo 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/282-wogoyi-galbeed)). Magaalada Hargeysa waxaa ku nool 1.2 ilaa 1.5 milyan oo qof oo ku kala nool siddeed degmo. Dadka intooda badan waa Isaaq, waxaana sidoo kale ku nool bulshooyin Gadabuursi iyo Ciise ah. Dhulbahante iyo Warsangeli aad u yar ayaa harsan tan iyo colaaddii bari. Beesha laga tirada badan yahay ee Gabooye waxay inta badan ku nool yihiin Daami (degmada Gacan Libaax). Muhaajiriin ka yimid Itoobiya iyo Yaman ayaa sidoo kale ku nool magaalada. 16-ka xero ee barakacayaasha waxaa ku nool 71,606 qof: 65% waa haween, 24% waa carruur ka yar shan sano, cuntada iyo caafimaadkuna waa baahiyaha ugu waaweyn ([EUAA Hargeysa, Maajo 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/22-hargeisa/221-overview)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Hargeysa waa xarun ganacsi oo ku taal waddada ka timaada dekedda Berbera una socota Jigjiga iyo Addis Ababa. Saboolnimadu way baahsan tahay, mushaharka yarna inta badan wuxuu masruufaa qoysas ka kooban todobo ilaa sagaal qof ([EUAA Hargeysa](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/22-hargeisa/221-overview)). Soomaaliya oo dhan, qiimaha foostada biyaha ayaa labalaabmay ama saddexlaabmay, shidaalkuna wuxuu litirkii ka kacay $0.60 ilaa $1.50 marka la gaaray Abriil 2026 ([OCHA, Abriil 2026](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-2025-2026-drought-emergency-situation-report-no-5-6-april-2026)). ## Yaa maamula Maamulka Somaliland ayaa maamula gobolka oo dhan, oo uu hoggaamiyo Madaxweyne Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi (laga bilaabo 2024). Al-Shabaab dhul kuma haysato ([EUAA](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/282-wogoyi-galbeed)). Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madaxbannaani 1991. Qaramada Midoobay iyo Midowga Afrika waxay u arkaan qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay 26 Diseembar 2025. Dad badan ayaa ku dabaaldegay Hargeysa, Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrikana way cambaareeyeen ([Al-Monitor](https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/12/somalia-denounces-israeli-recognition-somaliland)). Hargeysa waxay leedahay duq magaalo, Cabdikariim Axmed Mooge (laga bilaabo Juun 2021), golayaal iyo waaxyo magaalo ([EUAA Hargeysa](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/22-hargeisa/221-overview)). Wasaaradda caafimaadku waxay olole tallaal dabaysha ah la samaysay WHO iyo UNICEF ([OCHA](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/monthly-humanitarian-update-september-and-october-2025)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Waqooyiga, fatahaaduhu waxay u yimaadaan daad degdeg ah oo mara togagga xilliyeedka, ee kama yimaadaan webi. Buuraleyda waqooyigu waa qaybta ugu qabow dalka, celceliska kulkuna wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa 19°C. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta daadadka ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **22 Luulyo 2025:** xaalad degdeg ah oo abaareed, iyo baaq loogu talagalay 650,000 qof oo Somaliland oo dhan ah ([OCHA, Agoosto 2025](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-conditions-central-and-northern-regions-flash-update-no1-5-august-2025)). - **28 Sebtembar ilaa 2 Oktoobar 2025:** tallaal degdeg ah oo dabaysha ah oo la siiyay in ka badan 865,000 carruur ah oo ka yar shan sano, kadib xaalado ka dhacay gobollo u dhow ([OCHA](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/monthly-humanitarian-update-september-and-october-2025)). - **Hadda:** 71,606 qof oo barakacay ayaa u baahan cunto iyo caafimaad. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Cunto iyo caafimaad barakacayaasha 16-ka xero ee Hargeysa. 2. Shaqo mushahar leh oo dhallinyarada ah, magaalo mushaharkeedu hooseeyo. 3. Caafimaadka carruurta: tallaal iyo nafaqo. 4. Waraaqo iyo adeegyo beelaha laga tirada badan yahay iyo muhaajiriinta. 5. Biyo iyo calaf xoolo-dhaqatada abaarta ku jira. --- # Burco (Burao) iyo Togdheer Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/togdheer/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Togdheer waa gobolka waqooyiga ee ku hareeraysan Burco, waxaana ku nool ilaa 894,874 qof oo ay ku jiraan Buuhoodle. Maamulka Somaliland ayaa maamula Burco, Sheekh iyo Oodweyne, halka Buuhoodle ay haysato Dowladda Waqooyi Bari. Xoolaha ayaa ah nolosha ugu weyn, ilaa 63% dadkuna waxay ku jireen heerarka 2 ilaa 4 ee IPC Janaayo 2026. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 894,874 qof oo ay ku jiraan Buuhoodle (IPC, Janaayo 2026). Degmooyinku waa Burco (caasimadda), Sheekh, Oodweyne iyo Buuhoodle ([EUAA Togdheer, 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/283-togdheer)). Beelaha xirfadaha lagu yaqaan ee laga tirada badan yahay (Gabooye iyo kuwo kale) waxay la kulmaan takoor Somaliland oo dhan ([EUAA, Okt 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/391-persons-belonging-low-status-occupational-minorities)). **Barakacayaasha:** gobolka barakac cusub oo dagaal ah kama dhicin Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026. 36 qof ayaa Buuhoodle uga yimid Burco, NRC-na waxay diiwaangelisay 202 qof oo meelaha laga saaray 2025 iyo horraantii 2026 ([EUAA Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/283-togdheer)). ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Xoolaha ayaa ugu badan. Ilaa 63% dadka la qiimeeyay waxay ku jireen heerarka 2 ilaa 4 ee IPC Janaayo 2026, shan goobood oo abaartu "si xun u saameysay" Nofembar 2025 ([EUAA Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/283-togdheer)). Lacag gargaar ah oo $140 ah ayaa la siiyay 720 qoys oo Togdheer iyo Sanaag ah ([OCHA, Agoosto 2025](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-conditions-central-and-northern-regions-flash-update-no1-5-august-2025)). Dalka oo dhan, qiimaha foostada biyaha ayaa labalaabmay ama saddexlaabmay, shidaalkuna wuxuu gaaray $1.50 litirkii Abriil 2026 ([OCHA](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-2025-2026-drought-emergency-situation-report-no-5-6-april-2026)). Mushaharka deegaanka: lama helin. ## Yaa maamula Maamulka Somaliland ayaa maamula Burco, Sheekh iyo Oodweyne ([EUAA Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/283-togdheer)). Magaalada Buuhoodle waxaa haya isbahaysiga la safan federaalka (SSC-Khaatumo / Waqooyi Bari), meelaha u dhowna waa lagu murmaa ([EUAA Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/271-sool)). Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madaxbannaani 1991; Qaramada Midoobay iyo Midowga Afrika waxay u arkaan qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya; Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay 26 Diseembar 2025 ([Al-Monitor](https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/12/somalia-denounces-israeli-recognition-somaliland)). Al-Shabaab: wax joogitaan ah lama sheegin. Shan dhacdo iyo hal dhimasho (Abriil 2025 ilaa Maarso 2026, Buuhoodle la'aanteed). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Waqooyiga, fatahaaduhu waxay u yimaadaan daad degdeg ah oo mara togagga xilliyeedka, ee kama yimaadaan webi. Buuraleyda waqooyigu waa qaybta ugu qabow dalka. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **15 Maajo 2025:** mudaaharaadayaal ayaa Burco kula dagaallamay ciidamada amniga kadib warar sheegayay in maxaabiis SSC-Khaatumo la sii deyn doono; 2 ilaa 6 qof ayaa la dilay ([EUAA Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/283-togdheer)). - **Luulyo 2025 wixii ka dambeeyay:** abaar; shan goobood ayaa si xun loo saameeyay marka la gaaray Nofembar 2025. - **Janaayo 2026:** 63% waxay ku jireen cunto yari ama ka sii daran. - **Buuhoodle:** waa lagu murmaa maamullada dhexdooda; biyo yari Sebtembar 2025. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Cunto qoysaska ku jira heerarka 2 ilaa 4 ee IPC. 2. Biyo iyo calaf si xoolaha loo badbaadiyo. 3. Dakhli xoolo-dhaqatada iyo dhallinyarada. 4. Deganaan iyo kalsooni kadib dhimashadii Maajo 2025 iyo kala qaybsanaanta Buuhoodle. 5. Caawimo qoysaska la saaray iyo kuwa soo gaaraya. --- # Laascaanood (Las Anod) iyo Sool Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/sool/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sool waa gobol ku yaal waqooyiga, caasimaddiisuna waa Laascaanood. Waxaa ku nool ilaa 571,000 oo qof. Colaaddii 2023 kadib inta badan waxaa maamusha Dowladda Waqooyi Bari, oo ay dowladda federaalku aqoonsatay 2025, Somalilandna waxay haysaa galbeedka. 72% dadka waxay u baahnaayeen cunto horraantii 2026. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 570,788 qof, iyadoon Buuhoodle lagu darin (IPC, Febraayo 2026). Degmooyinku waa Laascaanood (caasimadda), Taleex, Xudun iyo Caynabo ([EUAA Sool, 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/271-sool)). Dadka intooda badan waa Dhulbahante (Harti, Daarood), Dowladda Waqooyi Barina waxaa hoggaamiya hoggaamiyeyaal Dhulbahante ah ([The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/the-making-of-somalia-new-northeast-state-5178184)). Beelaha xirfadaha lagu yaqaan ee laga tirada badan yahay waxay la kulmaan takoor waqooyiga oo dhan ([EUAA, beelaha laga tirada badan yahay](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/391-persons-belonging-low-status-occupational-minorities)). **Barakacayaasha:** 419 qof ayaa cusub ugu barakacay dagaal Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026, intooda badan gudaha Caynabo iyo Xudun. NRC waxay diiwaangelisay 1,922 qof oo meelaha laga saaray ([EUAA Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/271-sool)). Tan iyo colaaddii 2023, Dhulbahante aad u yar ayaa weli ku nool Hargeysa ([EUAA Hargeysa](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/22-hargeisa/221-overview)), 210 qof oo Laascaanood ahna waxay u guureen Hargeysa 2023 ilaa 2025 ([EUAA Woqooyi Galbeed](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/282-wogoyi-galbeed)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Ilaa 72% dadka waxay u baahnaayeen cunto ama ka sii daran Janaayo 2026. Taleex, Godaalo, Xudun iyo Buuhoodle waxaa ku yaraaday biyaha Sebtembar 2025 ([EUAA Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/271-sool)). Soomaaliya oo dhan, qiimaha foostada biyaha ayaa labalaabmay ama saddexlaabmay, shidaalkuna wuxuu gaaray $1.50 litirkii Abriil 2026 ([OCHA, Abriil 2026](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-2025-2026-drought-emergency-situation-report-no-5-6-april-2026)). ## Yaa maamula Maamulku wuu kala qaybsan yahay, sida ay ahayd 31 Maarso 2026 ([EUAA Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/271-sool)): - **Dowladda Waqooyi Bari:** Laascaanood, Taleex, Xudun, Buuhoodle iyo Gumays. Waxay ka soo baxday maamulka SSC-Khaatumo ee la sameeyay 2023. Waxay noqotay dowlad xubin ka ah federaalka Luulyo 2025, dowladda federaalkuna waxay ansixisay 2 Agoosto 2025 kadib shir Laascaanood ka dhacay. - **Somaliland:** Caynabo, Oog iyo Qorilugud. - **Lagu murmo:** meelaha galbeedka Xudun, Gumays iyo Buuhoodle, iyo Boocame, halkaas oo ay isku dhaceen ciidamada Waqooyi Bari iyo ciidamo Puntland la safan. Waxaa dhacay 43 dhacdo amni iyo 26 dhimasho Abriil 2025 ilaa Maarso 2026. Gaarsiinta gargaarku aad bay ugu adag tahay waqooyiga Xudun iyo Taleex. ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Gobolkani waa dhul oomane ah. Qaybo ka mid ah bartamaha Soomaaliya waxay sannadkii helaan 50 ilaa 150 mm oo roob ah oo keliya. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Luulyo iyo Agoosto 2025:** Dowladda Waqooyi Bari ayaa la sameeyay, Muqdishona way ansixisay. - **Sebtembar 2025:** biyo yari Taleex, Godaalo, Xudun iyo Buuhoodle. - **31 Oktoobar 2025:** dagaal ka dhacay Boocame oo u dhexeeyay ciidamada Puntland iyo Waqooyi Bari ([EUAA Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/271-sool)). - **Janaayo ilaa Abriil 2026:** 72% waxay u baahnaayeen cunto ama ka sii daran, abaartuna way sii socotay ([OCHA](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-2025-2026-drought-emergency-situation-report-no-5-6-april-2026)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Biyo Taleex, Xudun, Godaalo iyo Buuhoodle. 2. Cunto 72%-ka u baahan. 3. Caawimo 1,922-ka la saaray iyo dadka dagaalku barakiciyay. 4. Xiriir iyo kalsooni dib loo soo celiyo oo ka gudba safka hore, qoysaska kala go'ay tan iyo 2023. 5. Diiwaanno iyo adeegyo dib loo dhiso kadib dagaalkii 2023. --- # Ceerigaabo (Erigavo) iyo Sanaag Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/sanaag/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sanaag waa gobol ku yaal xeebta waqooyiga, caasimaddiisuna waa Ceerigaabo. Waxaa ku nool ilaa 446,000 oo qof. Maamulku wuu u kala qaybsan yahay Somaliland galbeedka, ciidamo deegaan bariga iyo kuwo kale, kadib xilli roobaad afraad oo liitana 73% dadka waxay u baahnaayeen cunto horraantii 2026. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 445,736 qof (IPC, Janaayo 2026). Degmooyinku waa Ceerigaabo (caasimadda), Ceel Afweyn iyo Laasqoray, Badhan iyo Dhaharna waa magaalooyin muhiim ah ([EUAA Sanaag, 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/272-sanaag)). Beelaha Isaaq (Habar Yoonis iyo Habar Jeclo) waxay ku nool yihiin galbeedka. Warsangeli (Harti, Daarood) waxay ku nool yihiin bariga, waxayna u kala qaybsan yihiin Puntland iyo Waqooyi Bari. Waqooyi Bari waxay sidoo kale sheegataa meelaha Dhulbahante ([EUAA Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/272-sanaag)). Beelaha xirfadaha lagu yaqaan ee laga tirada badan yahay waxay la kulmaan takoor waqooyiga oo dhan ([EUAA](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/391-persons-belonging-low-status-occupational-minorities)). **Barakacayaasha:** 10,133 qof ayaa cusub ugu barakacay dagaal Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026. Intooda badan (8,968) waxay ku hareen gudaha Sanaag, 5,086na waxay ka yimaadeen Dhahar. NRC waxay diiwaangelisay 154 qof oo meelaha laga saaray ([EUAA Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/272-sanaag)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Qoysaska intooda badan waxay dhaqdaan xoolo. In ka badan 70% nolosha meelaha saameysan waxay ku tiirsan tahay xoolo-dhaqashada roobka ku xiran, Sanaagna waxay la kulantay xilli roobaad afraad oo liita dabayaaqadii 2025 ([OCHA, Sebtembar–Oktoobar 2025](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/monthly-humanitarian-update-september-and-october-2025)). Janaayo 2026, 73% dadka waxay u baahnaayeen cunto ama ka sii daran, abaartuna waxay saameysay dugsiyada, rugaha caafimaadka iyo nafaqada ([EUAA Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/272-sanaag)). Lacag gargaar ah oo $140 ah ayaa la siiyay 720 qoys oo Togdheer iyo Sanaag ah ([OCHA, Agoosto 2025](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-conditions-central-and-northern-regions-flash-update-no1-5-august-2025)). ## Yaa maamula Maamulku wuu kala qaybsan yahay, sida ay ahayd 31 Maarso 2026 ([EUAA Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/272-sanaag)): - **Somaliland:** galbeedka, oo ay ku jiraan Ceerigaabo, Jiidali iyo Ceel Afweyn. - **Ciidamada madaxa bannaan ee Warsangeli:** Badhan, Dhahar, Ceelbuh, Xingalool iyo Laasqoray. - **Isku dhafan:** koonfur-bari. - **Kuwo kale:** Waqooyi Bari waxay sheegataa qaybo bariga ah, Puntlandna mawqifyo ayay halkaas ku leedahay. - **Al-Shabaab:** waxay joogtaa buuraha Cal Madow (Golis) in ka badan toban sano. Waxaa dhacay 48 dhacdo iyo 54 dhimasho Abriil 2025 ilaa Maarso 2026, intooda badan isku dhacyo u dhexeeya jilibyo. ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Waqooyiga, fatahaaduhu waxay u yimaadaan daad degdeg ah oo mara togagga xilliyeedka, ee kama yimaadaan webi. Buuraleyda waqooyigu waa qaybta ugu qabow dalka. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Maajo 2025:** shir nabadeed oo Ceel Afweyn ka dhacay ayaa heshiisiiyay Habar Yoonis iyo Habar Jeclo kadib sannado rabshado ah. Waa mid ka mid ah tallaabooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee gobolka dhawaan ([EUAA Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/272-sanaag)). - **Luulyo iyo Sebtembar 2025:** isku dhac ka dhacay Ceelbuh ayaa dilay qof rayid ah, oday Warsangeli ahna waxaa lagu dilay duqeyn cirka ah oo Mareykan ah oo u dhow Badhan. - **26 Febraayo 2026:** Waqooyi Bari waxay ku eedaysay ciidamada Somaliland weerarro lagu qaaday dad rayid ah degmada Laasqoray. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Biyo iyo daaq xoolo-dhaqatada kadib afar xilli oo liita. 2. Cunto iyo nafaqo, iyadoo 73% ay u baahan yihiin. 3. Caawimo 10,133-ka cusub ee barakacay, intooda badan Dhahar ka yimid. 4. Dugsiyo iyo rugo caafimaad oo furan inta abaartu socoto. 5. Nabadda Maajo 2025 oo la ilaaliyo, iyo kalsoonida beelaha oo la sii hayo. --- # Boosaaso (Bosaso) iyo Bari Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/bari/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bari waa gobolka waqooyi-bari ee Puntland, caasimaddiisuna waa magaalada dekedda leh ee Boosaaso. Waxaa ku nool ilaa 1.28 milyan oo qof. Beeyo-gooyayaashiisa waxaa barakiciyay dagaallada buuraha, qiimaha cuntadu wuxuu kordhay ilaa kala bar dabayaaqadii 2025, Boosaasona waa meel weyn oo ay ka gudbaan muhaajiriinta u socda Yaman. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 1,281,189 qof (IPC, Janaayo 2026). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay lix degmo: Boosaaso (caasimadda), Qardho, Bandarbeyla, Iskushuban, Caluula iyo Qandala ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31724)). Dagaalladu waxay barakiciyeen 24,660 qof Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026, ku dhawaad dhammaantood gudaha Bari. Socdaalka ugu weyn wuxuu ahaa 17,299 qof oo ka yimid Qandala, 14,524 ka mid ahna waxay aadeen degmada Boosaaso. 1,597 kale ayaa ka yimid gobollo kale ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31724)). Ilaa 2,500 qoys oo miyiga beeyada ka goosta ayaa cararay kadib markii dagaalku kordhay Diseembar 2024. Waxay ka yimaadeen Balli Dhiddin, Xamure, Qandala iyo Buq ([Radio Ergo, Maarso 2025](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/03/puntland-war-against-daesh-displaces-frankincense-farmers-in-bari-region/)). ## Shaqada iyo lacagta - **Beeyada:** qoysasku sannadkii laba jeer ayay goostaan. Beeyo-gooyayaasha barakacay hadda dakhli ma haystaan, qaar badanna deyn baa ku leh ganacsatada, tusaale ahaan $300 ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/03/puntland-war-against-daesh-displaces-frankincense-farmers-in-bari-region/)). - **Kharashka nolosha:** foostada biyaha ee Dhurbo waa $6. Lacagta dugsigu waa $40 bishii ilmihiiba. - **Qiimaha cuntada:** burka, bariiska iyo saliiddu waxay kordheen 30% ilaa 50% dabayaaqadii 2025 Boosaaso, Garoowe iyo Qardho ([AllAfrica, Diseembar 2025](https://allafrica.com/stories/202512150074.html)). ## Yaa maamula Maamulka Dowladda Puntland. Ciidamada Puntland waxay kula dagaallamaan ISIS-Soomaaliya buuraha Cal Miskaad, iyagoo taageero dibadeed haysta. Puntland waxay sheegtay Juun 2025 in aagga 98% laga nadiifiyay, balse kooxdu way soo noqotay Oktoobar 2025. Al-Shabaab waxay joogtaa buuraha Cal Madow ee galbeedka Boosaaso. Abriil 2025 ilaa Maarso 2026 waxaa dhacay 719 dhacdo iyo 1,034 dhimasho ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31724)). ## Muhaajiriinta mara Boosaaso waa meel weyn oo ay Yaman uga ambabaxaan Itoobiyaan, Eritreeyiin iyo Soomaali ka timid koonfurta. Tahriibiyayaashu waxay qofkiiba qaadaan $300 ilaa $500. Luulyo 2026 wixii ka horreeyay in ka badan 200 muhaajiriin ah ayaa sannadkaas ku dhintay badda ama lamadegaanka. 22 Luulyo, 56 Itoobiyaan ah, oo ay ku jiraan 10 carruur ah oo keligood socday, ayaa dalkoodii loogu celiyay Boosaaso iyadoo IOM la shaqaynayso ([AllAfrica, Luulyo 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202607220291.html)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Waqooyiga, fatahaaduhu waxay u yimaadaan daad degdeg ah oo mara togagga xilliyeedka, ee kama yimaadaan webi. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta daadadka ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Biyo iyo cunto qoysaska barakacay iyo kuwa abaartu saameysay. 2. Dakhli beeyo-gooyayaasha iyo kalluumaysatada barakacay. 3. Macluumaad badbaado iyo sharaf muhaajiriinta, gaar ahaan carruurta keligood socota. 4. Kuraas dugsi oo qoysasku awoodaan. 5. Daryeel caafimaad aasaasi ah iyo gargaar degdeg ah degsiimooyinka cusub. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn Dakhliga kalluumaysiga, tirooyinka dekedda iyo ganacsiga, iyo bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay ee Boosaaso. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Garoowe (Garowe) iyo Nugaal Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/nugaal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Nugaal waa gobolka ay ku taallo Garoowe, caasimadda Puntland. Waxaa ku nool ilaa 656,910 qof oo ku kala nool saddex degmo: Garoowe, Burtinle iyo Eyl. Abaartu waxay xoolo-dhaqato badan u soo riixday xeryaha ku hareeraysan Garoowe, 79% dadkuna waxay ku jiraan heerarka 2 ilaa 4 ee IPC. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 656,910 qof (IPC, Janaayo 2026). Saddex degmo ayuu leeyahay: Garoowe (oo sidoo kale ah caasimadda Puntland), Burtinle iyo Eyl ([EUAA 2026, Nugaal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31722)). **Barakacayaasha:** xoolo-dhaqatada abaartu saameysay ayaa buuxiya xeryaha ku yaal duleedka Garoowe, sida Jillab. Dowladda hoose ee Garoowe waxay diiwaangelisay ku dhawaad 500 qoys oo cusub u barakacay Diseembar 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026 ([Radio Ergo, Feb 2026](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/02/long-drought-forces-hundreds-of-pastoralist-families-to-flee-to-garowe/)). NRC waxay diiwaangelisay 14,898 qof oo meelaha laga saaray 2025, xeryaha barakacayaasha ee Garoowena waxay khatar ugu jiraan in laga saaro khilaafaad dhul dartiis ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31722)). Dadka ka imanaya Galgaduud iyo Mudug ayaa sidoo kale yimaada Nugaal ([EUAA 2025, Galgaduud](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Khasaaraha abaarta waa mid weyn. Qoys wuxuu waayay 300 ri' iyo geel tan iyo 2024, qoys kalena 62 xoolo ah. Biyaha waxaa laga iibsadaa boosayaal, 30 senti haanta 20-ka litir ah, waana biyo dhanaan. Qoyskiiba wuxuu helaa ilaa 10 litir maalintii. Dugsiga Qur'aanka tuulada wuxuu qaataa $3 ilmihiiba, dugsiyada Garoowena $10 ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/02/long-drought-forces-hundreds-of-pastoralist-families-to-flee-to-garowe/)). Qiimaha burka, bariiska iyo saliidda ayaa kordhay 30 ilaa 50% (Diseembar 2025) ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202512150074.html)). 79% dadka waxay ku jiraan heerarka 2 ilaa 4 ee IPC ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31722)). ## Yaa maamula Dowladda Puntland xaruntu waa Garoowe. Waxaa sidoo kale jira maamulka gobolka Nugaal iyo dowladda hoose ee Garoowe, oo agaasimaheeda fulinta, Cabdalla Maxamed Cabdalla, uu sheegay in golaha deegaanku aanu daboolin karin baahiyaha ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/02/long-drought-forces-hundreds-of-pastoralist-families-to-flee-to-garowe/)). Ciidamada Puntland ayaa haya gobolka oo dhan. ACLED waxay diiwaangelisay 20 dhacdo iyo 22 dhimasho Abriil 2025 ilaa Maarso 2026, oo ay ku jiraan isku dhacyo booliis iyo ciidan oo Garoowe ka dhacay ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31722)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Gobolkani waa dhul oomane ah. Qaybo ka mid ah bartamaha Soomaaliya waxay sannadkii helaan 50 ilaa 150 mm oo roob ah oo keliya. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta daadadka ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Tan iyo 2024:** afar xilli roobaad oo liita. Ilaa 500 qoys ayaa yimid Diseembar 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026, xerada Jillabna rug caafimaad ma leh ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/02/long-drought-forces-hundreds-of-pastoralist-families-to-flee-to-garowe/)). - **2025:** 14,898 qof ayaa meelihii ay degenaayeen laga saaray ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31722)). - **Maajo iyo Luulyo 2025:** dilal rayid ah oo Garoowe ka dhacay. Olole hub ka dhigis ah ayaa la kulmay diidmo maleeshiyaad beeleed ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31722)). - **Abriil 2025:** fiilada isgaarsiinta ee Burtinle ayaa marar badan la gooyay. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Biyo nadiif ah oo la awoodi karo iyo cunto xeryaha Garoowe. 2. Daryeel caafimaad carruurta iyo waayeelka xeryaha (Jillab rug caafimaad ma leh). 3. Dakhli xoolo-dhaqatadii hore ee magaalada yimid. 4. Kuraas dugsi oo qiimo qoysasku awoodaan. 5. Diiwaan dhul oo sugan si looga yareeyo dhibaatada ka saaridda. --- # Gaalkacyo (Galkayo) iyo Mudug Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/mudug/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Mudug waa gobol ku yaal bartamaha Soomaaliya oo ay ku nool yihiin ilaa 1.5 milyan oo qof, wuxuuna u qaybsan yahay Puntland waqooyiga iyo Galmudug koonfurta. Magaaladiisa ugu weyn, Gaalkacyo, waa magaalada keliya ee ay wadaagaan laba dowladood oo xubno ah, 2026na dadkeedu waxay la kulmeen abaar, xeryo aan waxba lahayn iyo dagaal ka dhacay xariiqda magaalada. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 1,528,722 qof (IPC, horraantii 2026): 918,998 waqooyiga Mudug iyo 597,037 koonfurta ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31721)). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay shan degmo: Gaalkacyo, Goldogob, Jariiban, Hobyo iyo Xarardheere. Gaalkacyo waa magaalada keliya ee ay wadaagaan laba dowladood oo xubno ah. Waqooyiga Gaalkacyo wuxuu hoos yimaadaa Puntland, koonfurtuna Galmudug ([SSF III, 2026](https://stabilityfund.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/SSF-III_Lighting-up-Galkayo.pdf)). Majeerteen (Cumar Maxamuud, Daarood) ayaa ah beesha ugu weyn waqooyiga, Habar Gidir (Sacad, Hawiye) koonfurta. Leelkase, Sheekhaal, Dir iyo Mareexaan ayaa sidoo kale halkan ku nool ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)). **Barakacayaasha:** - Ilaa 66,000 qof ayaa abaar ka barakacay degmada Hobyo Febraayo 2026 ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31721)). - 254 qoys oo abaartu soo riixday ayaa saddex bilood gudahood isku diiwaangeliyay xeryaha Sahan, Mudud iyo Dooxo, kuwo kalena xerada Xoriyo ([Radio Ergo, Agoosto 2026](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/08/impoverished-pastoralists-in-mudug-flee-to-resource-poor-camps-in-galkayo/)). - Isku dhacyo beeleed oo Goldogob ka dhacay ayaa barakiciyay 8,010 qof Diseembar 2024 ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Xoolaha ayaa aasaas u ah. Saddex sano oo roob liita ah ayaa dilay xoolo dhan: laba qoys ayaa waayay 50 iyo 70 ri'. Kuwa cusub ee yimaada waxay raadiyaan shaqo nadiifin, waxayna ku noolaadaan deyn dukaan. Carmal waxay laba dukaan ka qaadatay deyn dhan $330 ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/08/impoverished-pastoralists-in-mudug-flee-to-resource-poor-camps-in-galkayo/)). Tan iyo markii nalalka waddooyinka ee qorraxdu dib u shaqeeyeen, ganacsatada Gaalkacyo waxay habeenkii ka shaqeeyaan Suuqa Weyn ee la wadaago, iibiyeyaasha caanaha iyo dharkuna waxay helaan lacag badan mugdiga kadib ([SSF III](https://stabilityfund.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/SSF-III_Lighting-up-Galkayo.pdf)). ## Yaa maamula Waqooyiga Gaalkacyo, Goldogob iyo Jariiban waxay hoos yimaadaan Puntland. Koonfurta Gaalkacyo, Hobyo iyo Xarardheere waxay hoos yimaadaan Galmudug ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31721)). Magaaladu waxay leedahay laba gole degmo iyo laba taliska booliis. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa Camaara, Qeycad iyo meelaha galbeedka, waxayna go'doomisay magaalada Xarardheere Agoosto 2025. **Iskaashi xariiqda dhaafsiisan:** laga bilaabo Luulyo 2025 koox uu hoggaaminayo CARE (SSF III) ayaa la shaqaysay guddiyada xaafadaha labada dhinac si loo dayactiro 429 nal waddo, loona daro 23 nal qorraxeed oo cusub ([SSF III](https://stabilityfund.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/SSF-III_Lighting-up-Galkayo.pdf)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Gobolkani waa dhul oomane ah. Qaybo ka mid ah bartamaha Soomaaliya waxay sannadkii helaan 50 ilaa 150 mm oo roob ah oo keliya. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **4 ilaa 5 Agoosto 2026:** dagaal culus oo Gaalkacyo ka dhex dhacay ciidamada Puntland iyo ciidamo ay federaalku taageerto. Qoysas ayaa ka cararay xaafadaha safka hore ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202608050448.html)). - **Agoosto 2026:** xeryaha Gaalkacyo toddobaadyo ayay biyo la'aayeen, carruur ayaa jirrootay, gargaarna ma iman ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/08/impoverished-pastoralists-in-mudug-flee-to-resource-poor-camps-in-galkayo/)). - **2025:** 48 dhacdo amni ayaa ka dhacay Gaalkacyo, waana kuwa ugu badan Mudug ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31721)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Biyo iyo cunto xeryaha Gaalkacyo. 2. Macluumaad badbaado oo dadka rayidka ah marka dagaal bilaabmo. 3. Dakhli xoolo-dhaqatadii hore ee ku nool deynta dukaamada. 4. Caafimaad carruurta jirran. 5. Kalsooni ka gudubta xariiqda magaalada. --- # Dhuusamarreeb (Dhusamareb) iyo Galgaduud Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/galgaduud/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Galgaduud waa gobol ku yaal bartamaha Soomaaliya oo ka tirsan Galmudug, caasimaddiisuna waa Dhuusamarreeb. Waxaa ku nool ilaa 845,000 oo qof. Ciidamada dowladda la safan ayaa haya magaalooyinka badankood, al-Shabaabna waxay haysaa koonfur-bari, qoysaskuna waxay la kulmaan barakac, dilal aargoosi iyo miinooyin. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 844,925 qof (IPC, 2026) ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31719)). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay shan degmo: Dhuusamarreeb (caasimadda), Cadaado, Cabudwaaq, Ceel Buur iyo Ceel Dheer. Bulshooyinka waxaa ka mid ah jilibyo Habar Gidir ah, Saleebaan, Cayr, Duduble iyo Murusade (dhammaan Hawiye), iyo Mareexaan (Daarood). Kooxaha yaryar iyo kuwa laga tirada badan yahay si fiican looma tirin ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). Dagaalladu waxay barakiciyeen 11,203 qof Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025. Cadaado waxay qaabishay 9,710 qof, Ceel Buurna waxaa ka tagay dadka ugu badan ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). Ilaa 1,000 qof oo kale ayaa Nofembar 2025 ka guuray Dhuusamarreeb una guuray degmada Cadaado ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31719)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Qoysaska miyiga intooda badan waxay dhaqdaan geel iyo ari, magaalooyinkuna waxay ku noolyihiin ganacsi. Weli ma helin tirooyin la hubiyay oo ku saabsan mushaharka ama qiimaha Dhuusamarreeb. ## Yaa maamula Dowladda Galmudug ayaa gobolka ka maamusha Dhuusamarreeb. Isbahaysi la safan federaalka ayaa haya Dhuusamarreeb, Guriceel, Cadaado, Ceel Dheer, Masagawaay, Baxdo, Balanbale, Xeraale iyo Cabudwaaq. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa bartamaha iyo koonfur-bari, oo ay ku jiraan Wabxo, Ceel Buur, Galhareeri iyo Cosweyne. Inta badan dhulka miyiga ee koonfurta waddada Guriceel iyo Cadaado waa isku dhafan ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31719)). Maleeshiyaad beeleed oo loo yaqaan Macawiisley ayaa kula dagaallama al-Shabaab agagaarka Ceel Buur ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Gobolkani waa dhul oomane ah. Qaybo ka mid ah bartamaha Soomaaliya waxay sannadkii helaan 50 ilaa 150 mm oo roob ah oo keliya. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **28 Juun 2025:** al-Shabaab ayaa fagaare ku dishay shan nin oo Ceel Buur ah. - **Luulyo ilaa Nofembar 2025:** dilal aargoosi beeleed oo ka dhacay Xindheere, halkaas oo ay ku dhinteen hooyo iyo saddex gabdhood oo ay dhashay, iyo Balanbale iyo Guudoole. - **Sebtembar 2025:** weerar lagu qaaday Ceel Dheer ayaa la celiyay. - **Abriil 2025 ilaa Maarso 2026:** 298 dhacdo amni iyo 580 dhimasho ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31719)). - **Luulyo 2024:** miino ayaa dishay saddex carruur ah oo Xeraale ah ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Cunto iyo biyo qoysaska barakacay ee Dhuusamarreeb iyo Cadaado. 2. Dakhli haweenka barakacay iyo xoolo-dhaqatadii hore. 3. In la joojiyo wareegga dilalka aargoosiga beelaha, iyadoo la xusuusanayo laguna aqoonsanayo. 4. Badbaadada carruurta oo laga ilaaliyo miinooyinka iyo weerarrada. 5. Waraaqo dadka ka cararaya meelaha ay al-Shabaab haysato. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn Mushaharka iyo qiimaha, magacyada saraakiisha degmooyinka, kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay ee gobolka, iyo hay'adaha gargaarka ee ka shaqeeya. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Beledweyne (Belet Weyne) iyo Hiiraan Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/hiiraan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hiiraan waa gobol ka tirsan Hirshabeelle oo uu dhex maro webiga Shabeelle, caasimaddiisuna waa Beledweyne. Waxaa ku nool inta u dhexeysa 505,000 ilaa 598,000 oo qof. Magaalooyinkiisa waxaa haya dowladda goboleed iyo tan federaalka, qoysaskuna waxay la kulmaan qaraxyo, isku dhacyo deegaan, ka saaridda barakacayaasha iyo fatahaadaha webiga. ## Yaa ku nool Qiyaasaha 2024 waxay u dhexeeyaan ilaa 505,000 qof (IPC) ilaa 598,000 (IOM). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay saddex degmo: Beledweyne (caasimadda), Buulo Burte iyo Jalalaqsi. Xawaadle (Hawiye) ayaa ah kooxda ugu weyn ee waqooyi-bari ee webiga Shabeelle. Gaaljecel iyo Badicadde waxay inta badan ku nool yihiin koonfur-galbeed. Kooxaha yaryar waxaa ka mid ah Udeejeen, Faqi Cumar, Faqi Muxumed, Reer Aw Xasan iyo Makanne ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)). Dagaalladu waxay barakiciyeen 10,542 qof oo Hiiraan ka yimid ama gudihiisa ku barakacay Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025. Beledweyne ayaa qaabishay kuwa ugu badan, Jalalaqsina waxaa ka tagay dadka ugu badan. Qoysaska barakacay waxay sidoo kale la kulmaan ka saarid: Beledweyne waxay ka saartay 50 qoys horraantii 2024, iyo 130 qoys (780 qof) saddexdii bilood ee xigtay ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Qoysasku waxay beertaan webiga agtiisa, xoolona way dhaqdaan. Weli ma helin tirooyin la hubiyay oo ku saabsan mushaharka iyo qiimaha gobolka. ## Yaa maamula Hirshabeelle iyo dowladda federaalka ayaa haya magaalooyinka Beledweyne, Buulo Burte iyo Jalalaqsi. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa galbeedka degmada Buulo Burte iyo meelo ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee webiga oo u dhexeeya Jalalaqsi iyo Beledweyne. Waxay dib u qabsatay tuulooyin badan Juun 2024 markii maleeshiyaadka beeluhu dib u gurteen. Ciidamada Midowga Afrika ee Jabuuti weli way ka shaqeeyaan gobolka ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Webiga Shabeelle ayaa gobolkan dhex mara. Fatahaadaha webiyada Soomaaliya intooda badan waxay ka dhacaan Jubba iyo Shabeelle, kuwii ugu xumaana waxay yimaadeen xilliga Dayrta, sida 1961, 1977, 1997 iyo 2006. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Qaraxyo magaalooyinka:** 23 Sebtembar 2023 qarax gaari xamuul ah oo ka dhacay isbaaro Beledweyne ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 36 qof. 2 Luulyo 2024 qarax gaari oo ka dhacay saldhig Beledweyne ayaa dilay ugu yaraan 4. - **Isku dhacyo beeleed:** agagaarka Xalfooley Luulyo 2023, Diseembar 2024 (in ka badan 20 dhimasho) iyo Febraayo 2025, iyo dagaal u dhexeeyay Xawaadle iyo Abgaal xadka Shabeellaha Dhexe Abriil 2024. - **Guud ahaan:** 394 dhacdo amni iyo 899 dhimasho Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyo carruur al-Shabaab qaadatay ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)). - **Fatahaadaha:** Shabeelluhu inta badan wuu fatahaa Beledweyne. Maajo 2023 hay'adda musiibooyinka Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in fatahaadu guryahooda ka saartay in ka badan 245,000 qof ([The EastAfrican](https://theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/almost-250-000-flee-floods-in-somali-city-4239222)). Hay'ad gargaar ayaa markii dambe tirisay ilaa 201,000 ([ActionAid, ReliefWeb](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/actionaid-press-release-beledweyne-flooding-response-19th-july-2023)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Tirooyinka fatahaadda 2023 way kala duwan yihiin: ilaa 200,000 ilaa 245,000 Beledweyne, iyadoo ku xiran cidda tirisay iyo goorta. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Digniin fatahaad iyo caawimo dib u soo kabasho qoysaska webiga ku dhow. 2. Ilaalin qoysaska barakacay si aan meelaha looga saarin. 3. Dakhli beeralayda iyo barakacayaasha kadib fatahaad iyo dagaal. 4. Kuraas dugsi, si carruurtu uga fogaadaan qorista. 5. Kalsooni dib loo dhiso oo u dhexeysa beelaha kadib isku dhacyadii dhawaa. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn Tirooyinka fatahaadda 2025 iyo 2026, qiimaha iyo mushaharka, iyo kooxaha deegaanka ee ka shaqeeya Beledweyne. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Jowhar (Johar) iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/middle-shabelle/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shabeellaha Dhexe waa gobolka beeraleyda ah ee ku teedsan webiga Shabeelle waqooyiga Muqdisho, caasimaddiisuna waa Jowhar. Waxaa ku nool inta u dhexeysa 1 ilaa 1.26 milyan oo qof. Fatahaadihii webiga ee 2025 waxay go'doomiyeen kumanaan qoys, dagaalladuna waxay halkaas ku dileen dadka ugu badan ee gobol kasta oo koonfureed 2023 ilaa 2025. ## Yaa ku nool Qiyaasaha Sebtembar 2024 waxay u dhexeeyaan ilaa 1.01 milyan oo qof (IPC) ilaa 1.26 milyan (IOM). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay afar degmo: Jowhar (caasimadda gobolka iyo Hirshabeelle), Balcad, Cadale iyo Aadan Yabaal. Abgaal (Hawiye) ayaa ah beesha ugu weyn, qoysas beeraley ah oo Soomaali Bantuu ahna waxay ku nool yihiin degmada Jowhar ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)). Dagaalladu waxay barakiciyeen 66,238 qof Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025. Cadale waxay qaabishay 38,087 ka mid ah, 10,496na waxay Jowhar uga tageen gobollo kale. Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Qoysasku waxay beertaan webiga Shabeelle agtiisa: khudaar, galley, sisin, baamiye iyo digir. Fatahaadihii 2025 ka hor, dukaan tuulo ah wuxuu maalintii keeni jiray $10 ilaa $15. Beeralaydu xilli kasta waxay ku bixin jireen $250 ilaa $300 abuur iyo shaqaale, inta badan deyn. Dallacaadda taleefanku waa 4,000 shilin ([Radio Ergo, Nofembar 2025](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/11/middle-shabelle-villagers-left-stranded-after-river-floods-in-mahaday/)). ## Yaa maamula Hirshabeelle iyo ciidamada federaalka ayaa haya Jowhar, Mahadaay, magaalada Aadan Yabaal iyo Cadale, iyo xeebta. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa dhul waqooyi-galbeed ah, laga bilaabo Fidow ilaa xadka Koonfur Galbeed, iyo dhulka bariga Aadan Yabaal. Nofembar 2024 waxay gacanta ku haysay waddada Balcad iyo Jowhar. Inta badan dhulka miyiga waa isku dhafan ama aan caddayn. Booliiska Midowga Afrika ayaa la qorsheeyay inay Jowhar fadhiyaan ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)). Xafiiska degmada Mahadaay ayaa 2025 hoggaamiyay dayactirka bangiyada webiga oo jawaano ciid ah lagu xiray ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/11/middle-shabelle-villagers-left-stranded-after-river-floods-in-mahaday/)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Webiga Shabeelle ayaa gobolkan dhex mara. Fatahaadaha webiyada Soomaaliya intooda badan waxay ka dhacaan Jubba iyo Shabeelle, kuwii ugu xumaana waxay yimaadeen xilliga Dayrta, sida 1961, 1977, 1997 iyo 2006. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Sebtembar 2025:** Shabeelluhu wuxuu ka buuxdaafay waqooyiga Mahadaay. In ka badan 13,000 qoys oo ku nool todobo tuulo ayaa go'doonsamay. Dalagyadii ayaa lumay toddobaadyo ka hor goosashada, ceelal ayaa burburay, xarun caafimaad ayaa xirantay, dugsiga Obaalena biyo ayaa galay ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/11/middle-shabelle-villagers-left-stranded-after-river-floods-in-mahaday/)). - **Miinooyinka waddooyinka:** 7 qof oo rayid ah ayaa lagu dilay baabuur yar oo ku socday waddada Jowhar iyo Muqdisho Agoosto 2024, 5na waxaa lagu dilay Balcad Juun 2024. - **Dagaal deegaan:** colaad u dhexeysay jilibyo Abgaal ah ayaa socotay Luulyo 2023 ilaa heshiis nabadeed Agoosto 2024, dagaalyahanno Xawaadle iyo Abgaal ahna waxay isku dhaceen Diseembar 2024. Al-Shabaab waxay dib u qabsatay Ceel Baraf Febraayo 2025. - **Guud ahaan:** 424 dhacdo iyo 1,867 dhimasho Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, tirada dhimashada ugu badan ee shanta gobol ee koonfureed ee warbixinta ku jira ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Digniin fatahaad iyo dib u soo kabasho tuulooyinka beeraleyda ee webiga ku dhow. 2. Biyo nadiif ah iyo caafimaad fatahaadaha kadib. 3. Dakhli beereed iyo abuur kadib markii dalagyadu lumeen. 4. Diiwaan iyo aqoonsi beeralayda Soomaali Bantuuga ah. 5. Macluumaad safar badbaado leh oo ku saabsan waddada Jowhar iyo Muqdisho. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn Tirada qoysaska Soomaali Bantuuga, mushaharka iyo qiimaha hadda ee Jowhar, iyo xogta fatahaadda 2026. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Marka (Merca) iyo Shabeellaha Hoose Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/lower-shabelle/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shabeellaha Hoose waa gobolka beeraha ugu weyn Soomaaliya, wuxuuna ku teedsan yahay webiga Shabeelle koonfur-galbeed Muqdisho, caasimaddiisuna waa Marka. Waxaa ku nool inta u dhexeysa 835,000 ilaa 1.59 milyan oo qof. Dowladda ayaa haysa magaalooyinka waaweyn, al-Shabaabna inta badan dhulka beeraha, dagaallada iyo khilaafaadka dhulkuna waxay guryahooda ka saareen in ka badan 78,000 oo qof. ## Yaa ku nool Qiyaasaha Sebtembar 2024 waxay u dhexeeyaan ilaa 835,000 qof (IOM) ilaa 1.59 milyan (IPC). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay todobo degmo: Marka (caasimadda), Afgooye, Wanla Weyn, Qoryooley, Baraawe (caasimadda rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Galbeed), Kurtunwaarey iyo Sablaale. Beelaha Digil iyo Mirifle (Rahanweyn) ayaa qayb weyn ka ah. Biyomaal waxay ku nool yihiin agagaarka Marka, beelaha Hawiye bariga, beeralayda Soomaali Bantuugana webiga agtiisa. Gorgaarte waa beel la takooro ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)). Dagaalladu waxay barakiciyeen 78,367 qof Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, intooda badan Kurtunwaarey iyo Qoryooley. Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Gobolku wuxuu soo saaraa cunto ka badan gobol kasta oo Soomaaliya ah ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)). - **Mushaharka maalinta:** shaqada beerta waa ilaa $4 maalintii, iibinta caanaha $3 ilaa $4, ururinta xaabaduna 50 senti ([Radio Ergo, Luulyo 2026](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/07/clan-conflict-over-land-in-lower-shabelle-leaves-families-destitute/)). - **Kharashka:** qoys ayaa $200 ku bixiyay abuur masago, galley iyo digir ah. Biyaha xeryaha Afgooye haantiiba waa 4,000 shilin (ilaa $0.70) ([Radio Ergo, Oktoobar 2025](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/10/farming-families-from-lower-shabelle-warzone-villages-face-misery-in-afgoye/)). ## Yaa maamula Dowladda federaalka iyo Koonfur Galbeed ayaa haya magaalooyinka Marka, Baraawe, Qoryooley, Buulo Mareer, Afgooye iyo Wanla Weyn, iyagoo ay la jiraan cutubyo ciidan iyo ciidamada Midowga Afrika ee Uganda. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa ku dhawaad dhammaan dhulka bartamaha, koonfurta iyo koonfur-galbeed, oo ay ku jiraan Kurtunwaarey, Sablaale, Mubaarak iyo Awdheegle, waxayna canshuur ahaan uga qaaddaa qayb ka mid ah goosashada ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)). Xerada Eyle ee Afgooye, guddi qoysaska martida loo yahay ah ayaa cunto u ururiya kuwa cusub ee yimaada ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/10/farming-families-from-lower-shabelle-warzone-villages-face-misery-in-afgoye/)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Webiga Shabeelle ayaa gobolkan dhex mara. Fatahaadaha webiyada Soomaaliya intooda badan waxay ka dhacaan Jubba iyo Shabeelle, kuwii ugu xumaana waxay yimaadeen xilliga Dayrta, sida 1961, 1977, 1997 iyo 2006. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Maajo 2026:** maleeshiyaad beeleed ayaa ku dagaallamay dhul beereed u dhow Beder. In ka badan 50 qoys ayaa u cararay Buufow-Bacaad oo u dhow Marka. Kanaalada waa la jaray, xilligaasna waxba lama beerin, gargaarna lama sheegin ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/07/clan-conflict-over-land-in-lower-shabelle-leaves-families-destitute/)). - **Maajo 2025:** dagaal u dhow Canoole iyo Sabiid ayaa in ka badan 500 qoys u kaxeeyay xerada Eyle ee Afgooye, halkaas oo qoys kasta maalintii helo 20 litir oo biyo ah. - **Rabshadaha:** 1,416 dhacdo iyo 2,122 dhimasho Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, Afgooye ayaa ugu daran (639). Duqeymo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ah oo dhacay 18 Maarso 2024 ayaa dilay 23 qof oo rayid ah oo Gorgaarte ah. Isku dhac u dhexeeyay Jiido iyo Garre oo Qoryooley ka dhacay Luulyo 2024 ayaa barakiciyay ilaa 2,100 qof ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Cunto, biyo iyo hoy qoysaska ka cararaya dagaallada iyo khilaafaadka dhulka. 2. Diiwaanno muujinaya cidda dhul kasta beerata, oo ay beeralaydu lafteedu haysato. 3. Shaqo beereed iyo abuur beeralayda xilli lumiyay. 4. Kuraas dugsi carruurta laga saaray dugsiga markay cararayeen. 5. Aqoonsi kooxaha la takooro, oo ay ku jiraan Gorgaarte iyo qoysaska Soomaali Bantuuga. --- # Baydhabo (Baidoa) iyo Bay Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/bay/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bay waa gobol beeraley ah oo ka tirsan Koonfur Galbeed, magaaladiisa ugu weynna waa Baydhabo. Waxaa ku nool inta u dhexeysa 1.25 ilaa 1.8 milyan oo qof. Degmada Baydhabo waxay martigelisaa barakacayaal ka badan degmo kasta oo kale oo IOM qiimeysay, in ka badan 730,000 sannadkii 2024, qoysaskuna waxay la kulmaan ka saarid, abaar iyo dagaal. ## Yaa ku nool Qiyaasaha Sebtembar 2024 waxay u dhexeeyaan ilaa 1.25 milyan oo qof (IPC) ilaa 1.8 milyan (IOM). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay afar degmo: Baydhabo, Buur Hakaba, Qansax Dheere iyo Diinsoor. Baydhabo waa caasimadda dhabta ah ee Koonfur Galbeed. Dadka intooda badan waa Rahanweyn, Mirifle waqooyiga iyo Digil koonfurta, waxayna ku hadlaan Af-Maay. Kooxo yar oo Hawiye ah ayaa sidoo kale halkan ku nool. Degmada Baydhabo waxay martigelisay 731,492 qof oo barakacay Sebtembar 2024, waana tirada ugu badan ee degmo kasta oo IOM qiimeysay ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/222-bay)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Qoysasku waxay beertaan masago, xoolona way dhaqdaan ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/222-bay)). Xeryaha Baydhabo: - Dukaan yar wuxuu maalintii keenaa $3 ilaa $5, miis khudaarna ilaa $5. - Biyuhu waa $0.25 20-kii litir ee ceelasha gaarka loo leeyahay. - Dugsiga gaarka ahi waa $5 bishii ilmihiiba ([Radio Ergo, Sebtembar 2026](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/09/idp-families-kicked-off-baidoa-land-lose-their-assets-income-schools-and-health-centre/)). ## Yaa maamula Dowladda federaalka iyo Koonfur Galbeed waxay haystaan magaalooyinka Baydhabo, Buur Hakaba, Berdaale, Qansax Dheere iyo Diinsoor, ciidamo Itoobiyaana waxay joogaan Diinsoor. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa Leego, Labatan Jirow, Buulo Fulaay iyo in ka badan kala bar miyiga Bay. Waxay go'doomisay Baydhabo ku dhawaad laba toddobaad Luulyo 2023 ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/222-bay)). Maarso 2026 Koonfur Galbeed waxay xiriirka u jartay dowladda federaalka, ciidamada federaalkuna waxay qabsadeen Baydhabo, hoggaamiyihii dowladduna wuu is casilay ([South West State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia)). Aadan Madoobe ayaa hoggaaminayay dowladda tan iyo Juun 2026, dhinaca hoggaamiyihii horena weli wuxuu haystaa magaalooyin Bay ku yaal, halkaas oo dagaal ka socdo ([Kaab TV](https://en.kaabtv.com/nearly-five-months-into-office-aadan-madoobe-faces-ongoing-fighting-in-south-west-state/)). Guddiyada xeryaha ayaa u hadla dadka deggan, Islamic Relief-na waxay xeryaha ka waday taageero dhaqaale ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/09/idp-families-kicked-off-baidoa-land-lose-their-assets-income-schools-and-health-centre/)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar. Koonfur-galbeedku waa qaybta dalka ugu roobka badan, ilaa 600 mm sannadkii ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo beeraha u fiican balse kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Luulyo 2026:** in ka badan 160 qoys oo barakacay ayaa laga saaray xerada Iraroog ee Baydhabo markii dhulka la iibiyay. In ka badan 300 carruur ah ayaa waayay dugsigoodii, xarun caafimaad oo bilaash ahna way xirantay ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/09/idp-families-kicked-off-baidoa-land-lose-their-assets-income-schools-and-health-centre/)). - **Barakaca:** dagaalladu waxay barakiciyeen 23,722 qof Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025. Isku dhacyo beeleed oo Diinsoor ka dhacay Maarso 2024 ayaa barakiciyay 1,371 qoys. - **Rabshadaha:** 670 dhacdo iyo 621 dhimasho Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, 431 ka mid ah Baydhabo ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/222-bay)). - **Abaarta:** xooluhu waxay u dhimanayaan abaar iyo cudur. Qoys wuxuu waayay 27 xoolo ah. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Hoy sugan iyo diiwaan qoysaska barakacay ee Baydhabo laga saaray. 2. Biyo qiimo qoysasku awoodaan. 3. Dugsiyo iyo caafimaad kuwii ka saaridda kadib lumay. 4. Dakhli dib loogu bilaabo dukaamada iyo miisaska yaryar. 5. Adeegyo Af-Maay ah, luqadda ay dadka intooda badan ku hadlaan. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn Mushaharka ka baxsan xeryaha, iyo tirooyinka barakaca 2026. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Xuddur (Hudur) iyo Bakool Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/bakool/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bakool waa gobol ka tirsan Koonfur Galbeed oo xad la leh Itoobiya, caasimaddiisuna waa Xuddur. Waxaa ku nool inta u dhexeysa 392,000 ilaa 543,000 oo qof, qoysas badanna waxaa beerahoodii iyo xoolahoodii ka saaray laba sano oo abaar ah iyo go'doominta magaalooyinkiisa. ## Yaa ku nool Qiyaasaha 2024 waxay u dhexeeyaan ilaa 392,000 qof (IOM) ilaa 543,000 (IPC). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay shan degmo: Xuddur (caasimadda), Waajid, Ceel Barde, Tayeeglow iyo Rab Dhuure ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/221-bakool)). Dagaalladu waxay barakiciyeen 20,284 qof Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, kala bar ka mid ahna waxay u guureen gobollo kale. Oktoobar 2025 in ka badan 1,000 qoys oo barakacay ayaa laga diiwaangeliyay xeryaha ku hareeraysan Xuddur. Waxay ka yimaadeen Tayeeglow, Ceel Garas, Biyooley iyo Mubaarak ([Radio Ergo, Oktoobar 2025](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/10/hundreds-fleeing-drought-and-insecurity-in-bakool-suffer-misery-in-camps-in-hudur/)). ## Beelaha iyo bulshooyinka Dadka intooda badan waa Rahanweyn (Digil iyo Mirifle), waxayna ku hadlaan Af-Maay. Jajeele (Hawiye) waxay ku nool yihiin waqooyiga, Awlyahanna (Ogaadeen, Daarood) waxay ku nool yihiin xadka Itoobiya ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/221-bakool)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Qoysaska intooda badan waxay ku noolaadaan beer iyo xoolo isku jira. Laba sano oo abaar ah ayaa dilay xoolo, beerashadiina way u joogsatay qaar badan. Biyaha ceelka haantiiba waa 2,000 shilin, balse milkiilayaasha ceelasha qaarkood waxay qoysaska aan lacag haysan u oggolaadaan inay bilaash ku qaataan ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/10/hundreds-fleeing-drought-and-insecurity-in-bakool-suffer-misery-in-camps-in-hudur/)). Tirooyinka mushaharka Bakool weli ma helin. ## Yaa maamula Dowladda federaalka iyo Koonfur Galbeed ayaa haya magaalooyinka Xuddur, Waajid, Ceel Barde, Yeed iyo Aato, ciidamo Itoobiyaana waxay joogaan Xuddur iyo Waajid. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa magaalooyinka Rab Dhuure iyo Tayeeglow iyo inta badan bariga iyo koonfur-bari. Waxay go'doon ku haysaa Xuddur iyo Waajid, dadka canshuur culus ayay ka qaaddaa, carruurtana way qaaddaa. Agoosto 2024 alaabtu waxay Xuddur ku gaari jirtay oo keliya diyaarad ama gaari dameer ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/221-bakool)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Koonfur-galbeedku waa qaybta dalka ugu roobka badan, ilaa 600 mm sannadkii. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Oktoobar 2025:** gargaarka xeryaha Xuddur "si weyn ayuu hoos ugu dhacay". Qoysasku ma haystaan musqulo, hoy iyo lacag caafimaad, waxayna biyo u socdaan hal ilaa saddex saacadood ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/10/hundreds-fleeing-drought-and-insecurity-in-bakool-suffer-misery-in-camps-in-hudur/)). - **Go'doominta:** waddooyinka sahayda ee Xuddur iyo Waajid waa la xiray Agoosto 2024. - **Rabshadaha:** 284 dhacdo iyo 583 dhimasho Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/221-bakool)). ## Cidda caawinaysa Qoysaska martida loo yahay ee Xuddur ayaa soo dhaweeya kuwa cusub ee yimaada, waxayna la wadaagaan waxa ay haystaan. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Biyo u dhow xeryaha Xuddur. 2. Cunto qiimo caddaalad ah xilliga go'doonka. 3. Daryeel caafimaad carruurta jirran. 4. Xiriir qoysaskii kala tagay markay cararayeen. 5. Dakhli kadib markii xoolihii iyo beerihii lumeen. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn In go'doominta ay sii socoto 2026, qiimaha iyo mushaharka hadda, iyo kooxaha deegaanka ee ka shaqeeya Xuddur. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Garbahaarrey (Garbaharey) iyo Gedo Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/gedo/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Gedo waa gobolka koonfur-galbeed ee xadka la leh Kenya iyo Itoobiya, caasimaddiisuna waa Garbahaarrey. Waxaa ku nool ilaa 1 milyan oo qof oo ku kala nool lix degmo. Maamulku wuxuu u kala qaybsan yahay ciidamo federaalka la safan, Jubbaland iyo al-Shabaab, in ka badan 29,000 oo qofna waxay cusub u barakaceen Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026, intooda badan Beled Xaawo. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 1,014,335 qof (qiyaasta IPC, Janaayo 2026). Lix degmo: Garbahaarrey (caasimadda), Luuq, Doolow, Beled Xaawo, Ceel Waaq iyo Baardheere ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/211-gedo)). Wuxuu xad la leeyahay Kenya (Mandheera) iyo Itoobiya. **Barakacayaasha:** 29,107 qof ayaa cusub u barakacay Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026, 25,163 ka mid ahna Beled Xaawo ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/211-gedo)). Dadka ka soo laabtay xeryaha Itoobiya (Boqol-Maayo, aagga Liban) waxay ku nool yihiin xerada Kabaaso ee Doolow ([Radio Ergo, Diseembar 2025](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/12/somali-families-who-returned-from-ethiopia-face-fallout-from-aid-cuts-in-gedo-displacement-camps/)). ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Xoolo-dhaqasho, beero ku teedsan webiga Jubba, iyo ganacsi xudduudaha ka gudba. Xerada Kabaaso, hooyo nadiifiso ah kama badna $3 toddobaadkii; miis raashin ah wuxuu maalintii keeni jiray $2 ilaa $3 ka hor intaanu burburin Luulyo 2025; biyaha tuubada haantiiba waa ilaa $0.6; lacagta dugsigu waa $5 bishii; lacagtii WFP ($80) waa la jaray Maajo 2025 ([Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/12/somali-families-who-returned-from-ethiopia-face-fallout-from-aid-cuts-in-gedo-displacement-camps/)). Bariiska, burka iyo sonkorta ayaa Jubbaland ku kordhay 1 ilaa 6% Agoosto 2025 dagaalkii Beled Xaawo dartiis ([WFP/Logistics Cluster, Agoosto 2025](https://logcluster.org/sites/default/files/public/2025-08/wfp-somalia-joint-markets-and-supply-chain-update15th-august-2025.pdf)). Qiimaha biyaha ayaa si weyn u kordhay abaartii dabayaaqadii 2025 ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/211-gedo)). ## Yaa maamula Maamulku wuu kala qaybsan yahay, sida ay ahayd 31 Maarso 2026. Ciidamada federaalka la safan ayaa haya Garbahaarrey, Beled Xaawo iyo Burdhuubo. Ciidamada Jubbaland, oo ay la jiraan ciidamo Itoobiya iyo Kenya ah, ayaa haya Doolow. Magaalooyinka Luuq, Ceel Waaq iyo Baardheere waxaa si wadajir ah u haya Jubbaland iyo federaalka. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa Ceel Cadde, Cows Qurun, qaybo waaweyn oo miyiga Garbahaarrey iyo Ceel Waaq ah, iyo inta badan degmada Baardheere ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/211-gedo)). Wasaaradda Arrimaha Bini'aadantinimada iyo Maareynta Musiibooyinka ee Jubbaland ayaa baaqyo u soo saarta barakacayaasha ([OCHA, 3 Agoosto 2025](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-conflict-displacement-hiraan-and-gedo-regions-flash-update-no2-3-august-2025)). Gedo waxaa ka dhacay 31 dhacdo oo gargaarka lagu hor istaagay 2025, waana ka badan gobol kasta. ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Webiga Jubba ayaa gobolkan dhex mara. Fatahaadaha webiyada Soomaaliya intooda badan waxay ka dhacaan Jubba iyo Shabeelle, kuwii ugu xumaana waxay yimaadeen xilliga Dayrta, sida 1961, 1977, 1997 iyo 2006. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Luulyo ilaa Agoosto 2025:** saddex mowjadood oo dagaal ah oo u dhexeeyay federaalka iyo Jubbaland ayaa ka dhacay Beled Xaawo iyo Doolow; 28,000 ayaa gudaha ku barakacay, 10,200na waxay u carareen Mandheera, Kenya ([OCHA](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-conflict-displacement-hiraan-and-gedo-regions-flash-update-no2-3-august-2025)). - **Maajo ilaa Luulyo 2025:** jaridda gargaarka ayaa qoysaskii soo laabtay ee Doolow ka dhigtay kuwo maalintii hal mar wax cuna, carruurtuna dugsiga way ka baxeen. - **Janaayo 2026:** 54% dadka waxay ku jireen cunto yari ama ka sii daran, 4% xaalad degdeg ah; 915 qof ayaa meelaha laga saaray 2025 ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/211-gedo)). - **Sebtembar 2025:** isku dhacyo maleeshiyaad beeleed oo u dhow Luuq ayaa dilay ugu yaraan afar qof. ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Cunto iyo dakhli lacageed qoysaska barakacay iyo kuwa soo laabtay. 2. Biyo nadiif ah oo la awoodi karo. 3. Carruurta oo dugsiga dib loogu celiyo ($5 bishii way ka badan tahay awoodda). 4. Caawimo kadib ka saarid iyo barakac: dukumiintiyo iyo helitaanka adeegyada. 5. Caafimaad iyo nafaqo aasaasi ah hooyooyinka iyo carruurta yaryar. --- # Bu'aale (Buale) iyo Jubbada Dhexe Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/middle-juba/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Jubbada Dhexe waa gobol beeraley ah oo ku yaal webiga Jubba ee koonfurta, waxaana ku nool ilaa 447,000 oo qof. Al-Shabaab ayaa gacanta ku haysa oo dhan, Jilibna waa saldhiggeeda ugu weyn, sidaas darteed kumanaan qoys ayaa u tagay Kismaayo, Gedo iyo Muqdisho, halkaas oo ay ugu baahan yihiin cunto, waraaqo iyo meel badbaado leh oo ay seexdaan. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 447,217 qof (IPC, Janaayo 2026) ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31709)). Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay saddex degmo: Bu'aale (caasimadda), Jilib iyo Saakow. Bulshooyinka Soomaali Bantuuga ayaa ah kooxda ugu weyn. Awlyahan iyo Maxamed Subeer (Ogaadeen, Daarood) ayaa ah beelaha siyaasad ahaan ugu xoogga badan ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/212-middle-juba)). ## Cidda ka tagtay - **Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025:** 52,217 qof ayaa cusub u barakacay, 19,612 ka mid ahna waxay aadeen Gedo, Jubbada Hoose iyo Banaadir ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/212-middle-juba)). - **Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026:** 4,805 kale ayaa barakacay, 4,704 ka mid ahna waxay aadeen Jubbada Hoose, intooda badan Bu'aale iyo Jilib ka yimid ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31709)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta Qoysasku waxay beertaan webiga Jubba agtiisa, xoolona way dhaqdaan. Weli ma helin tirooyin la hubiyay oo qiimaha ama mushaharka gudaha gobolka ah. Dadka gaara Kismaayo waxay bixiyaan qiimaha suuqa Jubbaland: bariiska, burka iyo sonkorta ayaa kordhay 1% ilaa 6% Agoosto 2025 ([WFP iyo Logistics Cluster](https://logcluster.org/sites/default/files/public/2025-08/wfp-somalia-joint-markets-and-supply-chain-update15th-august-2025.pdf)). ## Yaa maamula Al-Shabaab ayaa gacanta ku haysa gobolka oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan Bu'aale, Jilib, Saakow iyo Salagle, sida ay ahayd 31 Maarso 2026. Gaarsiinta Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku jirtaa "xannibaado aad u culus" gobolka oo dhan ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31709)). Meelaha dadku gaaraan, maamulka Jubbaland ee Kismaayo iyo Wasaaraddiisa Arrimaha Bini'aadantinimada iyo Maareynta Musiibooyinka ayaa mas'uul ka ah ([OCHA](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-conflict-displacement-hiraan-and-gedo-regions-flash-update-no2-3-august-2025)). Golaha Qaxootiga Denmark (DRC) ayaa la shaqeeya qoysaska barakacay ee ku hareeraysan Kismaayo ([DRC, Agoosto 2024](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/rapid-needs-assessment-turqata-qarsa-shariifadda-basra-bilicsan-gasho-kismayo-lower-jubba-somalia-25th-august-2024)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Webiga Jubba ayaa gobolkan dhex mara. Fatahaadaha webiyada Soomaaliya intooda badan waxay ka dhacaan Jubba iyo Shabeelle, kuwii ugu xumaana waxay yimaadeen xilliga Dayrta, sida 1961, 1977, 1997 iyo 2006. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **Abriil 2025 ilaa Maarso 2026:** 109 dhacdo amni iyo 312 dhimasho, oo ay ku jiraan 54 dhacdo oo rabshado ah oo al-Shabaab ku samaysay dad rayid ah. - **Janaayo 2026:** al-Shabaab ayaa fagaare ku dishay shan nin oo Jilib ah, iyadoo ku eedaysay basaasnimo. - **Janaayo 2026:** 59% dadka waxay u baahnaayeen cunto ama ka sii daran, 4%na waxay ku jireen xaalad degdeg ah ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31709)). - **Oktoobar 2024:** khubarada Qaramada Midoobay waxay Jubbada Dhexe ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah gobollada ay al-Shabaab ugu badan tahay inay carruurta ka qaaddo ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/212-middle-juba)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn (dadka ka tagay) 1. Cunto iyo dakhli marka la gaaro Kismaayo iyo Gedo. 2. Meel badbaado leh oo la seexdo, iyo ogaanshaha meelaha adeegyadu yaallaan. 3. Carruurta oo dugsiga lagu hayo laguna ilaaliyo qorista. 4. Waraaqo iyo diiwaangelin, si qoysasku u helaan gargaar. 5. Raadinta xubnaha qoyska ee kala firdhay. ## Waxa aanan weli ogeyn Tirada dadka degmo kasta, qiimaha iyo mushaharka, iyo inta qof ee Jubbada Dhexe ka timid ee hadda ku nool Muqdisho. Haddii aad taqaan, isticmaal "Sax boggan". --- # Kismaayo (Kismayo) iyo Jubbada Hoose Source: https://calankii.com/so/regions/lower-juba/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Jubbada Hoose waa gobolka ugu koonfureysa Soomaaliya, wuxuuna xad la leeyahay Kenya. Caasimaddiisu waa magaalada dekedda leh ee Kismaayo, waxaana ku nool ilaa 1.2 milyan oo qof. Jubbaland ayaa haysa Kismaayo iyo magaalooyinka xadka, al-Shabaab ayaa haysa Jamaame iyo inta badan miyiga, in ka badan 34,000 oo qofna waa ay barakaceen 2025 iyo horraantii 2026. ## Yaa ku nool Ilaa 1,204,269 qof (IPC, Janaayo 2026) ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31710)). Degmooyinku waa Kismaayo (caasimadda), Jamaame, Badhaadhe iyo Afmadow. Bulshooyinka halkan ku nool waxaa ka mid ah Soomaali Bantuuga (Jareer), Biyomaal, Tunni, Gaaljaal, Ogaadeen (Maxamed Subeer) iyo beelo kale oo Daarood ah oo ay ku jiraan beelo Harti ah, iyo Bajuuni ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/213-lower-juba)). Bajuunigu waxay ku nool yihiin Kismaayo iyo Jasiiradaha Bajuuni ee u dhow Kenya. Waxay ku hadlaan Kibajuuni, intooda badanna waa kalluumaysato sabool ah, mana laha wakiil ka tirsan dowladda Jubbaland ([Minority Rights Group](https://minorityrights.org/communities/benadiri/)). **Barakacayaasha:** 34,081 qof ayaa cusub u barakacay Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026, 25,629 ka mid ahna waxay ka yimaadeen Jamaame. 5,042 kale ayaa ka yimid gobollo kale ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31710)). Sannadkii 2024 ilaa 6,552 qof oo ka yimid Buulo Xaaji, Harbole iyo Miido ayaa degay xeryo ku hareeraysan Kismaayo ([DRC, Agoosto 2024](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/rapid-needs-assessment-turqata-qarsa-shariifadda-basra-bilicsan-gasho-kismayo-lower-jubba-somalia-25th-august-2024)). Magacyada beelaha waxaan u qornay sida ilaha u qoray, si loo ogaado cidda meesha ku nool. Beelna gobolka ma leh, bulsho kastaana sheeko gaar ah ayay leedahay. ## Shaqada iyo lacagta - **Kalluumaysiga:** kalluumaysatada Bajuuni waxay Kismaayo ka siisan jireen baraf $3 xabbadkii. Hal habeen oo badda la galo wuxuu keenaa ilaa 40 kiilo oo kalluun ah ([FAO](https://fao.org/emergencies/resources-repository/news/detail/Somalia-FAO-and-FCDO-provide-marginalized-fisherfolks-with-ice-for-the-first-time-in-Bajuni-Islands-/en)). - **Xoolaha:** abaartu waxay dishay xoolo dhan. Qoys ku nool meel u dhow Buulo Xaaji wuxuu waayay 35 lo' iyo 25 ri' ([Radio Ergo, ReliefWeb](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/drought-hit-lower-juba-pastoralists-flee-towards-somali-kenyan-border)). - **Qiimaha:** cuntada aasaasiga ah qiimaheedu wuxuu Jubbaland ku kordhay 1% ilaa 6% Agoosto 2025 ([WFP](https://logcluster.org/sites/default/files/public/2025-08/wfp-somalia-joint-markets-and-supply-chain-update15th-august-2025.pdf)). ## Yaa maamula Maamulka Jubbaland oo uu hoggaamiyo Axmed Madoobe, xaruntiisuna tahay Kismaayo. Xiriirka dowladda federaalka wuxuu bilaabay inuu soo hagaago kadib booqashadii Madaxweynaha ee Oktoobar 2025 ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202510060048.html)). Ciidamada Jubbaland, oo ay la jiraan ciidamo Kenya iyo Itoobiya ah, waxay haystaan Kismaayo, Afmadow, Dhoobley, Diif, Kulbiyow, Raas Kaambooni, Kudhaa, Buulo Xaaji iyo Bar Sanguuni. Al-Shabaab waxay haysaa Jamaame, Xagar, Miido, Berhani iyo Badhaadhe iyo inta badan miyiga Afmadow, sida ay ahayd 31 Maarso 2026 ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31710)). ## Cimilada iyo xilliyada (Gu, Dayr) Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad: Guga, Abriil ilaa Juun, iyo Dayrta, Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar. Meelaha badankood kulku wuxuu sannadka oo dhan u dhexeeyaa 25 ilaa 28°C ([Red Cross Climate Centre](https://www.climatecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/RCCC-Country-profiles-Somalia_2024_final.pdf)). Webiga Jubba ayaa gobolkan dhex mara. Fatahaadaha webiyada Soomaaliya intooda badan waxay ka dhacaan Jubba iyo Shabeelle, kuwii ugu xumaana waxay yimaadeen xilliga Dayrta, sida 1961, 1977, 1997 iyo 2006. Sannadkan 2026 roobka Gugu wuu ka yaraa celceliska. Saadaasha Dayrta Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2026 waa roob aad uga badan celceliska, taas oo beeraha u fiican balse kordhinaysa khatarta fatahaadda ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Digniinaha rasmiga ah ee fatahaadda iyo cimilada, eeg Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Soomaaliyeed ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/)). ## Waxa dadku hadda la kulmayaan - **26 Nofembar 2025:** ugu yaraan 21 qof oo rayid ah ayaa lagu dilay duqeyn cirka ah ama howlgal dhulka ah oo ka dhacay Jamaame. - **2025 ilaa horraantii 2026:** 4,304 qof ayaa laga saaray meelihii ay degenaayeen, gargaarka gaarsiintiisuna aad bay u adag tahay inta badan Kismaayo. - **Janaayo 2026:** 50% dadka waxay ahaayeen kuwo cunto u baahan ama ka sii daran ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31710)). Abaartu waxay xoolo-dhaqatada u riixday dhanka Kulbiyow, halkaas oo qoysaska martida loo yahay ay maalintii wadaagaan hal cunto ([ReliefWeb](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/drought-hit-lower-juba-pastoralists-flee-towards-somali-kenyan-border)). ## Baahiyaha ugu waaweyn 1. Cunto iyo dakhli qoysaska barakacay ee ku hareeraysan Kismaayo iyo Kulbiyow. 2. Biyo nadiif ah iyo hoy xeryaha barakacayaasha. 3. Caawimo kadib marka meel laga saaro: waraaqo, meel cusub iyo adeegyo. 4. Bilow cusub xoolo-dhaqatada xoolahoodii waayay iyo kalluumaysatada Bajuuni. 5. Waxbarasho iyo caafimaad carruurta iyo hooyooyinka cusub. --- # Sida nidaamka federaalka Soomaaliya u shaqeeyo: dowladaha xubinta ka ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/federal-member-states/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay leedahay lix dowladood oo xubin ka ah federaalka: Puntland (1998), Jubbaland (2013), Koonfur Galbeed (2014), Galmudug (2015), Hirshabeelle (2016) iyo Waqooyi Bari (la aqoonsaday 2025), iyo sidoo kale Banaadir, gobolka caasimadda. Nofembar 2026 saddex dowladood ayaa xiriir shaqo oo wanaagsan la leh dowladda federaalka, saddexna ma laha. ## Sida dowladahu ku yimaadeen Fikradda Soomaaliya federaal ah waxay ku jirtaa heshiis kasta oo nabadeed oo waaweyn tan iyo Qaahira 1997. Shirkii Mbagathi ee 2004 ayaa qaatay, Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurka 2012na wuxuu leeyahay "Soomaaliya waa dowlad federaal ah" ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). Dadka dhaleeceeya waxay ku tilmaameen federaalka mid kala qaybiya. Puntland ayaa ugu horreysay. 5 Maajo 1998 shir odayaal oo Garoowe ka dhacay ayaa ku dhawaaqay, iyadoo loo arkayay dhagax dhismeed Soomaaliya mideysan. Sannadihii ugu horreeyay waxay dhisatay baarlamaan, nidaam canshuur, maxkamado iyo warbaahin madax-bannaan ([Crisis Group, 2009](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/b64-somalia-the-trouble-with-puntland.pdf)). Dowladaha kale waxaa la sameeyay 2012 kadib, iyadoo loo marayo shirar ay taageerayeen dowladda federaalka iyo saaxiibbadeeda ([Heritage Institute, Nofembar 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)). ## Dowlad kasta Nofembar 2026 - **[Puntland](/so/states/puntland/) (1998).** Waxaa inta badan hoggaamiya beelaha Harti (Daarood). Hoggaamiye: Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni. Ma aqoonsana dowladda federaalka tan iyo 31 Maarso 2024, waxayna sheegtaa in muddo xileedyada federaalku dhammaadeen. Ciidamadeeda iyo ciidamada federaalka ayaa ku dagaallamay Gaalkacyo Agoosto 2026 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/5/puntland-forces-seize-government-held-camp-in-somalias-galkayo)). - **[Jubbaland](/so/states/jubaland/) (2013).** Beelo badan ayaa ku nool. Hoggaamiye: Axmed Madoobe, oo ku jira xilli saddexaad tan iyo Nofembar 2024, taas oo dowladda federaalku ka soo horjeeddo. Waxay hakisay iskaashiga Janaayo 2025, wadahadallona way socdeen tan iyo Oktoobar 2025 ([Heritage Institute, 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)). - **[Koonfur Galbeed](/so/states/south-west-state/).** Inta badan bulshooyinka Digil iyo Mirifle (Raxanweyn); Heritage Institute waxay xustay walaaca Digilka ee ah in looga tagay. Hoggaamiye: Aadan Madoobe, tan iyo 11 Juun 2026, oo taageero federaal haysta. Dhinaca hoggaamiyihii hore weli wuxuu haystaa magaalooyin ku yaal Baay, dagaalkuna waa socdaa ([Kaab TV](https://en.kaabtv.com/nearly-five-months-into-office-aadan-madoobe-faces-ongoing-fighting-in-south-west-state/)). - **[Galmudug](/so/states/galmudug/) (2015).** Beelo badan; beelaha yaryar waxay sheegaan in laga reebay. Hoggaamiye: Liibaan Axmed Xasan, la doortay 22 Oktoobar 2026. Waxay la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/liban-ahmed-hassan-elected-galmudug-leader-pledges-to-serve-all-residents)). - **[Hirshabeelle](/so/states/hirshabelle/) (2016).** Inta badan Hawaadle, Abgaal iyo beelo kale. Hoggaamiye: Cali Guudlaawe Xuseen, dib loo doortay 24 Oktoobar 2026. Waxay la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka ([Horseed Media](https://horseedmedia.net/somalia-ali-gudlawe-hussein-re-elected-as-hirshabelle-leader/426803/)). - **[Waqooyi Bari](/so/states/north-eastern-state/).** Waxaa loo sameeyay maamul ku-meel-gaar ah 2023, waxaana loo aqoonsaday dowlad xubin ah Abriil 2025. Waxaa inta badan hoggaamiya madaxda Dhulbahante. Hoggaamiye: Cabdiqaadir Firdhiye. Waxay la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka. Somaliland way ka soo horjeeddaa, waxayna sheegashadeedu isku dhacdaa sheegashada Puntland ee Sanaag ([The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/the-making-of-somalia-new-northeast-state-5178184)). - **[Banaadir](/so/states/banadir/).** Ma aha dowlad xubin ah; heerkeeda kama dambaysta ah weli lama go'aamin. Hoggaamiyaha waa la magacaabaa, gole deegaanna waxaa la doortay Diseembar 2025 ([Radio Dalsan](https://radiodalsan.com/2025/12/25/mogadishu-votes-at-dawn-benadir-regional-council-elections-begin-in-a-historic-first/)). Xogta beelaha waxay ka timid Heritage Institute ([Nofembar 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)) iyo The EastAfrican. Dowladna beel keliya ma leh. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Ilaha waxay bixiyaan taariikho kala duwan oo la aasaasay Koonfur Galbeed, dowladda federaalka iyo Jubbalandna waxay isku khilaafsan yihiin in muddo xileedka hadda ee Jubbaland uu sharci yahay. ## Waxa ay ka dhigan tahay dadka Bulshooyinka yaryar ee dowlado badan waxay sheegaan in looga tagay awoodda ([Heritage Institute, Nofembar 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)). Meesha dowladaha iyo xarunta aysan ka wada shaqayn, dadku waxay la kulmi karaan laba nidaam oo kala duwan oo ku saabsan waraaqaha, canshuuraha iyo gargaarka. --- # Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026: xaqiiqooyinka Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 18 Maajo 1991 waqooyi-galbeedku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, wuxuuna joojiyay midowgii 1960. Tan iyo markaas wuxuu dowladdiisa ku dhisay lacag gudaha ah, wuxuuna qabtay doorashooyin joogto ah. Dal xubin ka ah Qaramada Midoobay ma aqoonsan ilaa Israa'iil ay aqoonsatay Diseembar 2025, Soomaaliya iyo inta badan adduunkuna weli waxay u arkaan qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. ## 1960: laba xorriyadood, hal midow Maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland waxay xorriyadda ku qaadatay magaca Dowladda Somaliland 26 Juun 1960 ([State of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Somaliland)). 1 Luulyo 1960 waxay la midowday dhulkii Talyaaniga ee koonfurta, waxaana dhashay Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, caasimadduna waxay noqotay Muqdisho. Aftidii dastuurka midowga ee Juun 1961, dad badan oo waqooyiga ah ma codayn. Ilaa 100,000 oo qof oo waqooyi ah ayaa codeeyay, in ka badan 60% ka mid ahna way diideen. 10 Diseembar 1961 koox saraakiil yaryar ah, oo intooda badan waqooyi ka soo jeeday, ayaa isku dayay inay dib u soo celiyaan xorriyadda Somaliland, iyagoo ku sugnaa Hargeysa iyo Burco. Askar daacad u ahayd dowladda ayaa dhammaysay isku daygaas saacado gudahood ([1961 revolt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia)). ## 1980-meeyadii: dagaalkii waqooyiga Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) waxaa London lagu aasaasay 6 Abriil 1981, waxaana aasaasay dhowr boqol oo Isaaq ah oo dibadda ku noolaa, si ay meesha uga saaraan dowladdii Siyaad Barre. Maajo 1988 waxay qabsadeen Burco iyo qayb ka mid ah Hargeysa. Ciidamada dowladda ayaa markaas duqeeyay labada magaalo, kuwaas oo inta badan la burburiyay. Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay qiyaastaa in 5,000 Isaaq ah la dilay 27 Maajo ilaa dhammaadka 1988 (qiyaasaha kale aad bay uga badan yihiin), in ka badan 300,000 oo qofna waxay u qaxeen Itoobiya ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm)). Dilalkaas weli waa cabashada aasaasiga ah ee Somaliland. ## 1991: ku dhawaaqidda Janaayo 1991 SNM waxay qabsatay Berbera, Hargeysa iyo Burco. Shir weyn oo Burco ka dhacay ayaa markaas buriyay Heshiiskii Midowga 1960, 18 Maajo 1991na wuxuu ku dhawaaqay Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. Koox kale oo Soomaali ah lalama tashan ([Bradbury, 1997](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf)). ## Waxaa dhisay odayaal, lacag gudaha ah Shirar odayaal oo ay lahaayeen Isaaq iyo beelo kale oo waqooyi ah ayaa nabadda sameeyay. Shirkii Sheekh ee 1992 iyo shirkii Boorama ee 1993 waxay kalsoonida ku dhiseen xeer, waxaana inta badan bixiyay bulshada lafteeda ([Farah iyo Lewis, 1997](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/3215/1/Making%20peace%20in%20Somaliland.pdf)). 1993 ilaa 1995 dowladdii Cigaal waxay dib u soo noolaysay wasaaradaha, bangi dhexe, lacag, booliis iyo maxkamado, iyadoo kaalmo dibadeed oo yar heshay ([Bradbury](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf)). Afti 2001 ayaa ansixisay dastuur leh Golaha Guurtida oo ah aqalka sare ([Participedia](https://participedia.net/case/5117)). ## Doorashooyinka Somaliland waxay qabatay doorashooyin "joogto ah, inkastoo inta badan dib loo dhigo" ([Responsible Statecraft](https://responsiblestatecraft.org/somaliland-us-recognition-iran-war/)). Nofembar 2024 musharraxa mucaaradka, Cabdiraxmaan Cirro, ayaa guuleystay, xukunkuna si nabad ah ayuu u wareegay ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/19/oppositions-abdullahi-wins-presidential-election-in-breakaway-somaliland)). ## Su'aasha aqoonsiga - **Janaayo 2024:** heshiis lala galay Itoobiya oo badda u furaya, beddelkeedna ballan aqoonsi ah. Soomaaliya waxay ku tilmaantay "waxba kama jiraan". Baaqii Ankara ee Diseembar 2024 ayaa qaboojiyay khilaafka ([ORF](https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/ankara-declaration-t-rkiye-s-diplomatic-win-in-africa)). - **26 Diseembar 2025:** Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay Somaliland. Soomaaliya, Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta, IGAD, OIC iyo kuwo kale way diideen ([UN Press](https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc16270.doc.htm)). Dalal kale oo badan, oo ay ku jiraan Shiinaha, Masar iyo Turkiga, ayaa sidoo kale diiday ([Khaleej Times](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/africa/somalia-african-nations-condemn-israel-recognition-somaliland)). ## Laba aragtiyood Dowladda Somaliland waxay leedahay waxay buuxisay shuruudaha dowladnimada tan iyo 1991. Israa'iil waxay xustay in ilaa 35 dal ay aqoonsadeen Somaliland maalmihii yaraa ee xorriyadda Juun 1960. Dowladda federaalka iyo inta badan dalalka waxay qabaan in Somaliland ay qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya sida ku cad midowgii 1960 ([UN Press](https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc16270.doc.htm)). Labadaba waan soo bandhignay, dhinacna ma qaadanayno. ## Hal aragti ma aha gudaha Bulshooyinka Dhulbahante ee Laascaanood iyo Sool waxay diideen maamulka Hargeysa 2023, waxayna doorteen federaalka, iyagoo sameeyay waxa hadda ah Dowladda Waqooyi Bari ([Las Anod conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_%282023%29)). Boorama waxaa ka dhacay mudaaharaadyo Diseembar 2025 ([2025 Borama protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Borama_protests)). ## Halka ay xaaladdu marayso 2026 Somaliland waxay ka baxday wadahadallada dowladda federaalka kadib markii Muqdisho ay aqoonsatay Dowladda Waqooyi Bari Abriil 2025 ([Heritage Institute, 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)). Su'aasha midowga ama kala go'a weli way furan tahay. --- # Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya: Garoowe, taariikhda iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/puntland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Puntland waa dowladda xubinta federaalka ugu da'da weyn, waxaana la aasaasay 1998 shir odayaal oo Garoowe ka dhacay, iyadoo loo arkayay dhagax dhismeed Soomaaliya mideysan. Waxay ku taal waqooyi-bari, oo ay ku jiraan Bari, Nugaal iyo waqooyiga Mudug, waxaana hoggaamiya Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni. Tan iyo 31 Maarso 2024 ma aqoonsana awoodda dowladda federaalka. ## Sida ay ku bilaabatay Puntland ayaa ugu horreysay dowladaha xubnaha ah. Shir ay yeesheen odayaal iyo siyaasiyiin ayaa 1998 Garoowe ku dhawaaqay dowlad goboleed weli qayb ka ah Soomaaliya. Fikraddu waxay ahayd "dhagax dhismeed": marka hore gobollo deggan, kadibna dal mideysan ([Crisis Group, 2009](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/b64-somalia-the-trouble-with-puntland.pdf)). Ilaha way ku kala duwan yihiin taariikhda aasaaska. Crisis Group waxay sheegtaa shirkii Garoowe ee Maajo 1998, diiwaanka Puntlandna wuxuu sheegaa 1 Agoosto 1998 ([Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland)). Sannadihii ugu horreeyay Puntland waxay dhistay baarlamaan, nidaam canshuureed, maxkamado iyo warbaahin xor ah ([Crisis Group, 2009](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/b64-somalia-the-trouble-with-puntland.pdf)). ## Dhulka iyo dadka Caasimaddu waa Garoowe, oo ku taal Nugaal. Dekedda ugu weyn iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Boosaaso, oo ku taal Bari. Puntland waxay sheegataa Bari, Nugaal, waqooyiga Mudug iyo qaybo ka mid ah Sanaag iyo Sool, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay sidoo kale sheegtaan Somaliland iyo Waqooyi Bari. Qiyaas 2016 ah waxay sheegtay ilaa 4.3 milyan oo qof. Xoolaha, kalluumaysiga iyo beeyada ayaa dhaqaalaha wada, xoolahana waxaa laga dhoofiyaa Boosaaso una dhoofiyaa Khaliijka. Xeebtu waxay dhan tahay ilaa 1,600 km ([Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland)). Dadka intooda badan waa beelaha Harti (Daarood), bulshooyin kalena gobol kasta way ku nool yihiin ([Heritage Institute, Nof 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)). Beelna dowladda ma leh. ## Hoggaamiyeyaasha - Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, 1998 ilaa 2004, kadibna madaxweynihii Dowladda Federaalka ee Ku-meel-gaarka ahayd - Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi "Cadde", 2005 ilaa 2009 - Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Faroole, 2009 ilaa 2014 - Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali "Gaas", 2014 ilaa 2019 - Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni, laga bilaabo Janaayo 2019 ## Codadka gudaha 25 Maajo 2023 Puntland waxay qabatay doorashooyin golayaasha deegaanka oo cod toos ah ah, 30 degmo, kadib tijaabo lagu sameeyay Qardho, Ufeyn iyo Eyl Oktoobar 2021. Kormeerayaashu waxay ku tilmaameen taariikhi, inkastoo xisbiyo qaar ay codsadeen dib u dhigid, codbixintuna meelo yar ku joogsatay sababo amni ([Africanews](https://www.africanews.com/amp/2023/05/26/somalias-puntland-holds-historic-local-polls/); [PDRC](https://pdrcsomalia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Puntland-Local-Government-Elections-Lessons-learned-for-future-democratization.pdf)). ## Puntland iyo dowladda federaalka 31 Maarso 2024 Puntland waxay sheegtay inaysan mar dambe aqoonsanayn awoodda dowladda federaalka, kadib isbeddello lagu sameeyay dastuurka qaranka, iyo inay keligeed shaqeyn doonto ilaa dastuur lagu ansixiyo afti ay ka qayb gasho ([Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland)). Ciidamada Puntland iyo kuwa federaalka ayaa ku dagaallamay Gaalkacyo Agoosto 2026 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/5/puntland-forces-seize-government-held-camp-in-somalias-galkayo)). ## Halka ay ku jirto nidaamka federaalka Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay "Soomaaliya waa dowlad federaal ah". Fikraddu waxay ku jirtay heshiis kasta oo nabadeed oo waaweyn tan iyo Qaahira 1997 ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). Laba gobol ama in ka badan ayaa isku biiri kara si ay u sameeyaan dowlad xubin ah, dowlad kastaana waxay leedahay hoggaamiye, baarlamaan iyo dastuur u gaar ah. --- # Baasaboorka Soomaaliya: qiimaha, shuruudaha iyo meesha laga qaato Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/somali-passport/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Baasaboorka Soomaaliya waxaa bixisa Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda (ICA). Tan iyo 2025 waa inaad haysataa kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka ee NIRA ka hor intaadan codsan. Kadib keen laba sawir iyo warqadda dembi la'aanta, faraha-na adigoo jooga ayaa lagaa qaadayaa. Bogga adeegyada dowladdu wuxuu qorayaa lacag dhan US$180, ICA-duna waxay ballan qaadday in baasaboorka la bixiyo ilaa hal toddobaad. ## Yaa bixiya baasaboorka Soomaaliya? Baasaboorka waxaa bixisa Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda (ICA) ee Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Xarunteedu waxay ku taal Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Aadan Cadde ee Muqdisho ([ICA, baasaboorka caadiga ah](https://immigration.gov.so/en/?p=13644)). Waxay bixisaa saddex nooc: kan caadiga ah, kan shaqada iyo kan diblomaasiyadda ([adeegyada ICA](https://immigration.gov.so/services)). Dadka intooda badan waxay u baahan yihiin baasaboorka caadiga ah. ## Maxaa marka hore loo baahan yahay? **Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka ayaa ugu horreeya.** 6 Agoosto 2025 ICA waxay ku dhawaaqday in kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka ee shaqeeya uu yahay "shuruud qasab ah oo codsi kasta oo baasaboor Soomaaliyeed", laga bilaabo 1 Sebtembar 2025 ([ICA, 6 Agoosto 2025](https://immigration.gov.so/news/national-id-card-required-for-passport-applications)). Qofka aan haysan waa inuu marka hore iska diiwaangeliyaa Hay'adda Aqoonsiga iyo Diiwaangelinta Qaranka (NIRA). Dawan Africa waxay sheegtay Luulyo 2026 in hadda kaarka aqoonsiga laga diiwaangelin karo xarumaha adeegga baasaboorka ([Dawan Africa, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-to-introduce-new-third-generation-passport-in-october)). Eeg [Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA)](/so/states/national-id-nira/). ## Waraaqahee la keenaa? ICA waxay baasaboorka caadiga ah u qortay waraaqahan ([ICA, baasaboorka caadiga ah](https://immigration.gov.so/en/?p=13644); [adeegyada ICA](https://immigration.gov.so/services)): - Kaarkaaga aqoonsiga qaranka (ama shahaadada jinsiyadda) - Warqadda dembi la'aanta (oo booliisku bixiyo) - Laba sawir oo baasaboor oo dhowaan la qaaday - Foomka codsiga oo buuxa - Caddaynta in lacagta la bixiyay Hagaha adeegyada dowladda wuxuu sidoo kale ku daray warqad codsi ah oo qoran iyo shahaadada dhalashada ([somalia.gov.so, baasaboorka caadiga ah](https://www.somalia.gov.so/services/ordinary-passport)). Cusboonaysiinta, ICA waxay weydiisaa warqad saxiixan oo sheegaysa sababta. Baasaboorka ay ka hartay wax ka yar lix bilood, ama aan bog bannaan lahayn, waa la cusboonaysiin karaa ([adeegyada ICA](https://immigration.gov.so/services)). ## Sidee looga codsadaa gudaha Soomaaliya? ICA waxay sharraxday afar tallaabo ([ICA, baasaboorka caadiga ah](https://immigration.gov.so/en/?p=13644)): 1. **Diyaari waraaqaha:** aqoonsiga qaranka, warqadda dembi la'aanta iyo laba sawir. 2. **Gudbi:** xarunta dhexe ee Muqdisho ama xafiis socdaal oo gobol ku yaal. 3. **Faraha iyo sawirka:** xarunta diiwaangelinta waxaa lagaaga qaadayaa faraha, sawir dhijitaal ah iyo saxiixa. 4. **Qaado:** baasaboorka adigoo jooga ka qaado meeshii aad ka codsatay. Hagaha dowladdu wuxuu intaas ku darayaa wareysi shakhsi ah iyo hubinta waraaqaha ([somalia.gov.so](https://www.somalia.gov.so/services/ordinary-passport)). Xafiiska ICA wuxuu furan yahay Sabti ilaa Khamiis, 8 subaxnimo ilaa 4 galabnimo. Xiriirka ay daabacday waa telefoon +252 61 0555001, WhatsApp +252 61 446 5000, lambarka gaaban 2000 iyo info@immigration.gov.so ([ICA](https://immigration.gov.so/en/?p=13644)). ## Immisa ayuu ku kacaa, muddo intee le'eg ayuuse qaataa? - **Lacagta:** hagaha adeegyada dowladdu wuxuu qorayaa **US$180**, oo lagu bixiyo lacagta moobilka ([somalia.gov.so, la hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026](https://www.somalia.gov.so/services/ordinary-passport)). Lacagtu way isbeddeshay waqtiyada. Sannadkii 2016 waxaa la sheegay US$83 ([Guddiga Socdaalka iyo Qaxootiga Kanada, SOM105248.E, 17 Maarso 2016](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1167317.html)). Safaaraduhu waxay dejiyaan lacag u gaar ah, oo ay ku jiraan khidmadaha qunsuliyadda. - **Muddada:** hagaha dowladdu wuxuu leeyahay ku dhawaad hal toddobaad. Dib u dhac qiyaastii saddex bilood ah oo 2026 dhacay kadib, Agaasimaha Guud ee ICA Xuseen Qaasim Yuusuf (Hussein Qasim Yusuf) ayaa raalli gelin bixiyay. Wuxuu ballan qaaday in baasaboorka la bixiyo toddoba maalmood gudahood, meel kasta oo codsaduhu adduunka ka joogo ([Dawan Africa, 3 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-says-passport-delays-resolved-pledges-one-week-processing)). - **Waqtiga uu shaqeeyo:** baasaboorka bayoometrigga ah ee laga bilaabay 2013 wuxuu shaqaynayay shan sano ([IRB Kanada, 2016](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1167317.html)). ## Sidee looga codsadaa dibadda? Safaaradaha Soomaaliya codsiyada waxay ku qaataan ballan. Safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Washington, DC waa tusaale nidaamka hadda jira ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya, Mareykan, baasaboorada](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/consular-services/passports/)): - Aqoonsiga NIRA iyo baasaboorka waa in mar la wada codsado, hal ballan oo la isku daray. - Qof kasta wuxuu qabsadaa ballan u gaar ah. Qof aan ballan lahayn lama qaabilo. - Lacagta waxaa lagu bixiyaa qaab dhijitaal ah oo keliya. Money order hadda lama aqbalo. - Safaaraddu waxay qabataa baasaboor cusub iyo cusboonaysiinta kuwa dhacay, mana qabato baasaboorada lumay. NIRA waxay sidoo kale xarumo adeeg ka furtay safaaradaha Soomaaliya, oo ay ka mid yihiin Nayroobi iyo Pretoria ([SONNA, Nayroobi](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-expands-civil-registration-services-with-launch-of-nira-office-at-embassy-in-nairobi/); [SONNA, Pretoria](https://sonna.so/en/nira-launches-new-service-center-at-the-somali-embassy-in-pretoria/)). Ka hor intaadan lacag bixin, la xiriir safaaradda adeegta dalka aad joogto. ## Waa maxay baasaboorka cusub? Soomaaliya waxay baasaboorkeeda ku beddelaysaa mid jiilka saddexaad ah. Maajo 2025 ICA iyo Wasaaradda Maaliyadda waxay bilaabeen iibsashadiisa, iyagoo caawimo farsamo ka helaya Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Adeegga Mashaariicda (UNOPS) ([SONNA, 19 Maajo 2025](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-launches-overhaul-of-national-passport-system/)). ICA waxay Janaayo 2026 sheegtay in baasaboorka cusub uu buuxin doono heerarka Ururka Duulista Rayidka ee Caalamiga (ICAO), baasaboorada hadda jirana ay sii shaqaynayaan ([ICA, 15 Janaayo 2026](https://immigration.gov.so/news/new-somali-passport-planned-for-2026)). Bogga xogtiisu waa caag adag (polycarbonate), wuxuuna leeyahay calaamado xooggan oo ka hortaga been-abuurka. ICA waxay u qabsatay Oktoobar 2026 in la soo saaro ([Dawan Africa, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-to-introduce-new-third-generation-passport-in-october)). Golaha wasiiradu wuxuu dib u eegay horumarka Agoosto 2026 ([AllAfrica, Agoosto 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202608070076.html)). ## Maxaa baasaboorka Soomaaliya u adkeeyay in la isticmaalo? 1991 kadib diiwaannada dowladda intooda badan waa la burburiyay, sidaas darteed ma jirin diiwaan lagu kalsoonaan karo oo waraaqaha ka dambeeya. Warbixin cilmi-baaris ah oo dowladda Kanada sameysay 2016 ayaa uruurisay aragtiyada rasmiga ah. Mareykanku wuxuu sheegay in dowlado badan aysan aqbalin baasaboorada Soomaaliyeed, sababo la xiriira been-abuur baahsan. Kanadana ma aqoonsan, maxaa yeelay ma jirin "diiwaangeliyeyaal la isku halleyn karo oo la hubin karo" oo waraaqaha ka dambeeya ([IRB Kanada, 2016](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1167317.html)). Isla warbixintu waxay sheegtay in baasaboorada bayoometrigga ah iyo kaararka aqoonsiga cusub la bilaabay Diseembar 2013 ([IRB Kanada, 2016](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1167317.html)). In baasaboor kasta lagu xiro aqoonsi qaran oo bayoometrig ah ayaa ah jawaabta dowladda ee dhibaatadaas ([ICA, 2025](https://immigration.gov.so/news/national-id-card-required-for-passport-applications)). ## Xaggee lagu safri karaa? Henley Passport Index 2026 wuxuu baasaboorka Soomaaliya siiyay dhibco 33, kaalinta 97aad: waxaad geli kartaa 33 meelood adigoon fiiso hore u qaadan ([Gulf News, Janaayo 2026](https://gulfnews.com/world/worlds-weakest-passports-for-2026-revealed-1.500409207)). Warbixinno kale oo 2026 ah waxay sheegeen 32 ([Le360](https://en.le360.ma/world/henley-passport-index-strongest-to-weakest-african-passports_OAFP5ZUJBRFIVPQQIR54LLHXIE/)). Liiska oo dhammaystiran waxaa laga helaa bogga [Henley Passport Index](https://www.henleyglobal.com/passport-index). Xeerarku si dhakhso ah ayay isu beddelaan, ee la xiriir safaaradda dalka aad u socoto. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA)](/so/states/national-id-nira/) - [Diiwaanka dhalashada](/so/states/birth-records/) - [Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/) - [Maxaa Soomaali badan dhalashadoodu 1da Janaayo u tahay?](/so/diaspora/why-1-january-birthdays/) ## Ilaha 1. Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda. Baasaboorka caadiga ah. [immigration.gov.so](https://immigration.gov.so/en/?p=13644). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 2. Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda. Adeegyada. [immigration.gov.so](https://immigration.gov.so/services). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 3. Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda. "National ID card required for passport applications", 6 Agoosto 2025. [immigration.gov.so](https://immigration.gov.so/news/national-id-card-required-for-passport-applications). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 4. Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda. "New Somali passport planned for 2026", 15 Janaayo 2026. [immigration.gov.so](https://immigration.gov.so/news/new-somali-passport-planned-for-2026). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 5. Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Baasaboorka caadiga ah (hagaha adeegyada). [somalia.gov.so](https://www.somalia.gov.so/services/ordinary-passport). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 6. Safaaradda Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, Washington DC. Baasaboorada. [usa.mfa.gov.so](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/consular-services/passports/). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 7. Guddiga Socdaalka iyo Qaxootiga Kanada (IRB). SOM105248.E, Soomaaliya: baasaboorada, 17 Maarso 2016 (ecoi.net). [ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1167317.html). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 8. SONNA. "Somalia launches overhaul of national passport system", 19 Maajo 2025. [sonna.so](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-launches-overhaul-of-national-passport-system/). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 9. Dawan Africa. "Somalia to introduce new third-generation passport in October", 2 Luulyo 2026. [dawan.africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-to-introduce-new-third-generation-passport-in-october). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 10. Dawan Africa. "Somalia says passport delays resolved, pledges one-week processing", 3 Luulyo 2026. [dawan.africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-says-passport-delays-resolved-pledges-one-week-processing). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 11. Gulf News. "World's weakest passports for 2026 revealed", Janaayo 2026. [gulfnews.com](https://gulfnews.com/world/worlds-weakest-passports-for-2026-revealed-1.500409207). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. --- # Dowladda Jubbaland ee Soomaaliya: Kismaayo, taariikhda iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/jubaland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Jubbaland waa dowladda xubinta koonfureed ee la sameeyay 2013, waxayna ka kooban tahay Gedo, Jubbada Dhexe iyo Jubbada Hoose, caasimaddeeda dhabta ahna waa Kismaayo. Axmed Maxamed Islaam 'Madoobe' ayaa hoggaaminayay tan iyo Maajo 2013. Muddadiisa saddexaad, oo bilaabatay Nofembar 2024, waxaa ku murmaysa dowladda federaalka, labada dhinacna wadahadal ayay ku jiraan tan iyo Oktoobar 2025. ## Sida ay ku bilaabatay 28 Febraayo 2013 in ka badan 500 ergo ah ayaa Kismaayo isugu yimid si ay u qorsheeyaan dowlad loogu talagalay saddexda gobol ee Jubba. Waxay ansixiyeen dastuur ku-meel-gaar ah 2 Abriil 2013, waxayna 15 Maajo 2013 u doorteen Axmed Maxamed Islaam "Madoobe" madaxweyne ([Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaland)). Dowladda federaalka ayaa markii hore ka soo horjeeday. 28 Agoosto 2013 labada dhinac waxay heshiis ku saxeexdeen Addis Ababa: Maamul Ku-meel-gaar ah oo Jubba ah oo Madoobe hoggaamiyo muddo laba sano ah, iyo in dekedda iyo garoonka Kismaayo ay dowladda federaalku maamusho lix bilood kadib, dakhligana loogu talagalo adeegyada iyo amniga Jubbaland. Ergeyga Qaramada Midoobay Nicholas Kay wuxuu ku tilmaamay "horumar weyn" ([Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaland)). ## Dhulka iyo dadka Sharci ahaan caasimaddu waa Bu'aale; caasimadda dhabta ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Kismaayo. Jubbaland waxay ku fidsan tahay ilaa 110,000 km² oo ku teedsan xadka Kenya. Tirada dadka qiyaasaheedu aad bay u kala duwan yihiin, ilaa 2.5 milyan ilaa 3.4 milyan ([Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaland)). Jubbada Hoose oo keliya waxaa ku noolaa ilaa 1.2 milyan oo qof Janaayo 2026 ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31710)). Beelo badan ayaa halkan ku nool, oo ay ka mid yihiin Ogaadeen, Harti iyo beelo kale oo Daarood ah, Soomaali Bantuuga (Jareer), Biyomaal, Tunni iyo Bajuuni ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/213-lower-juba)). Beelna dowladda ma leh. ## Jubbaland iyo dowladda federaalka Madoobe wuxuu ku guuleystay muddo saddexaad codbixin goboleed oo dhacday 25 Nofembar 2024. Dowladda federaalka waxay sheegtay in codbixintu ka dhacday iyada la'aanteed, labada dhinacna waxay soo saareen amarro xarig oo ka dhan ah hoggaamiyeyaasha kale, Jubbalandna xiriirka way hakisay. Ciidamada federaalku waxay ka baxeen Jubbaland kadib dagaallo Diseembar 2024 ([Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaland)). Jubbaland waxay hakisay iskaashiga Janaayo 2025, wadahadallona waxay socdeen tan iyo Oktoobar 2025 ([Heritage Institute, 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Dowladda federaalka iyo Jubbaland waxay ku kala aragti duwan yihiin in muddada xilka hadda jirta ay sharci tahay iyo in kale. Labadaba waan soo bandhignay, dhinacna ma qaadanayno. ## Waxa ay ka dhigan tahay dadka Al-Shabaab weli waxay haysaa inta badan miyiga, oo ay ku jirto Jamaame. In ka badan 34,000 oo qof ayaa cusub uga barakacay Jubbada Hoose Abriil 2025 ilaa Febraayo 2026 ([EUAA 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/print/pdf/node/31710)). ## Halka ay ku jirto nidaamka federaalka Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay "Soomaaliya waa dowlad federaal ah". Fikraddu waxay ku jirtay heshiis kasta oo nabadeed oo waaweyn tan iyo Qaahira 1997 ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). Laba gobol ama in ka badan ayaa isku biiri kara si ay u sameeyaan dowlad xubin ah, dowlad kastaana waxay leedahay hoggaamiye, baarlamaan iyo dastuur u gaar ah. --- # Dowladda Koonfur Galbeed ee Soomaaliya: Baydhabo, taariikhda iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/south-west-state/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Koonfur Galbeed waxay ka kooban tahay Baay, Bakool iyo Shabeellaha Hoose, Baydhabana waa caasimadda ay ka shaqeyso. Waxaa la sameeyay shir Baydhabo ka dhacay 2014. Maarso 2026 waxay xiriirka u jartay dowladda federaalka, kadibna ciidamada federaalka ayaa la wareegay Baydhabo, Aadan Madoobe ayaana hoggaaminayay tan iyo Juun 2026 isagoo taageero federaal haysta. ## Sida ay ku bilaabatay Fikraddu way ka da' weyn tahay dowladda. 2002dii hoggaamiyihii Ciidanka Iska-caabinta Raxanweyn (RRA), Xasan Maxamed Nuur "Shaatigaduud", ayaa ku dhawaaqay Dowlad Koonfur Galbeed, taas oo dhammaatay 2005. 2014 laba qorshe ayaa tartamay: dowlad lix gobol ah iyo dowlad saddex gobol ah. 27 Maarso 2014, 733 ergo oo Baydhabo isugu yimid ayaa taageeray qorshaha saddexda gobol ee Baay, Bakool iyo Shabeellaha Hoose, dowladdana waxaa la dhisay Nofembar 2014 shir kale kadib ([South West State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia)). Ilaha way ku kala duwan yihiin taariikhda la aasaasay. ## Dhulka iyo dadka Baraawe waa caasimadda sharciga; Baydhabo waa caasimadda shaqada iyo magaalada ugu weyn. Qiyaas 2022 ah waxay sheegtay ilaa 4.2 milyan oo qof ([South West State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia)). Dadka intooda badan waa Digil iyo Mirifle (Raxanweyn), oo ay weheliyaan beelo kale iyo dadyow laga tiro badan yahay; Heritage Institute waxay xustay walaaca Digilka ee ah in looga tagay awoodda ([Heritage Institute, Nofembar 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaasha - Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan, la doortay 17 Nofembar 2014 - Cabdicasiis Xasan Maxamed "Laftagareen", la doortay 19 Diseembar 2018 - Aadan Madoobe, tan iyo 11 Juun 2026 Doorashadii 2018 dhowr jeer ayaa dib loo dhigay. 13 Diseembar 2018 musharraxa Mukhtaar Roobow ayaa la xiray, ugu yaraan 12 qof ayaana lagu dilay Baydhabo rabshadihii xigay ([South West State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia)). ## Koonfur Galbeed iyo dowladda federaalka 17 Maarso 2026 dowladdu waxay xiriirka u jartay dowladda federaalka intii lagu jiray khilaafka dastuurka. Ciidamada federaalka ayaa la wareegay Baydhabo 30 Maarso 2026, hoggaamiyihii gobolkuna wuu is casilay ([South West State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia)). Aadan Madoobe wuxuu xilka qabtay 11 Juun 2026, laakiin dhinaca hoggaamiyihii hore weli wuxuu haystaa magaalooyin ku yaal Baay, dagaalkuna waa socdaa ([Kaab TV](https://en.kaabtv.com/nearly-five-months-into-office-aadan-madoobe-faces-ongoing-fighting-in-south-west-state/)). ## Halka ay ku jirto nidaamka federaalka Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay "Soomaaliya waa dowlad federaal ah". Fikraddu waxay ku jirtay heshiis kasta oo nabadeed oo waaweyn tan iyo Qaahira 1997, shirkii Mbagathi ee 2004 ayaana qaatay ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). Laba gobol ama in ka badan ayaa isku biiri kara si ay u sameeyaan dowlad xubin ah. Dowlad kastaa waxay leedahay hoggaamiye, baarlamaan iyo dastuur u gaar ah, waxayna la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka ee Muqdisho. Eeg [sida nidaamka federaalku u shaqeeyo](/so/states/federal-member-states/). --- # Dowladda Galmudug ee Soomaaliya: Dhuusamarreeb, taariikhda iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/galmudug/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Galmudug waa dowladda xubinta ah ee bartamaha, oo ka kooban Galgaduud iyo koonfurta Mudug, caasimaddeeduna waa Dhuusamarreeb. Dowladda hadda jirta waxay ka dhalatay shir ka furmay Cadaado Abriil 2015. Liibaan Axmed Xasan ayaa loo doortay hoggaamiyaha 22 Oktoobar 2026, dowladduna waxay la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka. ## Sida ay ku bilaabatay Maamul hore oo Galmudug ah ayaa la sameeyay sannadihii 2000-aad, caasimaddiisuna waxay ahayd Gaalkacyo, madaxweynihiisii ugu horreeyayna wuxuu ahaa Maxamed Warsame Cali "Kiimiko". Dowladda hadda jirta waxay ka dhalatay hannaan federaal ah. 16 Abriil 2015 Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ayaa Cadaado ka furay shirka samaynta dowladda bartamaha, calanka dowladdana halkaas ayaa lagu ansixiyay 17 Juun 2015 ([Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug)). Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu u oggol yahay laba gobol ama in ka badan inay isku biiraan oo noqdaan dowlad xubin ah, Galmudugna waxay isku keentay Galgaduud iyo qaybta koonfureed ee Mudug ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). ## Dhulka iyo dadka Caasimaddu waa Dhuusamarreeb. Dowladdu waxay leedahay 10 degmo iyo ilaa 1.3 milyan oo qof (qiyaas 2014). Hobyo, oo xeebta ku taal, waxay leedahay deked yar oo koraysa ([Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug)). Gaalkacyo waxay u qaybsan tahay Galmudug oo koonfurta ah iyo Puntland oo waqooyiga ah. Beelo badan ayaa halkan ku nool, beelaha yaryarna waxay sheegaan in laga reebay ([Heritage Institute, Nofembar 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)). Dowladda beel keliya ma leh. ## Hoggaamiyeyaasha Cabdi Xasan Cawaale "Qaybdiid" ayaa la doortay Agoosto 2012. [Axmed Cabdi Kaariye "Qoorqoor"](/en/people/ahmed-abdi-karie/) wuxuu madaxweyne noqday Febraayo 2020 ([Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug)). Liibaan Axmed Xasan ayaa la doortay 22 Oktoobar 2026, wuxuuna ballan qaaday inuu u adeegi doono dhammaan dadka deegaanka ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/liban-ahmed-hassan-elected-galmudug-leader-pledges-to-serve-all-residents)). ## Ahlu Sunna Wal Jamaaca Dhaqdhaqaaqa suufiyada ee Ahlu Sunna Wal Jamaaca wuxuu bartamaha Soomaaliya ka jiray 1991 ilaa 2018, wuxuuna ka qayb qaatay heshiiskii gobollada dhexe ee 2014 oo horseeday dowladda ([Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug)). ## Bulshada ka hortagta al-Shabaab Tan iyo 2022 kooxo difaac deegaan oo loo yaqaan Macawiisley ayaa bartamaha Soomaaliya kula dagaalamayay al-Shabaab, iyagoo taageero ka helaya dowladda federaalka, dagaalkuna wuxuu gaaray degmada Ceel Buur 2025 ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Feb/200303/ma_awisley_militia_strikes_al_shabaab_stronghold_in_el_buur.aspx)). ## Halka ay ku jirto nidaamka federaalka Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay "Soomaaliya waa dowlad federaal ah". Fikraddu waxay ku jirtay heshiis kasta oo nabadeed oo waaweyn tan iyo Qaahira 1997, shirkii Mbagathi ee 2004 ayaana qaatay ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). Laba gobol ama in ka badan ayaa isku biiri kara si ay u sameeyaan dowlad xubin ah. Dowlad kastaa waxay leedahay hoggaamiye, baarlamaan iyo dastuur u gaar ah, waxayna la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka ee Muqdisho. Eeg [sida nidaamka federaalku u shaqeeyo](/so/states/federal-member-states/). --- # Dowladda Hirshabeelle ee Soomaaliya: Jowhar, Beledweyne, taariikhda iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/hirshabelle/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hirshabeelle waxay isku keentaa Hiiraan iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe oo noqday hal dowlad xubin ah, caasimaddeeduna waa Jowhar, magaalada labaadna waa Beledweyne. Waxay ahayd tii ugu dambaysay shanta dowladood ee la sameeyay 2012 kadib, hoggaamiyeheedii ugu horreeyayna waxaa la doortay Oktoobar 2016. Cali Guudlaawe Xuseen ayaa dib loo doortay 24 Oktoobar 2026, dowladduna waxay la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka. ## Sida ay ku bilaabatay Hirshabeelle waxaa la sameeyay iyadoo la raacayo Qodobka 49aad ee dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah, kaas oo u oggolaanaya laba gobol ama in ka badan inay sameeyaan dowlad xubin ah. Waxay ahayd tii ugu dambaysay dowladaha la sameeyay 2012 kadib. Cali Cabdullaahi Osoble ayaa ku guuleystay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee hoggaanka Oktoobar 2016, baarlamaankuna wuxuu ansixiyay gole wasiiro oo 52 xubnood ah 11 Maarso 2017 ([Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshabelle)). ## Dhulka iyo dadka Caasimaddu waa Jowhar, oo ku taal Shabeellaha Dhexe, magaalada labaadna waa Beledweyne oo ku taal Hiiraan. Webiga Shabeelle wuxuu dhex maraa labada gobolba, beerahiisuna waxay quudiyaan qayb weyn oo koonfurta ah. Sahankii dadweynaha ee 2014 wuxuu tiriyay ilaa 1.03 milyan oo qof; qiyaas 2019 ah waxay sheegtay ilaa 1.96 milyan ([Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshabelle)). Hawaadle, Abgaal iyo beelo kale ayaa halkan ku nool, iyo sidoo kale Shiidle, Bantuuga Soomaaliyeed iyo bulshooyin kale oo webiga ku nool ([Heritage Institute, Nofembar 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Somalias-2026-Mandate-Test.pdf)). Dowladda beel keliya ma leh. ## Hoggaamiyeyaasha - Cali Cabdullaahi Osoble, la doortay Oktoobar 2016, baarlamaanku xilka ka qaaday 2017 - Maxamed Cabdi Waare, la doortay Sebtembar 2017 - Cali Cabdullaahi Xuseen "Guudlaawe", la doortay 2020 isagoo helay 86 cod oo 99 ka mid ah ([Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshabelle)), dib loo doortay 24 Oktoobar 2026 ([Horseed Media](https://horseedmedia.net/somalia-ali-gudlawe-hussein-re-elected-as-hirshabelle-leader/426803/)) ## Bulshada ka hortagta al-Shabaab Bartamihii 2022 kooxo difaac deegaan oo loo yaqaan Macawiisley ayaa ka kacay al-Shabaab gudaha Hiiraan, iyagoo ka cadhaysan canshuurahooda iyo qorista xoogga ah. Odayaal dhaqameed, oo uu ka mid ahaa marxuum Cilmi Xagar Guure, ayaa hoggaamiyay bilowgii kacdoonka ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/op4/2022/oct/188198/the_battle_of_hiiraan_birthplace_of_an_organic_ma_awisley_movement_to_uproot_al_shabaab_from_somalia.aspx)). Dowladda federaalku waxay hubaysay oo taageertay kooxahaas, 2025na waxay bilowday inay ku darto ciidanka qaranka ([Ma'awisley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27awisley)). ## Waxa ay ka dhigan tahay dadka Hoggaamiyeyaasha Hirshabeelle waxay sheegaan in dagaalyahannadii kacay 2022 ay weli u baahan yihiin taageero dheeraad ah ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202509080019.html)). ## Halka ay ku jirto nidaamka federaalka Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay "Soomaaliya waa dowlad federaal ah". Fikraddu waxay ku jirtay heshiis kasta oo nabadeed oo waaweyn tan iyo Qaahira 1997, shirkii Mbagathi ee 2004 ayaana qaatay ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). Laba gobol ama in ka badan ayaa isku biiri kara si ay u sameeyaan dowlad xubin ah. Dowlad kastaa waxay leedahay hoggaamiye, baarlamaan iyo dastuur u gaar ah, waxayna la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka ee Muqdisho. Eeg [sida nidaamka federaalku u shaqeeyo](/so/states/federal-member-states/). --- # Dowladda Waqooyi Bari ee Soomaaliya: Laascaanood, taariikhda iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/north-eastern-state/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Waqooyi Bari waa dowladda xubinta ah ee ugu cusub Soomaaliya, caasimaddeeduna waa Laascaanood. Waxay ka dhalatay maamulka SSC-Khaatumo ee la sameeyay 2023, waxaana loo aqoonsaday dowlad xubin ah 2025, magacana waa loo beddelay Luulyo 2025. Cabdiqaadir Axmed Aw-Cali "Firdhiye" ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaheedii ugu horreeyay 30 Agoosto 2025. ## Sida ay ku bilaabatay Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuu ka da' weyn yahay dowladda. Dhaqdhaqaaqa SSC (Sool, Sanaag, Cayn) wuxuu ka bilowday qurbaha 2009. 12 Janaayo 2012 ilaa 2,300 ergo oo Taleex isugu yimid ayaa ku dhawaaqay Dowladda Khaatumo ee Soomaaliya ([North East State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia)). 2023 dagaal ayaa Laascaanood ka dhex qarxay ciidamada deegaanka iyo ciidamada Somaliland ([Las Anod conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_%282023%29)). 6 Febraayo 2023 odayaasha Dhulbahante waxay ku dhawaaqeen inay dib ugu biirayaan federaalka iyagoo ah SSC-Khaatumo. Cabdiqaadir Axmed Aw-Cali "Firdhiye" wuxuu hoggaamiyaha noqday 5 Agoosto 2023 isagoo helay 30 cod oo 45 ka mid ah, dowladda federaalkuna waxay u aqoonsatay maamul ku-meel-gaar ah 19 Oktoobar 2023 ([North East State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia)). ## Noqoshada dowlad xubin ah Dowladda federaalku waxay u aqoonsatay dowlad xubin ah Abriil 2025. 30 Luulyo 2025 ergooyin Laascaanood isugu yimid ayaa u beddelay magaca Waqooyi Bari. Baarlamaan 83 xubnood ah ayaa la dhisay 17 Agoosto 2025, 30 Agoosto 2025na Firdhiye iyo Cabdirashiid Yuusuf Jibriil ayaa loo doortay madaxweynihii iyo ku-xigeenkii ugu horreeyay ([North East State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia)). ## Dhulka iyo dadka Caasimaddu waa Laascaanood. Dowladdu waxay ka kooban tahay qaybo ka mid ah Sool, Sanaag iyo Togdheer, oo ay ku jirto Buuhoodle. Dadka intooda badan waa Dhulbahante, bulshooyin kalena halkan ayay ku nool yihiin ([The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/the-making-of-somalia-new-northeast-state-5178184)). Dowladda beel keliya ma leh. Horraantii 2026, 72% dadka Sool waxay la kulmeen cunto yari ([EUAA Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/271-sool)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Ilaha waxay bixiyaan taariikho kala duwan oo ay noqotay dowlad xubin buuxda ah: Abriil 2025 xog ahaan mid, iyo Luulyo 2025, iyadoo dowladda federaalku ansixisay 2 Agoosto 2025 shirkii Laascaanood kadib, sida uu qoray EUAA ([EUAA Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-security-situation/271-sool)). ## Sheegashooyin isku dhaca Somaliland waxay isla dhulkan ku sheegataa ku dhawaaqisteedii 1991, waxayna ka soo horjeeddaa dowladda. Puntland sidoo kale waxay sheegataa qaybo ka mid ah Sool iyo Sanaag, Febraayo 2026na waxay diiday qorshe federaal ah oo doorashooyin deegaan loogu qabanayo Sool iyo Buuhoodle ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602240379.html)). Somaliland waxay ka baxday wadahadallada dowladda federaalka kadib markii Muqdisho aqoonsatay dowladda ([Heritage Institute, 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/State-of-Somalia-Report-2025-1-1.pdf)). Waxaan soo bandhignaa mowqif kasta, dhinacna ma raacno. ## Halka ay ku jirto nidaamka federaalka Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay "Soomaaliya waa dowlad federaal ah". Fikraddu waxay ku jirtay heshiis kasta oo nabadeed oo waaweyn tan iyo Qaahira 1997, shirkii Mbagathi ee 2004 ayaana qaatay ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). Laba gobol ama in ka badan ayaa isku biiri kara si ay u sameeyaan dowlad xubin ah. Dowlad kastaa waxay leedahay hoggaamiye, baarlamaan iyo dastuur u gaar ah, waxayna la shaqaysaa dowladda federaalka ee Muqdisho. Eeg [sida nidaamka federaalku u shaqeeyo](/so/states/federal-member-states/). --- # Banaadir: sida loo maamulo Muqdisho Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/banadir/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Banaadir waa gobolka caasimadda ee ku wareegsan Muqdisho. Waa gobolka keliya ee aan ka mid ahayn dowlad xubin ah, heerkiisa kama dambaysta ahna weli lama heshiin. Madaxweynaha federaalka ayaa magacaaba guddoomiyaha gobolka, oo sidoo kale ah duqa Muqdisho. Wuxuu leeyahay 20 degmo, golihiisii deegaan ee ugu horreeyay ee si toos ah loo doortayna waxaa la doortay Diseembar 2025. ## Waa maxay Banaadir Banaadir waa gobolka caasimadda ku jirto. Waa gobolka keliya ee dalka oo aan ka tirsanayn dowlad xubin ah ([Banaadir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaadir)). Dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu dib u dhigay go'aanka heerka kama dambaysta ah ee caasimadda, welina waa furan yahay ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). ## Degmooyinka iyo dadka Banaadir waxay leedahay 20 degmo tan iyo 2024, markii Daarusalaam, Garasbaley iyo Gubadley lagu daray 17-kii hore ([Banaadir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaadir)). Qiyaasaha 2025 waxay sheegaan ilaa 3.3 milyan oo qof, oo ah gobolka ugu dadka badan; qiyaastii 2014 waxay ahayd ilaa 1.65 milyan ([Banaadir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaadir)). Dad ka yimid dhammaan dalka ayaa magaalada ku nool, oo ay weheliyaan Reer Xamar (Banaadiri), oo ka mid ah bulshooyinka ugu da'da weyn magaalada ([Minority Rights Group](https://minorityrights.org/communities/benadiri/)). ## Cidda maamusha Guddoomiyaha gobolka Banaadir waa sidoo kale duqa Muqdisho, waxaana magacaaba madaxweynaha federaalka. Xasan Maxamed Xuseen ayaa haya xilka ([Banaadir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaadir)). ## Doorashadii Diseembar 2025 Diseembar 2025 dadka Muqdisho waxay si toos ah ugu codeeyeen golayaasha deegaanka ee Banaadir, taas oo Radio Dalsan ku tilmaantay markii ugu horreysay taariikhda ([Radio Dalsan](https://radiodalsan.com/2025/12/25/mogadishu-votes-at-dawn-benadir-regional-council-elections-begin-in-a-historic-first/)). ## Wax badan oo ku saabsan magaalada Wixii ku saabsan dadka, degmooyinka, barakaca iyo adeegyada magaalada, eeg [bogga gobolka Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/). In ka badan 1.1 milyan oo qof oo halkaas ku nool waxay ku nool yihiin 2,493 goob oo qoysaska barakacay ah ([EUAA](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/13-idps-and-idp-sites-mogadishu)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Tirada dadka caasimadda way kala duwan tahay. EUAA waxay tirisay ilaa 2.97 milyan oo qof oo ku nool 20 degmo horraantii 2026, iyadoo goobaha barakacayaasha badankood ay ku yaallaan Kaxda (1,241) iyo Dayniile (1,029) ([EUAA](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/13-idps-and-idp-sites-mogadishu)). Qiyaasaha kale ee 2025 way ka sarreeyaan, ilaa 3.3 milyan ([Banaadir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaadir)). ## Halka ay Banaadir ku jirto Qodobka 1aad ee dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay "Soomaaliya waa dowlad federaal ah" ([Heritage Institute](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/federalism.pdf)). Gobollada ayaa isku biira si ay u sameeyaan dowlado xubin ah, laakiin gobolka caasimadda waa laga reebay, heerkiisa kama dambaysta ahna waxaa loo daayay wadahadallo dambe. Inta arrintaas la xallinayo, Banaadir waxaa maamula maamul ka warbixiya dowladda federaalka. Eeg [sida nidaamka federaalku u shaqeeyo](/so/states/federal-member-states/). --- # Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA): sida loo diiwaangeliyo iyo sababta loogu baahan yahay Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/national-id-nira/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hay'adda Aqoonsiga iyo Diiwaangelinta Qaranka (NIRA) waxay Soomaali kasta siisaa lambar aqoonsi qaran oo 11 god ah iyo kaar bayoometrig ah. Diiwaangelintu waxay ahayd bilaash Abriil 2026, in ka badan 1.5 milyan oo qof ayaa is diiwaangeliyay Sebtembar 2026, tan iyo Sebtembar 2025-na kaarka ayaa loo baahan yahay si baasaboor loo codsado. ## Waa maxay aqoonsiga qaranka Soomaaliyeed? Waa kaarkii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsi qaran tan iyo markii dowladdii dhexe burburtay 1991. Hay'adda Aqoonsiga iyo Diiwaangelinta Qaranka (NIRA) waxaa lagu dhisay Sharciga Aqoonsiga iyo Diiwaangelinta, Xeerka Lr. 009 ee Maarso 2023 ([EUAA, Somalia: Displacement in Mogadishu, Juun 2026, qaybta 4.1](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification)). NIRA si rasmi ah ayaa loo daah-furay 16 Sebtembar 2023 ([Dawan Africa, 19 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-registers-15-million-citizens-in-three-years)). Qof kasta wuxuu helaa lambar aqoonsi qaran oo gaar ah oo 11 god ah, oo Af-Soomaali loogu yeero *Tirsi Aqoonsi*. Nidaamku wuxuu isticmaalaa faraha iyo aqoonsiga wejiga ([EUAA 2026, 4.1](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification)). Aqoonsigu wuxuu yimaadaa saddex qaab: kaar la taabto, boorso dhijitaal ah oo la yiraahdo *eAqoonsi*, iyo shahaado la daabici karo oo leh QR code (isla ilahaas). ## Maxaad ugu baahan tahay? Kaarku wuxuu noqonayaa furaha adeegyo kale: - **Baasaboorka:** laga bilaabo 1 Sebtembar 2025, qof kasta oo baasaboor codsanaya waa inuu marka hore haystaa kaarka ([Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda, 6 Agoosto 2025](https://immigration.gov.so/news/national-id-card-required-for-passport-applications)). Eeg [Baasaboorka Soomaaliya](/so/states/somali-passport/). - **Safarka iyo gaadiidka:** dowladdu safarka gudaha waxay ku xirtay aqoonsiga qaranka Agoosto 2025 ([AllAfrica, 8 Agoosto 2025](https://allafrica.com/stories/202508080353.html)). - **Adeegyada dowladda:** Waqooyi Bari waxay aqoonsiga ka dhigtay qasab adeegyadeeda Maarso 2026 ([EUAA 2026, 4.2](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/42-cards-issued-and-nira-offices), oo soo xigtay Dawan Africa, 17 Maarso 2026). - **Mushaharka:** dowladdu waxay qorsheynaysaa inay liiska mushaharka shaqaalaheeda ku xirto aqoonsiga qaranka dhammaadka 2027 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-to-link-government-payroll-to-national-id-by-end-of-2027)). ## Sidee loo diiwaangeliyaa? 1. **Tag xarun diiwaangelin** adigoo jooga. Qof kasta wuu is diiwaangelin karaa ([EUAA 2026, 4.1](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification)). 2. **Tus warqad haddii aad haysato:** baasaboor, liisanka darawalnimada, shahaadada dhalashada ama shahaadada dugsiga (isla ilahaas). Bogga adeegga dowladdu wuxuu weydiinayaa baasaboor ama shahaadada dhalashada ([somalia.gov.so, kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka](https://www.somalia.gov.so/services/national-id-card)). 3. **Bixi xogtaada bayoometrigga:** faraha iyo sawir dhijitaal ah. 4. **Qaado lambarkaaga,** kadibna kaarka, aqoonsiga dhijitaalka ah ama shahaadada la daabici karo. **Haddii aadan waraaqo haysan,** markhaati horay u diiwaangashan ayaa kuu dammaanad qaadi kara. Markhaatiyaashu waa inay noqdaan dad la aamini karo, sida shaqaalaha dowladda ama hoggaamiyeyaasha bulshada. Odayaasha dammaanadda qaada waxaa la sheegay in laga doonayo inay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha iska diiwaangeliyaan ([EUAA 2026, 4.1](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification)). Arrintani waxay ugu muhiimsan tahay qoysaska barakacayaasha ah. Iyaga ayaa haysta waraaqaha ugu yar iyo odayaasha diiwaangashan ee ugu yar (isla ilahaas, oo soo xigtay Warbixinta Natiijooyinka Sannadlaha ah ee UNHCR Soomaaliya 2024). ## Lacag ma ku kacaa? Laga bilaabo 1 Abriil 2026, diiwaangelinta iyo kaarka la taabtoba waxay ahaayeen bilaash ([EUAA 2026, 4.1](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification), oo soo xigtay kooxda Bangiga Adduunka ee taageerta NIRA). NIRA waxay ku dhawaaqday in lacag la qaadi doono 31 Oktoobar 2025 kadib, kadibna waxay kordhisay muddada bilaashka ah ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-extends-free-id-registration)). Hagaha adeegyada dowladdu wuxuu qorayaa lacag dhan US$5 oo lagu bixiyo lacagta moobilka ([somalia.gov.so](https://www.somalia.gov.so/services/national-id-card)). Xaruntaada weydii xeerka maanta shaqeeya. ## Xaggee laga diiwaangelin karaa? - **Gudaha Soomaaliya:** Nofembar 2025 xarumaha NIRA waxay ka shaqaynayeen Banaadir, Koonfur Galbeed, Hirshabeelle iyo Galmudug. Maarso 2026 waxay ka furmeen Waqooyi Bari, oo ay ku jiraan Laascaanood, Buuhoodle iyo Xudun ([EUAA 2026, 4.2](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/42-cards-issued-and-nira-offices)). Waqtigaas NIRA weli kama shaqaynayn Soomaaliland, Puntland iyo Jubbaland (isla ilahaas). - **Muqdisho:** olole diiwaangelin ballaaran ayaa bilaabmay 18 Agoosto 2025 degmooyinka Shangaani iyo Boondheere. Hadafku wuxuu ahaa dhammaan 3.5 milyan ee dadka magaalada deggan (isla ilahaas, oo soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka). - **Dibadda:** adeegyada aqoonsiga waxaa laga helayay 31 safaaradood oo Soomaaliyeed Sebtembar 2026, sida uu sheegay Agaasimaha Guud ee NIRA ([Dawan Africa, 19 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-registers-15-million-citizens-in-three-years)). Waxaa ka mid ah Nayroobi iyo Pretoria ([SONNA, Nayroobi](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-expands-civil-registration-services-with-launch-of-nira-office-at-embassy-in-nairobi/); [SONNA, Pretoria](https://sonna.so/en/nira-launches-new-service-center-at-the-somali-embassy-in-pretoria/)). Mareykanka, baasaboorka iyo aqoonsiga hal mar ayaa ballan loo qabsadaa ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya, Mareykan](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/consular-services/passports/)). - **Xarumaha baasaboorka:** aqoonsiga waxaad iska diiwaangelin kartaa xarumaha adeegga baasaboorka ([Dawan Africa, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-to-introduce-new-third-generation-passport-in-october)). ## Immisa qof ayaa is diiwaangeliyay? - **Nofembar 2025:** in ka badan 1 milyan oo aqoonsi ayaa dalka oo dhan laga bixiyay ([EUAA 2026, 4.2](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/42-cards-issued-and-nira-offices), oo soo xigtay Somali Dispatch). - **31 Maarso 2026:** qiyaastii 700,000 kaar oo la taabto ayaa la bixiyay, intooda badan Muqdisho. In ka badan 600,000 diiwaangelin oo kale ayaa sugayay hubinta in aysan laba jeer is diiwaangelin (isla ilahaas, oo soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka). - **Sebtembar 2026:** in ka badan 1.5 milyan ayaa is diiwaangeliyay, sida uu sheegay Agaasimaha Guud ee NIRA Cabdiwali Cali Cabdulle Timacadde (Abduwali Ali Abdulle Timacadde) ([Dawan Africa, 19 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-registers-15-million-citizens-in-three-years)). - **Kharashka loogu baahan yahay qof kasta:** barnaamijku wuxuu u baahan yahay qiyaastii US$125 milyan si muwaadin kasta loo gaaro ([Biometric Update, Janaayo 2026](https://www.biometricupdate.com/202601/somalia-requires-125m-to-fully-implement-national-digital-id-system)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Baasaboorka Soomaaliya](/so/states/somali-passport/) - [Diiwaanka dhalashada](/so/states/birth-records/) - [Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/) - [Maxaa Soomaali badan dhalashadoodu 1da Janaayo u tahay?](/so/diaspora/why-1-january-birthdays/) ## Ilaha 1. EUAA. *Somalia: Displacement in Mogadishu*, Juun 2026, qaybta 4.1 "Application process and identity verification". [euaa.europa.eu](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 2. EUAA. Isla warbixinta, qaybta 4.2 "Cards issued and NIRA offices". [euaa.europa.eu](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/42-cards-issued-and-nira-offices). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 3. Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda. "National ID card required for passport applications", 6 Agoosto 2025. [immigration.gov.so](https://immigration.gov.so/news/national-id-card-required-for-passport-applications). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 4. Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (hagaha adeegyada). [somalia.gov.so](https://www.somalia.gov.so/services/national-id-card). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 5. Dawan Africa. "Somalia registers 1.5 million citizens in three years", 19 Sebtembar 2026. [dawan.africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-registers-15-million-citizens-in-three-years). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 6. Dawan Africa. "Somalia extends free ID registration". [dawan.africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-extends-free-id-registration). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 7. Biometric Update. "Somalia requires $125M to fully implement national digital ID system", Janaayo 2026. [biometricupdate.com](https://www.biometricupdate.com/202601/somalia-requires-125m-to-fully-implement-national-digital-id-system). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 8. Safaaradda Soomaaliya, Washington DC. Baasaboorada. [usa.mfa.gov.so](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/consular-services/passports/). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. --- # Shahaadada dhalashada Soomaaliya: sida dhalasho loo diiwaangeliyo iyo shahaado loo helo Source: https://calankii.com/so/states/birth-records/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sannadkii 2020 carruurta Soomaaliyeed ee ka yar shan sano, qiyaastii 3 ka mid ah 100 kasta ayaa dhalashadooda la diiwaangeliyay, 3 ka mid ah 1,000 kastana waxay haysteen shahaado dhalasho. Shahaadada dhalashada waxaa bixiya dowladaha hoose: Muqdisho waa Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir, lacagtana waxaa la sheegay US$15 ilaa US$30 sannadkii 2026. Diiwaan madani ah oo dhijitaal ah ayaa ka bilaabmay 19 degmo Agoosto 2025. ## Immisa dhalasho oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa la diiwaangeliyaa? Aad u yar. Sahanka Caafimaadka iyo Tirakoobka Dadka Soomaaliyeed 2020 wuxuu ogaaday in 3.5% carruurta ka yar shan sano lagu diiwaangeliyay hay'ad madani ah. Kaliya 0.3% ayaa haystay shahaado dhalasho ([Guddiga Socdaalka iyo Qaxootiga Kanada, SOM201367.E, 2 Maarso 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2090364.html), oo soo xigtay sahanka). UNICEF-na isla sawirkaas ayay bixisaa: qiyaastii 3% ayaa diiwaangashan, 0.3%-na shahaado ayay haystaan ([UNICEF Soomaaliya, "Giving every child a legal identity"](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity)). Sahanka waxaa sameeyay Hay'adda Istaatistikada Qaranka Soomaaliya, iyadoo taageero ka helaysa Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ([Hay'adda Istaatistikada Qaranka Soomaaliya, SHDS 2020](https://microdata.nbs.gov.so/index.php/catalog/50/variable/V71)). Carruurta intooda badan guriga ayay ku dhashaan, dhalashada gurigana guud ahaan lama qoro. Isbitaalladu waxay bixiyaan warqad ogeysiis dhalasho, laakiin ma aha mid heer leh, mararka qaarna waxaa lagu khaldaa shahaado ([IRB Kanada, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2090364.html)). ## Maxaa dhalasho yar loo diiwaangeliyaa? Diiwaannadii la hayay 1991 ka hor intooda badan waa la burburiyay intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ([IRB Kanada, SOM105248.E, 2016](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1167317.html)). Sannadkii 2021 warbixin dowladda Soomaaliya ah ayaa sheegtay in dalku aanu lahayn nidaam qaran oo diiwaangelin madani ah, iyo dukumenti aqoonsi oo caddeeya jinsiyadda ([IRB Kanada, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2090364.html), oo soo xigtay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, Federaalka iyo Dib-u-heshiisiinta). Taasi waa mid ka mid ah sababaha Soomaali badan oo waaweyn oo dibadda jooga dhalashadoodu rasmi ahaan 1da Janaayo u tahay (eeg [Maxaa Soomaali badan dhalashadoodu 1da Janaayo u tahay?](/so/diaspora/why-1-january-birthdays/)). ## Maxay sharciyadu yiraahdaan? - **2003:** sharci qaran ayaa dowladaha hoose u xilsaaray inay diiwaangeliyaan dhalashada, dhimashada, guurka iyo furriinka (IRB Kanada 2023, oo soo xigtay qiimeyn 2015). - **2012:** Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ma dhigayo xaq toos ah oo diiwaangelinta dhalashada ah (isla ilahaas). - **Agoosto 2021:** Golaha Wasiiradu wuxuu ansixiyay Siyaasadda Diiwaangelinta Madaniga iyo Tirakoobka Xaaladaha Nolosha (CRVS). Sharciga CRVS waxaa la filayay inuu sharci noqdo dhammaadka 2023 (isla ilahaas). - **Maarso 2023:** Sharciga Aqoonsiga iyo Diiwaangelinta (Xeerka Lr. 009) ayaa NIRA u dhisay aqoonsiga qaranka ([EUAA, Juun 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification)). Eeg [Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA)](/so/states/national-id-nira/). ## Yaa bixiya shahaadada dhalashada? Dowladaha hoose ayaa bixiya, dowlad goboleed kastana nidaam u gaar ah ayay leedahay ([IRB Kanada, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2090364.html)): - **Muqdisho (Banaadir):** Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir wuxuu bilaabay bixinta shahaadooyinka dhalashada Luulyo 2014, si loogu isticmaalo baasaboorka iyo fiisaha. Waxaad ka codsanaysaa xafiiska degmadaada. Shaqaaluhu waxay qaadaan xogtaada, sawirkaaga iyo suulkaaga. Shahaadadu caadi ahaan hal toddobaad ayay diyaar noqotaa, mararka qaarna isla maalinta (isla ilahaas). - **Puntland, Baydhabo iyo Jubbaland:** xafiisyada dowladaha hoose ayaa bixiya shahaadooyinka (isla ilahaas, oo soo xigtay kooxo wadahadal). - **Soomaaliland:** dhalashada waa la diiwaangeliyaa, laakiin qaar badan lama diiwaangeliyo (isla ilahaas, oo soo xigtay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka). Shahaadada Banaadir waxay leedahay lambar taxane ah, shaabadda iyo summadda dowladda hoose, saxiixa duqa magaalada, iyo magaca ilmaha, taariikhda iyo meesha dhalashada, jinsiga, magacyada waalidka iyo cinwaanka. Ma aha caddaynta jinsiyadda, mana laha meel lagu qoro jinsiyadda (isla ilahaas). ## Immisa ayay ku kacdaa? - **2020:** US$24 Muqdisho, sida uu sheegay buug-yar UNHCR ([IRB Kanada, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2090364.html)). - **2026:** US$15 adeegga caadiga ah, US$15 ilaa US$30-na adeegga degdegga ah, sida uu sheegay qof la wareystay Abriil 2026 ([EUAA, Juun 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification)). Isla warbixintu waxay ogaatay in qoysaska barakacayaasha ah qaarkood aysan awoodin lacagtan. ## Maxaa isbeddelaya? 10 Agoosto 2025, Maalinta CRVS ee Afrika, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, Federaalka iyo Dib-u-heshiisiintu waxay 19 degmo ka daah-furtay adeeg diiwaangelin madani ah oo dhijitaal ah oo mideysan. Wuxuu daboolayaa Jubbaland, Koonfur Galbeed, Hirshabeelle, Galmudug iyo Waqooyi Bari ([Ecofin Agency, 11 Agoosto 2025](https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-digital/1108-48024-somalia-pilots-19-district-digital-civil-registry-lays-groundwork-for-nationwide-legal-identity)). Xafiisyada hoose hadda waxay hal kayd xog qaran ku diiwaangelin karaan dhalashada, guurka, furriinka iyo dhimashada. Xarumaha caafimaadka ee aan kombiyuutar lahayn waxaa la siiyay tablet (isla ilahaas, oo soo xigtay UNICEF). Wasaaraddu waxay tijaabinaysaa in diiwaanka lagu xiro caafimaadka, dugsiyada, aqoonsiga qaranka iyo socdaalka. Wasaaradda waxbarashadu waxay qorsheynaysaa inay diiwaangelinta ku xirto is-qorista dugsiga, iyadoo ka bilaabaysa carruurta da'da dugsiga hoose ee aan weligood la diiwaangelin (isla ilahaas). UNICEF iyo Jarmalka ayaa taageera shaqadan ([Biometric Update, 12 Agoosto 2025](https://www.biometricupdate.com/202508/somalia-rolls-out-digital-crvs-system-on-foundations-laid-with-unicef-support)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA)](/so/states/national-id-nira/) - [Baasaboorka Soomaaliya](/so/states/somali-passport/) - [Maxaa Soomaali badan dhalashadoodu 1da Janaayo u tahay?](/so/diaspora/why-1-january-birthdays/) ## Ilaha 1. Guddiga Socdaalka iyo Qaxootiga Kanada (IRB). SOM201367.E, "Somalia: Birth registration, including requirements and procedures", 2 Maarso 2023 (ecoi.net). [ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2090364.html). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 2. Guddiga Socdaalka iyo Qaxootiga Kanada (IRB). SOM105248.E, Soomaaliya: baasaboorada, 17 Maarso 2016. [ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1167317.html). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 3. UNICEF Soomaaliya. "Giving every child a legal identity: Somalia's progress towards a birth registration system". [unicef.org](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 4. Hay'adda Istaatistikada Qaranka Soomaaliya. Sahanka Caafimaadka iyo Tirakoobka Dadka Soomaaliyeed 2020, kaydka xogta. [microdata.nbs.gov.so](https://microdata.nbs.gov.so/index.php/catalog/50/variable/V71). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 5. EUAA. *Somalia: Displacement in Mogadishu*, Juun 2026, qaybta 4.1. [euaa.europa.eu](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/41-application-process-and-identity-verification). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 6. Ecofin Agency. "Somalia pilots 19-district digital civil registry", 11 Agoosto 2025. [ecofinagency.com](https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-digital/1108-48024-somalia-pilots-19-district-digital-civil-registry-lays-groundwork-for-nationwide-legal-identity). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 7. Biometric Update. "Somalia rolls out digital CRVS system on foundations laid with UNICEF support", 12 Agoosto 2025. [biometricupdate.com](https://www.biometricupdate.com/202508/somalia-rolls-out-digital-crvs-system-on-foundations-laid-with-unicef-support). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. --- # Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya: Golaha Shacabka iyo Aqalka Sare Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/federal-parliament/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya wuxuu leeyahay laba gole: Golaha Shacabka oo ka kooban 275 xildhibaan, iyo Aqalka Sare oo ka kooban 54 xubnood oo matala dowlad-goboleedyada. Wuxuu sameeyaa sharciyada federaalka, wuxuu ansixiyaa miisaaniyadda, wuxuu kalsooni siiyaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha iyo golaha wasiirrada, wuxuuna doortaa Madaxweynaha. Wuxuu fadhigiisu yahay Muqdisho. ## Waxa uu qabto Baarlamaanka Federaalku waa laanta sharci-dejinta ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu siinayaa laba gole: Golaha Shacabka iyo Aqalka Sare ([Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka 2012, Qodobka 55, Constitute Project](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). Golaha Shacabku wuxuu ansixiyaa, wax ka beddelaa ama diidaa sharciyada. Wuxuu diyaarin karaa sharci kasta marka laga reebo miisaaniyadda sannadlaha ah, oo uu diyaariyo Golaha Wasiirradu ([Qodobka 69](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). Wuxuu kaloo ansixiyaa guddiyada madaxa-bannaan, wuxuu u yeeri karaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha iyo wasiirrada si ay su'aalo uga jawaabaan, wuxuuna dowladda siin karaa ama kala noqon karaa kalsoonida. Aqalka Sare wuxuu matalaa dowlad-goboleedyada. Wuxuu ka qayb qaataa wax ka beddelka dastuurka, doorashada iyo xilka ka qaadista Madaxweynaha, iyo ku dhawaaqista xaalad degdeg ah. Wuxuu kaloo ansixiyaa xubnaha guddiyo dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddiga Adeegga Garsoorka iyo guddiga doorashooyinka ([Qodobka 71](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). ## Imisa xubnood, yaase ay matalaan - **Golaha Shacabka:** 275 xildhibaan. Kursi kasta waxaa lagu buuxiyaa xulasho qabiil oo ku salaysan habka "4.5", oo markii ugu horreysay la isku raacay 1997 si ku-meelgaar ah. Habkaasi wuxuu 61 kursi siiyaa mid kasta oo ka mid ah beelaha Daarood, Dir, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn (Digil iyo Mirifle), 31 kursina beelaha kale ([Rift Valley Institute, 2023](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Role-of-4.5-in-democratisation-and-governence-in-Somalia_EN_4.5_WEB.pdf); [Freedom House, 2023](https://freedomhouse.org/country/somalia/freedom-world/2023)). - **Aqalka Sare:** 54 xubnood oo loo doorto dowlad-goboleed ahaan, ee aan qabiil ahayn. Puntland iyo Somaliland mid kastaa wuxuu leeyahay 11 kursi. Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland iyo Koonfur Galbeed mid kastaa 8 ([Federal Parliament of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia)). - **Haweenka:** hadafka la isku raacay waa 30 boqolkiiba kuraasta. Xulashadii 2021 ilaa 2022, 54 haween ah ayaa ku guuleystay kuraasta Golaha Shacabka, qiyaastii 20 boqolkiiba ([UNDP iyo UNSOM, May 2022](https://unsco.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/iesg_newsletter_april-may_2022.pdf)). Qaramada Midoobay waxay xustay in hadafka 30-ka boqolkiiba aan la gaarin ([UN Soomaaliya](https://somalia.un.org/en/node/172528)). ## Taariikh kooban Baarlamaankii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya xorta ah wuxuu ahaa Golaha Qaranka oo hal aqal ahaa, 1960 ilaa 1969. Wuu joogsaday markii ciidanku xukunka la wareegeen Oktoobar 1969, Golaha Shacabkuna wuxuu shaqeeyay dastuurkii 1979 ([Constitution of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia)). Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2012, baarlamaanadii ku-meelgaarka ahaa waxay inta badan ku shiri jireen dibadda, Jabuuti iyo Kenya, ka dibna Muqdisho. Baarlamaanka hadda jira waxaa la dhisay Agoosto 2012. Kalfadhigiisii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ka dhacay 20 Agoosto 2012 garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho, iyadoo dhismaha weyn la dayactirayay ([Federal Parliament of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia)). Aqalka Sare waxaa lagu daray 2016. Baarlamaanka 10-aad wuxuu fadhiyay 27 Disembar 2016. Baarlamaanka 11-aad waxaa la dhaariyay 14 Abriil 2022, markaas oo 250 ka mid ah 275-ta xildhibaan ee Golaha Shacabka iyo 40 ka mid ah 54-ta xubnood ee Aqalka Sare ay dhaarteen. ## Isbeddelladii 2024 iyo 2026 30 Maarso 2024, labada aqal waxay ansixiyeen wax ka beddelka cutubyada 1 ilaa 4 ee dastuurka. Golaha Shacabka, 212 ka mid ah 275 xildhibaan ayaa u codeeyay; Aqalka Sare, 42 ka mid ah 54 ([ConstitutionNet, 7 Abriil 2026](https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/provisional-permanent-constitution-assessing-end-somalias-constitutional-review-process); [SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-parliament-approves-the-amendments-to-the-provisional-constitutions-chapters-1-4/)). Isbeddelladu waxay Madaxweynaha u oggolaadeen inuu magacaabo oo xilka ka qaado Ra'iisul Wasaaraha, kaas oo weli u baahan kalsoonida Golaha Shacabka. Waxay kaloo dejiyeen muddo shan sano ah, waxayna u dhaqaaqeen xulasho toos ah oo qof iyo cod ah. 4 Maarso 2026, baarlamaanku wuxuu ansixiyay wax ka beddelka cutubyada 5 ilaa 15, iyadoo 185 xildhibaan oo Golaha Shacabka ah iyo 37 xubnood oo Aqalka Sare ah ay taageereen. Madaxweynuhu wuu saxiixay 8 Maarso 2026. Afti dadweyne oo ku saabsan qoraalka kama dambaysta ah weli lama qaban ([ConstitutionNet](https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/provisional-permanent-constitution-assessing-end-somalias-constitutional-review-process)). Qoraalka la beddelay wuxuu Aqalka Sare ka dhigayaa mid ay doortaan hoggaamiyeyaasha dowlad-goboleedyada, Muqdishona wuxuu siinayaa kuraas u gaar ah oo Aqalka Sare ah caasimad ahaan, muddada baarlamaankana wuxuu ka dhigayaa shan sano halkii ay afar ahayd. Puntland, Jubaland iyo markii dambe Koonfur Galbeed waxay sheegeen inaysan aqbalin isbeddellada, kooxaha mucaaradkuna waxay leeyihiin muddada Baarlamaanka 11-aad waxay dhammaatay Abriil 2026 ([Dawan Africa, Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somali-opposition-group-rejects-election-of-house-speaker-as-sham-exercise)). ## Cidda hoggaamisa Aqal kasta wuxuu doortaa Guddoomiye iyo ku-xigeenno, cod qarsoodi ah ([Qodobka 65](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahi wuxuu ahaa Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Sare tan iyo 2017. Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur waxaa loo doortay Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka 10 Agoosto 2026, isagoo helay 142 cod, ka dib markii ka horreeyay, Aadan Maxamed Nuur, uu noqday Madaxweynaha Koonfur Galbeed ([Dawan Africa, 10 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-abdulkadir-mohamed-nur-elected-speaker-of-house-of-the-people)). ## Sida loo isticmaalo - **La soco shaqadiisa:** kalfadhiyadu waa furan yihiin dadweynaha haddii aan xeerarku si kale dhigin ([Qodobka 68](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). Wakaaladda Wararka Qaranka, SONNA, ayaa ka warrama inta badan fadhiyada ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/)). - **Soo jeedi arrin:** xildhibaan kasta oo Golaha Shacabka ah wuxuu waajib ku leeyahay inuu matalo dadka doortay, xubin kasta oo Aqalka Sare ahna wuxuu u hadlaa dowlad-goboleed ([Qodobka 61](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). La xiriir xildhibaankaaga xafiiskiisa Muqdisho ama dowlad-goboleedkaaga. - **Akhri sharciyada:** dastuurka iyo wax ka beddelkiisa waxaa lagu daabacay Constitute Project iyo ConstitutionNet. ## Saldhigga sharciga Cutubka 6 ee Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka 2012 (Qodobbada 55 ilaa 86), sida wax looga beddelay 30 Maarso 2024 iyo 4 Maarso 2026. --- # Doorashooyinka Puntland Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/elections-in-puntland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Golaha Wakiilada Puntland, oo ka kooban 66 xubnood, ayaa doorta madaxweynaha dowlad-goboleedka. Xubnaha waxaa lagu soo xushaa odayaal iyo ergooyin. Tan iyo 1998 madaxweyne kasta sidaas ayaa loo doortay, kii ugu dambeeyayna waa Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni, oo dib loo doortay 8 January 2024. Puntland waxay qabatay doorashadeedii ugu horreysay ee golayaasha deegaanka ee qof iyo cod ah saddex degmo October 2021, kadibna 30 degmo 25 May 2023, iyadoo Kaah ay heshay kuraasta ugu badan. Puntland waxay diidan tahay guddiga doorashooyinka federaalka iyo qorshaha doorashada 2027. ## Sida Puntland u doorato hoggaamiyeyaasheeda - **Golaha Wakiilada:** Puntland waxay leedahay hal gole oo ka kooban 66 xubnood, oo loo doorto muddo shan sano ah. Dastuurkii 2012 wuxuu xisbiyada siyaasadda ku xadday saddex, wax-ka-beddelkii 2023-na wuxuu ugu horrayn doonayay inuu oggolaado wax ka badan ([Dastuurka Puntland, FAOLEX](https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/som197962.pdf)). - **Madaxweynaha:** odayaasha deegaanka ayaa xusha ergooyin, ergooyinkuna waxay doortaan xildhibaannada, baarlamaankuna wuxuu doortaa madaxweynaha iyo ku-xigeenkiisa ([Puntland presidential election, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland_presidential_election)). - **Isbeddelkii 2023 iyo dib uga noqoshadiisa:** wax-ka-beddelkii 25 July 2023 wuxuu u wareejiyay doorashada madaxweynaha cod toos ah. Dagaal ayaa ka dhacay Garoowe June 2023 intii baarlamaanku doodayay, xabbad joojin ayaana la isku raacay 21 June ([Reuters, 21 June 2023](https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/armed-factions-somalias-puntland-agree-ceasefire-after-deadly-clashes-2023-06-21/)). Codka tooska ah ee madaxweynaha waa laga tegay November 2023, baarlamaankuna mar kale ayuu doortay madaxweynaha January 2024. Hay'adaha Puntland, eeg [Hay'adaha Puntland](/en/institutions/puntland-institutions/). ## Doorashooyinka madaxweynaha | Taariikhda | La doortay | Sida | |---|---|---| | 1 August 1998 | Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed | Aasaaskii Puntland | | 14 November 2001 | Jaamac Cali Jaamac | Odayaal dhaqameed ayaa doortay; doorashadiisa waa lagu murmay | | 8 January 2005 | Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi "Cadde" | Golaha Wakiilada | | 8 January 2009 | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Faroole | Golaha Wakiilada | | 8 January 2014 | Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali "Gaas" | Golaha Wakiilada | | 8 January 2019 | Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni | Golaha Wakiilada; 35 cod iyo 31, wareegga saddexaad | | 8 January 2024 | Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni | Golaha Wakiilada; 45 cod iyo 21 | Ilaha: [Puntland presidential election, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland_presidential_election); [Africanews, January 2019](https://www.africanews.com/2019/01/09/somalia-s-puntland-region-elects-new-president); [2024 Puntland presidential election, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Puntland_presidential_election). Ilaha way ku kala duwan yihiin in kii labaad ee 2019 uu ahaa Asad Cismaan Cabdullaahi ama Cabdiweli Gaas. ## Doorashooyinka tooska ah ee golayaasha deegaanka **25 October 2021: saddex degmo.** Qardho, Eyl iyo Ufeyn ayaa qabtay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee qof iyo cod ah ee golayaasha deegaanka Puntland, 87 kursi. 46,839 codbixiye oo diiwaangashan, 61.6 boqolkiiba ayaa codeeyay. Kaah waxay heshay 35 kursi, Mideeye 25, Caddaalada iyo Sinnaanta 20, Horseed 3, Runta iyo Cadaaladda 2, Mustaqbal iyo Ifiye mid mid ([2021 Puntland municipal elections, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Puntland_municipal_elections)). **25 May 2023: 30 degmo.** Wareeggii labaad wuxuu ka dhacay 30 ka mid ah 33-da degmo ee Puntland. In ka badan 387,000 codbixiye ayaa is diiwaangeliyay, badankoodna da'doodu waa 18 ilaa 30. 3,775 musharrax oo ka socda toddoba xisbi ayaa tartamay. Codbixinta waxaa dib loogu dhigay saddex degmo, oo ay ku jirto caasimadda Garoowe, kadib dhacdooyin amni ([Africanews, 26 May 2023](https://www.africanews.com/amp/2023/05/26/somalias-puntland-holds-historic-local-polls/)). Natiijada waxaa lagu dhawaaqay 3 June 2023: | Xisbiga | Kuraasta (774) | Saamiga codadka | |---|---:|---:| | Kaah | 286 | 38.4% | | Mideeye | 211 | 27.3% | | Caddaalada iyo Sinnaanta | 133 | 16.2% | | Ifiye | 78 | 7.3% | | Mustaqbal | 57 | 8.6% | | Shaqaalaha Xoogsatada Ah | 7 | 1.7% | | Runta iyo Cadaaladda | 2 | 0.5% | Isha: [2023 Puntland municipal elections, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Puntland_municipal_elections). Ka qaybgalku wuxuu ahaa 48.1 boqolkiiba (186,181 cod), haweenkuna waxay heleen 129 ka mid ah 774-ta kursi (17 boqolkiiba). Siyaasiyiin mucaarad ah ayaa Deni ku eedeeyay inuu hannaanka u jihaynayo kordhinta muddadiisa. ## Puntland iyo doorashooyinka federaalka - **Wax-ka-beddelka federaalka:** Puntland waxay joojisay aqoonsiga dowladda federaalka, waxayna diiday wax-ka-beddelkii dastuurka ee March 2026 ([Africa at LSE, May 2026](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/)). - **Doorashooyinka deegaanka ee Sool iyo Cayn:** February 2026, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha Puntland waxay sharci darro ku tilmaantay qorshaha guddiga doorashooyinka federaalka ee Sool, Buuhoodle iyo Galdogob. Waxay sheegtay in Galdogob ay codaysay May 2023. Guddigu wuxuu kadib Galdogob ka saaray liiskiisa ([AllAfrica / Shabelle, 24 February 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602240379.html)). - **Jadwalka 2027:** 31 October 2026, Deni wuxuu diiday jadwalka federaalka ee doorashada madaxweynaha 15 May 2027, wuxuuna ku baaqay gole ku-meelgaar ah oo dalka u horseeda doorashooyin ([Dawan Africa, 31 October 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/puntland-president-rejects-2027-election-plan-calls-for-interim-council)). Eeg [Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/). ## Saldhigga sharci Dastuurka Puntland, oo la ansixiyay 18 April 2012 waxna laga beddelay 25 July 2023, iyo sharciyada doorashada iyo xisbiyada siyaasadda ee Puntland. --- # Dastuurka Soomaaliya: 1960 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/constitution-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay yeelatay saddex dastuur iyo laba axdi ku-meelgaar ah. Midka hadda jira waa Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah, oo Golaha Dastuuriga Qaranku ansixiyay 1 August 2012, 621 cod oo ogol iyo 13 diiday. Baarlamaanku wuxuu wax ka beddelay cutubyada 1 ilaa 4 sannadkii 30 March 2024, cutubyada 5 ilaa 15-na 4 March 2026. Wax-ka-beddelkii 2026 wuxuu muddada baarlamaanka iyo Madaxweynaha ka dhigay shan sano. Si uu dastuurku u noqdo mid joogto ah, weli waxaa loo baahan yahay afti. Puntland, Jubaland, Koonfur Galbeed iyo mucaaradku way diidan yihiin wax-ka-beddelka. ## Dastuurrada Soomaaliya sida ay isu xigeen | Qoraalka | La ansixiyay | Sida | |---|---|---| | Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed | 1 July 1960 | Golaha Dastuuriga; afti lagu xaqiijiyay 20 June 1961 | | Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya | 25 August 1979 | Afti xilligii dowladda militariga | | Axdiga Qaran ee Ku-meelgaarka ah | 2000 | Shirkii Carta, Jabuuti | | Axdiga Federaalka ee Ku-meelgaarka ah | 2004 | Shirkii dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Kenya | | Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah | 1 August 2012 | Golaha Dastuuriga Qaranka, Muqdisho | Ilaha: [Constitution of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia); [Xafiiska Siyaasadda ee QM ee Soomaaliya, 1 August 2012](https://unpos.unmissions.org/01-august-2012). Dastuurkii 1960, eeg [Dastuurkii 1960](/so/history/1960-constitution/). ## Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012 Golaha Dastuuriga Qaranka oo ka koobnaa 825 xubnood ayaa ku kulmay Muqdisho, wuxuuna qoraalka ansixiyay 1 August 2012. Waxaa ogolaaday 621, waxaa diiday 13, 11-na waa ka aamuseen ([UNPOS, 1 August 2012](https://unpos.unmissions.org/01-august-2012)). Wuxuu leeyahay 15 cutub. Qodobadiisa ugu muhiimsan ([Dastuurka 2012, Constitute Project](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)): - **Dowladda:** Soomaaliya waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah. Islaamku waa diinta dowladda, sharci aan la jaanqaadin Shareecadana lama dejin karo (Qodobka 2). - **Luqadda:** Af-Soomaaliga (Maay iyo Maxaa-tiri) waa luqadda rasmiga ah, Carabiguna waa luqadda labaad (Qodobka 5). - **Caasimadda:** Muqdisho (Qodobka 9). - **Xuquuqda:** Cutubka 2aad wuxuu dejiyaa xuquuqda aasaasiga ah. Qodobka 15aad wuxuu mamnuucayaa gudniinka gabdhaha. - **Afti:** qoraalku wuxuu ahaanayaa ku-meelgaar ilaa dadweynuhu afti ku ansixiyaan. ## Dib-u-eegista, 2012 ilaa 2026 Dib-u-eegistu waxay qaadatay in ka badan 14 sano. January 2024, labada gole waxay isku raaceen in wax-ka-beddelka saddex qaybood loo ansixiyo: cutubyada 1 ilaa 4, 5 ilaa 9, iyo 10 ilaa 15 ([ConstitutionNet, 7 April 2026](https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/provisional-permanent-constitution-assessing-end-somalias-constitutional-review-process)). **30 March 2024: cutubyada 1 ilaa 4.** Golaha Shacabka 212 oo ka mid ah 275 ayaa u codeeyay, Aqalka Sarena 42 oo ka mid ah 54. Isbeddellada: - **Madaxweynaha:** in si toos ah loo doorto, oo uu magacaabo xilkana ka qaado Ra'iisul Wasaaraha. Ra'iisul Wasaaruhu weli wuxuu u baahan yahay kalsoonida Golaha Shacabka. - **Baarlamaanka:** doorasho qof iyo cod ah, halkii hannaankii ergooyinka beeleed. - **Xisbiyada:** ugu yaraan saddex xisbi qaran. - **Muddada:** shan sano. Puntland waxay joojisay wada-shaqaynta dowladda federaalka. **4 March 2026: cutubyada 5 ilaa 15.** Golaha Shacabka 185 xubnood ayaa ansixiyay, Aqalka Sarena 37. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ayaa saxiixay 8 March 2026. Sida ay ConstitutionNet sheegtay, isbeddelladu waa: - **Awoodaha:** waxay awoodaha u qaybinayaan heerarka federaalka, dowlad-goboleedka iyo dowladaha hoose. - **Muqdisho:** Banaadir waxay noqonaysaa caasimadda, oo leh awood sharci-dejin iyo kuraas Aqalka Sare. - **Doorashooyinka:** Golaha Shacabka si toos ah ayaa loo doortaa. Madaxweynaha waxaa doorta baarlamaanka, Aqalka Sarena hoggaamiyeyaasha dowlad-goboleedyada. Xad looma yeelin tirada xisbiyada, laakiin xisbi wuxuu u baahan yahay 10 boqolkiiba codadka si uu baarlamaanka u galo. - **Muddada:** shan sano. Aftida uu dhigayo Qodobka 136(2) weli taariikh looma qabsan. ## Khilaafka - **Kordhinta muddada:** haddii aan wax laga beddelin, muddada baarlamaanku waxay dhammaan lahayd 16 April 2026, tan Madaxweynahana 15 May 2026 ([Africa at LSE, May 2026](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/)). - **Dowlad-goboleedyada:** Puntland, Jubaland iyo Koonfur Galbeed ayaa jaray xiriirka ama diiday wax-ka-beddelka. - **Mucaaradka:** Golaha Mustaqbalka Soomaaliyeed wuu diiday codbixinta. - **Xukunka maxkamadda:** horraantii November 2026, shan garsoore oo ka tirsan Qaybta Dastuuriga ee Maxkamadda Sare ayaa xukumay in muddadii Madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka ay dhammaatay. Xafiiska Xeer-ilaalinta Guud wuxuu sheegay inaanu xukunku lahayn saameyn sharci ([Dawan Africa, November 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-swears-in-new-supreme-court-chief-amid-dispute-over-governments-term)). Eeg [Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/) iyo [Siyaasadda Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/politics-of-somalia/). ## Saldhigga sharci Qodobka 136aad ee Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012 ayaa dejiya habka wax-ka-beddelka iyo aftida kama dambaysta ah. --- # Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeennada Soomaaliya, 2005 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/deputy-prime-ministers-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dowladaha Soomaaliya waxay magacaabeen Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen tan iyo xilligii KMG. Saalax Jaamac ayaa xilka hayay tan iyo 2 Agoosto 2022. Fowsiya Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan, oo xilka haysay 2012 ilaa 2014, waxay ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay. ## Kooban Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay Wikidata, waxaana lala barbardhigay maqaallada Wikipedia. ([Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846). ## Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeennada | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/en/people/hussein-farrah-aidid/) (Hussein Mohamed Farah Aidid) | 2005 ilaa 13 Maajo 2007 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846), [Wikipedia, Hussein Farrah Aidid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Farrah_Aidid) | | Cabdixakiin Maxamuud Xaaji Faqi (Abdihakim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi) | 12 Nofembar 2010 ilaa 20 Luulyo 2011 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846), [Wikipedia, Abdihakim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdihakim_Mohamoud_Haji-Faqi) | | Xuseen Carab Ciise (Hussein Arab Isse) | 20 Luulyo 2011 ilaa 4 Nofembar 2012 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846), [Wikipedia, Hussein Arab Isse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Arab_Isse) | | [Fowsiya Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan](/en/people/fawzia-yusuf-adam/) (Fawzia Yusuf Adam) | 4 Nofembar 2012 ilaa 17 Janaayo 2014 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846), [Wikipedia, Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawzia_Yusuf_H._Adam) | | Ridwaan Xirsi Maxamed (Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed) | 17 Janaayo 2014 ilaa 27 Febraayo 2015 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846), [Wikipedia, Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridwan_Hirsi_Mohamed) | | Maxamed Cumar Carte (Mohamed Omar Arte) | 27 Janaayo 2015 ilaa 29 Maarso 2017 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846), [Wikipedia, Mohamed Omar Arte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Omar_Arte) | | Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed (Mahdi Mohamed Guled) | 21 Maarso 2017 ilaa 2 Agoosto 2022 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846), [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Saalax Jaamac (Salah Jama) | 2 Agoosto 2022 ilaa hadda | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846) | ## Ilaha - [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111819846) --- # Madaxda is-hayasta iyo kuwa ku-meelgaarka ah ee Soomaaliya, 1991 ilaa 2012 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/rival-heads-of-somalia-1991-to-2012/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Intii u dhexeysay dhicitaankii Siyaad Barre Janaayo 1991 iyo dhammaadkii ku-meelgaarka Agoosto 2012, in ka badan hal qof ayaa marar badan sheegtay inuu hoggaamiyo Soomaaliya. Cali Mahdi Maxamed waxaa loo magacaabay madaxweyne ku-meelgaar ah Janaayo 1991; Maxamed Faarax Caydiid iyo wiilkiisa Xuseen Caydiid waxay hoggaaminayeen dowlad ka soo horjeedda 1995 ilaa 1998; waxaa xigay Golaha Badbaadada Qaranka 1997; kadibna Dowladda Ku-meelgaarka ah ee Qaranka (Carta, 2000) iyo Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meelgaarka ah (2004). ## Kooban Kadib markii dowladdii Maxamed Siyaad Barre dhacday Janaayo 1991, ma jirin hay'ad keliya oo dalka maamushay. World Statesmen waxay liis garaysay qof kasta oo xilka madaxa dowladda hayay ama sheegtay muddadan, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa is-hayay ee Muqdisho. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html). ## Kuwii sheegtay xilka Muqdisho, 1991 ilaa 1998 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Cali Mahdi Maxamed](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/) (Ali Mahdi Mohamed) | 29 Janaayo 1991 ilaa 4 Abriil 1997 | USC/SSA; madaxweyne ku-meelgaar ah ilaa 21 Luulyo 1991 | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Ali Mahdi Muhammad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mahdi_Muhammad) | | [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/) (Mohamed Farrah Aidid) | 15 Juun 1995 ilaa 1 Agoosto 1996 | USC/SNA; madaxweyne ku-meelgaar ah oo mucaarad ah; xilka isagoo haya ayuu dhintay | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mohamed Farrah Aidid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Farrah_Aidid) | | [Xuseen Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/en/people/hussein-farrah-aidid/) (Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aidid) | 4 Agoosto 1996 ilaa 20 Maarso 1998 | USC/SNA; wuxuu beddelay aabbihii | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Hussein Mohamed Farrah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Mohamed_Farrah) | ## Guddoomiye-wadaagayaasha Golaha Badbaadada Qaranka, 1997 ilaa 2000 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Cali Mahdi Maxamed](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/) (Ali Mahdi Mohamed) | 4 Abriil 1997 ilaa 27 Agoosto 2000 | USC/SSA | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | [Cusmaan Xasan Cali "Caato"](/en/people/osman-ali-atto/) (Osman Hassan Ali "Ato") | 4 Abriil 1997 ilaa 27 Agoosto 2000 | USC/SNA | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Cabdiqaadir Maxamed Aadan "Soobe" (Abdulkadir Mohamed Aden "Zobe") | 4 Abriil 1997 ilaa 27 Agoosto 2000 | SDM | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | [Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/) (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed) | 4 Abriil 1997 ilaa 27 Agoosto 2000 | SSDF | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Aadan Cabdillaahi Nuur "Gabyow" (Aden Abdullahi Nur "Gabyow") | 4 Abriil 1997 ilaa 27 Agoosto 2000 | SPM | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | ## Dowladaha ku-meelgaarka iyo Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 2000 ilaa 2012 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan](/so/people/abdiqasim-salad-hassan/) (Abdiqasim Salad Hassan) | 27 Agoosto 2000 ilaa 14 Oktoobar 2004 | Madaxweynaha Dowladda Ku-meelgaarka ah ee Qaranka, laga doortay Carta, Jabuuti | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Transitional National Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_National_Government) | | [Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/) (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed) | 14 Oktoobar 2004 ilaa 29 Diseembar 2008 | Madaxweynaha Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meelgaarka ah; Nairobi, Jowhar, Baydhabo kadibna Muqdisho; iscasilay | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Transitional Federal Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government) | | [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) (Sharif Sheikh Ahmed) | 5 Juun 2006 ilaa 28 Diseembar 2006 | Guddoomiyaha Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, oo gacanta ku hayay Muqdisho iyo qaybo koonfureed | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Islamic Courts Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union) | | [Aaden Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe"](/en/people/aden-madobe/) (Aden Mohamed Nur "Madobe") | 29 Diseembar 2008 ilaa 31 Janaayo 2009 | Madaxweyne ku-simaha ah, isagoo ah Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Aden Madobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Madobe) | | [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) (Sharif Sheikh Ahmed) | 31 Janaayo 2009 ilaa 20 Agoosto 2012 | Madaxweynaha Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meelgaarka ah, laga doortay Jabuuti | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Transitional Federal Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) --- # Guddoomiyeyaasha Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya tan iyo 1956 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/speakers-of-parliament/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya wuxuu yeeshay 15 guddoomiye tan iyo markii xilka la abuuray 1956. Kii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ahaa Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, oo markii dambe noqday Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay. Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur ayaa guddoomiye u ah Golaha Shacabka tan iyo 10 August 2026. Aqalka Sare, oo la aasaasay 2016, waxaa hoggaaminayay Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahi tan iyo 2017. Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka ayaa sii haya xilka Madaxweynaha marka Madaxweynuhu maqan yahay. ## Waxa uu guddoomiyuhu qabto Guddoomiyuhu wuxuu shir-guddoomiyaa fadhiyada baarlamaanka, wuxuu matalaa golaha, wuxuuna maamulaa hawlihiisa. Gole kastaa wuxuu guddoomiyihiisa iyo ku-xigeennadiisa ku doortaa cod qarsoodi ah ([Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka 2012, Qodobka 65, Constitute Project](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). Marka Madaxweynuhu si ku-meelgaar ah u maqan yahay, sida xanuun ama safar, Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka ayaa sii haya xilka Madaxweynaha ([List of speakers of the Parliament of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Somalia)). Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/) iyo [Xubnaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/members-of-parliament/). ## Golaha Qaranka, 1956 ilaa 1969 | Lr. | Guddoomiyaha | Laga bilaabo | Ilaa | |---:|---|---|---| | 1 | Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan | 29 February 1956 | 1 July 1960 | | ku-simaha | Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf | 1 July 1960 | 26 July 1960 | | 2 | Jaamac Cabdullaahi Qaalib | 26 July 1960 | 26 May 1964 | | 3 | Axmed Maxamed Obsiiye | 26 May 1964 | 1 March 1967 | | 4 | Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen | 1 March 1967 | 21 October 1969 | Isha: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Somalia). Aadan Cabdulle wuxuu xilka ka tegay 1 July 1960 markii uu noqday Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed. Sheekh Mukhtaar wuxuu ahaa Madaxweyne ku-sime kadib markii Madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke la dilay October 1969, ilaa ciidanku talada la wareegeen 21 October 1969. ## Golaha Shacabka, 1979 ilaa 1991 Baarlamaanku ma fadhiyin 1969 ilaa 1979. Golaha Shacabka ee lagu doortay dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu yeeshay saddex guddoomiye: | Lr. | Guddoomiyaha | Laga bilaabo | Ilaa | |---:|---|---|---| | 5 | Ismaaciil Cali Abokor | 5 August 1979 | 26 January 1982 | | 6 | Maxamed Ibraahim Liqliiqato | 26 January 1982 | 1 November 1989 | | 7 | Xuseen Kulmiye Afrax | 1 November 1989 | 22 January 1991 | ## Baarlamaannadii ku-meelgaarka ahaa, 2000 ilaa 2012 | Lr. | Guddoomiyaha | Laga bilaabo | Ilaa | |---:|---|---|---| | 8 | Cabdalla Isaaq Deerow | 9 August 2000 | 14 September 2004 | | 9 | Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan | 14 September 2004 | 17 January 2007 | | 10 | Aadan Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe" | 17 January 2007 | 25 May 2010 | | 11 | Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan | 25 May 2010 | 20 August 2012 | Isha: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Somalia). ## Golaha Shacabka, 2012 ilaa maanta | Lr. | Guddoomiyaha | Laga bilaabo | Ilaa | Sida loo doortay | |---:|---|---|---|---| | ku-simaha | Muuse Xasan Cabdulle | 20 August 2012 | 28 August 2012 | Xubinta ugu da'da weyn | | 12 | Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari | 28 August 2012 | 9 April 2018 | La doortay 2012; dib loo doortay January 2017, 141 cod | | 13 | Maxamed Mursal Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan | 30 April 2018 | April 2022 | 147 cod oo ka mid ah 265, wareegga labaad | | 14 | Aadan Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe" | April 2022 | 11 June 2026 | 163 cod oo ka mid ah 252, wareegga labaad | | 15 | Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur | 10 August 2026 | maanta | 142 cod | Ilaha: [Africanews, April 2018](https://www.africanews.com/2018/04/30/ex-somalia-defense-minister-elected-new-speaker-of-parliament/); [Anadolu Agency, April 2022](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/somalia-s-parliament-elects-new-speaker/2574904); [Dawan Africa, 10 August 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-abdulkadir-mohamed-nur-elected-speaker-of-house-of-the-people). - **Jawaari:** wuxuu iscasilay April 2018, ka hor mooshin kalsooni kala noqosho ah oo la soo bandhigi lahaa. - **Aadan Madoobe:** wuxuu xilka ka tegay June 2026 markii loo doortay Madaxweynaha Koonfur Galbeed. Guddoomiye ku-xigeenka koowaad Saadiya Samatar, oo 2022 noqotay haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee guddoomiye ku-xigeen ah, ayaa xilka sii haysay ilaa August ([AllAfrica, June 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202606100614.html); [The EastAfrican, 2022](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/somalia-first-female-deputy-speaker-3798242)). - **Doorashadii August 2026:** koox mucaarad ah ayaa diidday, iyagoo sheegay in muddadii baarlamaanku dhammaatay ([Dawan Africa, August 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somali-opposition-group-rejects-election-of-house-speaker-as-sham-exercise)). ## Aqalka Sare, 2016 ilaa maanta Aqalka Sare waxaa la aasaasay 2016. Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahi ayaa guddoomiye u ahaa tan iyo 2017. Dib ayaa loo doortay 26 April 2022, isagoo helay 28 cod, halka Saalax Jaamac uu helay 24, Cismaan Dubbe-na 2 ([Africanews, April 2022](https://www.africanews.com/2022/04/26/senate-speaker-abdi-hashi-re-elected-in-somalia); [Aqalka Sare, hoggaanka](https://senate.gov.so/leadership-of-the-senate/?lang=en)). ## Saldhigga sharci Qodobka 65aad ee Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012, sida wax looga beddelay 2024 iyo 2026, iyo xeerarka hab-maamuuska gole kasta. --- # Xildhibaannada Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-parliament/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Baarlamaanka 11aad ee Federaalka Soomaaliya, oo la dhaariyay April 2022, wuxuu leeyahay 329 kursi: 275 Golaha Shacabka iyo 54 Aqalka Sare. Boggan wuxuu taxayaa dhammaan 54-ta senator ee Aqalka Sare iyo dowlad-goboleedka ay ka socdaan, sida uu Aqalka Sare daabacay, iyo 104-ta xildhibaan ee Golaha Shacabka ee ku jira buugga xubnaha ee goluhu internetka dhigay, iyadoo la raacinayo dowlad-goboleedka iyo lambarka kursiga. Buuggaasi weli kuma jiraan dhammaan 275-ta xubnood. ## Waxa liiskani ka kooban yahay Baarlamaanka 11aad ee Federaalka waxaa la dhaariyay 14 April 2022. Wuxuu leeyahay 275 kursi oo Golaha Shacabka ah iyo 54 kursi oo Aqalka Sare ah ([Federal Parliament of Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia)). Sida kuraasta loo buuxiyo, eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). Guddoomiyeyaasha, eeg [Guddoomiyeyaasha Baarlamaanka](/so/institutions/speakers-of-parliament/). Liisaska hoose waxay ka yimaadeen degellada internetka ee labada gole, waxaana la akhriyay 12 November 2026: - **Aqalka Sare:** bogga senatarada wuxuu taxayaa dhammaan 54-ta xubnood ee hadda iyo dowlad-goboleedkooda ([Aqalka Sare, Senatarada Baarlamaanka 11aad](https://senate.gov.so/sanatarradab11/)). - **Golaha Shacabka:** buugga xubnaha wuxuu taxayaa 104 xildhibaan, dowlad-goboleedka mid kastaa matalo iyo lambarka kursigiisa, oo loo qoro "HOP#" ([Golaha Shacabka, Xubnaha](https://parliament.gov.so/members/)). 171-ka xubnood ee kale weli kuma jiraan buuggaas, sidaas darteed qaybtan liisku ma dhammaystirna. Xubnaha halkan waxaa loo magacaabay xilal dadweyne oo ay hayaan. Labada degel waxay kaloo daabacaan iimaylka iyo telefoonnada xubnaha; kuwaas halkan kuma soo guurin. ## Aqalka Sare: kuraasta dowlad-goboleed kasta Aqalka Sare wuxuu sheegaa in 54-tiisa kursi loo qaybiyay sidan ([Aqalka Sare, deegaan-doorashada](https://senate.gov.so/deegaan-doorashada/)): | Dowlad-goboleedka | Kuraasta | Saamiga | |---|---:|---:| | Somaliland | 11 | 20.4% | | Puntland | 11 | 20.4% | | Jubaland | 8 | 14.8% | | Galmudug | 8 | 14.8% | | Koonfur Galbeed | 8 | 14.8% | | Hirshabeelle | 8 | 14.8% | | **Wadarta** | **54** | **100%** | Kuraasta Somaliland waxaa buuxiya dad Muqdisho loogu doortay gobollada waqooyi. Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madax-bannaani 1991, Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay 26 December 2025, dalalka intooda badan iyo Midowga Afrikana waxay u arkaan inay qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya. ## Hoggaanka Aqalka Sare Guddoomiyuhu waa Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahi, oo ka socda kuraasta Somaliland. Guddoomiye ku-xigeenka 1aad waa Cali Shacbaan Ibraahim (Hirshabeelle), ku-xigeenka 2aadna waa Cabdullaahi Cali Xersi (Puntland). Samsam Ibraahim Cali (Koonfur Galbeed) iyo Iftiin Hassan Iman (Jubaland) waa habdhowrayaasha golaha ([Aqalka Sare](https://senate.gov.so/sanatarradab11/)). ## Aqalka Sare: dhammaan 54-ta senator ### Somaliland (11 kursi) | Senatorka | Xilka | |---|---| | Cabdi Xaashi Cabdullaahi | Guddoomiye | | Axmed Ibraahim Maxamed Abwaan Qorane | | | Axmed Maxamed Siciid | | | Bilaal Idiris Cabdullaahi | | | Cabdiraxmaan Barre Cusmaan | | | Deka Xasan Xuseen | | | Leyla Axmed Ismaaciil | | | Naciima Xasan Gadhweyne | | | Prof. Cabdi Ismaaciil Samatar | | | Saalax Axmed Jaamac | | | Saciid Cabdi Xuseen | | ### Puntland (11 kursi) | Senatorka | Xilka | |---|---| | Cabdullaahi Cali Xersi | Guddoomiye ku-xigeenka 2aad | | Cabdi Cabdullaahi Xaashi Goley | | | Cabdikaani Ugaas Geelle Maxamed | | | Cabdisamad Yuusuf Maxamed | | | Daahir Ayaanle Saciid | | | Dr. Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Maxamuud Faroole | | | Farxaan Cali Xuseen | | | Maxamed Cismaan Majino | | | Samiira Xaaji Maxamuud | | | Saredo Maxamed Xasan | | | Saynab Ismaaciil Maxamed | | ### Galmudug (8 kursi) | Senatorka | Xilka | |---|---| | Cabdi Axmed Dhuhulow | | | Cabdi Xasan Cawale | | | Cabdihakim Macallin Axmed Maalin | | | Cabdiweli Ibraahim Aadan (Garyare) | | | Duniya Maxamed Cali | | | Farxaan Cali Maxamuud | | | Siciid Siyaad Shirwac | | | Zamzam Daahir Maxamuud | | ### Hirshabeelle (8 kursi) | Senatorka | Xilka | |---|---| | Cali Shacbaan Ibraahim | Guddoomiye ku-xigeenka 1aad | | Axmed Maxamed Cali (Afcadey) | | | Fartuun Cabdiqaadir Faarax (Karama) | | | Muuse Suudi Yalaxoow | | | Nuur Maxamed Geedi Canjeex | | | Prof/Dr. Cusmaan Maxamuud Maxamed (Dufle) | | | Xasan Iidow Muxumed | | | Zamzam Cabdillaahi Axmed | | ### Jubaland (8 kursi) | Senatorka | Xilka | |---|---| | Iftiin Hassan Iman | Habdhowr | | Cabdirisaaq Maxamed Cusmaan | | | Cabdullaahi Sheekh Ismaaciil | | | Ibraahim Awgab Cismaan | | | Ilyaas Badal Gaboose | | | Leyla Nuur Maax | | | Maryan Faarax Kahiye | | | Xasan Daahir Yaroow | | ### Koonfur Galbeed (8 kursi) | Senatorka | Xilka | |---|---| | Samsam Ibraahim Cali | Habdhowr | | Aadan Cabdinasiir Maxamed | | | Ayaan Aadan Cabdullaahi | | | Cabdiweli Maxamed Ibraahim | | | Cali Sh. Max'ud Gacal Cali Yare | | | Dr. Xuseen Maxamed Daahir | | | Maxamuud Maxamed Cabdinor | | | Xasan Xuseen Xaaji | | ## Golaha Shacabka: xubnaha ku jira buugga rasmiga ah Golaha Shacabka waxaa hoggaamiya Guddoomiye Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur, oo la doortay 10 August 2026, 142 cod ([Dawan Africa, 10 August 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-abdulkadir-mohamed-nur-elected-speaker-of-house-of-the-people)). Buuggu wuxuu Guddoomiye ku-xigeenka 2aad u magacaabaa Cabdullaahi Cumar Abshir (Koonfur Galbeed), wuxuuna kaloo magacaabaa guddoomiyeyaasha afar guddi. Kuraasta Golaha Shacabka waxaa beelaha loogu qaybiyaa habka 4.5, ee dowlad-goboleed ahaan looma qaybiyo. Hase yeeshee buuggu wuxuu muujinayaa dowlad-goboleedka xubin kasta lagu xiro. "Gobollada Waqooyi" waa ereyga buugga ee xubnaha loo doortay deegaannada Somaliland. Lambarrada kuraastu waa kuwa buugga. ### Puntland (17 ku qoran) | Xildhibaanka | Kursiga | Xilka | |---|---:|---| | Abdi Ibrahim Warsame (Qowdhan) | 196 | Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Miisaaniyadda, Maaliyadda, Qorsheynta, Iskaashiga Caalamiga iyo La-xisaabtanka Hay'adaha Dawladda | | Abdikafar Elmi Hange Mohamed | 144 | | | Abdillahi Bidhan Warsame Hassan | 235 | | | Abdiqani Mohamud Mohamed Ahmed | 75 | | | Abdirisak Hassan Ahmed Dhokir | 221 | | | Abdulasis Mohamed Mohamud Ali (Qambi) | lama muujin | | | Abdulatif Musse Nur Yusuf (Sanyare) | 199 | | | Abdullahi Farah Mire Muse | 228 | | | Abdullahi Hassan Roble | 249 | | | Abdullahi Mohamed Jama Said - Jakato | 191 | | | Ahmed Abdi Hashi Fiqi | 166 | | | Ainanshe Yusuf Hussein Mohamud | 222 | | | Ali Haji Dahir Saleban Adan | 220 | Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Garsoorka, Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diinta | | Ali Mahdi Mohamed Ali | 169 | | | Ali Yusuf Ali Hosh | 200 | | | Bashir Abdi Mohamed Mohamud (Amerika) | 273 | | | Daud Abdikarim Sh Omar | 14 | | ### Gobollada Waqooyi (17 ku qoran) | Xildhibaanka | Kursiga | Xilka | |---|---:|---| | Abdillahi Abdi Mohamed | 264 | Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Waddooyinka, Dekedaha, Garoomada, Tamarta iyo Gaadiidka | | Abdillahi Hashi Abib Tubeh | 201 | | | Abdiqani Ismail Said Bixi | 241 | | | Abdirahman Ahmed Suge Roble | 245 | | | Abdirahman Idan Yonis | 259 | | | Abdiwahab Abdi Omar Ahmed | 270 | | | Abdullahi Osman Duale | 229 | | | Adnan Osman Elmi Boqore | 236 | | | Ahmed Abdi Kooshin | 205 | | | Ahmed Osman Dirie | 233 | | | Aidarus Salah Yusuf Sugule | 224 | | | Ali Abdi Ibrahim Dubad | 271 | | | Ali Mohamud Adan Qalib | 240 | | | Amino Omar Jama Artan | 202 | | | Asho Kos Mohamud Omar Haji Khaire | 211 | | | Ayub Ismail Yusuf Gahayr | 215 | | | Bihi Iman Egeh | 237 | | ### Jubaland (16 ku qoran) | Xildhibaanka | Kursiga | Xilka | |---|---:|---| | Abbas Ali Ibrahim | 111 | | | Abdikadir Hussein Abdi Hassan | 91 | | | Abdikadir Mohamud Dagane Hajir | 78 | | | Abdinur Ali Aden Mohamud | 28 | | | Abdirashid Jire Khalinle Abdi | 82 | | | Abdirashid Mohamed Duale Edle | 125 | | | Abdirishid Mohamed Hidig | 72 | | | Abdulkadir Mohamed Wa'ays Ali | 112 | | | Abdullahi Abukar Haji (Abdullahi Arab) | lama muujin | | | Adar Hared Jibril Rooble | 132 | | | Ahmed Aden Ahmed Sugaal | 127 | Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Xaqiiqa Raadinta, Dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo Hanti Celinta | | Ahmed Mohamud Jama | 29 | | | Ahmed Osman Ibrahim Hussein (Daqare) | lama muujin | | | Amina Hussein Ali Mohamed | 87 | | | Asad Abdirisaq Mohamed Arab | 120 | | | Bale Ibrahim Abdi Omar | 100 | | ### Koonfur Galbeed (23 ku qoran) | Xildhibaanka | Kursiga | Xilka | |---|---:|---| | Abdifitah Abullahi Araye Adow | 173 | | | Abdikadir Abdirahman Dhure Kheyre (Yarisow) | 150 | | | Abdirahman Isaaq Mohamed Haji | 185 | | | Abdirisak Hagi Abdi Mursal | 42 | | | Abdisalam Abdi Ali Hussein | 167 | | | Abdulkadir Omar Moalin | 186 | | | Abdulkadir Sheikh Ali Adan | 177 | | | Abdullahi Adan Ahmed (Black) | 193 | | | Abdullahi Hassan Ali (Abdalla) | 151 | | | Abdullahi Mohamed Ali | 178 | | | Abdullahi Omar Abshir | 152 | Guddoomiye ku-xigeenka 2aad | | Adan Hassan Mohamed | 172 | | | Adan Mohamed Ali Hamud | 253 | | | Aden Mohamed Nur (Saran soor) | 170 | | | Ahmed Mathobe Nunow | 99 | | | Ahmednur Sh Mohamed Lohos | 50 | | | Ali Mohamud Mohamed | 187 | | | Ali Sheikh Mohamed Nur | 143 | | | Alwiya Sid Abdullahi | 148 | | | Amina Mohamed Mursal | 213 | | | Aweis Hussein Moalin | 80 | | | Aweys Mohamad Omar | 62 | | | Dr. Abdirashid Mohamed nor (Jilley) | 175 | | ### Hirshabelle (14 ku qoran) | Xildhibaanka | Kursiga | Xilka | |---|---:|---| | Abdikarim Abdow Heydar | 252 | | | Abdikarim Omar Hussein | 74 | | | Abdinasir Haji Shirwa Mohamed | 4 | | | Abdirahman Mohamed Sheikh Ali (Moobleen) | 70 | | | Abdirisaq Abdullahi Moallin | 63 | | | Abdirizak Omar Mohamed Tifow | 11 | | | Abdulfatah Kasim Mohamud | lama muujin | | | Abdulkadir Osoble Ali | 140 | | | Abdulrahman Ahmed Osman | 10 | | | Ali Hajiadam Abubakar | 39 | | | Ali Hassan Ibrahim | 9 | | | Ali Mohamed Omar | 115 | | | Dahaba Susow Munye | 88 | | | Dahir Amin Jesow Qanyare | 30 | | ### Galmudug (12 ku qoran) | Xildhibaanka | Kursiga | Xilka | |---|---:|---| | Abdirahman Abdishakur Warsame | 138 | | | Abdirahman Mohamed Hussein Odowaa | 69 | | | Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamud Jimale | 95 | | | Abdirizak Adam Warsame (Xusul) | 137 | | | Abdisabir Nor Shuriye Geelle | 71 | | | Abdisalam Haji Ahmed Liban (Dhabancad) | 38 | | | Abdisamad Mohamud Hassan Farah | 39 | | | Abdishakur Ali Mire Mohamed | 54 | | | Abdullahi Aden Kulane Hashi | 40 | | | Adar Ali Mohamed (Shalaqbeen) | 81 | | | Aden Osman Hussein | 13 | | | Dayah Ahmed Omar Abdulle | lama muujin | | ### Banadir (1 ku qoran) | Xildhibaanka | Kursiga | Xilka | |---|---:|---| | Abdirahman Abdulkadir Ade | 105 | | ### State lama muujin in the directory (4 ku qoran) | Xildhibaanka | Kursiga | Xilka | |---|---:|---| | Abdikadir Mohamud Mohamed | lama muujin | | | Abdikarim Mohamed Dirie | lama muujin | | | Abdulkadir Mohamed Nur | lama muujin | Guddoomiye | | Ali Mohamed Sheikh Hassanow | 250 | | ## Sida loo isticmaalo - **Hel xildhibaankaaga:** buugga Golaha Shacabka iyo bogga senatarada labaduba waxay leeyihiin sanduuq raadin. - **Xubnihii hore:** Aqalka Sare wuxuu isla boggaas ku hayaa liis gaar ah oo senatarradii hore ah. ## Saldhigga sharci Qodobada 55 ilaa 86 ee Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012, sida wax looga beddelay 2024 iyo 2026 ([Constitute Project](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). --- # Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya: sida loo codeeyo iyo sida loo xusho Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Doorashadii ugu dambaysay ee qof iyo cod ah oo dalka oo dhan ka dhacda waxay Soomaaliya qabatay March 1969. Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2022, xildhibaannada waxaa doortay ergooyin beeleed, kuwaas oo iyaguna doortay Madaxweynaha. Sharciyo la ansixiyay 2024 ayaa dib u soo celinaya codbixinta tooska ah. Muqdisho waxay si toos ah u codaysay December 2025, waxaana ku xigay Koonfur Galbeed, Galmudug iyo Hirshabeelle 2026. Guddiga doorashooyinku wuxuu doorashada baarlamaanka u qabtay 15 April 2027, tan madaxweynahana 15 May 2027. Kooxaha mucaaradka, Puntland iyo Jubaland way diidan yihiin hannaankan. ## Si kooban Soomaaliya waxay hoggaamiyeyaasheeda u dooratay afar hab oo kala duwan: - **1956 ilaa 1969:** doorashooyin xisbiyo badan leh oo qof iyo cod ah. - **1969 ilaa 1991:** dowlad militari oo leh hal xisbi oo sharci ah. - **2000 ilaa 2022:** hannaan aan toos ahayn. Odayaasha beelaha ayaa magacaabay ergooyin, ergooyinkaas ayaa doortay xildhibaannada, baarlamaankuna wuxuu doortay Madaxweynaha. - **Laga soo bilaabo 2024:** sharciyo cusub ayaa soo celinaya codbixinta tooska ah. Waxay ku bilaabatay doorashooyin degmo iyo dowlad-goboleed 2025 iyo 2026. Hay'adaha ku lug leh, eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Doorashooyinkii ka horreeyay 1969 Soomaaliya Talyaaniga waxay qabatay doorashooyin degmo 1954 iyo 1958, iyo doorashooyin baarlamaan 1956 iyo 1959. Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska waxay qabatay doorashooyin baarlamaan 1959 iyo 1960 ([Elections in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Somalia)). Midowgii 1960 kadib, dadku waxay dastuurka ku ansixiyeen afti dhacday 20 June 1961. Waxaa ogolaaday 1,756,216 cod (90.6 boqolkiiba), waxaana diiday 183,000. Somaliland-kii hore, Somali National League waxay ku baaqday qaadacaad, qiyaastii 60 boqolkiiba codadka halkaas laga dhiibtayna waxay ahaayeen diidmo ([1961 Somali constitutional referendum, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Somali_constitutional_referendum)). | Doorashada | Taariikhda | Natiijada | |---|---|---| | Golaha Qaranka | 30 March 1964 | Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) 69 kursi oo ka mid ah 123; 914,069 cod | | Golaha Qaranka | 26 March 1969 | 64 xisbi ayaa tartamay; SYL 73 kursi; 879,554 cod | Ilaha: [doorashada 1964, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Somali_parliamentary_election); [doorashada 1969, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Somali_parliamentary_election). Ciidanku waxay talada la wareegeen 21 October 1969. Eeg [Xilligii rayidka, 1960 ilaa 1969](/so/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/). ## Dowladdii militariga, 1969 ilaa 1991 Golaha Sare ee Kacaanku wuxuu mamnuucay dhammaan xisbiyada siyaasadda 1969. Dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu dhisay Golaha Shacabka, waxaana la doortay 1979 iyo 1984, iyadoo Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS) uu ahaa xisbiga keliya ee sharciga ah ([Elections in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Somalia)). 23 December 1986, Maxamed Siyaad Barre oo ahaa musharraxa keliya ayaa loo ansixiyay Madaxweyne. Waxaa u codeeyay 4,887,592, waxaana ka soo horjeeday 1,486 ([1986 Somali presidential election, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Somali_presidential_election)). ## Hannaankii ergooyinka, 2000 ilaa 2022 Laga soo bilaabo shirkii Carta ee 2000 ilaa doorashadii 2022, ma jirin codbixin dadweyne oo xilal qaran ah. Kuraasta Golaha Shacabka waxaa loo qaybiyay habka "4.5". Beelaha Daarood, Dir, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn (Digil iyo Mirifle) mid kasta wuxuu helay 61 kursi, beelaha kalena 31 ([Rift Valley Institute, 2023](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Role-of-4.5-in-democratisation-and-governence-in-Somalia_EN_4.5_WEB.pdf)). Wareeggii 2021 ilaa 2022: - **Aqalka Sare:** golayaasha dowlad-goboleedyada ayaa doortay 54-ta senator, 29 July ilaa 13 November 2021. Haweenku waxay heleen 13 kursi. - **Golaha Shacabka:** codbixintu waxay socotay 1 November 2021 ilaa 31 March 2022, oo aad uga dambaysay waqtiyadii loo qabtay. Ilaha: [2021 to 2022 Somali parliamentary election, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Somali_parliamentary_election). Labada gole waxay 15 May 2022 Madaxweyne u doorteen Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud. Wareegga saddexaad wuxuu helay 214 cod, halka madaxweynihii xilka hayay Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo uu helay 110 ([2022 Somali presidential election, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Somali_presidential_election)). ## Sharciyada doorashada ee 2024 Sannadkii 2024 baarlamaanku wuxuu ansixiyay saddex sharci oo doorasho: - **Guddiga:** sharciga dhisaya Guddiga Madaxa-bannaan ee Doorashooyinka iyo Xuduudaha Qaranka (NIEBC). Waxaa guddoomiye u ah Cabdikariin Axmed Xasan. - **Codbixinta:** sharciga doorashada qaranka ee qof iyo cod. - **Xisbiyada:** sharciga Xisbiyada Siyaasadda. Waxaa lagu ansixiyay fadhi wadajir ah, waxaana u codeeyay 177 xildhibaan, halka mid ka aamusay ([SONNA, November 2024](https://sonna.so/en/parliament-approves-political-parties-and-unions-federal-government-of-somalia-act/); [AllAfrica, November 2024](https://allafrica.com/stories/202411210150.html)). Golaha wasiirradu wuxuu ansixiyay hindise-sharciyeedyada August 2024 ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-cabinet-approves-direct-voting-system-for-2026-elections)). Wax-ka-beddelkii 2024 wuxuu dhigay in Madaxweynaha si toos ah loo doorto, laakiin wax-ka-beddelka 4 March 2026 doorashadiisa wuxuu dib ugu celiyay baarlamaanka, Golaha Shacabkana wuxuu ka dhigay mid si toos ah loo doorto ([ConstitutionNet, April 2026](https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/provisional-permanent-constitution-assessing-end-somalias-constitutional-review-process)). Wax-ka-beddelkaas wuxuu kaloo muddada baarlamaanka iyo Madaxweynaha ka dhigay shan sano halkii ay ka ahayd afar. Haddii aan wax laga beddelin, muddada baarlamaanku waxay dhammaan lahayd 16 April 2026, tan Madaxweynahana 15 May 2026 ([Africa at LSE, May 2026](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/)). ## Codbixinta tooska ah ee 2025 iyo 2026 | Goobta | Maalinta codbixinta | Kuraasta | Natiijada | |---|---|---|---| | Banaadir (Muqdisho), golayaasha degmooyinka | 25 December 2025 | 390 | Xisbiga Cadaaladda iyo Wadajirka 177, Towfiiq 49, Ramaas 42 | | Koonfur Galbeed, golayaasha deegaanka | May 2026 | 297 | Cadaaladda iyo Wadajirka 148, Horumar iyo Midnimo Qaran 46, Karaama 20 | | Galmudug, Golaha Wakiilada (dib-u-qabasho) | 30 September 2026 | 89 | Cadaaladda iyo Wadajirka 67 | | Hirshabeelle, Golaha Wakiilada | 30 September 2026 | 99 | Cadaaladda iyo Wadajirka 78, KAAMA 6, Iftin Qaran 5 | | Hirshabeelle, golayaasha deegaanka | 30 September 2026 | 222 | Cadaaladda iyo Wadajirka 158, KAAMA 17, MADALSAN 14 | Ilaha: [Dawan Africa, Banaadir](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-banadir-region-swears-in-390-local-councillors); [Dawan Africa, Koonfur Galbeed](https://www.dawan.africa/news/hassan-sheikhs-party-wins-majority-seats-in-south-west-state-council-elections); [Dawan Africa, Galmudug](https://www.dawan.africa/news/justice-and-solidarity-party-wins-big-in-galmudug-re-run-election); [Dawan Africa, Hirshabeelle](https://www.dawan.africa/news/justice-and-solidarity-party-wins-78-seats-in-hirshabelle-assembly-election). Tirada kuraasta Banaadir waxay ka timid hal warbixin. - **Banaadir:** xisbiyada mucaaradka ee waaweyn waxay qaadaceen codbixinta Muqdisho, waxayna sheegeen inaysan aqoonsan doonin natiijada. - **Galmudug:** 24 August 2026, Maxkamadda Sare waxay buriyay codbixintii ugu horreysay ee Galmudug, waxayna amartay in dib loo qabto ([Dawan Africa, August 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-supreme-court-annuls-galmudug-elections)). - **Hirshabeelle:** xisbiyadu way aqbaleen natiijada. ## Jadwalka qaran ee 2027 15 October 2026, guddiga doorashooyinku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay jadwalkan ([Dawan Africa, October 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-sets-presidential-vote-for-15-may-2027)): | Tallaabada | Taariikhda | |---|---| | Diiwaangelinta xisbiyada iyo codbixiyeyaasha | 1 ilaa 22 November 2026 | | Gudbinta liisaska musharrixiinta baarlamaanka | 22 November 2026 | | Ololaha oo bilaabma | 27 February 2027 | | Doorashada labada gole ee baarlamaanka | 15 April 2027 | | Doorashada madaxweynaha | 15 May 2027 | Golaha Mustaqbalka Soomaaliyeed, oo ah koox mucaarad ah oo ay ku jiraan hoggaamiyeyaasha Puntland iyo Jubaland, wuu diidan yahay wax-ka-beddelkii March 2026 iyo kordhinta muddada. Dowladdu waxay sheegtay in doorasho aan qof iyo cod ahayn aysan dhici doonin. Horraantii November 2026, shan garsoore oo ka tirsan Qaybta Dastuuriga ee Maxkamadda Sare ayaa xukumay in muddadii Madaxweynaha, baarlamaanka iyo dowladda federaalka ay dhammaatay. Xafiiska Xeer-ilaalinta Guud wuxuu sheegay in xukunkaasi aanu lahayn saameyn sharci, maadaama Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare aanu shir-guddoominin. Kooxaha mucaaradku way taageereen xukunka ([Dawan Africa, November 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-swears-in-new-supreme-court-chief-amid-dispute-over-governments-term)). ## Sida loo codeeyo - **Is diiwaangeli:** codbixiyeyaashu waxay ka diiwaangashan yihiin degmadooda, guddiga doorashooyinka ayaana siiya kaarka codbixinta. Sannadkii 2025 guddigu wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 918,890 qof oo ku nool 16-ka degmo ee Muqdisho ([Dawan Africa, 2025](https://dawan.africa/news/somalia-registers-923000-voters-in-mogadishu)). - **Cabashooyinka:** cabashada codbixinta waxaa loo gudbiyaa guddiga, kadibna Maxkamadda Sare. ## Saldhigga sharci Cutubka 6aad iyo Qodobka 111G ee Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012, sida wax looga beddelay 2024 iyo 2026, iyo saddexda sharci ee doorashada ee la ansixiyay 2024. --- # Siyaasadda Soomaaliya: sida awoodda loo qaybsado Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/politics-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah. Awoodda waxaa wadaaga dowladda federaalka ee Muqdisho iyo dowlad-goboleedyada, kuraasta baarlamaankana waxaa beelaha loogu qaybiyay habka 4.5 tan iyo 2000. Sharciyo la ansixiyay 2024 ayaa bilaabay u guuritaanka doorashooyin xisbiyo ku salaysan oo toos ah. Sannadkii 2026, Xisbiga Cadaaladda iyo Wadajirka ee Madaxweynaha ayaa ku guulaystay doorashooyinkii dowlad-goboleedyada ee dhacay. Golaha Mustaqbalka Soomaaliyeed, oo ah koox mucaarad ah oo ay ku jiraan hoggaamiyeyaasha Puntland iyo Jubaland, wuu diidan yahay wax-ka-beddelka dastuurka ee 2026 iyo qorshaha doorashada 2027. ## Nidaamka si kooban - **Dowladda:** sida uu dhigayo Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012, sida wax looga beddelay 2024 iyo 2026, Soomaaliya waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah. - **Madaxweynaha:** waa madaxa dowladda. Baarlamaanka ayaa doortay tan iyo 2000. Wax-ka-beddelkii 2024 wuxuu dhigay in si toos ah loo doorto, laakiin wax-ka-beddelkii March 2026 doorashadiisa wuxuu dib ugu celiyay baarlamaanka ([ConstitutionNet, April 2026](https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/provisional-permanent-constitution-assessing-end-somalias-constitutional-review-process)). Tan iyo wax-ka-beddelkii 2024, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabaa oo xilka ka qaadaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha. - **Ra'iisul Wasaaraha iyo golaha wasiirrada:** waxay maamulaan dowladda, waxayna u baahan yihiin kalsoonida Golaha Shacabka. - **Baarlamaanka:** laba gole oo ansixiya sharciyada iyo miisaaniyadda. - **Dowlad-goboleedyada:** mid kasta wuxuu leeyahay madaxweyne iyo gole u gaar ah. Eeg [Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/federal-government-of-somalia/) iyo [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Qaybsiga awoodda beelaha Tan iyo shirkii Carta ee 2000, kuraasta Golaha Shacabka waxaa beelaha loogu qaybiyay habka "4.5". Beelaha Daarood, Dir, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn (Digil iyo Mirifle) mid kasta wuxuu helaa 61 kursi, beelaha kalena 31 ([Rift Valley Institute, 2023](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Role-of-4.5-in-democratisation-and-governence-in-Somalia_EN_4.5_WEB.pdf)). Sharciyada doorashada ee 2024 waxay doonayaan inay ku beddelaan liisas xisbi oo ay dadku doortaan. Eeg [Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya](/so/institutions/elections-in-somalia/). ## Xisbiyadii ka horreeyay 1991 | Xisbiga | Sannadaha | Faahfaahin | |---|---|---| | Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) | 1943 ilaa 1969 | Ururkii siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay; wuxuu helay 69 kursi oo ka mid ah 123 sannadkii 1964, iyo 73 kursi 1969 | | Somali National League (SNL) | 1960 ka hor ilaa 1969 | Xisbi waqooyi; wuxuu ku baaqay qaadacaadda aftida dastuurka 1961 | | Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XHKS) | 1976 ilaa 1991 | Xisbiga keliya ee sharciga ahaa xilligii dowladda militariga | | United Somali Congress (USC) | 1987 ilaa 2000 | Mid ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqyadii hubaysnaa ee la dagaallamay dowladdii militariga | Ilaha: [List of political parties in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somalia). Ciidanku waxay mamnuuceen dhammaan xisbiyada markii ay talada la wareegeen 21 October 1969. ## Xisbiyada 2011 ilaa 2024 Sannadahaas xisbiyo way jireen, laakiin kuma tartami karin doorashooyin, maadaama xildhibaannada ay doorteen ergooyin beeleed: - **Xisbiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka:** Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, 2011. - **Midowga Nabadda iyo Horumarka:** xisbigii dambe ee Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, kaas oo uu ku guulaystay doorashadii 2022. - **Himilo Qaran:** Shariif Sheekh Axmed. - **Tayo:** Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo. October 2019, xisbiyo mucaarad ah ayaa sameeyay Madasha Xisbiyada Qaranka. ## Xisbiyada hoos yimaada sharciyada 2024 Sharciga Xisbiyada Siyaasadda ee November 2024 wuxuu xisbiyada ku waajibiyay inay iska diiwaangeliyaan Guddiga Madaxa-bannaan ee Doorashooyinka iyo Xuduudaha Qaranka ([SONNA, November 2024](https://sonna.so/en/parliament-approves-political-parties-and-unions-federal-government-of-somalia-act/)). Guddigu wuxuu ansixiyay 43 urur siyaasadeed intii u dhexeysay 20 January iyo 14 May 2025, tiraduna waxay gaartay 61 September 2025 ([Dawan Africa, 2025](https://dawan.africa/news/somalias-electoral-commission-registers-18-new-political-parties)). 31 October 2026 ayuu dib u furay diiwaangelinta xisbiyada ee doorashooyinka 2027 ([Dawan Africa, October 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-opens-registration-for-political-parties-ahead-of-2027-polls)). **Xisbiga Cadaaladda iyo Wadajirka (JSP).** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ayaa xisbiga ka hirgeliyay Muqdisho 13 May 2025, waxaana loo doortay guddoomiye. Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamse Cabdi Barre ayaa noqday guddoomiye ku-xigeen ([Garowe Online, May 2025](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/analysis-power-consolidation-somalia-s-hassan-sheikh-launches-party-before-2026-vote)). Madaxweynaha Puntland wuxuu ku tilmaamay xisbiga mid awood lagu boobayo. Ra'iisul wasaarihii hore Xasan Cali Kheyre wuxuu ka digay inuu dalka xasillooni darro u horseedi karo ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/puntland-calls-somali-president-s-new-political-party-a-power-grab-and-a-threat-to-federal-system)). Xisbigu wuxuu helay kuraasta ugu badan codbixin kasta oo toos ah oo dhacday 2025 iyo 2026: | Codbixinta | Kuraasta JSP | |---|---| | Golayaasha degmooyinka Muqdisho (Banaadir) | 177 oo ka mid ah 390 | | Golayaasha deegaanka Koonfur Galbeed | 148 oo ka mid ah 297 | | Golaha Galmudug (dib-u-qabasho) | 67 oo ka mid ah 89 | | Golaha Hirshabeelle | 78 oo ka mid ah 99 | **Xisbiyada kale ee kuraas helay:** - **Muqdisho:** Towfiiq iyo Ramaas. - **Koonfur Galbeed:** Horumar iyo Midnimo Qaran iyo Karaama. - **Hirshabeelle:** KAAMA, Iftin Qaran, SINAAD iyo MADALSAN. ## Mucaaradka: Golaha Mustaqbalka Soomaaliyeed Golaha Mustaqbalka Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu dhisay Nairobi 2 October 2025. Waxaa aasaasay madaxweynayaasha Jubaland (Axmed Maxamed Islaam "Madoobe") iyo Puntland (Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni) iyo isbahaysiga mucaaradka ee Madasha Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed ([Garowe Online, October 2025](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somali-opposition-leaders-announce-new-coalition-to-guide-political-transition)). Waxaa ku jira madaxweynihii hore Shariif Sheekh Axmed, ra'iisul wasaarayaashii hore Xasan Cali Kheyre, Maxamed Xuseen Rooble iyo Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon, iyo xildhibaan Cabdiraxmaan Cabdishakuur. Golahu wuu diidan yahay wax-ka-beddelkii dastuurka ee March 2026 iyo kordhinta muddada ee hal sano. Wuxuu soo jeediyay gole ku-meelgaar ah oo kormeera dib-u-habaynta dastuurka iyo doorashooyinka ([Africa at LSE, May 2026](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/)). Horraantii November 2026, shan garsoore oo ka tirsan Qaybta Dastuuriga ee Maxkamadda Sare ayaa xukumay in muddadii Madaxweynaha, baarlamaanka iyo dowladda federaalka ay dhammaatay. Xafiiska Xeer-ilaalinta Guud wuxuu sheegay in xukunkaasi aanu lahayn saameyn sharci. Kooxaha mucaaradku way taageereen xukunka ([Dawan Africa, November 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-swears-in-new-supreme-court-chief-amid-dispute-over-governments-term)). ## Dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad-goboleedyada - **Puntland:** waxay joojisay aqoonsiga dowladda federaalka. - **Puntland iyo Jubaland:** labaduba waxay diideen wax-ka-beddelkii March 2026 ([Africa at LSE, May 2026](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2026/05/13/somalia-is-about-to-enter-a-constitutional-crisis/)). - **Koonfur Galbeed:** waxay qabatay doorashooyin toos ah, kadibna June 2026 golaheedu wuxuu madaxweyne u doortay Aadan Maxamed Nuur "Madoobe". - **Galmudug iyo Hirshabeelle:** labaduba waxay qabteen doorashooyin toos ah oo golayaal 2026. - **Waqooyi Bari:** waxay noqotay dowlad-goboleed August 2025. Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madax-bannaani 1991, waxayna maamushaa dowlad iyo doorashooyin u gaar ah. Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay 26 December 2025. Dalalka intooda badan iyo Midowga Afrika waxay u arkaan inay qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya. Eeg [Doorashooyinka Somaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). Al-Shabaab, oo ah koox hubaysan oo la dagaallanta dowladda federaalka, ayaa gacanta ku haysa ama ku loollama qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta iyo bartamaha dalka. Eeg [Al-Shabaab: qaab-dhismeedka iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha](/en/institutions/al-shabaab-structure-and-leaders/). ## Saldhigga sharci Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012, sida wax looga beddelay 30 March 2024 iyo 4 March 2026; Sharciga Doorashada Qaranka iyo Sharciga Xisbiyada Siyaasadda ee 2024; iyo dastuurrada dowlad-goboleedyada. --- # Guddoomiyeyaashii Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/governors-of-the-central-bank-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya iyo kii ka horreeyay, Bankiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed, waxay yeesheen 15 guddoomiye tan iyo 1960. Xilku wuu bannaanaa 1991 ilaa 2001. Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi ayaa guddoomiye ahaa tan iyo Abriil 2019. ## Kooban Bankiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed waxaa la aasaasay 1960, waxaana loo beddelay Bankiga Dhexe 1975. Wuu istaagay 1991. Dowladihii KMG waxay magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaal 2001 kadib, Sharciga Bankiga Dhexe ee 2012 ayaana dib u dhisay. ([Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia). ## Guddoomiyeyaasha | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdi Aadan Maxamed (Abdi Adan Mohamed) | 1960 ilaa 1964 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Cabdi Xaaji Abikar (Abdi Haji Abikar) | 1964 ilaa 1968 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Cabdullaahi Axmed Addow (Abdullahi Ahmed Addow) | 1968 ilaa 1970 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Cabdiraxmaan Nuur Xirsi (Abdirahman Nur Hirsi) | 1970 ilaa 1974 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Cumar Axmed Cumar (Omar Ahmed Omar) | 1974 ilaa 1978 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Maxamuud Jaamac Axmed (Mahmoud Jama Ahmed) | 1978 ilaa 1984 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Cumar Axmed Cumar (Omar Ahmed Omar) | 1984 ilaa 1987 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Maxamuud Maxamed Nuur (Mahmoud Mohamed Nur) | 1987 ilaa 1989 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Cumar Axmed Cumar (Omar Ahmed Omar) | 1989 ilaa 1990 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Cali Cabdi Amaalow (Ali Abdi Amalow) | 1990 ilaa 1991 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Maxamed Maxamuud Uluusow (Mohamed Mohamud Ulusow) | 2001 ilaa 2005 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | Bashiir Ciise Cali (Bashir Isse Ali) | 2005 ilaa 2010 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109745158) | | Cabdullaahi Xaaji Jaamac (Abdullahi Haji Jama) | 2010 ilaa 2013 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | | [Cabdisalaam Cumar Hadliye](/en/people/abdisalam-omer-hadliye/) (Abdisalam Omer Hadliye) | 17 Janaayo 2013 ilaa 13 Sebtembar 2013 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109745158) | | Yusur Abraar (Yussur Abrar) | 13 Sebtembar 2013 ilaa 1 Nofembar 2013 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109745158) | | Bashiir Ciise Cali (Bashir Isse Ali) | 27 Nofembar 2013 ilaa 4 Abriil 2019 | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109745158) | | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi) | Abriil 2019 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia) --- # Wasaaradda Waxbarashada Soomaaliya: waxa ay qabato Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/ministry-of-education/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Dhaqanka iyo Tacliinta Sare ee dowladda federaalka ayaa maamusha siyaasadda waxbarashada qaranka, manhajka, imtixaannada qaranka ee fasalka 8aad iyo 12aad, heerarka macallimiinta iyo diiwaangelinta jaamacadaha. Wasiirku waa Faarax Sheekh Cabdulqaadir. Tirakoobkeeda 2024/25 wuxuu daboolay qiyaastii 645,000 arday dugsi hoose iyo 202,000 arday dugsi sare, marka laga reebo Puntland iyo Somaliland oo leh wasaarado u gaar ah. ## Waxa ay qabato Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Dhaqanka iyo Tacliinta Sare ee federaalka ayaa dejisa siyaasadda waxbarashada qaranka ([SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Facts-and-figures-2024.pdf)). Shaqooyinkeeda ugu muhiimsan waa: - **Manhajka:** waxay qortaa manhajka qaranka ee fasallada 1 ilaa 12. Diseembar 2025 wasiirku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dib-u-eegis buuxda oo manhajka ah sannadka 2026, waxaa la sameeyay guddi dib-u-eegis, wasaaraduna waxay dhigtay dhagaxa aasaaska xarunta horumarinta manhajka qaranka ([Dawan Africa, dib-u-eegista manhajka](https://dawan.africa/news/somalia-set-to-revamp-education-curriculum-in-upcoming-review); [Dawan Africa, xarunta manhajka](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-launches-curriculum-centre-construction)). - **Imtixaannada qaranka:** iyadoo adeegsanaysa Guddiga Imtixaannada Qaranka, waxay qabataa imtixaannada fasalka 8aad iyo 12aad. Imtixaannada fasalka 12aad ee 2025/26 waxay socdeen 20 ilaa 25 Juun 2026, waxaana galay 44,136 arday, 158 xarumood oo ku yaal 58 degmo. Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamsa Cabdi Barre ayaa furay ([Dawan Africa, Juun 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/44000-somali-students-begin-grade-12-exams); [Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/more-than-44-000-students-sit-somalia-s-2026-secondary-school-exams)). - **Macallimiinta:** waxay dejisaa heerarka macallimiinta. Shir waxbarasho oo qaran oo dhacay Agoosto 2026, dowladda federaalka, dowlad-goboleedyada iyo Banaadir waxay isku raaceen dib-u-habeyn, dowladduna waxay ku dhawaaqday shaqaaleysiinta 4,000 macallin ([Dawan Africa, Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-announces-recruitment-of-4000-teachers-school-reforms-at-national-education-meeting)). - **Tirakoobka dugsiyada:** sannad kasta waxay tirisaa ardayda, dugsiyada iyo macallimiinta gobollada ay gaarto; Xafiiska Qaranka ee Tirakoobka ayaa daabaca ([SNBS](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Facts-and-figures-2024.pdf)). - **Jaamacadaha:** waxay diiwaangelisaa jaamacadaha. Qiyaastii 130 ayaa diiwaangashan, 2026-kana Guddiga Qaranka ee Tacliinta Sare wuxuu bilaabay inuu ku qiimeeyo heerar qaran ([Dawan Africa, Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-starts-review-of-higher-education-standards)). ## Cidda hoggaamisa Faarax Sheekh Cabdulqaadir waa wasiirka federaalka. Abriil 2026 wuxuu ku baaqay hal manhaj qaran iyo xeerar adag oo macallimiinta ah, isagoo sheegay in nidaamka federaalku wiiqay heerarka guud iyo kormeerka ([Dawan Africa, Abriil 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-minister-unify-curriculum-regulate-teachers); [AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202604230343.html)). ## Sida shaqada loo qaybsado Waxbarashadu waa wadaag dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad-goboleedyada. Wasaaradda federaalku waxay dejisaa siyaasadda qaranka, manhajka iyo imtixaannada; wasaaradaha waxbarashada ee dowlad-goboleedyaduna waxay maamulaan dugsiyada. Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin wasaarado, manhajyo iyo imtixaanno u gaar ah, tirakoobka federaalkuna kuma jiraan ([SNBS](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Facts-and-figures-2024.pdf)). Agoosto 2026 Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Sayniska ee Somaliland ayaa ku dhawaaqday natiijooyinkeeda imtixaanka qaranka ee 2025/26 ([AllAfrica, Agoosto 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202608260035.html)). ## Tirooyin Tirakoobka wasaaradda ee 2024/25 ([SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024, Shaxda 1.1 ilaa 1.5](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Facts-and-figures-2024.pdf)): - **Ardayda dugsiga hoose:** 644,904, oo 45.8 boqolkiiba ay gabdho yihiin. Banaadir waxay leedahay 240,373. - **Ardayda dugsiga sare:** 201,697, oo 42.3 boqolkiiba ay gabdho yihiin. - **Dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay:** qiyaastii kala bar ardayda dugsiga hoose (50.6 boqolkiiba 2025) waxay dhigtaan dugsiyo gaar ah. ## Taariikh kooban Wasaaradda Waxbarashadu waxay maamuli jirtay hal nidaam dugsiyeed oo qaran tan iyo xorriyaddii 1960. Ka dib markii af Soomaaliga la qoray 1972, waxay hoggaamisay waxbarashada af Soomaaliga iyo ololayaashii akhris-qoraalka ee 1973 ilaa 1975, dhigashada dugsiga hoosena waxay ka kacday 6.9 boqolkiiba 1971 ilaa 31.8 boqolkiiba 1977 ([UNESCO UIS](https://uis.unesco.org/en/country/so)). Nidaamkii qaranku wuxuu joogsaday 1991, bulshada, dugsiyada gaarka ah iyo dugsiyada Quraankuna way sii wadeen waxbarashada. Wasaaradda federaalku waxay dib u dhistay doorkeeda 2012 ka dib. ## Sida loo isticmaalo - **Diiwaangelinta iyo natiijooyinka imtixaanka:** iyadoo loo marayo dugsigaaga; natiijooyinka waxaa daabaca guddiga imtixaannada. - **Shahaadooyinka:** shahaadooyinka imtixaanka qaranka waxaa bixiya guddiga imtixaannada. - **Aqoonsiga jaamacadaha:** hubi in jaamacaddu ka diiwaangashan tahay wasaaradda ka hor intaadan iska diiwaangelin. ## Saldhigga sharciga Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka 2012, oo qof kasta xaq u siinaya waxbarasho (Qodobka 30), sida wax looga beddelay 2024 iyo 2026; waajibaadka wasaaradda waxaa dejiya Golaha Wasiirrada. --- # Doorashooyinka Somaliland Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somaliland waxay Madaxweynaha, Golaha Wakiilada iyo golayaasha deegaanka ku doorataa qof iyo cod. Dastuurkeedu wuxuu oggol yahay saddex xisbi qaran oo keliya mar kasta. Tan iyo 2002 waxay qabatay afar doorasho madaxweyne, laba doorasho baarlamaan iyo saddex doorasho golayaasha deegaanka. Doorashadii ugu dambaysay, 13 November 2024, Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" oo ka tirsan Waddani ayaa ku guulaystay 63.92 boqolkiiba codadka. April 2026, Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu muddada baarlamaanka iyo golayaasha deegaanka u kordhiyay ilaa October 2028. ## Taariikh kooban Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madax-bannaani 1991. Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay 26 December 2025, halka dalalka intooda badan iyo Midowga Afrika ay u arkaan inay qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya. Waxay qabataa doorashooyin u gaar ah oo ka madax-bannaan kuwa dowladda federaalka ee Muqdisho. Hay'adaheeda, eeg [Hay'adaha Somaliland](/en/institutions/somaliland-institutions/). ## Sida doorashooyinku u shaqeeyaan - **Madaxweynaha:** waxaa si toos ah loo doortaa muddo shan sano ah, isagoo la socda musharraxa madaxweyne ku-xigeenka ([Elections in Somaliland, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Somaliland)). - **Golaha Wakiilada:** 82 xubnood oo si toos ah loo doorto muddo shan sano ah. - **Golaha Guurtida:** sidoo kale 82 xubnood. Codbixiyeyaashu ma doortaan. Muddadiisu waxay dhaaftaa tan golaha hoose hal sano ([Dawan Africa, April 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-elders-extend-parliament-councils-terms-by-27-months)). - **Saddex xisbi oo keliya:** Qodobka 9aad ee dastuurku wuxuu oggol yahay saddex xisbi qaran oo keliya. Ururo siyaasadeed oo cusub ayaa ku tartami kara saddexdaas boos toban sannadood kasta, iyadoo la raacinayo doorashooyinka golayaasha deegaanka ([Jaamacadda Tartu, 2024](https://defactostates.ut.ee/the-system-worked-somalilands-2024-presidential-and-political-party-elections/)). Tartamada xisbiyada waxay dhaceen 2002, 2012 iyo 2024. - **Guddiga:** Guddiga Doorashooyinka Qaranka (NEC) ayaa diiwaangeliya codbixiyeyaasha, maamula codbixinta, kuna dhawaaqa natiijada ku-meelgaarka ah. Natiijada waxaa ansixiya maxkamadaha ([Somaliland NEC](https://slnec.net/news/somaliland-national-electoral-commission-releases-interim-results-of-the-november-13-double-election)). ## Doorashooyinka madaxweynaha | Sannadka | Guulaystaha | Xisbiga | Saamiga | Kan ku xiga | Ka qaybgalka | |---|---|---|---:|---|---| | 2003 | Daahir Rayaale Kaahin | UDUB | 42.08% | Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo" (Kulmiye), 42.07% | 498,639 cod | | 2010 | Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo" | Kulmiye | 49.59% | Daahir Rayaale Kaahin (UDUB), 33.23% | 50.3% | | 2017 | Muuse Biixi Cabdi | Kulmiye | 55.10% | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi (Waddani), 40.73% | 80.3% | | 2024 | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" | Waddani | 63.92% | Muuse Biixi Cabdi (Kulmiye), 34.81% | qiyaastii 53% | Ilaha: [Elections in Somaliland, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Somaliland); [Somaliland NEC, natiijada 2024](https://slnec.net/news/somaliland-national-electoral-commission-releases-interim-results-of-the-november-13-double-election). Doorashadii 2024, tirinta ku-meelgaarka ah ee NEC waxay Cirro siisay 407,908 cod, Muuse Biixi 225,519, Faysal Cali Waraabe (UCID) 4,699. ## Tartankii xisbiyada ee 2024 Isla maalintaas, toban xisbi iyo urur ayaa ku tartamay saddexda boos ee xisbi qaran: | Xisbiga ama ururka | Codadka | Natiijada | |---|---:|---| | Waddani | 216,284 | Xisbi qaran | | Kaah | 131,507 | Xisbi qaran | | Kulmiye | 108,100 | Xisbi qaran | | Horseed | 87,218 | Ma gelin | | Hilaac | 59,569 | Ma gelin | | Barwaaqo | 16,852 | Ma gelin | | UCID | 10,105 | Waayay xisbinimada | | Talowadaag | 6,080 | Ma gelin | | Rejo | 2,083 | Ma gelin | | Shacabka | 2,014 | Ma gelin | Isha: [Somaliland NEC](https://slnec.net/news/somaliland-national-electoral-commission-releases-interim-results-of-the-november-13-double-election). ## Doorashooyinka baarlamaanka iyo golayaasha deegaanka | Doorashada | Taariikhda | Kuraasta | Natiijada | |---|---|---:|---| | Golaha Wakiilada | 2005 | 82 | UDUB 33, Kulmiye 28, UCID 21 | | Golaha Wakiilada | 31 May 2021 | 82 | Waddani 31, Kulmiye 30, UCID 21 | | Golayaasha deegaanka | 2012 | 323 | Kulmiye 99, Waddani 68, UCID 40 | | Golayaasha deegaanka | 31 May 2021 | 220 | Kulmiye 93, Waddani 79, UCID 48 | Ilaha: [Elections in Somaliland, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Somaliland); [2021 Somaliland parliamentary election, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Somaliland_parliamentary_election). Doorashadii 2021 waxay ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee baarlamaan tan iyo 2005. Xisbi keliya ma helin aqlabiyad, Waddani iyo UCID ayaana sameeyay isbahaysi. ## Kordhinta muddada ee 2026 Doorashooyinka baarlamaanka iyo golayaasha deegaanka waxaa loo qabtay 31 May 2026. February 2026, NEC waxay soo jeedisay dib u dhac toban bilood ah, iyadoo ku sababaysay abaar, amni darro iyo caqabado farsamo ([Dawan Africa](https://dawan.africa/news/somaliland-delays-elections-by-10-months-over-security-drought-concerns)). 28 April 2026, Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu aqlabiyad ku ansixiyay in muddada Golaha Wakiilada iyo golayaasha degmooyinka loo kordhiyo 27 bilood, laga bilaabo July 2026 ilaa October 2028 ([Dawan Africa, April 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-elders-extend-parliament-councils-terms-by-27-months)). Dhaleeceeyayaashu waxay sheegeen in kordhintu ay ka badan tahay wixii NEC codsatay. Saaxiibada caalamku waxay ku baaqeen in doorashooyinka la qabto sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ([AllAfrica, April 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202604290127.html)). ## Saldhigga sharci Dastuurka Somaliland ee la ansixiyay 2001, oo uu ku jiro Qodobka 9aad ee xadka saddexda xisbi, iyo sharciyada doorashada iyo diiwaangelinta codbixiyeyaasha ee Somaliland. --- # Dastuurka Somaliland Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/constitution-of-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dastuurka Somaliland waxaa ansixiyay labada gole ee baarlamaanka 30 April 2000, waxaana lagu ansixiyay afti 31 May 2001, iyadoo 97 boqolkiiba ay ogolaadeen. Wuxuu leeyahay 130 qodob oo shan cutub ah. Wuxuu Hargeysa ka dhigayaa caasimadda, Islaamka diinta dowladda, Af-Soomaaliga luqadda rasmiga ah, tirada xisbiyada siyaasaddana saddex ugu badnaan. Madaxweynaha si toos ah ayaa loo doortaa muddo shan sano ah, laba jeer ugu badnaan. Waxaa jira Golaha Wakiilada oo 82 xubnood oo la doorto ah iyo Golaha Guurtida oo 82 xubnood ah. ## Taariikh kooban Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday madax-bannaani 1991. Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay 26 December 2025, halka dalalka intooda badan iyo Midowga Afrika ay u arkaan inay qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya. Dastuurkeedu wuxuu ka dhaqan galaa deegaannada ay maamusho. Hay'adaha uu dhiso, eeg [Hay'adaha Somaliland](/en/institutions/somaliland-institutions/). ## Sida loo sameeyay Hordhaca dastuurka ayaa tilmaamaya tallaabooyinkii loo maray ([Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, tarjumadda Ingiriisiga, SomalilandLaw.com](http://www.somalilandlaw.com/somaliland_constitution.htm)): - **Burco, 1991:** Shirkii Beelaha Somaliland ee Burco, 27 April ilaa 5 May 1991, ayaa ku dhawaaqay madax-bannaanida laga bilaabo 18 May 1991. - **Boorama, 1993:** Shirkii Odayaasha ee Boorama, 24 January ilaa 25 May 1993, ayaa ansixiyay Axdi Qaran, kaas oo ku baaqay in dastuur la diyaariyo sannad gudihiis. - **Hargeysa, 1996 iyo 1997:** Shirweynihii saddexaad, 26 November 1996, ayaa magacaabay guddi shaqo oo dastuurka eega. Dastuur ku-meelgaar ah ayaa lagu ansixiyay Hargeysa February 1997 ([Constitution of Somaliland, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Somaliland)). - **Baarlamaanka, 2000:** labada gole ee baarlamaanka ayaa sixitaanno iyo wax-ka-beddel sameeyay 30 April 2000. - **Aftida, 2001:** codbixiyeyaashu waxay qoraalka ku ansixiyeen 31 May 2001, iyadoo 97.1 boqolkiiba ay ogolaadeen. Qoraalka kama dambaysta ahi wuxuu leeyahay hordhac iyo shan cutub oo 130 qodob ah, halkii nuqulkii 1997 ka koobnaa 156. ## Waxa uu dhigayo **Dowladda** - **Qodobka 2:** dhulku waa dhulkii Maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland. - **Qodobka 3:** caasimaddu waa Hargeysa. - **Qodobka 5:** Islaamku waa diinta dowladda, faafinta diin kale waa mamnuuc. Sharciyadu waa inay ku saleysnaadaan Shareecada Islaamka oo aanay ka hor imaan. Waxaa la isticmaalaa labada taariikh ee Hijriga iyo Miilaadiga. - **Qodobka 6:** Af-Soomaaligu waa luqadda rasmiga ah, Carabiguna waa luqadda labaad. - **Qodobka 9:** xisbiyada siyaasaddu kama badnaan karaan saddex, xisbina kuma salaysnaan karo gobolaysi ama qabyaalad. **Xuquuqda haweenka.** Qodobka 36aad wuxuu haweenka iyo ragga siinayaa xuquuq, xorriyado iyo waajibaad siman, marka laga reebo arrimaha si gaar ah Shareecadu u dhigtay. **Baarlamaanka** - **Golaha Wakiilada:** 82 xubnood oo si toos ah codbixin qarsoodi ah loogu doorto muddo shan sano ah (Qodobada 40 iyo 42). Haddii dagaal, xasillooni darro, masiibo, cudur faafa ama abaar ay doorashada hor istaagaan, golaha xilka hayaa wuu sii jirayaa. Golaha Guurtida ayaa go'aamiya arrintaas, iyadoo golaha wasiirradu soo jeediyo. - **Golaha Guurtida:** 82 xubnood oo loo doorto hab uu sharci dejiyo, muddo lix sano ah (Qodobada 58 iyo 60). Guurtidu waxay ansixisaa sharciyada diinta, dhaqanka iyo amniga. Waxay dib u eegtaa sharciyada kale, marka laga reebo kuwa maaliyadda, waxayna mar keliya dib u celin kartaa sharci (Qodobka 61). **Madaxweynaha** - **Doorashada:** Madaxweynaha iyo Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka si wadajir ah ayaa loo doortaa, codbixin toos ah oo qarsoodi ah (Qodobka 83). - **Muddada:** shan sano, qofna laba jeer wax ka badan ma qaban karo xilka (Qodobka 88). - **Cidda tartami karta:** musharraxu waa inuu yahay muwaadin Somaliland ku dhashay oo aan haysan dhalasho kale, Muslim ah, da'diisuna aysan ka yarayn 40 (Qodobka 82). **Maxkamadaha.** Maxkamadda Sare waxay sidoo kale tahay Maxkamadda Dastuuriga. Waxay leedahay guddoomiye iyo ugu yaraan afar garsoore oo kale (Qodobka 101). **Wax-ka-beddelka** - **Cidda soo jeedin karta:** Madaxweynaha, kadib markuu la tashado golaha wasiirrada, ama saddex meelood meel gole kasta (Qodobka 126). - **Ansixinta:** waxaa loo baahan yahay saddex meelood laba meel tirada guud ee gole kasta, iyadoo gole walba si gaar ah u codeeyo. - **Xadka:** wax-ka-beddel kuma lidi noqon karo Shareecada Islaamka, midnimada dhulka, dimuqraadiyadda iyo nidaamka xisbiyada badan, ama xuquuqda aasaasiga ah (Qodobka 127). ## Dastuurka marka la dhaqan geliyo April 2026, Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu muddada Golaha Wakiilada iyo golayaasha degmooyinka u kordhiyay 27 bilood, ilaa October 2028 ([Dawan Africa, April 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-elders-extend-parliament-councils-terms-by-27-months)). Eeg [Doorashooyinka Somaliland](/so/institutions/elections-in-somaliland/). ## Saldhigga sharci Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, oo afti lagu ansixiyay 31 May 2001. Qoraalka Af-Soomaaliga ah ayaa ah midka rasmiga ah. --- # Wasiirradii Gaashaandhigga Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/ministers-of-defence-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay yeelatay in ka badan 25 wasiir gaashaandhig tan iyo 1960. Axmed Macallin Fiqi ayaa xilka hayay tan iyo Abriil 2025. Xilligii militariga, Maxamed Cali Samatar ayaa hayay 1971 ilaa dabayaaqadii 1980-yadii. ## Kooban Liiskan wuxuu isku daray shaxda Wikipedia iyo diiwaannada Wikidata. Meesha sannad keliya la yaqaan, sannadka keliya ayaa la qoray. ([Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633). ## Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, 1960 ilaa 1969 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal) | 22 Luulyo 1960 ilaa 1961 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Cali Ismaaciil Yacquub (Ali Ismail Yacqub) | 1961 ilaa 1962 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Hilowle Macallin Maxamed (Hilowle Moalin Mohamed) | 1962 ilaa 1964 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Aadan Isaaq Axmed (Aden Isaq Ahmed) | 1964 ilaa 1966 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Cabdiraxmaan Xaaji Muumin (Abdirahman Haji Mumin) | 1966 ilaa 1967 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Xaaji Yuusuf Iimaan Guuleed (Haji Yusuf Iman Guled) | 1967 ilaa 1969 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Hilowle Macallin Maxamed (Hilowle Moalin Mohamed) | 1969 ilaa 1970 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | ## Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliya, 1969 ilaa 1991 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Salaad Gabeyre Kediye](/en/people/salaad-gabeyre-kediye/) | Abriil 1970 ilaa Luulyo 1970 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | [Maxamed Cali Samatar](/en/people/mohamed-ali-samatar/) (Mohamed Ali Samatar) | 6 Agoosto 1971 ilaa 1987 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Cali Ismaaciil Yacquub (Ali Ismail Yacqub) | Oktoobar 1981 ilaa 1982 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29) | | Aadan Cabdullaahi Nuur (Aden Abdullahi Nur) | 1986 ilaa Janaayo 1991 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Xuseen Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan (Hussein Sheikh Abdirahman) | 1989 ilaa 1990 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | [Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Moorgan](/en/people/mohamed-said-hersi-morgan/) (Mohamed Said Hersi Morgan) | 1990 ilaa 26 Janaayo 1991 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | ## Dowladihii KMG, 2004 ilaa 2012 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamuud Cali (Abdirahman Mahmud Ali) | Janaayo 2005 ilaa not given | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Barre Aadan Shire Hiiraale (Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale) | Agoosto 2006 ilaa 2007 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Ismaaciil Axmed Nuur (Ismail Ahmed Nur) | Diseembar 2007 ilaa not given | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Muxyadiin Maxamed Xaaji (Mohiyadin Muhammad Haji) | Janaayo 2008 ilaa 2 Agoosto 2008 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Xuseen Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan (Hussein Sheikh Abdirahman) | 2008 ilaa 2008 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Maxamed Cabdi Maxamed Gaandi (Mohamed Abdi Mohamed Gandhi) | 21 Febraayo 2009 ilaa Agoosto 2009 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Cabdullaahi Boos Axmed (Abdullahi Boos Ahmed) | Agoosto 2009 ilaa 10 Nofembar 2010 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Cabdixakiin Maxamuud Xaaji Faqi (Abdihakim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi) | 12 Nofembar 2010 ilaa 20 Luulyo 2011 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Xuseen Carab Ciise (Hussein Arab Isse) | 20 Luulyo 2011 ilaa 4 Nofembar 2012 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | ## Dowladda Federaalka, tan iyo 2012 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdixakiin Maxamuud Xaaji Faqi (Abdihakim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi) | 4 Nofembar 2012 ilaa 17 Janaayo 2014 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Maxamed Sheekh Xasan (Mohamed Sheikh Hassan) | 17 Janaayo 2014 ilaa 27 Janaayo 2015 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Cabdulqaadir Sheekh Diini (Abdulkadir Sheikh Dini) | 27 Janaayo 2015 ilaa 21 Maarso 2017 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Cabdirashiid Cabdullaahi Maxamed (Abdirashid Abdullahi Mohamed) | 21 Maarso 2017 ilaa 12 Oktoobar 2017 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Maxamed Mursal Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan (Mohamed Mursal Sheikh Abdurahman) | Nofembar 2017 ilaa Maarso 2018 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Xasan Xuseen Xaaji (Hassan Hussein Haji) | 24 Oktoobar 2020 ilaa 6 Diseembar 2021 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | [Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur](/en/people/abdulkadir-mohamed-nur/) (Abdulkadir Mohamed Nur) | 6 Diseembar 2021 ilaa Maarso 2025 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Jibriil Cabdirashiid Xaaji Cabdi (Jibril Abdirashid Haji Abdi) | 17 Maarso 2025 ilaa 27 Abriil 2025 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | | Axmed Macallin Fiqi (Ahmed Moalim Fiqi) | 27 Abriil 2025 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, Ministry of Defence (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29) - [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98684633) --- # Wasiirradii Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/foreign-ministers-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 30 qof ayaa noqday wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya tan iyo xorriyaddii 1960, laba ka mid ah ku-simayaal. Kii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ahaa Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud, 1960 ilaa 1964. Fowsiyo Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan, 2012 ilaa 2014, waxay ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee xilka qabata. Cabdisalaan Cabdi Cali ayaa xilka hayay tan iyo Abriil 2025. ## Kooban Liiskan wuxuu raacayaa liiska Rulers.org, kaas oo maqaalka Wikipedia ee wasaaraddu isna isticmaalo. Taariikhaha saxda ah waxaa laga qaatay Wikidata meesha ay ku jiraan; haddii kale sannadka keliya ayaa la qoray. ([Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961). ## Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, 1960 ilaa 1969 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud](/so/people/abdullahi-issa/) (Abdullahi Issa Mohamud) | 1960 ilaa 1964 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Axmed Yuusuf Ducaale (Ahmed Yusuf Dualeh) | 1964 ilaa 1967 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal) | 1967 ilaa 1969 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Xaaji Faarax Cali Cumar (Haji Farah Ali Omar) | 1969 ilaa 1969 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | ## Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, 1969 ilaa 1991 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Cumar Carte Qaalib](/en/people/omar-arteh-ghalib/) (Omar Arteh Ghalib) | 1969 ilaa 1976 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Maxamed Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) (Mohamed Siad Barre) | 1976 ilaa 1977 | markii koowaad; isla markaas madaxweyne | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Cabdiraxmaan Jaamac Barre](/en/people/abdirahman-jama-barre/) (Abdirahman Jama Barre) | 1977 ilaa 1987 | markii koowaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Maxamed Cali Xamuud (Mohamed Ali Hamoud) | 1987 ilaa 1988 | markii koowaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Maxamed Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) (Mohamed Siad Barre) | 1988 ilaa 1989 | markii labaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Cabdiraxmaan Jaamac Barre](/en/people/abdirahman-jama-barre/) (Abdirahman Jama Barre) | 1989 ilaa 1990 | markii labaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Cali Axmed Jaamac Jangali (Ali Ahmed Jama Jangali) | 1990 ilaa 1990 | markii koowaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Axmed Maxamed Aadan "Qaybe" (Ahmed Mohamed Adan "Qaybe") | 1990 ilaa 1991 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | ## Dagaalkii sokeeye iyo maamullada is-hayay, 1991 ilaa 2000 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamed Cali Xamuud (Mohamed Ali Hamoud) | 1991 ilaa 1993 | markii labaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Jaamac Maxamed Qaalib (Jama Mohamed Ghalib) | 1995 ilaa 1998 | maamulkii Maxamed Faarax Caydiid | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | ## Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka, 2000 ilaa 2004 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Ismaaciil Maxamuud Xurre "Buubaa" (Ismail Mahmud Hurre "Buubaa") | 2000 ilaa 2002 | markii koowaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Yuusuf Xasan Ibraahim (Yusuf Hassan Ibrahim) | 2002 ilaa 2004 | markii koowaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | ## Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah, 2004 ilaa 2012 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdullaahi Sheekh Ismaaciil (Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail) | 2004 ilaa 2006 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Ismaaciil Maxamuud Xurre "Buubaa" (Ismail Mahmud Hurre "Buubaa") | 2006 ilaa 2007 | markii labaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Xuseen Cilaabe Faahiye (Hussein Elabe Fahiye) | 2007 ilaa 2007 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Maxamed Cali Xamuud (Mohamed Ali Hamoud) | 2007 ilaa 2008 | markii saddexaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Cali Axmed Jaamac Jangali (Ali Ahmed Jama Jangali) | 2008 ilaa 2009 | markii labaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Maxamed Cabdullaahi Cumaar (Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar) | 20 Febraayo 2009 ilaa 2009 | markii koowaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Cali Axmed Jaamac Jangali (Ali Ahmed Jama Jangali) | 2009 ilaa 2010 | markii saddexaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Yuusuf Xasan Ibraahim (Yusuf Hassan Ibrahim) | 2010 ilaa 12 Nofembar 2010 | markii labaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Maxamed Cabdullaahi Cumaar (Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar) | 12 Nofembar 2010 ilaa 2011 | markii labaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Maxamed Maxamuud Ibraahim (Mohamed Mohamud Ibrahim) | 2011 ilaa 2012 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Cabdullaahi Xaaji Xasan Maxamed Nuur (Abdullahi Haji Hassan Mohamed Nur) | 20 Febraayo 2012 ilaa 4 Nofembar 2012 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | ## Dowladda Federaalka, 2012 ilaa hadda | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Fowsiyo Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan](/en/people/fawzia-yusuf-adam/) (Fawzia Yusuf Adam) | 4 Nofembar 2012 ilaa 17 Janaayo 2014 | haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee xilka qabata | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle](/en/people/abdirahman-duale-beyle/) (Abdirahman Duale Beyle) | 17 Janaayo 2014 ilaa 27 Janaayo 2015 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Cabdisalaan Cumar Hadliye](/en/people/abdisalam-omer-hadliye/) (Abdisalam Omer Hadliye) | 27 Janaayo 2015 ilaa 29 Maarso 2017 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Yuusuf Garaad Cumar](/en/people/yusuf-garaad-omar/) (Yusuf Garaad Omar) | 29 Maarso 2017 ilaa 4 Janaayo 2018 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Axmed Ciise Cawad (Ahmed Isse Awad) | 4 Janaayo 2018 ilaa 19 Nofembar 2020 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Maxamed Cabdirisaaq Maxamuud (Mohamed Abdirizak Mohamud) | 19 Nofembar 2020 ilaa 20 Nofembar 2021 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Cabdisaciid Muuse Cali (Abdisaid Muse Ali) | 20 Nofembar 2021 ilaa 2 Agoosto 2022 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Balaal Maxamed Cismaan (Balal Mohamed Osman) | 2022 ilaa 2022 | ku-simaha | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | [Abshir Cumar Xuruuse](/en/people/abshir-omar-huruse/) (Abshir Omar Huruse) | 2 Agoosto 2022 ilaa 18 Diseembar 2023 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Cali Maxamed Cumar (Ali Mohamed Omar) | 2023 ilaa 2024 | ku-simaha | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Axmed Macallin Fiqi (Ahmed Moalim Fiqi) | 7 Abriil 2024 ilaa 27 Abriil 2025 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | | Cabdisalaan Cabdi Cali (Abdisalam Abdi Ali) | 27 Abriil 2025 ilaa hadda | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) | ## Ilaha - [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) - [Wikipedia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29) - [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25338961) --- # Wasiirradii Arrimaha Dibadda Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/foreign-ministers-of-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somaliland waxay yeelatay 16 wasiir arrimaha dibadda tan iyo 1991. Kii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ahaa Sheekh Yuusuf Cali Sheekh Madar. Edna Aadan Ismaaciil, 2003 ilaa 2006, waxay ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee xilka qabata. Cabdiraxmaan Daahir Aadan Bakaal ayaa xilka hayay tan iyo Diseembar 2024. ## Kooban Liiskan wuxuu raacayaa Rulers.org. Taariikhaha saxda ah waxaa laga qaatay Wikidata meesha ay ku jiraan. ([Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321). ## Wasiirrada Arrimaha Dibadda Somaliland | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Sheekh Yuusuf Cali Sheekh Madar (Sheikh Yusuf Ali Sheikh Madar) | 1991 ilaa 1993 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Cismaan Cabdillaahi Jaamac (Osman Abdillahi Jama) | 1993 ilaa 1995 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Xasan Cali Cawaale (Hassan Ali Awaleh) | 1995 ilaa 1996 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Suleymaan Maxamuud Aadan (Suleiman Mahmud Adan) | 1996 ilaa 1997 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Maxamuud Saalax Nuur (Mahmoud Salah Nur) | 1997 ilaa 2001 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Cabdixamiid Garaad Jaamac (Abdihamid Garad Jama) | 2001 ilaa 2002 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Maxamed Saciid Gees (Mohamed Said Gees) | 2002 ilaa 2003 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | [Edna Aadan Ismaaciil](/en/people/edna-adan-ismail/) (Edna Adan Ismail) | 25 Juun 2003 ilaa 26 Juun 2006 | haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee xilka qabata | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Cabdillaahi Maxamed Ducaale (Abdillahi Mohamed Duale) | 2006 ilaa 28 Luulyo 2010 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Maxamed Cabdillaahi Cumar (Mohamed Abdullahi Omar) | 28 Luulyo 2010 ilaa 25 Juun 2013 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | [Maxamed Bixi Yoonis](/en/people/mohamed-yonis/) (Mohamed Bihi Yonis) | 25 Juun 2013 ilaa 26 Juun 2015 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | [Saacad Cali Shire](/en/people/saad-ali-shire/) (Saad Ali Shire) | 28 Oktoobar 2015 ilaa 10 Nofembar 2018 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | [Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud Hiir](/en/people/yasin-haji-mohamoud/) (Yasin Haji Mohamoud Hiir) | 10 Nofembar 2018 ilaa 3 Maarso 2021 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321), [Somaliland Chronicle, 3 March 2021](https://somalilandchronicle.com/2021/03/03/minister-of-foreign-affairs-has-resigned-to-campaign-for-a-parliamentary-seat/) | | Liibaan Yuusuf Cismaan (Liban Yusuf Osman) | Maarso 2021 ilaa 2021 | ku-simaha | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Ciise Keyd Maxamuud (Essa Kayd Mohamoud) | 2021 ilaa 14 Diseembar 2024 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | | Cabdiraxmaan Daahir Aadan Bakaal (Abdirahman Dahir Adan Bakaal) | 14 Diseembar 2024 ilaa hadda | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) | ## Ilaha - [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) - [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104869321) --- # Guddoomiyeyaashii Soomaalida Faransiiska, 1884 ilaa 1977 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/governors-of-french-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Faransiisku wuxuu xukumayay dhulka hadda loo yaqaan Jabuuti 1884 ilaa 27 Juun 1977. Waxaa hoggaaminayay taliye fadhigiisu ahaa Obock 1884, guddoomiyeyaal 1887 kadib, iyo wakiillo sare kadib markii 1967 loo bixiyay Dhulka Faransiiska ee Cafarta iyo Ciisaha. Léonce Lagarde ayaa ahaa kii ugu horreeyay, Camille d'Ornano-na kii ugu dambeeyay. ## Kooban Faransiisku wuxuu iibsaday Obock 1862, laakiin ma uusan degin ilaa 1884. Dhulka waxaa 1896 loo bixiyay Soomaalida Faransiiska, 1967-na Dhulka Faransiiska ee Cafarta iyo Ciisaha. Guddoomiyeyaasha ku-simaha ahaa ee xilka qabtay inta u dhexeysay guddoomiyeyaasha la magacaabay ayaa sidoo kale liiska ku jira. ([Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html). ## Obock iyo deegaannadeeda, 1884 ilaa 1896 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Léonce Lagarde | 24 Juun 1884 ilaa 7 Agoosto 1887 | Taliye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Léonce Lagarde | 7 Agoosto 1887 ilaa 20 Maajo 1896 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | ## Soomaalida Faransiiska, 1896 ilaa 1967 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Léonce Lagarde | 20 Maajo 1896 ilaa 7 Maarso 1899 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Antoine Mizon | 7 Maarso 1899 ilaa 11 Maarso 1899 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Alfred Albert Martineau | 28 Maarso 1899 ilaa 13 Abriil 1900 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Gabriel Louis Angoulvant | 13 Abriil 1900 ilaa 6 Diseembar 1900 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Alphonse Bonhoure | 6 Diseembar 1900 ilaa 7 Sebtembar 1901 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 1aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Louis Ormiéres | 7 Sebtembar 1901 ilaa Juun 1902 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 1aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Alphonse Bonhoure | Juun 1902 ilaa 23 Maajo 1903 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 2aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Albert Dubarry | 23 Maajo 1903 ilaa Diseembar 1903 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 1aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Alphonse Bonhoure | Diseembar 1903 ilaa 2 Abriil 1904 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 3aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Albert Dubarry | 2 Abriil 1904 ilaa 5 Agoosto 1904 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Pierre Hubert Auguste Pascal | 5 Agoosto 1904 ilaa 9 Sebtembar 1905 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 1aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Raphaël Antonetti | 9 Sebtembar 1905 ilaa 13 Oktoobar 1905 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Louis Ormiéres | 13 Oktoobar 1905 ilaa 19 Maajo 1906 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 2aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Paul Patté | 19 Maajo 1906 ilaa 19 Juun 1906 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Pierre Hubert Auguste Pascal | 19 Juun 1906 ilaa Luulyo 1908 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 2aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Jean Baptiste Castaing | 11 Luulyo 1908 ilaa 5 Janaayo 1909 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 1aad | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Pierre Hubert Auguste Pascal | 5 Janaayo 1909 ilaa Juun 1911 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 3aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Jean Baptiste Castaing | Juun 1911 ilaa Diseembar 1911 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 2aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Pierre Hubert Auguste Pascal | Diseembar 1911 ilaa Abriil 1913 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 4aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Henri Carreau | 25 Abriil 1913 ilaa Maajo 1913 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 1aad | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure | Maajo 1913 ilaa 2 Maarso 1914 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Fernand Deltel | 2 Maarso 1914 ilaa 7 Febraayo 1915 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Henri Carreau | 7 Febraayo 1915 ilaa 14 Abriil 1915 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 2aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Paul Simoni | 14 Abriil 1915 ilaa 19 Sebtembar 1916 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Victor Marie Fillon | 8 Oktoobar 1916 ilaa 28 Agoosto 1917 | Guddoomiye | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Édouard Geffriaud | 28 Agoosto 1917 ilaa 8 Sebtembar 1918 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Jules Lauret | 8 Sebtembar 1918 ilaa 3 Maajo 1920 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 1aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | M. Lassaigne | 3 Maajo 1920 ilaa 29 Juun 1920 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Edmond Lippman | 29 Juun 1920 ilaa 29 Nofembar 1920 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 1aad | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Jules Lauret | 29 Nofembar 1920 ilaa 25 Maajo 1922 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 2aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Edmond Lippman | 25 Maajo 1922 ilaa 8 Janaayo 1923 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah; muddadii 2aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Jules Lauret | 8 Janaayo 1923 ilaa 22 Febraayo 1924 | Guddoomiye; muddadii 3aad | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Pierre-Amable Chapon-Baissac | 18 Maajo 1924 ilaa 9 Luulyo 1934 | Guddoomiye | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Jules Marcel de Coppet | 7 Maajo 1934 ilaa 18 Luulyo 1935 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Achille Louis Auguste Silvestre | 18 Luulyo 1935 ilaa 20 Diseembar 1935 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Armand Léon Annet | 20 Diseembar 1935 ilaa 1 Maajo 1937 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | François Pierre-Alype | 1 Maajo 1937 ilaa 19 Maarso 1938 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | François Pierre-Alype | 19 Maarso 1938 ilaa 27 Abriil 1938 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Hubert Jules Deschamps | 27 Abriil 1938 ilaa 2 Maajo 1939 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Hubert Jules Deschamps | 2 Maajo 1939 ilaa 25 Luulyo 1940 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Gaetan Louis Elie Germain | 25 Luulyo 1940 ilaa 7 Agoosto 1940 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Pierre Nouailhetas | 7 Agoosto 1940 ilaa 21 Oktoobar 1942 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Auguste Charles Jules Truffert | 21 Oktoobar 1942 ilaa 4 Diseembar 1942 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Christian Raimond Dupont | 4 Diseembar 1942 ilaa 26 Diseembar 1942 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | André Bayardelle | 30 Diseembar 1942 ilaa 22 Juun 1943 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Michel Raphael Saller | 22 Juun 1943 ilaa 7 Janaayo 1944 | Guddoomiye ku-sime ah | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Michel Raphael Saller | 7 Janaayo 1944 ilaa 1 Maajo 1944 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Jean Chalvet | 1 Maajo 1944 ilaa 30 Abriil 1946 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Paul Henri Siriex | 30 Abriil 1946 ilaa 1 Maarso 1950 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Numa François Henri Sadoul | 1 Maarso 1950 ilaa 6 Abriil 1954 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Roland Pré | 6 Abriil 1954 ilaa 13 Agoosto 1954 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | René Jean Albert Petitbon | 13 Agoosto 1954 ilaa 7 Agoosto 1957 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Maurice Meker | 7 Agoosto 1957 ilaa 1958 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Jacques Marie Julien Compain | 1958 ilaa 16 Nofembar 1962 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | René Tirant | 16 Nofembar 1962 ilaa 15 Sebtembar 1966 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Louis Saget | 15 Sebtembar 1966 ilaa 3 Luulyo 1967 | Guddoomiye | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | ## Dhulka Faransiiska ee Cafarta iyo Ciisaha, 1967 ilaa 1977 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Louis Saget | 3 Luulyo 1967 ilaa 5 Febraayo 1969 | Wakiilka Sare | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Dominique Ponchardier | 5 Febraayo 1969 ilaa 21 Agoosto 1971 | Wakiilka Sare | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Georges Thiercy | 21 Agoosto 1971 ilaa 1 Agoosto 1974 | Wakiilka Sare | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Christian Dablanc | 1 Agoosto 1974 ilaa 9 Febraayo 1976 | Wakiilka Sare | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Camille d'Ornano | 9 Febraayo 1976 ilaa 27 Juun 1977 | Wakiilka Sare | [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland), [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, List of governors of French Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland) - [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) --- # Wasiirradii Qorsheynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ee Puntland, 2007 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/puntland-ministers-of-planning-and-international-cooperation/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Puntland ma laha wasaarad arrimaha dibadda. Rulers.org waxay meesheeda ku qortaa Wasiirka Qorsheynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga, sagaal xilli tan iyo 2007. Daa'uud Maxamed Cumar ayaa xilka hayay tan iyo 2024, markiisii labaad. ## Kooban Puntland ma laha wasaarad arrimaha dibadda; Rulers.org waxay meesheeda ku qortaa wasiirka iskaashiga caalamiga. Sannadka keliya ayaa la yaqaan. ([Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html). ## Wasiirrada Qorsheynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cali Cabdi Cawaare (Ali Abdi Aware) | 2007 ilaa 2008 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | | Faarax Aadan Dhala (Farah Adan Dhala) | 2009 ilaa 2010 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | | Daa'uud Maxamed Cumar (Daud Mohamed Omar) | 2010 ilaa 2014 | markii koowaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | | Cali Axmed Fataax (Ali Ahmed Fatah) | 2014 ilaa 2015 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | | [Shire Xaaji Faarax](/en/people/shire-haji-farah/) (Shire Haji Farah) | 2015 ilaa 2019 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | | Cabdiqafaar Cilmi Xange (Abdiqafar Elmi Hange) | 2019 ilaa 2022 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | | Jamaal Carab Yuusuf (Jamal Arab Yusuf) | 2022 ilaa 2022 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | | Maxamed Saciid Faroole (Mohamed Said Farole) | 2022 ilaa 2024 | | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | | Daa'uud Maxamed Cumar (Daud Mohamed Omar) | 2024 ilaa hadda | markii labaad | [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) | ## Ilaha - [Rulers.org, Foreign ministers S to Z](https://rulers.org/fm4.html) --- # Wasiirradii Maaliyadda Soomaaliya, 1956 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/finance-ministers-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay lahayd wasiir maaliyadeed tan iyo dowladdii daryeelka 1956, markaas oo Salaad Cabdi Maxamed xilka hayay. Maxamed Yuusuf Weyrax ayaa xilka qabtay saddex jeer, Xuseen Cabdi Xalanena laba jeer. Bixi Iimaan Cige ayaa ahaa Wasiirka Maaliyadda tan iyo Luulyo 2023. ## Kooban Liiskan wuxuu raacayaa liiska wasiirrada ee maqaalka Wikipedia ee Wasaaradda Maaliyadda. Taariikhaha saxda ah waxaa laga qaatay Wikidata meesha ay ku jiraan. Meesha labada isha ku kala duwan yihiin, labadaba waa la qoray. ([Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013). ## Dhulka Daryeelka Soomaaliya, 1956 ilaa 1960 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Salaad Cabdi Maxamed (Salad Abdi Mohamed) | 1956 ilaa 1959 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Cismaan Axmed Rooble (Osman Ahmed Roble) | 1959 ilaa 1960 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | ## Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, 1960 ilaa 1969 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Aadan (Abdulkadir Mohamed Aden) | 1960 ilaa 1964 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Cawil Xaaji Cabdullaahi Faarax (Awil Haji Abdullahi Farah) | 1964 ilaa 1966 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Cali Cumar Shego (Ali Omar Shego) | 1966 ilaa 1969 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Suufi Cumar Maxamed (Sufi Omar Mohamed) | Maajo 1969 ilaa Oktoobar 1969 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | ## Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya, 1969 ilaa 1991 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamed Cabdi Carraale (Mohamed Abdi Arrale) | 1969 ilaa 1970 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Ibraahim Meygaag Samatar (Ibrahim Megag Samatar) | 1970 ilaa 1971 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Maxamed Yuusuf Weyrax (Mohamed Yusuf Weirah) | 1971 ilaa 1974 | markii koowaad | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Cabdiraxmaan Nuur Xirsi (Abdirahman Noor Hersi) | 1974 ilaa 1978 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Maxamed Yuusuf Weyrax (Mohamed Yusuf Weirah) | 1978 ilaa 1980 | markii labaad | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Cabdullaahi Axmed Caddoow (Abdullahi Ahmed Addow) | 1980 ilaa 1984 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Maxamed Sheekh Cismaan (Mohamed Sheikh Osman) | 1984 ilaa 1987 | markii koowaad | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Cabdullaahi Warsame Nuur (Abdullahi Warsame Nur) | Febraayo 1987 ilaa Diseembar 1987 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | [Cabdiraxmaan Jaamac Barre](/en/people/abdirahman-jama-barre/) (Abdirahman Jama Barre) | Diseembar 1987 ilaa Abriil 1989 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Maxamed Sheekh Cismaan (Mohamed Sheikh Osman) | Abriil 1989 ilaa Febraayo 1990 | markii labaad | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Maxamed Geelle Yuusuf (Mohamed Gelle Yusuf) | 1990 ilaa 1991 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | ## Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka, 2000 ilaa 2004 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Sayid Sheekh Daahir (Sayid Sheikh Dahir) | 2000 ilaa 2002 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | | Xuseen Maxamuud Sheekh Xuseen (Hussein Mahmud Sheikh Hussein) | 2002 ilaa 2006 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | ## Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah, 2004 ilaa 2012 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Saalim Caliyoow Ibroow (Salim Aliyow Ibrow) | 2004 ilaa 2006 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | [Xasan Maxamed Nuur Shaatigaduud](/en/people/hassan-mohamed-nur-shatigadud/) (Hassan Mohamed Nur Shatigadud) | 2006 ilaa 2007 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | | Maxamed Yuusuf Weyrax (Mohamed Yusuf Weirah) | 2007 ilaa 2007 | markii saddexaad | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | | Maxamed Cali Xamuud (Mohamed Ali Hamoud) | 2008 ilaa 2009 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | | [Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan](/so/people/sharif-hassan-sheikh-aden/) (Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden) | 20 Febraayo 2009 ilaa 21 Febraayo 2010 | isla markaas Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Xuseen Cabdi Xalane (Hussein Abdi Halane) | 2010 ilaa 2011 | markii koowaad | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Cabdinaasir Maxamed Cabdulle (Abdinasir Mohamed Abdulle) | 2011 ilaa 2012 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | ## Dowladda Federaalka, 2012 ilaa hadda | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamuud Xasan Suleymaan (Mohamud Hassan Suleiman) | Nofembar 2012 ilaa Janaayo 2014 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | | Maxamed Rashiid Sheekh Maxamed (Mohamed Rashid Sheikh Mohamed) | Sebtembar 2012 ilaa Diseembar 2013 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) | | Xuseen Cabdi Xalane (Hussein Abdi Halane) | 17 Janaayo 2014 ilaa 27 Janaayo 2015 | markii labaad | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Maxamuud Ibraahim Aadan (Mohamud Ibrahim Adan) | 27 Janaayo 2015 ilaa 29 Maarso 2017 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | [Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle](/en/people/abdirahman-duale-beyle/) (Abdirahman Duale Beyle) | 29 Maarso 2017 ilaa 2 Agoosto 2022 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Cilmi Maxamuud Nuur (Elmi Mohamud Nur) | 2 Agoosto 2022 ilaa 12 Luulyo 2023 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | | Bixi Iimaan Cige (Bihi Iman Egeh) | 12 Luulyo 2023 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) - [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107710013) --- # Wasiirradii Maaliyadda Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/finance-ministers-of-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somaliland waxay yeelatay 18 wasiir maaliyadeed tan iyo 1991, waxaana ugu horreeyay Ismaaciil Maxamuud Xurre. Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo", oo markii dambe madaxweyne noqday, ayaa xilka hayay 1997 ilaa 1999. Cabdillaahi Xasan Aadan ayaa xilka hayay tan iyo 2024. ## Kooban Wasaaradda hadda waxaa la yiraahdaa Wasaaradda Horumarinta Maaliyadda. Liiskan wuxuu raacayaa shaxda Wikipedia iyo diiwaannada Wikidata. ([Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987). ## Wasiirrada Maaliyadda Somaliland | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Ismaaciil Maxamuud Xurre (Ismail Mahmud Hurre) | 1991 ilaa 1993 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Cabdillaahi Maxamed Ducaale (Abdillahi Mohamed Duale) | 1993 ilaa 1994 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Ibraahim Cabdi Muuse (Ibrahim Abdi Muse) | 1994 ilaa 1994 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Maxamed Axmed Samatar (Mohamed Ahmed Samatar) | 1994 ilaa 1994 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Maxamed Dhimbil Galbeedi (Mohamed Dhimbil Galbedi) | 1994 ilaa 1995 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Cawil Xaaji Cumar (Awil Haji Omar) | 1995 ilaa 1996 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Suleymaan Maxamuud Aadan (Suleiman Mohamoud Adan) | 1996 ilaa 1997 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Yuusuf Caynaab Muuse (Yusuf Ainab Muse) | 1997 ilaa 1997 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | [Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud "Siilaanyo"](/en/people/ahmed-mohamed-mohamoud-silanyo/) (Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud "Silanyo") | 1997 ilaa 1999 | kadib Madaxweynaha Somaliland | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Maxamed Saciid Gees (Mohamed Said Gees) | 1999 ilaa 2001 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Xuseen Faarax Doodi (Hussein Farah Dodi) | 2001 ilaa 2003 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Xuseen Cali Ducaale (Hussein Ali Duale) | 2003 ilaa 2010 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Maxamed Xaashi Cilmi (Mohamed Hashi Elmi) | 2010 ilaa Maarso 2012 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Cabdicasiis Maxamed Samaale (Abdiaziz Mohamed Samale) | Maarso 2012 ilaa Febraayo 2015 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Samsam Cabdi Aadan (Zamzam Abdi Adan) | Febraayo 2015 ilaa Diseembar 2017 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Yuusuf Maxamed Cabdi (Yusuf Mohamed Abdi) | Diseembar 2017 ilaa Nofembar 2018 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | [Saacad Cali Shire](/en/people/saad-ali-shire/) (Saad Ali Shire) | Nofembar 2018 ilaa 2024 | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | | Cabdillaahi Xasan Aadan (Abdilahi Hassan Aadam) | 2024 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, Ministry of Finance (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somaliland%29) - [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138637987) --- # Madaxweyne ku-xigeennada Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/vice-presidents-of-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somaliland waxay yeelatay lix madaxweyne ku-xigeen tan iyo 1991. Daahir Rayaale Kaahin wuxuu madaxweyne noqday markii Cigaal geeriyooday 2002. Cabdiraxmaan Saylici wuxuu xilka hayay 14 sano, 2010 ilaa 2024. Maxamed Aw-Cali Cabdi ayaa ku-xigeen ahaa tan iyo 13 Diseembar 2024. ## Kooban Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka waxaa lala doortaa madaxweynaha, sida uu dhigayo dastuurka Somaliland ee 2001. ([Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384). ## Madaxweyne ku-xigeennada | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Xasan Ciise Jaamac (Hassan Isse Jama) | 7 Juun 1991 ilaa 16 Maajo 1993 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384) | | Cabdiraxmaan Aw Cali Faarax Tolwaa (Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah Tolwaa) | 16 Maajo 1993 ilaa 16 Febraayo 1997 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384) | | [Daahir Rayaale Kaahin](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/) (Dahir Riyale Kahin) | 16 Febraayo 1997 ilaa 3 Maajo 2002 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384) | | Axmed Yuusuf Yaasiin (Ahmed Yusuf Yasin) | 3 Maajo 2002 ilaa 27 Luulyo 2010 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384) | | Cabdiraxmaan Saylici (Abdirahman Saylici) | 27 Luulyo 2010 ilaa 13 Diseembar 2024 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384) | | [Maxamed Aw-Cali Cabdi](/en/people/mohamed-aw-ali-abdi/) (Mohamed Aw-Ali Abdi) | 13 Diseembar 2024 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, Vice President of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Somaliland) - [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885384) --- # Madaxweyne ku-xigeennada Puntland, 1998 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/vice-presidents-of-puntland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Puntland waxay yeelatay siddeed madaxweyne ku-xigeen tan iyo 1998, mid walbana waxaa lala doortay madaxweyne. Ilyaas Cismaan Lugatoor ayaa ku-xigeen ahaa tan iyo 2024. Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi, kii ugu horreeyay, ayaa markii dambe noqday madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah. ## Kooban Wikipedia waxay taxday ku-xigeen kasta sannadka la doortay iyo madaxweynaha uu la shaqeeyay. ([Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland). ## Madaxweyne ku-xigeennada | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi](/so/people/mohamed-abdi-hashi/) (Mohamed Abdi Hashi) | 1998 ilaa 2004 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) | | Axmed Maxamuud Gunle (Ahmed Mohamoud Gunle) | 2001 ilaa 2002 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) | | Maxamed Cali Yuusuf (Mohamed Ali Yusuf) | 2004 ilaa 2005 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) | | Xasan Daahir Afqurac (Hassan Dahir Afqurac) | 2005 ilaa 2009 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) | | Cabdisamad Cali Shire (Abdisamad Ali Shire) | 2009 ilaa 2014 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) | | Cabdixakiim Cabdullaahi Xaaji Cumar Camey (Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar Amey) | 2014 ilaa 2019 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) | | Axmed Cilmi Cismaan Karaash (Ahmed Elmi Osman Karash) | 2019 ilaa 2024 | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) | | Ilyaas Cismaan Lugatoor (Ilyas Osman Lugator) | 2024 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, Vice President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Puntland) --- # Guddoomiyeyaashii Golaha Wakiillada iyo Guurtida Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/speakers-of-somaliland-parliament/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Golaha Wakiillada Somaliland wuxuu yeeshay siddeed guddoomiye tan iyo 1991; Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud ayaa hoggaaminayay tan iyo Luulyo 2023. Golaha Guurtida wuxuu yeeshay saddex; Muuse Xaaji Cabdi Ducaale ayaa hoggaaminayay tan iyo Luulyo 2026. ## Kooban Golaha Wakiillada wuxuu leeyahay 82 xildhibaan oo la doorto; Golaha Guurtida wuxuu leeyahay 82 xubnood. ([Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29). ## Guddoomiyeyaasha Golaha Wakiillada | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Ibraahim Meygaag Samatar](/en/people/ibrahim-megag-samatar/) (Ibrahim Megag Samatar) | 1991 ilaa 1993 | | [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29) | | Axmed Cabdi Maxamed Xaabsade (Ahmed Abdi Mohamed Habsade) | 1993 ilaa 1995 | | [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29) | | Cabdiraxmaan Xuseen Beedaani (Abdirahman Hussein Beedaani) | 1995 ilaa 1997 | | [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29) | | Axmed Maxamed Aadan Qaybe (Ahmed Muhammad Aden Qaybe) | 1997 ilaa 2005 | | [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29) | | [Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdillaahi Cirro](/en/people/abdirahman-mohamed-abdullahi-irro/) (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi Irro) | Nofembar 2005 ilaa 2 Agoosto 2017 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141714838), [Wikipedia, Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi) | | Baashe Maxamed Faarax (Bashe Mohamed Farah) | Agoosto 2017 ilaa Agoosto 2021 | | [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29) | | Cabdirisaaq Khaliif Axmed (Abdirisak Khalif Ahmed) | Agoosto 2021 ilaa Juun 2023 | | [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29) | | [Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud Faratoon](/en/people/yasin-haji-mohamoud/) (Yasin Haji Mohamoud Faratoon) | Luulyo 2023 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29) | ## Guddoomiyeyaasha Golaha Guurtida | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Sheekh Yuusuf Cali Sheekh Madar (Sheikh Yusuf Ali Sheikh Madar) | 1993 ilaa Luulyo 2004 | | [Wikipedia, House of Elders (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Elders_%28Somaliland%29) | | Saleebaan Maxamuud Aadan (Suleiman Mohamoud Adan) | Agoosto 2004 ilaa Luulyo 2026 | | [Wikipedia, House of Elders (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Elders_%28Somaliland%29) | | Muuse Xaaji Cabdi Ducaale (Muse Haji Abdi Duale) | Luulyo 2026 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, House of Elders (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Elders_%28Somaliland%29) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Somaliland%29) --- # Duqeyaasha Hargeysa, 2003 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/mayors-of-hargeisa/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saddex duq ayaa hoggaamiyay Hargeysa intii u dhaxaysay Febraayo 2003 iyo Maajo 2026: Xuseen Maxamed Jiciir, Cabdiraxmaan Maxamuud Caydiid iyo Cabdikariin Axmed Mooge. Wikipedia waxay qortaa in Aadan Cumar Fure ahaa duq 1950 ilaa 1959. ## Kooban Duqa Hargeysa wuxuu madax u yahay dowladda hoose ee magaalada. Cabdikariin Axmed Mooge (Waddani) waxaa la doortay doorashooyinkii golayaasha deegaanka 2021 kadib. ([Wikipedia, Hargeisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa), [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85784492)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85784492). ## Duqeyaasha | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Aadan Cumar Fure | 1950 ilaa 1959 | | [Wikipedia, Hargeisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargeisa) | | Xuseen Maxamed Jiciir (Hussein Mohamed Jiciir) | Febraayo 2003 ilaa 23 Diseembar 2012 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85784492), [Wikipedia, Hussein Mohamed Jiciir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Mohamed_Jiciir) | | Cabdiraxmaan Maxamuud Caydiid (Abdurrahman Mahmoud Aidiid) | 14 Abriil 2013 ilaa 17 Juun 2021 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85784492), [Wikipedia, Abdurrahman Mahmoud Aidiid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mahmoud_Aidiid) | | Cabdikariin Axmed Mooge (Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge) | 17 Juun 2021 ilaa 30 Maajo 2026 | | [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85784492), [Wikipedia, Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikarim_Ahmed_Mooge) | ## Ilaha - [Wikidata, position-held records](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85784492) --- # Madaxweynayaasha iyo Ra'iisul Wasaarayaasha Jabuuti, 1957 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/leaders-of-djibouti/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Jabuuti waxay yeelatay laba madaxweyne tan iyo xorriyaddii 27 Juun 1977: Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon ilaa 1999, iyo wiilka walaalkiis Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle tan iyo 8 Maajo 1999. Waxay yeelatay shan ra'iisul wasaare. Xorriyadda ka hor, dhulka Faransiiska wuxuu lahaa Gole Dowladeed oo maxalli ah tan iyo 1957. ## Kooban Jabuuti, oo hore loo oran jiray Soomaalida Faransiiska, waxaa ku nool beelaha Soomaaliyeed (inta badan Ciise) iyo Cafarta. Labada madaxweyne waa Ciise, ra'iisul wasaare kasta oo tan iyo Luulyo 1977 jirayna waa Cafar, sida ay World Statesmen qortay. ([World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti). ## Ku-xigeennada Guddoomiyaha Golaha Dowladda, 1957 ilaa 1967 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Maxamuud Xarbi Faarax](/en/people/mahamoud-harbi/) (Mahamoud Harbi Farah) | Luulyo 1957 ilaa Diseembar 1958 | xisbiga MUR | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | [Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon](/en/people/hassan-gouled-aptidon/) (Hassan Gouled Aptidon) | Diseembar 1958 ilaa Abriil 1959 | xisbiga UPA | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | [Ahmed Dini Ahmed](/en/people/ahmed-dini-ahmed/) | Maajo 1959 ilaa Juun 1960 | xisbiga PMP | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Ali Aref Bourhan | Juun 1960 ilaa Nofembar 1966 | markii koowaad | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Abdallah Mohamed Kamil | 5 Nofembar 1966 ilaa Abriil 1967 | | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | | Ali Aref Bourhan | 27 Abriil 1967 ilaa 7 Luulyo 1967 | markii labaad | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) | ## Guddoomiyeyaasha Golaha Dowladda, 1967 ilaa 1977 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Ali Aref Bourhan | 7 Luulyo 1967 ilaa 29 Luulyo 1976 | | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | | Abdallah Mohamed Kamil | 29 Luulyo 1976 ilaa 18 Maajo 1977 | | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | | [Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon](/en/people/hassan-gouled-aptidon/) (Hassan Gouled Aptidon) | 18 Maajo 1977 ilaa 27 Juun 1977 | ilaa xorriyadda | [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | ## Madaxweynayaasha Jamhuuriyadda, 1977 ilaa hadda | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon](/en/people/hassan-gouled-aptidon/) (Hassan Gouled Aptidon) | 27 Juun 1977 ilaa 8 Maajo 1999 | madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Djibouti) | | [Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle](/en/people/ismail-omar-guelleh/) (Ismail Omar Guelleh) | 8 Maajo 1999 ilaa hadda | la doortay 1999, 2005, 2011, 2016, 2021 iyo 2026 | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Djibouti) | ## Ra'iisul Wasaarayaasha, 1977 ilaa hadda | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon](/en/people/hassan-gouled-aptidon/) (Hassan Gouled Aptidon) | 27 Juun 1977 ilaa 12 Luulyo 1977 | isla markaas madaxweyne | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | | [Ahmed Dini Ahmed](/en/people/ahmed-dini-ahmed/) | 12 Luulyo 1977 ilaa 5 Febraayo 1978 | | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | | Abdallah Mohamed Kamil | 5 Febraayo 1978 ilaa 2 Oktoobar 1978 | | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | | [Barkat Gourad Hamadou](/en/people/barkat-gourad-hamadou/) | 2 Oktoobar 1978 ilaa 7 Maarso 2001 | ra'iisul wasaarihii ugu muddada dheeraa | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | | [Dileita Mohamed Dileita](/en/people/dileita-mohamed-dileita/) | 7 Maarso 2001 ilaa 1 Abriil 2013 | | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | | Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed | 1 Abriil 2013 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html), [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Djibouti](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html) - [Wikipedia, List of prime ministers of Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Djibouti) --- # Madaxweynayaasha Dowlad Deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya, 1993 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/presidents-of-the-somali-region-of-ethiopia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dowlad Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya waxay yeelatay 14 madaxweyne tan iyo Janaayo 1993. Cabdi Maxamuud Cumar "Cabdi Iley" ayaa xilka ugu muddada dheeraa, 2010 ilaa 2018. Mustafe Maxamed Cumar ayaa hoggaaminayay tan iyo 22 Agoosto 2018. ## Kooban Madaxa gobolka waxaa si rasmi ah loo yiraahdaa maamulaha guud, laakiin badanaa waxaa la yiraahdaa madaxweyne. Laba maqaal oo Wikipedia ah ayaa liiska haya; taariikhaha way isku raacsan yihiin. ([Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region). ## Madaxweynayaasha | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdullaahi Maxamed Saacdi (Abdullahi Mohamed Sa'di) | 23 Janaayo 1993 ilaa Nofembar 1993 | hoggaamiyihii ugu horreeyay | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Xasan Jire Qalinle (Hassan Jire Qalinle) | 1993 ilaa Abriil 1994 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Cabdiraxmaan Ugaas Maxamed Qani (Abdirahman Ugas Mohamed Qani) | Abriil 1994 ilaa 1995 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Axmed Makaahiil Xuseen (Ahmed Makahel Hussein) | 1995 ilaa Juun 1995 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Mahdi Ayuub Guuleed (Mahdi Ayoub Guleed) | Juun 1995 ilaa Juun 1995 | dhowr toddobaad | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Ciid Daahir Faarax (Eid Dahir Farah) | Juun 1995 ilaa Oktoobar 1997 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Khadar Macallin Cali (Khader Ma'alin Ali) | Oktoobar 1997 ilaa Oktoobar 2000 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Cabdirashiid Dulane (Abdulrashid Dulane) | Oktoobar 2000 ilaa 21 Luulyo 2003 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Cabdi Jibriil Cali (Abdi Jibril Ali) | 21 Luulyo 2003 ilaa Oktoobar 2005 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Cabdullaahi Xasan Maxamed "Lugbuur" (Abdullahi Hassan Mohamed "Lugbuur") | Oktoobar 2005 ilaa Nofembar 2008 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Daa'uud Maxamed Cali "Daa'uud Axmar" (Daud Mohamed Ali "Daud Axmaar") | Nofembar 2008 ilaa 12 Luulyo 2010 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Cabdi Maxamuud Cumar "Cabdi Iley" (Abdi Mohamoud Omar "Abdi Iley") | 12 Luulyo 2010 ilaa 8 Agoosto 2018 | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Axmed Cabdi Sheekh Maxamed "Ilkacase" (Ahmed Abdi Sheikh Mohamed "Ilkacase") | 8 Agoosto 2018 ilaa 22 Agoosto 2018 | 14 maalmood | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | | Mustafe Maxamed Cumar "Cagjar" (Mustafe Mohamed Omer "Cagjar") | 22 Agoosto 2018 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region), [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, List of chief administrators of the Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_administrators_of_the_Somali_Region) - [Wikipedia, Somali Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) --- # Hoggaamiyeyaashii Khaatumo, SSC-Khaatumo iyo Waqooyi Bari, 2012 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/leaders-of-khaatumo-and-north-eastern-state/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cabdiqaadir Axmed Aw-Cali Firdhiye ayaa hoggaaminayay SSC-Khaatumo tan iyo 5 Agoosto 2023 iyo Dowlad Goboleedka Waqooyi Bari tan iyo 30 Agoosto 2025. Ka hor, Khaatumo (2012 ilaa 2017) waxaa hoggaaminayay saddex guddoomiye oo isku beddelayay, kadibna Cali Khaliif Galaydh. ## Kooban Khaatumo waxaa lagaga dhawaaqay 12 Janaayo 2012, iyadoo sheeganaysa Sool, Sanaag iyo Cayn. Waxay ku biirtay Somaliland 20 Oktoobar 2017. Maamulka SSC-Khaatumo waxaa Laascaanood lagaga dhawaaqay 5 Agoosto 2023; dowladda federaalku waxay aqoonsatay 19 Oktoobar 2023, waxayna ansixisay Waqooyi Bari 30 Luulyo 2025. Puntland iyo Somaliland way diidan yihiin. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, North East State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, North East State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia). ## Khaatumo, 2012 ilaa 2017 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Axmed Cilmi Cismaan Karaash (Ahmed Ilmi Osman Karash) | 12 Janaayo 2012 ilaa 2013 | mid ka mid ah saddexda guddoomiye | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Cabdinuur Cilmi Qaaje Biindhe (Abdinur Ilmi Qaje Binde) | 12 Janaayo 2012 ilaa 2013 | mid ka mid ah saddexda guddoomiye | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Maxamed Yuusuf Jaamac Indhosheel (Mohamed Yusuf Jama Indhasheel) | 12 Janaayo 2012 ilaa 1 Sebtembar 2014 | mid ka mid ah saddexda guddoomiye | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | [Cali Khaliif Galaydh](/so/people/ali-khalif-galaydh/) (Ali Khalif Galaydh) | 1 Sebtembar 2014 ilaa 20 Oktoobar 2017 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | ## SSC-Khaatumo iyo Waqooyi Bari, tan iyo 2023 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdiqaadir Axmed Aw-Cali Firdhiye (Abdikadir Ahmed Aw-Ali Firdhiye) | 5 Agoosto 2023 ilaa 30 Luulyo 2025 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, North East State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia) | | Cali Cabdullaahi Gaboobe (Ali Abdullahi Gaboobe) | 30 Luulyo 2025 ilaa 30 Agoosto 2025 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, North East State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia) | | Cabdiqaadir Axmed Aw-Cali Firdhiye (Abdikadir Ahmed Aw-Ali Firdhiye) | 30 Agoosto 2025 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, North East State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, North East State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia) --- # Duqeyaasha Muqdisho iyo Guddoomiyeyaasha Gobolka Banaadir, 1936 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/mayors-of-mogadishu/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Muqdisho waxay yeelatay ilaa 40 duq tan iyo 1936. Tan iyo 2010, duqa magaalada wuxuu sidoo kale yahay Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Banaadir. Xasan Maxamed Xuseen Mungaab ayaa xilka hayay tan iyo 28 Maajo 2025, markiisii labaad. ## Kooban Duqa Muqdisho wuxuu sidoo kale yahay Guddoomiyaha Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir. Labada xil waxaa magacaabta dowladda federaalka. Banaadir waxaa loo aqoonsaday maamul gobol 14 Abriil 2017. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu). ## Xilligii Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska iyo Wakaaladda, 1936 ilaa 1960 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Romeo Campani | 1936 ilaa 1937 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Rag Scarpa | 1937 ilaa 1937 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Dr. Sicar | 1937 ilaa 1937 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Luigi Barbino | 1937 ilaa 1937 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Marcelio Baudino | 1937 ilaa 1938 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Sanatore Guliano | 1938 ilaa 1941 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Pietro Bartelli | 1941 ilaa 1950 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Oliveri Olivierio | 1950 ilaa 1950 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Enrico Aliviero | 1950 ilaa 1953 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Carlo Vecco | 1953 ilaa 1956 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Maxamed Sheekh Jaamac (Jamaal Jabiye) (Mohamed Sheikh Jamal (Jamaal Jabiye)) | 1956 ilaa 1958 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Cali Cumar Sheegow (Ali Omar Sheegow) | 1958 ilaa 1960 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | ## Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, 1960 ilaa 1991 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Axmed Raage (Ahmed Rage) | 1960 ilaa 1962 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Axmed Muude (Ahmed Muude) | 1962 ilaa 1963 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Shariif Imaankeey (Sharif Imaankeey) | 1963 ilaa 1965 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Cumar Istarliin (Omar Istarliin) | 1965 ilaa 1966 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Shariif Caydaruus (Sharif Aydarus) | 1966 ilaa 1970 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Axmed Maxamuud Cadde (Qoorweyne) (Ahmed Mohamud Adde (Qorweyne)) | 1970 ilaa 1970 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Cismaan Jeelle (Osman Jeelle) | 1970 ilaa 1973 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | [Xasan Abshir Faarax](/en/people/hassan-abshir-farah/) (Hassan Abshir Farah) | 1973 ilaa 1976 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Yuusuf Aburas (Yusuf Aburas) | 1976 ilaa 1981 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Cabdullaahi Salaad (Abdullahi Salad) | 1981 ilaa 1982 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | [Xasan Abshir Faarax](/en/people/hassan-abshir-farah/) (Hassan Abshir Farah) | 1982 ilaa 1987 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Cali Xaaji Muuse (Ali Haji Muse) | 1987 ilaa 1990 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Syedomar Afrah | 1990 ilaa 1990 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Axmed Jilacow (Ahmed Jilacow) | 1990 ilaa 1991 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | ## Kadib burburkii dowladda dhexe, 1991 ilaa 2010 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdullaahi Gacal Sebriye (Abdullahi Gacal Sebriye) | 1991 ilaa 1994 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Xuseen Cali Axmed (Hussein Ali Ahmed) | 1994 ilaa 2000 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Ibraahim Shaweeye (Ibrahim Shaweye) | 2005 ilaa 2007 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Cadde Gaabow (Adde Gabow) | 2007 ilaa 2007 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Maxamed Cumar Xabeeb Dheere (Mohamed Omar Habeb Dheere) | 2007 ilaa 2008 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Maxamed Dhakhtar (Mohamed Dhakahtur) | 2008 ilaa 2010 | | [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | ## Duqeyaasha iyo guddoomiyeyaasha, tan iyo 2010 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamuud Axmed Nuur Tarsan (Mohamud Ahmed Nur Tarzan) | 13 Luulyo 2010 ilaa 27 Febraayo 2014 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Xasan Maxamed Xuseen Mungaab (Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab) | 27 Febraayo 2014 ilaa 2 Nofembar 2015 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Yuusuf Xuseen Jimcaale Madaale (Yusuf Hussein Jimale Madale) | 2 Nofembar 2015 ilaa 15 Abriil 2017 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Taabid Cabdi Maxamed (Thabit Abdi Mohamed) | 15 Abriil 2017 ilaa 21 Janaayo 2018 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Cabdiraxmaan Cumar Cusmaan Yariisow (Abdirahman Omar Osman Yarisow) | 21 Janaayo 2018 ilaa 1 Agoosto 2019 | wuxuu geeriyooday 1 Agoosto 2019 | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Abdirahman Omar Osman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirahman_Omar_Osman) | | Cumar Maxamuud Maxamed Filish (Omar Mohamud Mohamed Finnish) | 22 Agoosto 2019 ilaa 14 Sebtembar 2022 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Yuusuf Xuseen Jimcaale Madaale (Yusuf Hussein Jimale Madale) | 14 Sebtembar 2022 ilaa 18 Diseembar 2024 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Maxamed Axmed Amiir (Mohamed Ahmed Amiir) | 18 Diseembar 2024 ilaa 28 Maajo 2025 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | | Xasan Maxamed Xuseen Mungaab (Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab) | 28 Maajo 2025 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, Mayor of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu) --- # Madaxweynayaasha Galmudug, 2006 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/presidents-of-galmudug/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Galmudug waxay yeelatay toddoba madaxweyne tan iyo 2006, iyo hal ku-meel-gaar ah. Liibaan Axmed Xasan Shuuluq ayaa madaxweyne noqday dabayaaqadii Oktoobar ama horraantii Nofembar 2026. ## Kooban Galmudug waxaa lagaga dhawaaqay koonfurta Gaalkacyo 14 Agoosto 2006. 30 Luulyo 2014 dowladda federaalka waxay ansixisay dowlad goboleed cusub oo laga sameeyay Galmudug, Ximan iyo Xeeb iyo Ahlu Sunna Wal Jamaaca. Galmudug-ta hadda, caasimadeedu tahay Dhuusamareeb, waxaa la dhisay 2015. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug). ## Galmudug, 2006 ilaa 2015 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamed Warsame Cali Kiimiko (Mohamed Warsame Ali Kimiko) | 14 Agoosto 2006 ilaa 14 Agoosto 2009 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | | Maxamed Axmed Caalin (Mohamed Ahmed Alin) | 14 Agoosto 2009 ilaa 14 Agoosto 2012 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | | [Cabdi Xasan Cawaale Qeybdiid](/so/people/abdi-hasan-awale-qeybdiid/) (Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid) | 14 Agoosto 2012 ilaa 23 Luulyo 2015 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | ## Dowlad Goboleedka Galmudug, tan iyo 2015 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Cabdikariin Xuseen Guuleed](/so/people/abdikarim-hussein-guled/) (Abdikarim Hussein Guled) | 23 Luulyo 2015 ilaa 26 Febraayo 2017 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | | Maxamed Xaashi Cabdi Carabeey (Mohamed Hashi Abdi Arabey) | 26 Febraayo 2017 ilaa 3 Maajo 2017 | ku-meel-gaar | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | | [Axmed Ducaale Geelle Xaaf](/en/people/ahmed-duale-gelle/) (Ahmed Duale Gelle Haaf) | 3 Maajo 2017 ilaa 12 Abriil 2020 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | | Maxamed Cali Xasan Shaakir (Mohamed Ali Hasan Shakir) | 30 Janaayo 2020 ilaa 29 Febraayo 2020 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | | [Axmed Cabdi Kaariye Qoorqoor](/en/people/ahmed-abdi-karie/) (Ahmed Abdi Karie Qoorqoor) | 12 Abriil 2020 ilaa 4 Nofembar 2026 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | | Liibaan Axmed Xasan Shuuluq (Liban Ahmed Hasan Shuuluq) | 4 Nofembar 2026 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Galmudug) --- # Madaxweynayaasha Hirshabeelle, 2016 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/presidents-of-hirshabelle/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hirshabeelle waxay yeelatay saddex madaxweyne iyo mid ku-meel-gaar ah tan iyo markii la dhisay 17 Oktoobar 2016. Cali Cabdullaahi Xuseen Guudlaawe ayaa madaxweyne ahaa tan iyo Nofembar 2020. ## Kooban Hirshabeelle waxaa laga sameeyay gobollada Hiiraan iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe, caasimadeeduna waa Jowhar, 17 Oktoobar 2016. 25 Juun ilaa 25 Sebtembar 2023 maamul Hiiraan State ah ayaa Beledweyne lagaga dhawaaqay; Hirshabeelle iyo dowladda federaalka ma aysan aqoonsan. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Hirshabelle)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Hirshabelle). ## Dowlad Goboleedka Hirshabeelle | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamuud Cabdi Gaab (Mohamud Abdi Gaab) | 2011 ilaa 2014 | | [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Hirshabelle) | | [Cali Cabdullaahi Cosoble](/en/people/ali-abdullahi-osoble/) (Ali Abdullahi Osoble) | 17 Oktoobar 2016 ilaa 14 Agoosto 2017 | waxaa xilka ka qaaday golaha deegaanka | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshabelle) | | Cali Cabdullaahi Xuseen Guudlaawe (Ali Abdullahi Hussein Gudlawe) | 17 Agoosto 2017 ilaa 23 Oktoobar 2017 | ku-meel-gaar | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Hirshabelle) | | [Maxamed Cabdi Waare](/en/people/mohamed-abdi-waare/) (Mohamed Abdi Waare) | 23 Oktoobar 2017 ilaa 2 Nofembar 2020 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Hirshabelle) | | Cali Cabdullaahi Xuseen Guudlaawe (Ali Abdullahi Hussein Gudlawe) | 2 Nofembar 2020 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Hirshabelle) | ## Maamulka Hiiraan State, 2023 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cali Jeyte Cismaan (Ali Jeyte Osman) | 25 Juun 2023 ilaa 25 Sebtembar 2023 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Hirshabelle) --- # Hoggaamiyeyaashii Jubbaland, 1925 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/presidents-of-jubaland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Axmed Maxamed Islaam Madoobe ayaa hoggaaminayay Jubbaland tan iyo markii la dhisay 15 Maajo 2013. Ka hor, deegaanka waxaa maamulay Talyaani, kadibna hoggaamiyeyaal ka tirsan SNF, Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba iyo Azania. ## Kooban Jubbaland (Trans-Juba) waxaa Ingiriisku u wareejiyay Talyaaniga heshiis 15 Luulyo 1924, waxaana lagu daray Soomaaliya Talyaaniga 1926. 1998 ilaa 2001 dowlad Jubbaland ah ayaa Kismaayo lagaga dhawaaqay. Maamulka Azania waxaa lagu dhawaaqay Abriil 2011, Dowlad Goboleedka Jubbaland waxaa la dhisay 15 Maajo 2013. Jubbaland waxay xiriirka u jartay dowladda federaalka 28 Nofembar 2024. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland). ## Jubbaland xilligii Ingiriiska iyo Talyaaniga, 1913 ilaa 1926 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | John Lionel Bretherton | 1913 ilaa 1922 | | [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | | Cecil Thornehill Davenport | 1923 ilaa 1923 | | [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | | Corrado Zoli | 10 Luulyo 1925 ilaa 31 Diseembar 1926 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | ## Jubbaland, 1993 ilaa 2001 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Moorgan](/en/people/mohamed-said-hersi-morgan/) (Mohamed Said Hersi Morgan) | 22 Febraayo 1993 ilaa 11 Juun 1999 | guddoomiyaha SNF | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | | [Cumar Xaaji Masalle](/en/people/omar-haji-masale/) (Omar Haji Masale) | 22 Febraayo 1993 ilaa 11 Juun 1999 | | [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | | Axmed Warsame Maxamed (Ahmed Warsame Mohamed) | 11 Juun 1999 ilaa 18 Juun 2001 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | ## Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba, 2008 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Barre Aadan Shire Hiiraale (Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale) | 3 Abriil 2008 ilaa hadda | | [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | ## Azania, 2011 ilaa 2013 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamed Cabdi Maxamed Gaandi (Mohamed Abdi Mohamed Gandhi) | 3 Abriil 2011 ilaa 15 Maajo 2013 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | ## Dowlad Goboleedka Jubbaland, tan iyo 2013 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Axmed Maxamed Islaam Madoobe](/en/people/ahmed-madobe/) (Ahmed Mohamed Islam Madobe) | 15 Maajo 2013 ilaa 20 Janaayo 2014 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | | [Axmed Maxamed Islaam Madoobe](/en/people/ahmed-madobe/) (Ahmed Mohamed Islam Madobe) | 20 Janaayo 2014 ilaa 6 Juun 2015 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | | [Axmed Maxamed Islaam Madoobe](/en/people/ahmed-madobe/) (Ahmed Mohamed Islam Madobe) | 6 Juun 2015 ilaa hadda | Madaxweyne; dib loo doortay 2019 iyo 2024 | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Jubaland) --- # Madaxweynayaasha Puntland, 1998 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/presidents-of-puntland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Siddeed qof ayaa hoggaamiyay Puntland tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1 Agoosto 1998, qaarkood ku-meel-gaar ahaan. Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni ayaa madaxweyne ahaa tan iyo 8 Janaayo 2019. Ka hor 1998, SSDF ayaa hoggaaminaysay waqooyi-bari. ## Kooban Puntland waxaa lagaga dhawaaqay Garoowe 1 Agoosto 1998, iyadoo ka kooban Bari iyo Nugaal, sheeganaysana Sool iyo bariga Sanaag. Shirkii Garoowe II ee Febraayo 2012 wuxuu u aqoonsaday dowlad-goboleed ka tirsan Soomaaliya. 31 Maarso 2024 Puntland waxay joojisay aqoonsiga dowladda federaalka kadib wax-ka-beddelka dastuurka. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland). ## Guddoomiyeyaashii SSDF, 1991 ilaa 1998 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Maxamed Abshir Muuse](/so/people/mohamed-abshir-muse/) (Mohamed Abshir Muse) | 1991 ilaa 22 Agoosto 1994 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | [Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/) (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed) | 22 Agoosto 1994 ilaa 1 Agoosto 1998 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | ## Madaxweynayaasha Puntland, tan iyo 1998 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/) (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed) | 1 Agoosto 1998 ilaa 30 Juun 2001 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | Yuusuf Xaaji Nuur (Yusuf Haji Nur) | 1 Luulyo 2001 ilaa 14 Nofembar 2001 | ku-meel-gaar | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | [Jaamac Cali Jaamac](/en/people/jama-ali-jama/) (Jama Ali Jama) | 14 Nofembar 2001 ilaa 21 Nofembar 2001 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | [Cabdillaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/) (Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed) | 21 Nofembar 2001 ilaa 14 Oktoobar 2004 | muddadii labaad; wuxuu u dhaqaaqay madaxtinimada Soomaaliya | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | [Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi](/so/people/mohamed-abdi-hashi/) (Mohamed Abdi Hashi) | 14 Oktoobar 2004 ilaa 8 Janaayo 2005 | ku-meel-gaar | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | [Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi Cadde](/en/people/mohamud-muse-hersi/) (Mohamud Muse Hersi Adde) | 8 Janaayo 2005 ilaa 11 Janaayo 2009 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | [Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Faroole](/en/people/abdirahman-farole/) (Abdirahman Mohamed Farole) | 11 Janaayo 2009 ilaa 14 Janaayo 2014 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | [Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali Gaas](/en/people/abdiweli-gaas/) (Abdiweli Mohamed Ali Gaas) | 14 Janaayo 2014 ilaa 8 Janaayo 2019 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | | [Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni](/en/people/said-abdullahi-deni/) (Said Abdullahi Deni) | 8 Janaayo 2019 ilaa hadda | dib loo doortay 2024 | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, President of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Puntland) --- # Madaxweynayaasha Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/presidents-of-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somaliland waxay yeelatay lix madaxweyne tan iyo 1991, markii ay ku dhawaaqday jamhuuriyad. Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdillaahi Cirro ayaa madaxweyne ahaa tan iyo 12 Diseembar 2024. Sannadkii 1960 Dawladda Somaliland waxay jirtay shan maalmood, waxaana hoggaaminayay Ra'iisul Wasaare Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal. ## Kooban Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxaa lagaga dhawaaqay Burco 18 Maajo 1991; madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay wuxuu xilka qabtay 28 Maajo 1991. Israa'iil ayaa aqoonsatay 26 Diseembar 2025; dalal badan iyo Midowga Afrika waxay u arkaan qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland). ## Dawladda Somaliland, 26 Juun ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal) | 26 Juun 1960 ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960 | Ra'iisul Wasaare | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland) | ## Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, tan iyo 1991 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur](/en/people/abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur/) (Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur) | 28 Maajo 1991 ilaa 16 Maajo 1993 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland) | | [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal) | 16 Maajo 1993 ilaa 3 Maajo 2002 | wuxuu ku geeriyooday xilka | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland) | | [Daahir Rayaale Kaahin](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/) (Dahir Riyale Kahin) | 3 Maajo 2002 ilaa 27 Luulyo 2010 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland) | | [Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud Siilaanyo](/en/people/ahmed-mohamed-mohamoud-silanyo/) (Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud Silanyo) | 27 Luulyo 2010 ilaa 14 Diseembar 2017 | Kulmiye | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland) | | [Muuse Biixi Cabdi](/en/people/muse-bihi-abdi/) (Muse Bihi Abdi) | 14 Diseembar 2017 ilaa 12 Diseembar 2024 | Kulmiye | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland) | | [Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdillaahi Cirro](/en/people/abdirahman-mohamed-abdullahi-irro/) (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi Irro) | 12 Diseembar 2024 ilaa hadda | Waddani | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, List of presidents of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland) --- # Madaxweynayaasha Koonfur Galbeed, 2002 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/presidents-of-south-west-state/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Koonfur Galbeed waxay yeelatay afar madaxweyne, laba ku-meel-gaar ah iyo hal madaxweyne KMG ah tan iyo markii la dhisay 3 Maarso 2014. Aadan Maxamed Nuur Madoobe ayaa madaxweyne ahaa tan iyo 11 Juun 2026. Dowlad hore oo la oran jiray Koonfur Galbeed ayaa Baydhabo lagaga dhawaaqay 2002. ## Kooban RRA waxay Baydhabo kaga dhawaaqday Dowladda Koonfur Galbeed 1 Abriil 2002. Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ee hadda (Maay: Koofur Orsi) waxaa la dhisay 3 Maarso 2014. 17 Maarso 2026 Koonfur Galbeed waxay hakisay wada-shaqaynta dowladda federaalka kadib dastuur cusub, ciidamada federaalkuna waxay Baydhabo galeen 28 Maarso 2026. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia). ## Dowladda Koonfur Galbeed, 2002 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Xasan Maxamed Nuur Shaatigaduud](/en/people/hassan-mohamed-nur-shatigadud/) (Hassan Mohamed Nur Shatigadud) | 1 Abriil 2002 ilaa 3 Oktoobar 2002 | RRA | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) | ## Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed, tan iyo 2014 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Madoobe Nuunow Maxamed](/so/people/madobe-nunow/) (Madobe Nunow Mohamed) | 3 Maarso 2014 ilaa 3 Diseembar 2014 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) | | [Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan](/so/people/sharif-hassan-sheikh-aden/) (Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden) | 3 Diseembar 2014 ilaa 7 Nofembar 2018 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) | | Cabdiqaadir Shariif Sheekhunaa Maye (Abdulkadir Sharif Sheikhuna Maye) | 7 Nofembar 2018 ilaa 19 Diseembar 2018 | ku-meel-gaar | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) | | [Cabdicasiis Xasan Maxamed Laftagareen](/en/people/abdiaziz-laftagareen/) (Abdiaziz Hassan Mohamed Laftagareen) | 19 Diseembar 2018 ilaa 30 Maarso 2026 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) | | Axmed Maxamed Xuseen (Ahmed Mohamed Hussein) | 30 Maarso 2026 ilaa 2 Abriil 2026 | ku-meel-gaar | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) | | Jibriil Cabdirashiid Xaaji Cabdi (Jibril Abdirashid Haji Abdi) | 2 Abriil 2026 ilaa 11 Juun 2026 | KMG | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) | | [Aadan Maxamed Nuur Madoobe](/en/people/aden-madobe/) (Aden Mohamed Nur Madobe) | 11 Juun 2026 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, List of leaders of South West State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_South_West_State_of_Somalia) --- # Maamulladii gaaban ee Soomaaliyeed iyo hoggaamiyeyaashoodii, 1998 ilaa 2023 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/short-lived-somali-administrations/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laba maamul oo yaryar oo la sameeyay 1991 kadib ayaa lahaa madaxweyne la magacaabay, kadibna ku biiray dowlado waaweyn: Maakhir oo ku taal Sanaag (2007 ilaa 2009) iyo Ximan iyo Xeeb oo ku taal Cadaado (2008 ilaa 2015). ## Kooban Tan iyo 1991 maamullo badan oo deegaan ayaa lagu dhawaaqay, kadibna ku biiray dowlad weyn ama dhammaaday. Boggani wuxuu taxayaa kuwa lahaa hoggaamiye la magacaabay. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html). ## Maakhir, 2007 ilaa 2009 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Jibriil Cali Salaad (Jibril Ali Salad) | 1 Luulyo 2007 ilaa 11 Janaayo 2009 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Maakhir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maakhir) | | Cabdillaahi Axmed Jaamac Ilkajiir (Abdullahi Ahmed Jama Ilkajir) | Abriil 2008 ilaa 11 Janaayo 2009 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Maakhir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maakhir) | ## Ximan iyo Xeeb, 2008 ilaa 2015 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamed Cabdillaahi Aadan Tiiceey (Mohamed Abdullahi Aden Tiiceey) | 12 Juun 2008 ilaa 13 Juun 2013 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Himan and Heeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himan_and_Heeb) | | Cabdillaahi Cali Maxamed Baarleex (Abdullahi Ali Mohamed Barleh) | 13 Juun 2013 ilaa 16 Abriil 2015 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, Himan and Heeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himan_and_Heeb) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) --- # Guddoomiyeyaashii Soomaaliya Talyaaniga, 1889 ilaa 1960 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/governors-of-italian-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Talyaanigu wuxuu koonfurta Soomaaliya ku maamulay shirkado, wakiillo iyo guddoomiyeyaal 1893 ilaa 1941. Ingiriisku wuxuu maamulay 1941 ilaa 1950, Talyaanigu wuxuu mar kale maamulay sidii dhul wakaalad Qaramada Midoobay 1950 ilaa 1960. Cabdullaahi Ciise wuxuu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaali ah 1956. ## Kooban Talyaanigu wuxuu 1889 ku dhawaaqay ilaalin xeebta Banaadir qaybo ka mid ah. Shirkadda Filonardi waxay xeebta maamushay 11 Oktoobar 1893, kadibna Shirkadda Banaadir 1 Maajo 1898 ilaa 1905. Soomaaliya Talyaanigu waxay noqotay gumeysi 30 Abriil 1908. Ciidamada Ingiriisku waxay Muqdisho qabsadeen 25 Febraayo 1941; 1 Abriil 1950 dhulku wuxuu noqday wakaalad Qaramada Midoobay oo Talyaanigu maamulo ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland). ## Wakiillada shirkadda iyo boqortooyada, 1893 ilaa 1901 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Vincenzo Filonardi | 11 Oktoobar 1893 ilaa 15 Luulyo 1896 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Vincenzo Filonardi | 15 Luulyo 1896 ilaa 16 Sebtembar 1896 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Antonio Cecchi | 17 Sebtembar 1896 ilaa 26 Nofembar 1896 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Emilio Dulio | 26 Nofembar 1896 ilaa 25 Janaayo 1897 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Giorgio Sorrentino | 26 Janaayo 1897 ilaa 20 Nofembar 1897 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Emilio Dulio | 20 Nofembar 1897 ilaa 30 Abriil 1898 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Emilio Dulio | 1 Maajo 1898 ilaa 30 Juun 1901 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | ## Guddoomiyeyaasha, 1901 ilaa 1941 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Emilio Dulio | 1 Luulyo 1901 ilaa 5 Oktoobar 1903 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Igino Badolo | Luulyo 1901 ilaa Abriil 1902 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Ugo Ferrandi | 5 Oktoobar 1903 ilaa 11 Nofembar 1903 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Eugenio Cappello | 12 Nofembar 1903 ilaa 9 Diseembar 1903 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Alessandro Sapelli | 9 Diseembar 1903 ilaa 30 Abriil 1905 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Luigi Mercatelli | 1 Maajo 1905 ilaa 24 Janaayo 1906 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Alessandro Sapelli | 25 Janaayo 1906 ilaa 5 Febraayo 1906 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Giovanni Cerrina Feroni | 5 Febraayo 1906 ilaa 18 Maajo 1907 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Tommaso Carletti | 18 Maajo 1907 ilaa 31 Agoosto 1907 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Alberto Corsi | 31 Agoosto 1907 ilaa 18 Janaayo 1908 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Tommaso Carletti | 18 Janaayo 1908 ilaa 27 Diseembar 1908 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Gino Macchioro Vivalba | 27 Diseembar 1908 ilaa 28 Abriil 1910 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Giacomo De Martino | 28 Abriil 1910 ilaa 16 Sebtembar 1916 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Giovanni Cerrina Feroni | 16 Sebtembar 1916 ilaa 20 Juun 1920 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Carlo Riveri | 21 Juun 1920 ilaa 8 Diseembar 1923 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Cesare Maria De Vecchi | 8 Diseembar 1923 ilaa 5 Juun 1928 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Guido Corni | 5 Juun 1928 ilaa 30 Juun 1931 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Maurizio Rava | 1 Luulyo 1931 ilaa 7 Maarso 1935 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Rodolfo Graziani | 7 Maarso 1935 ilaa 22 Maajo 1936 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Angelo De Rubeis | 7 Janaayo 1936 ilaa 25 Maajo 1936 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Ruggiero Santini | 25 Maajo 1936 ilaa 15 Diseembar 1937 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Francesco Saverio Caroselli | 15 Diseembar 1937 ilaa 11 Juun 1940 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Gustavo Pesenti | 11 Juun 1940 ilaa 31 Janaayo 1941 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Carlo De Simone | 31 Janaayo 1941 ilaa 20 Maarso 1941 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | ## Trans-Juba, 1925 ilaa 1926 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Corrado Zoli | 10 Luulyo 1925 ilaa 31 Diseembar 1926 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | ## Maamulkii Ingiriiska, 1941 ilaa 1950 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Alan Gordon Cunningham | 25 Febraayo 1941 ilaa 20 Maarso 1941 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | William Eric Halstead Scupham | 14 Maarso 1941 ilaa 3 Maajo 1943 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Denis Henry Wickham | 3 Maajo 1943 ilaa 1948 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Eric Armar Vully de Candole | 1948 ilaa 1948 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Geoffrey Massey Gamble | 1948 ilaa 1 Abriil 1950 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | ## Wakaaladdii Talyaaniga, 1950 ilaa 1960 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Giovanni Fornari | 1 Abriil 1950 ilaa 1953 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Enrico Martino | 1953 ilaa 1957 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Enrico Anzilotti | 1957 ilaa 24 Luulyo 1958 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | Mario Di Stefano | 24 Luulyo 1958 ilaa 30 Juun 1960 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | | [Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud](/so/people/abdullahi-issa/) (Abdullahi Issa) | 29 Febraayo 1956 ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960 | Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of Italian Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Italian_Somaliland) --- # Xubnaha Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland, la doortay 2021 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-somaliland-house-of-representatives-2021/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland waxa uu leeyahay 82 xubnood, oo la doortay 31 Maajo 2021, lix degaan doorasho oo gobollada ah. Guddoomiyuhu waa Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud Xiir (Faratoon). Boggani waxa uu liis-gareynayaa dhammaan 82-da xubnood, gobol gobol, sida uu golaha bartiisu u daabaco. ## Kooban Golaha Wakiilada waa aqalka hoose ee baarlamaanka Somaliland; Golaha Guurtidu waa aqalka sare ([Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland))). Waxa uu leeyahay 82 xubnood, oo lagu doorto lix degaan oo la mid ah gobollada, muddo shan sano ah ([Wikipedia, 2021 Somaliland parliamentary election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Somaliland_parliamentary_election)). Xubnaha hadda jira waxa la doortay 31 Maajo 2021, iyada oo la socota doorashada golaha deegaanka (isla ishaas). Magacyada hoose waxa laga soo qaatay bogga rasmiga ah ee golaha, 13 Nofembar 2026 ([Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland, Xubnaha hadda](https://somalilandparliament.net/Parliament/member/current)). ## Kuraasta xisbiyada iyo gobollada, 2021 | Gobol | UCID | Kulmiye | Waddani | Kuraas | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Maroodi Jeex | 5 | 8 | 7 | 20 | | Togdheer | 4 | 4 | 7 | 15 | | Awdal | 3 | 5 | 5 | 13 | | Sanaag | 3 | 4 | 5 | 12 | | Sool | 3 | 5 | 4 | 12 | | Saaxil | 3 | 4 | 3 | 10 | | **Wadar** | **21** | **30** | **31** | **82** | Isha: [Wikipedia, House of Representatives (Somaliland)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)). Bogga golaha waxa uu Sanaag ku qoray 13 xubnood, Soolna 11. ## Hoggaanka - **Guddoomiyaha Golaha:** Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud Xiir (Faratoon) - **Guddoomiye ku xigeenka 1aad:** Siciid Mirre Faarax (Giire) - **Guddoomiye ku xigeenka 2aad:** Cali Xaamud Jibriil ([Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland](https://somalilandparliament.net/Parliament/member/current)) ## Maroodi Jeex (Hargeysa): 20 xubnood Isha: [Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland, Xubnaha hadda](https://somalilandparliament.net/Parliament/member/current). | Xildhibaan | Xil | Guddi | |---|---|---| | Abdilahi Mohamed Ahmed Gacmadhere | | Internal Affairs, Defense, and Security Committee | | Axmed Cabdi Ibraahin (Timo-jilic) | | Public Works, Technology, Housing, and Transport Committee | | Axmed Cabdi Muuse (Inni) | | | | Axmed Dayib Aadan (Kucadeeye) | | | | Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud (kaare) | | | | Axmed Yuusuf Nuur (Guruuje) | | | | Cabdikariin Maxamed Muxumed | | Judiciary, Justice, Legal Affairs, and Human Rights Committee | | Cabdinaasir Yuusuf Cismaan (Qodax) | | | | Dr. Ciise kayd Maxamuud | | Social Affairs Committee | | Ibraahim Maxamed Jaamac (khadar Guun) | | | | Jamaal Aadan Diiriye | | | | Maxamed Cismaan Maxamed | | | | Maxamed Jaamac Ismaaciil (Koodbuur) | | | | Maxamed Khadar Daahir | | | | Maxamed Xassan Siciid | | | | Maxamed Xuseen Jaamac (Raamboo) | | | | Siciid Maxamed Ismaaciil (Sokeeye) | | | | Xasan Saleebaan Dhuxul (Laabsaalax) | | | | Xuseen Ismaciil Jaamac | | | | Yaxye Cabdilaahi Aamin (Araarse) | | | ## Awdal (Boorama): 13 xubnood Isha: [Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland, Xubnaha hadda](https://somalilandparliament.net/Parliament/member/current). | Xildhibaan | Xil | Guddi | |---|---|---| | Cali Xaamud Jibriil | Guddoomiye ku xigeenka 2aad | | | Aamina Cilmi Fariid | | | | Abiibakar Siciid Cali | | | | Axmed Yaasiin Maxamed Xasan | | | | Bashiir Xuseen Xirsi | | | | Cabdikariin Aadan Cumar | | | | Cabdiqani Maxamed Aadan (Qaniyo) | | | | Cali Xuseen Nuur | | | | Fu'aad Axmed Diiriye | | | | Jimcaale Axmed Cilmi Yoonis | | | | Mahamed Abiib Yuusuf | | | | Maxamed Xuseen Maydhane | | | | Mukhtar Xasan Maydhane | | | ## Togdheer (Burco): 15 xubnood Isha: [Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland, Xubnaha hadda](https://somalilandparliament.net/Parliament/member/current). | Xildhibaan | Xil | Guddi | |---|---|---| | Amiin Saleebaan Jaamac | | | | Axmed Maxamed Hure (Barkhar) | | | | Axmed Maxamuud Cabdillaahi (Fanax) | | | | Cabdikariim Aadan Cali | | | | Cabdilaahi Yuusuf Axmed | | | | Faysal Yuusuf Jaamac Xaashi | | | | Guuleed Maxamed Warsame | | | | Jaamac Abokor Maxamed | | | | Jamaal Cali Aadan (Jaah) | | | | Maxamuud Faarax Jaamac | | | | Nuuradiin Axmed Dayib | | | | Saleebaan Axmed Carab | | | | Saleebaan Nuur Warsame (Food) | | | | Xasan Axmed Cilmi (Xasan Kayse) | | | | Xuseen Aadan Cabdi | | | ## Sanaag (Ceerigaabo): 13 xubnood Isha: [Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland, Xubnaha hadda](https://somalilandparliament.net/Parliament/member/current). | Xildhibaan | Xil | Guddi | |---|---|---| | Siciid Mirre Faarax (Giire) | Guddoomiye ku xigeenka 1aad | Standing Committee | | Axmed Cabdi Ducaale (Walhad) | | | | Axmed Jaamac Saalax | | | | Cabdikariim Miicaad Isaaq | | | | Cumar Jaamac faarax | | | | Ibraahim Cali Jaamac (Suudi) | | | | Jaamac Axmed Oogle (Caano Boodhe) | | | | Khadar Cali Xasan | | | | Maxamuud Saalax Cabdi Axmed | | | | Mubaarik Muuse Ismaaciil | | | | Saalax Maxamed Diiriye | | | | Saleebaan Diiriye Barre | | | | Siciid Jaamac Xasan | | | ## Sool (Laascaanood): 11 xubnood Isha: [Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland, Xubnaha hadda](https://somalilandparliament.net/Parliament/member/current). | Xildhibaan | Xil | Guddi | |---|---|---| | Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud Xiir (Faratoon) | Guddoomiyaha Golaha | Standing Committee | | Abokor Faarax Warsame (Caga-Yare) | | | | Axmed Cali Casoowe | | | | Axmed Muuse Jaamac | | | | Bile Cabdi Ducaale | | | | Maxamuud Xayir Ducaale | | | | Mukhtaar Ibraahim Xaashi | | | | Mustafe Axmed Cabdilaahi (khayreeye) | | | | Qaasin Aadan Saleebaan | | | | Saleebaan Maxamed Faarax (Goox) | | | | Yuusuf faarax Warsame | | | ## Saaxil (Berbera): 10 xubnood Isha: [Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland, Xubnaha hadda](https://somalilandparliament.net/Parliament/member/current). | Xildhibaan | Xil | Guddi | |---|---|---| | Aadan Cismaan Xarbi | | | | Cabdilaahi Muuse Cabdi | | | | Cabdirashiid Cabdilaahi Muuse | | | | Cabdiraxmaan Yuusuf Maxamuud (Badheedhe) | | | | Cabdixakiim Hugur Cabdi | | | | Cali Jaamac Caraale (Cali-qaran) | | | | Maxamed jaamac Liibaan | | | | Mubaarig Xuseen Maxamed (Xeel-Dheere) | | | | Xasan Cumar Xasan (X.Ogaal) | | | | Xirsi Cabdilaahi Xirsi | | | --- # Guddoomiyeyaashii Somaliland Ingiriiska iyo xeebta waqooyi, 1830 ilaa 1960 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/governors-of-british-somaliland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ka hor 1884, Saylac iyo Berbera waxaa maamulayay guddoomiyeyaal maxalli ah, kadibna Masar. Ingiriisku wuxuu Maxmiyadda Somaliland ku maamulay wakiillo, qunsullo iyo guddoomiyeyaal 1884 ilaa 26 Juun 1960, marka laga reebo qabsashadii Talyaaniga Agoosto 1940 ilaa Maarso 1941. Sir Douglas Hall ayaa ahaa guddoomiyihii ugu dambeeyay. ## Kooban Saylac waxay hoos timid Cusmaaniyiinta 1548, Shariifyadii Makka 1630. Laga bilaabo 1830 guddoomiyeyaal dhaxal ah ayaa maamulayay. Masar waxay qabsatay Berbera iyo Saylac 1870, waxayna ka baxday Oktoobar 1884. Ingiriisku wuxuu heshiisyo la galay beelaha Soomaalida 1884 kadib, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay maxmiyadda 20 Luulyo 1887. Talyaanigu wuu qabsaday 19 Agoosto 1940 ilaa 16 Maarso 1941. Waxay xorowday 26 Juun 1960, waxayna Soomaaliya ku biirtay 1 Luulyo 1960. ([World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland). ## Guddoomiyeyaashii Saylac iyo Berbera, 1830 ilaa 1884 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Sayyid Muhammad al-Barr | 1830 ilaa 1841 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Xaaji Sharmaarke Cali Saalax (Haji Sharmarke Ali Salih) | 1841 ilaa 1855 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad | 1855 ilaa 1857 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Xaaji Sharmaarke Cali Saalax (Haji Sharmarke Ali Salih) | 1857 ilaa 1861 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad | 1861 ilaa 1874 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Ahmad Rashid Husni Pasha | 1869 ilaa 1870 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Abdirahman Bey | 1870 ilaa 1874 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Muhammad Ra'uf Pasha | 1874 ilaa 1878 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Radwan Pasha | 1878 ilaa 1880 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Muhammad Nadi Pasha | 1880 ilaa Diseembar 1882 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Rida Pasha | Diseembar 1882 ilaa 1884 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Firhad Bey Muhhib | 1883 ilaa 1883 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | | Abdul Rahman Bey Fa'iz | 1883 ilaa 1884 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) | ## Wakiilladii, qunsulladii iyo guddoomiyeyaashii Ingiriiska, 1884 ilaa 1919 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Frederick Mercer Hunter | Febraayo 1884 ilaa Febraayo 1889 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Langton Prendergast Walsh | Agoosto 1884 ilaa Febraayo 1889 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Edward Vincent Stace | Febraayo 1889 ilaa Agoosto 1893 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Charles William Henry Sealy | Agoosto 1893 ilaa 18 Nofembar 1896 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | William Butler Ferris | Maarso 1895 ilaa 18 Nofembar 1895 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | William Butler Ferris | 18 Nofembar 1896 ilaa 12 Febraayo 1897 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | James Hayes Sadler | Febraayo 1897 ilaa 11 Sebtembar 1901 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux | 11 Sebtembar 1901 ilaa 18 Maarso 1902 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Eric John Eagles Swayne | 18 Maarso 1902 ilaa Maarso 1906 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux | Maarso 1906 ilaa Luulyo 1907 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | William Southern Malcolm Jones | Luulyo 1907 ilaa Janaayo 1908 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux | Janaayo 1908 ilaa Janaayo 1910 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | William Henry Manning | Janaayo 1910 ilaa Juun 1910 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Horace Archer Byatt | Juun 1910 ilaa Maajo 1914 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Geoffrey Francis Archer | 22 Maajo 1914 ilaa Oktoobar 1919 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | ## Guddoomiyeyaasha, 1919 ilaa 1940 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Geoffrey Francis Archer | 23 Oktoobar 1919 ilaa 17 Agoosto 1922 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Gerald Henry Summers | 6 Sebtembar 1922 ilaa 29 Nofembar 1925 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Harold Baxter Kittermaster | 29 Nofembar 1925 ilaa 18 Juun 1932 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Arthur Salisbury Lawrance | 21 Juun 1932 ilaa 2 Maarso 1939 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Vincent Goncalves Glenday | 2 Maarso 1939 ilaa 18 Agoosto 1940 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | ## Qabsashadii Talyaaniga, 1940 ilaa 1941 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Guglielmo Nasi | 19 Agoosto 1940 ilaa 27 Agoosto 1940 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Carlo De Simone | 27 Agoosto 1940 ilaa 16 Maarso 1941 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | ## Guddoomiyeyaashii Ingiriiska, 1941 ilaa 1960 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | George Ranald Macfarlane Reid | 16 Maarso 1941 ilaa 23 Maarso 1941 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Ferdinand Lindley Augustus Buchanan | 23 Maarso 1941 ilaa 8 Abriil 1941 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Arthur Reginald Chater | 8 Abriil 1941 ilaa 3 Maarso 1943 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Gerald Thomas Fisher | 3 Maarso 1943 ilaa 7 Abriil 1948 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Edward Barry | 7 Abriil 1948 ilaa 15 Juun 1948 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Gerald Reece | 15 Juun 1948 ilaa 5 Febraayo 1954 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Theodore Ouseley Pike | 5 Febraayo 1954 ilaa 24 Juun 1959 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Philip Carrel | 24 Juun 1959 ilaa 11 Luulyo 1959 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | Douglas Basil Hall | 13 Luulyo 1959 ilaa 25 Juun 1960 | | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | | [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) (Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal) | 26 Juun 1960 ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960 | Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Dawladda Somaliland | [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html), [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somalia](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html) - [Wikipedia, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland) --- # Xubnaha Golaha Shacabka Soomaaliya, Baarlamaanka 11aad (2022) Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-parliament-2022/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > 1 Abriil 2022 Guddiga Hirgelinta Doorashooyinka Heer Federaal (FEIT) waxa uu shaaciyay magacyada 245 xildhibaan oo loo doortay Golaha Shacabka, aqalka hoose ee Baarlamaanka 11aad, iyo lambarka kursi kasta. 50 ka mid ah waa haween. Boggani waa liiskaas oo dhan, dowlad-goboleed kasta iyo kursi kasta. ## Kooban Golaha Shacabka waa aqalka hoose ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya, waxa uuna leeyahay 275 kursi; Aqalka Sare waxa uu leeyahay 54 ([Wikipedia, Federal Parliament of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia)). Xildhibaannada shacabku si toos ah uma doortaan. 2016-kii waxa doortay in ka badan 13,000 ergo, halka 2012-kii ay doorteen 135 oday, sida uu Wikipedia ka soo xigtay war QM ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia)). Guddiga Hirgelinta Doorashooyinka Heer Federaal (FEIT) waxa uu daabacay natiijada labada aqal. Waxa uu magacaabay 245 xildhibaan oo Golaha Shacabka ah, mid kasta lambarkiisa kursiga "GSH#" iyo jinsigiisa ([Liiska natiijada FEIT, Hiiraan Online, Abriil 2022](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx)). Hiiraan Online waxay sheegtay in afar kursi la hakiyay, iyo in Hirshabeelle iyo Jubbaland ay weli lahaayeen 26 kursi oo aan la dooran (isla ishaas). Xildhibaannadu waxay dhaarta qaateen 14 Abriil 2022 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia)). ## Tirada, dowlad-goboleed kasta | Dowlad-goboleed | Xildhibaanno | Haween | |---|---:|---:| | Kuraasta Somaliland | 46 | 13 | | Puntland | 37 | 6 | | Galmudug | 37 | 9 | | Hirshabelle | 27 | 4 | | Koonfur Galbeed | 66 | 12 | | Jubbaland | 27 | 5 | | Banaadir | 5 | 1 | | **Wadar** | **245** | **50** | Isha: [Liiska natiijada FEIT](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx). Lambarrada kuraasta waa sida loo daabacay; saddex lambar ayaa laba jeer ku jira (GSH#033, GSH#063, GSH#158). ## Kuraasta Somaliland: 46 xildhibaan Isha: [Liiska natiijada FEIT](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx). | Xildhibaan | Kursi | Jinsi | |---|---|---| | Ifraax Maxamed Cawad (Nooleeyo) | GSH#037 | Dhedig | | Dr. Cabdilaahi Xaashi Abiib | GSH#201 | Lab | | Aamina Cumar Jaamac | GSH#202 | Dhedig | | Axmed Cabdi Kooshin | GSH#205 | Lab | | Maxamed Ibraahim Cabdi | GSH#206 | Lab | | Dr. Maxamed Xasan Maxamed | GSH#207 | Lab | | Maxamed Haruun Cabdullaahi | GSH#208 | Lab | | Maxamed Xuseen Haadi | GSH#209 | Lab | | Faadumo Xasan Cali | GSH#210 | Dhedig | | Caasho Maxamuud Cumar | GSH#211 | Dhedig | | Nuuriya Aadan Ciise | GSH#212 | Dhedig | | Dr Cilmi Mohamed Nuur | GSH#214 | Lab | | Ayuub Ismaaciil Yuusuf | GSH#215 | Lab | | Dr. Maxamed Cilmi Ibrahim | GSH#218 | Lab | | Caydaruus Saalax Yuusuf | GSH#224 | Lab | | Maxamed Cabdi Xayir Maareeye | GSH#225 | Lab | | Maryan Maxamed Ciise | GSH#226 | Dhedig | | Cabdilahi Cismaan Ducaale | GSH#229 | Lab | | Axmed Cismaan Diiriye | GSH#233 | Lab | | Cadnaan Cismaan Cilmi (Boqore) | GSH#236 | Lab | | Biixi Iimaan Cige | GSH#237 | Lab | | Ismaaciil Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Bashiir | GSH#238 | Lab | | Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed Khadar | GSH#239 | Lab | | Cali Maxamuud Aadan | GSH#240 | Lab | | Cabdiqani Ismaacil Siciid | GSH#241 | Lab | | Faadumo Ismaaciil Xuseen | GSH#242 | Dhedig | | Samsam Muxumed Cumar | GSH#243 | Dhedig | | Saciid Maxamed Maxamuud | GSH#244 | Lab | | Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Suge | GSH#245 | Lab | | Nuuradiin Cabdillaahi Coljoog | GSH#246 | Lab | | Khadra Maxamed Tukaale | GSH#247 | Dhedig | | Jaamac Maxamed Askar | GSH#254 | Lab | | Guuleed Biixi Cabdi | GSH#255 | Lab | | Nadra Salaax Cabdi | GSH#257 | Dhedig | | Sahra Yuusuf Cige | GSH#258 | Dhedig | | Cabdiraxmaan Iidaan Yoonis | GSH#259 | Lab | | Sulayman Cali Xuseen | GSH#260 | Lab | | Fozia Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan | GSH#262 | Dhedig | | Muuse Siciid Jaamac | GSH#263 | Lab | | Cabdilaahi Cabdi Maxamed | GSH#264 | Lab | | Saynab Maxamed Caamir | GSH#267 | Dhedig | | Maxamed Cali Xagaa | GSH#268 | Lab | | Cabdiraxman Maxamed Cumar | GSH#269 | Lab | | Cabdiwahaab Cabdi Cumar | GSH#270 | Lab | | Cali Cabdi Ibraahim | GSH#271 | Lab | | Maxamuud Cabdiraxmaan Cumar | GSH#272 | Lab | ## Puntland: 37 xildhibaan Isha: [Liiska natiijada FEIT](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx). | Xildhibaan | Kursi | Jinsi | |---|---|---| | Daa'uud Cabdikariin Sheikh Cumar | GSH#014 | Lab | | Siciid Cali Muuse | GSH#027 | Lab | | Maxamed Aadan Diini | GSH#036 | Lab | | Maxamed Abdullaahi Keyse | GSH#073 | Lab | | Cabdiqani Maxamuud Maxamed | GSH#075 | Lab | | Muuse Axmed Ismaaciil | GSH#076 | Lab | | Maxamed Bashiir Cali | GSH#083 | Lab | | Sahra Cabdilaahi Cigaal Cumar | GSH#094 | Dhedig | | Farxiyo Yusuf Cumar | GSH#121 | Dhedig | | Maxamed Cabdiraxman Axmed | GSH#128 | Lab | | Sacdiyo Yaasiin Xaaji Samatar | GSH#129 | Dhedig | | Ismaaciil Shire Jaamac | GSH#142 | Lab | | Cabdiqafaar Cilmi Xaange | GSH#144 | Lab | | Faysal Axmed Maxamuud | GSH#149 | Lab | | Maxamuud Axmed Aadan | GSH#157 | Lab | | Sadaam Maxamud Cabdi | GSH#158 | Lab | | Axmed Cabdi Xaashi (Axmed Taajir) | GSH#166 | Lab | | Cali Mahdi Maxamed Cali | GSH#169 | Lab | | Khadra Axmed Maxamed | GSH#174 | Dhedig | | Maxamed Cabdiqaadir Maxamed | GSH#190 | Lab | | Cabdullaahi Maxamed Jaamac | GSH#191 | Lab | | Maxamed Faarax Nuux | GSH#192 | Lab | | Cabdi Ibrahiim (Qawdhan) | GSH#196 | Lab | | Cismaan Cali Yuusuf | GSH#198 | Lab | | Cabdiladiif Muuse Nuur | GSH#199 | Lab | | Cali Yusuf Cali Xoosh | GSH#200 | Lab | | Cali Xaaji Daahir Saleebaan | GSH#220 | Lab | | Cabdirizaaq Xasan Maxamed | GSH#221 | Lab | | Caynaanshe Yuusuf Xuseen | GSH#222 | Lab | | Xirsi Jaamac Gaani | GSH#223 | Lab | | Cabdicasiis Maxamed Maxamuud | GSH#227 | Lab | | Cabdilaahi Faarax Mire | GSH#228 | Lab | | Fardowso Cismaan Cigaal | GSH#232 | Dhedig | | Marwo Bashiir Cali | GSH#234 | Dhedig | | Cabdilaahi Bidhaan Warsame | GSH#235 | Lab | | Cabdilaahi Xasan Rooble | GSH#249 | Lab | | Bashiir Cabdi Maxamed | GSH#273 | Lab | ## Galmudug: 37 xildhibaan Isha: [Liiska natiijada FEIT](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx). | Xildhibaan | Kursi | Jinsi | |---|---|---| | Jawaahir Maxamed Axmed | GSH#001 | Dhedig | | Farax Cabdi Diini | GSH#007 | Lab | | Yuusuf Xeyle Jimcaale | GSH#012 | Lab | | Aadan Cismaan Xuseen (Qoryooley) | GSH#013 | Lab | | Qaladla Cali Cawaale | GSH#017 | Dhedig | | Sahro Colaad Cabdi | GSH#018 | Dhedig | | Shamso Cilmi Xasan | GSH#020 | Dhedig | | Xuseen Axmed Culusoow | GSH#021 | Lab | | Maxamed Abukar Cali (Jacfar) | GSH#025 | Lab | | Yuusuf Geelle Ugaas (Dhageey) | GSH#026 | Lab | | Cumar Cali Cabdi | GSH#035 | Lab | | Cabdisalaan Xaaji Axmed (Dhabanacad) | GSH#038 | Lab | | Cabdullaahi Aadan Kulane | GSH#040 | Lab | | Xuseen Qaasim Yuusuf Iidow | GSH#043 | Lab | | Faa'iso Maxamed Jeyte | GSH#048 | Dhedig | | Mustaf Sheekh Cali Dhuxulow | GSH#049 | Lab | | Xuseen Maxamed Nuur | GSH#051 | Lab | | Raysal Qorane Abshir | GSH#053 | Dhedig | | Cabdishakuur Cali Mire | GSH#054 | Lab | | Maxamed Xuseen Abuukar (Gaaraxo) | GSH#055 | Lab | | Qaali Cali Shire | GSH#060 | Dhedig | | Dayax Axmed Cumar | GSH#061 | Lab | | Maxamed Ibraahim Cali (Maxamed Cajiib) | GSH#064 | Lab | | Yaasiin Cabdullahi Faray | GSH#067 | Lab | | Cabdiraxman Maxamed Xuseen (Odowaa) | GSH#069 | Lab | | Cabdisaabir Nuur Shuuriye | GSH#071 | Lab | | Cadar Cali Maxamed (Shalaqbeen) | GSH#081 | Dhedig | | Qasim Cabdikariin Cilmiseed | GSH#089 | Lab | | Cabdiraxman Maxamed Maxamuud | GSH#095 | Lab | | Qaali Axmed Diiriye | GSH#096 | Dhedig | | Xirsi Aadan Rooble | GSH#101 | Lab | | Mahad Cabdala Cawad | GSH#104 | Lab | | Cabdirsaaq Aadan Warsame | GSH#137 | Lab | | Cabdiraxman Cabdishakur Warsame | GSH#138 | Lab | | Cabdisamed Maxamuud Xasan | GSH#139 | Lab | | Mahad Maxamed Salaad | GSH#147 | Lab | | Saadaq Cumar Xasan (Saadaq Joon) | GSH#248 | Lab | ## Hirshabelle: 27 xildhibaan Isha: [Liiska natiijada FEIT](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx). | Xildhibaan | Kursi | Jinsi | |---|---|---| | Cabdinasir Xaaji Shirwac Maxamed | GSH#004 | Lab | | Maxamed Cumar Caymooy | GSH#005 | Lab | | Maxamuud Cabdullaahi Axmed (Abuukaate) | GSH#006 | Lab | | Maxamed Deeq Bare Cumar (Feyore) | GSH#008 | Lab | | Cabduraxmaan Axmed Cismaan Gureey | GSH#010 | Lab | | Cabdirisaaq Cumar Maxamed | GSH#011 | Lab | | Xiis Xasan Aadan | GSH#015 | Dhedig | | Daahir Amiin Jeesow | GSH#030 | Lab | | Yuusuf Xuseen Axmed (Gamaadiid) | GSH#031 | Lab | | Khaliif Cabdi Cumar | GSH#032 | Lab | | Yusuf Ibrahim Afrax (Yusuf Kabaale) | GSH#033 | Lab | | Maxamuud Cabdiraxman Sh. Farax Beenebeene | GSH#033 | Lab | | Farxiyo Maxamed Dhaqane | GSH#052 | Dhedig | | Cabdullahi Maxamed Cali (Sanbaloolshe) | GSH#058 | Lab | | Cabdirisaaq Macalim Ciid | GSH#063 | Lab | | Cusmaan Maxamed Cabdi (Daalo) | GSH#065 | Lab | | Maalik Ibraahim Cabdalla | GSH#066 | Lab | | Maxamed Ibraahim Nuur (Macalimuu) | GSH#068 | Lab | | Cabdiraxman Maxamed Shekh Cali | GSH#070 | Lab | | Cabdikariim Cumar Xuseen | GSH#074 | Lab | | Dahabo Susow Maxamuud | GSH#088 | Dhedig | | Khadiijo Maxamed Diiriye | GSH#097 | Dhedig | | Maxamuud Maxamed Jimcale (Saysay) | GSH#098 | Lab | | Cabdifitaax Qaasim Maxamed | GSH#109 | Lab | | Cali Maxamed Cumar (Cali Balcad) | GSH#115 | Lab | | Cabdikariim Cabdow Xeydar | GSH#252 | Lab | | Maxamed Cabdullahi Xasan Nuux | GSH#274 | Lab | ## Koonfur Galbeed: 66 xildhibaan Isha: [Liiska natiijada FEIT](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx). | Xildhibaan | Kursi | Jinsi | |---|---|---| | Siid Cali Isaaq Maxamed | GSH#002 | Lab | | Xuseen Cali Xaaji Cabdalla | GSH#016 | Lab | | Nuura Mustafe Muktar | GSH#041 | Dhedig | | Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Cabdi | GSH#042 | Lab | | Maryan Maxamed Cali | GSH#044 | Dhedig | | Maxamuud Axmed Maxamed | GSH#045 | Lab | | Maxamed Wardheere Adan | GSH#046 | Lab | | Xaawo Sokor Cali | GSH#047 | Dhedig | | Axmed Shekh Maxamed (Mashruuc) | GSH#050 | Lab | | Maxamed Jaamac Mursal (Geele) | GSH#056 | Lab | | Muqtaar Axmed Xasan | GSH#057 | Lab | | Aweys Maxamed Cumar | GSH#063 | Lab | | Maxamed Shaikh Cabdulaahi Ciirow | GSH#077 | Lab | | Aweeys Xuseen Macalin | GSH#080 | Lab | | Shariif Maxamed Cabdulaahi | GSH#085 | Lab | | Axmed Madoobe Nuunow | GSH#099 | Lab | | Cali Sheekh Maxamed Nuur | GSH#143 | Lab | | Maxamed Cabdala Axmed | GSH#145 | Lab | | Calwiya Siid Cabdulaahi | GSH#148 | Dhedig | | Cabduqadir Abdirahman Dhure | GSH#150 | Lab | | Cabdulahi Xuseen Cali Cabdala | GSH#151 | Lab | | Cabdulahi Cumar Abshir | GSH#152 | Lab | | Farxiya Maxamed Cabdi | GSH#153 | Dhedig | | Jawahir Adawe Abdi | GSH#155 | Dhedig | | Maxamed Aadan Maxamed | GSH#156 | Lab | | Maxamed Barre Maxmud | GSH#158 | Lab | | Maxamed Yuusuf Xasan | GSH#160 | Lab | | Yusuf Aadan Maxamed | GSH#161 | Lab | | Maxamed Cusmaan Cumar | GSH#162 | Lab | | Isaaq Maxamed Maxamuud | GSH#163 | Lab | | Maxamed Abuukar Cabdi | GSH#164 | Lab | | Saalim Aliyow Ibrow | GSH#165 | Lab | | Cabdisalaan Cali Cabdi | GSH#167 | Lab | | Luul Ibraahim Cumar | GSH#168 | Dhedig | | Aadan Maxamed Nuur (Saransoor) | GSH#170 | Lab | | Fowsiya Maxamed Sheekh | GSH#171 | Dhedig | | Mahad Cabdiraxmaan Aadan | GSH#172 | Lab | | Abdulfatax Cabdulle Caraye | GSH#173 | Lab | | Dr Cabdirashid Maxamed Nuur | GSH#175 | Lab | | Maxamed Mursal Maxamuud | GSH#176 | Lab | | Cabdulahi Sheeq Cali Baraka | GSH#177 | Lab | | Cabdulahi Maxamed Cali | GSH#178 | Lab | | Maxamed Keerow Maxamed | GSH#179 | Lab | | Sadaad Maxamed Nuur | GSH#180 | Lab | | Maryan Macalin Isaag | GSH#181 | Dhedig | | Maxamed Mursal Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan | GSH#182 | Lab | | Muqtaar Maxamed Guuleed | GSH#183 | Lab | | Xasan Cabdi Nuur Cabdi | GSH#184 | Lab | | Cabdiraxman Isakh Maxamed | GSH#185 | Lab | | Cabduqaadir Cumar Macalin | GSH#186 | Lab | | Dr Cali Saciid Faqi | GSH#187 | Lab | | Maxamed Cabdi Maxamed | GSH#188 | Lab | | [Sheekh Aadan Maxamed Nuur Madoobe](/en/people/aden-madobe/) | GSH#189 | Lab | | Cabdulaahi Aadan Axmed (Black) | GSH#193 | Lab | | Xamza Saciid Xamza | GSH#194 | Lab | | Maxamed Xasan Maxamed (Murjaan) | GSH#195 | Lab | | Cumar Cali Balash | GSH#197 | Lab | | Aamina Maxamed Mursal | GSH#213 | Dhedig | | Jaamac Taqal Cabaas | GSH#230 | Lab | | Isaaq Maxamuud Mursal (Fanax) | GSH#231 | Lab | | Cali Maxamed Sheekh | GSH#250 | Lab | | Nuuracayn Khliif Sheekh Abuu | GSH#251 | Dhedig | | Aadan Maxamed Cali | GSH#253 | Lab | | Suhuur Xaaji Culisow | GSH#256 | Dhedig | | Saalax Shariif Cali | GSH#261 | Lab | | Ismaciil Iidow Maxamed | GSH#275 | Lab | ## Jubbaland: 27 xildhibaan Isha: [Liiska natiijada FEIT](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx). | Xildhibaan | Kursi | Jinsi | |---|---|---| | Nasra Mahdi Caraale | GSH#023 | Dhedig | | Cabdinuur Cali Aadan | GSH#028 | Lab | | Axmed Maxamuud Jaamac | GSH#029 | Lab | | Cabdirashiid Maxamed Xidig | GSH#072 | Lab | | Maxamuud Muxumed Cumar (Kuulow) (FEIT: wuu dhintay) | GSH#079 | Lab | | Cabdirashiid Jire Qalinle | GSH#082 | Lab | | Saadaq Cabdullahi Cabdi | GSH#092 | Lab | | Saciid Maxamed Cali | GSH#093 | Lab | | Maxamed Sheekh Nuur Cismaan | GSH#107 | Lab | | Maxamed Cali Cumar | GSH#108 | Lab | | Cabaas Cali Ibraahim | GSH#111 | Lab | | Cabdiqaadir Maxamed Waceys | GSH#112 | Lab | | Maryan Aweys Jaamac | GSH#113 | Dhedig | | Cumar Ibraahim Xaashi | GSH#114 | Lab | | Yuusuf Maxamed Ismaaciil | GSH#118 | Lab | | Asad Abdirsaaq Maxamed | GSH#120 | Lab | | Maxamed Cabdiraxmaan Nadiif | GSH#124 | Lab | | Xasan Xuseen Maxamed | GSH#126 | Lab | | Axmed Aadan Axmed | GSH#127 | Lab | | Mowliid Cabdi Maxamuud | GSH#130 | Lab | | Cadar Xareed Jibriil | GSH#132 | Dhedig | | Maxamed Xasan Aadan | GSH#133 | Lab | | Sahra Jaamac Cali | GSH#134 | Dhedig | | Cumar Yuusuf Qaladiid | GSH#136 | Lab | | [Hamse Cabdi Barre](/en/people/hamza-abdi-barre/) | GSH#203 | Lab | | Xasan Cabdi Ismaaciil | GSH#217 | Lab | | Roodo Carab Cabdi | GSH#219 | Dhedig | ## Banaadir: 5 xildhibaan Isha: [Liiska natiijada FEIT](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Apr/185684/feit_electoral_commission_announced_the_list_of_members_of_both_houses_of_the_somali_parliament.aspx). | Xildhibaan | Kursi | Jinsi | |---|---|---| | Khadiijo Maxamed Al Makhzuumi | GSH#034 | Dhedig | | Maxamuud Cabdiqaadir Xaaji | GSH#084 | Lab | | Cabdiraxmaan Cabdulqaadir Cadde | GSH#105 | Lab | | Maxamed Nuur Abuukar | GSH#265 | Lab | | Cumar Shariif Mxamed | GSH#266 | Lab | --- # Xubnaha Baarlamaanka 10aad ee Federaalka Soomaaliya (2016 ilaa 2022) Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-parliament-2016/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Baarlamaanka 10aad waxa si dadban loo doortay Oktoobar iyo Nofembar 2016, waxa uuna xilka qabtay 27 Diseembar 2016. Waa kii ugu horreeyay ee laba aqal leh. Boggani waxa uu liis-gareynayaa 268 xildhibaan oo Golaha Shacabka ah iyo 53 senator, sida ay bogga baarlamaanku muujiyeen Abriil 2017. ## Kooban Golaha Shacabka waxa la doortay 23 Oktoobar ilaa 10 Nofembar 2016, Aqalka Sarena 10 Oktoobar 2016 ([Wikipedia, 2016 Somali parliamentary election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Somali_parliamentary_election)). Baarlamaanka tobnaad waxa la furay 27 Diseembar 2016 ([Wikipedia, Federal Parliament of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia)). Magacyada hoose waxa laga soo qaatay liiska Wikipedia, oo isna ka soo xigtay bogga baarlamaanka 3 Abriil 2017 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia)). ## Aqalka Sare: 53 senator (2017) Isha: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia). | Senator | Senator | |---|---| | Abdi Ahmed Dhuhulow | Hussein Mohamud Hashi Adan | | Abdifatah Hassan Roble | Hussein Sheikh Mohamud | | Abdikafi Moalim Hassan | Iftiin Hassan Iman | | Abdikarim Mohamed Hassan | Ilyas Ali Hassan | | [Abdirahman Farole](/en/people/abdirahman-farole/) | Jawahir Ahmed Elmi | | Abdirizak Ahmed Ali | Mahdi Dahir Sheikh Nur | | Abdirizak Osman Hassan Abdirizak Jurile | Mohamed Amin Sheikh Osman | | Abdisalam haji Mohamud Dhere | Prof. Mohamed Osman Farah | | Abdiwahid Elmi Omar | Mohamud Ahmed Mohamud | | Abdulahi Ibrahim Yusuf | Mohamud Hussein Rage | | Abdullahi Abdi Garuun | Mowlid Hussein Guhad | | Abdullahi Ali Abukar | Muhyadin Sh. Ali Jama | | Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail (Fartaag) | Muno Omar Hassan | | Abshir Mohamed Ahmed (Bukhari) | [Muse Sudi Yalahow](/en/people/musa-sudi-yalahow/) | | Abukar Ahmed Hashi | Mustafa Mohamoud Qodah | | Adan Abdi Adan | Naima Ibrahim Yusuf | | Ahmed Abdi Haabsade | [Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke](/en/people/omar-abdirashid-sharmarke/) | | Ahmed Abdihafid Mohamed (Bulsho) | Osman Ahmed Maow | | Ahmed Hashi Mohamud | Prof/Dr. Osman Mohamud Dufle | | Ahmed Moalim Omar Ahmed | Saido Hassan Osman | | Botan Barre Samatar | Samira Mohamed Khalif | | Fadumo Hassan Adam Gariyow | Shukri Aden Mohamed | | Dr. Farhan Ali Hussein | Timiro Mohamed Ali | | Fartun Abdikadir Farah Karama | Yusuf Gelle Ugas | | Hassan Farah Hujale | [Zamzam Dahir Mohamud](/en/people/zamzam-dahir-mohamud/) | | Hodan Mohamud Osman | Zamzam Ibrahim Ali | | Hussein Ali Haji Abdalla | | ## Golaha Shacabka: 268 xildhibaan (2017) Isha: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia). | Xildhibaan | Xildhibaan | |---|---| | Abas Abdullahi Sheikh Siraji{{efn|Reported Killed On 4 May 2017 In An Apparent Friendly Fire Incident Involving Government Forces. Investigation Currently In Progress. | Hiis Hassan Adam | | Abdalla Haji Ali Ahmed | Dr. Hussein Abdi Elmi | | Dr. Abdi Ali Hassan | Hussein Arab Essa | | Abdi Shire Jama | Hussein Mohamud Sheikh Hussein | | Abdiaziz Abdilahi Mohamed (Hukun) | Hussein Osman Hussein | | Abdiaziz Elmi Ali | Hussein Qasim Yusuf | | [Abdiaziz Hassan Mohamed](/en/people/abdiaziz-laftagareen/) | Ibrahim Isak Yarow | | Abdiaziz Salah Arman | Ibrahim Mohamed Hussein Bule | | Abdifatah Ismael Tahir | Idiris Abdi Taktar | | Abdifatah Mohamed Ali | Ikran Aden Absuge | | Abdifatah Mohamed Ibrahim | Ikran Yusuf Hersi | | Abdifitah Kasim Mohamud | Iman Abdullahi Ali | | Abdihakim Moallim Ahmed Malin | Isak Mohamed Mohamud (Aboow) | | Abdikarim Khalif Abdi Dhala | Isgowe Derow Isak | | Abdinasir Seid Musse | Ismail Abdirahman Sh. Bashiir | | Abdirahman Ahmed Suge | Jama Mohamed Askar | | [Dr. Abdirahman Duale Beyle](/en/people/abdirahman-duale-beyle/) | Jamal Hassan Ismail | | Abdirahman Idan Yonis | Jawahir Adawe Abdi | | Abdirahman Kulmiye Hersi | Jeylani Nur Ikar | | Abdirahman Mohamed Abdulle | Jibril Abdirashid Haji | | Abdirahman Mohamed Hussein | Khadijo Mohamed Diriye | | Abdirashid Dahir Gabobe | Khadra Mohamed Tukale | | Abdirashid Mohamed Ahmed | Khalid Maow Abdulkadir | | Abdirashid Mohamed Hidig | Khaliif Abdi Omar (Xan Fresh ) | | Abdirashid Mohamud Hassan Abdi | Khaliif Sheikh Abdulahi | | Abdirisak Dahir Mohamud | Liban Abdirahman Sharif Salah (Liban Doob ) | | Abdirizak Ahmed Mohamed (Jindi) | Liban Osman Abdirahman | | Abdirizak Omar Mohamed | Lul Abdi Aden | | Abdisabir Nur Shuriye | Mahad Abdalle Awad | | Abdisatar Abdisalam Sh. Hassan | Mahad Mohamed Salad | | Abdishakur Ali Mire | Mariam Aweis Jama | | Abdiwahab Ugas Hussein Ugas Khalif | Maryam Haji Abdi Gedi | | Abdiweli Ibrahim Sh. Mudey | Maryan Ahmed Harun | | Abdiwelli Mohamed Qanyare | Maryan Arif Kasim | | Abdo Mah Farah | Maryan Moalim Isak | | Abdukadir Aden Nur | Maryan Mohamed Hussein | | Abdulasis Mohamed Mohamud (Qambi) | Maryan Mohamud Isse | | Dr. Abdulaziz Abdullahi Yusuf (Dh.qol) | Mina Hassan Mohamed | | Abdulkadir Arabow Ibrahim | Moalim Ali Adan | | Abdulkadir Dahir Adam | Mohamed A. Mohamed (Garweyne) | | Abdulkadir Hassan SheikhAden | Mohamed Abdi Hayir Mareye | | Abdulkadir Mohamed Osman | Mohamed Abdi Kadiye | | Abdulkadir Osoble Ali | Mohamed Abdi Mohamed Gandi | | Abdulkadir Sh. Ali Ibraahim (Baqdaadi) | Mohamed Abdikafi Mohamed | | Abdullahi Abukar Haji | Mohamed Abdullahi Farah | | Abdullahi Ali Ahmed | Mohamed Abdulle Farah | | Abdullahi Bidhan Warsame | Mohamed Abukar Islaw | | Abdullahi Bile Noor | Mohamed Adan Moalim Ali | | Abdullahi Godah Barre | Mohamed Ahmed Abtidoon | | Abdullahi Hussein Ali (Abdalla) | Mohamed Ali Hussein | | Abdullahi Mohamed Ali | Mohamed Ali Omar | | Abdullahi Mohamed Nur | Mohamed Dirie Khalif | | Abdullahi Olad Roble | Mohamed Hassan Ibrahim Qoone | | Abdullahi Omar Abshir | Mohamed Hassan Idiris | | Abdullahi Osman Duale | Mohamed Hussein Isak (Afaraale) | | Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail Ali | Mohamed Ibrahim Abdi | | Abdullahi Yusuf Hassan (Alankey) | Mohamed Isak Osman (Fanah) | | Abdurahman Adan Ibrahim (Ibbi) | Mohamed Jama Mursal | | Adam Isak Ali | Mohamed Mursal Mohamud (Boorow) | | Adan Ali Hassan | Mohamed Mursal Sheikh Abdurahman | | Adan Ibrahim Dhayow | Mohamed Nur Iftin (Shambara) | | Ahmed Dhimbil Roble | Mohamed Nureni Bakar | | Ahmed Haji Mohamed (Taaw) | Mohamed Omar Aimoy | | Ahmed Ismail Mohamed | Mohamed Omar Arte | | Ahmed Ismail Shabel | Mohamed Omar Dalha | | Ahmed Mayow Abdulle | [Mohamed Osman Jawari](/en/people/mohamed-osman-jawari/) | | Ahmed Moalim Fiqi | Mohamed Said Abdilahi | | Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed | Mohamud Abdirahman Sheikh Farah (Beene Beene) | | Ahmed Mohamed Jama | Mohamud Abdullahi Ahmed | | Ahmed Mohamud Sh. Muhamed | Mohamud Ahmed Isse | | Ahmed Omar Islow | Mohamud Ali Magan | | Ahmed Osman Ibrahim | Mohamud Hayir Ibrahim | | Ali Abdi Osman | Mohamud Moalim Yahye | | Ali Aden Hussei | Mohamud Mohamed Bono | | Ali Ahmed Jama Jangali | Mohamud Mohamed Jimale | | Ali Ahmed Sharif Osman | [Mohamud Siraji](/en/people/mohamud-siraji/) | | Ali Mohamed Muse | Muna Khalif Sheikh Abu | | Ali Mohamed Omar | Muse Ahmed Ismail | | Ali Osman Hersi | Muse Said Jama | | Ali Sheikh Mohamed Nur | Mustafa Sh.Ali Duhulow | | Ali Yusuf Ali Hoosh | Nadifa Adan Isak | | Ali Yusuf Osman | Nadifa Farah Jama | | Amina Hassan Ali | Naima Mohamed Gaal | | [Amina Mohamed Abdi](/en/people/amina-mohamed-abdi/) | Nuriya Adan Isse | | Amina Omar Jama | Omar Ismail Waberi | | Amina Sheikh Osman | Omar Osman Wasuge | | Anab Hassan Elmi | Osman Elmi Boqore | | Asha-Kos Mohamud Omar | Osman Haji Ali | | Asha-Kos Mohamud Omar | Osman Libah Ibrahim | | Bihi Iman Egeh | Osman Mohamed Abdi | | Bootaan Isse Alim | Qasim Mohamed Jama | | Burhan Adan Omar | Rabaco Sheikh Nur | | Cabdulqadir Cali Caseyr | Sadik Hirsi Warfa | | Dahabo Susow Mohamud | Sadio Muse Abdullahi | | Dahir Abdi Abdullahi (Dr. Go) | Sadiq Abdikraim Haji Ibrahim | | Dahir Amin Jesow | Sadiya Yasin Haji Samatar | | Dahir Mohamud Muse | Sadiyo Arays Isse | | Dallays Hassan Adan | Safio Hassan Nur | | Daud Mohamed Omar | Sagal Abdirisak Bihi | | Deka Hussein Hassan | Sahra Abdulkadir Abdirahman | | Deko Said Hassan | Sahra Haji Hussein Ali | | Dhahar Ali Farah | Sahra Jama Ali Qorshel | | Duniyo Mohamed Ali | Said Hassan Gedi | | Dr. Elmi Mohamud Nur | Said Hussein Iid | | Elmi Omar Elmi (Caynsane) | Said Mohamed Mohamud Haid | | Faduma Hassan Ali | Said Nur Qailie | | Faduma Ismail Hussein | Saido Mohamed Hassan | | Fadumma Farah Ibrahim | Salah Ahmed Jama | | Fadumo Odawa Rage | Prof. Salim Aliyow Ibrow | | Fahma Ahmed Nur | Samira Hassan Abdulle | | Faisal Abdille Guled | Samra Ibrahim Omar | | Farah Abdi Hassan | Sandhere Mohamed Iftin | | Farah Sheikh Abdulkadir | Sareda Mohamed Abdalla | | Farhia Hassan Ahmed | Sayid Ali Abdulkadir Moalim | | Farhia Mumin Ali | Sharif Mohamed Abdalla | | Farhio Mohamud Dhaqane | Sharif Shek Maye | | Fawzia Mohamed Sheikh | Sharmarke Saleban Burale | | Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam | Sheikh Aden Mohamed Nur (Modobe) | | Faysal Omar Guled | Sheikh Nur Mohamed Hassan | | Hamza Said Hamza | Sulaiman Mohamud Hashi | | Hamza Sheikh Hussein | Suuri Dirie Arab | | Hani Mohamed Aden | Swaqar Ibrahim Abdalla | | Hanifa Mohamed Ibrahim | Ubah Tahlil Warsame | | Hashim Noor Aden | Warsame Mohamed Hassan | | Hassan Abdi Ismail | Yacqub Ali Mohamed | | Hassan Abdinur Abdi | Yurub Ahmed Raabi | | Hassan Ali Mohamed | Yusuf Hayle Jimalle | | Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed | Yusuf Hussein Ahmed | | Hassan Moalim Hussein | Yusuf Ibrahim Afrah | | Hassan Moallim Mohamud Sh. Ali | Zahra Yusuf Ige | | Hassan Osman Hussein (Qoryooley) | Zakarie Data Internet | | Hawa Mohamed Adan | Zakarie Hassan Sh. Ali | | Hawa Yusuf Ahmed | Zakarie Mohamud Haji Abdi | | Hersi Adan Roble | [https://web.archive.org/web/20141022135723/http://www.parliament.gov.so/index.php/en/membersparliament-3 Federal Parliament Of Somalia - Members] | --- # Xubnaha Golaha Wakiilada Puntland, 2024 ilaa 2029 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-puntland-parliament-2024/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Golaha Wakiilada Puntland waxa uu leeyahay 66 xubnood. Liiska baarlamaanka 6aad waxa lagu dhawaaqay 1 Janaayo 2024, waxana ku jira 17 xubnood oo ka yimid degaannada SSC-Khaatumo. Golaha ayaa doortay guddoomiye Cabdirisaaq Axmed Siciid, 8 Janaayona madaxweynaha. ## Kooban Golaha Wakiilada waa sharci-dejinta Puntland, waxa uuna leeyahay 66 xubnood oo shan sano xilka haya ([Wikipedia, House of Representatives of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Puntland)). Liiska baarlamaanka 6aad waxa lagu dhawaaqay 1 Janaayo 2024, waxana ku jira 17-ka xubnood ee ka soo jeeda degaannada SSC-Khaatumo ([Hiiraan Online, 1 Janaayo 2024](http://www.hiiraan.com/news/2024/jan/wararka_maanta1-186165.htm)). Musharraxiintu waxay sheegeen in madaxweyne Deni faro-gelin ku sameeyay kuraasta ay beeluhu soo xusheen (isla ishaas). Golaha ayaa 4 Janaayo 2024 doortay guddoomiye Cabdirisaaq Axmed Siciid, 8 Janaayona madaxweynaha ([BBC Somali, 4 Janaayo 2024](https://www.bbc.com/somali/articles/cw8013p9nexo)). | Gobol | Xubno | |---|---:| | Bari (Boosaaso) | 21 | | Nugaal (Garoowe) | 9 | | Mudug (Gaalkacyo) | 10 | | Sanaag | 11 | | Sool | 8 | | Cayn (Buuhoodle) | 7 | | **Wadar** | **66** | ## Bari (Boosaaso): 21 xubnood Isha: [Liiska, Hiiraan Online](http://www.hiiraan.com/news/2024/jan/wararka_maanta1-186165.htm). | Lr. | Xildhibaan | |---:|---| | 1 | Faarax Salaad Nuux | | 2 | Cabdirisaaq Cumar Ismaacil | | 3 | Faarax Jaamac Yusuf | | 4 | Maxamad Baari Shire | | 5 | Axmad Bile Siciid | | 6 | Axmad Xaaji Maxmuud Axmad | | 7 | Maxamad Maxamuud Cabdi (Shendi) | | 8 | Maxamuud Cali Maxamuud | | 9 | Maxamuud Dhakuul Xirsi | | 10 | Xasan Cabdale Xasan | | 11 | Abuubakar Maxamd Cumar | | 12 | Cabdikhaaliq Maxamad Maxamuud | | 13 | Bashiir Mire Axmad Adan | | 14 | Mustafe Bile Maxamuud | | 15 | Maxamuud Shire Cismaan | | 16 | Axmad Siciid Yuusuf | | 17 | Nasiib Muuse Cali | | 18 | Cabdiqaadir Xasan Siciid | | 19 | Maxamad Salaad Cabdi | | 20 | Maxamad Maxamuud Cumar | | 21 | Maxamad Siciid Cali | ## Nugaal (Garoowe): 9 xubnood Isha: [Liiska, Hiiraan Online](http://www.hiiraan.com/news/2024/jan/wararka_maanta1-186165.htm). | Lr. | Xildhibaan | |---:|---| | 48 | Maxamed Cali Subeyr | | 49 | Cabdimahad Cali Liibaan | | 50 | Cabdirisaaq Jaamac Aadan | | 51 | Yuusuf Cali Siciid | | 52 | Cabdirishiid Axmed Maxamed | | 53 | Mukhtaar Cabdiraxmaan Axmad | | 54 | Ibrahin Casayr Guraase | | 55 | Cabdiqani Faarax Dhaashane | | 56 | Yaasin Jaamac Cumar | ## Mudug (Gaalkacyo): 10 xubnood Isha: [Liiska, Hiiraan Online](http://www.hiiraan.com/news/2024/jan/wararka_maanta1-186165.htm). | Lr. | Xildhibaan | |---:|---| | 57 | Xuseen Axmad Nuur Maxamad | | 58 | Liibaan Bedel Shikh Maxamuud | | 59 | Maxamad Maxamuud Ciise | | 60 | Cismaan Ysuf Xaraare | | 61 | Xareed Xasan Cali | | 62 | Muno Axmed Cabdale Diyano | | 63 | Cabdiwali Yusuf Warsame | | 64 | Axmad Jamal Xangule | | 65 | Abdiraxmaan Shiikh Xasan | | 66 | Cabdikafi Cabdi Abshir | ## Sanaag: 11 xubnood Isha: [Liiska, Hiiraan Online](http://www.hiiraan.com/news/2024/jan/wararka_maanta1-186165.htm). | Lr. | Xildhibaan | |---:|---| | 37 | Cabdirashiid Yuusuf Jibrii Cawl | | 38 | Cabdicasiis Axmad Salax | | 39 | Maxamad Faarax Maxamad | | 40 | Cabdiqaadir Saalax Cali Guuleed | | 41 | Mursal Maxamuud Cabdi Cali | | 42 | Axmed Cabdiraxmaan Jamac (Kuluc) | | 43 | Cali Axmad Maxamuud Samatar | | 44 | Cabdirisaaq Axmad Saciid Faarax | | 45 | Maxamad Cawil Cali Dalaf | | 46 | Maxamuud Axmad Xasan | | 47 | Jamac Maxamad Farax | ## Sool: 8 xubnood Isha: [Liiska, Hiiraan Online](http://www.hiiraan.com/news/2024/jan/wararka_maanta1-186165.htm). | Lr. | Xildhibaan | |---:|---| | 22 | Farax Maxamad Cabdi Xaashi | | 23 | Maxamad Mursal Maxamd | | 24 | Ismaacil Saleebaan Geele | | 25 | Maxamuud Adanwli Maxamad | | 26 | Faysal Maxmad Dalmar | | 27 | Qaalib Xassan Maxamuud | | 28 | Xasan Yuusuf Majabe | | 29 | Mukhtar Cumar Cali | ## Cayn (Buuhoodle): 7 xubnood Isha: [Liiska, Hiiraan Online](http://www.hiiraan.com/news/2024/jan/wararka_maanta1-186165.htm). | Lr. | Xildhibaan | |---:|---| | 30 | Jacafar Maxamed Gaadawayne | | 31 | Khadar Farax Maxamad | | 32 | Cabdiraxmaan Xaji Axmad Aadan | | 33 | Mowliid Abokar Caafi | | 34 | Cabdirisaaq Shariif Axmad | | 35 | Xasan Ducaale Cali | | 36 | Maxamuud Cabdiraxmaan Maaxamuud | --- # Xubnaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka KMG ee Soomaaliya, 2004 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-transitional-federal-parliament-2004/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Baarlamaanka Federaalka KMG waxa la sameeyay shirkii nabadda ee Kenya 2004, waxa uuna lahaa 275 kursi oo beelaha loo qaybiyay. Liiska xubnaha waxa markii ugu horreysay la daabacay 29 Agoosto 2004. Boggani waa 278-ka magac ee nuqulka Wikipedia. ## Kooban Baarlamaanka Federaalka KMG wuxuu ahaa sharci-dejinta Dowladda Federaalka KMG, oo lagu sameeyay shirkii nabadda ee Kenya 2004 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Parliament)). Liiska xubnaha waxa la daabacay 29 Agoosto 2004, xubnuhuna waxay xilka hayn lahaayeen ilaa 2009 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Somali_Transitional_Federal_Parliament)). Xubnaha waxa soo xushay odayaasha dhaqanka, kuraastana waxa loo qaybiyay qaabka "4.5": qayb kasta afarta beelood ee waaweyn, nus qaybna isbahaysiga beelaha kale ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Parliament)). 2009 kursiyada waxa la gaarsiiyay 550 (isla ishaas). ## Xubnaha Isha: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Somali_Transitional_Federal_Parliament). | Lr. | Xildhibaan | |---:|---| | 1 | Faid Mahamed Ali | | 2 | Ismail A.rahin Mohamed Ali | | 3 | Abdilahi Mohamed Shine | | 4 | Omar Nur Gacal | | 5 | Omar Yusuf Bariise | | 6 | Axmed Gacal Taako | | 7 | Khalif Axmed Gabow | | 8 | Xaaji Gacamey | | 9 | Muxuyadin Yalaxow | | 10 | Osman Mohamud Mohamed (Dufle) | | 11 | Geni Omar | | 12 | Kufra Feeleey | | 13 | [Abdalla Derow Isak](/en/people/abdallah-isaaq-deerow/) | | 14 | Abdalla Haji Ali | | 15 | Abdi Abdulle Saeed | | 16 | Abdi Ahmed Dhuhulow | | 17 | Abdi Bulle Hussein | | 18 | Abdi Haji Yaris | | 19 | Abdi Harshi Abdillahi | | 20 | Abdi Mohamed Tarrah | | 21 | Abdi Warsame Isak | | 22 | Abdiaziz Abdullahi Mohamed | | 23 | Abdiazis Ibrahim Osman | | 24 | Abdiaziz Shekh Yusuf | | 25 | Abdikafi Moalin Hassan | | 26 | Abdikarim Ahmed Ali | | 27 | Abdillahi Ahmed Abdille | | 28 | Abdirahaman Jama Abdalla | | 29 | Abdirahman Abdi Warre | | 30 | Abdirahman Haji Ismail | | 31 | Abdirahman Mohamud Ali | | 32 | Abdirahman Osman Dirir | | 33 | Abdirashid Mohamed Hidig | | 34 | Abdirizak Issak Bihi | | 35 | Abdiwali Ibrahim Muday | | 36 | Abdiwali Sh Maxamed | | 37 | Abdow Maax Farah | | 38 | Abdukadir Aden Jibar | | 39 | Abdulahi Aden Ahmed (Black) | | 40 | Abdulahi Aden Ali (Shaletey) | | 41 | Abdulfatah Ibrahim Rashid | | 42 | Abdulkadir Haji Mohamoud Dakane | | 43 | Abdulkadir Mohamed Haji | | 44 | Abdulkadir Nur Arale (urjufle) | | 45 | Abdulkadir Osman Wehli | | 46 | Abdulkadir Sheikh Mohamed Nur | | 47 | Abdulahi Bille Nour | | 48 | Abdullahi Ahmed Afrah (Jaangoow) | | 49 | Abdullahi Gedi Shador | | 50 | Abdullahi Moalim Mohamed ‘Fah’ | | 51 | Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail | | 52 | Said Mohamed Addo | | 53 | Abdulrahman Yusuf Diriye | | 54 | Abdurahman Aden Ibrahim ‘Ibbi’ | | 55 | Adan Abdullahi Diriye (Mafadhiiste) | | 56 | Aden Mohamed Ali | | 57 | Aden Mohamud Mohamed (Fero) | | 58 | Adil Sheegow Sagar | | 59 | Ahmed Abdi Omar | | 60 | Ahmed Abdillahi Jama (Dakir) | | 61 | Ahmed Abdorahman Mohamed | | 62 | Ahmed Dhimbil Robleh (Koba Weeyne) | | 63 | Ahmed Diriye Mohamed (Dhaadhaan) M | | 64 | Ahmed Duale Gelle (Haaf) | | 65 | Ahmed Hashi Mohamoud (Hashiis) | | 66 | Ahmed Issa Awale (Ishabaydhabo) | | 67 | Ahmed Mohamed Abdi (Ahmedtaw) | | 68 | Ahmed Ismail Jumale | | 69 | Ahmed Mohamed Suleiman | | 70 | Ahmed Mohammed Samar | | 71 | Ahmed Nur Sheikh ‘Lohos’ | | 72 | Ahmed Omar Gagale | | 73 | Ahmed Shariff Mohamed Sidi | | 74 | Ahmed Sheik Abdirahman | | 75 | Ali Mumin Ismail | | 76 | Ali Aden Hussein (Eylow) | | 77 | Ali Ahmed Jama | | 78 | Ali Alas Qareey | | 79 | Ali Haji Mohamoud ‘Ali-Bash’ | | 80 | Ali Hassan Guyow | | 81 | Ali Ismail Abdi-ger | | 82 | Ali Jeyte Osman | | 83 | Ali Mohamed Faqay | | 84 | Ali Mohamoud Abdi | | 85 | Ali Osman Jidow | | 86 | Ali Sheikh Mohamed Nur | | 87 | Ali-Bashi Haji | | 88 | Amina Mohamed Mursal | | 89 | Amir Ahmed Mohamed | | 90 | [Asha Abdalla](/en/people/asha-ahmed-abdalla/) | | 91 | Asha Abdi Sheikh | | 92 | Asha Abdullahi Isse | | 93 | [Asha Haji Elmi](/en/people/asha-haji-elmi/) | | 94 | Avv. Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed | | 95 | Awad Ahmed Ashara | | 96 | Barre Aden Shire | | 97 | Bashir Mohamed Aden | | 98 | Botan Isse Alin | | 99 | Cabdi Cumar Axmed (Abdi Omar Ahmed) | | 100 | Cisman Cilmi Boqoreh | | 101 | Dahir Haji Khalif | | 102 | Deqa Olujog Jama | | 103 | Fadumo Hassan Ali | | 104 | Fahma Ahmed Nur | | 105 | Faisal Omer Gulaid | | 106 | Farah Hassan Mohamed | | 107 | Farahan Ali Mohamoud | | 108 | Fatuma Dahir Adan | | 109 | Fowsiya Mohamed Sheikh Hasan | | 110 | Gelle Mohamed Adan | | 112 | Haji Adam Hussein | | 113 | Hassan Abdi Guure | | 114 | Hassan Abdi Hirey | | 115 | Hassan Abdunur Aden (Albera) | | 116 | [Hassan Abshir Farah](/en/people/hassan-abshir-farah/) | | 117 | Hassan Ahmed Jama | | 118 | Hassan Burale Mohamed | | 119 | Hassan Dhimbil Wasame | | 120 | Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed | | 121 | Hassan Isak Yaqub ‘Ges Adde’ | | 122 | Hassan Moallin Hussein | | 123 | Hassan Mohamed Idiris | | 124 | Hassan Mohamed Nur (Sharti Gadud) | | 125 | Hassan Omar Hussein | | 126 | Hassan Omar Mohamed | | 127 | Hawa Abdillahi Qayad | | 128 | Hiddo Farah Abdi | | 129 | Hilowle Iman Omar | | 130 | Hirsi Bulhan Farah | | 131 | Hussein Abdi Mohamed | | 132 | Hussein Abdisalan Mohamed | | 133 | Hussein Addawe Badow | | 134 | Hussein Arale Addan | | 135 | Hussein Elabe Faahiye | | 136 | Hussein Mohamed Jama Keynan | | 137 | Hussein Mohammud Muse ‘Bantu’ | | 138 | Hussein Mohamud Sheikh Hussein | | 139 | Hussein Osman Hussein | | 140 | Ibrahim Abdulahi Osman (Garabey) | | 141 | Ibrahim Aden Hassan (Kiish) | | 142 | Ibrahim Habeeb Noor | | 143 | Ibrahim Hussein Ali Salah | | 144 | Ibrahim Isak Aymow (Jarere) | | 145 | Ibrahim Isak Yarow | | 146 | Ibrahim Mohamed Deeq | | 147 | Ibrahim Mohamed Isak (Ibrow) | | 148 | Ibrahim Shaikh Ali Mohamed | | 149 | Ing. Nur Wabar Abdi | | 150 | Isak Mohamed Nur | | 151 | Isak Mohamud Mohamed | | 152 | Ismail Hassan Farah | | 153 | Ismail Hassan Jama | | 154 | Ismail Hassan Mohamoud | | 155 | Ismail Mohamoud Hure | | 156 | Ismail Qasim Naji | | 157 | Isse Weheliye Malin | | 158 | Jama Abdillahi Ofleh | | 159 | [Jama Ali Jama](/en/people/jama-ali-jama/) | | 160 | Jama Gure Qobey | | 161 | Jamal Hassan Mohamed | | 162 | Jeylani Ali Kediye | | 163 | Jibril Mohamed Sheikh Osman | | 164 | Khadija Mohamed Diriye | | 165 | Khalid Omar Ali | | 166 | Lul Abdi Aden | | 167 | Mahad Aabdalle Aawed | | 168 | Mahamud Abdi Hassan (Begos) | | 169 | Mariam Arif Qassim | | 170 | Maulid Ma’ane Mohamud | | 171 | Maxamed Abdillahi Kamil | | 172 | Maxamed Cali Xagaa | | 173 | Maxmed Cali Daheye | | 174 | Mire Hagi Farah Mohamed | | 175 | Moalin Mohamud Mohamed (Jiis) | | 176 | Moalin Nur Hassan | | 177 | Modobe Nunow Mohamed | | 178 | Mohamed Abdi Awad | | 179 | Mohamed Abdi Hayer | | 180 | Mohamed Abdi Yussuf | | 181 | Mohamed Aden Wayel | | 182 | Mohamed Ahmed Kulan | | 183 | Mohamed Ali Bilaal | | 184 | Mohamed Ali Shiriye | | 185 | Mohamed Diriye Ali | | 186 | Mohamed Hashi Gaani | | 187 | Mohamed Hassan Faqi | | 188 | Mohamed Hassan Ibrahim | | 189 | Mohamed Hussein Addo | | 190 | Mohamed Hussein Isak | | 191 | Mohamed Hussein Rage | | 192 | Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed (Habsade) | | 193 | Mohamed Ismail Barkale | | 194 | Mohamed Jama Furuh | | 195 | Mohamed Maalim Abdirahman | | 196 | Mohamed Mohamoud Aden | | 197 | Mohamed Mohamud Guled (Gamadere) | | 198 | Mohamed Mursal Borrow | | 199 | Mohamed Nurani Bakar | | 200 | Mohamed Omar Habeb (M. Dhere) | | 201 | Mohamed Osman Bulbul | | 202 | Mohamed Osman Isak (Fanah) | | 203 | Mohamed Osman Maye | | 204 | Mohamed Osman Mostaro | | 205 | [Mohamed Qanyare Afrah](/en/people/mohamed-qanyare-afrah/) | | 206 | Mohamed Sh. Nageye | | 207 | Mohamed Sheikh Ahmed Gabyo | | 208 | Mohamed Shiekh Isak (Abadir) | | 209 | Mohammed Hassan Ali Daryeel | | 210 | Mohamoud Ahmed M. Kulalihi | | 211 | Mohamoud Mohamed Hassan | | 212 | Mohamud Sayed Aden | | 213 | Mohamud Abdillahi Jama | | 214 | Mohamud Barre Hussein | | 215 | Mohamuud Salad Noor | | 216 | Mukhtar Mohamed Yusuf | | 217 | Mumin Ibrahim Isak | | 218 | Muna Ibrahim Abikar | | 219 | Munye Said Omar | | 220 | Muqtar Munye Bishar | | 221 | Musa Nur Amin | | 222 | Muse Ali Omar | | 223 | Muse Hersi Fahiye | | 224 | [Muse Sudi Yalahow](/en/people/musa-sudi-yalahow/) | | 225 | Mustafa Sheikh Ali Duhulow | | 226 | Nur Ahmed Dirshe | | 227 | Nur Matan Abdi | | 228 | Nur Sheikh Hussein Addo | | 229 | Omar Aden Hassan | | 230 | Omar Ahmed Jess | | 231 | Omar Hashi Adan | | 232 | Omar Islaw Mohamed | | 233 | Omar Mohamud Mohamed (Filish) | | 234 | Omar Ugas Mumin | | 235 | Omer Hassan Subeir | | 236 | Osman Adan Dhubow | | 237 | Osman Hassan Ali Ato | | 238 | Osman Liban Ibrahim | | 239 | Osman Muqtar Mohamed (Mirow) | | 240 | Qamar Adan Ali Abdalla | | 241 | Rashid Adan Abdullahi ‘Gebyow’ | | 242 | Sead Hassan Shire | | 243 | Saeed Mohamed Rage | | 244 | Sahra Abdulkadir Abdirahman | | 245 | Salad Ali Jelle | | 246 | Salah Ali Farah | | 247 | Salah Ismail Saqawe | | 248 | Salim Aliyow Ibrow | | 249 | Saredo Mohamed Abdalla | | 250 | [Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden](/so/people/sharif-hassan-sheikh-aden/) | | 251 | Sharif Safi Roble | | 252 | Sharif Salah Mohamed Ali | | 253 | Sheikh Adan Mohamed Nur (Madobe) | | 254 | Sheikh Aden Moalin Isak | | 255 | Sheikh Aden Sheikh Mohamed Der | | 256 | Sheikh Hassan Bile | | 257 | Sheikh Jama Haji Hussein | | 258 | Sheikh Nur Ali Aden | | 259 | Suleyman Olad Roble | | 260 | Surie Dirie Arab | | 260 | Xirsi Adan Rooble Afrax | | 262 | Yussuf Mahamed Harare | | 263 | Yusuf Abdillahi Kahin | | 264 | Yusuf Gelle Ugas | | 265 | Yusuf Hassan Iibrahim | | 266 | Yusuf Mire Mohamoud "Serar" | | 267 | Yusuf Mohamed Abduqadir | | 268 | Yusuf Mohamed Kahair | | 269 | Zakariye Xuseen Areh | | 270 | Zakia Abdissalam Alim | | 272 | Zeinab Maxamed Caamir | | 274 | Zekaria Mohamoud Haji Abdi | | 275 | Hussein Mohamed Farah Aidid | | 276 | Ibrahin Abdi Nur | | 277 | Mohamed Mohamoud Haid | | 278 | Mohamed Ahmed Furre | | 279 | Serar Ali Muhamud Deria | | 280 | [Ali Abdullahi Osoble](/en/people/ali-abdullahi-osoble/) | | 281 | Abdullahi Ali Ahmed Waafow | --- # Suldaanadii Ifat iyo Adal, 1197 ilaa 1577 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/sultans-of-ifat-and-adal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boqortooyada Walashma waxay xukuntay Ifat qiyaastii 1197 ilaa 1403, iyo Adal 1415 ilaa 1559. Kadib 1559 amiirradii Harar ayaa hoggaamiyay Adal ilaa Imaam Maxamed Jaasa caasimadda u raray Awsa 1577. Imaam Axmed Ibraahim (Gurey) wuxuu hoggaamiyay ciidamada Adal 1527 ilaa 1543. ## Kooban Ifat iyo Adal waxay ahaayeen dowlado Islaam ah oo Geeska Afrika ah, dhulkoodu wuxuu ka bilaabmay Saylac ilaa Harar iyo Shewa. Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat, Sacad ad-Diin II, waxaa lagu dilay Saylac agteeda qiyaastii 1403; wiilashiisii waxay ka soo laabteen Yaman waxayna aasaaseen Saldanadda Adal 1415. ([Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty), [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty), [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate). ## Suldaanadii Ifat, qiyaastii 1197 ilaa 1403 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Umar Walasma (Umar Dunya-Hawaz) | 1197 ilaa 1276 | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Ali Baziyu | 1276 ilaa 1299 | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Haqq ad-Din Umar | 13th century ilaa 13th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Husein Umar | 13th century ilaa 13th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Nasr ad-Din Umar | 13th century ilaa 13th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Mansur Ali | 13th century ilaa 13th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Jamal ad-Din Ali | 13th century ilaa 13th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Abud Jamal ad-Din | 13th century ilaa 13th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Zubayr Abud | 13th or 14th century ilaa 14th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Mati Layla Abud | 14th century ilaa 14th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Haqq ad-Din I | 14th century ilaa 1328 | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Sabr ad-Din I | 1328 ilaa 1332 | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Jamal ad-Din I | 1332 ilaa 14th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Nasr ad-Din Nahwi | 14th century ilaa 14th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din | 14th century ilaa 14th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Ahmad ibn Ali | 14th century ilaa 14th century | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | Haqq ad-Din II | 14th century ilaa 1374 | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | | [Sa'ad ad-Din II](/en/people/saad-ad-din-ii/) | 1374 ilaa 1403 | | [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) | ## Suldaanadii iyo amiirradii Adal, 1415 ilaa 1577 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Sabr ad-Din II | 1415 ilaa 1422 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Mansur ad-Din | 1422 ilaa 1424 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Jamal ad-Din II | 1424 ilaa 1433 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Shihab ad-Din Ahmad Badlay | 1433 ilaa 1445 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Muhammad ibn Badlay | 1445 ilaa 1472 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Shams ad-Din ibn Muhammad | 1472 ilaa 1488 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din | 1488 ilaa 1518 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Garad Abun Adashe | 1518 ilaa 1525 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Mahfuz | 1518 ilaa 1519 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad | 1525 ilaa 1526 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Umar Din | 1526 ilaa 1553 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | [Axmed Ibraahim al-Gaasi (Axmed Gurey)](/so/people/ahmad-ibn-ibrahim-al-ghazi/) (Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi) | 1527 ilaa 1543 | | [Wikipedia, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi) | | Ali ibn Umar Din | 1553 ilaa 1555 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Barakat ibn Umar Din | 1555 ilaa 1559 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Nur ibn Mujahid | 1559 ilaa 1567 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Uthman the Abyssinian | 1567 ilaa 1569 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Talha Abbas | 1569 ilaa 1571 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Nasir ibn Uthman | 1571 ilaa 1572 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Muhammad ibn Nasir | 1572 ilaa 1576 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Mansur ibn Muhammad | 1576 ilaa 1577 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | | Muhammad Jasa | 1577 ilaa 1583 | | [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) | ## Ilaha - [Wikipedia, Walashma dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty) - [Wikipedia, Adal Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) --- # Suldaanadii Muqdisho Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/sultans-of-mogadishu/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Muqdisho waxaa xukumi jiray suldaanno ugu yaraan qarnigii 13aad. Badankood waxaa lagu yaqaan magacyada ku qoran lacagtii Muqdisho, sidaas darteed taariikhahooda lama yaqaan. Ibnu Batuuta wuxuu la kulmay suldaankii Abuu Bakar bin Cumar 1331. Talyaanigu wuxuu Muqdisho qabsaday 1905. ## Kooban Saldanadda Muqdisho waxaa la aasaasay ka hor 1331; World Statesmen waxay qortaa in markii dambe loogu yeeri jiray saldanadda Hiraab. Muqdisho waxay hoos timid Cumaan 1828, Zanzibar 1861, waxaa Talyaaniga la siiyay kiro 1892, waxaana Talyaanigu qabsaday 16 Maarso 1905. ([World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu). ## Suldaanno magacyadoodu ku qoran yihiin lacagta Muqdisho | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Abu Bakr ibn Fakhr ad-Din | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Ismail ibn Muhammad | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Al-Rahman ibn al-Musa'id | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Yusuf ibn Sa'id | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Sultan Muhammad | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Rasul ibn Ali | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Yusuf ibn Abi Bakr | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Malik ibn Sa'id | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Sultan Umar | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | | Zubayr ibn Umar | not known ilaa not known | | [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) | ## Suldaannada ay taxday World Statesmen | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cumar (Umar) | not known ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Axmed I (Ahmad I) | not known ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Maxamad I (Muhammad I) | not known ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Axmed II (Ahmad II) | not known ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Maxamuud (Mahmud) | not known ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Cali (Ali) | not known ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Cismaan (Uthman) | not known ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Maxamad II (Muhammad II) | not known ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Axmed III (Ahmad III) | qiyaastii 1860 ilaa not known | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) - [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) --- # Suldaanadii Isaaq, 1750 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/sultans-of-the-isaaq/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boqortooyada Guuleed waxay haysay magaca Suldaanka Isaaq tan iyo markii Guuleed Cabdi qaatay qiyaastii 1750. Daa'uud Maxamed Cabdiqaadir ayaa suldaan ahaa tan iyo 13 Febraayo 2021. Xilkani wuxuu sii jiray xilligii Ingiriiska iyo xorriyadda kadib, sidii xil dhaqameed. ## Kooban Boqortooyada Guuleed waxay bilaabatay bartamihii qarnigii 18aad. Qarnigii 19aad Habar Yoonis waxay samaysteen saldanad u gaar ah. Deegaanku wuxuu ku jiray maxmiyadda Ingiriiska 1884, Soomaaliya 1960, iyo Somaliland 1991 kadib. ([World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate). ## Suldaanadii Isaaq (Boqortooyada Guuleed) | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Guuleed Cabdi (Guled Abdi) | Luulyo 1750 ilaa 1808 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | | Faarax Guuleed (Farah Guled) | 1808 ilaa 1845 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | | Xasan Faarax (Hassan Farah) | 1845 ilaa 1870 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | | Diiriye Xasan (Deria Hassan) | 1870 ilaa 1943 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | | Cabdillaahi Diiriye (Abdillahi Deria) | 1943 ilaa Janaayo 1967 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | | Rashiid Cabdillaahi (Rashid Abdillahi) | Janaayo 1967 ilaa 1969 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | | Cabdiqaadir Cabdillaahi (Abdiqadir Abdillahi) | 1969 ilaa 1975 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | | Maxamed Cabdiqaadir (Mahamed Abdiqadir) | 1975 ilaa 12 Febraayo 2021 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | | Daa'uud Maxamed Cabdiqaadir (Daud Mahamed Abdiqadir) | 13 Febraayo 2021 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) - [Wikipedia, Isaaq Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate) --- # Suldaanadii Habar Yoonis Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/sultans-of-the-habar-yoonis/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saldanadda Habar Yoonis waxay ka go'day Saldanadda Isaaq qiyaastii 1769, iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo Suguleh Caynaanshe. 1881 ilaa 1917 suldaanno isku hayay magaca ayaa jiray. Cismaan Cali Madar ayaa haystay tan iyo 1979, sida ay qortay World Statesmen. ## Kooban Saldanadda Habar Yoonis waxay ku biirtay maxmiyadda Ingiriiska 1884. World Statesmen waxay qortaa inay aqoonsatay xukunka Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan 1899 ilaa 1907. ([World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate). ## Suldaanadii Habar Yoonis | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Sugulle Caynaanshe Xirsi (Sugulle Ainanshe Hirsi) | qiyaastii 1769 ilaa 1797 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | | Diiriye Sugulle Caynaanshe (Diriye Sugulle) | 1797 ilaa 1854 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | | Xirsi Amaan (Hersi Aman) | 1854 ilaa 1879 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | | Nuur Axmed Amaan (Nur Ahmed Aman) | 1879 ilaa 1907 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | | Cawad Diiriye (Awad Diiriye) | 1881 ilaa 1892 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | | Doolaal Nuur (Dolal Nur) | 1910 ilaa 1917 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | | Madar Xirsi Diiriye (Madar Hersi Diiriye) | 1890 ilaa 1938 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | | Cali Madar (Ali Madar) | 1938 ilaa 1979 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | | Cismaan Cali Madar (Uthman Ali Madar) | 1979 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) - [Wikipedia, Habr Yunis Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate) --- # Garaadadii iyo suldaanadii Warsangeli, 1613 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/rulers-of-the-warsangali/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dowladda Warsangeli waxaa la aasaasay qiyaastii 1613; taliyayaasheedu waxay qaadan jireen magaca Garaad ilaa 1910, kadibna Suldaan. Siciid Cabdisalaan Maxamuud ayaa haystay tan iyo 1997. Suldaan Maxamuud Cali Shire waxaa Ingiriisku u masaafuriyay Seychelles 1920 ilaa 1928. ## Kooban Warsangeli waxay heshiis ilaalin la saxiixdeen Ingiriiska 27 Janaayo 1886. Deegaanku wuxuu ka mid noqday Soomaaliya 1960. ([World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate). ## Garaadadii, 1613 ilaa 1910 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Cabdulle Maxamuud (Abdulle Mahmud) | 1613 ilaa 1672 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Cali (Ali) | 1672 ilaa 1694 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Naaleeye (Naleye) | 1694 ilaa 1721 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Maxamad (Mohamed) | 1721 ilaa 1764 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Maxamuud Cali (Mohamud Ali) | 1764 ilaa 1804 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Maxamuud (Mohamud) | 1804 ilaa 1840 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Maxamad (Mohamed) | 1840 ilaa 1890 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Cali Shire (Ali Shire) | 1890 ilaa 1910 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | ## Suldaannada, tan iyo 1910 | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamuud Cali Shire (Mohamud Ali Shire) | 1910 ilaa 1960 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Cabdisalaan Maxamuud (Abdisalan Mohamud) | 1960 ilaa 1997 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | | Siciid Cabdisalaan Maxamuud (Said Abdisalaan Mohamud) | 1997 ilaa hadda | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) - [Wikipedia, Warsangali Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate) --- # Suldaanadii Majeerteen iyo Hobyo Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/sultans-of-majeerteen-and-hobyo/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saldanadda Majeerteen ee waqooyi-bari iyo Saldanadda Hobyo ee xeebta dhexe waxay ahaayeen labada saldanadood ee ugu waaweynaa dhulka hadda Puntland iyo Galmudug. Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud wuxuu xukumay 1860 ilaa 1927, Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid wuxuu aasaasay Hobyo 1878. Talyaanigu labadaba wuu qabsaday 1925 ilaa 1927. ## Kooban Labada saldanadoodba waxay heshiis ilaalin la galeen Talyaaniga 1889: Hobyo 9 Febraayo, Majeerteen 7 Abriil. Hobyo waxay ka go'day Majeerteen 1878. Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday Hobyo Oktoobar 1925, Majeerteenna 1927. ([World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html). ## Suldaanadii Majeerteen | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamuud IV (Mahmud IV) | not known ilaa 1815 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Majeerteen Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate) | | Cismaan II (Uthman II) | 1815 ilaa 1842 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Majeerteen Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate) | | Yuusuf IV (Yusuf IV) | 1842 ilaa 1844 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Majeerteen Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate) | | Maxamuud V Yuusuf (Mahmud V ibn Yusuf) | 1844 ilaa 1860 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Majeerteen Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate) | | [Cismaan Maxamuud (Boqor Cismaan)](/en/people/boqor-osman-mahamud/) (Osman Mahamud) | 1860 ilaa 1927 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Majeerteen Sultanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate) | ## Suldaanadii Hobyo | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | [Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid](/en/people/yusuf-ali-kenadid/) (Yusuf Ali Kenadid) | Abriil 1878 ilaa 28 Sebtembar 1911 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Hobyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo) | | Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid (Ali Yusuf Kenadid) | 1911 ilaa Oktoobar 1925 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html), [Wikipedia, Sultanate of Hobyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) --- # Suldaanadii Geledi Source: https://calankii.com/so/institutions/sultans-of-geledi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saldanadda Geledi, oo xaruntu ahayd Afgooye, waxaa la aasaasay qiyaastii 1750, waxaana xukumi jirtay boqortooyada Gobroon ilaa Talyaanigu ku daray gumeysigiisa 3 Sebtembar 1908. Suldaankeedii ugu caansanaa, Yuusuf Maxamuud Ibraahim, wuxuu xukumay 1828 ilaa 1848. ## Kooban World Statesmen waxay sheegtay in Saldanadda Geledi la aasaasay qiyaastii 1750, Talyaanigana lagu daray 3 Sebtembar 1908. ([World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html)) Saf kasta wuxuu sheegayaa magaca, muddada xilka iyo isha laga soo xigtay. Taariikhaha waxaa laga soo qaatay [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html). ## Suldaanadii Geledi (Gobroon) | Magaca | Muddada | Faahfaahin | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Ibraahin Adeer (Ibrahim Adeer) | 18th century ilaa 18th century | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Maxamuud Ibraahim Adeer (Mahamud Ibrahim Adeer) | 18th century ilaa 1828 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Yuusuf Maxamuud Ibraahim (Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim) | 1828 ilaa 1848 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Axmed Yuusuf (Ahmad Yusuf) | 1848 ilaa 1878 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | | Cismaan Axmed (Uthman Ahmad) | 1878 ilaa 3 Sebtembar 1908 | | [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) | ## Ilaha - [World Statesmen, Somali traditional states](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia_native.html) --- # Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya oo kooban: tirooyinka ugu muhiimsan Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/economy-at-a-glance/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu 2025 ahaa qiyaastii $13.2 bilyan, wuxuuna koray qiyaastii 3 boqolkiiba. Qoysasku waxay isticmaalaan wax ka badan inta dalku soo saaro, maxaa yeelay lacagta qurbaha laga soo diro iyo gargaarka ayaa farqiga buuxiya: dalku sannadkii wuxuu soo dejiyaa $7.3 bilyan oo badeecad ah, wuxuuna dhoofiyaa $1.3 bilyan. ## Baaxadda dhaqaalaha Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya (wax-soosaarka guud, GDP, ee qiimaha suuqa) wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii **$13.2 bilyan sannadkii 2025** ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Haddii lagu cabbiro qiimaha 2025, wuxuu ka kordhay $10.0 bilyan sannadkii 2021 ilaa $11.5 bilyan sannadkii 2025, taas oo ah korriin joogto ah oo qiyaastii 3 ilaa 4 boqolkiiba sannadkii ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025, Shaxda 2](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Korriinka waxaa la filayaa inuu hoos u dhaco 2026. IMF waxay saadaalisay **2.3 boqolkiiba 2026**, 2.7 boqolkiiba 2027, iyo qiyaastii 4 boqolkiiba muddada dhexe, iyadoo sicir-bararku 2026 noqonayo 6.5 boqolkiiba ([IMF, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/05/pr26319-somalia-imf-staff-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation-mission)). Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu 2026 saadaaliyay 2.8 boqolkiiba ([Bangiga Adduunka, 13 Maajo 2026](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/05/13/somalia-growth-continues-but-shocks-and-aid-cuts-intensify-risks-to-jobs-and-livelihoods)). Labaduba waxay sababaha ugu waaweyn u tilmaameen abaarta iyo gargaarka oo yaraaday. ## Halka lacagtu aaddo - **Qoysasku waxay isticmaalaan wax ka badan inta dhaqaalaha oo dhan soo saaro.** Kharashka qoysasku wuxuu 2025 u dhigmay qiyaastii 124 boqolkiiba GDP-da ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Taasi waxay suurtowdaa maxaa yeelay lacagta ehelka qurbaha jooga iyo gargaarku waxay bixiyaan qayb weyn oo ka mid ah waxa qoysasku iibsadaan. - **Maalgashigu wuu kordhayaa.** Kharashka dhismayaasha, mashiinnada iyo qalabku wuxuu gaaray qiyaastii 26 boqolkiiba GDP-da, wuxuuna 2025 koray 6 boqolkiiba, iyadoo ay hormuud u ahaayeen mashiinnada la soo dejiyay iyo dhismaha (isla ilahaas). - **Dowladdu waa yar tahay.** Kharashka dowladda federaalku wuxuu 2025 ahaa qiyaastii 7.3 boqolkiiba GDP-da (isla ilahaas). - **Soo dejintu waa ballaaran tahay.** Badeecadaha iyo adeegyada la soo dejiyay waxay u dhigmeen qiyaastii 80 boqolkiiba GDP-da. Cuntada ayaa ah shayga keligiis ugu weyn (isla ilahaas). ## Lacagta dibadda ka timaadda Wadarta lacagta Soomaaliya loo soo diray waxay 2025 gaartay **$6.79 bilyan**, oo ah tiradii ugu badnayd. Taas waxaa ka mid ahaa $3.13 bilyan oo ay shakhsiyaad u direen qoysaskooda, oo u dhiganta qiyaastii 24 boqolkiiba GDP-da ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeyuhu wuxuu kordhay ilaa $880 milyan, badankiisna wuxuu galay isgaarsiinta, maaliyadda, tamarta iyo hantida ma-guurtada ah (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Money sent home](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/). ## Ganacsiga Soomaaliya waxay 2025 dibadda u iibisay $1.26 bilyan oo badeecad ah, waxayna soo iibsatay $7.30 bilyan. Xoolaha nool waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii 73 boqolkiiba badeecadaha la dhoofiyay ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Trade, exports and imports](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/). ## Lacagta dowladda Dowladda federaalku waxay 2025 ururisay $404 milyan oo dakhli gudaha ah, waxayna heshay $516 milyan oo deeqo ah. Waxay kharash gareysay $971 milyan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Deynta dibadda waxay ka dhacday $5.2 bilyan sannadkii 2018 ilaa $1.5 bilyan sannadkii 2025, kadib cafiskii deynta (isla ilahaas). Eeg [The federal budget and taxes](/so/economy/budget-and-taxes/) iyo [Debt relief](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/). ## Dadka iyo shaqada Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022, **54.4 boqolkiiba** dadka waxay ku noolaayeen ka hooseeya xariiqda saboolnimada ee qaranka. Dadka waaweyn qiyaastii rubuc keliya ayaa shaqeynayay ama shaqo raadinayay, shaqo-la'aanta dhallinyaraduna waxay ahayd 30.1 boqolkiiba ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Eeg [Jobs, work and poverty](/so/economy/jobs-and-poverty/). ## Tirooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee Soomaaliya, 2025 - Wax-soosaarka guud (GDP): qiyaastii $13.2 bilyan - Korriinka dhabta ah: qiyaastii 3 boqolkiiba - Sicir-bararka (celcelis): 3.7 boqolkiiba - Shilinka: 30,103 doollarkii, celcelis ahaan (lacagta waraaqaha ee suuqa) - Lacagta qurbaha laga soo diray: $6.79 bilyan (shakhsiyaad: $3.13 bilyan) - Badeecadaha la dhoofiyay: $1.26 bilyan; badeecadaha la soo dejiyay: $7.30 bilyan - Hantida bangiyada: $2.30 bilyan - Dakhliga gudaha ee federaalka: $404 milyan - Deynta dibadda: $1.48 bilyan (11 boqolkiiba GDP-da) Dhammaan tirooyinka: [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). Taariikhda shilinka, eeg [Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo doollarka](/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/). ## Somaliland Somaliland waxay leedahay miisaaniyad iyo lacag u gaar ah. Golaheeda wasiirradu wuxuu ansixiyay miisaaniyadda 2026 oo ah qiyaastii $424.5 milyan (4.58 tiriliyan oo shilin Somaliland ah) ([Horn Diplomat, 29 Nofembar 2025](https://www.horndiplomat.com/somaliland-cabinet-endorses-record-424-million-budget-for-2026-citing-strong-revenue-outlook/)). Tirooyinka federaalka ee kor ku xusan si buuxda uma koobaan xisaabaadka Somaliland. Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Baaxadda GDP-du waxay ku xiran tahay cidda cabbirta. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu 2025 isticmaalaa $13.2 bilyan. Tirooyinkii hore ee Bangiga Adduunku way ka hooseeyeen. Tirooyinka lacagta qurbuhuna way kala duwan yihiin: $3.1 bilyan waxay tirisaa oo keliya lacagta ay shakhsiyaadku soo diraan, halka $6.8 bilyan ay tirinayso dhammaan lacagaha la soo wareejiyay, oo ay ku jiraan lacagta ganacsiga iyo gargaarka. Warbixinta GDP ee xafiiska tirakoobka qaranka waxay 2025 siisaa saamiyo xoogaa ka duwan: kharashka qoysaska **123 boqolkiiba** GDP-da, maalgashiga **22 boqolkiiba**, dowladda **8.8 boqolkiiba**, soo dejintana **75 boqolkiiba**. Waxay GDP-da qofkiiba ku qiyaastaa **$793**, korriinkana **3.1 boqolkiiba** ([SNBS, GDP 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/Somalia-GDP-2025.pdf)). Xafiisku wuxuu sidoo kale dib u eegaa sannadihii hore: korriinka kharashka qoysaska ee 2024 waxaa warbixintiisii ugu dambeysay looga dhimay 8.8 boqolkiiba ilaa 3.9 boqolkiiba (isla ilahaas). ## Faylka xogta GDP-da Soomaaliya ee 2019 ilaa 2025 oo loo kala qaaday nooca kharashka (qoysaska, dowladda, maalgashiga, dhoofinta, dhoofinta xoolaha iyo soo dejinta), oo ah malaayiin doollar, saami ahaan GDP-da iyo korriin dhab ah, iyo GDP-da qofkiiba iyo dakhliga qaranka, waxaa laga helayaa [gdp-by-spending-2019-2025.csv](/data/economy/gdp-by-spending-2019-2025.csv). Isha: [Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, GDP 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/Somalia-GDP-2025.pdf). --- # Imisa qof ayaa ku nool Soomaaliya? Tirada dadka, da'da iyo korodhka Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/population/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qiyaastii 19.7 milyan oo qof ayaa 2025 ku noolaa Soomaaliya, sida ay qiyaasayso QM, halka 1960 ay ahaayeen 2.9 milyan. Kala badh Soomaalida oo dhan waxay ka yar yihiin qiyaastii 16 sano, haweenku celcelis ahaan waxay dhalaan qiyaastii lix carruur ah, QM-na waxay filaysaa in dadku gaaraan qiyaastii 37 milyan 2050. ## Imisa qof QM waxay dadka Soomaaliya ku qiyaastaa qiyaastii **19.7 milyan 2025** ([UNFPA, World Population Dashboard](https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/SO)). Tirada QM waxay ka kooban tahay dalka oo dhan, oo ay ku jirto Somaliland. Soomaaliya ma yeelan tirakoob qaran tan iyo 1991. Tirintii ugu horreysay ee dalka oo dhan tan iyo markaas waxay ahayd **Sahanka Qiyaasta Dadka ee 2014**, oo lala sameeyay UNFPA si loogu diyaargaroobo tirakoob, wuxuuna helay qiyaastii **12.3 milyan** oo qof: 42 boqolkiiba magaalooyinka, 23 boqolkiiba tuulooyinka, 26 boqolkiiba reer guuraa ah iyo 9 boqolkiiba barakacayaal ([Bangiga Adduunka, warqad shaqo, oo soo xiganaysa UNFPA PESS 2014](https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/509221549985694077/pdf/WPS8735.pdf); [QM Soomaaliya, warbixinta PESS](https://somalia.un.org/en/download/6916/33489)). Reer guuraaga waxaa lagu tiriyay ceelasha biyaha xilliga jiilaalka (isla ilahaas). ## Dadka gobol kasta, sahankii 2014 Sahanka Qiyaasta Dadka ee 2014 wuxuu 18-ka gobol ee dagaalka ka horreeyay ku tiriyay 12,316,895 qof, oo loo kala qaybiyay magaalooyin, tuulooyin, reer guuraa iyo xeryaha barakacayaasha ([UNFPA, Population Estimation Survey 2014, Shaxda 2.1](https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf)). Banaadir ayaa ugu dad badnayd, qiyaastii 13.4% wadarta; Sool ayaa ugu dad yarayd. Banaadir ma laha tirin tuulo ama reer guuraa maxaa yeelay dhammaanteed waa magaalo. | Gobolka | Magaalooyin | Tuulooyin | Reer guuraa | Barakacayaal (xero) | Wadar | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| | [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/) | 287,821 | 143,743 | 233,709 | 7,990 | 673,263 | | [Woqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) | 802,740 | 138,912 | 255,761 | 44,590 | 1,242,003 | | [Togdheer](/so/regions/togdheer/) | 483,724 | 57,356 | 154,523 | 25,760 | 721,363 | | [Sool](/so/regions/sool/) | 120,993 | 13,983 | 187,632 | 4,820 | 327,428 | | [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) | 159,717 | 30,804 | 352,692 | 910 | 544,123 | | [Bari](/so/regions/bari/) | 471,785 | 65,483 | 133,234 | 49,010 | 719,512 | | [Nugaal](/so/regions/nugaal/) | 138,929 | 31,047 | 213,227 | 9,495 | 392,698 | | [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/) | 381,493 | 79,752 | 185,736 | 70,882 | 717,863 | | [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) | 183,553 | 52,089 | 214,024 | 119,768 | 569,434 | | [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) | 81,379 | 135,537 | 252,609 | 51,160 | 520,685 | | [Shabeellaha Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-shabelle/) | 114,348 | 249,326 | 100,402 | 51,960 | 516,036 | | [Banaadir](/so/regions/mogadishu/) | 1,280,939 | – | – | 369,288 | 1,650,227 | | [Shabeellaha Hoose](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) | 215,752 | 723,682 | 159,815 | 102,970 | 1,202,219 | | [Baay](/so/regions/bay/) | 93,046 | 463,330 | 195,986 | 39,820 | 792,182 | | [Bakool](/so/regions/bakool/) | 61,928 | 134,050 | 147,248 | 24,000 | 367,226 | | [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/) | 109,142 | 177,742 | 144,793 | 76,728 | 508,405 | | [Jubbada Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-juba/) | 56,242 | 148,439 | 131,240 | 27,000 | 362,921 | | [Jubbada Hoose](/so/regions/lower-juba/) | 172,861 | 161,512 | 124,334 | 30,600 | 489,307 | | **Dhammaan 18-ka gobol** | | | | | **12,316,895** | ## Sida ay u koreen Qiyaasaha QM ee dadka Soomaaliya ([UN World Population Prospects 2024, Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-with-un-projections?country=~SOM)): - 1950: 2.2 milyan - 1960: 2.9 milyan - 1970: 3.7 milyan - 1980: 5.9 milyan - 1990: 7.1 milyan - 2000: 8.8 milyan - 2010: 12.3 milyan - 2020: 16.7 milyan - 2025: 19.7 milyan - 2030 (saadaal): 22.9 milyan - 2050 (saadaal): 37.2 milyan - 2100 (saadaal): 67.4 milyan ## Dal aad u da'yar - **Da'da dhexe:** qiyaastii **15.6 sano** 2025: kala badh Soomaalida oo dhan way ka yar yihiin ([UN WPP 2024, Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/median-age?country=~SOM)). - **Carruurta:** 2023, qiyaastii **8.6 milyan** oo ka mid ah 18.4 milyan oo qof ayaa ka yaraa 15 sano, ku dhawaad kala badh. Qiyaastii 9.3 milyan waxay ahaayeen 15 ilaa 64 sano, wax ka yar nus milyanna waxay ahaayeen 65 ama ka weyn ([UN WPP 2024, Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-young-working-elderly?country=~SOM)). - **Dhalmada:** haweenku 2023 celcelis ahaan waxay dhaleen qiyaastii **6.1 carruur ah**, halka 2000 ay ahayd 7.6 ([UN WPP 2024, Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?country=~SOM)). - **Celceliska cimriga:** qiyaastii **58.8 sano** 2023, halka 2010 uu ahaa 48.9 ([UN WPP 2024, Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?country=~SOM)). ## Magaalooyinka ayaa ugu dhaqsaha badan Qiyaastii **55 boqolkiiba** Soomaalida waxay 2025 ku noolaayeen magaalooyinka, halka 1960 ay ahaayeen 18 boqolkiiba, 2010-na 39 boqolkiiba ([QM, Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-urban?country=~SOM)). Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu xusay in saddex meelood laba meel Soomaalida saboolka ah hadda ay magaalooyinka ku nool yihiin ([Bangiga Adduunka, Abriil 2025](https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/five-facts-about-poverty-in-somalia-afe-0425)). ## Dhallinyarada iyo shaqada Sannad kasta qiyaastii 500,000 dhallinyaro ah ayaa raadiya shaqadoodii ugu horreysay ([MENA Startup Digest, Ogosto 2026](https://menastartupdigest.com/somalia-launches-national-startup-network-with-three-innovation-hubs/)). Eeg [Shaqada iyo saboolnimada](/so/economy/jobs-and-poverty/). ## Faylka xogta Tirooyinka sannad kasta 1950 ilaa 2023, iyo saadaalinta QM ilaa 2100, waxaa laga helayaa [population-somalia-1950-2100.csv](/data/economy/population-somalia-1950-2100.csv). Tiirarka: sannadka, tirada dadka, qiyaas ama saadaal, da'da dhexe, carruurta haweeneydiiba, celceliska cimriga iyo saamiga magaalooyinka. Isha: UN World Population Prospects 2024, Our World in Data. --- # Maxay Soomaaliya u sabool tahay? Tirooyinka iyo sababaha Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/why-is-somalia-poor/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay sannadkii qofkiiba soo saartaa qiyaastii $670 oo badeecado iyo adeegyo ah, in yar oo ka badan kala badh Soomaalidana waxay ku nool yihiin xadka saboolnimada qaranka hoostiisa. Sababaha ugu waaweyn ee xogtu muujinayso waa burburkii hay'adaha dowladda 1991, abaaro soo noqnoqda, dhoofin cidhiidhi ah, shaqooyin yar, iyo dowlad aad u yar inta ay canshuur ka ururiso. Qaar ka mid ah ayaa hadda isbeddelaya. ## Inta ay sabool tahay, tirooyin ahaan - Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu 2025 ahaa qiyaastii **$13.2 bilyan** ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Marka loo qaybiyo qiyaastii 19.7 milyan oo qof ([UNFPA](https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/SO)), waa qiyaastii **$670 qofkiiba** sannadkii. - 2022, **54.4 boqolkiiba** dadka waxay ku noolaayeen xadka saboolnimada qaranka hoostiisa ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Food-Security-Facts-Sheets-2024.pdf)). - Qiyaastii **3 ka mid ah 4 qof oo reer guuraa ah** waa sabool ([Bangiga Adduunka, Abriil 2025](https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/five-facts-about-poverty-in-somalia-afe-0425)). - 2026, **47 boqolkiiba** qoysaska ma awoodin inay iibsadaan dambiil ugu yar oo cunto iyo baahiyaha aasaasiga ah iyagoon caawimaad helin ([CFSVA 2026](https://fsnau.org/downloads/CFSVA-2026-SNBS-FAO-FSNAU-WFP.pdf)). Lacagta qaraabada dibadda joogtaa soo dirto waxay kordhisaa inta qoysasku bixin karaan. Wareejinta saafiga ah ee dalka soo gashay, oo badankeedu yahay lacagta qurbaha iyo deeqo, waxay 2025 u dhigantay qiyaastii 27 boqolkiiba GDP-da ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Lacagta qurbaha](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/). ## Sababaha ka dambeeya ### 1. Burburkii hay'adaha dowladda 1991 Markii dowladdu burburtay Janaayo 1991, Bangiga Dhexe, lacagta qaranka iyo bangiyada dowladdu way joogsadeen ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). Bangiga Dhexe weli ma daabicin shilin tan iyo 1991, sidaas darteed dhaqaaluhu wuxuu ku socdaa doollar ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo doollarka](/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/). ### 2. Abaaraha iyo daadadka Qoysaska miyiga badankood waxay ku noolaadaan beero roob ku tiirsan iyo xoolo-dhaqasho. Dabayaaqadii 2025, roobabkii Deyr inta badan ma di'in, midhaha koonfurtuna waxay ka hooseeyeen celceliska 83 boqolkiiba, kuwii ugu hooseeyay tan iyo 1995 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu ogaaday in degmooyinka ugu saboolsan ay ugu nugul yihiin abaarta ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/five-facts-about-poverty-in-somalia-afe-0425)). Eeg [Beeraha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/). ### 3. Dhoofin cidhiidhi ah Soomaaliya waxay 2025 soo dejisay $7.3 bilyan oo badeecado ah, waxayna dhoofisay $1.26 bilyan. Qiyaastii 73 boqolkiiba badeecadaha la dhoofiyay waxay ahaayeen xoolo nool oo Khaliijka laga iibiyay ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). 1983, mamnuucid Sacuudi ah oo saaran lo'da Soomaaliyeed ayaa miisaaniyadda ku abuurtay daldalool weyn ([Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/61.htm)). Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). ### 4. Shaqooyin yar 2022, qiyaastii afar meelood meel dadka waaweyn keliya ayaa shaqaynayay ama shaqo raadinayay, shaqo la'aanta dhallinyaraduna waxay ahayd 30.1 boqolkiiba ([SNBS, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Qiyaastii 500,000 dhallinyaro ah ayaa sannad kasta soo gala suuqa shaqada, halka ay jiraan qiyaastii 80,000 shaqo oo cusub ([MENA Startup Digest](https://menastartupdigest.com/somalia-launches-national-startup-network-with-three-innovation-hubs/)). Eeg [Shaqada iyo saboolnimada](/so/economy/jobs-and-poverty/). ### 5. Dowlad wax yar ururisa Dowladda federaalku waxay 2025 ururisay $404 milyan oo dakhli u gaar ah, qiyaastii 3 boqolkiiba GDP-da, miisaaniyaddeeda badankeedana waxay ku tiirsanayd deeq-bixiyeyaasha ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Kharashka federaalka ee waddooyinka iyo dhismayaasha sannadkaas wuxuu ahaa $75 milyan oo keliya (isla ilahaas). ### 6. Deymo hore oo maaliyadda xiray Deymihii 1991 kahor, oo ribada aan la bixin ay sii weynaysay, waxay gaareen $5.2 bilyan, waxayna Soomaaliya ka hor istaageen amaahda caadiga ah ee Bangiga Adduunka iyo IMF ilaa cafiska deynta Diseembar 2023 ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative); [IMF, 2023](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). ### 7. Amni-darrada Amni-darradu waxay 2025 carqaladaysay beerashada iyo goosashada, sida uu sheegay Bangiga Dhexe ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Waxa isbeddelaya - **Lacagta dibadda ka timaadda** waxay 2025 gaartay $6.79 bilyan, tiradii ugu sarreysay abid ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Lacagta mobilka** waxay gaartaa dadka waaweyn badankood, lacag-bixintuna hadda si degdeg ah ayay bangiyada isugu gudbi kartaa ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Cafiska deynta** wuxuu dib u furay maaliyad qiimo jaban ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). - **Dakhliga gudaha** wuxuu ku dhawaad labanlaabmay 2020 ilaa 2025, amaahda bangiyaduna waxay kordhay 14 boqolkiiba 2025 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Ururada ganacsiga:** Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Beesha Bariga Afrika 2024 ([EAC](https://eac.int/press-releases/3049-somalia-finally-joins-eac-as-the-bloc-s-8th-partner-state)). Eeg [Forces moving now](/en/forces/). --- # Meesha shaqooyinka Soomaaliya lagu xayeysiiyo Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/jobs-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shaqooyinka Soomaaliya badankood waxaa online lagu xayeysiiyaa dhowr goobood: Bogga Shaqada Qaranka ee dowladda, ReliefWeb oo loogu talagalay shaqooyinka gargaarka iyo QM, Somali Jobs oo loogu talagalay shaqooyinka gaarka ah iyo NGO-yada, iyo bogga shaqooyinka QM. ## Cidda boggan loogu talagalay Boggan waxaa loogu talagalay qof kasta oo Soomaaliya shaqo mushahar leh ka raadinaya: ardayda dugsiyada iyo jaamacadaha ka baxay, dadka shaqo beddelanaya, iyo Soomaalida dibadda joogta ee dalka ka shaqayn doonta. Wuxuu taxayaa meelaha shaqooyinka lagu xayeysiiyo. Calankii xayeysiis shaqo ma dhigo. ## Suuqa shaqada si kooban Qiyaastii **500,000 dhallinyaro ah** ayaa sannad kasta soo gala suuqa shaqada, halka ay jiraan qiyaastii **80,000 shaqo oo cusub** ([MENA Startup Digest, Ogosto 2026](https://menastartupdigest.com/somalia-launches-national-startup-network-with-three-innovation-hubs/)). Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka 2022, shaqo la'aanta dhallinyaradu waxay ahayd **30.1 boqolkiiba**, magaalooyinkana 35.6 boqolkiiba ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Tirooyinka oo dhan, eeg [Shaqada iyo saboolnimada](/so/economy/jobs-and-poverty/). ## Meesha shaqooyinka lagu xayeysiiyo **1. Bogga Shaqada Qaranka (dowladda).** Wasaaradda Shaqada iyo Arrimaha Bulshada ee federaalka waxay 2025 daah-furtay bog shaqo qaran oo ah **jobportal.gov.so**. Hay'adaha dowladda, shirkadaha gaarka ah iyo hay'adaha caalamiga ah waxay bilaash ugu dhejin karaan shaqooyin bannaan, dadka shaqo raadinayaana way ka baadhi karaan, waxayna ka heli karaan tababarro iyo fursado tabaruc ([SONNA, Wakaaladda Wararka Qaranka](https://sonna.so/en/?p=440130); [SONNA, warbixinta daah-furka, Maarso 2025](https://sonna.so/en/ministry-of-labour-launches-the-national-job-portal)). **2. ReliefWeb Jobs (gargaar, QM iyo NGO).** ReliefWeb, oo uu maamulo xafiiska bani'aadamnimada ee QM (OCHA), wuxuu dal-dal u taxaa shaqooyinka gargaarka iyo horumarinta. Boggiisa Soomaaliya wuxuu leeyahay shaqooyin bannaan oo ka yimid hay'adaha QM iyo NGO-yada ee Muqdisho, Hargeysa, Garoowe, Baydhabo, Kismaayo iyo magaalooyin kale ([ReliefWeb, shaqooyinka Soomaaliya](https://reliefweb.int/jobs?advanced-search=%28C216%29)). Hay'adaha gargaarku waxay sidoo kale ku dhejiyaan websaydhadooda ([Africarrieres, shaqo ka helidda Soomaaliya](https://africarrieres.com/somalia/en/guide/pratique/finding-jobs)). **3. Somali Jobs (qaybta gaarka ah iyo NGO-yada).** Bog shaqo oo Soomaaliyeed oo la aasaasay Diseembar 2011, xafiisyona ku leh Hargeysa iyo Muqdisho, oo ah **somalijobs.com**, una leh app taleefan ([Somali Jobs](https://www.somalijobs.com); [Apple App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id6443817164)). **4. Shaqooyinka QM.** Shaqooyinka QM ee u furan muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu dhejiyaa bogagga shaqooyinka QM, waxaana isu geeya bogag sida UN Vacancies ([UN Vacancies, u furan muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed](https://unvacancies.org/jobs/open-to/somali-nationals)). **5. LinkedIn, Facebook iyo bogagga shirkadaha.** Bangiyada, shirkadaha isgaarsiinta iyo shirkadaha waaweyni waxay inta badan shaqooyinka ku dhejiyaan LinkedIn iyo bogaggooda ([Africarrieres](https://africarrieres.com/somalia/en/guide/pratique/finding-jobs)). ## Shaqooyinka dowladda Shaqooyinka shaqaalaha rayidka ee federaalka waxaa lagu buuxiyaa wasaaradaha iyo Guddiga Qaranka ee Shaqaalaha Rayidka. 2026, Wasaaradda Shaqadu waxay dib u eegtay daraasad ku saabsan caqabadaha shaqaalaysiinta ku salaysan xilliga (merit) ee shaqaalaha rayidka ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-reviews-study-on-barriers-to-merit-based-civil-service-hiring)). Dowlad-goboleed kastaa iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin shaqaale rayid oo u gaar ah. Eeg [Government jobs and pay](/so/economy/government-jobs-and-pay/). ## Tababarka Wasaaradda Shaqadu waxay dhallinyarada u qabataa koorsooyin gaagaaban oo xirfadaha shaqada ah ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/ministry-of-labor-launches-initiative-to-equip-200-somali-youth-with-employability-skills/)). Saddex xarumood oo hal-abuur ah, iRise Hub iyo SIMAD iLab oo Muqdisho ku yaal iyo HarHub oo Hargeysa ku taal, ayaa tababara oo taageera dadka ganacsi bilaabaya ([MENA Startup Digest](https://menastartupdigest.com/somalia-launches-national-startup-network-with-three-innovation-hubs/)). --- # Lacagta qurbaha: inta Soomaaliya loo soo diro Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaalida qurbaha iyo ganacsiyadu waxay 2025 Soomaaliya u soo direen $6.79 bilyan, oo ah tiradii ugu badnayd. Taas waxaa ka mid ahaa $3.13 bilyan oo dad u direen qoysaskooda, oo u dhiganta qiyaastii rubuc dhaqaalaha oo dhan. Shan qoysba mid ayaa hela lacagtan, inta badanna waxay ku timaaddaa xawaaladaha iyo lacagta mobilka. ## Inta soo gasha Wadarta lacagta Soomaaliya loo soo diray waxay 2025 gaartay **$6,786 milyan**, oo 5 boqolkiiba ka badan $6,434 milyan oo ahayd 2024 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu u kala qaybiyaa afar nooc: - **Lacagta ay dadku u diraan qoysaskooda:** $3,134 milyan, oo kordhay 15 boqolkiiba. Taasi waa qiyaastii 46 boqolkiiba wadarta iyo qiyaastii 24 boqolkiiba wax-soosaarka guud (GDP). - **Wareejinta ganacsiga:** $2,454 milyan (36 boqolkiiba). - **Wareejinta hay'adaha gargaarka (NGO):** $936 milyan (14 boqolkiiba). - **Wareejinno kale oo bangi (SWIFT):** $262 milyan (4 boqolkiiba). Dhammaan afarta tiro: [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu lacagta qoysaska ku tilmaamaa "isha ugu weyn uguna xasilloon ee lacagta soo gasha" (isla ilahaas). Way ka badan tahay gargaarka oo dhan, waxayna ka badan tahay dhoofinta oo dhan. ## Sida lacagtu u socoto Laba jid ayaa qaada ku dhawaad dhammaanteed: - **Shirkadaha xawaaladda** waxay 2025 qaadeen $3,077 milyan. Toddoba doollar oo toban kasta ah oo ay qaadeen waxay ahaayeen lacagta qoysaska ($2,141 milyan). - **Bangiyada ganacsiga** waxay qaadeen $3,709 milyan. Badankeedu wuxuu ahaa lacag ganacsi ($1,952 milyan). Bangiyadu waxay qaadeen $993 milyan oo lacagta qoysaska ah. Labadaba isha: [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). Diseembar 2025 Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu shati siiyay 14 shirkadood oo xawaalad ah (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Xawaaladda iyo shirkadaha lacag-wareejinta](/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/) iyo [Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/). ## Cidda hesha Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022 wuxuu ogaaday in **20.7 boqolkiiba qoysaska** ay sannadkii ka horreeyay lacag ka heleen qof ku nool meel ka baxsan qoyska. Qiyaastii 22 boqolkiiba qoysaska magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka ayaa helay, halka qoysaska reer guuraaga ah ay ahaayeen 10.8 boqolkiiba ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Isla sahankaas wuxuu ogaaday in lacagtu ku timaaddo **xawaalad (55.4 boqolkiiba)** iyo **lacagta mobilka (41.5 boqolkiiba)**. Magaalooyinku xawaaladda ayay wax badan isticmaalaan (62 boqolkiiba). Qoysaska reer guuraaga ah badankoodu waxay isticmaalaan lacagta mobilka (72.3 boqolkiiba) (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Lacagta mobilka ee Soomaaliya](/so/economy/mobile-money/). Taageerada caadiga ah ee qoysku waa $50 ilaa $200 bishii ([Hiiraan Online, Luulyo 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/July/202205/u_s_remittance_tax_threatens_1_7_billion_somali_lifeline.aspx)). ## Waxa ay bixiso Lacagta qurbaha badankeedu waxay bixisaa cuntada, kirada, iskuulka iyo caafimaadka. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in 2025 lacagta qurbuhu ay "taageertay kharashka, isla markaana ay yareysay saameynta hoos u dhaca taageerada deeq-bixiyeyaasha" ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Waxay sidoo kale keentaa doollar, kaas oo lagu bixiyo alaabta la soo dejiyo. ## Kharashkeeda Lacag u dirista Soomaaliya waxay dabayaaqadii 2024 celcelis ahaan ku kacaysay qiyaastii **6.6 boqolkiiba** lacagta la dirayo. Hadafka Qaramada Midoobay waa 3 boqolkiiba ([Hiiraan Online, Luulyo 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/July/202205/u_s_remittance_tax_threatens_1_7_billion_somali_lifeline.aspx)). Tan iyo 1 Janaayo 2026, Mareykanku wuxuu **1 boqolkiiba canshuur ah** ka qaadaa lacagta dibadda loo diro marka lagu bixiyo lacag caddaan ah, money order ama cashier's cheque. Wareejinta laga bixiyo akoon bangi oo Mareykan ah ama kaarka debit ama credit ee Mareykanka canshuur kama qaado ([RSM US](https://www.rsmus.com/insights/tax-alerts/2025/excise-tax-on-cross-border-remittances)). ## Marar jidku ku dhawaaday inuu xirmo - **2001:** kadib 11 Sebtembar, Mareykanku wuxuu xiray Al-Barakaat, oo markaas ahayd shirkadda xawaaladda Soomaaliyeed ee ugu weyn, isagoo ka shakiyay xiriir argagixiso, taas oo shirkaddu beenisay ([The East African](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/amid-the-chaos-money-transfer-is-booming-business-in-somalia-1300076)). Eeg [Al-Barakaat](/en/businesses/al-barakat/). - **2013:** Barclays, bangigii ugu dambeeyay ee waaweyn ee Ingiriiska ee u adeegi jiray shirkadaha xawaaladda Soomaaliyeed, wuxuu sheegay inuu xiri doono akoonnada 165 macmiil oo xawaalad ah, marka laga reebo 19. Dahabshiil waxay ku guulaysatay amar maxkamadeed oo dib u dhigay xiritaanka, ololeyaal qurbo-joog ah oo ay taageertay Oxfam ayaana Barclays ku qanciyay inuu afar jeer dib u dhigo ([Oxfam](https://www.oxfam.org/en/node/7954); [COMPAS, Jaamacadda Oxford](https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/2014/saving-the-lifeline-studying-the-somali-diaspora-involvement-in-the-2013-14-campaign)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu badanaa lacagta qurbaha ku qiyaasay qiyaastii $1.7 ilaa $2 bilyan sannadkii ([African Business](https://african.business/2025/08/african-banker/reforming-somalias-banking-sector-amid-crisis-and-opportunity)). Xogta cusub ee Bangiga Dhexe waxay 2025 siisaa $3.1 bilyan oo shakhsiyaadka keliya ah. Farqigu wuxuu ka yimaadaa waxa la tiriyo iyo warbixinnada shirkadaha xawaaladda oo soo hagaagay. ## Faylka xogta Lacagta dibadda laga helay sannad kasta 2021 ilaa 2025, oo loo kala qaaday bangiyada iyo shirkadaha xawaaladda iyo nooca (qoysaska, ganacsiga, hay'adaha gargaarka, kuwo kale), waxaa laga helayaa [remittance-inflows-2021-2025.csv](/data/economy/remittance-inflows-2021-2025.csv). Tirooyinku waa malaayiin doollar. Isha: [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025, Shaxda 11](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). --- # Sida lacag loogu diro Soomaaliya: hababka, qiimaha iyo xeerarka Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/how-to-send-money-to-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dadka badankood waxay lacag Soomaaliya ugu diraan shirkad xawaalad Soomaaliyeed, oo lacagta lagu bixiyo kaash wakiil ahaan ama si toos ah loogu shubo boorsada mobilka ee qofka helaya (EVC Plus, Zaad, eDahab ama Sahal). Qiimuhu inta badan waa 5 ilaa 7 boqolkiiba lacagta. Tan iyo Janaayo 2026, lacagta Mareykanka laga diro ee kaash lagu bixiyo waxaa saaran canshuur Mareykan ah oo dheeraad ah oo 1 boqolkiiba ah. ## Cidda boggan loogu talagalay Boggan waxaa loogu talagalay qof kasta oo dibadda jooga oo qoys ama saaxiibo Soomaaliya ku taageera. Qiyaastii shan qoys oo Soomaaliyeed midkood wuxuu lacag ka helaa qof ka baxsan qoyska ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Calankii lacag ma diro, shirkadna kuma talo bixiyo. ## Hababka loo diro 1. **Wakiilka shirkad xawaalad Soomaaliyeed.** Waxaad lacag kaash ah ama kaar ku bixisaa xafiis dibadda ku yaal, qofka helayaana wuxuu lacagta kaash ka qaataa wakiil Soomaaliya jooga, inta badan saacado gudahood ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). 2. **App-ka ama website-ka shirkadda, oo lacagta lagu shubo boorsada mobilka.** Lacagtu waxay ku dhacdaa akoonka EVC Plus, Zaad, eDahab ama Sahal ee qofka helaya. 2022, 41.5 boqolkiiba qoysaska lacag dibadda ka helay waxay ku heleen lacagta mobilka, qoysaska reer guuraaga ahna 72.3 boqolkiiba ([SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). 3. **Wareejin bangi** oo loo diro akoon bangi oo Soomaaliya ku yaal. Bangiyadu waxay 2025 qaadeen $993 milyan oo lacag qoysas loo diray ah, halka shirkadaha xawaaladdu qaadeen $2,141 milyan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Inta ay ku kacdo Qiimuhu waa **khidmadda iyo faraqa sarrifka** (farqiga u dhexeeya sicirka aad hesho iyo sicirka suuqa). - Celceliska qiimaha lacag loogu diro Soomaaliya wuxuu dabayaaqadii 2024 ahaa qiyaastii **6.6 boqolkiiba**, halka hadafka QM yahay 3 boqolkiiba ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/July/202205/u_s_remittance_tax_threatens_1_7_billion_somali_lifeline.aspx)). - Laga soo diro **Mareykanka**, Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu bilowgii 2025 cabbiray celcelis ah **5.60 boqolkiiba** ([Bangiga Adduunka, Remittance Prices Worldwide, Mareykanka ilaa Soomaaliya](https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/corridor/US/SO)). - Laga soo diro **Iswiidhan**, wuxuu rubucii saddexaad ee 2025 cabbiray **6.79 boqolkiiba** ([Bangiga Adduunka, Remittance Prices Worldwide, Iswiidhan ilaa Soomaaliya](https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/corridor/SE/SO)). - Qiimaha **Boqortooyada Ingiriiska**, **Holland** iyo **Australia** waxay ku jiraan isla bogga Bangiga Adduunka ([Ingiriiska ilaa Soomaaliya](https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/corridor/United-Kingdom/Somalia)). Shirkado badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa khidmadda ka dhimma lacagaha waaweyn, dadka si joogto ah u dira, iyo bisha Ramadaan ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). Lacagta badankeeda waxaa loo diraa oo lagu bixiyaa doollarka Mareykanka, sidaas darteed inta badan sarrif kama dhaco dhinaca Soomaaliya ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Canshuurta Mareykanka ee lacagta loo diro Laga bilaabo **1 Janaayo 2026**, Mareykanku wuxuu **canshuur 1 boqolkiiba ah** ka qaadaa lacagta dibadda loo diro marka lagu bixiyo **kaash, money order ama cashier's cheque**. Lacagta laga bixiyo **akoon bangi oo Mareykan ah ama kaar debit ama credit oo Mareykan ah canshuur ma saarna** ([RSM US](https://www.rsmus.com/insights/tax-alerts/2025/excise-tax-on-cross-border-remittances)). ## Waxa qofka helaya u baahan yahay - **Qaadashada kaashka:** magaca buuxa ee aad bixisay, oo la mid ah aqoonsigiisa, iyo koodhka lacagta. - **Boorsada mobilka:** lambar EVC Plus, Zaad, eDahab ama Sahal ah oo diiwaangashan. Akoonnada maaliyadeed ee cusub ee Soomaaliya hadda waxaa lagu furaa aqoonsiga qaranka, oo lagu hubiyo nidaamka Hubiye eKYC ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Akoon bangi:** magaca bangiga iyo lambarka akoonka. ## Sida loo hubiyo shirkad - **Ma ruqsad ayay ku leedahay meesha aad ku nooshahay?** Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, waxaa la eegi karaa diiwaanka Financial Conduct Authority. Tusaale ahaan, Dahabshiil wuxuu sheegaa inay maamulaan Financial Conduct Authority ee Ingiriiska, Hay'adda Kormeerka Maaliyadda ee Iswiidhan iyo FINTRAC ee Kanada ([Dahabshiil](https://www.dahabshiil.com/dahabshiil-story)). - **Ma ruqsad ayay ku leedahay Soomaaliya?** Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu Diseembar 2025 ruqsad siiyay 14 shirkadood oo xawaalad ah iyo 6 shirkadood oo lacagta mobilka ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Inta Soomaalidu dirto Soomaalida dibadda joogtaa waxay 2025 qoysaskooda u direen **$3.13 bilyan**, korodh 15 boqolkiiba marka la barbar dhigo 2024 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Lacagta qurbaha](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/) iyo [Xawaaladda iyo shirkadaha lacagta](/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/). --- # Xawaaladda iyo shirkadaha lacag-wareejinta Soomaaliyeed Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shirkadaha lacag-wareejinta Soomaaliyeed, oo badanaa loo yaqaan xawaalad, ayaa qaaday lacagta dalka markii aanay bangiyo jirin kadib 1991. Lacagta ehelka qurbaha jooga waxay saacado gudahood u gaarsiiyaan qoysaska dalka jooga. Sannadkii 2025, 14-ka shirkadood ee shatiga haysta waxay Soomaaliya u keeneen $3.08 bilyan, badankeeduna wuxuu ahaa taageerada qoysaska. ## Waa maxay Shirkadda lacag-wareejintu waxay lacag ka qaadataa qof ku jira waddan, waxayna siisaa qof ku jira waddan kale, iyadoo adeegsanaysa shabakadda wakiilladeeda. Soomaalidu tan waxay u taqaan **xawaalad**. Soomaaliya gudaheeda shirkadahan waxaa loo siiyaa shati ahaan **ganacsiyada lacag-wareejinta**. Diseembar 2025 Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu shati siiyay **14** ka mid ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Sida wareejintu u shaqeyso Machadka Rift Valley Institute wuxuu nidaamka u sharxaa sidan ([Rift Valley Institute, Maarso 2014](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)): 1. Qof qurbaha jooga ayaa wakiil siiya lacag caddaan ah iyo macluumaadka qofka loo dirayo. 2. Wakiilku macluumaadka wuxuu u diraa xarunta dhexe ee shirkadda, kadibna wakiil u dhow qofka loo dirayo ee Soomaaliya jooga, kaas oo lacagta bixiya, inta badan **saacado gudahood**. 3. Deynta u dhaxaysa labada wakiil goor dambe ayaa la xalliyaa. Wakiillada qurbaha waxay ururiyaan lacagaha la dhigto, waxayna u diraan akoonka bangiga ee shirkadda. Lacagtu kadib waxay aaddaa xarun lagu kala xisaabtamo, oo inta badan ku taal **Imaaraadka Carabta**, taas oo lacag siisa ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed si ay alaab u soo dejiyaan. Ganacsatadu waxay lacag caddaan ah ku buuxiyaan wakiilka Soomaaliya jooga. Lacag caddaan ahi marar dhif ah ayay xuduud ka gudubtaa. Nidaamku wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa kalsooni. Isla warbixintu waxay xustay in shirkaduhu markii hore shabakadahooda wakiillada ku dhiseen xiriirka qabiilka, shirkadaha waaweynna markii dambe ay dhiseen shabakado ka gudba qabiilada, taas oo u suurtagelisay inay qof walba u adeegaan (isla ilahaas). ## Sida ay u koreen Kahor 1991, Soomaalida qurbuhu waxay horeba lacag ugu soo diri jireen dalka. Markii dowladdii iyo bangiyadu burbureen 1991, baahida habab kale oo lacagta lagu wareejiyo si degdeg ah ayay u kordhay ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). Iyadoo aan bangiyo jirin, shirkadaha xawaaladdu waxay sidoo kale lacag u hayn jireen qoysaska, ganacsiyada iyo hay'adaha gargaarka, waxayna gaarsiin jireen lacagta gargaarka, oo ay ku jirto xilligii abaartii 2011 (isla ilahaas). Sannadkii 2012, lacagta qurbuhu waxay ahayd ugu yaraan $1.2 bilyan sannadkii, taas oo ka badnayd gargaarka (qiyaastii $800 milyan), dhoofinta ($500 milyan) iyo maalgashiga shisheeyaha ($100 milyan) (isla ilahaas). ## Shirkadaha ugu waaweyn - **[Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/)** waa tan ugu weyn uguna da'da weyn. Sannadkii 2014 waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay haysay 40 ilaa 60 boqolkiiba suuqa ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). Waxay sheegtaa inay qiyaastii 50 sano shaqeysay oo ay u adeegto in ka badan 100 waddan, waxaana lagu nidaamiyaa Ingiriiska, Iswiidhan iyo Kanada ([Dahabshiil](https://www.dahabshiil.com/dahabshiil-story)). - **[Al-Barakaat](/en/businesses/al-barakat/)** waxay ahayd shirkadda ugu weyn ilaa dabayaaqadii 2001, markii Mareykanku xiray isagoo ka shakiyay xiriir argagixiso, taas oo shirkaddu beenisay ([The East African](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/amid-the-chaos-money-transfer-is-booming-business-in-somalia-1300076)). Guddiga Mareykanka ee baaray 11 Sebtembar ayaa markii dambe ogaaday in lacagta weerarradu ay mareen bangi Mareykan ah, ee aanay marin shirkad xawaalad Soomaaliyeed ah ([Africa Research Institute](https://africaresearchinstitute.org/blog/10-things-to-know-about-somali-remittances/)). Sida ay sheegtay Wakaaladda Ganacsiga Caalamiga ee Mareykanka, adeegyada maaliyadda Soomaaliyeed waxaa hoggaamiya kooxo ganacsi oo mid kastaa leeyahay bangi iyo shirkad xawaalad. Dahabshil International Bank iyo Amal Bank ayaa ka mid ah bangiyada ugu waaweyn ([Wakaaladda Ganacsiga Caalamiga ee Mareykanka, Janaayo 2024](https://trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/somalia-banking-services-and-financial-services)). Eeg [Somali business groups](/so/economy/somali-business-groups/), [Amal group](/en/businesses/amal-group/), [Kaah Express and KIMS](/en/businesses/kaah-express-and-kims/), [WorldRemit](/en/businesses/worldremit/), [Tawakal Express](/en/businesses/tawakal-express/), [Iftin, Juba Express iyo Taaj](/en/businesses/iftin-juba-express-and-taaj/) iyo [directory of Somali companies](/en/businesses/). ## Kharashka U dirista £120 Ingiriiska ilaa Soomaaliya waxay dabayaaqadii 2013 ku kacaysay 5.65 boqolkiiba, taas oo ka jaban u dirista Nayjeeriya (7.36 boqolkiiba), Itoobiya (8.29 boqolkiiba) ama Kenya (9.77 boqolkiiba) ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). Khidmaddu way yartahay marka lacag badan la diro iyo xilliga Ramadaanka (isla ilahaas). ## Xiritaankii akoonnada bangiyada Shirkadaha xawaaladda ee qurbaha waxay u baahan yihiin akoonno bangi. Sannadkii 2013 Barclays wuxuu sheegay inuu xiri doono akoonnada badi shirkadaha lacag-wareejinta ee Ingiriiska. Dahabshiil waxay heshay amar maxkamadeed oo dib u dhigay xiritaanka akoonkeeda, ololeyaal Soomaaliyeed oo ay taageertay Oxfam ayaana dhowr jeer dib u dhigis ku guulaystay ([Oxfam](https://www.oxfam.org/en/node/7954); [COMPAS, Jaamacadda Oxford](https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/2014/saving-the-lifeline-studying-the-somali-diaspora-involvement-in-the-2013-14-campaign)). Xiritaanno la mid ah ayaa Mareykanka ka dhacay ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). ## Xeerarka maanta Bangiga Dhexe ayaa shati siiya oo kormeera ganacsiyada lacag-wareejinta. Tirada shatiga haysata waxay ka kordhay toddoba horraantii 2024 ([Wakaaladda Ganacsiga Caalamiga ee Mareykanka](https://trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/somalia-banking-services-and-financial-services)) ilaa 14 Diseembar 2025. Sannadkii 2025 Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu wax ka beddelay xeerarkiisa la-dagaallanka lacag-dhaqidda, wuxuuna ka dhigay waajib in akoonnada cusub lagu furo kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka, oo lagu hubiyo nidaamka eKYC ee Hubiye ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Tirooyinka maanta Sannadkii 2025 ganacsiyada lacag-wareejintu waxay Soomaaliya u keeneen **$3,077 milyan**. **$2,141 milyan** oo ka mid ah, qiyaastii 70 boqolkiiba, waxay ahayd lacag ay dadku u direen qoysaskooda ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Sahankii qoysaska ee 2022, 55.4 boqolkiiba qoysaskii lacag ka helay dibadda waxay ku heleen xawaalad ([SNBS, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Eeg [Lacagta qurbaha](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/). --- # Lacagta mobilka ee Soomaaliya: EVC Plus, Zaad, Sahal iyo eDahab Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/mobile-money/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaalida badankoodu taleefanka ayay wax ku bixiyaan, lacagna ku qaataan. Sannadkii 2022, 85 boqolkiiba dadka waaweyn waxay lahaayeen taleefan gacmeed, 82 boqolkiiba kuwa taleefanka lahaana waxay u isticmaaleen lacag. EVC Plus ee Hormuud ayaa ah adeegga ugu weyn; waqooyiga waxaa hormuud u ah Zaad, Sahal iyo eDahab. ## Inta uu baahsan yahay Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022 wuxuu ogaaday in **85 boqolkiiba** dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ay lahaayeen taleefan gacmeed, iyo in **81.8 boqolkiiba** kuwa taleefanka lahaa ay u isticmaaleen lacag-wareejin ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Sannadkii 2016 Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu horeba u tiriyay in 73 boqolkiiba dadka da'doodu tahay 16 iyo wixii ka weyn ay isticmaalayeen lacagta mobilka ([Bangiga Adduunka, blog](https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/a-game-changer-the-prospects-and-pitfalls-of-mobile-money-in-somalia)). Dadku sidan ayay cunto ku iibsadaan, kiro iyo khidmadda iskuulka ku bixiyaan, tagsi ku raacaan, mushahar iyo gargaarna ku qaataan. Lacagta mobilku waxay ku shaqeysaa taleefan caadi ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo koodh gaagaab (USSD), looma baahna taleefan casri ah ama internet. ## Adeegyada ugu waaweyn - **EVC Plus** (Hormuud Telecom), koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya. Waxaa la sheegay inuu bishii qabto qiyaastii 155 milyan oo wareejin oo qiimahoodu yahay qiyaastii $2.7 bilyan, in ka badan 145 hay'adood oo gargaarna ay dadka ku bixiyaan ([TechCabal, Juun 2026](https://techcabal.com/2026/06/19/techcabal-daily-somalias-accidental-bank/)). Hormuud waxay sidoo kale maamushaa barnaamijka [WAAFI](/en/businesses/waafi/). - **Zaad** (Telesom), Somaliland. Wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa doollarka Mareykanka ([GSMA](https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/uncategorized/developing-a-currency-exchange-functionality-to-drive-mobile-money-usage-a-new-mobile-money-innovation-in-somaliland/)). - **Sahal** (Golis Telecom), Puntland iyo waqooyi-bari ([Wikipedia, Golis Telecom Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golis_Telecom_Somalia)). - **eDahab** (Somtel), Somaliland iyo meelo kale. Boorsada lacageed ee Wadaag Bank, oo ah bangi cusub oo Somaliland ah, waxay ku xiran tahay Zaad iyo eDahab labadaba ([Tech Africa](https://tech.africa/?p=88129)). ## Xeerarka Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya wuxuu 2019 soo saaray Xeerarka Lacagta Mobilka. Febraayo 2021 wuxuu shatigii ugu horreeyay ee lacagta mobilka siiyay Hormuud, EVC Plus awgeed ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_somalia-issues-first-license-mobile-money-service/6202644.html)). Kahor intaas, shirkaduhu sannado ayay shati la'aan ku shaqeynayeen, maxaa yeelay ma jirin hay'ad nidaamisa oo shaqeyneysay ([Cilmi-baaris Jaamacadda Oxford](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1ac123d0-39ae-4ad2-8717-23e6b4fedcf2/files/rnz806072v)). Diseembar 2025 Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu shati siiyay **6 shirkadood oo lacagta mobilka ah**, 13 bangi oo gudaha ah, 1 laan bangi shisheeye, iyo 14 shirkadood oo xawaalad ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Akoonnada cusub hadda waa in lagu furo kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka, oo lagu hubiyo nidaamka eKYC ee "Hubiye" (isla ilahaas). Ururka caalamiga ah ee warshadaha mobilka, GSMA, wuxuu Ogosto 2025 mar kale shahaado siiyay EVC Plus ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-hormuud-telecom-re-certified-by-gsma-for-secure-mobile-money-services)). ## Doollarka taleefanka ku jira Lacagta mobilka ee Soomaaliya badankeedu waa doollarka Mareykanka. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in wareejinta doollarka ee lacagta mobilku ay "noqotay mid loo door bido iibsashada alaabta iyo adeegyada". Taasi waxay yareysay baahida shilinka, waxayna ka qayb qaadatay in shilinku 2025 hoos u dhaco 7.1 boqolkiiba ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Lacagta yar-yar, dadku weli waxay isticmaalaan waraaqaha shilinka ee duugga ah. Eeg [Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo doollarka](/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/). ## Isku xirka bangiyada iyo taleefannada Sannadkii 2025 Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu bilaabay **Nidaamka Lacag-bixinta Degdegga ah ee Soomaaliya (SIPS)**, oo ku shaqeeya Somalia Payment Switch. Wuxuu u oggolaanayaa in lacag isla markiiba la kala wareejiyo bangiyada, habeen iyo maalin, waxaana loo furayaa shirkadaha lacagta mobilka. Wuxuu isticmaalaa heerka QR-ka qaranka ee la yidhaa **SOMQR** ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf); [Techloy](https://www.techloy.com/somalia-launches-first-national-instant-payment-system/)). Nidaamkii hore ee lacag-bixinta qaranka wuxuu 2025 qabtay 1.41 milyan oo wareejin oo qiimahoodu ahaa $2.42 bilyan, qiimahaasina wuxuu kordhay 25 boqolkiiba ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Sida gargaarku u isticmaalo Hay'adaha gargaarku lacag caddaan ah ayay si toos ah ugu diraan taleefannada qoysaska. Barnaamijka badbaadada bulshada ee qaranka, Baxnaano, wuxuu gaaray in ka badan 3.7 milyan oo qof ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://shorthand.worldbankgroup.org/reforms-and-relief-how-somalia-turned-a-page-amid-a-global-debt-crisis/)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin TechCabal waxay EVC Plus keligiis siisaa 155 milyan oo wareejin bishii. Warbixinno kale waxay isla tiradaas siiyaan suuqa qaranka oo dhan ([TechAfricaNews](https://techafricanews.com/2025/08/20/somalias-hormuud-telecom-secures-gsma-mobile-money-re-certification/)). Sannadka uu EVC Plus bilaabmay ilaha qaarkood waxay ku sheegaan 2009, qaar kalena 2011. --- # Sida ganacsi looga bilaabo oo looga diiwaangeliyo Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/starting-a-business/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya federaalka, ganacsiga waxaa online looga diiwaangeliyaa ebusiness.gov.so, oo ay maamusho Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha: waxaad xajisaa magac, diiwaangelisaa shirkadda, kadibna codsataa ruqsadaha ganacsigaagu u baahan yahay. Tan iyo 2022 tani celcelis ahaan waxay qaadataa qiyaastii afar maalmood, halka hore ay ahayd in ka badan laba bilood. Somaliland waxay leedahay diiwaangelin u gaar ah. ## Cidda boggan loogu talagalay Boggan waxaa loogu talagalay qof kasta oo Soomaaliya ka bilaabaya dukaan, adeeg ama shirkad, ha joogo dalka ama dibadda. Wuxuu dejinayaa jidka rasmiga ah, wuxuuna ku xiran yahay xafiisyada rasmiga ah. ## Ganacsiyada Soomaaliyeed badankoodu waa yaryar Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka 2022, 15.8 boqolkiiba qoysaska ayaa maamulay ganacsi u gaar ah. Kuwa ugu caansanaa waxay ahaayeen ka ganacsiga waddada iyo suuqa (37.2 boqolkiiba) iyo dukaamo iyo goobo shaqo oo yaryar sida dawaarleyaal, timo-jarayaal iyo makaanikyo (23.4 boqolkiiba). **Haweenka ayaa ragga uga badan lahaanshahooda**, qiyaastii saddex meelood meel (34.7 boqolkiiba) oo keliya ayaana diiwaangashanaa ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). ## Online iska diiwaangeli (Soomaaliya federaalka) **Nidaamka Diiwaangelinta Ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed (SBRS)** ee **ebusiness.gov.so** waxaa daah-furtay Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha federaalka 30 Maarso 2022. Waxaad ku xajisan kartaa magac ganacsi, ku diiwaangelin kartaa ganacsi cusub, ku beddeli kartaa faahfaahinta mid jira, ka akhrisan kartaa xeerarka iyo khidmadaha, oo ku bixin kartaa online ama lacagta mobilka qalab kasta ([Radio Muqdisho](https://radiomuqdisho.so/somalia-launches-online-business-registration-system)). Tallaabooyinka: 1. **Raadi oo xajiso magac shirkadeed.** 2. **Bixi khidmadda** online ama lacagta mobilka. 3. **Soo gudbi faahfaahinta diiwaangelinta** (milkiilayaasha, agaasimayaasha, cinwaanka, nooca ganacsiga). 4. **Soo dejiso warqadda ganacsigaaga iyo shahaadada aasaaska shirkadda.** 5. **Codso ruqsadaha** hawshaadu u baahan tahay (tusaale ahaan soo dejinta iyo dhoofinta, cuntada, caafimaadka ama gaadiidka). Tallaabooyinku waxay raacaan habka bogga laftiisa ([Radio Muqdisho](https://radiomuqdisho.so/somalia-launches-online-business-registration-system); [hagaha 3E Accounting](https://www.3ecpa.com.hk/services/other-jurisdictions-setup/somalia-company-registration/)). ## Inta ay qaadato Nidaamka online-ka ah wuxuu diiwaangelinta ka dhimay **sagaal tallaabo ilaa saddex**, celceliska sugitaankana **in ka badan laba bilood ilaa afar maalmood**. Qiyaastii 1,089 ganacsi ayaa iska diiwaangeliyay muddadii tijaabada ee 2021 ilaa Abriil 2022. Hadafku wuxuu ahaa 5,000 ganacsi ilaa Diseembar 2025, oo 30 boqolkiiba ay hoggaamiyaan haween ([Bangiga Adduunka, Juun 2022](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/06/27/going-digital-makes-life-easier-for-somalia-s-business-owners)). ## Kharashka Khidmaduhu waxay ku xiran yihiin nooca ganacsiga, waxaana lagu daabacaa bogga ([Radio Muqdisho](https://radiomuqdisho.so/somalia-launches-online-business-registration-system)). ## Calaamadaha ganacsiga Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshaduhu waxay diiwaangelisaa calaamadaha ganacsiga (trade marks). Waxay daabacdaa liiska dukumentiyada loo baahan yahay ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, shuruudaha calaamadda ganacsiga](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/REQIRMENTS-FOR-TRADE-MARK-REGISTRATION-1.pdf); [Bowmans](https://bowmanslaw.com/insights/you-can-now-protect-your-trade-mark-in-somalia/)). ## Lacagta lagu bilaabo - **Bangiyada:** 13 bangi oo maxalli ah iyo hal laan shisheeye ayaa ruqsad haysta. Amaahdoodu waxay 2025 kordhay 14 boqolkiiba, badankeed ganacsiga iyo hantida ma-guurtada ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Islamic finance, microfinance and Takaful](/so/economy/islamic-finance-microfinance-and-takaful/). - **Maaliyadda yaryar:** Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu Nofembar 2025 ruqsad siiyay 7-dii hay'adood ee maaliyadda yaryar ugu horreeyay, si ay ugu adeegaan ganacsiyada aadka u yaryar, haweenka iyo dhallinyarada (isla ilahaas). - **Diiwaanka amaahda:** Nidaam Macluumaadka Amaahda iyo Diiwaan Dammaanadeed ayaa lala dhisayaa IFC, si amaahiyeyaashu u arkaan taariikhda amaahdaha qofka (isla ilahaas). - **Lacagta mobilka:** macaamiisha badankood horay ayay taleefanka wax ugu bixiyaan. Eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). 2022, qoysaskii amaahday 2 boqolkiiba oo keliya ayaa amaahdooda ka helay bangi ([SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). ## Caawimaad iyo tababar Saddex xarumood oo hal-abuur ah, iRise Hub iyo SIMAD iLab oo Muqdisho ku yaal iyo HarHub oo Hargeysa ku taal, ayaa 2026 sameeyay shabakad qaran oo ganacsiyada bilowga ah. Waxay heshay in ka badan 3,600 codsi, waxay tababartay qiyaastii 500 ganacsade, waxayna taageertay in ka badan 200 shirkadood oo bilow ah ([MENA Startup Digest](https://menastartupdigest.com/somalia-launches-national-startup-network-with-three-innovation-hubs/)). ## Somaliland Somaliland waxay ganacsiyada ku diiwaangelisaa wasaaraddeeda ganacsiga. 2021 waxay khidmadaha diiwaangelinta ganacsiga ka dhimtay 50 boqolkiiba ([Somaliland Standard](https://somalilandstandard.com/somaliland-commerce-ministry-cuts-50-of-business-registration-fees)). Somaliland waxay sidoo kale daah-furtay barnaamij amaah aan ribo lahayn oo $500,000 ah oo loogu talagalay ganacsatada dhallinyarada ah ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-launches-dollar500000-interest-free-loan-scheme-for-young-entrepreneurs)). --- # Shirkadaha shisheeye ee Soomaaliya: cidda maamusha dekedda, garoonka iyo heshiisyada kale Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/foreign-companies-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shirkado shisheeye ayaa heshiisyo ku maamula qaar ka mid ah hantida ugu waaweyn ee Soomaaliya. Kooxda Albayrak ee Turkiga waxay maamulaysay dekedda Muqdisho tan iyo 2014, waxayna 2025 dowladda federaalka siisay $38.1 milyan, saamigeeda oo ah 62.17 boqolkiiba dakhliga guud. Favori, shirkad Turki ah, ayaa maamulaysay garoonka Aadan Cadde tan iyo 2013; waxay 2025 soo sheegtay $29.7 milyan oo dakhli guud ah. DP World ee Dubai waxay maamushaa Berbera, laanteeda P&O Ports-na waxay haysaa Boosaaso, Simatech ee Dubai-na waxay 2016 Muqdisho ka furtay goob konteynarro. ## Si kooban Tan iyo 2013, dowladda federaalku maamulka dekedda iyo garoonka Muqdisho waxay ku wareejisay shirkado Turki ah iyadoo beddelkeeda helaysa saami dakhli ah, halka DP World ee Dubai iyo laanteeda P&O Ports ay heshiisyo ku qaateen Berbera iyo Boosaaso ([Anadolu Agency, Sebtembar 2025](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-firm-modernizes-and-runs-somalia-s-gateway/3700103); [Dawan Africa, 10 Ogosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-auditor-general-reports-usdollar422-million-in-2025-port-and-airport-concession-revenue)). Dhammaan shirkadaha Soomaalidu leedahay, eeg [Somali businesses](/en/businesses/). ## Dekedda Muqdisho: Albayrak Kooxda Turkiga ee **Albayrak** waxay la wareegtay socodsiinta iyo casriyeynta dekedda Muqdisho dabayaaqadii **2014** ([Anadolu Agency, Sebtembar 2025](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-firm-modernizes-and-runs-somalia-s-gateway/3700103)). Shirkaddeeda maxalliga ah waa **Mogadishu Alport Corporation, Albayrak-Somalia**. Albayrak waxay mar dambe dowladda federaalka la saxiixatay **heshiis cusub oo 14 sano ah**, oo ay ku dhawaaqday Telefishinka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed, kadib wada-hadallo ku saabsan wadaagga dakhliga; wasiirka dekedaha xilligaas wuxuu ahaa Maryan Aweys Jaamac ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economy/turkish-firm-signs-new-contract-to-operate-somalias-port-of-mogadishu/amp)). Hanti-dhowraha Guud ee Soomaaliya wuxuu sheegay in dowladdu **2025** ka heshay Albayrak-Somalia **$38,081,786.42**, iyadoo heshiisku dowladda siinayo **62.17 boqolkiiba dakhliga guud**. Xisaabaad si madax-bannaan loo hubiyay oo dekedda ah lama heli karin xilligii hanti-dhowrka, shirkadduna waxay ballanqaadday hanti-dhowr dibadeed ([Dawan Africa, 10 Ogosto 2026, oo soo xiganaysa Hanti-dhowraha Guud](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-auditor-general-reports-usdollar422-million-in-2025-port-and-airport-concession-revenue)). ## Garoonka Aadan Cadde: Favori **Favori LLC**, oo ka mid ah kooxda Kozuva ee Turkiga, ayaa maamulaysay Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Aadan Cadde tan iyo **2013**. Kooxda Kormeerka QM waxay 2016 heshiiska ku tilmaantay mid "farsamo ahaan liita" oo dowladda federaalka loo galay, dowladduna waxay 2025 dib u eegaysay ka hor dhicitaankiisa 2028 ([Dawan Africa](https://dawan.africa/news/somali-government-expresses-dissatisfaction-over-management-of-mogadishu-airport); [Garowe Online, Turkey digs deeper into Somalia infrastructure projects](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/turkey-digs-deeper-into-somalia-infrastructure-projects)). 2025, Hanti-dhowraha Guud wuxuu dakhliga guud ee Favori ku sheegay **$29,713,321**; saamiga dowladda ee 25 boqolkiiba wuxuu ahaa $7,428,330.25, oo ay ka heshay **$4,153,948.72**, inta kalena waxaa loo calaamadeeyay raacdo. Favori waxay sheegtay in xisaabaadkeeda la hubiyay la heli doono 2027 ([Dawan Africa, 10 Ogosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-auditor-general-reports-usdollar422-million-in-2025-port-and-airport-concession-revenue)). ## DP World iyo P&O Ports **DP World** ee Dubai waxay Somaliland la saxiixatay heshiis wadaag ah oo **$442 milyan** ah si ay u maamusho oo u ballaariso dekedda **Berbera** ([Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/business/dp-world-signs-442m-joint-venture-with-somaliland-1.1825624)). 2017, **P&O Ports**, oo ka mid ah DP World, waxay Puntland la saxiixatay heshiis **30 sano ah oo $336 milyan ah** oo ku saabsan **Boosaaso** ([Seatrade Maritime](https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/ports-logistics/p-o-ports-inks-concession-to-develop-336m-port-in-somalia)). 12 Janaayo 2026, dowladda federaalku waxay ku dhawaaqday inay baajinayso dhammaan heshiisyada Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan heshiisyada dekedaha Berbera, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo ([Africanews, 12 Janaayo 2026](https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-accusations-of-undermining-national-unity)); Somaliland iyo Puntland way diideen go'aankaas. Eeg [Dekedaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/ports/). ## Simatech **Simatech**, koox maraakiib oo Dubai ah, ayaa Janaayo **2013** wadday adeeggii markab konteynar ee ugu horreeyay ee u dhexeeya Jebel Ali iyo Muqdisho, waxayna keentay qalabkii konteynarrada ee ugu horreeyay dekedda. **19 Juun 2016**, Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu Muqdisho ka furay **Simatech International Container Terminal (SICT)**, oo lagu dhisay heshiis lala galay dowladda federaalka ([Hiiraan Online, Juun 2016](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2016/Jun/106020/simatech_launches_container_yard_freight_station_logistics_zone_in_mogadishu.aspx)). Adeegyadeeda maraakiibta waxaa mar dambe la wareegtay Global Feeder Shipping ([Splash247](https://splash247.com/global-feeder-shipping-takes-over-simatechs-container-services/)). ## Bangiyada **Ziraat Katilim**, bangi Turki ah oo Islaami ah (participation bank), ayaa ah laanta bangi shisheeye ee keliya ee ku jirta diiwaanka Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya ee bangiyada ruqsadda haysta ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, bangiyada ruqsadda haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-banks/); [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Muddada heshiiskii dekedda ee hore.** Warbixinnadu waxay heshiiskii ugu horreeyay ee Albayrak ku sheegaan 20 sano ama 30 sano ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/turkey-digs-deeper-into-somalia-infrastructure-projects); [Middle East Institute](https://mei.edu/publications/far-benefactor-turkish-government-exploiting-somalias-fragility)). - **Muddada heshiiska garoonka.** Warbixinno qaar waxay leeyihiin 20 sano, kuwo kalena 15 sano laga bilaabo 30 Juun 2013 (isla ilahaas). --- # Ka shaqaynta dowladda federaalka: imisa shaqaale ah iyo inta lagu siiyo Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/government-jobs-and-pay/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dhammaadkii 2025, dowladda federaalku waxay mushahar siisay 23,573 shaqaale rayid ah, iyadoo aan lagu darin ciidamada iyo booliska. Qiyaastii afar meelood meel weli waxay ku jireen qandaraasyo ku-meel-gaar ah. Mushaharka dhammaan shaqaalaha dowladda, oo ay ku jiraan ciidamada amniga, wuxuu 2025 ku kacay $371 milyan, shayga ugu weyn miisaaniyadda federaalka. ## Si kooban Mushaharka dowladda federaalku wuxuu ka kordhay $250 milyan 2021 ilaa **$371 milyan 2025**. Ilaa waqti dhow, saddex meelood meel waxaa laga bixin jiray meel ka baxsan diiwaanka rasmiga ah ee mushaharka; dhammaadkii 2025 ku dhawaad dhammaan waxay mareen nidaamka mushaharka ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda Federaalka, Dib-u-eegista Mushaharka aan Rasmiga ahayn ee aan Amniga ahayn, 18 Maarso 2026](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Wage%20Bill%20Analysis%20Report%20%20End%202025.pdf)). ## Cidda ku jirta diiwaanka mushaharka Dhammaadkii 2025, dowladda federaalku waxay mushahar siisay **23,573** shaqaale rayid ah, iyadoo laga reebay ciidamada qalabka sida, maxkamadda ciidamada iyo booliska (isla ilahaas): | Kooxda | Dadka | Saamiga | |---|---|---| | Shaqaale ku-meel-gaar ah | 5,922 | 25.1% | | Shaqaale joogto ah | 5,301 | 22.5% | | Macallimiin dowlad-goboleedyada loo bixiyo | 5,193 | 22.0% | | Ilaalada wasaaradaha | 3,631 | 15.4% | | La-taliyeyaal | 1,894 | 8.0% | | Macallimiinta federaalka | 831 | 3.5% | | Xildhibaannada iyo senetarrada | 328 | 1.4% | | Macallimiinta jaamacadaha | 212 | 0.9% | | Wasiirrada | 78 | 0.3% | | Kuwo kale (guddiyo, tababarayaal, Madaxweynaha iyo kooxo kale oo yaryar) | 183 | 0.8% | Wasaaraddu waxay sheegtay in afar meelood meel shaqaalaha "aan weli lagu darin shaqaalaha rayidka". Hay'adda keliya ee ugu shaqaalaha badan waa Xafiiska Madaxweynaha, oo diiwaankiisa mushaharka ay ku jiraan 1,998 qof, waxaana ku xiga Wasaaradda Maaliyadda oo leh 1,358 (isla ilahaas). ## Sida mushaharku u kala qaybsan yahay Wasaaraddu waxay shaqaalaha u kala saartaa darajooyin iyadoo loo eegayo mushaharka bishii ([Dib-u-eegista Mushaharka](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Wage%20Bill%20Analysis%20Report%20%20End%202025.pdf)): | Darajada | Mushaharka bishii | Saamiga shaqaalaha | |---|---|---| | A | $700 iyo wixii ka badan | 27.6% | | B | $400 ilaa $699 | 14.3% | | C | $251 ilaa $399 | 35.4% | | D | $250 iyo wixii ka yar | 22.8% | Macallimiinta dowlad-goboleedyada loo bixiyo badankoodu waxay ku jiraan darajada C. Ilaalada wasaaradaha badankoodu waxay ku jiraan darajada D. Mushaharka qaybta gaarka ah iyo kharashka nolosha, eeg [Shaqada iyo saboolnimada](/so/economy/jobs-and-poverty/) iyo [Dhaqaalaha Muqdisho](/so/economy/mogadishu-economy/). ## Inta uu ku kaco 2025, mushaharka federaalku wuxuu ku kacay **$371.1 milyan**, 98 boqolkiiba wixii miisaaniyadda loogu talagalay iyo 8.6 boqolkiiba ka badan 2024. Taasi waxay ahayd **38 boqolkiiba** kharashka federaalka oo dhan. Waxaa ka mid ahaa $204 milyan oo mushahar aasaasi ah iyo $131 milyan oo gunnooyin ah ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda Federaalka, Warbixinta Waxqabadka Miisaaniyadda Dhammaadka Sannadka 2025](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FGS%202025%20end-year%20budget%20performance%20report.%20.pdf)). Qiyaastii $193 milyan oo wadarta ka mid ah waxay u baxday shaqaalaha rayidka, inta kalena ciidamada amniga ([Dib-u-eegista Mushaharka](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Wage%20Bill%20Analysis%20Report%20%20End%202025.pdf)). Shaqaalaha dowladdu waxay 2025 bixiyeen **$10.5 milyan** oo canshuurta dakhliga ah, shaqaalaha qaybta gaarka ahna $17.1 milyan ([Warbixinta Waxqabadka Miisaaniyadda 2025](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FGS%202025%20end-year%20budget%20performance%20report.%20.pdf)). Eeg [Canshuuraha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/taxes-in-somalia/). Dowlad-goboleedyadu saami ka weyn ayay mushaharka ku bixiyaan: celcelis ahaan **57 boqolkiiba** miisaaniyadahooda 2025, Hirshabeellena **99.5 boqolkiiba** (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Dowlad-goboleedyada iyo lacagtooda](/so/economy/member-states-money/). ## Joojinta mushaharka ka baxsan diiwaanka 2021, **36 boqolkiiba** mushaharka federaalka waxaa laga bixin jiray meel ka baxsan nidaamka rasmiga ah ee mushaharka. Dib-u-habayn shardi u ah mashruuca Recurrent Cost and Reform Financing (RCRF III) ayaa sannad kasta hoos u dhigtay ([Dib-u-eegista Mushaharka](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Wage%20Bill%20Analysis%20Report%20%20End%202025.pdf)): | Sannadka | Laga bixiyay meel ka baxsan diiwaanka | Saamiga mushaharka oo dhan | |---|---|---| | 2021 | $90.7 milyan | 36.3% | | 2022 | $91.2 milyan | 35.1% | | 2023 | $47.3 milyan | 16.2% | | 2024 | $7.6 milyan | 2.2% | | 2025 | $0.1 milyan | 0.03% | Hadafku wuxuu ahaa in la dhammeeyo dhammaadkii 2024; waxaa la gaaray sannad kadib (isla ilahaas). ## Xusuusin ku saabsan tirooyinka [Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf) ee Bangiga Dhexe waxay mushaharka federaalka ee 2025 ku sheegtay **$371 milyan**, la mid ah Wasaaradda Maaliyadda. Dib-u-eegista mushaharku waxay sheegtay in wadarta shaqaalaha rayidka ee 2021 iyo 2022 ay ku jiraan qaar ka mid ah mushaharka amniga, halka kuwa 2023 ilaa 2025 aysan ku jirin, sidaas darteed wadarta shaqaalaha rayidka shanta sano oo dhan isma barbar dhigi karto. --- # Gaalkacyo iyo jidka ganacsiga Boosaaso: alaabta, shirkadaha iyo canshuuraha waddada Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/galkayo-and-the-bosaso-trade-corridor/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cuntada iyo shidaalka bartamaha Soomaaliya badankood waxay ka soo galaan dekedda Boosaaso, waxayna gaari ku maraan Gaalkacyo ilaa Beledweyne iyo wixii ka sii dambeeya. Daraasad 2021 ah oo Rift Valley Institute ayaa ogaatay in Puntland alaabtan ka qaaddo heerarka dekedda oo buuxa marka ay Gaalkacyo soo gudbaan, Galmudug-na gaarigiiba qaaddo qiyaastii $465 ilaa $520, iyo in Galmudug iyo Hirshabeelle mid kastaa bishii qiyaastii $300,000 ka hesho kontaroolladeeda waaweyn. Ganacsatada waaweyn ee Puntland sida Tawfiiq ayaa hoggaamiya ganacsiga. ## Si kooban Gaalkacyo oo ku taal Mudug waxay u qaybsan tahay Puntland oo waqooyiga ah iyo Galmudug oo koonfurta ah. Waxay ku taal waddada ugu weyn ee alaabta la soo dejiyo ka qaadda **dekedda Boosaaso** una qaadda bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. 2021, Rift Valley Institute (RVI) waxay daabacday daraasad ku saabsan jidkan, oo uu qoray Khaliif Cabdiraxmaan, kuna salaysan wareysiyo lagu sameeyay Gaalkacyo, Jowhar iyo Cumaan Maarso 2021 ([RVI, Contested Commerce, Nofembar 2021](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064876/RVI+2021.11.23+Contested+Commerce_0.pdf)). Daraasaddu waxay ugu yeertaa **jidka ganacsiga Boosaaso**. Wuxuu maraa Puntland, Galmudug iyo Hirshabeelle, wuxuuna sidoo kale quudiyaa qaybo ka mid ah Bakool, Koonfur Galbeed iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (isla ilahaas). ## Waxa waddada mara - **Koonfur u socda:** bariis, sonkor, daqiiq sarreen, baasto iyo saliid cunto ayaa ah alaabta ugu badan tiro ahaan. Caano budo ah, cabitaanno, qalab dhismo, shidaal, gaadiid, qalab elektaroonig ah iyo dhar ayaa sidoo kale ka soo gala Boosaaso ([RVI 2021, b. 19–22](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064876/RVI+2021.11.23+Contested+Commerce_0.pdf)). - **Waqooyi u socda:** riyo, ido, lo' iyo geel, iyo khudaar, miro, masago, galley iyo digir oo Hiiraan ka timaadda (isla ilahaas, shaxda 1). - **Jidad kale:** sibidhka Itoobiya ka yimaada iyo shidaalka Itoobiya laga soo celiyo si toos ah ayay iibsadayaashooda ugu tagaan, Gaalkacyo ma maraan. Ganacsato Tog Wajaale ku sugan, xadka Itoobiya iyo Somaliland, ayaa taleefannada gacanta ka iibsada Muqdisho, halkaas oo canshuuruhu ka hooseeyaan (isla ilahaas, b. 21). - **Meesha alaabtu ku dhammaato:** agaasimaha mid ka mid ah shirkadaha ugu waaweyn ee wax soo dejiya ayaa RVI u sheegay in Puntland "aysan iibsan xitaa 15 boqolkiiba alaabta aan dekedda Boosaaso ka soo marino", inta kalena ay u socoto Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya ([RVI 2021, b. 28](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064876/RVI+2021.11.23+Contested+Commerce_0.pdf)). ## Shirkadaha RVI waxay **Tawfiiq, Alfadl, Red Sea, Mustaqbal, Mansuur iyo Macruuf** ku magacawday shirkadaha waaweyn ee Puntland fadhiya ee soo dejiya cuntada aasaasiga ah. Waxay laamo ama la-hawlgalayaal ku leeyihiin Gaalkacyo iyo Beledweyne ([RVI 2021, b. 20](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064876/RVI+2021.11.23+Contested+Commerce_0.pdf)). Natiijooyinka kale ee daraasadda ee shirkadahan: - **Tawfiiq** waa shirkadda labaad ee ugu weyn Puntland, xarumaheeda guudna waa Boosaaso iyo Salaalah, Cumaan. Waxay sidoo kale xafiisyo ku leedahay Hargeysa, Jabuuti, Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo. Waxaa hore u hoggaamin jiray [Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni](/en/people/said-abdullahi-deni/), oo noqday madaxweynaha Puntland ([RVI 2021, b. 25](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064876/RVI+2021.11.23+Contested+Commerce_0.pdf)). - 2008, Tawfiiq iyo saamileyaal Cumaani ah ayaa Salaalah ka dhisay warshad baasto. Daraasaddu waxay sheegaysaa in warshadahan oo kale hadda ay ku adag tahay inay la tartamaan baastada Turkiga (isla ilahaas, b. 20). - Shirkad kasta oo weyn oo wax soo dejisa waxay keli ku tahay noocyo gaar ah oo caano budo ah. Tawfiiq waxay soo dejisaa Amis iyo Qamar, Sagal-na Anchor iyo Bahja (isla ilahaas, b. 21). - Shirkaduhu faa'iidadooda sannadlaha ah waxay ku qiyaasaan **15 ilaa 25 boqolkiiba**. Waxay ku tiirsan yihiin dhaqaajinta alaab badan (isla ilahaas, b. 25, xusuusin 52). - [Hormuud](/so/businesses/hormuud-telecom/) ayaa leh dhismaha ugu muuqda bartamaha Gaalkacyo, dhowr mitir uun ka fog xadka u dhexeeya labada dowlad-goboleed. Daraasaddu waxay xustay in Hormuud uu saamile weyn ku yahay [Golis](/en/businesses/golis-telecom/) (isla ilahaas, b. 25). ## Canshuuraha waddada - **Puntland** waxay Gaalkacyo ka qaaddaa isla canshuuraha dekedda Boosaaso alaabta la soo dejiyo ee Galmudug ka timaadda. Tani waxay ka dhigtaa alaabta Muqdisho laga soo dejiyo mid aad qaali ugu ah in Puntland lagu iibiyo. Qiyaastii 15 kontarool oo u dhexeeya Boosaaso iyo Gaalkacyo mid kastaa wuxuu qaadaa khidmad degmo, oo loo yaqaan **birqaad**, oo wadar ahaan qiyaastii $200 gaarigiiba ah ([RVI 2021, b. 28](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064876/RVI+2021.11.23+Contested+Commerce_0.pdf)). - **Galmudug iyo Hirshabeelle** waxay ka qaadaan gaariga, ee kama qaadaan alaabta. Gaari caadi ah oo 36 tan ah wuxuu Galmudug ku bixiyay $520. Gaari 33 tan ah wuxuu bixiyay $500 isagoo koonfur u socda, ama $270 haddii uu xoolo waqooyi u qaadayo. Kiraynta gaari 33 tan ah oo Boosaaso ilaa Gaalkacyo ah waxay ku kacaysay $2,500, oo qiyaastii $1,200 ay canshuur ahayd haddii uu Galmudug sii galo (isla ilahaas, b. 28–29). - **Dakhliga.** Galmudug waxay sheegtay in kontaroolkeeda ugu weyn ee koonfurta Gaalkacyo uu bishii keeno qiyaastii $200,000, masuul kale ayaana ku qiyaasay $300,000 ama ka badan. Kontaroolka Hirshabeelle ee Beledweyne u dhow wuxuu bishii keenaa qiyaastii $300,000, waxaana la sheegay in Hirshabeelle wadar ahaan maalintii ka hesho ku dhawaad $10,000 khidmadaha gaadiidka. Masuuliyiinta dakhliga Puntland way diideen inay tirooyin bixiyaan (isla ilahaas, b. 26). - **Miisaaniyadaha.** Miisaaniyadda Puntland ee 2021 waxay ahayd $341.9 milyan, tan Galmudug ee 2020-na $17.2 milyan. Labaduba waxaa ku jira gargaar iyo wareejin federaal (isla ilahaas, b. 26, xusuusin 58). - **Kontarollo kale.** Daraasaddu waxay sheegaysaa in kontarollada al-Shabaab iyo Daacish ay sidoo kale canshuur ka qaadaan gaadiidka qaybo ka mid ah jidka. Shirkadaha gaadiidka iyo ganacsatadu way wada xaajoodaan mar kasta oo maamul uu kordhiyo khidmadihiisa (isla ilahaas, b. 29). ## Dekedaha Gaalkacyo u dhow Ogosto 2019, dowladda federaalku waxay heshiis la saxiixatay **Mwani Qatar** si ay dekad uga dhisto **Hobyo**. 2021 wax dhisme ah ma bilaabmin, laakiin Galmudug waxay bilowday waddo quruurux ah oo goobta u socota ([Ship Technology, 20 Ogosto 2019](https://www.ship-technology.com/news/mwani-qatar-hobyo-port-somalia/); [RVI 2021, b. 30](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064876/RVI+2021.11.23+Contested+Commerce_0.pdf)). Daraasaddu waxay sidoo kale dekedda **Garacad**, oo dhinaca Puntland ku taal, ku tilmaantay mid ku dhawaad dhammaatay oo ay maalgeliyeen ganacsatada Gaalkacyo (isla ilahaas, b. 30). ## Taariikh ahaan Daraasaddu waxay xadka Gaalkacyo dhex mara ku raadraaceysaa xad u dhexeeyay deegaannada beelaha Daarood iyo Hawiye. Waxay sheegaysaa in labada dowlad-goboleed hadda canshuur ahaan ula dhaqmaan sidii xad caalami ah ([RVI 2021, b. 31](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2064876/RVI+2021.11.23+Contested+Commerce_0.pdf)). Gobolka, eeg [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/). Dekedaha, eeg [Dekedaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/ports/). Sida dowlad-goboleedyadu lacag u ururiyaan, eeg [Dowlad-goboleedyada iyo lacagtooda](/so/economy/member-states-money/). --- # Ganacsiga xadka Itoobiya iyo Somaliland: Tog Wajaale, Jigjiga iyo jidadka Gaashamo Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/ethiopia-somaliland-border-trade/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ganacsiga u dhexeeya Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo Somaliland badankiisu waa mid yar oo ka baxsan kastamka rasmiga ah. Xooluhu waxay waqooyi ugu socdaan Somaliland iyo Berbera, oo qiimahoodu ahaa $170 milyan tirooyinka dhoofinta Somaliland ee 2020, cuntada, qalabka elektarooniga iyo dharkuna koonfur ayay u socdaan. Tog Wajaale waa marinka rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Daraasad 2021 ah oo Rift Valley Institute ayaa afar jid oo yaryar oo Gaashamo u dhow oo keliya ku tirisay qiyaastii 42 gaari oo xoolo ah maalintii, iyadoo gaari kasta laga qaadayo $50 ilaa $200 iyadoo ku xiran jidka. ## Si kooban Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo Somaliland waxay wadaagaan xad dhul oo dheer. Daraasad 2021 ah oo Rift Valley Institute (RVI) ah oo uu qoray Mustafe M. Cabdi ayaa sheegaysa in ganacsiga yar ee aan rasmiga ahayn ee xadkan ka gudba uu "aad uga badan yahay" ganacsiga rasmiga ah ([RVI, Regularly Irregular, Oktoobar 2021, b. 5](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2061762/RVI+2021.10.03+Regularly+Irregular.pdf)). **Tog Wajaale** waa marinka ugu weyn ee ganacsiga rasmiga ah ee jidka Berbera (isla ilahaas, b. 7). Shaqada goobta ee daraasadda waxaa lagu sameeyay deegaanka Gaashamo iyo Jigjiga Maarso 2021 (isla ilahaas). ## Waxa xadka ka gudba - **Waqooyi, Somaliland:** ido, riyo, lo' iyo geel. Tirooyinka ganacsiga Somaliland waxay dhoofinta xoolahan ee 2020 ku qiimeeyaan **$170 milyan**, daraasaduna waxay sheegaysaa in badankoodu ka yimaadaan Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya. Qaar badan waxaa laga sii raraa dekedda Berbera ([RVI 2021, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2061762/RVI+2021.10.03+Regularly+Irregular.pdf); [Wasaaradda Maaliyadda Somaliland, Warbixinta Tirakoobka Ganacsiga 2020](https://slmof.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Annual-Trade-Statistical-Bulletin-2020-L.pdf)). - **Koonfur, Itoobiya:** sonkor, bariis, saliid cunto, baasto, daqiiq sarreen, kalluun qasacadaysan iyo buskud, badankood Burco ka yimaada. Qalabka elektarooniga, qurxinta, dharka, qalabka dhismaha iyo daawooyinka waxay ka yimaadaan Hargeysa iyo Tog Wajaale ([RVI 2021, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2061762/RVI+2021.10.03+Regularly+Irregular.pdf)). Xeerarka federaalka iyo deegaanka ee Itoobiya waxay mamnuucaan soo dejinta daawooyinka jidkan (isla ilahaas, xusuusin 26). - **Xilliyada:** ku dhawaad kala badh dhoofinta xoolaha ee sannadka waxay baxdaa saddexda bilood ee Xajka ka horreeya, xilli maxalli ahaan loo yaqaan **carrafo**. Gaarigu wuxuu qaadaa qiyaastii 85 ido iyo riyo xilliga caadiga ah, ilaa 150-na xilligaas (isla ilahaas, b. 13). ## Sida xeerarku isu beddeleen - **1994 ilaa 2002:** ganacsigu wuxuu xuddun u ahaa **Hartasheikh**, gaadiidka leh taarikada Somaliland-na si xor ah ayay ugu socon jireen Deegaanka Soomaalida ([RVI 2021, b. 16](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2061762/RVI+2021.10.03+Regularly+Irregular.pdf)). - **Laga bilaabo 2002:** Hay'adda Dakhliga iyo Kastamka Itoobiya (ERCA) waxay xirtay jidka Hartasheikh, waxayna bilowday inay qabato alaabta ay ugu yeertay kontarabaan. Ganacsiga intiisa badan wuxuu u guuray **Tog Wajaale**, oo noqday marinka rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn iyo xarun qaybinta alaabta konteynarrada laga keeno Berbera (isla ilahaas, b. 15). - **2010:** kahor, Deegaanka Soomaalidu wuxuu xafiisyo kastam ku lahaa Jigjiga iyo Kebribeyah oo keliya. 2010 dowladda federaalku waxay xarumo kastam ka furtay Tog Wajaale, Harshin, Hartasheikh, Daroor iyo Gaashamo. Waxay sidoo kale saddex ganacsade oo ruqsad haysta oo aag kasta ah u oggolaatay inay bariis, baasto, sonkor, saliid cunto iyo daqiiq sarreen soo dejiyaan iyagoon canshuur bixin (isla ilahaas, b. 15). - **2012:** waddada laamiga ah ee Jigjiga ilaa Godey ayaa la dhammeeyay, alaab badanna waxay bilowday inay gaari ku socoto halkii lug ahaan (isla ilahaas, b. 17). - **Ogosto 2018:** inta badan xayiraadaha ganacsiga waxay dhammaadeen markii maamul deegaan oo cusub xilka qabtay (isla ilahaas, b. 17). ## Jidadka Gaashamo iyo waxa ay qaadaan Daraasaddu waxay eegtay afar marin oo yaryar oo ka waqooyi ah magaalada Gaashamo: Dabagorayaale, Xaaji Saalax, Duruqsi iyo Ballidhiig. Wadar ahaan waxay arkeen **36 ilaa 48 gaari maalintii** labada dhinacba, iyo celcelis ahaan **42 gaari oo xoolo ah maalintii** oo waqooyi u socda xilliga caadiga ah. Tirada xooluhu waxay gaartay **126 maalintii** bisha saddexaad ee carrafada ([RVI 2021, b. 12–13, shaxda I](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2061762/RVI+2021.10.03+Regularly+Irregular.pdf)). - **Dabagorayaale:** darawalladu waxay sheegeen inay Booliska Gaarka ah (Liyu) ee deegaanka siiyaan **$50 ilaa $70** si aysan alaabta ugu dejin baaritaan. Darawal ayaa ku qiyaasay ilaa $50 gaari 12 tan ama ka badan ah. Daraasaddu waxay tan ku tilmaantay lacag aan rasmi ahayn oo sharci darro ah (isla ilahaas, b. 19–20). - **Xaaji Saalax:** Booliska Liyu waxay gaadiidka u baaraan amni ahaan laakiin lacag kama qaadaan (isla ilahaas, b. 21). - **Duruqsi:** kani wuxuu ahaa kan ugu mashquulka badan afarta jid, 14 ilaa 17 gaari maalintii dhinac kasta. Magaalada kontarool kuma jiro. Halhalis, 25 km koonfur, gaadiidka alaabta Somaliland ka keena waxay bixiyeen **$150 ilaa $200**, gaadiidka xoolaha ee waqooyi u socdana **$80 ilaa $120**. 2016 iyo 2017 lacaguhu waxay ahaayeen ilaa $250 iyo $170. Dhinaca Somaliland waxaa jira khidmad horumarinta degmada oo ah **$10 ilaa $30** gaarigiiba (isla ilahaas, b. 22). ## Qorshayaasha jidka Daraasaddu waxay xustay in waddo Hargeysa dhinac ka marta iyo dekad berri ah oo Berbera ah, oo labaduba 2021 socdeen, ay kordhinayeen muhiimadda Tog Wajaale ([RVI 2021, b. 7](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2061762/RVI+2021.10.03+Regularly+Irregular.pdf)). Dekedda, eeg [Dekedaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/ports/). Dhaqaalaha Somaliland, eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). Ganacsiga koonfurta Boosaaso, eeg [Galkayo and the Bosaso trade corridor](/so/economy/galkayo-and-the-bosaso-trade-corridor/). Soomaalida ku nool Itoobiya, eeg [Ethiopia (Somali refugees and the Somali Region)](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/). --- # Bangiyada Soomaaliya: inta ay yihiin, waxa ay haystaan iyo waxa ay amaahiyaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/banks/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay leedahay 13 bangi ganacsi oo gudaha ah iyo 1 laan bangi shisheeye, dhammaantoodna Bangiga Dhexe ayaa shati siiyay. Sannadkii 2025 waxay wadajir u haysteen $2.3 bilyan oo hanti ah, waxayna amaahiyeen $540 milyan. Deymaha qoysaska qiyaastii 2 boqolkiiba keliya ayaa bangiyada ka yimaadda. ## Cidda shatiga haysata Diseembar 2025 nidaamka maaliyadda Soomaaliya wuxuu lahaa **34 hay'adood oo asaasi ah oo shati haysta**: 13 bangi ganacsi oo gudaha ah, 1 laan bangi caalami ah, 14 shirkadood oo xawaalad ah iyo 6 shirkadood oo lacagta mobilka ah. Nofembar 2025 Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sidoo kale shati siiyay **7-dii hay'adood ee ugu horreeyay ee maaliyadda yar-yar (microfinance)**, oo amaahiya laakiin aan lacag dhigasho qaadan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Bangiyada ugu waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah [International Bank of Somalia (IBS)](/en/businesses/international-bank-of-somalia/), [Premier Bank](/en/businesses/premier-bank/), [Salaam Somali Bank](/en/businesses/salaam-somali-bank/), [Dahabshil International Bank](/en/businesses/dahabshil-bank-international/) iyo Amal Bank ([African Business, Ogosto 2025](https://african.business/2025/08/african-banker/reforming-somalias-banking-sector-amid-crisis-and-opportunity)). Eeg [Somalia's main banks and stock exchanges](/so/economy/somalias-main-banks/). Bangiyadu waxay raacaan xeerarka maaliyadda Islaamiga: waxay alaab ku iibiyaan faa'iido la isku raacay, waxay kiraystaan ama faa'iido wadaagaan, halkii ay ribo ka qaadan lahaayeen ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, hagaha warbixinta bangiyada Islaamiga](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Guideline-on-Financial-Reporting-for-Islamic-Commercial-Banks-in-Somalia.pdf)). Eeg [Islamic finance, microfinance and Takaful](/so/economy/islamic-finance-microfinance-and-takaful/). Sannadkii 2022 Soomaaliya waxay shati siisay labadii bangi ee shisheeye ee ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1970 ([The East African](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/somalia-licences-first-two-foreign-banks-since-1970-3868954)). Bangiyada yar-yar iyo kuwa cusub, Agro ilaa Ziraat, eeg [Somalia's newer banks](/en/businesses/somalias-newer-banks/) iyo [MyBank Somalia](/en/businesses/mybank-somalia/). ## Baaxaddooda Dhammaan tirooyinka waxaa laga soo qaatay [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf): - **Wadarta hantida:** $2,299 milyan Diseembar 2025, oo 14 boqolkiiba ka badan $2,020 milyan. Taasi waa qiyaastii 20 boqolkiiba wax-soosaarka guud (GDP). - **Maalgelinta (amaahda):** $540 milyan, oo kordhay 14 boqolkiiba. Maalgelinta ganacsiga ($205 milyan) iyo amaahda hantida ma-guurtada ah ($139 milyan) ayaa ah qaybaha ugu waaweyn. - **Maalgashiyada:** $359 milyan, badankoodu waa saamiyo shirkado ($215 milyan) iyo hanti ma-guurto ah ($128 milyan). - **Lacagta macaamiisha la dhigtay:** $1,630 milyan, qiyaastii 82 boqolkiiba waxa ay bangiyadu ku leeyihiin deyn. - **Amaahda xun:** qiyaastii 3 boqolkiiba amaahda. ## Inta ay ammaan yihiin Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu bangiyada ku waajibiyaa inay hayaan raasumaal u dhiganta ugu yaraan 12 boqolkiiba hantidooda marka khatarta la miisaamo. Bangiyadu waxay Diseembar 2025 haysteen qiyaastii 15 boqolkiiba. Hantidooda dhaqsaha loo beddeli karo waxay ahayd qiyaastii 54 boqolkiiba deymaha muddada gaaban, halka ugu yaraan loo baahan yahay 20 boqolkiiba. Raasumaalka asaasiga ahi wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 14 boqolkiiba, halka ugu yaraan loo baahan yahay 8 boqolkiiba ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Cidda amaahata Qoysas yar ayaa bangiyada ka amaahda. Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022, qoysaskii amaahday **2.0 boqolkiiba** keliya ayaa amaahda ka helay bangi ganacsi. Badankood waxay ka amaahdeen dukaamada iyo ganacsatada, ama qaraabada iyo saaxiibbada (17.5 boqolkiiba) ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Amaahda ganacsiyada waxay ka kordhay $222.7 milyan sannadkii 2021 ilaa qiyaastii $620 milyan Juun 2026, sida ay sheegtay Wasaaradda Qorshaynta ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/exclusive-world-bank-says-somalias-development-financing-ranked-top-tier-clarifying-the-dispute-over-the-state-of-the-economy)). ## Sharciyo iyo qalab cusub - **Sharciga Hay'adaha Maaliyadda**, oo dib loo eegay Maajo 2025: wuxuu dejiyaa xeerarka maaliyadda yar-yar. - **Sharciga Takaful (caymiska Islaamiga)**, oo leh xeerar ku saabsan shatiga iyo raasumaalka. - **Nidaamka Macluumaadka Deynta iyo Diiwaanka Dammaanadda**, oo Sebtembar 2025 lagu heshiiyay IFC, oo uu maamuli doono Bangiga Dhexe. Wuxuu u oggolaanayaa amaah-bixiyeyaasha inay arkaan taariikhda qofka amaahanaya, una diiwaangeliyaan waxa amaahda lagu dammaanad qaaday. - **Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka ee akoonnada cusub**, oo lagu hubiyo nidaamka eKYC ee Hubiye. Dhammaan afartaba: [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Nidaamka Lacag-bixinta iyo Xisaab-xidhka Pan-Afrikaanka (PAPSS), kaas oo u oggolaanaya in lacag-bixinta u dhaxaysa waddamada Afrika lagu xisaabiyo lacagaha maxalliga ah. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu nidaamka lacag-bixinta degdegga ah ku xiro PAPSS dabayaaqada 2026 ([Dawan Africa, Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-plans-regional-payment-integration-through-instant-payments-system); [Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/somalia/383521/somalia-to-expand-instant-payment-system-with-banks-mobile-money-and-regional-networks)). IMF waxay sheegtay in loo baahan yahay xeerar adag oo lagula dagaallamo lacag-dhaqidda si loo helo **bangiyo wakiil ah (correspondent banks)**, oo ah bangiyada shisheeye ee u oggolaada bangiyada Soomaaliyeed inay lacag-bixin caalami ah diraan oo helaan ([IMF, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/05/pr26319-somalia-imf-staff-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation-mission)). ## Somaliland Somaliland waxay shati siisaa bangiyadeeda. Wadaag Bank wuxuu furmay 31 Ogosto 2025, isagoo ah bangiga lixaad ee shatiga ku haysta halkaas iyo bangigii Islaamiga ahaa ee ugu horreeyay ee dhijitaal ku dhisan; boorsadiisa lacageed waxay ku xiran tahay Zaad iyo eDahab ([Tech Africa](https://tech.africa/?p=88129)). Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). ## Taariikh kooban Bangiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed wuxuu furmay 4 Luulyo 1960. Kadib 1969, bangiyada waxaa la qarameeyay xilligii dowladdii militariga. Dhammaan hawlaha bangiyadu way joogsadeen markii dowladdu burburtay Janaayo 1991 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). Muddo labaatan sano ah, shirkadaha xawaaladda ayaa qabtay shaqadii bangiyada; eeg [Xawaaladda](/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/). Bangiga Dhexe dib ayaa loo aasaasay iyadoo la raacayo Sharciga Bangiga Dhexe ee 2012 (isla ilahaas). Eeg [The Central Bank of Somalia](/so/economy/central-bank-of-somalia/) iyo [Economic history](/so/economy/economic-history/). --- # Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 1960 ilaa maanta Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/central-bank-of-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya ayaa shati siiya oo kormeera bangiyada dalka, shirkadaha xawaaladda iyo shirkadaha lacagta mobilka, wuxuuna u diyaargaroobayaa soo celinta shilinka Soomaaliga. Wuxuu ku bilaabmay Bangiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed 4 Luulyo 1960, magaciisa hadda wuxuu qaatay 1975, wuu joogsaday 1991, dib ayaana sharci ahaan loo aasaasay 2012. Cabdiraxmaan M. Cabdullaahi ayaa guddoomiye ahaa tan iyo Abriil 2019. ## Si kooban Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya (CBS) waa bangiga dhexe ee dalka, xaruntiisuna waa Muqdisho. Sharciga Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya (Sharciga Lr. 130 ee 22 Abriil 2012) wuxuu ku waajibiyaa inuu ([CBS, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)): - dejiyo siyaasadda lacagta iyo sarrifka lacagaha shisheeye, hayana kaydka lacagaha shisheeye ee dalka; - shati siiyo, nidaamiyo oo kormeero dhammaan bangiyada iyo hay'adaha maaliyadda; - maamulo oo kormeero nidaamyada lacag-bixinta; - u ahaado dowladda bangi, la-taliye iyo wakiil maaliyadeed; - noqdo cidda keliya ee soo saarta lacagta waraaqaha iyo qadaadiicda Soomaaliyeed; - daabaco tirakoobka lacagta, maaliyadda iyo isu-dheellitirka lacag-bixinta. Bangigu lacag Soomaaliyeed ma soo saarin tan iyo 1991, dhaqaaluhuna wuxuu yahay mid "inta badan doollar ku socda" ([CBS, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo doollarka](/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/). ## Taariikhda Waxaa laga soo qaatay bogga taariikhda ee bangiga ([CBS, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)): | Sannadka | Dhacdada | |---|---| | 1950 | Cassa per la Circolazione Monetaria della Somalia ayaa Rome lagu aasaasay si ay u soo saarto somalo | | 1954 | Credito Somalo ayaa la aasaasay si uu u amaahiyo beeraha, xoolaha iyo warshadaha | | 30 Juun 1960 | Bangiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu aasaasay Wareegtada-Sharci Lr. 3; wuxuu furmay 4 Luulyo 1960 | | 1961 | Lacagta waa la mideeyay; waqooyigu wuxuu ka guuray shilinka Bariga Afrika una guuray shilinka Soomaaliga | | 1962 | Waraaqihii ugu horreeyay ee shilinka Soomaaliga | | 1968 | Bangiga Deynta Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu daray Bangiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed | | 1975 | Magaca waxaa loo beddelay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya; ilaa markaas wuxuu sidoo kale qaban jiray hawlaha bangiyada ganacsiga | | 1970-meeyadii | Bangiyada waxaa la qarameeyay xilligii dowladdii militariga | | Janaayo 1991 | Hawluhu way joogsadeen markii dowladdu burburtay | | 2001 ilaa 2010 | Shaqaalihii hore ee bangiga dhexe ayaa hay'adda u sii wadayay dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa | | 2012 | Dib ayaa loo aasaasay iyadoo la raacayo Sharciga Bangiga Dhexe | Sheekada guud, eeg [Economic history](/so/economy/economic-history/). ## Guddoomiyeyaasha | Guddoomiye | Muddada | |---|---| | Maxamed Maxamuud Uluso | 2001 ilaa 2005 (Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka) | | Bashiir Ciise Cali | 2005 ilaa 2010 | | Cabdullaahi Jaamac Cali | 2012 ilaa horraantii 2013 | | Cabdisalaam X. Cumar | Janaayo ilaa Sebtembar 2013 | | Yusur A. F. Abraar | 13 Sebtembar ilaa 1 Nofembar 2013 | | Bashiir Ciise Cali | Nofembar 2013 ilaa Abriil 2019 | | Cabdiraxmaan M. Cabdullaahi | Abriil 2019 ilaa maanta | Isha: [CBS, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/). ## Is-casilaaddii 2013 Luulyo 2013, Kooxda Kormeerka QM ee Soomaaliya iyo Eritrea waxay sheegtay in celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 80 boqolkiiba lacagaha laga saaray Bangiga Dhexe loo isticmaalay ujeeddooyin gaar ah. Waxay sheegtay in bangigu u shaqeynayay sidii "sanduuq qarsoodi ah" oo nidaam xiriir-ku-shaqeyn ah, halkii uu ka bixin lahaa kharashka dowladda, waxayna ku tilmaamtay guddoomiyaha, Cabdisalaam Cumar, inuu "fure u ahaa khaladaadkan". Waxay sidoo kale sheegtay in $12 milyan oo ka mid ah $16.9 milyan oo ay wareejisay shirkadda xisaabaadka PricewaterhouseCoopers aan la raadin karin ([Jakarta Post, 20 Luulyo 2013](https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/07/20/un-experts-say-corruption-still-rampant-somalia.html); [WardheerNews, oo soo xiganaysa Reuters](https://wardheernews.com/somalia-bank-governor-asks-u-n-for-audit-amid-slush-fund-claims)). Cumar wuu beeniyay eedeymaha, wuxuuna QM ka codsaday hanti-dhowr madax-bannaan oo bangiga lagu sameeyo, dowladduna waxay warbixinta ku tilmaantay "qalloocin weyn" ([WardheerNews, oo soo xiganaysa Reuters](https://wardheernews.com/somalia-bank-governor-asks-u-n-for-audit-amid-slush-fund-claims); [Hiiraan Online, Luulyo 2013](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2013/July/30443/somali_govt_refutes_un_corruption_allegation_as_unbalanced.aspx)). Cumar wuxuu xilka ka tegay Sebtembar 2013. Beddelkiisii, Yusur Abraar, waxay is-casishay qiyaastii toddoba toddobaad kadib. Warqaddeeda waxay ku qortay in "bangiga dhexe aan loo oggolaan inuu u shaqeeyo faragelin la'aan, sidaas darteedna uusan u shaqeyn karin sidii hay'ad la isku halleyn karo" ([VOA, Nofembar 2013](https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-central-bank-chief-quits-over-graft-concerns/1783161.html); [OCCRP, 5 Nofembar 2013](https://occrp.org/en/news/somalia-head-of-central-bank-resigns-citing-corruption)). ## Bangiga maanta - **Guddiga.** Toddoba xubnood: guddoomiyaha (oo guddoomiye u ah), ku-xigeenka guddoomiyaha Dr Cali Yaasiin Sheekh Cali, iyo shan xubnood oo aan fulin. Wuxuu 2025 kulmay 10 jeer, wuxuuna leeyahay guddiyo hanti-dhowr, shatiyo iyo kormeer, lacag, iyo shaqaale ([CBS, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Cidda uu shatiga siiyo.** Dhammaadka 2025: 13 bangi oo gudaha ah, 1 laan bangi shisheeye, 14 shirkadood oo xawaalad ah, 6 shirkadood oo lacagta mobilka ah iyo 7 shirkadood oo maaliyadda yar-yar ah (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Bangiyada Soomaaliya](/so/economy/banks/) iyo [Licensed banks and money companies](/so/economy/licensed-banks-and-money-companies/). - **Lacag-bixinta.** Tan iyo 2020 wuxuu dhisay nidaam lacag-bixin qaran, nidaamka lambarrada IBAN, heerka koodhka SOMQR iyo Nidaamka Lacag-bixinta Degdegga ah ee Soomaaliya ([CBS, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). Eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). - **Sharciyo cusub 2025.** Baarlamaanku wuxuu Maajo 2025 ansixiyay Sharciga Hay'adaha Maaliyadda oo dib loo eegay iyo Sharciga Caymiska oo oggolaanaya Takaful ([CBS, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Shilinka.** Bangigu wuxuu diyaarinayaa guddi lacageed (currency board) si loo soo celiyo shilinka Soomaaliga; wax-ka-beddelka Sharciga Bangiga Dhexe ayaa hor yaal Baarlamaanka, guddiguna wuxuu ansixiyay xeerarka maaraynta kaydka (isla ilahaas). - **Barnaamijka IMF.** Dib-u-habeyntiisu waxay ku xiran yihiin barnaamijka IMF ee Extended Credit Facility ee 2023 ilaa 2026. Tan iyo 2016, IMF waxay u dejisay hadafyo afar barnaamij oo shaqaalaha IMF kormeeraan, oo ku bilaabmay qorshe dib-u-habeyn lacageed (isla ilahaas). - **Xubnaha guddiga 2025.** Cabdiraxmaan M. Cabdullaahi (Guddoomiye), Dr Cali Yaasiin Sheekh Cali (Ku-xigeen), Dr Aues Abo Scek, Faysal A. Warsame, Prof. Cabdullaahi Sh. Cali, Prof. Xuseen A. Warsame iyo Xaniifa Maxamed Ibraahim ([CBS, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Maaliyadda yar-yar iyo takaful.** Wuxuu 9 Nofembar 2025 shati siiyay toddobadii hay'adood ee ugu horreeyay ee maaliyadda yar-yar ee aan lacag dhigasho qaadan ([CBS, 9 Nofembar 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Central-Bank-of-Somalia-Grants-First-Licences-to-Microfinance-Institutions.pdf)), Janaayo 2026-na shirkadihii ugu horreeyay ee takaful (caymiska Islaamiga) ([CBS, 27 Janaayo 2026](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Central-Bank-of-Somalia-CBS-Grants-First-Licenses-to.pdf)). - **Macluumaadka deynta.** Isagoo la kaashanaya International Finance Corporation, wuxuu dhisayaa nidaam macluumaadka deynta iyo diiwaan dammaanadeed ([CBS, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa Qorshe Istaraatiiji ah oo 2025 ilaa 2029 ah (isla ilahaas). ## Waxa sharcigu ka rabo Sharciga Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya (Sharciga Lr. 130 ee 22 Abriil 2012), Qaybta II qodobka 5, wuxuu bangiga siiyaa siddeed shaqo ([CBS, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)): 1. Dejinta iyo fulinta siyaasadda lacagta iyo siyaasadda sarrifka. 2. Haynta iyo maaraynta kaydka lacagaha shisheeye ee Soomaaliya. 3. Shati siinta, nidaaminta iyo kormeerka dhammaan bangiyada iyo hay'adaha maaliyadda. 4. Dejinta siyaasadda nidaamyada lacag-bixinta, kala-saaridda iyo xisaab-xidhka. 5. Maamulidda nidaamyadaas marka ay macno samaynayso. 6. U noqoshada dowladda bangi, la-taliye iyo wakiil maaliyadeed. 7. Noqoshada cidda keliya ee soo saarta lacagta waraaqaha iyo qadaadiicda Soomaaliyeed. 8. Ururinta iyo daabacaadda tirakoobka lacagta, maaliyadda iyo isu-dheellitirka lacag-bixinta. Dastuurku wuxuu bangiga dhexe ku taxaa mid ka mid ah saddex xafiis oo madax-bannaan, oo ay la socdaan Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud iyo Hanti-dhowraha Guud ([Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah 2012, Qodobka 114, Constitute Project](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). Eeg [Independent commissions](/en/institutions/independent-commissions/). ## Sida loo isticmaalo - **Hubi shati:** kahor intaadan lacag dhigan bangi, shirkad xawaalad ama shirkad maaliyad yar-yar ah, hubi inay ku jirto liisaska shatiyada ee bangigu daabacay ([CBS, bangiyada shatiga haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-banks/)). - **Akhri tirooyinka:** warbixinta sannadlaha iyo tirakoobka waa lacag la'aan, waxaana laga helayaa bogga bangiga. - **Somaliland:** Bangiga Somaliland ee Hargeysa ayaa shaqadan ka qabta Somaliland. Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). ## Saldhigga sharci Sharciga Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Sharciga Lr. 130 ee 22 Abriil 2012; Qodobka 114 ee Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012; Sharciga Hay'adaha Maaliyadda 2025; Sharciga Caymiska 2025. ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Aasaaska xafiiska lacagta.** Bogga taariikhda bangiga meel wuxuu Cassa per la Circolazione Monetaria ku taariikheeyaa 1950, meel kalena 1949, bilowga somalo-dana wuxuu siiyaa 16 Maajo iyo 16 Luulyo 1950 labadaba ([CBS, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). - **Tirada 2013.** Warbixinnada natiijooyinka kormeerayaasha QM waxay celcelis ahaan siiyaan "qiyaastii 80 boqolkiiba" lacagaha la saaray, halka Reuters ay ka warrantay "ku dhawaad afar-meelood saddex meel" (almost three-quarters) muddadii Sebtembar 2012 ilaa Abriil 2013 ([Jakarta Post](https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/07/20/un-experts-say-corruption-still-rampant-somalia.html); [WardheerNews, oo soo xiganaysa Reuters](https://wardheernews.com/somalia-bank-governor-asks-u-n-for-audit-amid-slush-fund-claims)). - **Sannadaha 2010 ilaa 2012.** Liiska guddoomiyeyaasha ee bangigu wuxuu leeyahay meel bannaan oo u dhaxaysa muddadii koowaad ee Bashiir Ciise Cali, oo uu ku dhammeeyo 2010, iyo bilowgii Cabdullaahi Jaamac Cali 2012 ([CBS, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). --- # Korontada Soomaaliya: cidda bixisa iyo inta ay ku kacdo Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/electricity/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya ma laha shabakad koronto oo qaran. Korontada waxaa iibiya shirkado gaar ah oo matoorro naafto ku shaqeeya wada, qiimahooduna wuxuu ka mid yahay kuwa ugu sarreeya adduunka: celcelis ahaan qiyaastii $0.81 kiilowaat-saacaddii sannadkii 2023. Muqdisho, BECO, Blue Sky Energy iyo Mogadishu Power waxay 25 Oktoobar 2026 qiimahooda ku kordhiyeen 5 senti, una qaadeen 46, 46 iyo 38 senti kiilowaat-saacaddii. 2022, 61.9 boqolkiiba dadka ayaa guriga koronto ku lahaa. ## Si kooban 1991 kadib ma jirin shirkad koronto oo dowladeed. Shirkado gaar ah ayaa buuxiyay meeshaas iyagoo isticmaalaya matoorro naafto ku shaqeeya, mid walbana xaafaddiisa ayuu silig u fidiyay. 2012, Muqdisho waxay lahayd qiyaastii 36 shirkadood oo yar-yar oo kala gooni ah. 2014, qaar ka mid ah ayaa isku biiray oo sameeyay **Banadir Electric Company (BECO)**, oo hadda bixisa qiyaastii **85 boqolkiiba** korontada caasimadda; Blue Sky Energy iyo Mogadishu Power Supply (MPS) ayaa u adeega degmooyin kale ([bgs.so, Navigating Non-Technical Barriers to Affordable Electricity in Somalia, 10 Oktoobar 2025](https://bgs.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Navigating-Non-Technical-Barriers-to-Affordable-Electricity-in-Somalia.pdf)). Shirkad kale oo Muqdisho ah, Somali Energy Company (SECO), ayaa Banaadir koronto ka soo saarta oo ka iibisa ([Wikipedia, Somali Energy Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Energy_Company)). ## Cidda koronto haysata Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022 ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf), cutubka 6): | | Koronto leh | |---|---| | Dadka oo dhan | 61.9% | | Magaalooyinka | 80.1% | | Tuulooyinka | 39.4% | | Reer guuraaga | 8.7% | Iftiinka, 54.1 boqolkiiba dadka waxay isticmaalaan koronto, 35.2 boqolkiiba toosh, 9.7 boqolkiibana nal qorraxeed. Karinta, 47.9 boqolkiiba waxay isticmaalaan [dhuxul](/so/economy/charcoal-trade/), 41.3 boqolkiibana qoryo; gaaska iyo korontada aad ayaa loo yar isticmaalaa (isla ilahaas). Qorshaha qaranku wuxuu hiigsanayaa in helitaanka korontada la gaarsiiyo 80 boqolkiiba 2029 ([bgs.so, 2025](https://bgs.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Navigating-Non-Technical-Barriers-to-Affordable-Electricity-in-Somalia.pdf)). Eeg [The National Transformation Plan](/so/economy/national-transformation-plan/). ## Inta ay ku kacdo **Gobol kasta, 2023** ([bgs.so, 2025, oo soo xiganaysa Shuraako iyo Qorshaha Isbeddelka Qaranka](https://bgs.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Navigating-Non-Technical-Barriers-to-Affordable-Electricity-in-Somalia.pdf)): | Deegaanka | Qiimaha kiilowaat-saacaddii | |---|---| | Galmudug, Hirshabeelle, Puntland | $1.00 | | Jubbaland | $0.90 | | Celceliska Soomaaliya | $0.81 | | Koonfur Galbeed, Somaliland | $0.70 | | Banaadir (Muqdisho) | $0.36 | **Shirkadaha Muqdisho, 25 Oktoobar 2026** ([Dawan Africa, 25 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/mogadishu-power-firms-raise-tariffs-by-5-cents-amid-fuel-price-surge)): | Shirkadda | Kahor | Kadib | |---|---|---| | BECO | 41 senti | 46 senti | | Blue Sky Energy | 41 senti | 46 senti | | Mogadishu Power | 33 senti | 38 senti | Shirkaduhu waxay sheegeen in qiimaha shidaalka Soomaaliya uu kordhay in ka badan 70 boqolkiiba, taasna ay ku xireen colaadda Bariga Dhexe iyo xiritaanka Marinka Hormuz (isla ilahaas). Ururka Cilmi-baarayaasha Soomaaliyeed (SRA) wuxuu qiimaha cusub ee Muqdisho barbar dhigay **$0.16** Nairobi iyo **$0.024** Addis Ababa ([SRA, 26 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.sra.so/electricity-prices-mogadishu-vs-nairobi-and-addis-ababa/)). Qiimaha BECO wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii $1.20 kiilowaat-saacaddii markii ay bilaabatay 2014, wuxuuna hoos ugu dhacay $0.36 sannadkii 2022, kahor inta uusan u kicin $0.41 markii qiimaha shidaalka adduunku kacay 2022 ([bgs.so, 2025](https://bgs.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Navigating-Non-Technical-Barriers-to-Affordable-Electricity-in-Somalia.pdf)). Qoys lix qof ah oo Muqdisho ku nool ayaa horraantii 2025 bishii korontada ku bixin jiray qiyaastii $25 ilaa $35 ([EUAA](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/213-socioeconomic-indicators)). Eeg [Qiimaha iyo sicir-bararka](/so/economy/prices-and-inflation/). ## Sida korontada loo sameeyo - Matoorrada naaftada ayaa sameeya qiyaastii **88 boqolkiiba** korontada Soomaaliya, qorraxduna qiyaastii 11 boqolkiiba ([bgs.so, 2025](https://bgs.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Navigating-Non-Technical-Barriers-to-Affordable-Electricity-in-Somalia.pdf)). Eeg [Tamarta qorraxda iyo dabaysha](/so/economy/solar-and-wind-power/). - BECO keligeed waxay maalintii gubtaa qiyaastii **1,300 foosto oo naafto ah**, oo maalintii ku kacda qiyaastii $193,700, sannadkiina $70 milyan, iyadoo awooddeedu tahay 72 megawaat (isla ilahaas). - Korontada luminaysa inta u dhaxaysa matoorka iyo macmiilka waa qiyaastii 40 boqolkiiba heer qaran iyo 15 ilaa 20 boqolkiiba Muqdisho. Shirkadaha is-tartama waxay inta badan isku waddo ku fidiyaan laba ama saddex saf oo tiirar iyo silig ah (isla ilahaas). - Sahankii daraasaddu ku samaysay Muqdisho, 71 boqolkiiba ganacsiyada waxay sheegeen in korontadu si joogto ah u go'do, 54 boqolkiibana alaab ayay ka lumiyeen kharribmid; 56 boqolkiiba qoysaska waxay sheegeen in korontadu qaadato qayb aad u weyn oo dakhligooda ah (isla ilahaas). ## Sharciga Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu 8 Maarso 2023 saxiixay **Sharciga Korontada Qaranka** ([Hiiraan Online, Maarso 2023](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Mar/190258/somalia_s_president_signs_three_bills_passed_by_parliament_into_law.aspx); [Wasaaradda Tamarta iyo Biyaha](https://moewr.gov.so/event/national-electricity-act-2023/)). Wuxuu aasaasay **Hay'adda Korontada Qaranka**, oo shatiyada siisa shirkadaha, dejisa oo ansixisa qiimaha, maamushana kabka dowladda. Golaha wasiirradu wuxuu hay'adda ansixiyay Luulyo 2023 ([FAOLEX, Somalia Electricity Act 2023](https://faolex.fao.org/zh/documents/LEX-FAOC244649/somalia-electricity-act-2023-som-2022)). 2012 ilaa 2025, Soomaaliya waxay lahayd in ka badan toban wasiir oo tamarta ah ([bgs.so, 2025](https://bgs.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Navigating-Non-Technical-Barriers-to-Affordable-Electricity-in-Somalia.pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Qiimihii BECO ku bilaabatay.** Isla daraasadda 2025 waxay meel ku sheegtaa $1.20 kiilowaat-saacaddii 2014, meel kalena $1.00 ([bgs.so, 2025](https://bgs.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Navigating-Non-Technical-Barriers-to-Affordable-Electricity-in-Somalia.pdf)). - **Qiimaha Muqdisho 2025.** Daraasaddu waxay sheegtaa $0.36 iyo $0.34 kiilowaat-saacaddii labadaba, halka qiimaha BECO kahor Oktoobar 2026 uu ahaa $0.41 ([bgs.so](https://bgs.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Navigating-Non-Technical-Barriers-to-Affordable-Electricity-in-Somalia.pdf); [Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/mogadishu-power-firms-raise-tariffs-by-5-cents-amid-fuel-price-surge)). - **Celceliska qaranka.** Isla daraasaddu waxay shax ku sheegtaa $0.81 kiilowaat-saacaddii, meel kalena $0.61 ilaa $0.90 (isla ilahaas). --- # Maalgashiga Soomaaliya: inta soo gasha, meelaha, iyo xeerarka Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/investing-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeye ee Soomaaliya wuxuu 2025 gaaray $880 milyan, badankiisu isgaarsiinta, maaliyadda, tamarta iyo hantida ma-guurtada ah. Shisheeyuhu wuxuu si buuxda u yeelan karaa shirkad Soomaaliyeed, suuq saamiyo ayaa Muqdisho laga furay Juun 2025, Soomaaliyana waxay cafis deyn heshay 2023 waxayna ku biirtay Beesha Bariga Afrika 2024. IMF waxay weli khataraha ugu waaweyn ku tirisaa cimilada, colaadda iyo jarista gargaarka. ## Inta la maalgeliyo Maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeye (FDI) wuxuu 2025 kor ugu kacay **$880 milyan**, qiyaastii 7 boqolkiiba GDP-da, halka 2024 uu ahaa $765 milyan. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in maalgashadayaashu ugu xiisaha badnaayeen **isgaarsiinta, adeegyada maaliyadda, tamarta iyo hantida ma-guurtada ah** ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Kharashka dhismayaasha, mashiinnada iyo qalabku wuxuu 2025 gaaray qiyaastii 26 boqolkiiba GDP-da, waxaana hoggaaminayay soo dejinta mashiinnada iyo dhismaha (isla ilahaas). Bangiyada Soomaaliyeed iyaguna waa maalgashadayaal: 2025 waxay haysteen $215 milyan oo saamiyo shirkadeed ah iyo $128 milyan oo maalgashi hanti ma-guurto ah (isla ilahaas). ## Cidda dibadda ka maalgelisa - **Khaliijka iyo Turkiga:** shirkad Turki ah, Albayrak, ayaa maamusha oo casriyeysay dekedda Muqdisho ([Anadolu Agency](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-firm-modernizes-and-runs-somalia-s-gateway/3700103)). DP World ee Dubai waxay ballaarisay dekedda Berbera iyadoo ku saleysan heshiis wadaag ah oo $442 milyan ah oo lala galay Somaliland ([Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/business/dp-world-signs-442m-joint-venture-with-somaliland-1.1825624)). - **Maaliyadda horumarinta:** IFC waxay Soomaaliya ka shaqaynaysay tan iyo 2015 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/ifc-somalia-sign-agreements-to-unlock-private-sector-investment-2)). Norfund waxay 2018 ballanqaaday $10 milyan oo sanduuq loogu talagalay ganacsiyada yaryar ee Soomaaliyeed ([The East African](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business-tech/norfund-s-10m-to-support-somali-small-businesses-1399000)), Swedfund-na waxay 2023 maalgelisay $5 milyan ([AVCA](https://www.avca.africa/news-insights/member-news/swedfund-invests-usd-5-million-in-somali-fund/)). - **Bangiga horumarinta ee Soomaaliya:** Bangiga Horumarinta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliya wuxuu ku dhawaaqay maalgashigiisii ugu horreeyay Sebtembar 2026 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-development-bank-announces-first-investment-at-mogadishu-forum)). ## Xeerarka maalgashadayaasha - **Lahaanshaha:** maalgashadayaasha shisheeye waxay diiwaangelin karaan shirkad Soomaaliyeed oo ay si buuxda u leeyihiin iyagoon la-hawlgale maxalli ah lahayn, waxayna samayn karaan shirkad hal agaasime leh, sida uu sheegay SOMINVEST, xafiiska dhiirrigelinta maalgashiga federaalka ([SOMINVEST, iyadoo loo marayo 3E Accounting](https://www.3ecpa.com.hk/services/other-jurisdictions-setup/somalia-company-registration/)). - **Diiwaangelinta:** shirkaduhu waxay online iskaga diiwaangeliyaan Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha ee ebusiness.gov.so ([Radio Muqdisho](https://radiomuqdisho.so/somalia-launches-online-business-registration-system)). Eeg [Sida ganacsi looga bilaabo oo looga diiwaangeliyo Soomaaliya](/so/economy/starting-a-business/). - **Sharciyada maaliyadda:** Sharciga Hay'adaha Maaliyadda oo dib loo eegay (Maajo 2025) iyo Sharciga Takaful (caymiska Islaamiga) ayaa la ansixiyay 2025 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Suuqa saamiyada **Suuqa Qaranka ee Saamiyada Soomaaliya (NSES)** waxaa Muqdisho lagu daah-furay 19 Juun 2025. Wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu taxo saamiyo iyo sukuuk (curaarta Islaamiga), iyadoo shirkadaha isgaarsiinta iyo tamarta la filayo inay ka mid noqdaan kuwa ugu horreeya ([Khusoko](https://khusoko.com/2025/06/23/somalia-launches-first-stock-exchange-in-2026/)). Masuuliyiintu waxay hiigsanayeen ugu yaraan 10 shirkadood oo la taxo laba sano gudahood ([Daba Finance](https://dabafinance.com/en/news/somalia-national-stock-exchange-launch-capital-markets-integration)). Maajo 2026 ganacsigu weli ma bilaabmin, wakaaladda wararka qaranka ayaana ka digtay iibinta saamiyo gaar ah oo aan la xakameyn inta la sugayo ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/capital-without-guardrails-the-dangerous-gap-between-investor-appetite-and-regulatory-safety/)). ## Waxa isbeddelay - **Cafiska deynta** ee Diseembar 2023 wuxuu deynta dibadda ee dowladda 2025 ku dhimay $1.5 bilyan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Deynta Soomaaliya iyo cafiska deynta](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/). - **Ururada ganacsiga:** Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Beesha Bariga Afrika 2024, waxayna 2026 ansixisay Aagga Ganacsiga Xorta ah ee Qaaradda Afrika ([EAC](https://eac.int/press-releases/3049-somalia-finally-joins-eac-as-the-bloc-s-8th-partner-state); [Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-ratifies-afcfta-becomes-50th-member-and-eyes-made-in-somalia-exports)). - **Lacag-bixinta:** lacag-bixinta degdegga ah ee bangiyada iyo heerka QR-ka qaranka ayaa la daah-furay 2025 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Khataraha IMF waxay khataraha ugu waaweyn ku tirisaa **naxdin cimilo oo ka daran, colaad gobol oo dib u soo noqota, jarista gargaarka oo sii korodha iyo caqabado gudaha ah**. Waxay sidoo kale sheegtay in loo baahan yahay xeerar xoogan oo ka hortagga lacag-dhaqidda si loo helo bangiyo xiriir cusub, bangiyada shisheeye ee dhaqaajiya lacag-bixinta caalamiga ah ([IMF, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/05/pr26319-somalia-imf-staff-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation-mission)). Kobaca 2026 waxaa la saadaaliyay 2.3 boqolkiiba (isla ilahaas). Dhaqaaluhu badankiisu wuxuu ku socdaa doollarka Mareykanka, shilin Soomaaliyeed oo cusubna weli waa la diyaarinayaa ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo doollarka](/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/). ## Meelo kale oo laga eegi karo Xafiiska dhiirrigelinta maalgashiga federaalka, SOMINVEST, wuxuu daabacaa hagayaal qaybeed iyo habraacyo loogu talagalay maalgashadayaasha (sominvest.gov.so). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu daabacaa liisaska bangiyada iyo shirkadaha maaliyadda ee ruqsadda haysta (centralbank.gov.so). --- # Tamarta qorraxda iyo dabaysha ee Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/solar-and-wind-power/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Korontada Soomaaliya badankeeda waxaa laga helaa matoorro naafto ku shaqeeya oo ay maamulaan shirkado gaar ah: qiyaastii 90 boqolkiiba sannadkii 2021, sida uu sheegay Bangiga Adduunka. Tamarta qorraxdu way sii kordhaysaa. IRENA waxay dhammaadkii 2023 tirisay 51 MW oo looxyo qorraxeed ah, halka sannadkii ka horreeyay ay ahayd 47 MW. BECO waxay 2020 Muqdisho ka furtay xarun qorraxeed oo 8 MWp ah, 2025-na dowladdu waxay tartan u furtay xarun qorraxeed oo 55 MW ah oo leh baytariyo 160 MWh ah oo ku taal Jazeera, Muqdisho, oo uu maalgeliyo Bangiga Adduunka. ## Naaftada iyo u-guuritaanka qorraxda Diseembar 2021, Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu sheegay in qiyaastii **90 boqolkiiba** korontada Soomaaliya ay ka timaaddo shabakado yar-yar oo naafto ku shaqeeya oo ay maamulaan shirkado gaar ah, iyo in qiyaastii 9 milyan oo ka mid ah 15 milyan oo Soomaali ah aysan koronto haysan. Wuxuu ansixiyay **$150 milyan** oo loogu talagalay Mashruuca Soo-kabashada Korontada Soomaaliya, si koronto ka jaban oo nadiif ah loo gaarsiiyo 1.1 milyan oo qoys, korontona loo siiyo 205 xarumood caafimaad iyo 380 iskuul ([Bangiga Adduunka, 9 Diseembar 2021](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/12/09/a-150-million-electricity-recovery-project-aims-to-help-light-up-somalia)). Qiimaha iyo shirkadaha bixiya, eeg [Korontada Soomaaliya](/so/economy/electricity/) iyo [electricity companies directory](/en/businesses/electricity-companies-directory/). ## Inta la rakibay - **51 MW** oo looxyo qorraxeed ah dhammaadkii 2023, halka dhammaadkii 2022 ay ahayd **47 MW**, sida ay muujinayso xogta IRENA ee pv magazine soo xigatay ([pv magazine, Patrick Jowett, 7 Febraayo 2025](http://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/02/07/somalia-opens-solar-plus-storage-tender/)). - Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa World Economic Forum, waxay sheegtaa qiyaastii 100 MW oo qorrax iyo dabayl ah oo ka mid ah qiyaastii 400 MW oo awoodda guud ah 2025, iyo in qiyaastii 10 boqolkiiba korontadu ka timaaddo tamar la cusboonaysiin karo ([Wikipedia, Solar power in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Somalia)). - Dalku maalintii wuxuu helaa 5 ilaa 7 kWh oo iftiinka qorraxda ah mitir labajibbaaran kasta, sannadkiina in ka badan 3,000 saacadood oo qorrax ah, sida uu sheegay Xafiiska Dhiirrigelinta Maalgashiga Soomaaliya, sida Wikipedia soo xigatay (isla ilahaas). ## Xarumaha | Xarunta | Waxa ay tahay | Isha | |---|---|---| | Garoowe, 2016 | Xaruntii ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya ee isku darta qorraxda iyo dabaysha | [Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa LifeGate 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Somalia) | | BECO, Muqdisho, 2020 | Xarun qorraxeed oo 8 MWp ah oo maalintii afar saacadood koronto bixisa; BECO waxay hiigsanaysay 100 MWp oo $40 milyan ku kacaya. Xilligaas BECO waxay lahayd 35 MW, halka baahida lagu qiyaasay 200 MW | [SONNA, Juun 2020](https://sonna.so/en/beco-builds-8-mwp-solar-power-plant-in-mogadishu/) | | Jazeera, Muqdisho, tartan 2025 | 55 MW oo qorrax ah iyo kayd baytari oo 160 MWh ah, oo hoos imaanaya barnaamijka ASCENT ee Bangiga Adduunka | [pv magazine, 7 Febraayo 2025](http://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/02/07/somalia-opens-solar-plus-storage-tender/) | | Tartamo kale 2025 | Xarun qorraxeed oo 10 MW ah oo leh 20 MWh baytari, iyo qorrax aan shabakadda ku xirnayn oo baytari leh oo loogu talagalay 28 xarumood waxbarasho oo ku yaal laba gobol | [pv magazine, 2025](http://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/02/07/somalia-opens-solar-plus-storage-tender/) | | Berbera, 2026 | Xarun qorraxeed oo 5 MW ah, sida ay soo werisay Ecofin Agency | [Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Ecofin Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Somalia) | ## Muhiimadda baytariyada Injineerka sare ee BECO, Maxamuud Faarax, ayaa 2020 yiri: "Haddii aynaan haysan baytariyo koronto lagu kaydiyo, ma joojin karno shidaalka" ([SONNA, 2020](https://sonna.so/en/beco-builds-8-mwp-solar-power-plant-in-mogadishu/)). Tartamada 2025 dhammaantood waxay looxyada la socodsiiyaan kayd baytari ([pv magazine, 2025](http://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/02/07/somalia-opens-solar-plus-storage-tender/)). ## Dabaysha Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika wuxuu ku qiyaasaa in Soomaaliya ay tamar la cusboonaysiin karo ka soo saari karto 30,000 ilaa 45,000 MW, badankeedna dabaysha dhulka, sida ay sheegtay SONNA ([SONNA, 2020](https://sonna.so/en/beco-builds-8-mwp-solar-power-plant-in-mogadishu/)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Xaruntii ugu horreysay ee BECO.** SONNA waxay 2020 soo werisay xarun 8 MWp ah ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/beco-builds-8-mwp-solar-power-plant-in-mogadishu/)). Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantaa xarun 10 MW ah oo la dhisay 2020 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Somalia)). - **Inta qorrax ah ee jirta.** IRENA waxay dhammaadkii 2023 tirisay 51 MW oo qorrax ah ([pv magazine](http://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/02/07/somalia-opens-solar-plus-storage-tender/)); tirada World Economic Forum ee Wikipedia soo xigatay waa qiyaastii 100 MW oo qorrax iyo dabayl ah 2025 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Somalia)). Shirkadaha tamarta qorraxda iyo dabaysha, eeg [Somali solar and wind companies](/en/businesses/somali-solar-and-wind-companies/). --- # Bangiyada waaweyn iyo suuqyada saamiyada Soomaaliya: Salaam, IBS, Premier, Dahabshil iyo NSES Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somalias-main-banks/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bangigii gaarka ahaa ee ugu horreeyay Soomaaliya tan iyo 1991, Salaam Somali Bank, wuxuu Muqdisho ka furmay Oktoobar 2009. Waxaa ku xigay Dahabshil Bank International, International Bank of Somalia (IBS, 2014) iyo Premier Bank (2015). Nofembar 2026, Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu taxayay 15 bangi oo ruqsad haysta. Suuqa saamiyada rasmiga ah ee Soomaaliya, NSES, wuxuu furmay Juun 2025. Febraayo 2026 wuxuu sheegay inuu qorsheynayo inuu ganacsiga bilaabo 2026. ## Si kooban Dhammaan bangiyadu way joogsadeen markii dowladdu burburtay Janaayo 1991 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). Ku dhawaad labaatan sano shirkadaha xawaaladda ayaa qabtay shaqadii bangiyada. Bangiyo gaar ah ayaa bilaabay inay furmaan laga bilaabo 2009. Diiwaanka Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu Nofembar 2026 taxayay **15 bangi oo ruqsad haysta**: Agro Bank, Amal Bank, Amana Bank, Bushra Bank, Bulsho Bank, Dahabshiil International Bank, Daryeel Bank, GIB, Idman Bank, IBS Bank, My Bank, Premier Bank, Salaam Bank, Sombank iyo Ziraat Katilim oo Turki ah ([Bangiga Dhexe, bangiyada ruqsadda haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-banks/)). Bangiyadu wadar ahaan waxay dhammaadkii 2025 haysteen $2.3 bilyan oo hanti ah ([Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Tirooyinka qaybta, eeg [Bangiyada Soomaaliya](/so/economy/banks/) iyo [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](/so/economy/central-bank-of-somalia/). ## Salaam Somali Bank Bog buuxa: [Salaam Somali Bank](/en/businesses/salaam-somali-bank/). - Wuxuu furmay **Oktoobar 2009** Muqdisho, laamihiisii ugu horreeyayna waxay ahaayeen Xamarweyne iyo Bakaaraha. Wuxuu isku sheegaa bangigii ugu horreeyay ee ka shaqeeya Soomaaliya tan iyo 1991 ([Wikipedia, Salaam Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Somali_Bank)). - 2010 wuxuu daah-furay DEEQTOON, bangi mobile ah oo ku dhisan tiknoolajiyadda Hormuud Telecom. 2009 labada shirkadood waxay aasaaseen Hormuud Salaam Foundation (isla ilahaas; eeg [Hormuud Telecom](/so/businesses/hormuud-telecom/)). - Oktoobar 2014 wuxuu Muqdisho ka furay mashiinnadii lacagta (ATM) ee ugu horreeyay Soomaaliya ([BBC, 7 Oktoobar 2014](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29519877)). - Wuxuu sheegaa 55 laamood, oo 20 ka mid ah ay Muqdisho ku yaalliin ([Wikipedia, Salaam Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Somali_Bank)). - Isagoo la shaqaynaya Bangiga Adduunka iyo shirkadda dib-u-caymiska ZEP-RE, wuxuu maamulaa caymis abaareed oo loogu talagalay xoolo-dhaqatada. Maarso 2026 wuxuu ka diiwaangeliyay in ka badan **163,000** xoolo-dhaqato ah, wuxuuna bixiyay **$4.5 milyan** ([Devex, 3 Abriil 2026](https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/in-drought-hit-somalia-savings-accounts-offer-a-lifeline-112193)). - 2024 wuxuu ku guuleystay abaalmarinta The Banker ee Bangiga Islaamiga ee Sannadka, qaybta caalamiga ([The Banker, Islamic Banking Awards 2024](https://www.thebanker.com/content/5b2f8e2d-aadd-5a62-8cb0-a972c5c483e3)). ## International Bank of Somalia (IBS) Bog buuxa: [International Bank of Somalia (IBS)](/en/businesses/international-bank-of-somalia/). - Waxaa la diiwaangeliyay Luulyo 2013, wuxuuna furmay **11 Oktoobar 2014** Muqdisho, iyadoo Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ka qayb galay furitaanka. Bloomberg waxay ku warantay inuu yahay amaahiyihii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay ee qabsan kara lacag-bixinta shisheeyaha ([Bloomberg, 13 Oktoobar 2014](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-13/somali-bank-becomes-first-lender-to-handle-foreign-transactions.html); [Wikipedia, International Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_of_Somalia)). - Waxaa aasaasay ganacsato Soomaaliyeed oo badankood Dubai fadhiya. Maarso 2015 wuxuu dadweynaha u bandhigay **$10 milyan** oo saamiyo ah, 10 boqolkiiba raasumaalkiisa (isla ilahaas). - Wuxuu taxaa toddoba laamood oo Muqdisho ah iyo laamo Garoowe, Kismaayo, Boosaaso iyo Baydhabo, wuxuuna bixiyaa kaararka Mastercard iyo Visa (isla ilahaas). ## Premier Bank Bog buuxa: [Premier Bank](/en/businesses/premier-bank/). Waxaa la diiwaangeliyay 2013, Bangiga Dhexe ayaa ruqsad siiyay 2014, wuxuuna Muqdisho ka furmay 21 Maajo 2015, markaas oo lagu sheegay inuu dalka u keenayo kaarar debit oo badan ([Hiiraan Online, 26 Maajo 2015](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2015/May/99789/somalia_s_new_international_bank_brings_more_debit_cards_to_war_torn_country.aspx); [Wikipedia, Premier Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Bank)). ## Dahabshil Bank International Bog buuxa: [Dahabshil Bank International](/en/businesses/dahabshil-bank-international/). Waxaa leh kooxda Dahabshiil, xaruntiisuna waa Hargeysa. Wuxuu Somaliland ku noqday hay'ad si rasmi ah loo aqoonsan yahay horraantii 2009, sannadkaasna wuxuu laantiisii ugu horreysay ka furay Hargeysa. Nofembar 2014 wuxuu amaah ahaan u bixiyay **$70 milyan** oo maaliyad, xoolo, beero, caafimaad iyo waxbarasho ah ([Wikipedia, Dahabshil Bank International, oo soo xiganaysa Reuters, Nofembar 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshil_Bank_International)). Eeg [Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/). ## Amal Bank Amal Bank wuxuu ku jiraa diiwaanka Bangiga Dhexe ee bangiyada ruqsadda haysta, oo cinwaankiisa ku qoray Garoowe ([Bangiga Dhexe, bangiyada ruqsadda haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-banks/)). African Business waxay ku xustay bangiyada ugu waaweyn ([African Business, Ogosto 2025](https://african.business/2025/08/african-banker/reforming-somalias-banking-sector-amid-crisis-and-opportunity)). Bangiyada kale ee ruqsadda haysta, eeg [Somalia's newer banks](/en/businesses/somalias-newer-banks/) iyo [MyBank Somalia](/en/businesses/mybank-somalia/). ## Suuqyada saamiyada - **Somali Stock Exchange (SSE).** Suuq gaar ah oo uu aasaasay Golaha Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed (Somali Economic Forum). Waxaa la diiwaangeliyay 24 Maarso 2011, wuxuuna saamiyadiisii ugu horreeyay iibiyay **1 Sebtembar 2015**, xafiisyo ku yaal Garoowe, Muqdisho iyo Hargeysa ([Wikipedia, Somali Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Stock_Exchange); [Hindisaha Suuqyada Saamiyada Waara ee QM, 17 Juun 2019](https://sseinitiative.org/all-news/the-un-sustainable-stock-exchange-welcomes-the-somali-stock-exchange/)). - **Suuqa Qaranka ee Saamiyada Soomaaliya (NSES).** Suuqa rasmiga ah, oo ay taageerayaan Wasaaradda Maaliyadda iyo Bangiga Dhexe, wuxuu Muqdisho ka furmay **19 Juun 2025**. Wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu taxo saamiyo iyo sukuuk (curaarta Islaamiga), isagoo ka bilaabaya shirkadaha isgaarsiinta, bangiyada, hantida ma-guurtada ah iyo tamarta. Agaasimihiisa guud ee ugu horreeyay waa Yaasiin M. Ibar, oo hore u ahaa madaxa Ururka Bangiyada Soomaaliyeed. Wuxuu ka mid yahay sagaal xubnood oo Ururka Suuqyada Saamiyada Bariga Afrika ah ([MFW4A](https://www.mfw4a.org/news/somalia-launches-its-first-stock-exchange-mogadishu); [African Capital Markets News, 4 Sebtembar 2025](https://africancapitalmarketsnews.com/national-stock-exchange-launched-in-somalia/)). Febraayo 2026 wuxuu sheegay inuu qorsheynayo inuu ganacsiga bilaabo 2026 ([Africa Global Funds, 10 Febraayo 2026](https://africaglobalfunds.com/analysis/interviews/building-trust-from-the-ground-up-somalias-capital-market-takes-shape/)). Eeg [Maalgashiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/investing-in-somalia/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Bangigii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1991.** Salaam Somali Bank wuxuu sheegaa inuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay, isagoo Muqdisho ka furmay Oktoobar 2009. Dahabshil Bank International waxaa Somaliland lagu aqoonsaday horraantii 2009, IBS-na Bloomberg waxay 2014 ku tilmaantay amaahiyihii ugu horreeyay ee qabta lacag-bixinta shisheeyaha ([Wikipedia, Salaam Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Somali_Bank); [Wikipedia, Dahabshil Bank International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshil_Bank_International); [Bloomberg](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-13/somali-bank-becomes-first-lender-to-handle-foreign-transactions.html)). - **First Somali Bank.** Bangi magacaas leh, oo uu aasaasay Liibaan Cabdi Cigaal, ayaa lagu tilmaamaa bangigii ganacsi ee ugu horreeyay ee koonfurta Soomaaliya ka furmay tan iyo 1991, Maajo 2012; websaydhkiisu wuxuu xirmay 2016 ([Wikipedia, First Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Somali_Bank)). Eeg [Somali business pioneers](/so/economy/somali-business-pioneers/). - **Suuqii saamiyada ee ugu horreeyay.** NSES waxaa si ballaaran loogu sheegaa suuqa saamiyada "ugu horreeya" ee Soomaaliya, laakiin Somali Stock Exchange oo gaar loo maamulo ayaa saamiyo iibin bilaabay 2015 ([MFW4A](https://www.mfw4a.org/news/somalia-launches-its-first-stock-exchange-mogadishu); [Hindisaha SSE ee QM](https://sseinitiative.org/all-news/the-un-sustainable-stock-exchange-welcomes-the-somali-stock-exchange/)). - **Tirada bangiyada.** Warbixinta sannadlaha 2025 ee Bangiga Dhexe waxay tirisaa 13 bangi oo maxalli ah iyo 1 laan shisheeye; diiwaankiisu wuxuu Nofembar 2026 taxayaa 15 bangi ([Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf); [Bangiga Dhexe, bangiyada ruqsadda haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-banks/)). - **Hormuud Salaam Foundation.** Sannadka la aasaasay waxaa Wikipedia ku qoran 2009, laakiin maqaal la maalgeliyay oo ku jira The EastAfrican wuxuu leeyahay 2013 ([Wikipedia, Salaam Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Somali_Bank); [The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/sponsored/salaam-somali-bank-solidify-its-growth-in-somalia-banking-sector-4629888)). --- # Cidda ruqsadda haysata: bangiyada, xawaaladaha, maaliyadda yaryar iyo caymiska Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/licensed-banks-and-money-companies/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya wuxuu daabacaa liisaska shirkadaha uu ruqsadda siiyo. Nofembar 2026 waxay magacaabeen 15 bangi, 17 shirkadood oo xawaalad ah, 24 hay'adood oo maaliyadda yaryar ah iyo 8 shirkadood oo Takaful (caymiska Islaamiga) ah. Lix shirkadood oo lacagta mobilka ah ayaa ruqsad la siiyay dhammaadkii 2025. ## Si kooban Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya wuxuu ruqsad siiyaa oo kormeeraa bangiyada, shirkadaha xawaaladda, shirkadaha maaliyadda yaryar iyo caymiska Islaamiga. Mid kasta wuxuu u daabacaa diiwaan. Hoos waxaa ku qoran magacyada diiwaannadaas ku jiray 12 Nofembar 2026 ([Bangiga Dhexe, bangiyada ruqsadda haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-banks/)). Bogagga Bangiga Dhexe laftooda ayaa haya liisaska hadda. ## Bangiyada [Diiwaanka bangiyada ruqsadda haysta ee Bangiga Dhexe](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-banks/) wuxuu taxayaa 15: Agro Bank, Amal Bank (Garoowe), Amana Bank, Bulsho Bank, Bushra Bank, Dahabshiil International Bank, Daryeel Bank (Boosaaso), GIB, IBS Bank, Idman Bank, My Bank, Premier Bank, Salaam Bank, Sombank, iyo Ziraat Katılım, oo ah bangi Turki ah. Bangiyada kale ee la taxay dhammaantood waxay ku yaalliin Muqdisho. Bangiyadu wadar ahaan waxay dhammaadkii 2025 haysteen **$2.3 bilyan** oo hanti ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Bangiyada Soomaaliya](/so/economy/banks/). ## Shirkadaha xawaaladda [Diiwaanka xawaaladaha ruqsadda haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-money-transfer/) wuxuu magacaabayaa 17: Amal Express, Amana Express, Asal Express, Bakaal Express, Dahabshiil, Fundaza, Hibo (Boosaaso), Hodan, Iftin Express, Jubba, Naafic, Quick, Rcash (Garoowe), Sahan, Tawakal Express (Garoowe), TAYO iyo Yiksi. Shirkadahan ayaa qaada inta badan lacagta ay qoysaska dibadda joogaa dalka u soo diraan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Xawaaladda iyo shirkadaha lacagta](/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/) iyo [Sida lacag loogu diro Soomaaliya](/so/economy/how-to-send-money-to-somalia/). ## Lacagta mobilka Diseembar 2025 waxaa jiray **6 shirkadood oo lacagta mobilka ah oo ruqsad haysta** ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Ruqsaddii ugu horreysay waxaa la siiyay EVC Plus ee Hormuud Febraayo 2021 ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_somalia-issues-first-license-mobile-money-service/6202644.html)). Eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). ## Maaliyadda yaryar [Diiwaanka maaliyadda yaryar ee ruqsadda haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-microfinance-institutions/) wuxuu taxayaa 24, halka 7-dii ugu horreeyay ruqsadda la siiyay 9 Nofembar 2025: Access MFI, Amana MFI, Asal, Bulaal Finance, Bushra, Dahab MFI, Future Finance House, Haldoor, Himilo (Garoowe), Hogaan (Baydhabo), Horseed, Idman MFI, Kaafi, KIMS (Hargeysa), Kobciye, Maal, Midnimo, OSOB, RAAS, SICOF (Somali Industrial Cooperative Finance), Somali Microfinance (SOM), Tijaaro, Wadaag Microfinance (Hargeysa) iyo WE-INVEST (Hargeysa). Shirkadahan waxay amaahiyaan lacag yar laakiin kayd ma qaataan. Eeg [Maaliyadda Islaamiga, maaliyadda yaryar iyo Takaful](/so/economy/islamic-finance-microfinance-and-takaful/). ## Takaful (caymiska Islaamiga) [Diiwaanka Takaful ee ruqsadda haysta](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-takaful-operators/) wuxuu taxayaa 8: Amanah Insurance, Baraka Takaful, FISO Insurance, Kobciye Insurance, Salmastar Insurance, Takaaful Africa, Tamini Insurance iyo Wadaag Insurance (Hargeysa). Afartii ruqsadood ee ugu horreeyay waxaa la ansixiyay 24 Janaayo 2026 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 27 Janaayo 2026](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Central-Bank-of-Somalia-CBS-Grants-First-Licenses-to.pdf)). Eeg [Somali Takaful companies](/en/businesses/somali-takaful-companies/). ## Isgaarsiinta Shirkadaha taleefannada waxaa ruqsad siisa hay'ad kale, Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka (NCA), oo taxda toddoba shirkadood oo mobile ah oo haysta ruqsadaha mowjadaha ([NCA, diiwaanka ruqsadaha](https://mail.nca.gov.so/services/licenses)). Eeg [Isgaarsiinta iyo internetka](/so/economy/telecoms/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin [Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf) ee Bangiga Dhexe waxay Diseembar 2025 tirisay **13 bangi oo gudaha ah, 1 laan bangi shisheeye iyo 14 shirkadood oo xawaalad ah**. Diiwaannada online-ka ah ee la eegay Nofembar 2026 waxay muujinayaan 15 bangi iyo 17 shirkadood oo xawaalad ah. Diiwaannadu way ka cusub yihiin, laakiin ma muujiyaan goorta ruqsad kasta la bixiyay. Diiwaannadu waxay muujiyaan astaamo (logos) halkii magacyo qoran, sidaas darteed qaar ka mid ah higgaadda halkan waxaa laga soo qaatay cinwaanka websaydhka shirkad kasta. Somaliland waxay leedahay bangi dhexe u gaar ah, waxayna ruqsad siisaa bangiyadeeda, sida Wadaag Bank ([Tech Africa](https://tech.africa/?p=88129)). Shirkadaha qaar oo Hargeysa fadhiya ayaa sidoo kale ku jira diiwaannada Bangiga Dhexe ee federaalka. Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). --- # Maaliyadda Islaamiga, maaliyadda yaryar iyo caymiska Takaful ee Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/islamic-finance-microfinance-and-takaful/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bangiyada Soomaaliyeed waxay ku shaqeeyaan xeerarka Islaamka: halkii ay ribo ka qaadan lahaayeen waxay alaab ku iibiyaan faa'iido la isku raacay, kiraystaan, ama faa'iidada wadaagaan. 2025, Soomaaliya waxay ansixisay sharcigeedii caymiska ee ugu horreeyay, oo ah caymiska Islaamiga (Takaful), iyo sharci u oggolaanaya Bangiga Dhexe inuu xakameeyo maaliyadda yaryar. Toddobadii shirkadood ee maaliyadda yaryar ee ugu horreeyay waxaa ruqsad la siiyay Nofembar 2025, afartii shirkadood ee Takaful ee ugu horreeyayna Janaayo 2026. ## Si kooban Islaamku wuxuu xaaraamiyaa ribada, sidaas darteed bangiyada Soomaaliyeed lacag ribo kuma amaahiyaan. Waxay macaamiisha ku maalgeliyaan heshiisyo raacaya sharciga Islaamka. Ilaa 2025 ma jirin sharci caymis ama amaahiyeyaasha yaryar. Laba sharci oo sannadkaas la ansixiyay ayaa taas beddelay, Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliyana hadda wuxuu ruqsad siiyay shirkadihii ugu horreeyay ee maaliyadda yaryar iyo caymisyadii Islaamiga ahaa ee ugu horreeyay ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Sida bangiyada Islaamigu halkan uga shaqeeyaan Xeerarka warbixinta ee Bangiga Dhexe ee "bangiyada ganacsiga Islaamiga" waxay taxaan heshiisyada ugu muhiimsan ee bangiyadu isticmaalaan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Hagaha Warbixinta Maaliyadda ee Bangiyada Ganacsiga Islaamiga](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Guideline-on-Financial-Reporting-for-Islamic-Commercial-Banks-in-Somalia.pdf)): - **Murabaxa**, "iib qiimo iyo faa'iido": bangigu wuxuu iibsadaa alaab, kadibna macmiilka ugu iibiyaa qiimo ka sarreeya oo la isku raacay, oo waqti ahaan la bixiyo. - **Ijaara**, kiro: bangigu wuxuu leeyahay hanti, macmiilkana wuu u kiraysiiyaa. - **Mudaaraba** iyo **Mushaaraka**, wadaagid: bangiga iyo macmiilku waxay wadaagaan faa'iidada (Mushaarakada, khasaarahana). - **Qardi**, amaah aan ribo lahayn, oo ay ku jirto **Qardul Xasan**, amaah samafal ah. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sidoo kale bangiyada u soo saaray **Qaab-dhismeedka Maamulka Shareecada** (2020), si wax-soo-saarka bangi kasta loo hubiyo inuu waafaqsan yahay sharciga Islaamka ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Inta bangiyadu amaahiyaan Laga soo qaatay [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf): - Wadarta maalgelinta bangiyadu waxay 2025 gaartay **$540 milyan**, korodh 14 boqolkiiba marka loo eego $473 milyan. - Labada isticmaal ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen **maalgelinta ganacsiga ($205 milyan)** iyo **hantida ma-guurtada ah ($139 milyan)**. - Amaahda qaybta gaarka ah waxay 2025 ahayd qiyaastii **4.7 boqolkiiba GDP-da** oo keliya, halka 2021 ay ahayd 2.2 boqolkiiba. Wadarta hantida bangiyadu waxay ahayd qiyaastii 20 boqolkiiba GDP-da. Bangiyada laftooda, eeg [Bangiyada Soomaaliya](/so/economy/banks/). ## Maaliyadda yaryar: amaah yar oo loogu talagalay ganacsatada yaryar Maajo 2025, Baarlamaanku wuxuu ansixiyay **Sharciga Hay'adaha Maaliyadda** oo dib loo eegay, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay Bangiga Dhexe awood u siiyay inuu ruqsad siiyo oo kormeero maaliyadda yaryar ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). **9 Nofembar 2025**, guddiga Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu ruqsad siiyay toddobadii **hay'adood ee maaliyadda yaryar ee aan kaydka qaadan** ee ugu horreeyay, taas oo ah shirkado amaahiya laakiin aan kayd qaadan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, war-saxaafadeed, 9 Nofembar 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Central-Bank-of-Somalia-Grants-First-Licences-to-Microfinance-Institutions.pdf)): 1. KIMS Microfinance Institution 2. Bushra Microfinance Ltd 3. Maal Microfinance Ltd 4. Midnimo Microfinance 5. RAAS Microfinance 6. Asal Microfinance 7. Haldoor Microfinance Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in qoysas badan, shirkado yaryar, ganacsiyo ay haween leeyihiin iyo ganacsiyada bilowga ah ee dhallinyaradu ay ku tiirsan yihiin "maaliyad aan rasmi ahayn, shabakadaha qoyska, ama amaahda ganacsiga ee muddada gaaban", iyo in shirkadaha ruqsadda haystaa ay siiyaan wax-soo-saar "waafaqsan Shareecada, yaryar oo dabacsan". Shirkadaha kale ee maaliyadda yaryar waxay ahayd inay codsadaan ka hor **6 Diseembar 2025** ama ay la kulmaan tallaabo sharci ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 9 Nofembar 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Central-Bank-of-Somalia-Grants-First-Licences-to-Microfinance-Institutions.pdf)). Nofembar 2026, diiwaanka Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu taxayay **24** hay'adood oo maaliyadda yaryar ah oo ruqsad haysta ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, diiwaanka maaliyadda yaryar](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-microfinance-institutions/)). Eeg [Who is licensed](/so/economy/licensed-banks-and-money-companies/). Haween badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa horay ugu kaydsada oo ugu amaahda kooxahooda wareegga ah (ayuuto ama hagbad). Eeg [Haweenka iyo dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/women-in-the-economy/). ## Takaful: caymiska Islaamiga Takaful waa caymis ay xubnuhu lacag ku shubaan sanduuq wadaag ah oo bixiya marka mid ka mid ahi khasaaro soo gaaro, oo lagu maamulo xeerarka Islaamka. **Sharciga Caymiska Islaamiga (Takaful)** ee Soomaaliya waxaa la dhaqan geliyay **Maajo 2025**, waana sharcigii caymiska ee ugu horreeyay dalka ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, war-saxaafadeed, 27 Janaayo 2026](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Central-Bank-of-Somalia-CBS-Grants-First-Licenses-to.pdf)). **24 Janaayo 2026**, guddiga Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu ruqsad siiyay afartii shirkadood ee caymiska ee ugu horreeyay, kuwii ugu horreeyay taariikhda Soomaaliya ee hela oggolaansho buuxda oo ay ku shaqeeyaan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 27 Janaayo 2026](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Central-Bank-of-Somalia-CBS-Grants-First-Licenses-to.pdf); [SONNA, 27 Janaayo 2026](https://sonna.so/en/central-bank-of-somalia-issues-first-ever-takaful-licenses-to-four-firms-historic-move-to-regulate-insurance-sector/)): 1. First Somali Takaful Insurance Ltd 2. Amanah Insurance Ltd 3. Baraka Takaful Insurance Ltd 4. Salmaster Insurance Nofembar 2026, diiwaanku wuxuu taxayay **8** shirkadood oo Takaful ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, diiwaanka Takaful](https://centralbank.gov.so/licensed-takaful-operators/)). Eeg [Somali Takaful companies](/en/businesses/somali-takaful-companies/). ## Waxa kale ee la qorsheeyay - **Nidaam Macluumaadka Amaahda** iyo **Diiwaan Dammaanadeed**, oo uu maamuli doono Bangiga Dhexe iyadoo ay caawinayso Hay'adda Maaliyadda Caalamiga (IFC), sida uu dhigayo heshiis la saxiixay Sebtembar 2025. Waxaa loogu talagalay inay amaahiyeyaasha u fududeeyaan qiimaynta khatarta, amaahdayaashana u suurtageliyaan inay hanti dammaanad ka dhigtaan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Sukuuk** (curaarta Islaamiga) ayaa loo qorsheeyay suuqa saamiyada qaranka ee cusub. Eeg [Maalgashiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/investing-in-somalia/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Warbixinnadu way ku kala duwan yihiin bisha sharciga Takaful la dhaqan geliyay. War-saxaafadeedka Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu leeyahay **Maajo 2025**. Aqalka hoose ee Baarlamaanku wuxuu ansixiyay sharciga caymiska Maarso 2025 ([Hiiraan Online, Maarso 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200654/somali_parliament_approves_insurance_and_financial_institutions_bills.aspx)). War-saxaafadeedku wuxuu shirkadda afraad u qoray "Salmaster", halka wakaaladda wararka qaranku qortay "Salmastar" ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/central-bank-of-somalia-issues-first-ever-takaful-licenses-to-four-firms-historic-move-to-regulate-insurance-sector/)). --- # Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo doollarka Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Lacagta Soomaaliya waa shilinka Soomaaliga, laakiin Bangiga Dhexe ma daabicin lacag cusub tan iyo 1991. Sidaas darteed qiimaha alaabta, kaydka iyo lacagta mobilka intooda badan waa doollar. Waraaqaha shilinka ee hore iyo kuwa si gaar ah loo daabacay ayaa weli loo isticmaalaa lacag yar-yar, qiyaastii 30,000 shilin doollarkii sannadkii 2025. ## Lacagta maanta Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya **lacag dalka gudihiisa ah ma soo saarin tan iyo 1991**, dhaqaaluhuna "inta badan waa doollar" ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Lacagaha waaweyn, kirada, mushaharka iyo ku dhowaad dhammaan lacagta mobilka waa doollarka Mareykanka. Waraaqaha shilinka waxaa loo isticmaalaa lacag yar-yar suuqyada iyo gaadiidka. Inta badan waraaqaha shilinka ee hadda socda waxaa 1991 kadib daabacay dad aan bangi dhexe ahayn. Waxaa la qiyaasaa in 95 ilaa 98 boqolkiiba waraaqaha socda ay yihiin been-abuur ama aan ogolaansho lahayn ([TechCabal, Juun 2026](https://techcabal.com/2026/06/19/techcabal-daily-somalias-accidental-bank/)). ## Sarrifka suuqa Shilinku wuxuu 2025 doollarka ka lumiyay **7.1 boqolkiiba**, hoos u dhacii ugu weynaa toban sano. Celceliska sarrifku wuxuu ka kacay 28,118 shilin doollarkii 2024 ilaa **30,103** sannadkii 2025. Diseembar 2025 wuxuu ahaa 32,043 ([Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Celceliska shilinka doollarkii (isla ilahaas): | Sannad | Shilin doollarkii | |---|---| | 2020 | 25,761 | | 2021 | 26,039 | | 2022 | 26,833 | | 2023 | 27,201 | | 2024 | 28,118 | | 2025 | 30,103 | Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in hoos u dhacu ka yimid baahida doollarka oo korodhay, qayb ahaan maxaa yeelay ku bixinta doollar lacagta mobilka ayaa ka fududaatay ku bixinta shilin (isla ilahaas). ## Sida lacagtu u bilaabatay Taariikhaha oo dhan waxay ka yimaadeen [Bangiga Dhexe, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/): - **1950:** somalo-du waxay koonfurta ka beddeshay liirada Talyaaniga. Waxaa soo saaray xafiis lacageed oo laga furay Rome. - **30 Juun 1960:** waxaa la aasaasay Bangiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed, maalin ka hor midowgii waqooyiga iyo koonfurta. Wuxuu furmay 4 Luulyo 1960. - **1961:** wareegto ayaa waqooyiga ka saartay shilinka Bariga Afrika oo ku beddeshay shilinka Soomaaliga, si lacagta jamhuuriyadda cusub loo mideeyo. - **15 Oktoobar 1962:** waraaqihii ugu horreeyay ee shilinka Soomaaliga ayaa suuqa soo galay. - **1975:** bangiga waxaa loo beddelay magaca Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya. - **1980-meeyadii:** qiimuhu si degdeg ah ayuu u kacay, shilinkuna wuu dhacay. Barnaamijyadii IMF iyo Bangiga Adduunka horumar yar ayay sameeyeen. - **1990:** waraaq 1,000 shilin ah ayaa suuqa ku jirtay. - **Janaayo 1991:** Bangiga Dhexe wuu istaagay markii dowladdu burburtay. ### Somalo-da ka hor: rubiyadda, liirada iyo shilinka Bariga Afrika - **1909 ka hor:** rubiyadda Hindiya iyo taalarka Maria Theresa, oo ahaa qadaadiic lacag cad ah, ayaa la isticmaali jiray. 1893 ilaa 1896 shirkadda ganacsiga ee Filonardi waxay soo saartay waraaqo ballanqaad ah oo 5 rubiyadood ah ([Wikipedia, Italian Somaliland rupia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_rupia)). - **1909 ilaa 1925, rubiyadda:** gumeysiga Talyaaniga ee koonfurta wuxuu isticmaalayay **rubiyadda (rupia)**, oo la mid ah rubiyadda Hindiya, loona qaybiyay 100 *bese*. Qadaadiic naxaas ah oo 1, 2 iyo 4 bese ah ayaa yimid 1909, kuwo lacag cad ah oo ¼, ½ iyo 1 rubiyad ahna 1910. Laga bilaabo 1920 Banca d'Italia waxay soo saartay waraaqo 1, 5 iyo 10 rubiyadood ah (isla ishaas). - **1925 ilaa 1926, liirada:** liirada Soomaaliya Talyaaniga ayaa beddeshay rubiyadda 1 Luulyo 1925 ilaa 30 Juun 1926, iyadoo **8 liire = 1 rubiyad** (isla ishaas). - **1938 ilaa 1941, liirada Bariga Afrika ee Talyaaniga:** waraaqo gaar ah oo 50, 100, 500 iyo 1,000 liire ah ayaa loo soo saaray Bariga Afrika ee Talyaaniga. Intii Talyaanigu qabsaday Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska 1940 iyo 1941, waxay muddo gaaban beddeshay shilinka Bariga Afrika ([Wikipedia, Italian East African lira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_African_lira)). - **1941, shilinka Bariga Afrika:** kadib markii Ingiriisku qabsaday dhulalkii Talyaaniga, **shilinka Bariga Afrika** ee Guddiga Lacagta Bariga Afrika, oo ku xirnaa ginida Ingiriiska loona qaybiyay 100 senti, ayaa beddelay liirada iyadoo **1 shilin = 24 liire**. Wuxuu Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska ku jiray ilaa 1962 ([Wikipedia, East African shilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_shilling)). **Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin** waqooyiga: Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya wuxuu sheegaa in Somaliland-tii Ingiriisku isticmaalaysay rubiyadda Hindiya ilaa 1951, kadibna shilinka Bariga Afrika; Wikipedia waxay sheegtaa in shilinka Bariga Afrika halkaas laga isticmaalayay 1941 ([CBS, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/); [Wikipedia, East African shilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_shilling)). Faran-ka Jabuuti, eeg [Faran-ka Jabuuti](/so/economy/djiboutian-franc/). ### Somalo-dii, 1950 ilaa 1963 **Somalo** (wadarta *somali*) waxay ahayd lacagta koonfurta intii Talyaanigu u maamulayay dhul wakaalad Qaramada Midoobay ah, 1950 ilaa 1960. Waxay u qaybsanayd 100 centesimi. Qiimaheeda waxaa loo dhigay mid la mid ah shilinka Bariga Afrika ee waqooyiga Ingiriisku maamulayay, liiradii Talyaaniga ee yarayd ee weli socotayna waxaa lagu beddelay 87.49 liire somalo kasta. Waraaqaheeda waxaa Rome ka soo saaray Cassa per la Circolazione Monetaria della Somalia, iyagoo ahaa 1, 5, 10, 20 iyo 100 somali, kuna qornaa Talyaani iyo Carabi, laga bilaabo 22 Maajo 1950 ([Wikipedia, Somalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalo); [Bangiga Dhexe, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). Xorriyadda kadib, somalo-da iyo shilinka Bariga Afrika labadaba waxaa mid-mid loogu beddelay shilinka Soomaaliga. Wareegto madaxweyne oo taariikhdeedu tahay 29 Oktoobar 1963, oo ay saxiixeen Madaxweyne Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, ayaa sheegtay in waraaqaha somalo-da intooda badan horay loo soo celiyay. Waxay Bangiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed, bangiyada kale iyo xafiisyada boostada farisay inay beddelaan inta hadhay, waxayna joojisay inay lacag sharci ah ahaadaan **31 Diseembar 1963** ([Bollettino Ufficiale della Repubblica Somala, 2 Nofembar 1963, Wareegtada No. 287](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/6696/1/52.%20ANNO%20IV.%20Mogadiscio_%202%20Novembre%201963_%20Suppl.%20N.%201%20al%20N.%2011.pdf)). ## Qorshaha lacagta cusub Soo celinta shilin Soomaali ah oo dhab ah waa yoolka ugu weyn ee qorshaha Bangiga Dhexe ee 2025 ilaa 2029. Bangigu wuxuu soo jeediyay **guddi lacageed (currency board)**: shilin kasta oo cusub waxaa daboolaya kayd lacag dibadeed ah, bangiguna toddobaad kasta wuxuu daabacayaa xisaabtiisa ([Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - Hirgelinta oo dhammaystiran waxaa la filayaa inay ku kacdo in ka badan **$70 milyan** oo ah daabacaad, laamo iyo kayd. Taariikh lama dejin ([Dawan Africa, Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-says-new-somali-shilling-project-enters-advanced-stage)). - Sharci cusub oo Bangiga Dhexe ah ayaa 10 Oktoobar 2026 ka gudbay akhriskii labaad ee Golaha Shacabka. Xildhibaannadu waxay su'aal ka keeneen sarrif la soo jeediyay oo ah **100 shilin cusub doollarkii**, waxayna ka doodeen xeerarka maaliyadda Islaamiga iyo madax-bannaanida bangiga. Weli sharci ma noqon ([Dawan Africa, Oktoobar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-parliament-advances-central-bank-bill-amid-debate-over-islamic-finance-and-currency)). - IMF waxay sheegtay in dib-u-habaynta lacagtu ay "si taxaddar leh u socoto marka shuruudaha muhiimka ah la buuxiyo" ([IMF, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/05/pr26319-somalia-imf-staff-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation-mission)). - Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu la tashanayaa dhammaan dowlad-goboleedyada sida sarrifku u shaqayn doono ([Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Shilinka Somaliland Somaliland waxay daabacdaa shilin u gaar ah tan iyo 1994 ([Wikipedia, Somaliland shilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_shilling)). Ogosto 2026 maamulku wuxuu dejiyay sarrif rasmi ah oo ah 11,000 (iibsi) iyo 11,100 (iib) shilin Somaliland doollarkii. Wuxuu lacag-beddelayaasha ku waajibiyay $700 diiwaangelin ah iyo $130 canshuur sannadeed ah, wuxuuna joojiyay in kuwa aan shatiga haysan lacag ku beddelaan Zaad iyo eDahab ([Radio Ergo, 25 Ogosto 2026](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/08/somaliland-closes-black-markets-with-outcry-from-informal-local-money-changers/)). Zaad lafteedu lacagta waxay ku haysaa doollar ([GSMA](https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/uncategorized/developing-a-currency-exchange-functionality-to-drive-mobile-money-usage-a-new-mobile-money-innovation-in-somaliland/)). Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). ## Saameynta qoysaska, sida la sheegay Doodda baarlamaanka 2026, xildhibaannadu waxay sheegeen in qoysaska miyiga iyo ganacsatada yaryari ay dhib kala kulmaan inay lacag jajab ah helaan iyadoo aan waraaqo yaryar jirin ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-parliament-advances-central-bank-bill-amid-debate-over-islamic-finance-and-currency)). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in lacag qaran oo shaqaynaysaa ay dalka siin doonto "madax-bannaani lacageed" ([Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - Amarka somalo-da lagu abuuray, Amarka No. 14, bogga taariikhda Bangiga Dhexe iyo Wikipedia waxay ku taariikheeyaan 16 Maajo 1950, halka wareegtada 1963 ay ku qortay 18 Maajo 1950 ([Bangiga Dhexe, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/); [Bollettino Ufficiale, 1963](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/6696/1/52.%20ANNO%20IV.%20Mogadiscio_%202%20Novembre%201963_%20Suppl.%20N.%201%20al%20N.%2011.pdf)). Bogga Bangiga Dhexe meel kale wuxuu ku qoray 16 Luulyo 1950. - Waraaqihii ugu horreeyay ee shilinka, Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu ku taariikheeyay 15 Oktoobar 1962, halka Wikipedia ay sheegto in 15 Diseembar 1962 la bilaabay soo celinta waraaqaha somalo-da. Wareegtada 1963 waxay xusaysaa wareegto wasiir oo 20 Nofembar 1962 shilinka ka dhigtay lacag sharci ah ([Bangiga Dhexe, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/); [Wikipedia, Somalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalo)). ## Faylka xogta Sarrifka suuqa bil kasta Janaayo 2020 ilaa Diseembar 2025 wuxuu ku jiraa [somali-shilling-per-us-dollar-2020-2025.csv](/data/economy/somali-shilling-per-us-dollar-2020-2025.csv). Isha: [Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025, Shaxda 3](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). --- # Haweenka iyo dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/women-in-the-economy/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Haweenku waxay Soomaaliya ku leeyihiin ganacsiyo qoys oo ka badan kuwa ragga: 56.7 boqolkiiba ganacsiyada qoyska ee hal milkiile leh waxaa iska leh haween, halka ragga ay ka leeyihiin 35.4 boqolkiiba. Laakiin haween aad uga yar ayaa shaqeeya ama shaqo raadiya (15.4 boqolkiiba, halka raggu yihiin 39.9 boqolkiiba), qaar badanna waxay ku kaydsadaan oo ku amaahdaan kooxaha kaydka wareegga ah ee ayuuto ama hagbad la yiraahdo. ## Si kooban Sahanka qoysaska ee dowladda ayaa ogaaday in haweenku leeyihiin ganacsiyo qoys oo ka badan kuwa ragga, ayna gaaraan go'aamo ka badan oo ku saabsan sida lacagta loo isticmaalo. Isla sahankaas wuxuu ogaaday in haweenku ka yar yihiin ragga inay shaqo leeyihiin, dugsi dhammeeyeen ama akoon bangi haystaan ([SNBS, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Haween badan ayaa ku kaydsada oo ku amaahda kooxo kayd oo ay iyagu maamulaan ([Al Jazeera, 8 Abriil 2022](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/8/ayuuto-the-somali-female-social-lending-manual-on-braving-crisis)). ## Cidda leh ganacsiyada qoyska Laga soo qaatay [Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, Sahanka Isku-dhafan ee Miisaaniyadda Qoyska (SIHBS) 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf), cutubka 8: - **15.8 boqolkiiba** qoysaska oo keliya ayaa 12-kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay maamulay ganacsi u gaar ah. - Ganacsiyada hal milkiile leh, **56.7 boqolkiiba waxaa iska leh haween**, **35.4 boqolkiibana rag**. **7.9 boqolkiiba** kale waxaa si wadajir ah u leh nin iyo naag. - Haweenku waxay wax badan ku leeyihiin magaalooyinka iyo deegaannada beeraha. Qoysaska reer guuraaga, lahaanshuhu waa ku dhawaad isku mid: **44.2 boqolkiiba haween, 44.1 boqolkiiba rag**. - Haweenka ayaa go'aamiya sida dakhliga ganacsiga loo isticmaalo **54.9 boqolkiiba** xaaladaha, halka raggu yihiin **32.1 boqolkiiba**. Waxay maamulaan ganacsiga **56.6 boqolkiiba** xaaladaha. - Ganacsiyada qoyska ee ugu caansan waa ka ganacsiga waddada ama suuqa (**37.2 boqolkiiba**) iyo dukaamo iyo goobo shaqo oo yaryar (**23.4 boqolkiiba**). ## Shaqada Isla sahankaas ([SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf), cutubka 7), dadka 15 jir iyo ka weyn: | | Haween | Rag | |---|---|---| | Shaqaynaya | 12.2% | 32.9% | | Shaqaynaya ama shaqo raadinaya | 15.4% | 39.9% | | Shaqo la'aan (kuwa raadinaya) | 20.6% | 14.3% | | Dhallinyaro shaqo la'aan ah | 32.0% | 29.0% | Haweenku waxay ragga uga badan yihiin inay ka shaqeeyaan shaqooyin aasaasi ah oo xirfad yar u baahan (16.0 boqolkiiba haweenka shaqeeya). Meelaha shaqooyinka lagu xayeysiiyo, eeg [Meesha shaqooyinka Soomaaliya lagu xayeysiiyo](/so/economy/jobs-in-somalia/). ## Waxbarashada iyo akoonnada bangiga - **69.9 boqolkiiba** haweenka iyo gabdhaha 6 jir iyo ka weyn ma helin waxbarasho rasmi ah, halka wiilasha iyo raggu yihiin **60.6 boqolkiiba**. Deegaannada reer guuraaga, tirada haweenku waa **93.5 boqolkiiba** ([SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). - **3.1 boqolkiiba** haweenka oo keliya ayaa dhammeeyay dugsiga sare, **2.7 boqolkiibana** waxay leeyihiin waxbarasho sare ([SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). - **8.8 boqolkiiba** dadka waaweyn oo dhan oo keliya ayaa leh akoon bangi: 10.3 boqolkiiba magaalooyinka, 2.0 boqolkiiba reer guuraaga. Wuxuu gaaraa 27.6 boqolkiiba dadka waxbarashada sare leh ([SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). Dadka badankood waxay taleefanka wax ku iibsadaan; eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). ## Kooxaha kaydka: ayuuto iyo hagbad **Ayuuto**, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan **hagbad**, waa "nidaam kayd wareeg ah oo aan ribo lahayn oo ku dhisan kalsoonida wadajirka ah" ([Al Jazeera, 8 Abriil 2022](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/8/ayuuto-the-somali-female-social-lending-manual-on-braving-crisis)). Xubnuhu kulan kasta waxay lacag go'an ku shubaan sanduuq, xubin kastaana mar mar ayay qaadataa sanduuqa oo dhan. Koox Muqdisho ah oo Al Jazeera ka warantay, 10 haween ah mid kastaa wuxuu bishii bixin jiray $10. Xubnuhu waxay sidoo kale sanduuqa ka amaahdaan xilliyada dhibka, haweenkuna lacagta ay qaataan waxay ku iibsadaan cunto ama ku bilaabaan ganacsiyo yaryar sida iibinta caanaha ama xaabada. Kooxahan ma laha qandaraas qoran ama ilaalin sharci, sidaas darteed lacagta way lumi kartaa haddii qofka haya uu baxsado ama dhinto ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/8/ayuuto-the-somali-female-social-lending-manual-on-braving-crisis)). Hay'adaha gargaarku way ku dhisteen. Mudug, 22 haween ah oo Docol jooga ayaa mid kastaa toddobaadkii kaydsaday $1, iyagoo deeq lacageed la helayna waxay fureen dukaan dhar iyo kabo ah ([International Rescue Committee, 2026](https://www.rescue.org/uk/article/you-dont-save-alone-meet-ayuuto-savings-collectives)). Isla dhaqankaas ayaa ku baahsan qurbaha ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/8/ayuuto-the-somali-female-social-lending-manual-on-braving-crisis)). ## Lacag-bixinta kaashka waxaa la siiyaa haweenka Barnaamijka **Baxnaano**, oo ah shabakadda badbaadada lacageed ee dowladda, haweenku waxay ahaayeen **100 boqolkiiba** dadka si toos ah u qaatay lacagta joogtada ah ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2022](https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/10/10/developing-a-state-led-social-safety-net-system-to-boost-human-capital-and-build-resilience-in-somalia-the-baxnaano-prog)). Mashruuca xiga ee BOOST-You, oo la ansixiyay Oktoobar 2025, wuxuu hiigsanayaa inuu 2029 abuuro 28,000 shaqo oo dhallinyaro ah, oo **16,800 ka mid ah ay haween yihiin** ([Bangiga Adduunka, 28 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/10/28/over-738000-somalis-to-benefit-from-world-bank-supported-initiative-for-jobs-social-protection-and-climate-resilience)). Eeg [Baxnaano](/so/economy/baxnaano-safety-net/). ## Haweenka iyo go'aan qaadashada Soomaaliya waxay haweenka u leedahay qoondo kuraas oo **30 boqolkiiba** ah, qorshaha qaranka ee ilaa 2029-na wuxuu ballanqaadayaa "in la xaqiijiyo qoondada 30% ee haweenka" ([Wasaaradda Qorsheynta, Soo koobidda NTP](https://mop.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/NTP-Executive-Summary.pdf)). Eeg [Qorshaha Isbeddelka Qaranka](/so/economy/national-transformation-plan/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Tirooyinka saamiga haweenka ee kuraasta Baarlamaanka way kala duwan yihiin: - UN Women waxay sheegtay in saamigu "ka dhacay 24 ilaa 20%" doorashooyinkii 2022 ([UN Women Somalia](https://open.unwomen.org/our-reach/SO/XM-DAC-41146-SOM_D_2.1)). - Wasaaradda Qorsheyntu waxay ku sheegtay **12.33 boqolkiiba**, waxayna hiigsanaysaa inay kor ugu qaaddo 30 boqolkiiba ([Soo koobidda NTP](https://mop.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/NTP-Executive-Summary.pdf)). ## Meesha tirooyinku ka yimaadeen Tirooyinka halkan badankoodu waxay ka yimaadeen SIHBS 2022, sahan qoysas oo qaran oo uu sameeyay Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya. --- # Kooxaha ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed: sida loo dhisay Dahabshiil, Hormuud iyo shirkadaha kale ee waaweyn Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-business-groups/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shirkadaha Soomaaliyeed ee waaweyn badankood waxay ka tirsan yihiin kooxo yar oo caalami ah oo leh shabakado xawaalad, bangi, taleefan iyo lacag mobile, iyo inta badan shirkado koronto, sibidh, guryo iyo ganacsi. Daraasad 2019 ah oo Machadka Clingendael ayaa ogaatay in kooxahan inta badan laga diiwaangeliyo dibadda, badanaa Dubai ama sharciga UK, ayna ku koreen u adeegidda suuqa Soomaaliyeed xilli aan nidaam bangi dowladeed jirin. Waxay Dahabshiil iyo Hormuud ku magacawday labada ugu waaweyn. ## Isha Daraasadda ugu faahfaahinta badan ee dadweynaha u furan ee ku saabsan kooxaha ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed waa *Transnational capital in Somalia* ee Qaybta Cilmi-baarista Colaadda ee Machadka Clingendael ee Holland, oo la daabacay Juun 2019. Qorayaashu waxay wareysteen **49 qof**, laga bilaabo milkiilayaasha ganacsiyada yaryar ilaa milkiilayaasha xawaaladaha, maalgashadayaal iyo wasiirro, Somaliland, Dubai, UK iyo taleefan ahaan Muqdisho, intii u dhexeysay Sebtembar 2018 iyo Maarso 2019 ([Clingendael, Transnational capital in Somalia, Juun 2019, lifaaqa](https://kpsrl.org/sites/kpsrl/files/2020-03/transnational-capital-in-somalia%20updated%20report.pdf)). Haddii aan xiriir kale la bixin, xaqiiqooyinka hoose waxay ka yimaadeen warbixintaas. Warbixinta laftigeedu waxay ka digaysaa in, maadaama xiriirro badan aysan rasmi ahayn, dadka la wareystay ay sababo u yeelan karaan inay dhacdooyinka si khaldan u sheegaan. ## Sida kooxaha loo dhisay - Ganacsiyo Soomaaliyeed oo muhiim ah oo badan ayaa **xaruntoodu tahay Dubai**, guddiyadoodana waxaa ku jira Soomaali haysta baasaboorro UK ama kuwo kale. Dubai, iyo heer yar Jabuuti, ayaa ah xarumaha maaliyadda ee ugu waaweyn. - Kooxaha waxaa loo maamulaa sidii **shirkado saamileyaal**, inta badan lagu diiwaangeliyay sharciga UK iyagoo Dubai jooga, ama koox qoys oo aan rasmi ahayn oo hal agaasime guud hoos yimaadda, xitaa meesha sharciga Soomaaliyeed aanu lahayn qaab diiwaangelin qaran ama ganacsi saamiyo. - Qaababkooda ganacsi waxaa lagu dhisay xaaladaha Soomaaliya: nidaam bangi la'aan, isticmaal ballaaran oo taleefannada gacanta, iyo daldaloolo sida caymis la'aanta. - Tiro yar oo shirkado waaweyn ah ayaa beddelay shirkado badan oo yaryar. Shirkadaha yaryari inta badan waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii qaybiyeyaal kooxaha waaweyn, kuwaas oo jumlad-iibiye ahaan u shaqeeya. - Kooxaha badankood waxay maamulaan barnaamijyo bulsho oo waaweyn (dugsiyo, isbitaallo, gargaar degdeg ah) iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'ado samafal, taas oo warbixintu sheegtay inay dhisto kalsoonida dadweynaha iyo oggolaansho ay ku shaqeeyaan. ## Qaabka Dahabshiil Dahabshiil wuxuu ka bilaabay alaab soo dejin 1970-meeyadii, wuxuuna u gudbay xawaaladda 1980-meeyadii, badankeed Soomaalida Khaliijka. Xilligii dagaalka wuxuu lacagta siin jiray dadka loo diray iyadoo laga helo iibka alaab dibadda lagu iibsaday lacagta la soo diray, taas oo lacagta ku socodsiisay deegaannada Soomaalida. 2019 wuxuu ka shaqaynayay qiyaastii **126 dal**, wuxuuna lahaa qiyaastii **5,000 shaqaale** iyo **24,000 wakiil**. Wuxuu ka diiwaangashan yahay UK, xaruntiisu waa Dubai, waxaana laga maamulaa Hargeysa. Warbixintu waxay sheegaysaa inuu shirkadaha uu iibsado ama dhiso ku haysto saami maamul oo ugu yaraan 51 boqolkiiba ah, waxayna taxaysaa danihiisa bangiyada (Dahabshil Bank International), isgaarsiinta (Somtel), maaliyadda yaryar (MicroDahab), korontada (Sompower ee Hargeysa iyo Tayo Energy ee Berbera), warshadda sibidhka Berbera, guryaha, cuntada, gaadiidka iyo suuq weyn. Waxay sidoo kale taxaysaa saddex jaamacadood iyo toddoba isbitaal oo kooxdu taageerto. Eeg [Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/) iyo [Somtel](/en/businesses/somtel/). ## Qaabka Hormuud Hormuud waxaa la aasaasay **2002**, "inta badan iyadoo lagu dhisay dhaxalka" Al-Barakaat, oo cunaqabateyn Mareykan ahi xirtay 2001. Warbixintu, iyadoo soo xiganaysa Africa Intelligence, waxay Axmed Nuur Cali Jimcaale ku magacawday milkiilaha labadaba. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa Muqdisho isagoo leh "hay'ado la jaanqaada" oo Hargeysa ah (Telesom) iyo Puntland (Golis), mid kastaa leh saamileyaal maxalli ah oo u gaar ah, ganacsigiisa aasaasiga ahna waa wicitaannada iyo nidaamyada lacagta mobilka ee EVC, Zaad iyo Sahal. Warbixintu waxay sheegaysaa in lahaanshahan kala firirsan, oo leh kumanaan saamileyaal waaweyn iyo yaryar, uu kooxda siiyo oggolaansho ay ku shaqeyso deegaanno kala duwan. 2019, Hormuud, Telesom iyo Golis wadar ahaan waxay haysteen qiyaastii **81 boqolkiiba kaararka SIM-ka**; Somtel-na qiyaastii **16 boqolkiiba**. Tan iyo 2014, Hormuud wuxuu dowladda federaalka bishii siin jiray canshuur go'an oo **$400,000** ah, iyadoo la soo xiganayo warbixinta 2016 ee Kooxda Kormeerka QM. Eeg [Hormuud Telecom](/so/businesses/hormuud-telecom/), [Telesom](/en/businesses/telesom/), [Golis Telecom](/en/businesses/golis-telecom/) iyo [Al-Barakat](/en/businesses/al-barakat/). ## Kooxaha kale ee la magacaabay Liiska ilaha warbixinta ee ku saabsan hay'adaha ganacsiga wuxuu magacaabayaa, iyo kuwo kale: Al-Buruuj, Amal Bank, Amal Capital, Amal Express iyo Amal Group; FAACO; GSK Group iyo sagaalkeeda shirkadood ee saadka ee Jabuuti; Jaamacadda Hormuud; Indhadeero Construction iyo Indhadeero Group; MSG Trading; Nura Tiles; Ominco Group; Taaj Money Transfer; iyo TUSMO Medical. Xoolaha, waxay Indhadeero iyo kooxaha Cumar ku magacawday shirkado Soomaaliyeed oo qadiim ah oo meel adag ku leh. Somaliland, waxay ku tilmaantay shirkad caymis Takaful ah oo ay aasaaseen Soomaali Kenyan ah inay tahay caymiskii ugu horreeyay ee ka shaqeeya dhammaan deegaannada Soomaalida. Eeg [Somali businesses](/en/businesses/) iyo [Somaliland Beverage Industries](/en/businesses/somaliland-beverage-industries/). ## Doodda ku saabsan awoodda suuqa - Warbixinta Clingendael waxay kooxaha waaweyn ku tilmaantay kuwo u dhow **oligopoly** (suuq ay gacanta ku hayaan shirkado yar), waxayna soo xiganaysaa ganacsato leh shirkadaha yaryari waxay koraan inta kooxaha waaweyni u oggolaadaan oo keliya. Waxay sidoo kale kooxaha u aqoonsanaysaa inay socodsiiyeen isgaarsiinta, xawaaladda iyo soo dejinta sannadihii dagaalka. - Bogga Soomaaliyeed ee Halqabsi wuxuu 2023 ku dooday in la xakameeyo awoodda suuqa ee shirkadaha waaweyn ([Halqabsi, Maarso 2023](https://halqabsi.com/2023/03/monopoly-menace-somalias-big-companies-and-the-need-for-regulatory-oversight/)). - Shirkaduhu waxay isu soo bandhigaan inay leeyihiin saamileyaal Soomaaliyeed oo badan iyo inay yihiin shaqo-bixiyeyaal iyo canshuur-bixiyeyaal waaweyn; Hormuud wuxuu sheegaa inuu shaqaaleeyo in ka badan 20,000 qof ([Total Telecom, 5 Nofembar 2021](https://totaltele.com/20-years-of-driving-connectivity-in-somalia/)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Cidda leh Hormuud.** Clingendael waxay magacawday hal milkiile; Hormuud waxay sheegtaa kumanaan saamileyaal Soomaaliyeed ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/featured/business-n/hormuud-telecom-bridging-the-telecommunication-gap-in-the-state-of-somalia-despite-hard-times)). - **Baaxadda Dahabshiil.** Clingendael waxay sheegtay qiyaastii 5,000 shaqaale; Wikipedia waxay leedahay in ka badan 2,000 ([Wikipedia, Dahabshiil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). --- # Faran-ka Jabuuti Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/djiboutian-franc/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Faran-ka Jabuuti (DJF) waa lacagta Jabuuti. Faransiiska ayaa Maarso 1949 wareegto ku abuuray, isagoo ku xiray doollarka Mareykanka, tan iyo 13 Febraayo 1973-na sarrifku wuxuu ku taagnaa 177.721 faran hal doollar. Wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa nidaamka guddiga lacagta: Bangiga Dhexe ee Jabuuti, oo la aasaasay 3 Diseembar 1977, faran ma soo saaro haddii aanu haysan kayd doollar ah oo u dhigma. ## Si kooban **Faran-ka Jabuuti** (summadiisu waa DJF) waa lacagta Jabuuti. Qiimihiisu wuxuu ku go'an yahay **177.721 faran hal doollar oo Mareykan ah**, Jabuutina ma laha xakamaynta sarrifka ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Jabuuti, Taariikhda faran-ka Jabuuti](https://banque-centrale.dj/historique-du-franc-djibouti/)). IMF waxay 2004 xustay in faran-ku doollarka ugu xirnaa isla sarrifkaas tan iyo horraantii 1970-meeyadii ([IMF, Ogeysiiska Macluumaadka Dadweynaha 04/23](https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2004/pn0423.htm)). Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo lacagihii hore ee dhulka Soomaalida, eeg [Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo doollarka](/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/). ## Sida faran-ku u bilaabmay Taariikhaha hoose dhammaantood waxay ka yimaadeen Bangiga Dhexe ee Jabuuti ([Taariikhda faran-ka Jabuuti](https://banque-centrale.dj/historique-du-franc-djibouti/)): - **1949 ka hor:** bangi gaar loo leeyahay ayaa haystay xuquuqda lacag soo saarista dhulkaas, oo markaas la oran jiray Côte Française des Somalis (Xeebta Soomaalida ee Faransiiska). - **20 Maarso 1949:** dowladda Faransiiska waxay faran-ka Jabuuti ku abuurtay **wareegtada 49/374**, iyadoo **214.392 faran = hal doollar**, oo ku salaysan qiimaha dahabka doollarka, 888.6708 miligaraam oo dahab saafi ah. Soo saaristii waxay u wareegtay Khasnadda dadweynaha, oo xisaab ku lahayd French American Banking Corporation ee New York. Faran kasta waxaa daboolayay qiimihiisa oo doollar ah, qof kastana, deggane iyo qariib, si xor ah ayuu u sarrifan karay. Dhulku wuxuu ka baxay aagga faran-ka Faransiiska, wuxuuna noqday aag ganacsi xor ah. - **18 Diseembar 1971:** kadib markii qiimaha dahabka doollarka la dhimay 7.895 boqolkiiba, sarrifku wuxuu noqday **197.466** faran hal doollar. - **13 Febraayo 1973:** kadib dhimis kale oo 10 boqolkiiba ah, sarrifku wuxuu noqday **177.721**. Tan iyo markaas isma beddelin. - **27 Juun 1977:** xorriyadda, dowladda cusub waxay xuquuqda lacag soo saarista si ku meel gaar ah u siisay Khasnadda qaranka. - **3 Diseembar 1977:** waxaa la aasaasay **Bangiga Dhexe ee Jabuuti**. ## Sida guddiga lacagtu u shaqeeyo Nidaamka guddiga lacagta (currency board), bangiga dhexe wuxuu lacag maxalli ah soo saari karaa oo keliya marka uu haysto qiime la mid ah oo lacag kayd ah. Bangiga Dhexe ee Jabuuti wuxuu xeerarkiisa ku sheegaa ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Jabuuti, Taariikhda](https://banque-centrale.dj/historique-du-franc-djibouti/); [Guddiga lacagta](https://banque-centrale.dj/le-currency-board/)): - lacagta kaydka waa **doollarka Mareykanka**; - waraaqaha iyo qadaadiicda wareegaya waxaa daboola lacag shisheeye oo **ka badan 100 boqolkiiba**; - bangiyada ganacsigu waa inay hayaan lacag shisheeye oo la sarrifan karo, oo u dhiganta kaydadka faran-ka ah ee dadku dhigtaan; - bangigu dowladda wax uma amaahin karo haddii aysan si gaar ah u oggolaan Golaha Wasiirradu; - bangigu faa'iidadiisa wuxuu siiyaa Khasnadda qaranka. ## Tirooyinka dhowaan Dib-u-eegista IMF ee Jabuuti ee 2025 waxay bixisay ([IMF, War-saxaafadeed 25/292, 11 Sebtembar 2025](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2025/09/11/pr25292-djibouti-imf-executive-board-concludes-2025-article-iv-consultation)): | Cabbirka | 2022 | 2024 | 2025 (qiyaas) | |---|---|---|---| | Kaydka rasmiga ah ee guud | $581 milyan | $338 milyan | $393 milyan | | Koboca dhabta ah ee GDP | | 6.5% | 6.0% | | Celceliska sicir-bararka | | 1.6% | 1.5% | Guddiga IMF wuxuu ku baaqay in sharciga bangiga dhexe wax laga beddelo si bangiga madax-bannaanidiisa loo kordhiyo, in shuruudaha kaydka tartiib tartiib loo soo rogo, iyo in faa'iidada bangiga dhexe ee mustaqbalka loo hayo kordhinta kaydka (isla ishaas). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Taariikhda abuuritaanka.** Bogga taariikhda ee Bangiga Dhexe ee Jabuuti wuxuu wareegtada 49/374 u qoraa **20 Maarso 1949**, halka bogga guddiga lacagta iyo shaxdiisa astaamuhu ay qoraan **17 Maarso 1949** ([Taariikhda](https://banque-centrale.dj/historique-du-franc-djibouti/); [Guddiga lacagta](https://banque-centrale.dj/le-currency-board/)). - **Daboolka kaydka.** Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegaa in lacagta wareegaysa la daboolay in ka badan 100 boqolkiiba; IMF waxay 2025 sheegtay in kaydku "ka hooseeyo saldhigga lacagta (monetary base)", oo ah cabbir ballaaran oo ay ku jiraan kaydka bangiyadu bangiga dhexe dhigtaan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Jabuuti](https://banque-centrale.dj/historique-du-franc-djibouti/); [IMF, 2025](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2025/09/11/pr25292-djibouti-imf-executive-board-concludes-2025-article-iv-consultation)). Shirkadaha Soomaalida ee xawaaladda iyo bangiyada Jabuuti ka shaqeeya, eeg [Dahabshil Bank International](/en/businesses/dahabshil-bank-international/). Dekedda, eeg [Dekada Jabuuti iyo Dooraale](/so/economy/port-of-djibouti/). --- # Hormoodka ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed: aasaasayaasha shirkadaha Soomaaliyeed ee dalka iyo dibadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-business-pioneers/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Aasaasayaasha ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed waxaa ka mid ah Maxamed Siciid Ducaale, oo Dahabshiil uga bilaabay dukaan Burco 1970; Cabdirisaaq Iido, oo aasaasay NationLink Telecom 1997; Liibaan Cabdi Cigaal, oo Muqdisho ka furay First Somali Bank 2012; Aamina Mooge Xirsi, oo Uganda ka dhistay suuqyo iyo warshad sonkor; iyo Jamiila Gordon, oo aasaastay shirkadda tiknoolajiyadda Australia ee Lumachain 2018. ## Si kooban Boggan wuxuu taxayaa aasaasayaasha iyo madaxda ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed, Soomaaliya iyo dibaddaba, ee shaqadooda lagu diiwaangeliyay ilo la daabacay. Shirkadaha laftooda, eeg [Cidda isku xirta Soomaaliya](/so/economy/who-connects-somalia/), [Bangiyada waaweyn iyo suuqyada saamiyada](/so/economy/somalias-main-banks/) iyo [Xawaaladda iyo shirkadaha lacagta](/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/). ## Aasaasayaasha | Qofka | Waxa uu dhisay | Meesha | Goorta | |---|---|---|---| | Maxamed Siciid Ducaale | Dahabshiil | Burco, kadib adduunka | 1970 (xawaalad laga bilaabo 1988) | | Cabdirashiid Ducaale | Agaasimaha guud ee Dahabshiil | Ku dhashay Burco | maanta | | Cali Mahdi Maxamed | Ganacsade ka hor siyaasadda | Muqdisho | 1991 kahor | | Cabdirisaaq Iido | NationLink Telecom | Muqdisho | 1997 | | Liibaan Cabdi Cigaal | First Somali Bank | Muqdisho | 2012 | | Xasan M. Cismaan (Dudde) | Somali Stock Exchange, Somali Economic Forum | Muqdisho, Garoowe, Hargeysa | 2011 ilaa 2015 | | Aamina Mooge Xirsi | Oasis Mall, Laburnam Courts, Warshadda Sonkorta Atiak | Kampala iyo waqooyiga Uganda | 2000-meeyadii ilaa 2010-meeyadii | | Jamiila Gordon | Lumachain | Sydney, Australia | 2018 | | Nasra Cagiil | Dukaan Muqdisho, kadib shaqo Dubai | Toronto, Dubai, Muqdisho | 2012 | ## Dadka **[Maxamed Siciid Ducaale](/en/people/mohamed-said-duale/)** wuxuu ku dhashay qiyaastii 1948 meel u dhow Gaashamo. 1970 waxaa loo dhiibay dukaan Burco ku yaal, kaas oo noqday Dahabshiil. Wuxuu ka ganacsan jiray dhar, qalabka gaadiidka iyo bariis, wuxuu waayay bakhaaradiisa markii dagaalku gaaray Burco 1987, Ogosto 1988-na wuxuu bilaabay inuu lacag u gudbiyo qaxootiga Dire Dawa ee Itoobiya. Taasi waxay noqotay ganacsiga xawaaladda ([Wikipedia, Mohamed Said Duale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Duale); [Wikipedia, Dahabshiil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). Eeg [Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/). **Cabdirashiid Ducaale**, wiilkiisa, wuxuu ku dhashay Burco 1977, maantana wuxuu maamulaa Dahabshiil. Eeg [Abdirashid Duale](/en/people/abdirashid-duale/). **Cali Mahdi Maxamed** (1939 ilaa 2021) wuxuu Muqdisho ka ahaa ganacsade madax-bannaan ka hor intii aan loo magacaabin Madaxweyne KMG ah 26 Janaayo 1991 ([Wikipedia, Ali Mahdi Muhammad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mahdi_Muhammad)). Eeg [Ali Mahdi Muhammad](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/). **Cabdirisaaq Iido** wuxuu aasaasay NationLink Telecom Sebtembar 1997, waana guddoomiyaha iyo saamilaha ugu weyn. Forbes waxay 2017 ku tirisay shan malaayiin-le oo Soomaali ah ([Forbes, 29 Ogosto 2017](https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2017/08/29/5-multi-millionaires-from-somalia-you-should-know/); [Wikipedia, NationLink Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NationLink_Telecom)). **Liibaan Cabdi Cigaal** wuxuu aasaasay First Somali Bank, oo Muqdisho ka furmay Maajo 2012 isagoo bangi Islaami ah. Wuxuu sheegay in daraasad ogaatay in 60 boqolkiiba dadka la weydiiyay ay doonayeen bangiyo Islaami ah ([How We Made It In Africa](https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/meet-the-boss-liban-abdi-egal-chairman-first-somali-bank/); [Wikipedia, First Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Somali_Bank)). Warbixin 2016 ah ayaa sheegtay inuu sidoo kale lahaa shirkad cilmi-baaris, shirkad internet wireless ah iyo nidaam lacag mobile ah ([The World, 31 Luulyo 2016](https://theworld.org/stories/2016/07/31/making-money-somalia)). Websaydhka bangiga wuxuu xirmay 2016 ([Wikipedia, First Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Somali_Bank)). **Xasan M. Cismaan (Dudde)**, oo ah dhaqaaleyahan ka tirsan Somali Economic Forum, waa agaasimaha guud ee Somali Stock Exchange, oo golahaasi aasaasay. Waxaa la diiwaangeliyay 2011, saamiyadiisii ugu horreeyayna wuxuu iibiyay 1 Sebtembar 2015 ([Wikipedia, Somali Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Stock_Exchange); [Hindisaha Suuqyada Saamiyada Waara ee QM, 2019](https://sseinitiative.org/all-news/the-un-sustainable-stock-exchange-welcomes-the-somali-stock-exchange/)). **Aamina Mooge Xirsi** waxay ku dhalatay 1964 Bungoma, Kenya, waxayna ku kortay ganacsigii xadka ee qoyskeeda u dhexeeyay Kenya iyo Uganda. Iyadoo adeegsanaysa Horyal Investments waxay leedahay Oasis Mall iyo guryaha Laburnam Courts ee Kampala, 2016-na waxay bilowday dhismaha Warshadda Sonkorta Atiak ee $120 milyan ah ee waqooyiga Uganda ([Wikipedia, Amina Moghe Hersi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Moghe_Hersi); [Daily Monitor, 11 Nofembar 2013](http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Amina-Omusementi--The-Somali-woman-building-an-empire-in-Kampala/-/691232/2068154/-/jbqmn4/-/index.html)). **[Jamiila Gordon](/en/people/jamila-gordon/)** waxay ku dhalatay qoys reer guuraa ah, mid ka mid ah 16 carruur ah, waxayna Muqdisho u guurtay iyadoo 11 jir ah. Markii dagaalku bilowday waxay aaday Kenya kadibna Australia, halkaas oo ay 1995 ka qaadatay shahaado ganacsi iyo IT. Waxay noqotay madaxa macluumaadka ee Qantas iyo CIMIC, Abriil 2018-na waxay aasaastay Lumachain, oo raadraacda silsiladaha cuntada, iyadoo heshay $3.5 milyan oo maalgelin bilow ah. BBC waxay 2021 ku dartay 100 Haween ([Wikipedia, Jamila Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamila_Gordon); [WeShape, 27 Febraayo 2021](https://weshape.tech/2021/02/27/how-ai-helps-shatter-barriers-to-equality/)). **Nasra Cagiil** (sidoo kale loo qoro Agile) waxay ku dhalatay Soomaaliya, waxayna ku kortay Kanada. Waxay injineeriyad madani ah ka baratay Jaamacadda Ryerson, 2005-na way ka qalin-jabisay, waxay Toronto ka ahayd kormeere waddooyin, kadibna waxay u shaqaysay shirkadda injineeriyadda Cansult ee Dubai. 2012 waxay ku soo laabatay Soomaaliya, waxayna furtay waxa lagu tilmaamay dukaankii "dollar store" ee ugu horreeyay dalka ([Wikipedia, Nasra Agil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasra_Agil)). Faahfaahinta shirkadaha, eeg [Somali businesses](/en/businesses/) iyo [Kooxaha ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed](/so/economy/somali-business-groups/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Bangigii ugu horreeyay ee koonfurta tan iyo 1991.** First Somali Bank waxaa lagu tilmaamaa bangigii ganacsi ee ugu horreeyay ee koonfurta Soomaaliya ka furmay tan iyo 1991, Maajo 2012. Salaam Somali Bank wuxuu sheegaa inuu Muqdisho ka furmay Oktoobar 2009 ([Wikipedia, First Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Somali_Bank); [Wikipedia, Salaam Somali Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Somali_Bank)). - **Shirkadda Jamiila Gordon.** Lumachain waxaa lagu tilmaamaa labadaba software blockchain iyo aragga kombiyuutarka ee warshadaha hilibka iyo nidaam AI ah oo silsiladaha cuntada ah ([Wikipedia, Jamila Gordon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamila_Gordon); [WeShape](https://weshape.tech/2021/02/27/how-ai-helps-shatter-barriers-to-equality/)). --- # Miisaaniyadda iyo canshuuraha dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/budget-and-taxes/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Miisaaniyadda dowladda federaalka ee 2026 waa qiyaastii $1.39 bilyan. 2025 waxay ururisay $404 milyan oo lacag u gaar ah, badankeedu canshuurta ganacsiga, waxayna deeq-bixiyeyaasha ka heshay $516 milyan oo deeq ah. Dakhliga gudaha wuxuu ku dhawaad labanlaabmay tan iyo 2020. ## Miisaaniyadaha 2026 iyo 2027 Baarlamaanku wuxuu 23 Diseembar 2025 ansixiyay miisaaniyadda federaalka ee 2026, oo ah **$1,386,807,242**, iyadoo lagu ansixiyay 174 cod, 4 diiday, hal-na ka aamusay ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/Dec/204011/somalias_parliament_approves_139_billion_national_budget_for_2026.aspx); [Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-s-parliament-approves-1-38-billion-2026-budget-amid-chaos)). Waxaa la filayay in deeq-bixiyeyaashu bixiyaan qiyaastii saddex meelood laba meel ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-parliament-approves-1-3b-budget-donors-cover-66-7)). 27 Oktoobar 2026, Golaha Wasiirradu waxay ansixiyeen qabyo miisaaniyadda 2027 oo ah **$1,259 milyan**, qiyaastii 9 boqolkiiba ka yar 2026. Weli waxay u baahan tahay in Baarlamaanku codeeyo ([The Rio Times, oo soo xiganaysa SONNA](https://www.riotimesonline.com/somalia-budget-2027-us-1-26-billion-cabinet-2026/)). ## Waxa soo galay, 2025 Dhammaan tirooyinka waxaa laga soo qaatay [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf), oo ku salaysan xogta Wasaaradda Maaliyadda: - **Wadarta dakhliga iyo deeqaha:** $920 milyan, halka miisaaniyaddu ahayd $1,332 milyan (69 boqolkiiba ayaa la helay). - **Dakhliga gudaha:** $404 milyan, 94 boqolkiiba hadafka, kuna kordhay 9 boqolkiiba 2024. Wuxuu ku dhawaad labanlaabmay $211 milyan oo 2020 ahaa. - **Canshuuraha:** $283 milyan, korodh 6 boqolkiiba. Heerarka canshuurta ee dadka iyo ganacsiyadu bixiyaan, eeg [Taxes in Somalia](/so/economy/taxes-in-somalia/). - **Dakhli gudaha oo kale (khidmado, shatiyo, lacag-bixinno):** $122 milyan, korodh 19 boqolkiiba. - **Deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha:** $516 milyan, halka miisaaniyaddu ahayd $902 milyan. Hay'adaha caalamiga ah sida Bangiga Adduunka waxay bixiyeen $497 milyan. Deeqaha waddamada keli-keliga ah waxay ahaayeen $19 milyan oo keliya, halka miisaaniyaddu ahayd $170 milyan. ## Waxa baxay, 2025 Isla ilahaas: - **Wadarta kharashka:** $971 milyan, 71 boqolkiiba miisaaniyadda. - **Mushaharka:** $371 milyan, shayga ugu weyn, si buuxda ayaa loo bixiyay, wuxuuna kordhay 9 boqolkiiba. - **Alaab iyo adeegyo:** $254 milyan. Shayga ugu weynaa wuxuu ahaa **khidmadaha la-taliyeyaasha iyo xirfadlayaasha, $116.7 milyan**, 12 boqolkiiba dhammaan kharashka federaalka, waxaana ku xigay "kharashyo guud oo kale" oo ahaa $48.6 milyan ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, Warbixinta Waxqabadka Miisaaniyadda Dhammaadka Sannadka 2025](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FGS%202025%20end-year%20budget%20performance%20report.%20.pdf)). - **Wareejinta dowlad-goboleedyada:** qiyaastii $180 milyan, korodh 12 boqolkiiba. - **Dhismayaal iyo qalab (raasumaal):** $75 milyan, korodh 162 boqolkiiba, laakiin 41 boqolkiiba qorshaha oo keliya. - **Kaalmada bulshada:** hoos u dhac 88 boqolkiiba marka la barbar dhigo 2024, maadaama gargaarka barnaamijyadan hoos u dhacay. Eeg [Baxnaano safety net](/so/economy/baxnaano-safety-net/). - **Hoos u dhaca miisaaniyadda:** $51 milyan, qiyaastii 0.4 boqolkiiba GDP-da. IMF waxay 2026 saadaalisaa hoos u dhac 0.9 boqolkiiba GDP-da ah. Waxay talo ku bixisaa in la xoojiyo ururinta kastamka iyo canshuurta dakhliga, iyo hal canshuur iib oo ay wadaagaan dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad-goboleedyadu ([IMF, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/05/pr26319-somalia-imf-staff-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation-mission)). ## Lacagta dowlad-goboleedyada, 2025 Dowlad-goboleed kastaa wuxuu leeyahay miisaaniyad u gaar ah. Tirooyinka waxaa laga soo qaatay [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf): - **Puntland:** $119 milyan oo dakhli iyo deeqo ah, oo $100 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah. Waxay bixisay $118 milyan, oo $18 milyan ay ahayd dhismayaal. - **Jubbaland:** $70 milyan, oo $37 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah, $33 milyanna deeqo. Waxay bixisay $68 milyan. - **Galmudug:** $33 milyan, oo $11 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah. Waxay bixisay $29 milyan. - **Koonfur Galbeed:** $26 milyan, oo $5 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah. Waxay bixisay $25 milyan. - **Hirshabeelle:** $24 milyan, oo $8 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah. Waxay bixisay $24 milyan. Golaha wasiirrada Puntland wuxuu ansixiyay miisaaniyadda 2027 oo ka badan $308 milyan ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/puntland-cabinet-approves-2027-budget-exceeding-dollar308-million)). Eeg [Member states' money](/so/economy/member-states-money/). ## Somaliland Golaha wasiirrada Somaliland wuxuu Nofembar 2025 ansixiyay miisaaniyadda 2026 oo ah tii ugu weyneyd abid, qiyaastii **$424.5 milyan** (4.58 tirilyan oo shilin Somaliland ah) ([Horn Diplomat, 29 Nofembar 2025](https://www.horndiplomat.com/somaliland-cabinet-endorses-record-424-million-budget-for-2026-citing-strong-revenue-outlook/)). Wareeg madaxweyne oo 23 Diseembar 2025 ah ayaa dhaqan geliyay ([Somaliland Standard](https://somalilandstandard.com/the-president-of-the-republic-of-somaliland-issues-a-presidential-decree-on-the-execution-of-the-2026-national-budget)). ## Sida ay isu barbar dhacaan Dakhliga iyo deeqaha federaalku waxay 2025 ahaayeen qiyaastii 7 boqolkiiba GDP-da ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Dakhliga gudaha keligiis wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 3 boqolkiiba GDP-da. ## Meesha laga akhriyo asalka Wasaaradda Maaliyadda waxay daabacdaa dukumentiyada miisaaniyadda, iyo warbixinnada bartamaha iyo dhammaadka sannadka ([Kaydka Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FGS%202025%20end-year%20budget%20performance%20report.%20.pdf)). ## Faylka xogta Lacagta federaalka ee soo gashay iyo tii baxday 2020 ilaa 2025 (canshuur, dakhli kale, deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha, wadarta kharashka, mushaharka iyo dhismaha), iyo miisaaniyadda 2025 oo la barbar dhigay wixii dhab ahaan la bixiyay, waxaa laga helayaa [federal-budget-2020-2025.csv](/data/economy/federal-budget-2020-2025.csv). Tirooyinku waa malaayiin doollar. Isha: [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025, Shaxda 4](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf), oo isticmaalaysa xogta Wasaaradda Maaliyadda. --- # Canshuuraha Soomaaliya: waxa dadka iyo ganacsiyadu bixiyaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/taxes-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sida uu dhigayo Sharciga Canshuurta Dakhliga ee federaalka ee 2025, mushaharka waxaa laga qaadaa 0 boqolkiiba $100-ka ugu horreeya bishii, 6 boqolkiiba ilaa $500, 12 boqolkiiba ilaa $1,500 iyo 18 boqolkiiba wixii ka sarreeya. Loo-shaqeeyaha ayaa canshuurta ka jara mushaharka, wuxuuna bixiyaa 15-ka bisha xigta. Lacagta canshuurta federaalka badankeedu weli waxay ka timaaddaa kastamka alaabta la soo dejiyo: $175 milyan oo ka mid ah $281 milyan oo canshuur ah oo 2025 la ururiyay. ## Si kooban Soomaaliya waxay ansixisay **Sharci Canshuurta Dakhliga** cusub, oo dhaqan galay **11 Maajo 2025**. Xeerarkiisa waxaa la saxiixay 15 Maajo 2025. Wuxuu beddelay Sharcigii Canshuurta Tooska ahayd ee 1966 ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga, Nofembar 2025](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Somalia%20Income%20Tax%20Manual_English%20Version.pdf)). Tirooyinka hoose waxay ka yimaadeen hagaha Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee sharciga. Buuggu wuxuu sheegayaa in meesha uu kaga duwan yahay Sharciga iyo xeerarka, sharcigu uu mudnaan leeyahay. ## Canshuurta mushaharka Loo-shaqeeyahaagu wuxuu bil kasta canshuurta ka jaraa mushaharkaaga, waana inuu u bixiyaa Waaxda Dakhliga Gudaha 15-ka bisha xigta. Wax kharash ah lagama jari karo mushaharka ([Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Somalia%20Income%20Tax%20Manual_English%20Version.pdf)). | Mushaharka bishii | Heerka qaybtaas | |---|---| | $0 ilaa $100 | 0% | | $100 ilaa $500 | 6% | | $500 ilaa $1,500 | 12% | | Ka badan $1,500 | 18% | - Dadka aan dalka degganayn waxay bixiyaan heer go'an oo ah **18 boqolkiiba**. - Dadka degan ee ka yar 18 sano waxay bixiyaan heer go'an oo ah **20 boqolkiiba**. **Tusaale, iyadoo la isticmaalayo heerarka kore:** mushahar $1,000 bishii ah, $100-ka ugu horreeya canshuur ma laha, $400-ka xiga waxaa laga qaadaa 6 boqolkiiba ($24), $500-ka ugu dambeeyana 12 boqolkiiba ($60). Canshuurtu waa **$84 bishii**. Waxaa lagu tiriyaa qof dalka deggan haddii aad Soomaaliya ku leedahay guri joogto ah, aad tahay muwaadin aan dibadda guri joogto ah ku lahayn, ama aad Soomaaliya joogto 183 maalmood ama ka badan 12 bilood gudahood ([Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Somalia%20Income%20Tax%20Manual_English%20Version.pdf)). ## Canshuurta ganacsi aad adigu maamusho Shakhsiyaadku waxay canshuur ka bixiyaan **faa'iidada**, ee kama bixiyaan iibka, iyadoo la raacayo heerar sannadeed: 0 boqolkiiba ilaa $1,200, 6 boqolkiiba ilaa $6,000, 12 boqolkiiba ilaa $18,000 iyo 18 boqolkiiba wixii ka sarreeya. Ganacsi kastaa waa inuu iska diiwaangeliyaa foomka TR1, bixiyaa afar qaybood (31 Maarso, 30 Juun, 30 Sebtembar iyo 31 Diseembar), oo soo gudbiyaa warbixin canshuureed **31 Maarso** sannadka xiga. Xitaa ganacsi khasaaray wuxuu bixiyaa canshuur ugu yar oo lagu xisaabiyo 5 boqolkiiba dakhligiisa ([Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Somalia%20Income%20Tax%20Manual_English%20Version.pdf)). ## Canshuurta shirkadaha Shirkadaha dalka deggan, hagaha wuxuu taxayaa ([Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Somalia%20Income%20Tax%20Manual_English%20Version.pdf)): - iib ka yar $10,000: lacag go'an oo ah **$150**; - iib $10,000 ilaa $50,000: **1.5 boqolkiiba**; - iib ka badan $50,000: **15 boqolkiiba** faa'iidada canshuurta lagu leeyahay. Shirkadaha aan dalka degganayn waxay bixiyaan 18 boqolkiiba. Shirkadaha wadaagga ah (partnership) iyagu canshuur ma bixiyaan; wadaag kastaa wuxuu ka bixiyaa saamigiisa. ## Canshuuraha laga jaro marka lacagta la bixinayo | Lacag-bixinta | Heerka | |---|---| | Kirada dhulka iyo dhismayaasha | 5% | | Kirada gaadiidka iyo qalabka | 10% | | Saamiyada faa'iidada (dividends) | 5% | | Faa'iidada murabaxa iyo soo-celinta kale ee deynta | 10% | | Khidmadaha adeegga | 10% | | Royalties | 15% | | Lacagta caymiska | 5% | | Faa'iidada iibinta hanti ama saamiyo | 15% | | Dakhliga amaanooyinka | 26% | Isha: [Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Somalia%20Income%20Tax%20Manual_English%20Version.pdf). **$100,000**-ka ugu horreeya ee faa'iidada iibinta gurigaaga ugu weyn canshuur ma laha. Nidaamka ETAS ee xafiiska canshuurta wuxuu sidoo kale **5 boqolkiiba** ka qaadaa ganacsiyada lacagta ku hela akoonnada ganacsiga ee lacagta mobilka ([Agaasinka Dakhliga, Waxqabadka Dakhliga Sannadlaha 2025](https://revenuedirectorate.gov.so/sites/default/files/Annual%20Revenue%20Performance_2025_FINAL11_1.pdf)). Eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). ## Inta canshuur kastaa keentay Dakhliga gudaha ee federaalka, malaayiin doollar ([Agaasinka Dakhliga, Waxqabadka Dakhliga Sannadlaha 2025](https://revenuedirectorate.gov.so/sites/default/files/Annual%20Revenue%20Performance_2025_FINAL11_1.pdf), Shaxda 1.1): | | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |---|---|---|---|---| | Kastamka | 129.9 | 171.3 | 186.0 | 175.3 | | Canshuurta iibka | 34.0 | 41.3 | 51.4 | 67.3 | | Canshuurta dakhliga | 18.7 | 24.4 | 36.2 | 44.8 | | Khidmado iyo dakhli kale oo aan canshuur ahayn | 80.8 | 101.7 | 101.9 | 123.6 | | **Wadarta dakhliga gudaha** | **262.7** | **329.5** | **369.4** | **404.3** | Dakhliga gudaha oo dhan wuxuu 2025 ahaa qiyaastii **3.1 boqolkiiba GDP-da**; canshuurta dakhliga keligeed waxay ahayd 0.3 boqolkiiba (isla ilahaas). Kastamku wuxuu hoos u dhacay 2025, warbixintuna waxay u nisbaynaysaa ganacsi daciifay iyo carqaladda Badda Cas. Canshuurta iibku waxay kordhay 31 boqolkiiba, iyadoo ay caawiyeen ururinta dhijitaalka ah ee suuqyada Muqdisho iyo canshuuraha tigidhada diyaaradaha, adeegyada taleefannada iyo hoteelada. Ilaha ay taxday 2025 waxaa ka mid ahaa $3.3 milyan oo "signature bonus" ah iyo $3.98 milyan oo canshuurta isticmaalka waddooyinka magaalada ah ([Agaasinka Dakhliga](https://revenuedirectorate.gov.so/sites/default/files/Annual%20Revenue%20Performance_2025_FINAL11_1.pdf)). 2025 xafiisku wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 1,700 canshuur-bixiye oo dhexdhexaad iyo weyn ah oo cusub iyo 31,000 guri oo kiro ah (isla ilahaas). Hirgelinta sharciga cusub ee canshuurta dakhliga waxaa dib loogu dhigay 2026. Socodsiinta xafiiska dakhligu waxay 2025 ku kacday qiyaastii **$437,000** oo mushahar iyo gunno ah, iyo qiyaastii $500,000 oo nidaamyada kombiyuutarka iyo hawlgallada ah ([Agaasinka Dakhliga](https://revenuedirectorate.gov.so/sites/default/files/Annual%20Revenue%20Performance_2025_FINAL11_1.pdf)). Miisaaniyadda oo dhan, eeg [Miisaaniyadda iyo canshuuraha dowladda federaalka](/so/economy/budget-and-taxes/). ## Somaliland Somaliland waxay dejisaa canshuuraheeda gaarka ah. Wasaaraddeeda Maaliyaddu waxay taxdaa canshuur **6 boqolkiiba** ah oo mushaharka ah, canshuur **5 boqolkiiba** ah oo alaabta iyo adeegyada ah, iyo 12.5 boqolkiiba oo laga jaro lacagaha la siiyo dadka aan dalka degganayn ([Wasaaradda Horumarinta Maaliyadda Somaliland, noocyada canshuurta](https://www.slmof.org/tax-types/)). Dowlad-goboleedyada sida Puntland waxay sidoo kale maamulaan canshuuro u gaar ah. Eeg [How the federal member states raise and spend money](/so/economy/member-states-money/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - Warbixinta dakhliga 2025 waxay shaxdeeda ku sheegaysaa canshuurta dakhliga **$44.8 milyan**, laakiin qoraalkeeda "qiyaastii **$38 milyan**" ([Agaasinka Dakhliga](https://revenuedirectorate.gov.so/sites/default/files/Annual%20Revenue%20Performance_2025_FINAL11_1.pdf)). Isla shaxdaas, canshuuraha kala gooni ah marka la isku daro waxay sannad kasta ka badan yihiin $14 milyan ilaa $17 milyan wadarta "dakhliga canshuurta". - Shaxda Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga waxay faa'iidada iibinta hantida ku siisaa **15 boqolkiiba**, laakiin mid ka mid ah tusaalooyinkiisa wuxuu isticmaalaa **10 boqolkiiba** ([Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Somalia%20Income%20Tax%20Manual_English%20Version.pdf)). - Tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga, shaqaale dukaan oo bishii qaata $1,000 waxaa laga jaraa **$120**. Marka la isticmaalo heerarka bilaha ee buugga, canshuurta $1,000 waa **$84** ([Buugga Canshuurta Dakhliga](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/Somalia%20Income%20Tax%20Manual_English%20Version.pdf)). - Bogga canshuurta Somaliland wuxuu canshuurta dakhliga kirada ku sheegaa 12.3 boqolkiiba, laakiin tusaalihiisu wuxuu isticmaalaa 10 boqolkiiba ([Wasaaradda Horumarinta Maaliyadda Somaliland](https://www.slmof.org/tax-types/)). ## Faylka xogta Dakhliga federaalka ee nooc kasta oo canshuur ah 2022 ilaa 2025, doollarka Mareykanka, waxaa laga helayaa [federal-domestic-revenue-by-tax-2022-2025.csv](/data/economy/federal-domestic-revenue-by-tax-2022-2025.csv). Isha: [Agaasinka Dakhliga, Waxqabadka Dakhliga Sannadlaha 2025, Shaxda 1.1](https://revenuedirectorate.gov.so/sites/default/files/Annual%20Revenue%20Performance_2025_FINAL11_1.pdf). --- # Deynta Soomaaliya iyo cafiska deynta Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Deynta dibadda ee Soomaaliya waxay ka dhacday $5.2 bilyan 2018 ilaa $1.5 bilyan 2025, kadib markii IMF iyo Bangiga Adduunku 13 Diseembar 2023 xaqiijiyeen cafiska deynta. Deynta hore badankeedu waxay ahayd mid 1991 ka horreysay, waxayna ku korortay ribo aan la bixin. ## Meesha deyntu ka timid Deynta dibadda ee Soomaaliya badankeeda waxaa amaahatay dowladdii 1991 kahor. Markii dowladdu burburtay, bixintii way joogsatay, ribada iyo ganaaxyada aan la bixinna waxay sii kordhinayeen wadarta muddo soddon sano ah. Dhammaadkii 2018 deyntu waxay ahayd qiyaastii **$5.2 bilyan** ([Bangiga Adduunka, 25 Maarso 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)), oo u dhiganta 61 ilaa 67 boqolkiiba GDP-da ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Sida deynta loo cafiyay Cafiska deyntu wuxuu ku yimid **Hindisaha Waddamada Saboolka ah ee Deynta Culus (HIPC)**, oo ah barnaamij ay maamulaan IMF iyo Bangiga Adduunka. - **Maarso 2020 (Barta Go'aanka):** Soomaaliya waxay noqotay waddankii 37-aad ee u qalma. IMF iyo Bangiga Adduunku waxay isku raaceen in deynteeda laga dhimo $5.2 bilyan una dhimo $557 milyan (qiimaha hadda) marka dib-u-habaynta la dhammeeyo ([Bangiga Adduunka, 25 Maarso 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). 31 Maarso 2020, Naadiga Paris ee waddamada deynta bixiya ayaa isla markiiba cafiyay $1.4 bilyan ([Naadiga Paris](https://clubdeparis.org/sites/default/files/node/field_news_files/prsomalia20200331.pdf)). - **2020 ilaa 2023:** Soomaaliya waxay fulisay dib-u-habaynta lagu heshiiyay iyadoo ku jirta barnaamijyada IMF, oo ay ku jiraan miisaaniyadda, dakhliga, Bangiga Dhexe iyo maamulka maaliyadda dowladda. - **13 Diseembar 2023 (Barta Dhammaystirka):** guddiyada IMF iyo Bangiga Adduunku waxay xaqiijiyeen cafis deyn oo qiimihiisu yahay **$4.5 bilyan** oo ah lacag-bixin laga badbaaday ([IMF, 13 Diseembar 2023](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). - **Maarso 2024:** waddamada Naadiga Paris waxay cafiyeen inta badan wixii weli lagu lahaa ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/regional/25303/relief-for-somalia-as-paris-club-creditor-nations-cancel-99-per-cent-of-debt)). ## Deynta maanta Dhammaan tirooyinka waxaa laga soo qaatay [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf): - **Wadarta deynta dibadda ee dowladda:** $1,482 milyan dhammaadkii 2025, qiyaastii **11 boqolkiiba GDP-da**. - **Waddamada aan ku jirin Naadiga Paris:** $799 milyan (54 boqolkiiba). Soomaaliya waa inay cafiska la heshiisaa mid kasta oo gooni ah. - **Hay'adaha caalamiga ah** (sida IMF, Bangiga Adduunka iyo Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika): $634 milyan (43 boqolkiiba). - **Waddamada Naadiga Paris:** $46 milyan (3 boqolkiiba), oo ka dhacday $3,072 milyan 2019. - **Amaahiyeyaasha ganacsiga:** wax ka yar 1 boqolkiiba. Deyntu waxay hoos u dhacday 37 boqolkiiba 2023 iyo 46 boqolkiiba 2024, kadibna 2 boqolkiiba oo keliya 2025, maadaama heshiisyadii cafiska ee waaweynaa la dhammeeyay (isla ilahaas). ## Cidda Soomaaliya weli deynta ku leh Warbixinta deynta ee Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee 2025 waxay bixisaa faahfaahin dheeraad ah ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, Warbixinta Sannadlaha Maamulka Deynta FY2025](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20%28ADMR%29%20Report%20No.2_mq%20%281%29.pdf)): - **Deynta oo dhan waa dibadda.** Dowladda federaalku gudaha kama amaahan, mana dammaanad qaadin amaahda cid kale. - **Amaahiyeyaasha ugu waaweyn:** waddamada ka baxsan Naadiga Paris, Sanduuqa Abu Dhabi ee Horumarinta, Ciraaq, Sanduuqa Kuwait iyo Sanduuqa Sacuudiga ee Horumarinta. Hay'adaha caalamiga ah, Sanduuqa Carabta ee Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada, Sanduuqa Lacagta Carabta iyo IMF. - **Hal amaah ganacsi**, oo ka timid shirkad Serbian ah: $2.73 milyan. - **Deymaha dib u dhacay:** $498.8 milyan, qiyaastii saddex meelood meel deynta oo dhan. In ka badan kala badh ($255 milyan) waa ribo aan la bixin, $115 milyanna waa khidmado kale. - **Lacag-bixinta 2025:** **$8.1 milyan** oo keliya, oo la siiyay amaahiyeyaasha horay cafis u bixiyay, sida sanduuqyada Sacuudiga iyo Kuwait iyo Ruushka. Tani waxay ka yarayd 1 boqolkiiba dakhliga dowladda. - **Wixii la dhammeeyay 2025:** deymaha dib u dhacay ee Sanduuqa Lacagta Carabta iyo Sanduuqa Abu Dhabi. Wada-hadallada Isbaanish iyo Romania waxaa lagu tilmaamay kuwo heshiis ku dhow. - **Lacagaha:** 25 boqolkiiba deynta waa dirhamka Imaaraadka, 19 boqolkiiba diinaarka Kuwait, 19 boqolkiiba diinaarka xisaabeed ee Carabta, 12 boqolkiiba xuquuqda gaarka ah ee IMF (SDR), 11 boqolkiibana doollarka Mareykanka. - **Bixinta soo socota:** badankeedu waxay dhacaysaa 2029 ilaa 2033, marka amaahyadii dib loo jadwaleeyay ay dhacaan. Celceliska waqtiga bixintu waa 19.5 sano. Wasaaraddu waxay sheegtaa in Soomaaliya ay weli Bangiga Adduunka ka heli karto deeqo halkii amaah ah ilaa Juun 2028 (isla ilahaas). ## Waxa isbeddelay cafiska kadib - Soomaaliya waxay mar kale ka heli kartaa IDA ee Bangiga Adduunka amaah qiimo jaban iyo deeqo. Mashaariicda Bangiga Adduunka ee Soomaaliya waa qiyaastii **$2.34 bilyan** ([Bangiga Adduunka, Soomaaliya](https://www.worldbank.org/so)). - IMF waxay Diseembar 2023 ansixisay barnaamij cusub oo saddex sano ah (Extended Credit Facility) oo qiyaastii $100 milyan ah ([IMF, 13 Diseembar 2023](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23437-imf-concludes-the-sixth-review-of-the-extended-credit-facility-for-somalia)). - Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Afreximbank 2025, waxayna dhisaysaa suuq saamiyo ([African Business](https://african.business/2025/03/apo-newsfeed/somalia-joins-afreximbank-as-it-seeks-to-boost-intra-african-trade-and-economic-growth-2); [MFW4A](https://www.mfw4a.org/news/somalia-launches-its-first-stock-exchange-mogadishu)). ## Xaaladda guud Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in deynta oo yaraatay ay "abuurtay meel maaliyadeed oo dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay mudnaanta horumarinta" ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Warbixinnadu waxay sheegaan tirooyin kala duwan oo ku saabsan cafiskii Naadiga Paris ee Maarso 2024, laga bilaabo qiyaastii $1.2 bilyan ilaa in ka badan $2 bilyan ([China Daily](https://chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/381121); [Arise News](https://arise.tv/somalia-granted-over-2bn-debt-relief-by-paris-club-to-boost-economic-recovery-efforts)). --- # Islii (Eastleigh): xarunta ganacsiga Soomaalida ee Nairobi Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/eastleigh-somali-business/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Islii (Eastleigh), xaafadda Nairobi ee loo yaqaan Muqdisho Yar, waxay laga bilaabo 1990-meeyadii u korortay degmada ganacsiga Soomaalida ee ugu weyn Bariga Afrika, waxaana dhisay qaxooti xiriir ganacsi la lahaa Dubai, Shiinaha, Hindiya iyo Thailand. Tirooyinku waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 40 suuq (Neil Carrier, 2017) ilaa ugu yaraan 72 suuq iyo in ka badan 25,000 dukaan (Eastleigh Voice). Qiyaastii 200,000 qof ayaa maalin kasta yimaada, shirkadaha xawaaladda Soomaaliyeed sida Kaah Express, Amal Express iyo Juba Express waxay ku jiraan diiwaanka Kenya ee xawaaladaha ruqsadda haysta. ## Si kooban Islii (Eastleigh) waa xaafad ku taal bariga Nairobi. Soomaalidu waxay ku noolaayeen tan iyo sannadihii hore ee Nairobi, laakiin kobaceeda suuq ahaan wuxuu yimid 1991 kadib, markii ay yimaadeen qaxooti khibrad ganacsi oo Muqdisho ah lahaa ([Neil Carrier, *Little Mogadishu: Eastleigh, Nairobi's Global Somali Hub*, Oxford University Press 2017, diiwaanka Jaamacadda Bristol](https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/little-mogadishu-eastleigh-nairobis-global-somali-hub/)). Warbixin ayaa sheegaysa in suuqii Muqdisho ee la dhacay uu dhowr sano kadib Islii "dib ugu dhashay" ([The New Humanitarian / Refugees Deeply, Janaayo 2017](https://newsdeeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/articles/2017/1/6/what-we-can-learn-from-the-little-mogadishu-migrant-hub)). ## Sida suuqyadu u koreen Buugga Carrier wuxuu sharxayaa "suuq-dhisidda" Islii: xarumo ganacsi oo ay dhiseen oo buuxiyeen ganacsato Soomaaliyeed oo shabakadahoodu gaarayeen **Shiinaha, Hindiya, Thailand iyo Khaliijka** ([Jaamacadda Boston, Daraasaadka Afrika, dib-u-eegista Carrier, 2018](https://bu.edu/africa/files/2018/10/Rodima-Taylor-bk-rv-offpr.pdf)). Suuq caadi ahi waa dhisme weyn oo loo qaybiyay boqollaal goobood oo yaryar, mid kastaana dukaanle u gaar ah ayaa maamula ([dib-u-eegista LSE, 15 Sebtembar 2017](https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2017/09/15/book-review-little-mogadishu-eastleigh-nairobis-global-somali-hub-by-neil-carrier)). Maalgashiga Soomaalida dibadda ayaa qayb muhiim ah ka ah waxa Carrier ugu yeero qaacidada Islii ee suuqyo waaweyn oo ay buuxiyaan dukaamo yaryar ([Refugees Deeply, Janaayo 2017](https://newsdeeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/articles/2017/1/6/what-we-can-learn-from-the-little-mogadishu-migrant-hub)). Xarumaha la magacaabay waxaa ka mid ah: - **Garissa Lodge**, hoyga martida oo qolalkiisu dukaamo noqdeen horraantii 1990-meeyadii, bilowga qaabka suuqyada ([Carrier, *Little Mogadishu*, 2017](https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/little-mogadishu-eastleigh-nairobis-global-somali-hub/); [Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/garissa%20lodge/44438/eastleigh-from-a-small-city-estate-to-east-africa-s-commercial-centre)). - **Amal Shopping Plaza**, oo leh in ka badan 500 dukaan ([Bloomsbury, Global Sociology](https://bloomsburyonlineresources.com/global-sociology-3e/student-zone)). - **Business Bay Square**, qiyaastii **130,000 mitir oo laba jibbaaran**, mid ka mid ah suuqyada ugu waaweyn Bariga Afrika ([People Daily](https://peopledaily.digital/business/the-reinvention-and-rise-of-nairobis-little-mogadishu/amp)). ## Baaxadda - Carrier wuxuu 2017 sheegay "40 iyo dheeraad" suuq ([Refugees Deeply, Janaayo 2017](https://newsdeeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/community/2017/01/12/the-misrepresentation-of-a-migrant-success-story)). - Wargeyska maxalliga ah ee *Eastleigh Voice* wuxuu tiriyaa ugu yaraan **72 suuq iyo in ka badan 25,000 dukaan** ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/garissa%20lodge/44438/eastleigh-from-a-small-city-estate-to-east-africa-s-commercial-centre)). - Qiyaastii **200,000 qof** ayaa maalin kasta yimaada, iibsadayaashuna waxay ka yimaadaan Suudaan, Kongo, Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ([People Daily](https://peopledaily.digital/business/the-reinvention-and-rise-of-nairobis-little-mogadishu/amp)). ## Shirkadaha xawaaladda Diiwaanka Bangiga Dhexe ee Kenya ee xawaaladaha ruqsadda haysta wuxuu taxay shirkado Soomaaliyeed oo dhowr ah oo cinwaannadoodu Islii yihiin, oo ay ku jiraan **Taaj Money Transfer** (Shariff Centre, ruqsad 2 Oktoobar 2015) iyo **Kaah Express** (Kaah Building, ruqsad 22 Oktoobar 2014), iyo **Juba Express** oo ruqsad la siiyay 10 Luulyo 2014 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Kenya, diiwaanka 2016](https://www.centralbank.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Directory-of-Licenced-Money-Remittance-Providers.pdf); [diiwaanka Nofembar 2020](https://www.centralbank.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Directory-of-Licenced-Money-Remittance-Providers-Nov-2020.pdf)). Diiwaanka 30 Sebtembar 2026 wuxuu taxayaa Amal Express, Dahabshill Money, Iftin Express, Juba Express, Kaah Express iyo Tawakal Money; Taaj Money Transfer kuma jirto ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Kenya](https://www.centralbank.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Directory-of-Licenced-Money-Remittance-Providers-as-at-September-30-2026.pdf)). Eeg [Tawakal Express](/en/businesses/tawakal-express/) iyo [Iftin, Juba Express iyo Taaj](/en/businesses/iftin-juba-express-and-taaj/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada suuqyada.** Qiyaastii 40 tirintii Carrier ee 2017; ugu yaraan 72 *Eastleigh Voice* (ilaha kore). - **Waxa kobaca keenay.** Carrier wuxuu xoogga saaraa shabakadaha ganacsiga iyo maalgashiga qurbaha; qormo Refugees Deeply ah oo 2017 ah ayaa ku doodaysa in "sheekada guusha" inta badan la sheego iyadoo aan la xusin qaxootiga suuqyada ka shaqeeya mushahar yar ([Refugees Deeply, The misrepresentation of a migrant success story](https://newsdeeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/community/2017/01/12/the-misrepresentation-of-a-migrant-success-story)). Bulshada Soomaalida ee Kenya, eeg [Somalis in Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/). Shirkad Kenyan ah oo Soomaali aasaaseen, eeg [Hass Petroleum](/en/businesses/hass-petroleum/). --- # Ganacsiga Soomaaliya: dhoofinta iyo soo dejinta Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay dibadda ka iibsataa wax aad uga badan inta ay iibiso. Sannadkii 2025 waxay soo dejisay $7.3 bilyan oo badeecad ah, waxayna dhoofisay $1.26 bilyan, badankeeduna wuxuu ahaa ido, riyo, lo' iyo geel nool oo loo iibiyay waddamada Khaliijka. Lacagta Soomaalida qurbuhu soo diraan ayaa bixisa inta badan farqiga. ## Farqiga ganacsiga Dhammaan tirooyinka 2025 waxaa laga soo qaatay [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf): - **Badeecadaha la soo dejiyay:** $7,297 milyan, qiyaastii 55 boqolkiiba wax-soosaarka guud (GDP). - **Badeecadaha la dhoofiyay:** $1,261 milyan, qiyaastii 10 boqolkiiba GDP-da. - **Farqiga ganacsiga badeecadaha:** $5,563 milyan, qiyaastii 42 boqolkiiba GDP-da. - **Farqiga adeegyada** (gaadiidka, caymiska, adeegyada xirfadlayaasha): $1,434 milyan. - **Farqiga xisaabta socota (current account):** $3,160 milyan, qiyaastii 24 boqolkiiba GDP-da, oo ka kordhay 20 boqolkiiba sannadkii 2024. Farqiga waxaa inta badan bixiya lacagta dibadda ka timaadda. Wareejinta saafiga ah ee dalka soo gashay, oo badankeedu yahay lacagta qurbaha iyo deeqo, waxay 2025 ahayd $3,608 milyan (isla ilahaas). Maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeyuhu wuxuu ku daray $880 milyan (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Lacagta qurbaha](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/). ## Waxa Soomaaliya iibiso **Xoolaha nool** ayaa ah dhoofinta ugu weyn: qiimahoodu wuxuu 2025 ahaa $922.9 milyan, qiyaastii 73 boqolkiiba badeecadaha la dhoofiyay. Waxaa inta badan loo iibiyaa Sacuudiga, Cumaan iyo Imaaraadka Carabta, iibkuna wuxuu ugu sarreeyaa kahor Xajka ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Dalagga, hilibka iyo kalluunku waxay 2025 kordheen, waxayna magdhabeen inta badan hoos u dhacii iibka xoolaha (isla ilahaas). **Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin:** isla warbixinta Bangiga Dhexe waxay dhoofinta xoolaha ku sheegtaa $922.9 milyan (hoos u dhac 3 boqolkiiba) cutubka beeraha, iyo $823 milyan (hoos u dhac 10 boqolkiiba) cutubka xisaabaadka qaranka, kaas oo dhoofinta si kale u qiimeeya. Faahfaahin dheeraad ah: [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/), [Sisinta iyo mooska](/so/economy/sesame-and-bananas/), [Fooxa iyo malmalka](/so/economy/frankincense-and-myrrh/) iyo [Ganacsiga dhuxusha](/so/economy/charcoal-trade/). ## Waxa Soomaaliya iibsato Badeecadaha 2025 la soo dejiyay waxaa ka mid ahaa **cuntada** (shayga ugu weyn), **shidaalka**, agabka dhismaha, mashiinnada, dharka iyo kabaha ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Mashiinnada la soo dejiyay way kordheen, taas oo Bangiga Dhexe u arko in shirkaduhu awooddooda kordhinayaan (isla ilahaas). Maadaama cunto badan la soo dejiyo, qiimaha cuntada iyo shidaalka adduunku si toos ah ayuu ugu gudbaa qiimaha suuqyada Soomaaliyeed. Eeg [Qiimaha iyo sicir-bararka](/so/economy/prices-and-inflation/). ## Ururada ganacsiga iyo heshiisyada - **Beesha Bariga Afrika (EAC):** Soomaaliya waxay 4 Maarso 2024 noqotay xubinta siddeedaad ee buuxda ([EAC](https://eac.int/press-releases/3049-somalia-finally-joins-eac-as-the-bloc-s-8th-partner-state)). - **Aagga Ganacsiga Xorta ah ee Qaaradda Afrika (AfCFTA):** Soomaaliya waxay heshiiska ansixisay Ogosto 2026 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-ratifies-afcfta-becomes-50th-member-and-eyes-made-in-somalia-exports)). - **Afreximbank:** Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Maarso 2025 ([African Business](https://african.business/2025/03/apo-newsfeed/somalia-joins-afreximbank-as-it-seeks-to-boost-intra-african-trade-and-economic-growth-2)). - **PAPSS:** Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay nidaamka lacag-bixinta Pan-Afrikaanka, Bangiga Dhexena wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu dabayaaqada 2026 ku xiro nidaamkiisa lacag-bixinta degdegga ah, si lacag-bixinta ganacsiga ee waddamada kale ee Afrika loogu xisaabiyo lacagaha maxalliga ah ([Dawan Africa, Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-plans-regional-payment-integration-through-instant-payments-system); [Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/somalia/383521/somalia-to-expand-instant-payment-system-with-banks-mobile-money-and-regional-networks)). - **Istaraatiijiyadda dhoofinta qaranka:** Istaraatiijiyadda Horumarinta iyo Dhiirrigelinta Dhoofinta Qaranka ee 2025 ilaa 2030 ee Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, oo lagu diyaariyay maalgelin Bangiga Adduunka, waxay hiigsanaysaa in dhoofinta laga ballaariyo xoolaha, waxayna magacawdaa afar qaybood oo mudnaan leh: xoolaha, beeraha, kalluumeysiga iyo macdanta ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, 2026](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). ## Dekedaha Ganacsiga badankiisu wuxuu maraa afar dekedood oo badeed: Muqdisho, Berbera, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo. Shirkad Turki ah, Albayrak, ayaa maamusha oo casriyeysay dekedda Muqdisho ([Anadolu Agency](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-firm-modernizes-and-runs-somalia-s-gateway/3700103)). DP World ee Dubai ayaa maamusha oo ballaarisay dekedda Berbera, iyadoo ah iskaashi $442 milyan ah oo lala galay Somaliland ([Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/business/dp-world-signs-442m-joint-venture-with-somaliland-1.1825624)). Eeg [Somalia's seaports](/so/economy/ports/). ## Xaaladda guud Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in dhoofinta xooluhu ay "dakhliga dibadda ka dhigto mid ku tiirsan xilli roob kasta" ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Faylka xogta Dhoofinta, soo dejinta, baaxadda dhaqaalaha (GDP), wareejinta dibadda laga helo (lacagta qoysaska iyo gargaarka), maalgashiga shisheeyaha iyo deynta dibadda ee sannad kasta 2018 ilaa 2025 waxaa laga helayaa [balance-of-payments-2018-2025.csv](/data/economy/balance-of-payments-2018-2025.csv). Tirooyinku waa malaayiin doollar. Isha: [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025, Shaxda 6](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf), qiyaasaha Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, xafiiska tirakoobka iyo Bangiga Dhexe. Dhoofinta iyo soo dejinta oo badeecad-badeecad loo kala qaaday 2022 ilaa 2024, eeg [Soo dejinta iyo dhoofinta badeecadaha, 2022 ilaa 2024](/so/data/imports-and-exports-by-product-2022-2024/). --- # Dukaamada Soomaalida ee Koonfur Afrika: dukaamada spaza, Mayfair iyo weerarrada Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-shops-in-south-africa/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaalida Koonfur Afrika waxay inta badan ka shaqeeyaan tafaariiqda: dukaamo raashin oo yaryar oo xaafadaha madow ku yaal (spaza shops), jumlad, dhar iyo makhaayado. Guddiga Bulshada Soomaalida ayaa 2015 ku qiyaasay qiyaastii 70,000 Soomaali ah dalka, qiyaastii 6,000 ka mid ah Mayfair, Johannesburg, halkaas oo ay ka dhiseen laba xarun ganacsi. Dukaamada Soomaalidu maamusho waa la dhacay mowjado weerarro ah oo lagu qaaday ganacsatada ajnebiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan 1,000 dukaan oo soogalootigu lahaa oo Gauteng ah Janaayo 2015. ## Si kooban Soomaalida Koonfur Afrika badankood waxay yimaadeen 1991 kadib, qaar badanna waxay galeen tafaariiqda. 2015, **Guddiga Bulshada Soomaalida ee Koonfur Afrika** wuxuu ku qiyaasay qiyaastii **70,000** Soomaali ah dalka, oo "inta badan ka shaqeeya qaybta ganacsiga tafaariiqda", iyadoo bulshada ugu weyni ay joogto Cape Town, kadib Johannesburg iyo Port Elizabeth (Gqeberha). Masuuliyiintiisu waxay xoojiyeen in tirooyinku qiyaas yihiin ([Anadolu Agency, 25 Febraayo 2015](https://aa.com.tr/en/world/little-mogadishu-2nd-home-for-somalis-in-s-africa/72000)). ## Mayfair, Johannesburg Mayfair, oo wax ka yar toban daqiiqo u jirta bartamaha Johannesburg, waxaa loo yaqaan "Muqdisho yar". Ganacsade Soomaali ah oo yimid 1995 ayaa Anadolu u sheegay in markaas ay joogeen "malaha wax ka yar 200" Soomaali ah; 2015 guddiga bulshadu wuxuu tirada ku sheegay qiyaastii **6,000**. Soomaalidu waxay Mayfair ka dhiseen **laba xarun ganacsi** oo iibiya alaab la soo dejiyay iyo mid maxalli ah, waxayna leeyihiin dukaamo dhar, suuqyo raashin iyo makhaayado. Qaar waxay leeyihiin gaadiid xamuul ah oo alaabta u qaada dukaamada Soomaalida ee magaalooyinka kale, qaar badanna waxay deegaanka ka iibsadeen hanti ma-guurto ah (dhammaan [Anadolu Agency, 25 Febraayo 2015](https://aa.com.tr/en/world/little-mogadishu-2nd-home-for-somalis-in-s-africa/72000)). Taxanaha *Wits Vuvuzela* ee 2015 ee "From Mogadishu to Mayfair and beyond" ayaa raacay isla bulshadaas ([Wits Vuvuzela, 12 Nofembar 2015](https://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/11/12/from-mogadishu-to-mayfair-and-beyond/)). ## Sida dukaamadu u shaqeeyaan Cilmi-baarayaal sahamiyay in ka badan 1,000 dukaanle spaza ah oo ku sugan saddexda magaalo ee ugu waaweyn Koonfur Afrika ayaa ogaaday in dukaamada ajnebigu leeyihiin ay u badan yihiin inay furnaadaan waqti dheer oo ay shay kasta si taxaddar leh u qiimeeyaan halkii ay wax walba hal faa'iido ku dari lahaayeen ([Mail & Guardian, 29 Janaayo 2015](https://mg.co.za/article/2015-01-29-spazas-its-not-just-the-economy-stupid); [Piper iyo Charman, Southern African Institute for Migration](https://sihma.org.za/journals/Piper-Charman.pdf)). GroundUp waxay ka warrantay dukaanleyaal Koonfur Afrikaan ah oo wax ka barta hababka dukaanleyaasha Soomaalida ([GroundUp, How South Africans are learning from Somali businesses](https://groundup.news/article/how-south-africans-are-learning-somali-businesses_3281/)). Daraasad Jaamacadda Cape Town ah oo la daabacay Ogosto 2026 ayaa isbarbar dhigtay shan milkiile spaza oo Soomaali ah iyo shan Koonfur Afrikaan ah ([Jaamacadda Cape Town, 5 Ogosto 2026](https://www.news.uct.ac.za/images/userfiles/downloads/media/2026_08_05_SpazaShops.pdf)). ## Weerarrada dukaamada - **Maajo 2011**, IRIN waxay ka warrantay hanjabaado iyo cabsigelin loo geystay ganacsatada ajnebiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan Soomaali, xaafadaha madow ([IRIN / The New Humanitarian, 20 Maajo 2011](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2011/05/20/foreign-traders-face-threats-intimidation)). - **2013**, barnaamijka raadiyaha *The World* wuxuu ka warramay dukaanleyaal Soomaali ah oo la dilay iyo dukaamo la dhacay weerarro isdaba joog ah ([The World, 15 Nofembar 2013](https://theworld.org/stories/2013-11-15/not-wanted-somalis-south-africa)). - **Janaayo 2015**, in ka badan **1,000 dukaan** oo ay lahaayeen soogalooti ka yimid Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, Pakistan, Bangladesh iyo meelo kale ayaa laga dhacay Gauteng oo dhan, iyadoo ka bilaabatay Soweto ([Anadolu Agency, 25 Febraayo 2015](https://aa.com.tr/en/world/little-mogadishu-2nd-home-for-somalis-in-s-africa/72000)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Inta Soomaali ah.** 70,000-ka guddiga bulshadu waa qiyaastiisa gaarka ah; xoghayihiisa guud wuxuu sheegay in tiradu had iyo jeer isbeddesho iyadoo dadku yimaadaan oo tagaan ([Anadolu Agency](https://aa.com.tr/en/world/little-mogadishu-2nd-home-for-somalis-in-s-africa/72000)). - **Dukaamada iyo dembiyada.** Qaar ka mid ah masuuliyiinta iyo dadka deegaanka Koonfur Afrika ayaa dukaamada spaza ee ajnebigu maamulaan ku xira dembiyo iyo tartan aan caddaalad ahayn; cilmi-baarayaasha Machadka Scalabrini waxay ku doodaan in xaaladdu "ka adag tahay sidaas" ([blogga SIHMA](https://www.sihma.org.za/Blog-on-the-move/spazas-foreigners-and-crime-it-s-more-complicated-than-that)). Bulshada laftigeeda, eeg [Somalis in South Africa](/en/diaspora/south-africa/). --- # Ganacsiyada Soomaalida ee Minnesota: suuqyada Minneapolis Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-businesses-in-minnesota/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaalida Minnesota waxay maamulaan boqollaal dukaan, badankood suuqyada Minneapolis ee loo yaqaan suuq, sida Karmel Mall, oo leh qiyaastii 650 ganacsi, iyo Madina Mall. Daraasad Jaamacadda Concordia ah ayaa Twin Cities ku tirisay 129 ganacsi oo Soomaali ah oo waddada ku yaal iyo 245 oo suuqyada gudahooda ah. Kordhintii fulinta socdaalka ee Diseembar 2025 ilaa Maarso 2026, qaar ka mid ah milkiilayaasha suuqyada ayaa sheegay hoos u dhac iibka ah oo gaaraya 50 boqolkiiba. ## Si kooban Ganacsiyada Soomaalida ee Minnesota waxay laga bilaabo 1990-meeyadii ka koreen agagaarka Lake Street, Cedar-Riverside iyo koonfurta Minneapolis. Qaar badan waa goobo yaryar oo ku yaal suuqyo daboolan, oo loo yaqaan **suuq**, kuna iibiya dhar, dahab, qalab elektaroonig ah, cunto xalaal ah, safar iyo adeegyo xawaalad ([Somali business owners in the Twin Cities, kaydka CORE](https://core.ac.uk/download/46721289.pdf); [Minnesota Daily](https://mndaily.com/221306/uncategorized/somali-businesses-growing-locally)). ## Inta ay le'eg yihiin - Daraasad ku saabsan milkiilayaasha ganacsiga Soomaalida ayaa Twin Cities ku tirisay **129 ganacsi oo Soomaali leedahay oo waddada wajahaya** iyo **245 ganacsi oo Soomaali leedahay oo suuqyada gudahooda ah**. Muunadeedu waxay daboolaysay qiyaastii 38 boqolkiiba ganacsiyada waddada iyo 17 boqolkiiba kuwa suuqyada ([Somali business owners in the Twin Cities, kaydka CORE](https://core.ac.uk/download/46721289.pdf)). - Daraasad 2015 ah oo Jaamacadda Concordia ah ayaa Minnesota ka heshay **2,000 ilaa 3,200 ganacsi oo Afrikaan leeyihiin**, oo ka badan qiyaasihii hore ([Star Tribune, 2015](https://www.startribune.com/study-finds-african-immigrants-more-powerful-economic-force-than-previously-thought-in-twin-cities/311854661)). - Riverside Mall ee Cedar-Riverside, **37 ka mid ah 44 ganacsi** waxaa lahaa haween 2015 ([Star Tribune, Women drive success of Somali mall in Minneapolis](https://www.startribune.com/women-drive-success-of-somali-mall-in-minneapolis/323386601)). ## Suuqyada **Karmel Mall** (2910 Pleasant Avenue South) waxay leedahay qiyaastii **650 ganacsi**; waxaa leh horumariyaha Basim Sabri. **Madina Mall** waxay leedahay qiyaastii 40 dukaan ([Sahan Journal, 25 Juun 2026](https://sahanjournal.com/business-work/minnesota-somali-businesses-struggle-after-immigration-crackdown/)). Warbaahin kale ayaa ka warrantay shan suuq oo Afrikaan ah oo koonfurta Minneapolis ku yaal, laba mayl isu jira, mid kastaana leeyahay 300 ilaa 500 ganacsi ([Minnesota Daily](https://mndaily.com/221306/uncategorized/somali-businesses-growing-locally)). ## Kordhintii fulinta 2025 ilaa 2026 Fulinta socdaalka Mareykanka ee Minneapolis, oo loo yaqaan **Operation Metro Surge**, ayaa xoogeysatay Diseembar 2025 ([Minnesota Reformer, 9 Sebtembar 2026](https://minnesotareformer.com/2026/09/09/immigrant-businesses-hoped-customers-would-return-after-operation-metro-surge-but-many-havent/)). Saamaynta la sheegay ee ganacsiga Soomaalida: - Karmel Mall, dadka soo socda waxay milkiilayaasha qaar hoos ugu dhaceen ilaa **50 boqolkiiba**, milkiilaha suuquna wuxuu sheegay **$1.5 milyan** oo kiro aan la bixin ah ([Sahan Journal, 25 Juun 2026](https://sahanjournal.com/business-work/minnesota-somali-businesses-struggle-after-immigration-crackdown/)). - Madina Mall, **12 ka mid ah 40 dukaan** ayaa xirmay oo furayaashooda celiyay (isla ilahaas). - Sahan Degmada Hennepin ah oo lagu sameeyay 81 ganacsi oo Lake Street ah ayaa ogaaday celcelis khasaare dakhli oo **$57,000** ah ganacsigiiba; 96 boqolkiiba waxay sheegeen saamayn xun (isla ilahaas). - Duqa Minneapolis Jacob Frey wuxuu 10 Juun 2026 sheegay in kordhintu magaalada ku kacday ku dhawaad **$700 milyan**, oo ay ku jiraan $445 milyan oo dakhli ganacsi oo lumay; magaaladu waxay samaysay Sanduuq $7 milyan ah oo u adkaysiga ganacsiyada yaryar (isla ilahaas). - Warbaahin qaran ayaa Janaayo 2026 ka warrantay suuqyo madhan ([Associated Press iyadoo loo marayo WTOP, Janaayo 2026](https://wtop.com/lifestyle/2026/01/somali-businesses-struggle-during-the-minneapolis-ice-crackdown/); [Africanews, 19 Janaayo 2026](https://www.africanews.com/amp/2026/01/19/minneapolis-businesses-and-shopping-malls-stay-empty-over-fears-of-ice-patrols/)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Baaxadda suuqa.** Tirooyinka Karmel Mall waxay u dhexeeyaan "in ka badan boqol" ganacsi warbixinno Janaayo 2026 qaarkood ilaa qiyaastii 650 Sahan Journal (ilaha kore). - **Sheekada guusha.** *Twin Cities Business* waxay ka qortay farqiga u dhexeeya sawirka guusha ganacsiga Soomaalida iyo dakhliga qoysaska ([Twin Cities Business](https://tcbmag.com/?p=15367)). Minnesota Compass waxay dakhliga dhexe ee qoysaska Soomaalida ee 2020 ilaa 2024 ku sheegtay $49,554 ([Minnesota Compass](https://www.mncompass.org/topics/demographics/cultural-communities/somali)). Bulshada laftigeeda, eeg [Somalis in Minneapolis and St Paul](/en/diaspora/minneapolis-st-paul/). --- # Ganacsiga Soomaalida ee Uganda: kaaliyadaha shidaalka, Kisenyi iyo Oasis Mall Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-business-in-uganda/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaalida Uganda waxay maamulaan silsilado kaaliyado shidaal ah, xafiisyo sarrif iyo xawaalad, suuqyo waaweyn, qalab dhismo iyo guryo. Silsiladaha shidaalka ee Soomaalidu leedahay ee 2009 la magacaabay waxaa ka mid ahaa City Oil, Hashi Empex, Hass Petroleum iyo Hared. Aamina Mooge Xirsi waxay Kampala ka dhistay Oasis Mall iyo Laburnam Courts, 2016-na waxay bilowday Warshadda Sonkorta Atiak ee $120 milyan ah. Xaafadda Kisenyi ee Kampala waxaa loo yaqaan Muqdisho Yar. ## Sida uu u bilaabmay Soomaalidii ugu horreysay ee degta Uganda waxay yimaadeen xilligii gumeysiga iyagoo ah "Somali Scouts" ee ciidanka Ingiriiska; qaar badan ayaa joogay, qaatay dhalashada Uganda, kana shaqeeyay ganacsiga hilibka. Kumanaan ayaa ka tagay xilligii Idi Amin, waxayna soo laabteen 1986 kadib. 1991 kadib qaxooti ayaa yimid, qaar xeryo sida Nakivale ah, qaarna qaraabo la deggan xaafadda **Kisenyi** ee Kampala ([The Observer, Kampala, Sebtembar 2009, oo Hiiraan Online dib u daabacday](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2009/sept/devastated_at_home_somali_businesses_thrive_in_uganda.aspx)). Daraasad cilmiyeed 2010 ah oo ku salaysan wareysiyo 40 ganacsade, shaqaale iyo arday Soomaaliyeed ah ayaa Kisenyi ku tilmaantay mid loo yaqaan "Muqdisho Yar" sababo la xiriira ganacsiyada badan ee Soomaalidu leedahay ([kaydka CORE, daraasad 2010](https://core.ac.uk/download/188553291.pdf)). ## Shidaal, lacag iyo dukaamo 2009, wargeyska Kampala ee *The Observer* wuxuu ku warramay in ganacsiyada Soomaalidu ay saami weyn ku leeyihiin warshadaha shidaalka Uganda, ayna sidoo kale maamulaan xafiisyo sarrif, xawaalad iyo suuqyo waaweyn. Wuxuu magacaabay silsiladaha kaaliyadaha shidaalka ee Soomaalidu leedahay: **City Oil**, **Hashi Empex**, **Hass Petroleum** iyo **Hared**. City Oil waxay 1980-meeyadii ku bilaabatay Mandela Auto Spares, iyadoo iibisa qalab gaadiid, kadibna taayirro, ka hor intaysan furin kaaliyado shidaal. Agaasimaheeda ayaa sheegay in xoogga shirkaduhu yahay helidda alaabta iyagoo adeegsanaya xiriirka Soomaalida ee adduunka ([The Observer, 2009, iyadoo loo marayo Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2009/sept/devastated_at_home_somali_businesses_thrive_in_uganda.aspx)). Eeg [Hass Petroleum](/en/businesses/hass-petroleum/). ## Basaska Gateway **Xuseen Shire** wuxuu 1950-meeyadii ka bilaabay Tororo dukaan iyo tagaasi, 1983-na wuxuu aasaasay shirkadda basaska **Gateway**, oo gaartay in ka badan 100 bas oo Uganda oo dhan mara ([Wikipedia, Hussein Shire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Shire); [New Vision](https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1342197/gateway-bus-founder-dies-south-africa)). Eeg [Hussein Shire](/en/people/hussein-shire/). ## Aamina Mooge Xirsi iyo Horyal Investments **Aamina Mooge Xirsi**, oo ku dhalatay 1964 Bungoma, Kenya, waxay ku kortay ganacsigii xadka ee qoyskeeda, waxayna 1996 kadib Kampala ka furtay dukaan qalab dhismo. Waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah qaybiyeyaasha ugu waaweyn ee sibidhka iyo qalabka dhismaha ee Uganda, waxayna 2008 ku guuleysatay abaalmarinta Maalgashadaha Haweenka ee Sannadka ([Wikipedia, Amina Moghe Hersi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_Moghe_Hersi); [The Observer, 2009](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2009/sept/devastated_at_home_somali_businesses_thrive_in_uganda.aspx)). Febraayo 2018, hantideeda waxaa la isugu geeyay **Horyal Investments Holding Company**: Oasis Mall, Nakumatt Mall iyo guryaha Laburnam Courts ee Kampala, Warshadda Sonkorta Atiak, Rabo Enterprises, Kingstone Enterprises iyo Kingstone Namanve ([xayeysiis New Vision, 9 Febraayo 2018](https://www.newvision.co.ug/digital_assets/dcda8833-ea0a-4630-9b3d-6426f90bdc42/Horiyal-Investments-Holding-Co..pdf)). Dhismaha Warshadda Sonkorta Atiak ee **$120 milyan** ah, oo ku taal Degmada Amuru ee waqooyiga Uganda, wuxuu bilaabmay 2016, iyadoo wax-soo-saarka ganacsiga loo qorsheeyay 2017 ([Daily Monitor, 23 Maarso 2016](http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Prof-Latigo-faults-Amuru-leaders-investments/-/688334/3129652/-/xokyd2z/-/index.html); [Uganda Radio Network, 2018](https://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/pictorial-development-of-sugar-factory-in-amuru-)). ## Ganacsiga labada dal Shirkii ganacsiga ee ugu horreeyay ee Uganda iyo Soomaaliya waxaa Kampala lagu qabtay **9 iyo 10 Ogosto 2022**, iyadoo ay ka qayb galeen in ka badan 120 shirkadood; Dahabshiil, Somtel, eDahab iyo Dahabshil Bank ayaa ka qayb galay, Dahabshiil-na wuxuu sheegay inuu horay uga shaqaynayay Uganda ([The Star, Kenya, 9 Ogosto 2022](https://www.the-star.co.ke/business/2022-08-09-somali-uganda-hold-first-ever-business-summit-together); [Private Sector Foundation Uganda](https://www.psfuganda.org/15-psfu-news/410-uganda-somalia-hold-first-ever-business-summit-together.html)). Ganacsato Ugandan ah ayaa iyaguna suuq ka raadiyay Muqdisho ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/ugandan-traders-seek-new-market-in-mogadishu)). ## Doodda 2026 31 Maarso 2026, xildhibaanno ka tirsan baarlamaanka Uganda ayaa weydiiyay in qaxootiga, iyagoo magacaabay Soomaalida iyo Eritrea-da, ay maamuli karaan ganacsiyo yaryar sida timo-jarayaal iyo dukaamo oo ku yaal xaafadaha Kampala sida Makindye, Ggaba, Kabalagala, Kansanga iyo Lukuli. Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha, Kahinda Otafiire, wuxuu ku jawaabay in siyaasadda Uganda u oggolaato qaxootiga inay shaqeystaan oo ganacsi maamulaan si ay naftooda u quudiyaan ([Pulse Uganda, 1 Abriil 2026](https://www.pulse.ug/story/government-pressed-by-mps-on-somalis-eritreans-take-over-of-makindye-kabalagala-suburbs-2026040106273653714)). Bulshada, eeg [Somalis in Uganda](/en/diaspora/uganda/). Aasaasayaal kale, eeg [Hormoodka ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed](/so/economy/somali-business-pioneers/). --- # Ganacsiyada Soomaalida ee UK: xawaaladaha, dukaamada iyo dhibaatadii bangiyada 2013 Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-business-in-the-uk/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > UK waxay xarun u tahay xafiisyada guud ama shirkadaha diiwaangashan ee qaar ka mid ah xawaaladaha Soomaaliyeed ee ugu waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan Dahabshiil, WorldRemit iyo Juba Express. Daraasad 2013 ah oo dowladda UK loo sameeyay ayaa tirisay qiyaastii 17 shirkadood oo lacag UK uga dira Soomaaliya, waxayna lacagta sharciga ah ee socota ku qiyaastay qiyaastii $380 milyan sannadkii. Tirakoobkii 2021, 8.5 boqolkiiba Soomaalida 16 ilaa 64 jirka ah ee England iyo Wales waxay ahaayeen iskood u shaqeysta. ## Si kooban Shirkado badan oo lacagta Soomaalida dibadda u gudbiya Soomaaliya ayaa ka diiwaangashan UK. Daraasad Sebtembar 2013 ah oo Beechwood International u qortay dowladda UK ayaa ku qiyaastay **17 shirkadood** oo u adeega jidka UK iyo Soomaaliya. Shan waxay haysteen maqaamka buuxa ee hay'adda lacag-bixinta, 12-ka kalena waxay ahaayeen hay'ado lacag-bixin oo yaryar ([Beechwood, Safer Corridors Rapid Assessment, 2013, b. 35](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c4e04ed915d3d0e87b799/SAFER_CORRIDORS_RAPID_ASSESSMENT__2013__SOMALIA___UK_BANKING.PDF)). Shirkaduhu waxay leeyihiin urur ganacsi, **Ururka Adeegyada Lacagta Soomaaliyeed (SOMSA)** (isla ilahaas). ## Shirkadaha ku jira diiwaanka UK Diiwaanka Companies House ee UK wuxuu taxayaa shirkadahan (la baadhay 12 Nofembar 2026): | Shirkadda | Lambarka shirkadda UK | La diiwaangeliyay | Xafiiska diiwaangashan | |---|---|---|---| | Dahabshiil Transfer Services Ltd | 03538207 | 31 Maarso 1998 | London EC4 | | Dahabshiil Holdings Limited | 05011753 | 9 Janaayo 2004 | London EC4 | | Iftin Express Limited | 05860963 | 28 Juun 2006 | London NW6 | | Amal UK Express Limited | 06013583 | 29 Nofembar 2006 | London NW10 | | Juba Express Limited | 07049593 | 20 Oktoobar 2009 | London W12 | | WorldRemit Ltd. (magaca hore Clean Remittances Ltd) | 07110878 | 22 Diseembar 2009 | London W1 | Isha saf kasta: [baadhitaanka Companies House](https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/search/companies?q=dahabshiil); diiwaanka shirkad kasta waxaa lagu helaa in magaceeda adeeggaas lagu baadho. Diiwaanku wuxuu sidoo kale muujinayaa in **Kaah Express (UK)**, oo mar dambe loo bixiyay KaahPay Global Ltd (05483627), la kala diray 19 Diseembar 2023 ([Companies House](https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/05483627)). Dahabshiil Group Holdings, oo fadhigeedu yahay Xarunta Maaliyadda Caalamiga ah ee Dubai, waxaa lagu daray diiwaanka UK ee hay'adaha dibadda 5 Diseembar 2022 ([Companies House, OE006358](https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/OE006358)). Shirkadaha laftooda, eeg [Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/), [WorldRemit](/en/businesses/worldremit/), [kooxda Amal](/en/businesses/amal-group/) iyo [Kaah Express iyo KIMS](/en/businesses/kaah-express-and-kims/). ## Inta lacag ah ee UK marta - Tirooyinka hay'adda xakameynta maaliyadda UK waxay muujiyeen **$39.8 milyan** oo lacag Soomaaliya loo diray oo la soo sheegay 2012. Daraasadda 2013 waxay sheegaysaa in tani ka yar tahay wadarta dhabta ah, maxaa yeelay shirkadaha badankood laguma waajibin inay soo sheegaan mugga lacagtooda ([Beechwood 2013, b. 22](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c4e04ed915d3d0e87b799/SAFER_CORRIDORS_RAPID_ASSESSMENT__2013__SOMALIA___UK_BANKING.PDF)). - Shirkadaha daraasadda la wadaagay diiwaannadooda lacag-wareejinta waxay tilmaameen lacag sharci ah oo qiyaastii **$380 milyan** ah sannadkii, oo ay ku jirto lacagta ay diraan hay'adaha gargaarka iyo shirkaduhu (isla ilahaas, b. 22). - Daraasaddu waxay celceliska qiimaha lacag UK looga diro Soomaaliya ku qiyaastay **5.14 boqolkiiba**, oo u dhow hadafka 5 boqolkiiba ah ee hoggaamiyeyaasha G8 dejiyeen 2009, kana hooseeya celceliska Afrika ee 12.4 boqolkiiba (isla ilahaas, b. 18). - Hay'adaha gargaarka ee daraasadda lagu sahamiyay, 88 boqolkiiba waxay isticmaali jireen xawaalado Soomaaliyeed. Kuwaas, 69 boqolkiiba waxay isticmaali jireen Dahabshiil, 15 boqolkiiba Kaah, 8 boqolkiibana mid kastaa Olympic, Amal iyo Juba Express (isla ilahaas, b. 55). ## Xiritaankii akoonnada bangiga ee 2013 2013, Barclays waxay ogeysiisay inay xiri doonto akoonnada inta badan shirkadaha lacag-wareejinta, oo ay ku jiraan afartii shirkadood ee Soomaaliyeed ee gaarka ahaa ee ugu dambeeyay ee weli akoon ku lahaa bangi UK ah ([Beechwood 2013, b. 16](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c4e04ed915d3d0e87b799/SAFER_CORRIDORS_RAPID_ASSESSMENT__2013__SOMALIA___UK_BANKING.PDF)). WorldRemit waxay ahayd shirkadda keliya ee jidkaas aan ogeysiis helin. Xilligaas waxay lacag u diri jirtay Somaliland oo keliya (isla ilahaas, b. 36). Abriil 2013, Financial Conduct Authority waxay si cad u canaanatay Horn Express Ltd, oo hore u ahayd Qaran Express Money Transfer, iyadoo lacagta macaamiisha ku dhex dartay lacagteeda 2009 ilaa 2011 (isla ilahaas, b. 38). Kiiskii maxkamadda iyo ololihii ka dambeeyay, eeg [Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/) iyo [Lacagta qurbaha](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/). ## Dukaamada iyo shirkadaha yaryar - Tirakoobkii 2021, **8.5 boqolkiiba** Soomaalida 16 ilaa 64 jirka ah ee England iyo Wales waxay ahaayeen iskood u shaqeysta, 34.1 boqolkiibana shaqaale ([ONS, Somali populations, England and Wales: Census 2021](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). - Daraasad ku saabsan ganacsiyada Soomaalida ee Leicester ayaa wareysatay 25 milkiile iyo 25 shaqaale, waxayna qabatay saddex kooxood oo dood ah. Waxay ogaatay in xiriirka qoyska iyo bulshada oo keliya aanu sharxin sida ganacsiyadani u bilaabmaan oo u koraan ([Ram, Theodorakopoulos iyo Jones, Work, Employment and Society 22(3), 2008](https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/forms-of-capital-mixed-embeddedness-and-somali-enterprise/)). - Daraasad xigta oo isla kooxdaas ah ayaa ogaatay in xaaladda dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed ay "xayiraad adag ku soo rogto hawlaha ganacsiga Soomaalida", iyo in ganacsiga xudduudaha ka gudba uu u badan yahay inuu ku kooban yahay tiro yar ([Jones, Ram iyo Theodorakopoulos, IJURR 34(3), 2010](https://www.ijurr.org/article/transnationalism-as-a-force-for-ethnic-minority-enterprise-the-case-of-somalis-in-leicester/)). Nolosha Soomaalida ee magaalooyinka UK, eeg [London (Somali diaspora)](/en/diaspora/london/) iyo [Other UK cities](/en/diaspora/uk-other-cities/). --- # Dhoofinta xoolaha: dakhliga ugu weyn ee Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/livestock-exports/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Xoolaha nool waa waxa ugu badan ee Soomaaliya dhoofiso. Sannadkii 2025 dalku wuxuu dhoofiyay in ka badan 5.9 milyan oo ido, riyo, lo' iyo geel ah, oo qiimahoodu ahaa $922.9 milyan, qiyaastii 73 boqolkiiba dhammaan badeecadaha la dhoofiyay, sida uu sheegay Bangiga Dhexe. Badankood waxay aadaan Sacuudiga, Cumaan iyo Imaaraadka, iibkuna wuxuu ugu sarreeyaa kahor Xajka. Mamnuucidda Khaliijka ee cudurka Rift Valley fever ayaa dhowr jeer joojisay ganacsiga tan iyo 1998. ## Tirooyinka | Sannadka | Qiimaha | Xoolaha | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | 2023 | $860.8 milyan | | [The African Exponent, 29 Luulyo 2026, oo soo xiganaysa Wasaaradda Maaliyadda iyo Bangiga Dhexe](https://www.africanexponent.com/how-livestock-became-somalias-first-billion-dollar-export-industry/) | | 2024 | $950.9 milyan | In ka badan 6.4 milyan: 5.9 milyan ido iyo riyo, 291,692 lo' iyo 212,616 geel | [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf) (qiimaha); [The African Exponent](https://www.africanexponent.com/how-livestock-became-somalias-first-billion-dollar-export-industry/) (xoolaha) | | 2025 | $922.9 milyan, hoos u dhac 3 boqolkiiba | In ka badan 5.9 milyan: in ka badan 5.5 milyan ido iyo riyo, 222,010 lo' iyo 193,013 geel | [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf) | 2025, xoolaha waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii 73 boqolkiiba badeecadaha la dhoofiyay iyo qiyaastii 7 boqolkiiba GDP-da. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu soo xigtaa in xoolaha dalku yihiin qiyaastii 56 milyan oo geel, lo', ido iyo riyo ah, sida ku qoran istaraatiijiyadda 2020 ee Wasaaradda Xoolaha ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Iibsadayaasha iyo Xajka - **Meesha ay aadaan.** Sacuudiga, Cumaan iyo Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah iibsadayaasha ugu waaweyn. Iibku wuxuu raacaa Xajka iyo Ciidda Carafo ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Qaybta Xajka.** Daraasad 2020 oo ku saabsan suuqyada Somaliland waxay sheegtaa in 70 boqolkiiba idaha iyo riyaha la dhoofiyo ay baxaan xilliga Xajka, iibsashada Xajkuna ay bilaabato 45 ilaa 60 maalmood kahor Ciidda Carafo. Cumaan iyo Yemen ayaa ah iibsadayaasha ugu waaweyn ee lo'da Berbera ([Musa, Wasonga iyo Mtimet, joornaalka Pastoralism, 2020](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13570-019-0155-7)). - **Hilibka iyo haraggaha.** The African Exponent waxay sheegtaa in marka lagu daro hilibka iyo haraggaha, dhoofinta 2024 ay dhaaftay $1 bilyan, iyadoo soo xiganaysa Bangiga Horumarinta iyo Dib-u-dhiska Soomaaliyeed ([The African Exponent, 2026](https://www.africanexponent.com/how-livestock-became-somalias-first-billion-dollar-export-industry/)). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in iibka hilibka, dalagga iyo kalluunka oo kordhay ay magdhabeen inta badan hoos u dhaca xoolaha nool ee 2025 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Dekedaha - **Berbera.** Dhoofinta Berbera waxay joogsatay 1988 markii dagaalku gaaray waqooyiga, waxayna dib u bilaabatay 1991. Qiyaastii kala bar idaha iyo riyaha laga raro Berbera waxay ka yimaadaan Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya ([Pastoralism, 2020](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13570-019-0155-7)). DP World waxay sheegtaa in sannadkii in ka badan 4.1 milyan oo neef ay sii maraan, sida ay qortay The African Exponent ([The African Exponent, 2026](https://www.africanexponent.com/how-livestock-became-somalias-first-billion-dollar-export-industry/)). - **Dekedaha kale:** eeg [Somalia's seaports](/so/economy/ports/). ## Mamnuucidda | Goorta | Waxa dhacay | Isha | |---|---|---| | Ilaa Maajo 1999 | Mamnuucid 14 bilood ah oo Sacuudigu u sameeyay cudurka Rift Valley fever. Kadib dhoofintu waxay gaartay 2.17 milyan oo ido iyo riyo ah dhammaadkii 1999 | [Pastoralism, 2020](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13570-019-0155-7) | | 19 Sebtembar 2000 laga bilaabo | Sacuudiga, Baxreyn, Cumaan, Qadar, Yemen iyo Imaaraadka ayaa mamnuucay xoolaha Soomaaliyeed. Kuwa kale waxay qaadeen qiyaastii sannad kadib; Sacuudiguna wuu sii watay ilaa Nofembar 2009. Dhoofintu waxay ka dhacday qiyaastii 2 milyan oo neef ilaa 50,000 sannadkii 2003, ganacsiguna wuxuu u guuray Jabuuti | [Pastoralism, 2020](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13570-019-0155-7) | | Nofembar 2009 | Mamnuucidda Sacuudiga waxay dhammaatay kadib markii maalgashade Sacuudi ah uu Berbera ka dhisay xarun karantiil oo gaar ah oo xoolaha la baaro kahor dhoofinta | [Pastoralism, 2020](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13570-019-0155-7) | | Diseembar 2016 laga bilaabo | Mamnuucid saddexaad oo Sacuudi ah, oo la dabciyay xilliyada Xajka | [Pastoralism, 2020](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13570-019-0155-7) | ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Qiimaha 2024.** Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu 2024 sheegaa $950.9 milyan ([Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). The African Exponent waxay sheegtaa $969.9 milyan ([The African Exponent, 2026](https://www.africanexponent.com/how-livestock-became-somalias-first-billion-dollar-export-industry/)). - **Qiimaha 2025.** Isla warbixinta Bangiga Dhexe waxay ku sheegtaa $922.9 milyan (hoos u dhac 3 boqolkiiba) cutubka beeraha, iyo $823 milyan (hoos u dhac 10 boqolkiiba) cutubka xisaabaadka qaranka, kaas oo dhoofinta si kale u qiimeeya ([Bangiga Dhexe, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Dhammaan dhoofinta iyo soo dejinta Soomaaliya, eeg [Ganacsiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/). Shirkadaha dhoofinta xoolaha iyo karantiilka, eeg [Berbera livestock quarantine companies](/en/businesses/berbera-livestock-quarantine-companies/) iyo [farming, livestock and fishing directory](/en/businesses/farming-livestock-and-fishing-directory/). --- # Dekedaha Soomaaliya: Muqdisho, Berbera, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/ports/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ganacsiga Soomaaliya ku dhawaad oo dhan wuxuu maraa afar dekedood oo badeed: Muqdisho, Berbera, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo. Shirkad Turki ah ayaa maamulaysay dekedda Muqdisho tan iyo 2014, DP World ee Dubai-na waxay ballaarisay Berbera. Janaayo 2026, dowladda federaalku waxay buriyay heshiisyadeedii Imaaraadka, oo ay ku jiraan heshiisyada dekedaha, taasoo Somaliland iyo Puntland ay diideen. ## Sababta dekeduhu muhiim u yihiin Soomaaliya waxay 2025 soo dejisay $7.3 bilyan oo badeecado ah, oo ay ku jiraan cunto, shidaal, agab dhismo iyo mashiinno, waxayna dhoofisay $1.26 bilyan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Badankeed badda ayuu maraa. Xeebta dalka, oo ah qiyaastii 3,333 kiilomitir, waa tan ugu dheer dhulweynaha Afrika (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Ganacsiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/). ## Muqdisho Dekedda caasimaddu waa albaabka ugu weyn ee koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya. Shirkadda Turkiga ah ee **Albayrak** ayaa la wareegtay maamulka iyo casriyeynta dekedda dabayaaqadii 2014, kadib markii xiriirka Turkiga iyo Soomaaliya kordhay 2011 laga bilaabo ([Anadolu Agency, Sebtembar 2025](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-firm-modernizes-and-runs-somalia-s-gateway/3700103)). Ganacsiga u dhexeeya Turkiga iyo Soomaaliya wuxuu sannadkii ku dhow yahay $500 milyan (isla ilahaas). Tirooyinka dakhliga ee Hanti-dhowraha Guud 2025 ee shirkadda dekedda maamusha, eeg [Foreign companies in Somalia](/so/economy/foreign-companies-in-somalia/). ## Berbera Berbera, oo ku taal Gacanka Cadmeed, waa dekedda ugu weyn ee Somaliland. **DP World** ee Dubai waxay Somaliland la gashay iskaashi $442 milyan ah si ay u maamusho oo u ballaariso ([Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/business/dp-world-signs-442m-joint-venture-with-somaliland-1.1825624)). Heshiiska, meesha konteenarada ee 2021 iyo saamaynta la cabbiray, eeg [Dekada Berbera](/so/economy/port-of-berbera/). Berbera waa sidoo kale dekedda ugu weyn ee xoolaha; eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). ## Boosaaso Boosaaso waa dekedda Puntland ee Gacanka Cadmeed. 2017, **P&O Ports**, oo ka tirsan DP World, waxay saxiixday heshiis 30 sano ah oo $336 milyan ah si ay u maamusho oo u horumariso, oo ay ku jirto deked-xeedh 450 mitir ah ([Seatrade Maritime](https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/ports-logistics/p-o-ports-inks-concession-to-develop-336m-port-in-somalia); [WAM](https://www.wam.ae/en/article/hszr5a66-po-ports-wins-usd-336m-30-year-concession-for-port)). Cilmi-baaris ka timid Jaamacadda Birmingham iyo Jaamacadda Durham ayaa sharraxday dib-u-habayn dambe oo dekedda lagu sameeyay ([Durham University](https://durham.ac.uk/research/current/thought-leadership/somalia-puntland-state-port)). Heshiiska, horumarinta 2022 iyo khilaafaadkii 2026, eeg [Dekada Boosaaso](/so/economy/port-of-bosaso/). ## Kismaayo Kismaayo waa dekedda ugu weyn ee Jubbaland iyo koonfurta fog. Jubbaland waxay 2025 ururisay $37 milyan oo dakhli u gaar ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Kaydkii dhuxusha ee Kismaayo, eeg [Ganacsiga dhuxusha](/so/economy/charcoal-trade/). Taariikhdeeda, dakhliga iyo khilaafkii 2026, eeg [Dekada Kismaayo](/so/economy/port-of-kismayo/). ## Dekedaha iyo internetka Xadhkaha internetka ee badda hoosteeda mara ayaa sidoo kale ku soo dega dekedaha. PEACE wuxuu ku soo degaa Muqdisho, Kismaayo, Berbera iyo Boosaaso; DARE1 Muqdisho iyo Boosaaso; 2Africa Muqdisho iyo Berbera; G2A Berbera iyo Boosaaso; EASSy-na Muqdisho ([Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka](https://mail.nca.gov.so/what-we-do/submarine-cables)). Eeg [Isgaarsiinta iyo internetka](/so/economy/telecoms/). ## Khilaafkii 2026 ee heshiisyada Imaaraadka 12 Janaayo 2026, dowladda federaalku waxay ku dhawaaqday inay buriso dhammaan heshiisyadii ay la lahayd Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan heshiisyada dekedaha Berbera, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo iyo heshiisyada amniga, iyadoo sababta ku sheegtay ficillo ay sheegtay inay wiiqayaan madax-bannaanida iyo midnimada Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8249); [Africanews](https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-accusations-of-undermining-national-unity)). Jawaabaha way kala duwanaayeen: - **Somaliland** waxay sheegtay in burintu sharci ahaan aysan ansax ahayn ([The Standard](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/africa/article/2001538373/somalia-cancels-all-uae-deals-after-somaliland-yemeni-spats)). - **DP World** waxay sheegtay in hawlaheeda Berbera ay ku socdaan heshiisyada jira (isla ilahaas). - **Puntland** waxay ka soo horjeesatay sida loogu tilmaamay heshiis Boosaaso (isla ilahaas). - **Dowlad-goboleedka Waqooyi Bari** wuxuu taageeray go'aanka federaalka ([Dawan Africa](https://dawan.africa/news/somalias-north-east-state-backs-federal-move-to-cancel-uae-deals)). --- # Beeraha Soomaaliya: labada goosasho, dalagga iyo dhulka Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Beeraha Soomaaliya waxay inta badan beeraan galley iyo hadhuudh, waxayna leeyihiin laba xilli oo roob ku tiirsan: Gu (Abriil ilaa Juun), oo caadi ahaan keena qiyaastii 60 boqolkiiba midhaha sannadka, iyo Deyr (Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar). 2025, goosashada Gu ee koonfurtu waxay ahayd qiyaastii 129,400 tan, 14 boqolkiiba ka badan celceliska, laakiin goosashada Deyr waxay ahayd qiyaastii 15,600 tan, tii ugu hoossaysay tan iyo 1995. 2022, 23.3 boqolkiiba qoysaska keliya ayaa lahaa oo isticmaalay dhul. ## Labada xilli Dalagga badankiisu wuxuu ku tiirsan yahay roobka. Xilliga ugu weyn, **Gu**, wuxuu socdaa Abriil ilaa Juun, dalaggiisuna caadi ahaan wuxuu keenaa qiyaastii **60 boqolkiiba** midhaha sannadka. Xilliga labaad, **Deyr**, wuxuu socdaa Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar, goosashadiisuna waa Janaayo. Beeralayda webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle agtooda waxay sidoo kale beeraan dalag xilli-ka-baxsan ah oo lagu beero dhulka uu webigu fatahay. Shabeellaha Hoose iyo Dhexe ayaa ah deegaannada ugu waaweyn ee galleyda, Baayna waa suunka hadhuudhka ([FAO GIEWS, Warbixinta Soomaaliya, 15 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country/SOM/pdf/SOM.pdf)). ## Goosashadii dhowaa | Xilliga | Goosashada midhaha | Isha | |---|---|---| | Gu 2025, koonfurta | Qiyaastii 129,400 tan, qiyaastii 14 boqolkiiba ka badan celceliska 1995 ilaa 2024 | [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025, oo soo xiganaysa FSNAU](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf) | | Gu 2025, waqooyiga | 830 tan oo keliya, qiyaastii 93 boqolkiiba ka hooseysa celceliska, kadib abaar dheer, cayayaan iyo qiimaha sare ee agabka beeraha | [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf) | | Deyr 2025, koonfurta | Qiyaastii 15,600 tan oo ay ku jiraan 3,000 tan oo xilli-ka-baxsan ah, 83 boqolkiiba ka hooseysa celceliska, waana Deyrkii ugu hoossaysay tan iyo 1995 | [FSNAU, Falanqaynta Deyr 2025, Febraayo 2026](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia_2025_Post_Deyr_IPC_Analyses_Findings_and_Recommendations_Final_-_24_Feb_2026.pdf) | | Gu 2026 | Roob ka yar celceliska oo aan isku dheelli tirnayn; bartamihii Juun, 25 ilaa 70 boqolkiiba dhulka beeraha ee Shabeellaha Hoose iyo Dhexe iyo Baay waxaa ku dhuftay abaar daran. Roobabkii dambe ayaa qayb ka mid ah dalagga soo celiyay, shimbiraha quelea-na waxay waxyeeleeyeen beeraha | [FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country/SOM/pdf/SOM.pdf) | ## Qiimaha Janaayo ilaa Juun 2026, hadhuudhka Baydhabo wuxuu kordhay 25 boqolkiiba, galleyda Qoryooleyna 70 boqolkiiba. Luulyo 2026, labaduba waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii labanlaab qiimahoodii sannadkii ka horreeyay. Muqdisho, naaftadu waxay kordhay 65 boqolkiiba Janaayo ilaa Abriil 2026, taasoo kordhisay kharashka biyaha matoorrada loogu shubo beeraha webiga agtooda iyo qaadista midhaha ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country/SOM/pdf/SOM.pdf)). Eeg [Qiimaha iyo sicir-bararka](/so/economy/prices-and-inflation/). ## Gaajada Qiyaastii 6 milyan oo qof, in ka badan 30 boqolkiiba dadka, ayaa Abriil ilaa Juun 2026 wajahay cunto-yari heer Xasarad ama ka daran (IPC Heerka 3 ama ka sarreeya), oo ay ku jiraan qiyaastii 1.9 milyan oo heer Degdeg ah (Heerka 4). FAO waxay sheegtay khatar macluul oo ka jirta degmada Buurhakaba, Baay ([FAO GIEWS, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country/SOM/pdf/SOM.pdf)). ## Cidda dhulka leh Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022 wuxuu ogaaday in **23.3 boqolkiiba** qoysaska ay lahaayeen oo isticmaaleen dhul: 30.5 boqolkiiba tuulooyinka, 22.8 boqolkiiba magaalooyinka iyo 11.0 boqolkiiba reer guuraaga. Badi dhulalka waxaa loo isticmaalay guryo (74.8 boqolkiiba), 20.9 boqolkiibana beero. Dhulalka beeraha ee hal qof leeyahay, 71.0 boqolkiiba waxaa lahaa rag ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). ## Dagaallada dhulka beeraha Luulyo 2026, Radio Ergo waxay soo werisay in in ka badan 50 qoys ay ka carareen dagaal ka socday dhul beereed ku dhow tuulada Beder ee Shabeellaha Hoose tan iyo horraantii Maajo. Dagaalku wuxuu jaray kanaalada waraabka, beerashadiina way joogsatay. Shaqaale beereed oo maalintii heli jiray qiyaastii $4 ayaa qorsheynayay inuu beero dhul qoys oo shan hektar ah ([Radio Ergo, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/07/clan-conflict-over-land-in-lower-shabelle-leaves-families-destitute/)). ## Dhoofinta beeraha Sisinta, mooska iyo liinta, eeg [Sisinta iyo mooska](/so/economy/sesame-and-bananas/). Xoolaha nool, eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). Shirkadaha beeraha, eeg [Somali commercial farms](/en/businesses/somali-commercial-farms/) iyo [farming, livestock and fishing directory](/en/businesses/farming-livestock-and-fishing-directory/). --- # Dekada Berbera Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/port-of-berbera/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Berbera, oo ku taal Gacanka Cadmeed, waa dekedda ugu weyn Somaliland. DP World oo Dubai ah ayaa maamulaysay tan iyo 2017 heshiis 30 sano ah, Juun 2021-na waxay furtay meel cusub oo konteenarada ah oo awoodda ka qaadday 150,000 ilaa 500,000 TEU sannadkii. Qaybta ay ka haysato ganacsiga konteenarada gobolka waxay ka kacday 9 boqolkiiba 2017 ilaa 14 boqolkiiba 2024, sida uu sheegay daraasad loo sameeyay British International Investment. ## Si kooban Berbera waa magaalo deked ah oo ku taal Gacanka Cadmeed ee Somaliland. Dekeddeedu waa tan ugu weyn Somaliland, waana waddo badeecaduhu Itoobiya uga yimaadaan uguna baxaan. DP World, oo ay leedahay dowladda Dubai, waxay haysataa heshiis 30 sano ah oo si toos ah 10 sano loogu kordhinayo, kaas oo la shaaciyay Sebtembar 2016 ([CILT UK, Sebtembar 2016](https://ciltuk.org.uk/News/Latest-News/ArtMID/6887/ArticleID/10252/DP-World-wins-30-year-concession-for-port-of-Berbera-in-Somaliland)). Dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya ma aqoonsana heshiiskan ([Garowe Online, 13 Janaayo 2026](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/uae-s-dp-world-says-operations-at-berbera-port-unaffected-by-uae-somalia-dispute)). Afarta deked ee waaweyn, eeg [Dekedaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/ports/). ## Xilligii Midowga Soofiyeeti 1970-meeyadii Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu Berbera u adeegsaday saldhig taageero badeed. Qiimaynta sirdoonka difaaca Mareykanka ee 20 Febraayo 1976 waxay sheegtay "xarun taageero gantaalo oo Berbera laga dhisayo" iyo garoon diyaaradeed oo cusub oo ay filayso inuu noqdo xarunta ugu weyn ee Soofiyeetiga ka baxsan dalkiisa ee hawlaha Badweynta Hindiya. Waxay kale oo sheegtay in maraakiibta Soofiyeetigu heli karaan meelo gaar ah oo militari oo lagu xiro laguna dayactiro, oo ka duwan dekedda ganacsiga ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka Mareykanka, FRUS 1969 ilaa 1976, mug E-6, dukumentiga 155](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d155)). Orodkaas wuxuu hadda yahay [Garoonka Berbera](/en/infrastructure/berbera-airport/). ## Heshiiska DP World - **2016:** DP World waxay shaacisay heshiiska 30 sano iyo maalgashi qorshaysan oo gaaraya **$442 milyan**, oo marxalado loo qaybiyay iyadoo la eegayo inta badeecad ah ([CILT UK](https://ciltuk.org.uk/News/Latest-News/ArtMID/6887/ArticleID/10252/DP-World-wins-30-year-concession-for-port-of-Berbera-in-Somaliland); [Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/business/dp-world-signs-442m-joint-venture-with-somaliland-1.1825624)). - **Maarso 2017:** DP World Berbera waxay bilowday shaqada ([DP World, 24 Juun 2021](https://www.dpworld.com/en/news/dp-world-and-somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-berbera-port-announce-second-phase-expansion-and-break-ground-for-economic-zone)). - **1 Maarso 2018:** Itoobiya waxay ogolaatay inay qaadato **19 boqolkiiba**. Saamiyadu markaas waxay ahaayeen DP World 51, Somaliland 30, Itoobiya 19 boqolkiiba; heshiiskaas ka hor DP World waxay lahayd 65, Somaliland-na 35 boqolkiiba ([Khaleej Times](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/ethiopia-acquires-19-stake-in-dp-world-berbera-port)). - **Horraantii 2022:** British International Investment, hay'adda maalgelinta horumarinta ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, waxay ku biirtay maalgeliye yar iyadoo loo marayo iskaashigeeda Africa Gateway ee DP World ([Consultancy.africa, 28 Janaayo 2026](https://www.consultancy.africa/news/2242/investments-in-somalilands-berbera-port-are-delivering-tangible-benefits)). ## Meesha konteenarada ee 2021 24 Juun 2021, madaxweynaha Somaliland Muuse Biixi Cabdi iyo guddoomiyaha DP World Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem waxay furteen meel cusub oo leh **marin 400 mitir ah**, **qoto 17 mitir ah**, saddex wiish oo markabka ka dejiya iyo siddeed wiish oo barxadda ah. Awooddu waxay ka kacday **150,000 ilaa 500,000 TEU** sannadkii. Marxalad labaad ayaa la qorsheeyay oo marinka gaarsiinaysa 1,000 mitir, ku daraysa toddoba wiish, gaarsiinaysana **2 milyan TEU**. Wafdi Itoobiyaan ah oo ay hoggaaminayeen wasiirrada maaliyadda iyo gaadiidku waa ka soo qayb galeen ([DP World, 24 Juun 2021](https://www.dpworld.com/en/news/dp-world-and-somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-berbera-port-announce-second-phase-expansion-and-break-ground-for-economic-zone)). ## Aagga dhaqaalaha iyo waddada Itoobiya Isla munaasabaddaas, waxaa dhagax dhigay **Aagga Dhaqaalaha Berbera**, oo lagu daydayay Aagga Xorta ah ee Jebel Ali ee Dubai, kuna yaal waddada Berbera ilaa Wajaale. Dayactirka waddadaas, **Marinka Berbera**, waxaa maalgeliyay Sanduuqa Horumarinta Abu Dhabi iyo Waaxda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Maajo 2021, DP World iyo wasaaradda gaadiidka Itoobiya waxay saxiixeen is-afgarad ku saabsan qaybta Itoobiya ee waddada Addis Ababa ilaa Berbera (isla ishaas). Eeg [Ganacsiga xadka Itoobiya iyo Somaliland](/so/economy/ethiopia-somaliland-border-trade/). ## Saamaynta la cabbiray Qiimayn ay Itad iyo Steward Redqueen u sameeyeen British International Investment, oo la soo saaray Janaayo 2026, waxay heshay ([Consultancy.africa](https://www.consultancy.africa/news/2242/investments-in-somalilands-berbera-port-are-delivering-tangible-benefits)): | Cabbirka | Tirada | |---|---| | Qaybta ganacsiga konteenarada gobolka | 9% (2017), 14% (2024) | | Celceliska waqtiga markab dekedda ku jiro | 64 saacadood (2018), qiyaastii 25 saacadood (2024) | | Kharashka gaadiidka ee la badbaadiyay, 2024 | $8.4 milyan | | Shaqooyinka dekedda iyo aagga dhaqaalaha, 2024 | qiyaastii 2,490 | | Shaqooyinka si toos ah uga yimid ballaarinta dekedda | 921 | | Qiimaha ay dekedda iyo aaggu ku dareen, 2024 | $45.1 milyan | | Qaybta GDP-ga Somaliland ee ballaarinta | qiyaastii 0.4% | Tirooyinka DP World lafteeda ee 2021 waxay ahaayeen koror 35 boqolkiiba ah oo badeecadda ah tan iyo 2017, iyo sugitaanka maraakiibta oo ka dhacay afar ilaa shan maalmood ilaa dhowr saacadood ([DP World, 24 Juun 2021](https://www.dpworld.com/en/news/dp-world-and-somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-berbera-port-announce-second-phase-expansion-and-break-ground-for-economic-zone)). Berbera waa sidoo kale dekedda ugu weyn ee xoolaha nool laga dhoofiyo; eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/) iyo [Shirkadaha karantiilka xoolaha Berbera](/en/businesses/berbera-livestock-quarantine-companies/). ## Khilaafkii 2026 12 Janaayo 2026, dowladda federaalku waxay baajisay dhammaan heshiisyadii Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan heshiisyada dekedda Berbera ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-alleged-sovereignty-violations)). DP World waxay Reuters u sheegtay in shaqadeeda Berbera ay ku socoto heshiisyada jira, iyo inay "diiradda saarayso hawlgal ammaan ah oo hufan oo dekedda ah" ([Garowe Online, 13 Janaayo 2026](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/uae-s-dp-world-says-operations-at-berbera-port-unaffected-by-uae-somalia-dispute)). Somaliland iyo Puntland waxay sheegeen inay ku taagan yihiin iskaashigooda Imaaraadka ([Dawan Africa](https://dawan.africa/news/farmajo-welcomes-cancellation-of-uae-agreements-as-somaliland-and-puntland-stand-by-cooperation)). ## Ilaha ayaa kala duwan - **Saamiyada 2016.** Warbixin ayaa DP World siisa 65 boqolkiiba, Somaliland-na 35; kuwo kale waxay sheegaan 51 iyo 30 boqolkiiba, oo ahaa qaybinta kadib markii Itoobiya ku biirtay 2018 ([Khaleej Times](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/ethiopia-acquires-19-stake-in-dp-world-berbera-port); [CILT UK](https://ciltuk.org.uk/News/Latest-News/ArtMID/6887/ArticleID/10252/DP-World-wins-30-year-concession-for-port-of-Berbera-in-Somaliland)). - **Sharci ahaanshaha.** Somaliland waxay heshiisyada ku tilmaantaa kuwo ansax ah; dowladda federaalkuna waxay ku tilmaantaa kuwo buray (ilaha kor ku xusan). --- # Dekada Boosaaso Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/port-of-bosaso/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boosaaso, oo ku taal Gacanka Cadmeed, waa dekedda ugu weyn Puntland iyo mid ka mid ah labada deked ee ugu waaweyn ee xoolaha nool Soomaaliya looga dhoofiyo. P&O Ports, oo ka tirsan DP World ee Dubai, ayaa maamulkeeda la wareegtay Oktoobar 2017 heshiis 30 sano ah oo $336 milyan ah, DP World-na Diseembar 2022 waxay saxiixday heshiis kale oo horumarin ah. Puntland waxay 2025 ururisay $100 milyan oo dakhli u gaar ah, kii ugu badnaa dowlad-goboleedyada. ## Si kooban Boosaaso waa magaalada ganacsiga ee Puntland, kuna taal Gacanka Cadmeed, dekeddeeduna waa irridda ugu weyn ee ganacsiga Puntland ([Dawan Africa, 19 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/puntland-traders-and-dp-world-reach-agreement-to-end-bosaso-port-dispute)). Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha ee federaalku waxay Boosaaso ku tirisaa afarta deked ee ugu waaweyn Soomaaliya, oo ay la socdaan Muqdisho, Berbera iyo Kismaayo, waxayna sheegtaa in afartuba ay la daala dhacayaan "awood yari iyo qalab duugoobay" ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, Istaraatiijiyadda Qaran ee Horumarinta Dhoofinta](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). Afarta deked, eeg [Dekedaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/ports/). ## Heshiiska P&O Ports - **Abriil 2017:** madaxweynaha Puntland, Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali "Gaas", wuxuu Dubai kula saxiixday **P&O Ports**, oo ka tirsan DP World, heshiis 30 sano ah oo la sheegay inuu yahay **$336 milyan** ([Garowe Online, 12 Oktoobar 2017](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/puntland/somalia-puntland-hands-over-bosaso-port-to-po-ports)). Maalgashiga waxaa loo qaybiyay **$136 milyan** marxaladda koowaad iyo **$200 milyan** marxaladda labaad ([Seatrade Maritime](https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/ports-logistics/p-o-ports-inks-concession-to-develop-336m-port-in-somalia)). - **Qorshaha:** marin 450 mitir ah, barxad 5 hektar ah, iyo qodid ilaa 12 mitir. Ganacsatada maxalliga ahi waxay sheegeen in ciidda xeebta ay maraakiibta waaweyn ee konteenarada ka celinaysay marinka cidhiidhiga ah ([Garowe Online, 12 Oktoobar 2017](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/puntland/somalia-puntland-hands-over-bosaso-port-to-po-ports)). - **12 Oktoobar 2017:** Puntland waxay dekedda ku wareejisay P&O Ports xaflad Boosaaso lagu qabtay (isla ishaas). - **4 Febraayo 2019:** Paul Anthony Fermosa, madaxa P&O Ports ee Boosaaso, ayaa dekedda agteeda lagu toogtay. Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegtay inay weerarka geysatay ([Garowe Online, 4 Febraayo 2019](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/puntland/somalia-al-shabaab-kills-head-of-po-ports-at-puntlands-bosaso-port)). ## Heshiiska horumarinta ee 2022 9 Diseembar 2022, DP World iyo dowladda Puntland waxay saxiixeen heshiis dhismo oo ku saabsan marin cusub oo qiyaastii 150 mitir ah, dayactirka marinka jira oo qiyaastii 215 mitir ah, barxad konteenaro oo qiyaastii 3,000 mitir oo laba jibbaaran ah iyo barxad konteenaro lagu furo oo qiyaastii 4,000 mitir oo laba jibbaaran ah. Shaqada waxaa loo qorsheeyay 12 bilood laga bilaabo horraantii 2023 ([Maritime Executive, 9 Diseembar 2022](https://maritime-executive.com/article/dp-world-to-modernize-somalia-s-bosaso-port-as-it-expands-african-ops)). Bloomberg waxay Agoosto 2023 sheegtay in DP World ay filaysay inay ballaarinta dhammayso dhammaadka sannadkaas ([Bloomberg, 17 Agoosto 2023](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-17/dp-world-expansion-of-somali-port-will-finish-end-of-year)). ## Xoolaha iyo kharashka rarka Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshaduhu waxay sheegtaa in Berbera iyo Boosaaso ay yihiin "meelaha ugu waaweyn ee xoolaha nool laga dhoofiyo", oo leh xeryo xoolo iyo qalab rarid, laakiin ballaarintoodu aysan la socon koboca dhoofinta ([Istaraatiijiyadda Qaran ee Horumarinta Dhoofinta](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). Istaraatiijiyaddu waxay taxdaa qiimaha rarka ee Maersk: | Waddada | Konteenar 20 fuut | Konteenar 40 fuut | Maalmaha badda | |---|---|---|---| | Boosaaso ilaa Jebel Ali (Imaaraadka) | $1,500 | $5,000 | 6 ilaa 8 | | Boosaaso ilaa Jidda (Sacuudiga) | $750 | $1,000 | 2 ilaa 3 | | Muqdisho ilaa Jebel Ali (Imaaraadka) | $1,000 | $1,500 | 8 ilaa 9 | ## Dakhliga Puntland 2025, Puntland waxay lahayd dakhli iyo deeqo wadar ahaan **$119 milyan** ah, kii ugu badnaa dowlad-goboleedyada. Waxaa ka mid ah **$100 milyan** oo dakhli u gaar ah, $83 milyan oo ka mid ah canshuuro ka yimid, iyo $19 milyan oo deeqo dibadda ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu rubuc kasta ururiyaa xogta ganacsiga badeecad-badeecad ee dekedaha Muqdisho, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo (isla ishaas). Eeg [Lacagta dowlad-goboleedyada](/so/economy/member-states-money/). ## Khilaafaadkii 2026 - **Janaayo:** dowladda federaalku waxay baajisay dhammaan heshiisyadii Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan heshiisyada dekedda Boosaaso ([Al Jazeera, 12 Janaayo 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-alleged-sovereignty-violations)). Puntland, oo ay la socdaan Somaliland iyo Jubaland, ayaa diiday go'aanka ([The New Arab, 13 Janaayo 2026](https://www.newarab.com/news/somali-regions-dismiss-government-decision-sever-uae-ties)). - **Luulyo:** ganacsatadu waxay ka horyimaadeen khidmado adeeg oo cusub oo dekedda la soo rogay, iyagoo sheegay inay kordhinayaan kharashka soo dejinta. 18 Luulyo 2026, dowladda Puntland, wakiillada ganacsatada iyo DP World waxay ku dhawaaqeen heshiis lagu soo afjarayo khilaafka. Shuruudaha lama shaacin ([Dawan Africa, 19 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/puntland-traders-and-dp-world-reach-agreement-to-end-bosaso-port-dispute)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Kharashka ballaarinta.** Heshiiskii 2017 waxaa lagu sheegay $336 milyan ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/puntland/somalia-puntland-hands-over-bosaso-port-to-po-ports)); warbixinta Bloomberg ee 2023 waxay sheegtay **$366 milyan** ([Bloomberg](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-17/dp-world-expansion-of-somali-port-will-finish-end-of-year)). - **Cidda dekedda maamulaysay 2019.** Garowe Online waxay Paul Anthony Fermosa ku tilmaantay madaxa P&O Ports iyo agaasimaha DP World ee Boosaaso labadaba ([Garowe Online, 4 Febraayo 2019](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/puntland/somalia-al-shabaab-kills-head-of-po-ports-at-puntlands-bosaso-port)). P&O Ports waxay ka tirsan tahay DP World. - **Dhammaystirka.** Ilaa 12 Nofembar 2026 lama helin warbixin xaqiijinaysa goorta shaqadii 2022 ilaa 2023 la dhammeeyay. Waddada ganacsiga ee Boosaaso ilaa Gaalkacyo, eeg [Gaalkacyo iyo waddada ganacsiga Boosaaso](/so/economy/galkayo-and-the-bosaso-trade-corridor/). --- # Ganacsiga qaadka: inta Soomaaliya ku bixiso qaadka la soo dejiyo Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/khat-trade/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay 2025 soo dejisay qiyaastii $450 milyan oo qaad ah, oo ka badan $404 milyan oo dowladda federaalku dakhli gudaha ah ka ururisay sannadkaas, sida ay sheegtay warbixin Golaha Dhaqaalaha Qaranka. Badankiisu wuxuu diyaarad kaga yimaadaa Kenya (miraa), inta kalena Itoobiya. Qaadku wuxuu sidoo kale ka mid yahay ilaha ugu waaweyn ee canshuurta kastamka. ## Si kooban Qaadku (jaad) waa caleen la calaliyo oo dadka kicisa. Ku dhawaad dhammaan waxaa lagu beeraa Kenya iyo Itoobiya, waxaana maalin kasta Soomaaliya lagu keenaa isagoo cusub, diyaarad ama baabuur. Wuxuu ka mid yahay waxyaabaha ugu waaweyn ee dalka la soo dejiyo iyo ilaha ugu waaweyn ee canshuurta kastamka dowladda. ## Inta Soomaaliya ku bixiso - **2025: $450.4 milyan** oo qaad ah ayaa la soo dejiyay, sida ay sheegtay *Warbixinta Xaaladda Dhaqaalaha 2026* ee Golaha Dhaqaalaha Qaranka, oo isticmaashay xogta Bangiga Dhexe. Taasi waxay ka badan tahay **$404.3 milyan** oo dakhliga gudaha ee federaalka 2025, waxayna ku dhow tahay kala badh $922.9 milyan oo laga helay dhoofinta xoolaha ([Dawan Africa, 27 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-spent-dollar4504m-on-khat-imports-in-2025-more-than-domestic-revenue)). - Cuntada ayaa ahayd waxa ugu badan ee la soo dejiyay, **$2.4 bilyan** (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Ganacsiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/). ## Meesha uu ka yimaado - **Kenya (miraa):** Wasiirka beeraha Kenya ayaa Diseembar 2025 baarlamaanka u sheegay in Kenya maalin kasta Soomaaliya u dirto **13 ilaa 17 tan** oo miraa ah. Soomaaliya waxay qaadataa **80 ilaa 90 boqolkiiba** ganacsiga miraa ee Kenya, waxaana la diray in ka badan 17 milyan oo kiilo tan iyo markii suuqa dib loo furay Luulyo 2022 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-spent-dollar4504m-on-khat-imports-in-2025-more-than-domestic-revenue)). - **Itoobiya (hareeri):** Dhoofinta rasmiga ah ee qaadka Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya waxay rubucii koowaad ee sannad-maaliyadeedkeeda 2025/26 hoos ugu dhacday **2,580 tan**, oo 35 boqolkiiba ka yar sannadkii ka horreeyay (isla ilahaas). 2022, Soomaaliya waxay ahayd ku dhawaad 80 boqolkiiba dakhliga Itoobiya ka hesho dhoofinta qaadka ([Addis Fortune, 17 Luulyo 2022](https://addisfortune.news/?p=24358)). ## Canshuurta uu bixiyo - 2019, canshuurta qaadka ee garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho waxay keentay **$16.6 milyan**, qiyaastii 5 boqolkiiba dakhliga federaalka ([Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Risk Bulletin 9, 2020](https://riskbulletins.globalinitiative.net/esa-obs-009/02-somalias-khat-ban-has-led-to-the-emergence-of-a-contraband-industry.html)). - Somaliland, canshuurta qaadku waxay ahayd qiyaastii **30 boqolkiiba** dakhliga dowladda, qiyaastii $35 milyan sannadkii (isla ilahaas). - Dowladda hoose ee Muqdisho waxay sidoo kale ganacsiga qaadka ka qaaddaa canshuur u gaar ah ([Somali Public Agenda, 2025](https://somalipublicagenda.org/examining-benadir-regional-administration-bra/)). Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Muqdisho](/so/economy/mogadishu-economy/). ## Mamnuucidda iyo kororka qiimaha **2020.** 18 Maarso 2020, dowladda federaalku waxay joojisay duullimaadyada caalamiga ah iyo soo dejinta qaadka sababtoo ah COVID-19. Kahor mamnuucidda, qiyaastii 50 tan oo miraa ah ayaa maalintii Muqdisho soo gaari jiray, oo qiimaha tafaariiqda ku dhow $1 milyan. Miraa la iibin jiray **$20 ilaa $25 kiilokii** wuxuu horraantii Abriil gaaray **$300 kiilokii**, kadibna Juun wuxuu dhex galay $80 ilaa $120. Tahriibku wuxuu kordhay, iyadoo dhul lagu soo marinayay Beledweyne, badda Kismaayo iyo Muqdisho, iyo diyaarado yar-yar. Diyaarado Kenya ka diiwaangashan oo sida agab COVID-19 ayaa ugu yaraan saddex jeer laga helay qaad la qariyay. 26 Maajo 2020, duullimaad Silverstone Air Services ah ayaa qaad u keenay Jowhar; kolonyadii qaadka sii qaadday waxaa ku dhacay qarax waddada dhinaceeda lagu aasay, waxaana ku dhintay sagaal askari. Silverstone iyo Buff Air Services ayaa shatiyadooda la hakiyay 1 Juun 2020 ([Global Initiative, 2020](https://riskbulletins.globalinitiative.net/esa-obs-009/02-somalias-khat-ban-has-led-to-the-emergence-of-a-contraband-industry.html)). Somaliland iyo Puntland waxay qaadeen mamnuucistooda kahor Ciidda, Maajo 2020 ([Global Initiative, 2020](https://riskbulletins.globalinitiative.net/esa-obs-009/02-somalias-khat-ban-has-led-to-the-emergence-of-a-contraband-industry.html)). **Ganacsiga Kenya.** Kahor joojinta, Kenya waxay sannadkii Soomaaliya u diri jirtay ku dhawaad 55,000 tan, oo qiimaha dhoofinta ku dhow $50 milyan. Wax shixnad Kenya ah oo Soomaaliya gaartay ma jirin 2020 ilaa heshiis la gaaray booqashadii Madaxweynaha ee Kenya 2022. Itoobiya 2022, ugu yaraan 830 dhoofiye qaad ayaa shatiyadooda laga qaaday iyadoo looga shakiyay inay biilasha ku qoreen qiime ka sarreeya kan dhabta ah, qorshe lagu labanlaabayay qiimaha ugu yar ee qaadka Soomaaliya loo diro, $10 kiilokii, ayaana dib loogu celiyay $5 ([Addis Fortune, 2022](https://addisfortune.news/?p=24358)). 2024, Soomaaliya waxay joojisay qaadka Itoobiya xilligii xiisaddii labada dal ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-spent-dollar4504m-on-khat-imports-in-2025-more-than-domestic-revenue)). ## Cidda calaasha Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022, **2.5 boqolkiiba** dadka waaweyn ayaa sheegay inay qaad calaalaan: 5.3 boqolkiiba ragga, haweenkana ku dhawaad midna ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf), Shaxda 4.8). Waxa qaadku ku sameeyo caafimaadka iyo nolosha maalinlaha ah, eeg [Khat (qaad) in Somalia](/en/society/khat/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Qiimaha qaadka la soo dejiyo.** Tirada $450.4 milyan ee 2025 aad ayay uga sarreysaa qiyaasta qoraaga Maxamed Mukhtaar Ibraahim ee **$131 milyan ilaa $171 milyan sannadkii**. Wuxuu qaatay 13 ilaa 17 tan ee Kenya maalintii, kiilo kastana $28 marka uu Muqdisho yimaado; qiimaha tafaariiqda ee $40 kiilokii, wadartu waa $187 milyan ilaa $245 milyan ([WardheerNews, 12 Janaayo 2026](https://wardheernews.com/the-economic-cost-of-khat-mira-to-somalia/)). Qiyaastiisa kuma jiro qaadka Itoobiya. Tirada $450.4 milyan waxaa laga soo qaatay warbixinnada saxaafadda ee warbixinta Golaha Dhaqaalaha Qaranka ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-spent-dollar4504m-on-khat-imports-in-2025-more-than-domestic-revenue)). --- # Dekada Kismaayo Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/port-of-kismayo/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Kismaayo waa dekedda ugu weyn Jubaland iyo koonfurta fog ee Soomaaliya. Dekedda casriga ah waxaa la dhisay 1964 iyadoo Mareykanku caawinayo, inta badan si moos loo dhoofiyo, Soomaaliya iyo Mareykankuna waxay dayactireen 1984. 2016 waxay xoolo u dhoofisay Khaliijka markii ugu horreysay in ka badan labaatan sano. Jubaland waxay 2025 ururisay $37 milyan oo dakhli u gaar ah, baajintii federaalka ee heshiisyada Imaaraadka ee Janaayo 2026-na waxay magacowday Kismaayo, Berbera iyo Boosaaso. ## Si kooban Kismaayo waxay ku taal Badweynta Hindiya, meel u dhow afka Webiga Jubba. Dekeddeedu waa dekedda ugu weyn Jubaland iyo koonfurta fog, waana mid ka mid ah afarta deked ee ugu waaweyn Soomaaliya, oo ay la socdaan Muqdisho, Berbera iyo Boosaaso ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, Istaraatiijiyadda Qaran ee Horumarinta Dhoofinta](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). Afarta deked, eeg [Dekedaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/ports/). ## Dhismaha dekedda, 1964 ilaa 1984 - **1964:** dekedda casriga ah waxaa la dhisay iyadoo Mareykanku caawinayo, jasiiraddii horena dhul-weynaha ayaa lagu xiray waddo badda dhex marta ([Wikipedia, Port of Kismayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Kismayo)). - **1966:** buug-gacmeed CIA ah ayaa dekedda ku tilmaamay inay inta badan tahay meel laga dhoofiyo **moos** iyo dalag kale, oo qaadan karta maraakiib gacmo-gaab ah oo keliya; maraakiibta waaweyn waxaa laga dejin jiray doonyo yaryar oo badda ku jira. Qorshe la doonayay in 1967 la dhammeeyo ayaa dhigay afar meelood oo maraakiib 10,000 tan ah lagu xiro (isla ishaas). - **1969 kadib:** dekedda waxaa adeegsan jiray ciidamada badda Soomaaliya iyo kuwa Midowga Soofiyeeti (isla ishaas). - **1984:** Soomaaliya iyo Mareykanku waxay dayactireen marinka afarta meelood ee qiyaastii 630 mitir ah (isla ishaas). ## Maamulka kadib 2012 Agoosto 2013, heshiis ayaa dekedda hoos geeyay Maamulka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Jubba, iyadoo maamulkeeda lix bilood kadib loo wareejinayo dowladda federaalka, dakhliga dekeddana loo qoondeeyay Jubaland ([Wikipedia, Port of Kismayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Kismayo)). Waqtigaas waxaa la soo sheegay khilaaf ku saabsan cidda gacanta ku haysa dekedda iyo dakhligeeda ([VOA, GlobalSecurity, 28 Maajo 2013](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2013/05/mil-130528-voa03.htm)). ## Xoolaha iyo dhuxusha - Juun 2016, maareeyaha guud ee dekedda, Axmed Xaaji Aadan, wuxuu sheegay in rar ka kooban **1,200 lo'** oo loo diray Imaaraadka Carabta uu ahaa xoolihii ugu horreeyay ee Kismaayo laga dhoofiyo "in ka badan labaatan sano" ([Garowe Online, 15 Juun 2016](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia-first-livestock-exported-at-jubalands-kismayo-port-in-25-years)). - Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshaduhu waxay sheegtaa in Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo ay maamulaan xoolo aad uga yar kuwa Berbera iyo Boosaaso, kana maqan yihiin qalab gaar ah ([Istaraatiijiyadda Qaran ee Horumarinta Dhoofinta](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). - Kismaayo waxay ahayd meesha ugu weyn ee dhuxusha laga dhoofin jiray ka hor mamnuucii QM ee 2012; 2023 Golaha Ammaanka QM wuxuu oggolaaday iib hal mar ah oo kaydka halkaas yaal. Eeg [Ganacsiga dhuxusha](/so/economy/charcoal-trade/). ## Dakhliga Jubaland 2025, Jubaland waxay lahayd dakhli iyo deeqo wadar ahaan **$70 milyan** ah. Dakhligeeda u gaarka ahi wuxuu ahaa **$37 milyan** ($28 milyan canshuuro, $9 milyan ilo kale), deeqaha dibaddana **$33 milyan**. Waxay kharash gareysay $68 milyan, $41 milyan oo ka mid ah mushaharka shaqaalaha ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu rubuc kasta ururiyaa xogta ganacsiga badeecad-badeecad ee dekedaha Muqdisho, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo (isla ishaas). Eeg [Lacagta dowlad-goboleedyada](/so/economy/member-states-money/). ## Heshiisyada Imaaraadka iyo khilaafkii 2026 - **Diseembar 2022:** Garowe Online waxay sheegtay in shirkadda DP World ee maamusha Berbera iyo Boosaaso ay "u dhaqaaqayso inay la wareegto" dekedda Kismaayo. Shuruud lama sheegin ([Garowe Online, 23 Diseembar 2022](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/after-djibouti-failure-dp-world-heads-up-somalia-for-controversial-port-projects)). - **12 Janaayo 2026:** dowladda federaalku waxay baajisay dhammaan heshiisyadii Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan heshiisyada dekedaha Berbera, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-alleged-sovereignty-violations)). - **13 Janaayo 2026:** Jubaland, oo ay la socdaan Puntland iyo Somaliland, ayaa diiday go'aanka, iyadoo sheegtay in Muqdisho aysan lahayn awood sharci oo ay ku joojiso heshiisyada gobolladu si toos ah ula galeen Imaaraadka ([Garowe Online, 13 Janaayo 2026](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-s-uae-deal-suspension-draws-strong-rejection-from-federal-states)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Cidda dekedda maamusha.** Heshiiskii 2013 wuxuu dhigay in lix bilood kadib federaalku maamulo, halka Wikipedia ay Jubaland u qorto maamulka dekedda ([Wikipedia, Port of Kismayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Kismayo)). Jubaland 2026 waxay heshiiska dekedda ku tilmaantay mid ay iyadu xaq u leedahay inay gasho (Garowe Online, kor). - **Shuruudaha heshiis kasta oo Imaaraadka.** Ilaa 12 Nofembar 2026 lama helin il la daabacay oo sheegaysa taariikhda, qiimaha ama shirkadda maamulaysa heshiis dekedda Kismaayo ah oo lala galay Imaaraadka ama DP World. --- # Ganacsiga dhuxusha Soomaaliya: mamnuucidda, kaydka iyo lacagta Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/charcoal-trade/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dhuxul laga sameeyay geedaha qodaxda ee Soomaaliya ayaa sannado loo dhoofin jiray suuqyada Khaliijka. Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu 2012 mamnuucay dhoofinta dhuxusha Soomaaliya, kadib markii dowladdu codsatay, maxaa yeelay ganacsigu wuxuu lacag u keenayay al-Shabaab. Khubarada QM waxay qiyaaseen in 2011 ilaa 2017 geed la jaray 30-kii ilbiriqsi mar. 2023, Goluhu wuxuu oggolaaday in hal mar la iibiyo kaydkii hore ee Kismaayo. ## Mamnuucidda - **Diseembar 2010:** mamnuucidda dhuxusha ee Soomaaliya lafteedu waxay dhaqan gashay xilligii Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed ([Geeska, Mahbub M. Abdillahi, 30 Maajo 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal)). - **Febraayo 2012:** Golaha Ammaanka ee QM wuxuu mamnuucay dhoofinta dhuxusha Soomaaliya si loo jaro dakhliga al-Shabaab ([VOA, Mohammed Yusuf, 6 Diseembar 2012](https://www.voanews.com/a/millions-of-charcoal-sacks-clutter-somali-town/1559772.html)). Waa go'aanka 2036. Dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa codsatay, iyadoo sheegtay in dhuxul-samayntu "burburiso deegaanka oo ay sababto cunto-yari" ([Security Council Report, Sebtembar 2023](https://securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2023/09/somalia-vote-on-draft-resolution.php)). - **Oktoobar 2014:** go'aanka 2182 wuxuu u oggolaaday ciidamada badda inay badda ku joojiyaan maraakiibta sida dhuxusha Soomaaliya (isla ilahaas). - **2018:** go'aanka 2444 wuxuu xaqiijiyay mamnuucidda. Midowga Yurub wuxuu leeyahay mamnuucid u gaar ah, Mareykankuna wuxuu cunaqabateeyay dad ganacsigan ku jira ([Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal)). ## Meesha loo dhoofin jiray In ka badan 80 boqolkiiba dhuxusha Soomaaliya waxay aadi jirtay waddamada Khaliijka, sida ay sheegtay Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, sida Geeska ku warrantay ([Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal)). 2019, cilmi-baare Australiyaan ah oo ku tiirsan warbixinnada Kooxda Kormeerka QM ayaa sharraxay in dhuxusha lagu iibin jiray wakiillo Dubai jooga, Iiraan lagu bedeli jiray jawaanadeeda si loo qariyo meesha ay ka timid, waraaqahana lagu qori jiray in ay ka timid Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana ama Iiraan ([The Strategist, Elizabeth White, 29 Abriil 2019](https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-unintended-consequences-of-charcoal/)). ## Lacagta | Qiyaasta | Cidda samaysay | Isha | |---|---|---| | Ilaa $25 milyan sannadkii oo al-Shabaab u timid, sannadkii ay Kismaayo haysay | Kooxda Kormeerka QM | [VOA, 6 Diseembar 2012](https://www.voanews.com/a/millions-of-charcoal-sacks-clutter-somali-town/1559772.html) | | Qiyaastii $7.5 milyan oo al-Shabaab u timid 2018, oo ka timid qiyaastii 60,000 tan | Kooxda Kormeerka QM | [The Strategist, 2019](https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-unintended-consequences-of-charcoal/) | | $15 milyan oo ah qiimaha ganacsiga | Correctiv, war-baare Jarmal ah | [Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal) | | $40 ilaa $70 milyan oo Kismaayo keliya ka timid | Ken Menkhaus, aqoonyahan siyaasadeed | [Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal) | Nofembar 2019, Guddiga Khubarada QM wuxuu sheegay in al-Shabaab ay ka baxday ganacsiga dhuxusha, balse ay weli canshuur ka qaadi karto baabuurta qaada, kooxduna "aysan dhaqaale ahaan ku tiirsanayn ganacsiga dhuxusha" ([Garowe Online, 13 Nofembar 2019](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-al-shabaab-abandons-charcoal-trade-resorts-to-mafia-style-taxation)). Guddi QM oo dambe ma diiwaangelin wax dhoofin dhuxul sharci-darro ah tan iyo Janaayo 2022 ([Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal)). ## Kaydka Kismaayo - **Diseembar 2012:** in ka badan afar milyan oo jawaan ayaa yiillay iridda koonfureed ee Kismaayo keliya, kaydkuna wuxuu ku qiyaasnaa $40 milyan. Maamulka deegaanku wuxuu sheegay in in ka badan 5,000 qof ay ganacsiga ka shaqeeyaan, maraakiib madhan oo badanna dekedda ayay sugayeen ([VOA, 6 Diseembar 2012](https://www.voanews.com/a/millions-of-charcoal-sacks-clutter-somali-town/1559772.html)). - **Sebtembar 2022:** khubarada QM waxay ku tiriyeen 12,900 tan shan meelood oo Kismaayo iyo hareeraheeda ah, oo qiimahoodu suuqyada adduunka ku dhow yahay $12 milyan ([Security Council Report, 2023](https://securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2023/09/somalia-vote-on-draft-resolution.php)). - **7 Sebtembar 2023:** Goluhu wuxuu si wadajir ah u ansixiyay go'aanka 2696, oo ah ka-dhaafid hal mar ah si kaydka looga saaro. Qorshaha dowladda, shirkadda Kismaayo ee Waamo Trading and Logistics Company ayaa la shaqeyn lahayd Jubbaland, lacagtuna waxay bixin lahayd kharashka, geed-beerid, dib-u-dhiska Kismaayo, xoolaha iyo ceelal biyood (isla ilahaas). ## Geedaha Khubarada QM waxay qiyaaseen in 2011 ilaa 2017 geed la jari jiray celcelis ahaan 30-kii ilbiriqsi mar ([The Strategist, 2019](https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-unintended-consequences-of-charcoal/)). Geeska, oo soo xiganaysa VOA, waxay tirada QM ku sheegtaa 8.2 milyan oo geed muddadaas. Qoryaha badankoodu waa qodax (acacia) ([Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal)). ## Dhuxusha guryaha Qoysas badan oo dakhligoodu yar yahay ayaa dhuxul ku karsada, maxaa yeelay ma haystaan koronto ama gaas. Wasaaradda Deegaanka iyo Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa qaybisa gaaska karinta (LPG), 2022-na kororkii qiimaha shidaalka kadib duullaankii Ruushka ee Ukraine wuxuu dhuxusha ka dhigay doorashada ka jaban qoysas badan ([Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal)). Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin mamnuucid u gaar ah (isla ilahaas). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Inta ganacsigu qiimo ahaa.** Correctiv waxay ganacsiga ku qiyaastay $15 milyan, halka Ken Menkhaus lacagta Kismaayo keliya ka timaadda ku qiyaasay $40 ilaa $70 milyan ([Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/behind-somalias-faltering-campaign-against-charcoal)). Tirooyinka Kooxda Kormeerka QM waa qaybta al-Shabaab oo keliya ([The Strategist, 2019](https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-unintended-consequences-of-charcoal/)). Ganacsiga kale ee Soomaaliya, eeg [Ganacsiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/). --- # Dekada Jabuuti iyo Dooraale Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/port-of-djibouti/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dekedaha Jabuuti waxay qaadaan qiyaastii 95 boqolkiiba waxa Itoobiya soo dejiso, waana dakhliga ugu weyn ee dhaqaalaha Jabuuti. Dekeddii hore ka sokow, Jabuuti waxay 2009 furtay Meesha Konteenarada ee Dooraale, 2017-na Dekedda Hawlaha Badan ee Dooraale oo $580 milyan ah oo ay la dhistay China Merchants, iyo dekedo cusub oo Tajuura iyo Gubet ah. Febraayo 2018 dowladdu waxay meesha konteenarada kala wareegtay DP World; maxkamad garqaad oo London ah ayaa Oktoobar 2025 xukuntay in qabsashadu sharci darro ahayd, taas oo Jabuuti diiddan tahay. ## Si kooban Jabuuti waxay ku taal albaabka koonfureed ee Badda Cas. Dekedaheedu waa waddada badeed ee ugu weyn Itoobiya: Oxford Business Group waxay 2018 sheegtay inay maamulaan qiyaastii **95 boqolkiiba waxa Itoobiya soo dejiso**, waxayna soo xigatay dhaqaaleyahan Bangiga Adduunka oo sheegay in qiyaastii **80 boqolkiiba** hawlaha gaadiidka Jabuuti ay Itoobiya ka yimaadaan ([Oxford Business Group, Jabuuti 2018](https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/djibouti/2018-report/economy/wind-in-their-sails-the-revamping-of-its-port-infrastructure-is-putting-djibouti-on-the-global-logistics-map)). TradeMark Africa waxay sheegtaa qiyaastii 95 boqolkiiba waxa Itoobiya soo dejiso iyo waxa ay dhoofiso ([TradeMark Africa](https://trademarkafrica.com/?p=14654)). Faran-ka Jabuuti, eeg [Faran-ka Jabuuti](/so/economy/djiboutian-franc/). Dekedaha Soomaaliya, eeg [Dekedaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/ports/). ## Dekedaha Warbixinta Oxford Business Group ee 2018 ([Oxford Business Group](https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/djibouti/2018-report/economy/wind-in-their-sails-the-revamping-of-its-port-infrastructure-is-putting-djibouti-on-the-global-logistics-map)): | Dekedda | La furay | Qiimaha | Awoodda ama baaxadda | Faahfaahin | |---|---|---|---|---| | Meesha Konteenarada ee Dooraale | 2009 | | 928,000 TEU 2017 | DP World ayaa dhistay oo maamulaysay ilaa Febraayo 2018 | | Dekedda Hawlaha Badan ee Dooraale | Maajo 2017 | $580 milyan | 2 milyan tan oo xamuul ah sannadkii; kayd 100,000 tan oo bacrimin ah iyo 100,000 tan oo galley ah | Waxaa maalgeliyay Hay'adda Dekedaha iyo Aagagga Xorta ah ee Jabuuti iyo China Merchants | | Tajuura | Juun 2017 | | 5 milyan tan oo macdan ah sannadkii; laba marin oo 455 mitir ah | Potash ka timaada gobollada Canfar iyo Tigray ee Itoobiya; waxaa maalgeliyay Sanduuqa Carabta iyo Sanduuqa Horumarinta Sacuudiga | | Gubet | Juun 2017 | $64 milyan | 5 milyan tan oo milix ah sannadkii; marin 400 mitir ah, qoto 15 mitir | Milixda Harada Casal | | Dekedda xoolaha ee Damerjog | Loo qorsheeyay 2018; lama bilaabin ilaa Agoosto 2018 | $70 milyan | 80,000 xoolo bishii | Xoolo loo diro Sacuudiga, Masar iyo Liibiya | ## Khilaafka DP World - **2006:** DP World waxay heshay heshiis 50 sano ah oo Meesha Konteenarada ee Dooraale ah ([Khaleej Times, 2 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/london-court-rules-djibouti-illegally-seized-dp-world-port)). - **23 Febraayo 2018:** dowladdu waxay la wareegtay meesha konteenarada. Jabuuti waxay sabab uga dhigtay maamul xumo ([Oxford Business Group](https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/djibouti/2018-report/economy/wind-in-their-sails-the-revamping-of-its-port-infrastructure-is-putting-djibouti-on-the-global-logistics-map); [Xafiiska Warbaahinta Dubai, 12 Luulyo 2021](https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2021/july/12-07/arbitration-tribunal-rejects-djibouti-port-company-bid-to-escape-contract-with-dp-world)). - **Go'aamo hore:** guddi garqaad oo ka tirsan Maxkamadda Garqaadka Caalamiga ah ee London (LCIA) ayaa Jabuuti ku amray inay shirkadda meesha konteenarada siiso **$385 milyan** iyo dulsaar, sababtoo ah waxay jebisay xuquuqdeeda gaarka ah markii ay China Merchants la samaysay meelo konteenaro oo cusub ([Khaleej Times](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/london-court-orders-djibouti-to-pay-385-million-to-dp-world-jv)). - **Oktoobar 2025:** guddi LCIA ah ayaa xukumay in qabsashadu sharci darro ahayd, heshiiskuna weli ansax yahay, laakiin magdhow kuma xukumin shirkadda dekedaha dowladda, Port de Djibouti SA, iyadoo sheegtay in khasaaruhu si toos ah dowladda uga yimid. DP World waxay sheegtaa in go'aamada ay Jabuuti ka haysato ay gaarayaan qiyaastii **$685 milyan**, iyo in sheegashooyin qiyaastii $1 bilyan ah oo ka dhan ah dowladda iyo China Merchants Port Holdings ay socdaan ([Khaleej Times, 2 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/london-court-rules-djibouti-illegally-seized-dp-world-port)). - **30 Sebtembar 2025:** Jabuuti waxay soo saartay war ay ku sheegtay inay guulaysatay, inay si sharci ah wax u qabatay, iyo in khilaafku dhammaaday (isla ishaas). ## Itoobiya iyo Somaliland Maarso 2018, maalmo kadib qabsashadii Dooraale, Itoobiya waxay ogolaatay inay qaadato 19 boqolkiiba dekedda DP World ee Berbera ee Somaliland ([Khaleej Times](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/ethiopia-acquires-19-stake-in-dp-world-berbera-port)). Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti waxay Febraayo 2026 isku af-gartay inay kordhiyaan iskaashiga Dooraale ([AllAfrica, 27 Febraayo 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602270391.html)). Eeg [Dekada Berbera](/so/economy/port-of-berbera/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Qaybta Itoobiya.** Tirooyin qiyaastii 95 boqolkiiba ah ayaa loo bixiyaa waxa Itoobiya soo dejiso (Oxford Business Group), waxa ay soo dejiso iyo waxa ay dhoofiso (TradeMark Africa), iyo ganacsiga soo gala (Africanews), oo mid walba si kale loo cabbiray ([Africanews, 2 Maajo 2018](https://www.africanews.com/2018/05/02/ethiopia-moves-to-take-stake-in-port-of-djibouti-after-pm-s-visit/)). - **Qiimaha dekedda hawlaha badan.** Oxford Business Group waxay sheegtaa $580 milyan; warbixino kale waxay sheegaan $590 milyan ([Engineering News, 23 Juun 2017](https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/djibouti-2017-06-23)). - **Qabsashadii Dooraale.** DP World iyo guddiyada LCIA waxay ku tilmaamaan sharci darro; dowladda Jabuuti waxay sheegtaa inay si sharci ah wax u qabatay ([Khaleej Times, 2 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/london-court-rules-djibouti-illegally-seized-dp-world-port)). --- # Gargaarka Soomaaliya: inta uu yahay, cidda bixisa, iyo jarista 2025 ilaa 2026 Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/aid-and-humanitarian-funding/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Gargaarku weli waa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya, laakiin si degdeg ah ayuu hoos ugu dhacayaa. Qorshaha bani'aadamnimada ee QM ee 2026 wuxuu codsanayaa $852 milyan, 40 boqolkiiba ka yar sannadkii ka horreeyay, Maajo 2026-na qiyaastii 15 boqolkiiba keliya ayaa la maalgeliyay. Deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha ayaa 2025 bixiyay in ka badan kala badh miisaaniyadda federaalka. ## Saddex nooc oo gargaar ah Gargaarku wuxuu Soomaaliya ku yimaadaa saddex hab oo waaweyn: 1. **Deeqo miisaaniyadda dowladda loo siiyo.** 2025, dowladda federaalku waxay heshay **$516 milyan** oo deeqo ah, 96 boqolkiiba waxay ka yimaadeen hay'adaha caalamiga ah sida Bangiga Adduunka ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). 2. **Mashaariicda horumarinta,** inta badan Bangiga Adduunka, oo mashaariicdiisa Soomaaliya ay yihiin qiyaastii **$2.34 bilyan**, oo ay ku jiraan mashaariic gobol ([Bangiga Adduunka, Soomaaliya](https://www.worldbank.org/so)). 3. **Gargaarka bani'aadamnimada** ee hay'adaha QM iyo NGO-yada, oo loogu talagalay cunto, biyo, caafimaad iyo hoy. Lacagta NGO-yada ee bangiyada iyo shirkadaha xawaaladda ku soo gashay Soomaaliya waxay 2025 ahayd **$936 milyan** ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Qorshaha bani'aadamnimada ee 2026 26 Janaayo 2026, dowladda federaalka, QM iyo la-hawlgalayaasha gargaarku waxay daah-fureen Qorshaha Baahiyaha iyo Jawaabta Bani'aadamnimada 2026. Wuxuu codsanayaa **$852 milyan si loo caawiyo 2.4 milyan oo qof**, 40 boqolkiiba ka yar sannadkii ka horreeyay ([QM Soomaaliya](https://somalia.un.org/en/308876-humanitarian-partners-seek-us852-million-assist-24-million-people-2026)). Inta la maalgeliyay qorshaha sannad kasta: - **2024:** 57.7 boqolkiiba. - **2025:** qiyaastii 27 ilaa 29 boqolkiiba. - **2026 (dabayaaqadii Abriil):** qiyaastii 15 boqolkiiba, heerkii ugu hooseeyay ee abid la diiwaangeliyay waqtigaas sannadka. Ilaha: [Save the Children, ReliefWeb](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-when-aid-disappears-childhoods-disappear-too); [UN Geneva, Diseembar 2025](https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2025/12/114250/somalia-funding-cuts-impact-assistance-millions-affected-drought). ## Cidda bixisa Maalgelinta bani'aadamnimada ee Soomaaliya ee ay diiwaangelisay Adeegga Raadraaca Maaliyadda ee QM (FTS), doollarka Mareykanka ([UN OCHA, Financial Tracking Service](https://fts.unocha.org/countries/206/summary/2025)): | Sannadka | Wadarta la diiwaangeliyay | Deeq-bixiyaha ugu weyn | |---|---|---| | 2017 | $1.33 bilyan | Mareykanka ($368 milyan) | | 2020 | $1.10 bilyan | Mareykanka ($496 milyan) | | 2022 | $2.38 bilyan | Mareykanka ($1.28 bilyan) | | 2023 | $1.34 bilyan | Mareykanka ($662 milyan) | | 2024 | $1.03 bilyan | Mareykanka ($433 milyan) | | 2025 | $541 milyan | Gargaarka bani'aadamnimada ee Midowga Yurub ($95 milyan) | | 2026 (ilaa hadda) | $346 milyan | Gargaarka bani'aadamnimada ee Midowga Yurub ($82 milyan) | 2022, sannadkii abaartii daranayd, maalgelintu waxay gaartay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay, $2.38 bilyan. 2025 waxay ka yarayd afar meelood meel taas. Mareykanka ayaa ugu badnaa sannad kasta 2017 ilaa 2024; 2025 wuxuu diiwaangeliyay $54 milyan (iyo $17 milyan oo si gooni ah loogu qoray Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka), wuxuuna u dhacay kaalinta saddexaad, kadib Midowga Yurub ($95 milyan) iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ($82 milyan). FTS waxay sidoo kale Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya lafteeda u taxdaa il maalgelin bani'aadamnimo: $342 milyan 2022 iyo $79 milyan 2024. Deeq-bixiyeyaal kale oo waaweyn 2025 waxay ahaayeen Sacuudiga, Jarmalka, sanduuqa degdegga ah ee QM (CERF) iyo Qadar ([FTS 2025](https://fts.unocha.org/countries/206/summary/2025)). ## Waxa jaristu keentay - In ka badan **300 xarumood caafimaad** ayaa la xiray ama shaqada ka joogsaday bartamihii 2026 sababo la xiriira maalgelin la'aan, sida ay sheegtay OCHA ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/ocha-somalia-faces-deepening-humanitarian-crisis-amid-drought-and-flood-risks)). - Kharashka kaalmada bulshada ee federaalka wuxuu 2025 hoos u dhacay 88 boqolkiiba ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - Deeqaha waddamada keli-keliga ah ee miisaaniyadda federaalka waxay 2025 gaareen $19 milyan oo keliya, halka la qorsheeyay $170 milyan (isla ilahaas). - Sanduuqa degdegga ah ee QM (CERF) wuxuu 2026 Soomaaliya u sii daayay **$16 milyan** si qayb ka mid ah daldaloolka loo buuxiyo ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-gets-dollar16m-as-un-releases-dollar160m-for-underfunded-crises)). - Bangiga Adduunka iyo IMF labaduba waxay jarista gargaarka ku sheegaan sababta ugu weyn ee koboca dhaqaalaha 2026 u gaabiyay ([Bangiga Adduunka, Maajo 2026](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/05/13/somalia-growth-continues-but-shocks-and-aid-cuts-intensify-risks-to-jobs-and-livelihoods); [IMF, Oktoobar 2026](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/05/pr26319-somalia-imf-staff-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation-mission)). ## Sida gargaarku dadka u gaaro Gargaar badan hadda qoysaska ayaa lagu siiyaa lacag taleefannadooda ku dhacda. EVC Plus ee Hormuud waxaa dadka ku bixiya in ka badan 145 hay'adood oo gargaar ([TechCabal, Juun 2026](https://techcabal.com/2026/06/19/techcabal-daily-somalias-accidental-bank/)). Barnaamijka qaranka ee badbaadada bulshada, **Baxnaano**, oo ay dowladdu maamusho Bangiga Adduunkuna maalgeliyo, wuxuu lacag joogto ah gaarsiiyay in ka badan 3.7 milyan oo qof ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://shorthand.worldbankgroup.org/reforms-and-relief-how-somalia-turned-a-page-amid-a-global-debt-crisis/)). Eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). ## Lacagta cimilada Sanduuqa Cimilada Cagaaran (Green Climate Fund) wuxuu Soomaaliya ku leeyahay 7 mashruuc oo qiimahoodu yahay **$182 milyan**, oo ku saabsan beeraha, tamarta nadiifta ah iyo digniinta hore ee abaaraha iyo daadadka ([Green Climate Fund, Somalia](https://www.greenclimate.fund/countries/somalia)). ## Gargaarka iyo lacagaha kale Lacagta Soomaalida dibadda joogtaa soo dirto ayaa ka badan gargaarka oo dhan. Qoysasku waxay 2025 qaraabadooda dibadda ka heleen $3.13 bilyan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). 2023, lacagta qurbuhu waxay horay uga badnayd dhammaan gargaarka horumarinta iyo bani'aadamnimada oo la isku daro ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/July/202205/u_s_remittance_tax_threatens_1_7_billion_somali_lifeline.aspx)). Eeg [Lacagta qurbaha](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/). ## Hay'adaha maxalliga ah Hay'adaha gargaarka Soomaaliyeed waxay dalbanayaan in qayb ka weyn oo gargaarka ah si toos ah loo siiyo hay'adaha maxalliga ah. Golaha Bani'aadamnimada ee Dalka ee 2025, oo lagu qabtay Baydhabo, ayaa ka hadlay habkan "Soomaali hoggaamiso" ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/baidoa-hosts-2025-country-humanitarian-forum-as-pressure-mounts-for-somali-led-aid-reform)). ## Faylka xogta 15-ka deeq-bixiye ee ugu waaweyn ee bani'aadamnimada Soomaaliya sannad kasta 2017 ilaa 2026, iyo wadarta sannadlaha ah, waxaa laga helayaa [humanitarian-funding-by-donor-2017-2026.csv](/data/economy/humanitarian-funding-by-donor-2017-2026.csv). Isha: [UN OCHA Financial Tracking Service](https://fts.unocha.org/countries/206/summary/2026), la eegay 12 Nofembar 2026. --- # Fooxa iyo malmalka: ganacsiga xabagta Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/frankincense-and-myrrh/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Fooxa (beeyo, maydi) iyo malmalku waa xabag laga goosto geedo duureed oo ku yaal buuraha Sanaag iyo Bari. Maydiga, oo ka yimaadda Boswellia frereana, waxaa loo iibiyaa fooxa ugu qaalisan. Goosatada waxaa la siin jiray qiyaastii $5 ilaa $7 kiilokii 2016 iyo qiyaastii $6 sannadkii 2021, dhoofiye Hargeysa jooga ayaana ku qiyaasay dhoofinta Somaliland in ka badan 3,000 tan sannadkii. ## Geedaha iyo noocyada Fooxu waa xabag ka timaadda geedaha *Boswellia*. Deegaannada Soomaalida waxaa laga ganacsadaa laba nooc: *Boswellia carterii* (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan *B. sacra*), oo Cumaan-na ka baxda, iyo *Boswellia frereana*, oo loo iibiyo **maydi** ([Comboni Missionaries, oo soo xiganaysa Kontinente, 19 Maarso 2021](https://combonimissionaries.ie/2021/03/19/somaliland-incense-sweet-smelling-fragrance-from-heaven/)). VOA waxay maydiga ku tilmaantay "xabagta foox ee ugu qaalisan" ([VOA, 23 Diseembar 2016](https://www.voanews.com/amp/somaliland-frankincense-industry-threatened-by-high-demand/3647998.html)). Younis Aroma, shirkad ku taal waqooyiga Puntland oo FairWild u aqoonsatay goosashada duurka ee joogtada ah, waxay taxdaa foox ka yimid *B. sacra* iyo *B. frereana*, malmal ka yimid *Commiphora myrrha*, iyo hadi (opoponax) ka yimid *Commiphora erythraea* ([FairWild, Younis Aroma](https://www.fairwild.org/all-fairwild-participants/younisaroma)). ## Meesha ay ka baxaan Geeduhu waxay ka baxaan dhagaxyada buuraha Cal Madow, oo ka kaca in ka badan 2,400 mitir xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed, agagaarka Ceerigaabo ee Sanaag ([AP, Global News, Jason Patinkin, 24 Diseembar 2016](https://globalnews.ca/news/3146852/last-wild-frankincense-forests-are-under-threat-from-overharvesting/)). VOA waxay sawirtay goosato u dhow Gudmo iyo Mader Moge, iyo kala-soocayaal Ceerigaabo iyo Burco ([VOA, 2016](https://www.voanews.com/amp/somaliland-frankincense-industry-threatened-by-high-demand/3647998.html)). Puntland, ganacsigu wuxuu maraa gobolka Bari, xabagtana waxaa laga dhoofiyaa dekedda Qandala ([Radio Ergo, 7 Juun 2021](https://radioergo.org/en/2021/06/somali-frankincense-traders-in-puntland-turn-to-other-livelihoods/)). ## Shaqada iyo mushaharka | Cidda | Mushaharka ama qiimaha | Isha | |---|---|---| | Goosatada, Somaliland | Xabagta ceeriin ah waxay ka kacday qiyaastii $1 kiilokii ilaa $5 ilaa $7 lixdii sano ee ku dhammaaday 2016 | [AP, 2016](https://globalnews.ca/news/3146852/last-wild-frankincense-forests-are-under-threat-from-overharvesting/) | | Goosatada, Mader Moge | Qiyaastii $6 kiilokii, doollar lagu bixiyo; goosasho kastaa waxay keentaa 2 ilaa 5 kiilo | [Comboni Missionaries, 2021](https://combonimissionaries.ie/2021/03/19/somaliland-incense-sweet-smelling-fragrance-from-heaven/) | | Kala-soocayaasha, Ceerigaabo | Qiyaastii 40 senti kiilokii; kuwa ugu dhaqsaha badan waxay maalintii soocaan qiyaastii 5 kiilo | [Comboni Missionaries, 2021](https://combonimissionaries.ie/2021/03/19/somaliland-incense-sweet-smelling-fragrance-from-heaven/) | | Goosade, Qandala | Qiimaha deegaanka wuxuu ka dhacay $5 ilaa $6 kiilokii una dhacay $2 sannadkii 2021 | [Radio Ergo, 2021](https://radioergo.org/en/2021/06/somali-frankincense-traders-in-puntland-turn-to-other-livelihoods/) | | Goosade geedo kiraysta, Qandala | Wuxuu sannadkii $250 ku kiraysan jiray laba geed, wuxuuna sannadkii heli jiray qiyaastii $3,000, isagoo goosta Juun iyo Oktoobar | [Radio Ergo, 2021](https://radioergo.org/en/2021/06/somali-frankincense-traders-in-puntland-turn-to-other-livelihoods/) | Raggu waxay waaberiga fuulaan dhagaxyada, qaarkoodna cago-cadaan. Goosade ayaa AP u sheegay in sannad kasta qaar dhacaan, lugaha jabsadaan ama dhintaan ([AP, 2016](https://globalnews.ca/news/3146852/last-wild-frankincense-forests-are-under-threat-from-overharvesting/)). Mader Moge, 80 qoys ayaa xabagta ku nool, Ceerigaabona waxay leedahay qiyaastii 100 ganacsade xabag ([Comboni Missionaries, 2021](https://combonimissionaries.ie/2021/03/19/somaliland-incense-sweet-smelling-fragrance-from-heaven/)). ## Dhoofinta iyo iibsadayaasha - Dhoofiyaha Hargeysa ee Barkhad Jibriil Xasan wuxuu dhoofinta xabagta Somaliland ku qiyaasay in ka badan 3,000 tan sannadkii. Macmiilkiisa ugu weyn wuxuu ahaa shirkadda Mareykanka ee doTerra ([Comboni Missionaries, 2021](https://combonimissionaries.ie/2021/03/19/somaliland-incense-sweet-smelling-fragrance-from-heaven/)). - Wasiirka deegaanka Somaliland, Shukri Ismaaciil, ayaa 2016 AP u sheegay in fooxu ahaa isha dakhliga dowladda ee ugu weyn xoolaha kadib. Shixnadaha waxay aadi jireen Yemen iyo Sacuudiga, kadibna Yurub iyo Mareykanka ([AP, 2016](https://globalnews.ca/news/3146852/last-wild-frankincense-forests-are-under-threat-from-overharvesting/)). - Qandala, xabagta waxaa loo dhoofin jiray Sacuudiga iyo Imaaraadka Carabta. Dhoofiye ayaa 2020 iibiyay 150 jawaan, halka sannad caadi ah uu iibin jiray in ka badan 1,200, kadib markii iibsadayaashu joojiyeen dalabka xilligii COVID-19. Qiyaastii 200 qoys oo Qandala iyo Bargaal ah ayaa u wareegay shaqo kale ([Radio Ergo, 2021](https://radioergo.org/en/2021/06/somali-frankincense-traders-in-puntland-turn-to-other-livelihoods/)). ## Goosashada xad-dhaafka ah iyo dagaalka Cilmi-deegaanyahanka Anjanette DeCarlo ee Conserve Cal Madow ayaa AP u sheegtay in geedaha waaweyni ay u dhimanayaan si "naxdin leh", maxaa yeelay goosatadu aad bay u jaraan oo sannadka oo dhan ayay goostaan, geed cusubna qiyaastii 40 sano ayuu u baahan yahay kahor inta aan la goosan ([AP, 2016](https://globalnews.ca/news/3146852/last-wild-frankincense-forests-are-under-threat-from-overharvesting/)). Maarso 2025, Radio Ergo waxay soo werisay in dagaalka u dhexeeya ciidamada Puntland iyo kooxda Daacish ee Bari uu qiyaastii 2,500 qoys oo miyi ah ka xiray geedahooda fooxa ([Environmental Peacebuilding Association, oo soo xiganaysa Radio Ergo, 11 Maarso 2025](https://www.environmentalpeacebuilding.org/news/show/195d13e30367)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Qiimaha goosatada.** AP waxay 2016 sheegtay $5 ilaa $7 kiilokii, warbixin 2021 oo Mader Moge ah waxay sheegtay qiyaastii $6, Radio Ergo-na waxay 2021 sheegtay $2 kiilokii Qandala, oo ka dhacay $5 ilaa $6 ([AP](https://globalnews.ca/news/3146852/last-wild-frankincense-forests-are-under-threat-from-overharvesting/); [Comboni Missionaries](https://combonimissionaries.ie/2021/03/19/somaliland-incense-sweet-smelling-fragrance-from-heaven/); [Radio Ergo](https://radioergo.org/en/2021/06/somali-frankincense-traders-in-puntland-turn-to-other-livelihoods/)). Dhoofinta kale ee Soomaaliya, eeg [Ganacsiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/). --- # Somali Airlines (Shirkadda Duulimaadyada Soomaaliyeed), 1964 ilaa maanta Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-airlines/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somali Airlines waxay ahayd shirkadda diyaaradaha qaranka Soomaaliya 1964 ilaa 1991. Waxay ku bilaabatay wadaag lala galay Alitalia ee Talyaaniga, waxay u duuli jirtay Rooma, Frankfurt, Qaahira, Jiddah, Abu Dhabi iyo Nairobi, waxayna joojisay duulimaadyada markii dagaalka sokeeye bilowday 1991. Luulyo 2025 dowladdu waxay saxiixday iibsashada laba Airbus A320 si dib loogu bilaabo; warbixinnadii ugu dambeeyay, Ogosto 2026, waxay duulimaadka ugu horreeya u qabteen bartamaha Sebtembar 2026. ## Si kooban Somali Airlines waxaa la aasaasay **5 Maarso 1964**, waxayna bilowday duulimaadyo gudaha ah Luulyo 1964. Dowladda Soomaaliya iyo Alitalia mid kastaa wuxuu lahaa kala badh. 1977 dowladdu waxay iibsatay saamigii Alitalia. Xilligeedii ugu sarreeyay ee 1980-meeyadii waxay Boeing 707 kaga duuli jirtay Muqdisho iyo Berbera una duuli jirtay Yurub, Khaliijka iyo Bariga Afrika. Duulimaadyadu waxay joogsadeen **1991** markii dagaalka sokeeye bilowday ([Wikipedia, Somali Airlines, oo soo xiganaysa Flight International iyo *Encyclopedia of African Airlines* ee Guttery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Airlines)). ## Diyaaradaha iyo jidadka Laga soo qaatay hagayaasha shirkadaha diyaaradaha ee sannadlaha ah ee Flight International: - **1965:** saddex Douglas DC-3 iyo laba Cessna 180, oo gudaha Soomaaliya iyo Cadan u duuli jiray ([Flight International, 15 Abriil 1965](https://web.archive.org/web/20160306212258/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%202177.html)). - **1970:** saddex DC-3, afar Vickers Viscount iyo laba Cessna 185 ([Flight International, 26 Maarso 1970](https://web.archive.org/web/20131230142457/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1970/1970%20-%200551.html)). - **1974:** Boeing 720B oo laga kireystay Tempair, diyaaraddii jet-ka ahayd ee ugu horreysay ee shirkadda ([Flight International, 7 Febraayo 1974](https://web.archive.org/web/20140107211259/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200183.html)). - **1985:** laba Boeing 707-320C iyo laba Fokker F27, **714 shaqaale**, oo Muqdisho iyo Berbera uga duula Abu Dhabi, Qaahira, Frankfurt, Jiddah, Nairobi iyo Rooma ([Flight International, 30 Maarso 1985](https://web.archive.org/web/20140107225126/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1985/1985%20-%200980.html)). - **1987:** dalab Airbus A310 ah oo loogu talagalay inuu beddelo 707-yada jidadka Yurub iyo Bariga Dhexe ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Flight International, 7 Nofembar 1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Airlines)). Adeeg Nairobi ah oo la bilaabay Janaayo 1966 ayaa la joojiyay Juun 1966 kadib markii Kenya mamnuucday duulimaadyada shirkadda, xilli xiisad u dhexeysay labada dal oo ku saabsanayd Gobolka Waqooyi Bari (NFD) ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Guttery 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Airlines)). ## Shilalka Aviation Safety Network waxay diiwaangelisay lix dhacdo, saddex ka mid ah dhimasho leh ([Aviation Safety Network, Somali Airlines](https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/5298)): | Taariikhda | Goobta | Diyaaradda | Dhimashada | |---|---|---|---| | 6 Maajo 1970 | Muqdisho | Vickers Viscount | 5 ka mid ah 30 | | 16 Ogosto 1975 | Boosaaso | Douglas C-47 | 0 ka mid ah 11 | | 20 Luulyo 1981 | Balcad | Fokker F27 (duulimaadka 40) | 50 ka mid ah 50 | | 17 Maajo 1989 | Nairobi | Boeing 707 | 0 ka mid ah 70 | | 28 Juun 1989 | Hargeysa | Fokker F27 | 30 ka mid ah 30 | Duulimaadka 40 wuxuu ku kala jabay hawo aad u qallafsan ([Aviation Safety Network](https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19810720-0)). Fokker-kii ku burburay kicitaanka kadib Hargeysa Juun 1989, jabhado ayaa sheegtay inay soo rideen ([Aviation Safety Network](https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890628-1); [Flight International, Janaayo 1990](https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200101.html)). ## Qorshayaasha dib loogu duulayo - **Luulyo 2012:** dowladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday qorshe dib loogu soo nooleynayo shirkadda ([Laanta, 24 Luulyo 2012](https://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/)). - **Diseembar 2017:** Soomaaliya waxay dib ula wareegtay maamulka hawadeeda 27 sano kadib ([Voice of America](https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-takes-control-of-its-own-skies/4182804.html)). - **28 Luulyo 2025:** xaflad lagu qabtay Xafiiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha, dowladdu waxay saxiixday iibsashada laba Airbus A320 oo laga iibsaday Lima Holding Group si shirkadda dib loogu bilaabo. Wasiirka Gaadiidka Maxamed Faarax Nuux wuxuu sheegay in diyaaraduhu duuli doonaan laba bilood gudahood ([SONNA, 29 Luulyo 2025](https://sonna.so/en/the-return-of-the-white-star-somali-airlines-resumes-operations-after-three-decades/); [Hiiraan Online](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/July/202363/somalia_buys_airbus_jets_to_relaunch_somali_airlines_after_33_year_hiatus.aspx)). Wuxuu sidoo kale sheegay in laba ama saddex diyaaradood oo kale ay ku xigi doonaan ([TRT Afrika](https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/c2648e1321aa)). - **27 Oktoobar 2025:** wasiirka gaadiidku wuxuu sheegay in duulimaadyadu dib u bilaabmi doonaan ka hor dhammaadka 2025 ([ch-aviation, 31 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/160023-somali-airlines-poised-to-resume-flights-by-ye25)). Taariikhdaas waa la dhaafay iyadoon duulimaad dhicin. - **Ogosto 2026:** hay'adda duulista rayidka waxay sheegtay in shirkaddu ku jirto "wejiyada ugu dambeeya", duulimaadka ugu horreeyana la filayo "qiyaastii bartamaha Sebtembar" 2026. Oggolaanshaha xakameynta iyo badbaadada ayaa weli loo baahnaa ([ch-aviation, 19 Ogosto 2026](https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/170707-somali-airlines-now-targets-late-3q26-restart); [Bloomberg, 16 Ogosto 2026](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-16/somalia-national-airline-to-resume-service-after-35-years); [Dawan Africa, 18 Ogosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somali-airlines-expected-to-resume-flights-in-mid-september)). Warbixin duulimaad ugu horreeyay ah lama helin markii boggan la hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. Maanta shirkadaha diyaaradaha ee Soomaaliya ka duula waa shirkado gaar ah. Kuwa maxalliga ah ee ugu waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah Daallo Airlines iyo Jubba Airways ([Wikipedia, Somali Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Airlines)). Eeg [Duulimaadyada Soomaaliya](/so/economy/airlines-in-somalia/) iyo [Dhaqaalaha Muqdisho](/so/economy/mogadishu-economy/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - Warbixinnadu waxay muddada tan iyo 1991 ku tilmaamaan 33, 34 ama 35 sano, iyadoo ku xiran taariikhda warbixinta. - Iibiyaha A320-yada waxaa SONNA u qortay Lima Holding Group, warbixinno kalena Lema Holdings. - Saamiga Alitalia waxaa lagu sheegaa 50 boqolkiiba aasaaska iyo 49 boqolkiiba markii dowladdu iibsatay 1977 ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Guttery 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Airlines)). --- # Duulimaadyada Soomaaliya: shirkadaha diyaaradaha gaarka ah tan iyo 1991 Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/airlines-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Tan iyo markii Somali Airlines joogsatay 1991, duulimaadyada Soomaaliya gala kana baxa waxaa wada shirkado diyaaradeed oo gaar ah oo badankood Soomaali leeyihiin. Tan ugu da'da weyn waa Daallo Airlines, oo Jabuuti ka bilaabatay 1991, waxaana ku xigtay Jubba Airways 1998; labadoodu waxay 2015 isku daraan shirkadahooda haynta. Garoonka Muqdisho wuxuu 2023 diiwaangeliyay qiyaastii 253,000 imaansho iyo 234,000 bixitaan. ## Si kooban Markii shirkadda diyaaradaha qaranka ee Soomaaliya joogsatay 1991, shirkado gaar ah ayaa la wareegay. Badankood waxaa leh Soomaali laakiin waxay ka diiwaangashan yihiin Jabuuti, Dubai ama Nairobi. Waxay ku duulaan diyaarado yaryar iyo kuwo dhexdhexaad ah oo u kala goosha magaalooyinka Soomaaliyeed iyo Jabuuti, Nairobi, Dubai, Jiddah iyo Entebbe. Shirkado shisheeye sida Turkish Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, Qatar Airways iyo Uganda Airlines ayaa sidoo kale u duula Muqdisho ([EUAA, diiradda dalka Soomaaliya 2025, oo soo xiganaysa Axmed Nuur Cali 2024](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/212-mobility-and-accessibility)). Shirkadda diyaaradaha qaranka iyo soo noqoshadeeda la qorsheeyay, eeg [Somali Airlines](/so/economy/somali-airlines/). ## Shirkadaha diyaaradaha | Shirkadda | La aasaasay | Aasaasaha | Xarunta | |---|---|---|---| | Daallo Airlines | 1991 (duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay 20 Maarso 1991) | Maxamed Ibraahim Yaasiin Olad | Jabuuti, kadib Dubai | | Jubba Airways | 1998 (duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay Maajo 1998) | Siciid Nuur Qayliye | Muqdisho, kadib Nairobi | | Air Somalia | 2001 (la xiray 2002) | Milkiilayaal Soomaaliyeed | Soomaaliya | | African Express Airways | | Milkiilayaal Soomaaliyeed | Nairobi | | Maandeeq Air | 2015 (duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay 15 Oktoobar 2015) | Shucayb Cali Warsame | Muqdisho | Ilaha: [Wikipedia, Daallo Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines); [Wikipedia, Jubba Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubba_Airways); [Wikipedia, Air Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Somalia); [Wikipedia, African Express Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Express_Airways); [Wikipedia, Maandeeq Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maandeeq_Air). - **Daallo** waxay Jabuuti ka bilaabatay 1991. Maarso 2000 waxay lahayd 42 shaqaale, waxayna u duuli jirtay Berbera, Boorama, Boosaaso, Dire Dawa, Jabuuti, Dubai, Hargeysa, Jiddah, Muqdisho iyo Shaarja. Waxay hakisay dhammaan duulimaadyada Maarso 2010, waxayna dib u bilowday isla sannadkaas dabayaaqadiisii ([Wikipedia, Daallo Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines)). - Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee **Jubba Airways** ee Maajo 1998 wuxuu ahaa duulimaadkii tooska ahaa ee ugu horreeyay ee Shaarja ilaa Muqdisho tan iyo 1991. Waxay u duushaa Muqdisho, Boosaaso, Gaalkacyo, Hargeysa, Jabuuti iyo Dubai, waxayna qaaddaa xujaajta ([Wikipedia, Jubba Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubba_Airways)). - **Febraayo 2015**, Daallo iyo Jubba waxay sameeyeen shirkad haynta wadaag ah, African Airways Alliance, iyagoo haystay magacyadooda gaarka ah (isla ilahaas). - **Air Somalia** waxay ahayd shirkaddii diyaaradaha gaarka ahayd ee ugu horreysay ee si buuxda Soomaali u leeyihiin. Waxay lahayd hal Tupolev Tu-154, oo la keenay Diseembar 2000. Somaliland waxay ka mamnuucday hawadeeda Juun 2001, waxayna joojisay dhammaan duulimaadyada 2002 ([Wikipedia, Air Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Somalia)). - **Maandeeq Air** waxay bilowday duulimaadyo gudaha ah Oktoobar 2015, waxayna Sebtembar 2024 bilowday Muqdisho ilaa Nairobi, iyadoo isticmaalaysa diyaaradaha Fokker 50 iyo Fokker 70 ([Wikipedia, Maandeeq Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maandeeq_Air)). - Shirkado kale oo gudaha Soomaaliya ka duula waxaa ka mid ah Freedom Airline Express, Salaam Air Express iyo Halla Airlines ([EUAA, oo soo xiganaysa Axmed Nuur Cali 2024](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/212-mobility-and-accessibility)). ## Socdaalka iyo hawada - **2023**, garoonka Aadan Cadde ee Muqdisho wuxuu diiwaangeliyay **253,008 imaansho** iyo **233,808 bixitaan** ([EUAA, oo soo xiganaysa Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, Statistical Abstract, Nofembar 2024](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/212-mobility-and-accessibility)). - Soomaaliya waxay dib ula wareegtay maamulka hawadeeda Diseembar 2017 ([Voice of America](https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-takes-control-of-its-own-skies/4182804.html)). Kadib qalab cusub oo hagidda raadiyaha ah oo 2023 la keenay, duulimaadyada maalinlaha ah ee mara hawada Soomaaliya waxay ka kordheen qiyaastii 220 ilaa qiyaastii 500 Juun 2024 ([EUAA, oo soo xiganaysa Axmed Nuur Cali 2024](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/212-mobility-and-accessibility)). - Febraayo 2023, nidaamka xisaab-xiridda tigidhada IATA ee wakaaladaha safarka ayaa dib Muqdisho uga bilaabmay 33 sano kadib (isla ilahaas). - Safarka diyaaraddu waxaa lagu tilmaamaa mid aad ugu qaali ah Soomaalida caadiga ah badankood ([EUAA, oo soo xiganaysa Adeegga Socdaalka Finland, 2020](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/212-mobility-and-accessibility)). ## Badbaadada - **2 Febraayo 2016**, bam ayaa ku qarxay Daallo Airlines Duulimaadka 159 qiyaastii 20 daqiiqo kadib markii uu Muqdisho uga ambabaxay Jabuuti. Diyaaraddu way soo laabatay oo degtay; qofka keliya ee dhintay wuxuu ahaa ninkii watay bamka, oo masuuliyiintu sheegeen in lagu qariyay laptop. Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay weerarka ([Wikipedia, Daallo Airlines Flight 159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159); [VOA, 6 Febraayo 2016](https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/news/2016/02/sec-160206-voa02.htm)). Maajo 2016, maxkamad ciidan ayaa xukuntay 10 qof ([VOA, 30 Maajo 2016](https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/news/2016/05/sec-160530-voa01.htm)). - **Janaayo 2025**, Hay'adda Duulista Hawada Rayidka Soomaaliyeed waxay amarro u soo saartay shirkado qaadayay rakaab iyagoon haysan diyaarado si sax ah loogu qoondeeyay, kadib cabashooyin rakaab, waxayna hakisay diyaarado gudaha ah qaar ilaa la dayactiro. Ma magacaabin shirkadaha ([SONNA, 21 Janaayo 2025](https://sonna.so/en/scaa-ensures-continuity-of-domestic-and-international-flights-amid-safety-concerns)). - Daallo Airlines waxay ku jirtaa liiska Midowga Yurub ee shirkadaha diyaaradaha laga mamnuucay hawadiisa ([Wikipedia, Daallo Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines)). Taariikhda shilalka shirkaddii diyaaradaha qaranka ee hore, eeg [Somali Airlines](/so/economy/somali-airlines/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Cidda ugu horreysay.** Air Somalia waxaa lagu tilmaamaa shirkaddii diyaaradaha gaarka ahayd ee ugu horreysay ee gebi ahaanba Soomaali leeyihiin, inkastoo Daallo, oo iyana Soomaali leeyihiin, ay toban sano ka hor ka duushay Jabuuti ([Wikipedia, Air Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Somalia); [Wikipedia, Daallo Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines)). - **Waqtiga Duulimaadka 159.** Warbixinnadu waxay qaraxa dhigaan qiyaastii 15 ama qiyaastii 20 daqiiqo kadib kicitaanka ([Wikipedia, Daallo Airlines Flight 159](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159); [VOA](https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/news/2016/02/sec-160206-voa02.htm)). - **Mamnuucidda Air Somalia.** Warbaahinta Soomaaliyeed waxay sheegtay in mamnuucidda Somaliland ay la xiriirtay magaca shirkadda iyo xiddigta Soomaaliyeed ee diyaaradaheeda; wasiirka duulista Somaliland, Cabdillaahi Ducaale, wuu beeniyay taas ([Wikipedia, Air Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Somalia)). --- # Sisinta iyo mooska: dalagga Soomaaliya dhoofiso Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/sesame-and-bananas/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sisintu hadda waa dalagga ugu qiimaha badan ee Soomaaliya dhoofiso, waxaana inta badan lagu beeraa webiyada Shabeelle iyo Jubba agtooda. Mooska ayaa ahaa dalagga ugu weyn ee la dhoofin jiray kahor 1991: xilligii ugu sarreeyay wuxuu shaqo siin jiray in ka badan 120,000 qof, sannadkiina wuxuu keeni jiray qiyaastii $90 milyan. Dhoofintu way joogsatay xilligii dagaalka, waxayna dib ugu bilaabatay shixnado yar oo Khaliijka loo diray 2014 iyo 2019. ## Tirooyinka Istaraatiijiyadda dhoofinta ee 2025 ilaa 2030, Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha waxay dhoofinta beeraha ku qiyaastaa qiyaastii **$63 milyan sannadkii 2023**, oo ah qiyaastii 7 boqolkiiba dhammaan badeecadaha la dhoofiyay. Tiradaasi waxay ka kooban tahay sisinta, mooska, liinta, fooxa iyo malmalka ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, Istaraatiijiyadda Dhoofinta Qaranka, 2026](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in iibka dalaggu kordhay 2025 (eeg [Ganacsiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/)). ## Sisinta - **Dalagga ugu horreeya ee la dhoofiyo.** Isla istaraatiijiyaddu waxay sisinta ku tilmaantaa "dalagga ugu qiimaha badan ee Soomaaliya dhoofiso". Waxay sheegtaa in sisinta Soomaaliyeed lagu iibiyo saliiddeeda badan iyo kiimikada yar ee lagu beero, loona iibiyo Shiinaha, Bariga Dhexe iyo Yurub, isla markaana sannadkii laba goosasho la heli karo ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, 2026](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). - **Beeraha.** Daraasad ku jirta warbixinta Janaayo 2025 ee Wasaaradda Beeraha waxay tirisay 3,098 beeraley yar-yar oo sisinta ku beera degmada Balcad, Shabeellaha Dhexe. Waxay magacawdaa iskaashatooyinka beeralayda Arif, Ali Sharaf, Moumin Group iyo 19 Mars, waxayna sheegtaa in sisinta halkaas ka baxda loo diro Dubai iyo waddamo kale. Beeralaydii la waraystay, 57 boqolkiiba waxay ka iibiyeen warshadaha, 21 boqolkiiba hoteellada, 14 boqolkiiba iskuullada ama xarumaha cilmi-baarista, 9 boqolkiibana beeraley kale ([Wasaaradda Beeraha iyo Waraabka, Janaayo 2025](https://moa.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Country-Report-on-Agriculture-in-Somalia-Jan-2025-.pdf)). - **Waxa wax-soosaarka hoos u dhiga.** Isla warbixintu waxay taxdaa bacrimin, waraab iyo la-dagaallanka cayayaanka oo yar (isla ilahaas). ## Mooska: taariikhda | Xilliga | Waxa dhacay | Isha | |---|---|---| | 1920-meeyadii | Beerihii gumeysiga Talyaaniga ayaa ka bilaabmay dooxooyinka Jubba iyo Shabeelle | [SAIS Perspectives, Wyatt Constantine, 17 Maajo 2021](https://saisperspectives.com/2021-issue/2021/5/17/sustainable-development-and-commodity-production-a-critical-look-at-the-role-of-the-banana-trade-in-somalia) | | 1935 | Hay'ad dowladeed oo keli-haysata, Regia azienda monopolio banane, ayaa mooska Talyaaniga ugu qaadi jirtay doonyo qaboojiye leh | [SAIS Perspectives, 2021](https://saisperspectives.com/2021-issue/2021/5/17/sustainable-development-and-commodity-production-a-critical-look-at-the-role-of-the-banana-trade-in-somalia) | | 1969 kadib | Beeraha waxaa la hoos geeyay Guddiga Qaranka ee Mooska | [SAIS Perspectives, 2021](https://saisperspectives.com/2021-issue/2021/5/17/sustainable-development-and-commodity-production-a-critical-look-at-the-role-of-the-banana-trade-in-somalia) | | Sannadihii ugu sarreeyay | Ilaa 200,000 tan sannadkii, in ka badan 120,000 shaqo iyo qiyaastii $90 milyan oo dakhli ah | [Wasaaradda Beeraha iyo Waraabka, Juun 2024](https://moa.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/A-Country-Report-on-Agriculture-in-Somalia-June-2024.pdf) | | 1980-meeyadii | Shirkadda Talyaaniga ee De Nadai ayaa la shaqeysay dowladda Soomaaliya, wax-soosaarkuna mar kale wuu kordhay | [SAIS Perspectives, 2021](https://saisperspectives.com/2021-issue/2021/5/17/sustainable-development-and-commodity-production-a-critical-look-at-the-role-of-the-banana-trade-in-somalia) | | 1990 | Mooska ayaa keenay qiyaastii 30 boqolkiiba dakhliga dhoofinta | [SAIS Perspectives, oo soo xiganaysa Webersik 2005](https://saisperspectives.com/2021-issue/2021/5/17/sustainable-development-and-commodity-production-a-critical-look-at-the-role-of-the-banana-trade-in-somalia) | | Dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii | Shirkadda Dole ayaa timid koonfurta Soomaaliya, la-hawlgalayaasha maxalliga ah ee Dole iyo De Nadai ayaa ganacsiga ku loollamay, waxaana loo bixiyay "dagaalladii mooska". Daadadkii El Niño ee 1997 iyo 1998 waxay burburiyeen inta badan beeraha iyo kanaalada | [SAIS Perspectives, 2021](https://saisperspectives.com/2021-issue/2021/5/17/sustainable-development-and-commodity-production-a-critical-look-at-the-role-of-the-banana-trade-in-somalia) | | Luulyo 2014 | Shixnaddii ugu weyneyd toban sano ayaa dekedda Muqdisho uga ambabaxday Kuwait iyo Imaaraadka, oo laga keenay Balcad, Afgooye, Awdheegle iyo Janaale | [Goobjoog, 10 Luulyo 2014](https://en.goobjoog.com/somali-federal-government-exports-banana-to-kuwait-and-uae) | | Nofembar 2019 | Laba weel ayaa loo diray Sacuudiga, mashruuc lala galay barnaamijka GEEL ee USAID maalgeliso | [FreshPlaza, 29 Nofembar 2019](https://www.freshplaza.com/europe/article/9168492/somalia-resumes-banana-export-first-shipment-to-saudi-arabia/) | Beerihii gumeysiga, gabdho da'doodu u dhaxayso 8 iyo 15 ayaa ka shaqeyn jiray doogsiinta iyo goosashada, maalintii qiyaastii 40 senti, qiyaastii afar meelood saddex meel dakhliga dhoofintana dibadda ayuu u bixi jiray, sida ay sheegtay daraasad 1993 oo SAIS Perspectives soo xiganayso ([SAIS Perspectives, oo soo xiganaysa Samatar 1993](https://saisperspectives.com/2021-issue/2021/5/17/sustainable-development-and-commodity-production-a-critical-look-at-the-role-of-the-banana-trade-in-somalia)). ## Mooska maanta - **Wixii la soo dejiyay ayaa ka badan wixii la dhoofiyay.** 2024, Soomaaliya waxay Itoobiya iyo Kenya ka soo dejisay $2.84 milyan oo moos ah, badankiisuna Itoobiya, sida ay muujinayso xogta UN Comtrade ee FreshPlaza soo xigatay ([FreshPlaza, 23 Luulyo 2026](https://www.freshplaza.com/article/9860148/somali-banana-growers-face-market-access-challenges/)). - **Janaale**, Shabeellaha Hoose, waxay mar lahayd 20,000 hektar oo moos ah. Beeralayda halkaas iyo Buulo Mareer waxay lacag ka bixiyaan isbaarooyinka waddooyinka, waxayna bixiyaan lacag al-Shabaab ay ka dalbato, kharashyadaasna waxay kordhiyaan qiimahooda (isla ilahaas). - **Geedo cusub.** Wasaaradda Beeraha waxay taageertaa geedo laga soo saaro shaybaar (tissue culture), sida kuwa shirkadda Filsan ee Afgooye, waxayna filaysaa in geedo tayo leh ay wax-soosaarka kordhiyaan ugu yaraan 25 boqolkiiba ([Wasaaradda Beeraha iyo Waraabka, Juun 2024](https://moa.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/A-Country-Report-on-Agriculture-in-Somalia-June-2024.pdf)). ## Liinta Liinta qorraxda lagu qalajiyay ayaa noqotay mid ka mid ah midhaha yar ee Soomaaliya si joogto ah u dhoofiso kadib markii ganacsigii mooska dhacay, beeralayda Afgooye iyo Luuqna dib ayay liin u beereen ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, 2026](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Inta sisin ah ee la dhoofiyo.** Istaraatiijiyadda dhoofintu waxay sheegtaa in Soomaaliya sannadkii dhoofiso qiyaastii 1,000 ilaa 1,500 tan oo sisin ah ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, 2026](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). Bogga xogta ganacsiga ee Selina Wamucii wuxuu 2019 sheegaa 28,672 tan oo qiimahoodu yahay $43 milyan ([Selina Wamucii](https://www.selinawamucii.com/insights/prices/somalia/sesame-seeds/)). - **Xilligii mooska ugu sarreeyay.** Wasaaradda Beeraha waxay sheegtaa qiyaastii $90 milyan xilligii ugu sarreeyay, korodhka degdegga ahna waxay ku sheegtaa horraantii 1970-meeyadii ([Wasaaradda Beeraha, Juun 2024](https://moa.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/A-Country-Report-on-Agriculture-in-Somalia-June-2024.pdf)). SAIS Perspectives waxay sheegtaa in wax-soosaarku hoos u dhacay qiyaastii 1973 laga bilaabo, mar kalena kordhay 1980-meeyadii ([SAIS Perspectives, 2021](https://saisperspectives.com/2021-issue/2021/5/17/sustainable-development-and-commodity-production-a-critical-look-at-the-role-of-the-banana-trade-in-somalia)). Istaraatiijiyadda dhoofintu waxay sheegtaa in dhoofintu 1980-meeyadii gaartay in ka badan $90 milyan ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga, 2026](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). --- # Kalluumeysiga iyo badda: kalluumeysiga Soomaaliya oo tirooyin ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/fishing-and-the-sea/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya waxay leedahay qiyaastii 3,333 km oo xeeb ah, tan ugu dheer dhulweynaha Afrika. Dhoofinta kalluunka waxay 2025 ahayd qiyaastii $25.9 milyan, shantii sano ee ugu dambeysayna qiyaastii $145 milyan, sida uu sheegay Bangiga Dhexe. Kalluumeysiga sharci-darrada ah waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inuu dalka sannadkii ka qaado qiyaastii $300 milyan. 2018, dowladda federaalku waxay 31 shati oo tuuna ah siisay maraakiib Shiinaha, shatiyadii ugu horreeyay ee shisheeye in ka badan 20 sano. ## Xeebta iyo kalluunka Xeebta Soomaaliya waa qiyaastii **3,333 km**, tan ugu dheer dhulweynaha Afrika, waxayna ka bilaabataa Gacanka Cadmeed ilaa xadka Kenya. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay in kalluumeysigu yaraa tan iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii. Doonyaha yar-yar iyo maraakiibta waaweyni waxay kalluun cusub geeyaan suuqyada gudaha iyo dhoofinta ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Dhoofinta kalluunka - **2025:** dhoofinta kalluunku waxay dhaaftay **$25.86 milyan** ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Shantii sano ee ku dhammaatay 2025:** qiyaastii **$144.97 milyan** oo badeecado kalluun ah ayaa la dhoofiyay (isla ilahaas). - Iibka kalluunka, hilibka iyo dalagga oo kordhay ayaa magdhabay inta badan hoos u dhaca dhoofinta xoolaha nool ee 2025 (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). - Istaraatiijiyadda dhoofinta ee Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha waxay dhoofinta kalluunka 2023 ku qiyaastay qiyaastii $15 milyan, qiyaastii 2 boqolkiiba badeecadaha la dhoofiyay. Waxay taxdaa tuuna, kalluunka snapper, aargoosato iyo kalluun la qalajiyay ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha, Istaraatiijiyadda Dhoofinta Qaranka, 2026](https://moci.gov.so/en//wp-content/uploads/2026/05/NATIONAL-EXPORT-DEVELOPMENT-AND-PROMOTION-STRATEGY-FOR-SOMALIA_Final-Report.pdf)). ## Shatiyada shisheeyaha - **Diseembar 2018:** dowladda federaalku waxay xuquuqda kalluumeysiga siisay Ururka Kalluumeysiga Dibadda ee Shiinaha, oo matala 150 shirkadood, iyadoo la siiyay 31 shati oo tuuna ah. La-taliye wasaaradda ah ayaa sheegay in biyaha ilaa 24 mayl-badeed (44 km) xeebta u jira loo dhaafay kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah, wasaaraduna ay maraakiibta ku amri karto inay dekedda u yimaadaan si loo baaro ([Garowe Online, 13 Diseembar 2018](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/china-gets-fishing-rights-in-somalia-amid-deadlock-over-revenue-sharing)). - **Janaayo 2019:** QM waxay 31-ka shati ee maraakiibta Shiinaha ku tilmaantay shatiyadii ugu horreeyay ee kalluumeysiga shisheeye in ka badan 20 sano, oo ku saabsan tuunada iyo kalluunka la midka ah. FAO, hay'adda horumarinta Talyaaniga iyo Bangiga Adduunka ayaa heshiiska tuunada ka shaqeynayay tan iyo 2013 ([QM Soomaaliya, 7 Janaayo 2019](https://somalia.un.org/en/node/34537)). - **Cidda bixisa.** Dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad-goboleedyadu ma aysan isku raacin sida dakhliga kalluumeysiga loo qaybsado ([Garowe Online, 2018](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/china-gets-fishing-rights-in-somalia-amid-deadlock-over-revenue-sharing)). Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay bixiyaan shatiyo u gaar ah iyagoon la tashan dowladda federaalka ([Daily Maverick, oo soo xiganaysa ISS Today, 13 Maarso 2025](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-03-13-turkey-throws-somalia-lifeline-to-crack-down-on-illegal-fishing.md)). ## Kalluumeysiga sharci-darrada ah - **Khasaaraha.** Kalluumeysiga sharci-darrada ah, aan la soo sheegin ee aan la nidaamin wuxuu Soomaaliya sannadkii ka qaadaa qiyaastii **$300 milyan**, sida uu sheegay barnaamijka ENACT ee Machadka Daraasaadka Amniga ([ENACT, Halkano Wario iyo Samira Abdi Aden, 20 Janaayo 2026](https://issafrica.org/enactafrica/research/research-papers/stolen-seas-somalias-struggle-with-illegal-fishing)). - **Cidda.** Cilmi-baarayaasha ISS waxay magacaabaan maraakiib ka timid Shiinaha, Iiraan, Kuuriyada Koonfureed, Taiwan, Isbaanish iyo waddamo kale oo Yurub ah. Cilmi-baare Muqdisho jooga ayaa u sheegay in dowladdu dhif u hesho warbixinta kalluunka la qabtay ee shirkadaha shatiga haysta ([Daily Maverick, 13 Maarso 2025](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-03-13-turkey-throws-somalia-lifeline-to-crack-down-on-illegal-fishing.md)). - **Ciqaabta.** Kalluumeysiga shabagga badda sagxaddeeda lagu jiido (trawling) waa ka mamnuuc biyaha federaalka. Kiis ay taageertay Xafiiska QM ee Daroogada iyo Dembiyada ayaa lagu xiray 33 kalluumeysato Iiraani iyo Bakistaani ah, waxaana lagu ganaaxay wadar ahaan $356,000 ([Daily Maverick, oo soo xiganaysa ISS Today, 4 Febraayo 2025](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-02-04-local-and-global-cost-of-illegal-tuna-off-somalias-coast.md)). ## Heshiiska Turkiga Heshiis is-afgarad ah oo la saxiixay Febraayo 2024 ayaa ciidamada Turkiga ka dhigay la-hawlgalka Soomaaliya ee amniga badda muddo 10 sano ah. Cilmi-baarayaasha ISS waxay soo wariyeen in, heshiisyada hoostooda, Turkigu tababari doono ciidamada Soomaaliyeed, uuna heli doono 30 boqolkiiba dakhliga aagga dhaqaalaha gaarka ah ee Soomaaliya ([Daily Maverick, oo soo xiganaysa ISS Today, 13 Maarso 2025](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-03-13-turkey-throws-somalia-lifeline-to-crack-down-on-illegal-fishing.md)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Aagga 24-ka mayl ee heshiiska Shiinaha.** Garowe Online waxay soo xigatay la-taliye wasaaradda oo sheegay in biyaha ilaa 24 mayl-badeed loo dhaafay kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah ([Garowe Online, 2018](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/china-gets-fishing-rights-in-somalia-amid-deadlock-over-revenue-sharing)). Cilmi-baarayaasha ISS waxay qoreen in heshiiskii Diseembar 2018 u oggolaaday shirkadaha Shiinaha inay ku kalluumeystaan 24 mayl-badeed gudahood $1 milyan ([Daily Maverick, 4 Febraayo 2025](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-02-04-local-and-global-cost-of-illegal-tuna-off-somalias-coast.md)). Dekedaha Soomaaliya, eeg [Somalia's seaports](/so/economy/ports/). Shirkadaha kalluumeysiga, eeg [Somali fishing companies](/en/businesses/somali-fishing-companies/) iyo [farming, livestock and fishing directory](/en/businesses/farming-livestock-and-fishing-directory/). --- # Baxnaano: barnaamijka qaranka ee badbaadada bulshada Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/baxnaano-safety-net/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Baxnaano waa barnaamijka badbaadada bulshada ee ay dowladda Soomaaliya maamusho. Tan iyo 2019 wuxuu qoysaska saboolka ah bishii siiyaa $20 oo lacagta mobilka ah, oo kor ugu kacda $60 xilliyada degdegga ah sida abaarta ama ayaxa. Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu sheegay inuu taageeray in ka badan afar milyan oo Soomaali ah. Haweenka ayaa qoysaskooda u qaata lacagta joogtada ah. ## Waa maxay Baxnaano waa magaca **barnaamijka qaranka ee badbaadada bulshada** ee Soomaaliya. Waxaa maamusha **Wasaaradda Shaqada iyo Arrimaha Bulshada** ee federaalka, waxaana taageera Bangiga Adduunka iyo Sanduuqa Deeq-bixiyeyaasha Badan ee Soomaaliya ([Bangiga Adduunka, Diseembar 2025](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2025/12/10/turning-hope-into-action-investing-in-resilience-through-somalia-s-national-safety-net)). Wuxuu bilowday **2019** iyadoo uu hoos imanayay Mashruuca Shock Responsive Safety Net for Human Capital. Waxaa loo qaabeeyay nidaam badbaado bulsho oo **dowladdu hoggaamiso**, oo ay maamusho dowladda Soomaaliya ([Bangiga Adduunka, warbixinta natiijooyinka, Oktoobar 2022](https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/10/10/developing-a-state-led-social-safety-net-system-to-boost-human-capital-and-build-resilience-in-somalia-the-baxnaano-prog)). ## Inta qoysasku helaan - **Taageerada joogtada ah:** **$20 bishii** qoyskiiba, muddo saddex sano ah, oo ku xiran nafaqada carruurta ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2022](https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/10/10/developing-a-state-led-social-safety-net-system-to-boost-human-capital-and-build-resilience-in-somalia-the-baxnaano-prog)). - **Taageerada degdegga ah:** ilaa **$60 bishii** muddo ilaa lix bilood ah xilliyada abaarta, daadadka ama weerarrada ayaxa (isla ilahaas; [Bangiga Adduunka, Diseembar 2025](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2025/12/10/turning-hope-into-action-investing-in-resilience-through-somalia-s-national-safety-net)). ## Sida loo bixiyo Lacagta waxaa lagu bixiyaa **lacagta mobilka**. Haweenku waxay ahaayeen **100 boqolkiiba** dadka si toos ah u qaatay lacagta joogtada ah iyo 72 boqolkiiba dadka qaatay lacagta degdegga ah ee ayaxa ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2022](https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/10/10/developing-a-state-led-social-safety-net-system-to-boost-human-capital-and-build-resilience-in-somalia-the-baxnaano-prog)). Eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). ## Inta dad ah ee uu gaaro - Labadiisii sano ee ugu horreeyay, qiyaastii **200,000 qoys** (in ka badan 1 milyan oo qof) ayaa helay lacagta joogtada ah, 880 tuulo oo ku yaal 21 degmo. Qiyaastii **100,000 qoys** ayaa helay lacag degdeg ah kadib duullaankii ayaxa lamadegaanka ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2022](https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/10/10/developing-a-state-led-social-safety-net-system-to-boost-human-capital-and-build-resilience-in-somalia-the-baxnaano-prog)). - Diseembar 2025, Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu sheegay in Baxnaano uu taageeray **in ka badan afar milyan oo Soomaali ah** ([Bangiga Adduunka, Diseembar 2025](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2025/12/10/turning-hope-into-action-investing-in-resilience-through-somalia-s-national-safety-net)). ## Cidda maalgelisa Maalgelintii hore waxay ka timid deeqaha Bangiga Adduunka: $65 milyan 2019, $40 milyan 2020 oo loogu talagalay jawaabta ayaxa, iyo $185 milyan oo dheeraad ah 2021 ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2022](https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/10/10/developing-a-state-led-social-safety-net-system-to-boost-human-capital-and-build-resilience-in-somalia-the-baxnaano-prog)). 28 Oktoobar 2025, Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu ansixiyay **BOOST-You**, mashruuc **$112 milyan** ah ($100 milyan oo IDA ah, $10 milyan oo ka yimid Sanduuqa Deeq-bixiyeyaasha Badan ee Soomaaliya iyo $2 milyan oo ka yimid Global Shield Financing Facility). Wuxuu lacag joogto ah iyo mid degdeg ah siin doonaa qiyaastii **123,000 qoys (qiyaastii 738,000 qof)**, wuxuu ku darayaa lacag ku xiran caafimaadka iyo waxbarashada, wuxuuna hiigsanayaa **28,000 shaqo oo dhallinyaro ah ilaa 2029**, oo 16,800 ka mid ah ay haween yihiin ([Bangiga Adduunka, 28 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/10/28/over-738000-somalis-to-benefit-from-world-bank-supported-initiative-for-jobs-social-protection-and-climate-resilience)). ## Hal diiwaan oo barnaamijyada oo dhan ah Dowladdu waxay dhisaysaa **Diiwaanka Bulshada ee Midaysan** oo leh foom diiwaangelin oo la wadaago, si diiwaan keliya oo qoys kasta ah ay u isticmaali karaan barnaamijyada taageerada oo dhan ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2022](https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/10/10/developing-a-state-led-social-safety-net-system-to-boost-human-capital-and-build-resilience-in-somalia-the-baxnaano-prog)). ## Cadaadiska 2025 iyo 2026 Kharashka federaalka ee kaalmada bulshada wuxuu 2025 hoos u dhacay 88 boqolkiiba markii maalgelinta dibadda hoos u dhacday ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Gargaarka Soomaaliya](/so/economy/aid-and-humanitarian-funding/). --- # Saliidda iyo gaaska Soomaaliya: heshiisyada, sharciga iyo ceelka ugu horreeya ee badda Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/oil-and-gas/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliya weligeed saliid ganacsi ahaan uma soo saarin. Abriil 2026, shirkadda saliidda dowladda Turkiga ee TPAO waxay bilowday qodista Curad-1, ceelka ugu horreeya ee dalka ee badda, qiyaastii 370 km ka baxsan Muqdisho. Dabayaaqadii Oktoobar 2026, Hay'adda Batroolka Soomaaliyeed waxay sheegtay in ceelku gaaray dhagax ay calaamadaha saliiddu ka muuqan karaan, waxayna filaysay inuu bartilmaameedka gaaro Diseembar. ## Si kooban Shirkadaha saliiddu markii ugu horreysay waxay Soomaaliya ka baadheen 1940-meeyadii iyo 1950-meeyadii. Dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii shirkado ay ka mid ahaayeen Amoco, Chevron, Conoco iyo Eni ayaa dowladdii Siyaad Barre ka haystay ruqsado, waxayna ku dhawaaqeen "force majeure" markii dagaalku bilowday, iyagoo hawshooda hakiyay iyadoo aysan ka tanaasulin xuquuqdooda ([Goobjoog News](https://en.goobjoog.com/investing-in-somalia-the-oil-and-gas-sector); [Hiiraan Online, Nofembar 2007](https://www.hiiraan.com/news2_rss/2007/Nov/the_history_of_hydrocarbon_oil_gas_exploration_activities_in_somalia.aspx)). Ku dhawaad 20 sano wax sahamin ah ma jirin, ilaa 2012 markii Somaliland iyo Puntland lagaga dhawaaqay ruqsado cusub ([Goobjoog News](https://en.goobjoog.com/investing-in-somalia-the-oil-and-gas-sector)). Eeg [Ganacsiga: dhoofinta iyo soo dejinta](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/). ## Cidda masuulka ah - **Shirkadda Batroolka Soomaaliya**, oo ay dowladda federaalku leedahay oo hoos timaadda Wasaaradda Macdanta iyo Batroolka, waxaa la aasaasay 2007 kadib markii Dowladda Federaalka ee KMG-ka ahi ansixisay sharci batrool ([Wikipedia, Somalia Petroleum Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_Petroleum_Corporation)). - **Sharciga Batroolka** waxaa la ansixiyay Febraayo 2020. Wuxuu abuuray **Hay'adda Batroolka Soomaaliyeed** oo ah hay'adda xakameysa, kana bixisa ruqsadaha oo dib u eegta heshiisyada wadaagga wax-soo-saarka ([S&P Global, 4 Ogosto 2020](https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/crude-oil/080420-somalia-establishes-oil-regulator-as-bids-open-for-first-ever-licensing-round)). Soo koobid ka mid ah sharciga ayaa sheegaysa inuu dakhliga saliidda 55 boqolkiiba siinayo dowladda federaalka, 45 boqolkiibana dowlad-goboleedyada ([Wikipedia, Mineral industry of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia)). - **Wareegii ruqsadaha** ee ugu horreeyay ee badda, oo ahaa toddoba blog, wuxuu furmay 4 Ogosto 2020 wuxuuna xirmay 12 Maarso 2021 ([S&P Global](https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/crude-oil/080420-somalia-establishes-oil-regulator-as-bids-open-for-first-ever-licensing-round); [Wikipedia, Mineral industry of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia)). ## Heshiisyada lagu muransan yahay | Taariikhda | Shirkadda | Waxa dhacay | |---|---|---| | Febraayo 2022 | Coastline Exploration (Mareykan) | Wasiirka Batroolka Cabdirashiid Axmed wuxuu saxiixay toddoba heshiis wadaag wax-soo-saar oo blogyada badda ah. Madaxweyne Farmaajo iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Rooble mid kastaa wuxuu heshiiska ku dhawaaqay "waxba kama jiraan", isagoo tilmaamay wareeg mamnuucaya heshiisyada shirkadaha shisheeye xilliga doorashada. Wasiirku wuxuu sheegay in madaxweynuhu ogaa saxiixa ([OE Digital, 21 Febraayo 2022](https://www.oedigital.com/news/494456-coastline-exploration-signs-seven-psas-for-offshore-blocks-in-somalia); [VOA, 2022](https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-government-us-company-dispute-legality-of-oil-deal-/6536605.html); [Hiiraan Online, Febraayo 2022](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Feb/185369/petroleum_minister_says_farmajo_signed_off_on_offshore_exploration_contract.aspx)) | | 12 Maarso 2024 | Liberty Petroleum (Mareykan) | Saddex heshiis oo ku saabsan blogyada badda 131, 190 iyo 206, oo uu saxiixay Wasiirka Batroolka Cabdirisaaq Cumar Maxamed. 13 Maarso, Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamsa Cabdi Barre wuxuu heshiiska ku tilmaamay "waxba kama jiraan" maxaa yeelay dib uma eegin Guddiga Qandaraasyada ee Wasaaradaha sida uu dhigayo sharciga qandaraasyada 2016 ([Hiiraan Online, Maarso 2024](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Mar/195402/liberty_petroleum_and_somalia_sign_key_offshore_oil_exploration_agreements.aspx); [Garowe Online, 13 Maarso 2024](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-pm-hamza-abdi-barre-rejects-oil-deal-with-american-firm)) | Baaritaan 2021 ah ayaa ka warramay heshiis hore oo la soo jeediyay oo Liberty iyo Coastline siin lahaa dhammaan toddobada blog ee badda ([DeSmog, 8 Abriil 2021](https://www.desmog.com/2021/04/08/us-somalia-oil-exploration-deal/)). ## Heshiisyada Turkiga iyo Curad-1 - **7 Maarso 2024:** Soomaaliya iyo Turkigu waxay Istanbul ku saxiixeen heshiis iskaashi saliid iyo gaas ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkiye-somalia-sign-deal-on-cooperation-in-hydrocarbons-field)). - **19 Luulyo 2024:** shirkadda saliidda dowladda Turkiga ee TPAO waxay saxiixday heshiis sahamin iyo wax-soo-saar oo saddex blog oo badda ah ([Hürriyet Daily News](https://hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-inks-offshore-oil-and-gas-deal-with-somalia-207909); [Garowe Online, 23 Abriil 2025](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/turkey-to-secure-up-to-90-of-somalia-s-oil-and-gas-revenue-document-reveals)). - **Oktoobar 2024 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay:** markabka sahaminta Turkiga ee Oruç Reis wuxuu khariidad ka sameeyay 4,464 kiilomitir oo laba jibbaaran saddexda blog ([Drilling Contractor, 31 Ogosto 2026](https://drillingcontractor.org/cagri-bey-nears-early-completion-at-curad-1-well-offshore-somalia-79662)). - **10 Abriil 2025:** heshiis labaad ayaa daboolay saddex blog oo berri ah oo qiyaastii 16,000 kiilomitir oo laba jibbaaran ah ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkiye-somalia-sign-deal-for-onshore-hydrocarbon-exploration)). - **Abriil 2026:** markabka qodista Çağrı Bey wuxuu bilaabay qodista **Curad-1**, qiyaastii 370 km ka baxsan Muqdisho, biyo qiyaastii 3,500 mitir ah, isagoo hiigsanaya qoto dheer oo dhan qiyaastii 7,500 mitir. Qiyaastii 470 ilaa 480 qof ayaa ka shaqaynayay maraakiibta qodista iyo taageerada ([Drilling Contractor](https://drillingcontractor.org/cagri-bey-nears-early-completion-at-curad-1-well-offshore-somalia-79662)). - **29 Oktoobar 2026:** guddoomiyaha Hay'adda Batroolka Soomaaliyeed Cabdulqaadir Aadan Maxamed wuxuu sheegay in qodaddu gaartay dhagaxa Early Cretaceous, "halkaas oo ay ka bilaabmaan calaamadaha muujinaya in saliid jirto", iyadoo qiyaastii 2,000 mitir ka hadhay. Wuxuu rajeynayay inuu bartilmaameedka gaaro Diseembar. Muunadaha dhagaxa waxaa si wadajir ah u baaraya khubaro Turki ah iyo hay'adda ([Dawan Africa, 29 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-first-offshore-oil-well-hits-critical-zone-petroleum-authority-says)). **Shuruudaha dakhliga.** Abriil 2025, bogga Nordic Monitor ee fadhigiisu yahay Iswiidhan wuxuu daabacay waxa uu sheegay inuu yahay heshiiskii Luulyo 2024. Wuxuu sheegay in Turkigu qaadan karo ilaa 90 boqolkiiba wax-soo-saarka sannadlaha ah si uu kharashkiisa u soo celiyo, Soomaaliyana ay heli doonto 5 boqolkiiba dakhliga. Xildhibaanno Soomaaliyeed oo ansixiyay heshiiska ayaa Nordic Monitor u sheegay inaysan arkin dukumentiga, dowladduna faallo ma bixin ([Garowe Online, 23 Abriil 2025](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/turkey-to-secure-up-to-90-of-somalia-s-oil-and-gas-revenue-document-reveals)). ## Somaliland iyo Puntland Labaduba waxay bixiyeen ruqsado u gaar ah. Genel Energy waxay Ogosto 2012 Somaliland ka heshay ruqsad sahamin berri ah. Shaqaalaheeda shisheeyaha ahi waxay baxeen Sebtembar 2013 sababo la xiriira hanjabaado amni, mar dambena way soo laabatay. Isla muddadaas, Africa Oil waxay Puntland ka heshay xuquuq isdul-dhacaysa oo dooxada Nugaal ah, warbixin QM ah oo 2014 ahna waxay ka digtay in sahaminta halkaas ay huriso colaad ([UCL, Janaayo 2023](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2023/jan/opinion-somalilands-oil-find-could-reset-regional-balance-heres-how); [Sweet Crude Reports](https://sweetcrudereports.com/somaliland-opposition-calls-for-probe-into-oil-company-pullout)). Diseembar 2022, dowladda federaalku waxay hawlaha Genel ee Somaliland ku dhawaaqday kuwo sharci darro ah, iyadoo sheegtay in hay'adaha federaalka oo keliya ay bixin karaan oggolaanshaha saliidda ([Bloomberg, 28 Diseembar 2022](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-28/somalia-declares-genel-oil-operations-in-disputed-region-illegal); [JURIST, Diseembar 2022](https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/12/somalia-rejects-genel-energys-illegal-claim-to-oil-exploration/)). Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Sannadka sharciga.** Ilaha badankood Sharciga Batroolka waxay ku taariikhaysaa Febraayo 2020; qaar waxay leeyihiin 2019 ([S&P Global](https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/crude-oil/080420-somalia-establishes-oil-regulator-as-bids-open-for-first-ever-licensing-round); [Wikipedia, Mineral industry of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia)). - **Goorta Curad-1 dhammaanayo.** Ogosto 2026, agaasimaha guud ee hay'addu wuxuu filayay in qodistu dhammaato dabayaaqada Sebtembar; dabayaaqadii Oktoobar guddoomiyaheedu wuxuu yiri Diseembar ([Drilling Contractor](https://drillingcontractor.org/cagri-bey-nears-early-completion-at-curad-1-well-offshore-somalia-79662); [Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-first-offshore-oil-well-hits-critical-zone-petroleum-authority-says)). - **Baaxadda blogyada badda ee Turkiga.** Warbixinnadu waxay blog kasta ku sheegaan qiyaastii 5,000 kiilomitir oo laba jibbaaran, ama 15,000 wadar ahaan, halka sahanka seismic-ku daboolay 4,464 kiilomitir oo laba jibbaaran ([Drilling Contractor](https://drillingcontractor.org/cagri-bey-nears-early-completion-at-curad-1-well-offshore-somalia-79662); [Hürriyet Daily News](https://hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-inks-offshore-oil-and-gas-deal-with-somalia-207909)). --- # Shaqada iyo saboolnimada Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/jobs-and-poverty/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 2022, in yar oo ka badan kala badh Soomaalida (54.4 boqolkiiba) waxay ku noolaayeen xadka saboolnimada qaranka hoostiisa, qiyaastii afar meelood meel dadka waaweyn ayaana shaqaynayay ama shaqo raadinayay. Shaqo la'aanta dhallinyaradu waxay ahayd 30.1 boqolkiiba, shaqooyinka cusub ee sannad kasta soo baxaana aad ayay uga yar yihiin dhallinyarada shaqo raadinaysa. ## Saboolnimada Sahanka Miisaaniyadda Qoysaska ee Soomaaliya ee 2022 wuxuu ogaaday in **54.4 boqolkiiba** dadku ay ku noolaayeen xadka saboolnimada qaranka hoostiisa ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, warqadda xaqiiqooyinka sugnaanta cuntada](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Food-Security-Facts-Sheets-2024.pdf)). Sida Bangiga Adduunku u akhriyay isla sahankaas ([Bangiga Adduunka, 30 Abriil 2025](https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/five-facts-about-poverty-in-somalia-afe-0425)): - Qiyaastii **3 ka mid ah 4 qof oo reer guuraa ah** waa sabool. Magaalooyinka ayaa ugu heerka hooseeya. - Maadaama magaalooyinku si degdeg ah u korayaan, **saddex meelood laba meel dadka saboolka ah hadda waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka**. - Qiyaastii afar meelood saddex meel dadka ma haystaan adeegyada aasaasiga ah sida waxbarashada, biyaha ama fayadhowrka. Ku dhawaad qof kasta oo reer guuraa ah ma haysto. - Degmooyinka saboolnimadu ku badan tahay ayaa sidoo kale ugu nugul abaaraha iyo daadadka. - Qiyaastii kala badh qoysaska reer guuraaga waxay qofkiiba haystaan wax ka yar laba "unug xoolood", taasoo aan ku filnayn in xoolaha laga noolaado. Qoysaska waaweyn ayaa ka saboolsan: saboolnimadu waa 24.3 boqolkiiba qoysaska 1 ilaa 3 qof ah iyo 63.4 boqolkiiba qoysaska 10 qof ama ka badan ah ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Food-Security-Facts-Sheets-2024.pdf)). ## Cidda shaqaysa Dhammaan tirooyinka dadka 15 sano iyo wixii ka weyn waxaa laga soo qaatay [Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf): - **Heerka shaqada:** 21.7 boqolkiiba dadka waaweyn ayaa shaqo lahaa (ragga 32.9 boqolkiiba, haweenka 12.2 boqolkiiba). - **Ka-qaybgalka xoogga shaqada:** 25.9 boqolkiiba ayaa shaqaynayay ama shaqo raadinayay (ragga 39.9 boqolkiiba, haweenka 15.4 boqolkiiba). - **Shaqo la'aanta:** 16.3 boqolkiiba kuwa xoogga shaqada ku jira. Waxay ka sarreysaa magaalooyinka (19.3 boqolkiiba) tuulooyinka (10.6 boqolkiiba) iyo reer guuraaga (5.5 boqolkiiba). - **Shaqo la'aanta dhallinyarada:** **30.1 boqolkiiba** guud ahaan, 35.6 boqolkiiba magaalooyinka, waxayna ka sarreysaa gabdhaha dhallinyarada ah (32.0 boqolkiiba) wiilasha (29.0 boqolkiiba). Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu kan ku tilmaamaa mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu hooseeya ee ka-qaybgalka xoogga shaqada ee gobolka. Dadka shaqeeya badankood waxay qabtaan shaqo mushahar yar oo aan rasmi ahayn ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/five-facts-about-poverty-in-somalia-afe-0425)). ## Nooca shaqada Qiyaastii afar meelood meel dadka shaqeeya waxay qabtaan shaqo xafiis oo taageero ah, afar meelood meel kalena waxay ku jiraan adeegyo xirfadeed. Haweenka ayaa inta badan ku jira shaqooyinka aasaasiga ah (16.0 boqolkiiba) ([SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)). ## Ganacsiyada yar-yar ee qoysaska - **15.8 boqolkiiba** qoysaska ayaa sannadkii la soo dhaafay maamulay ganacsi u gaar ah: 18.0 boqolkiiba magaalooyinka, 16.9 boqolkiiba tuulooyinka iyo 3.2 boqolkiiba reer guuraaga. - **Haween ayaa ka badan ragga lahaanshaha ganacsiyadan:** 56.7 boqolkiiba waxaa leh haween keligood, 35.4 boqolkiibana rag keligood. - Kuwa ugu badan waa **iibka waddada ama suuqa** (37.2 boqolkiiba) iyo dukaamo iyo goobo shaqo oo yar-yar sida harqaannada, timo-jarayaasha, makaanikada iyo nijaarrada (23.4 boqolkiiba). - **34.7 boqolkiiba** keliya ayaa diiwaangashan. Dhammaan afartaba: [SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf). ## Qalabka lacagta ee qoysaska - **8.8 boqolkiiba** dadka waaweyn ayaa leh akoon bangi (10.3 boqolkiiba magaalooyinka, 2.0 boqolkiiba reer guuraaga). Eeg [Bangiyada Soomaaliya](/so/economy/banks/). - **85 boqolkiiba** ayaa leh taleefan gacmeed, 81.8 boqolkiiba kuwa lehna waxay u isticmaalaan lacag. Eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). - **27.6 boqolkiiba** dadka 10 sano iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa saddexdii bilood ee la soo dhaafay isticmaalay internetka. Dhammaan saddexdaba: [SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf). ## Dhallinyarada iyo shaqada Qiyaastii **500,000 dhallinyaro ah** ayaa sannad kasta soo gala suuqa shaqada, halka ay jiraan qiyaastii **80,000 shaqo oo cusub**, sida ay muujiyeen tirooyin lagu sheegay furitaankii shabakad qaran oo ganacsiyada cusub ah Ogosto 2026 ([MENA Startup Digest](https://menastartupdigest.com/somalia-launches-national-startup-network-with-three-innovation-hubs/)). Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu ka digayaa in abaarta iyo gargaarka la jaray ay 2026 khatar gelinayaan shaqooyinka iyo nolol-maalmeedka ([Bangiga Adduunka, Maajo 2026](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/05/13/somalia-growth-continues-but-shocks-and-aid-cuts-intensify-risks-to-jobs-and-livelihoods)). ## Somaliland Somaliland waxay samaysay sahan qoysas oo u gaar ah oo leh tirooyin shaqo oo u gaar ah. Kuma jiraan tirooyinka qaranka ee kor ku xusan ([Wasaaradda Qorsheynta Somaliland](https://mopnd.govsomaliland.org/site/downloadfile/file/MjAyNS8wOS8yMDI1LTA5LTExLTA4LTU0LTM5LTIxNDMtMTc1NzU4MDg3OS5wZGY%3D)). Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). --- # Qorshaha Isbeddelka Qaranka 2025 ilaa 2029 iyo Hiigsiga 2060 Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/national-transformation-plan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qorshaha Isbeddelka Qaranka (NTP) waa qorshaha shanta sano ee dowladda federaalka ee 2025 ilaa 2029, oo la daah-furay Maarso 2025. Wuxuu leeyahay afar tiir (maamulka, dhaqaalaha, dadka iyo xirfadaha, iyo cimilada), wuxuuna yahay kan ugu horreeya toddoba weji oo shan sano ah oo loo socdo Hiigsiga Boqolka Sano ee Soomaaliya 2060. ## Waa maxay **Qorshaha Isbeddelka Qaranka (NTP-I, 2025 ilaa 2029)** waa qorshaha horumarinta muddada dhexe ee dowladda federaalka. Wasaaradda Qorsheynta, Maalgashiga iyo Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha waxay ku dhawaaqday daah-furkiisa 17 Maarso 2025 ([Wasaaradda Qorsheynta](https://mop.gov.so/somalia-launches-national-transformation-plan-ntp-2025-2029/)). Wuxuu xigaa Qorshayaashii Horumarinta Qaranka ee hore, kii ugu dambeeyay wuxuu daboolayay 2020 ilaa 2024 ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/kenya%20somalia%20trade-somalia%20economy/127920/somalia-pm-hamza-barre-launches-five-year-national-transformation-plan)). Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu ku tilmaamay "isbeddel go'aan ah oo ku yimid istaraatiijiyadda horumarinta dalka", oo looga golleeyahay koboc uu hoggaamiyo qaybta gaarka ah, hay'ado dowladeed oo xoogan iyo shaqo dhallinyarada ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Afarta tiir Laga soo qaatay soo koobidda qorshaha ([Wasaaradda Qorsheynta, Soo koobidda NTP](https://mop.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/NTP-Executive-Summary.pdf)): 1. **Maamul isbeddel keena:** hay'adaha, caddaaladda, amniga iyo siyaasad loo dhan yahay, oo ay ku jirto qoondo 30 boqolkiiba ah oo haweenka ah, halka ay hadda ka haystaan 12.33 boqolkiiba kuraasta Baarlamaanka. 2. **Isbeddel dhaqaale oo waara:** beeraha, warshadaha, tamarta, kaabayaasha, dalxiiska, maaliyadda dowladda iyo adeegyada maaliyadda. 3. **Isbeddelka bulshada iyo raasumaalka dadka:** waxbarashada, caafimaadka, badbaadada bulshada iyo shaqada. 4. **Deegaanka iyo u adkaysiga cimilada.** ## Hadafyadiisa ugu waaweyn Hadafka qorshaha ee la sheegay waa "in la xoojiyo nabadda oo la abuuro koboc dhaqaale oo waara iyo nolol bulsho oo wanaagsan". Ujeeddooyinkiisa waxaa ka mid ah dhisidda hay'ado daah-furan oo xisaabtan leh, ilaalinta xasilloonida dhaqaalaha, iyo dhigidda aasaaska kala duwanaanshaha dhaqaalaha (isla ilahaas). ## Qaar ka mid ah hadafyada dhaqaale ee 2029 Laga soo qaatay soo koobidda ([Wasaaradda Qorsheynta](https://mop.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/NTP-Executive-Summary.pdf)): - **Tamarta iyo macdanta:** soo jiidashada **$5.3 bilyan** oo maalgelin gaar ah, abuurista 15,000 shaqo, dhimista qiimaha korontada **50 boqolkiiba**, iyo $1.45 bilyan oo GDP-da lagu daro. Hay'adaha qaran ee saliidda (SONOC) iyo korontada (SONEC) ayaa isku dubbaridi doona qaybta. - **Dalxiiska:** 50,000 ilaa 75,000 booqde sannadkii, iyo tababar 10,000 shaqaale martigelin ah sannadkii. - **Maaliyadda dowladda:** ururin dakhli oo xoogan, ka mid noqoshada adeegyada maaliyadda, iyo koboca qaybta gaarka ah si loo yareeyo ku tiirsanaanta deeq-bixiyeyaasha. - **Beeraha iyo cuntada:** hadafyo ku saabsan abuurka, dalagga iyo digaagga, oo ay ku jiraan 86 milyan oo ukun sannadkii si loo yareeyo waxa la soo dejiyo. ## Sida loo diyaariyay Qorshaha waxaa lagu diyaariyay weji hordhac ah oo dib-u-eegis qoraal iyo wadatashiyo ah, "labs" qaybeed oo tiir kasta loo sameeyay, iyo weji dambe oo natiijooyinka labs-ka u beddelay qorshaha kama dambaysta ah iyo mashaariic maalgelin u diyaar ah. Dowladda, qaybta gaarka ah, bulshada rayidka, QM iyo la-hawlgalayaasha horumarinta ayaa ka qayb qaatay (isla ilahaas). ## Hiigsiga Boqolka Sano 2060 NTP waa tallaabada ugu horreysa ee **Hiigsiga Boqolka Sano ee Soomaaliya 2060**, oo hiigsanaya "in la abuuro dal barwaaqo ah, ammaan ah, dimuqraadi ah, loo dhan yahay, tartan galkarana ah oo nolol tayo sare leh" ([Wasaaradda Qorsheynta, Soo koobidda NTP](https://mop.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/NTP-Executive-Summary.pdf)). Hiigsiga waxaa lagu fulin doonaa **toddoba weji oo shan sano ah** oo isbeddel qaran ah, oo ku dhammaanaya sannadguuradii 100-aad ee xorriyadda 2060 ([Goobjoog News](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-launches-vision-2060-roadmap-to-guide-long-term-development)). ## Sida loo maalgeliyo Miisaaniyadda federaalka ee 2026 waa qiyaastii $1.39 bilyan, saddex meelood laba meel waxaa laga filayaa deeq-bixiyeyaasha ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-parliament-approves-1-3b-budget-donors-cover-66-7)). Hadafka tamarta keligiis wuxuu ku tiirsan yahay $5.3 bilyan oo maalgelin gaar ah ([Wasaaradda Qorsheynta, Soo koobidda NTP](https://mop.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/NTP-Executive-Summary.pdf)). Eeg [Miisaaniyadda iyo canshuuraha dowladda federaalka](/so/economy/budget-and-taxes/) iyo [Investing in Somalia](/so/economy/investing-in-somalia/). --- # Qiimaha iyo kharashka nolosha ee Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/prices-and-inflation/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qiimaha Soomaaliya wuxuu kordhay 6.8 boqolkiiba sannadkii ku dhammaaday Sebtembar 2026, isagoo ka soo dhacay heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee 8.4 boqolkiiba bishii Maajo. Madadaalada, cuntada makhaayadaha, waxbarashada, caafimaadka iyo guryaha ayaa ugu badan kordhay, halka abaartu ay qiimaha hadhuudhka deegaannada beeraha ka dhigtay ku dhawaad laba jeer intii uu ahaa sannad ka hor. ## Tirada ugu dambeysay Tusaha qiimaha macaamiisha ee Soomaaliya wuxuu kordhay **6.8 boqolkiiba** laba iyo tobankii bilood ee ku dhammaaday Sebtembar 2026, sida uu sheegay Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya. Qiimuhu wuxuu bisha Sebtembar keliya kordhay 0.5 boqolkiiba ([SNBS, Tusaha Qiimaha Macaamiisha, Sebtembar 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/CPI-2026_September.pdf)). Heerka sannadlaha ah wuxuu ka kacay 4.0 boqolkiiba Janaayo 2025 ilaa heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee **8.4 boqolkiiba Maajo 2026**, kadibna wuxuu ku degay 6.7 boqolkiiba Luulyo iyo 6.9 boqolkiiba Ogosto. Celcelis ahaan, qiimaha 2025 wuxuu 3.7 boqolkiiba ka sarreeyay kii 2024 ([SNBS, CPI Diseembar 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/CPI-December-2025.pdf)). Tirooyinka bil kasta waxay ku jiraan faylka xogta ee hoose. ## Waxa qaaliga noqday Sannadkii ku dhammaaday Sebtembar 2026, iyadoo loo kala qaaday nooca kharashka ([SNBS, CPI Sebtembar 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/CPI-2026_September.pdf)): - **Madadaalada, ciyaaraha iyo dhaqanka:** kordhay 14.3 boqolkiiba. - **Makhaayadaha iyo hoteellada:** kordhay 13.7 boqolkiiba. - **Waxbarashada:** kordhay 11.5 boqolkiiba. - **Caafimaadka:** kordhay 9.6 boqolkiiba. - **Guriga, biyaha, korontada iyo shidaalka:** kordhay 9.2 boqolkiiba. - **Dharka iyo kabaha:** kordhay 9.2 boqolkiiba. - **Gaadiidka:** kordhay 6.8 boqolkiiba, kadib markuu sannadkii ku dhammaaday Luulyo hoos u dhacay 1.6 boqolkiiba. - **Cuntada iyo cabitaannada fudud:** kordhay 5.6 boqolkiiba. Hal koox oo keliya ayaa hoos u dhacday: khamriga, tubaakada iyo maandooriyaha, oo uu ku jiro qaadku, oo hoos u dhacay 0.4 boqolkiiba (isla ilahaas). Eeg [The khat trade](/so/economy/khat-trade/). ## Qiimaha dowlad-goboleed kasta Sannadkii ku dhammaaday Sebtembar 2026 ([SNBS, CPI Sebtembar 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/CPI-2026_September.pdf)): | Dowlad-goboleed | Korodhka qiimaha | |---|---| | Banaadir (Muqdisho) | 8.7% | | Puntland (qiyaasta xafiiska) | 7.7% | | Galmudug | 6.8% | | Jubaland | 6.0% | | Hirshabelle | 5.5% | | Koonfur Galbeed | 5.3% | Galmudug waxay si kooban u gaartay 17.7 boqolkiiba Maajo 2026 ([SNBS, CPI Maajo 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/May-CPI-Report-2026.pdf)). Tusaha xafiisku kuma jiro Somaliland. ## Qiimaha tan iyo 2017 Kahor 2025, xafiisku qiimaha wuxuu ku cabbiri jiray **Muqdisho oo keliya**. Heerkiisa sannadlaha ah Diseembar kasta ([warbixinnada bilaha ah ee SNBS, kaydka 2017 ilaa 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CPI-2024.zip)): | Diseembar | Korodhka qiimaha 12 bilood (Muqdisho) | |---|---| | 2017 | 5.3% | | 2018 | 3.5% | | 2019 | 3.1% | | 2020 | 4.8% | | 2021 | 5.7% | | 2022 | 6.1% | | 2023 | 6.6% | | 2024 | 5.6% | Heerka ugu sarreeyay ee taxanaha hore wuxuu ahaa **7.7 boqolkiiba Luulyo 2022**, kaas oo xafiisku inta badan ku sababeeyay abaarta oo yareysay wax-soosaarka cuntada ([SNBS, CPI Luulyo 2022, kaydka 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/CPI-2022.zip)). Bartamihii 2019 xafiisku wuxuu qiimaha qaadka (miraa) u magacaabay mid ka mid ah sababaha korodhka ([SNBS, CPI Juun 2019, kaydka 2019](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/CPI-2019.zip)). Tan iyo Janaayo 2025, tusuhu wuxuu daboolaa dowlad-goboleed kasta oo federaal ah, wuxuuna isticmaalaa miisaanka kharashka ee sahankii qoysaska ee 2022, sidaas darteed tirooyinka 2025 ka hor iyo ka dib si toos ah isuma barbar dhigi karaan ([SNBS, CPI Luulyo 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/CPI-_July-2026.pdf)). ## Sida qiimaha loo cabbiro Xafiisku qiimaha wuxuu ururiyaa laba jeer bishii, toddobaadka koowaad iyo kan saddexaad, Muqdisho iyo dowlad-goboleed kasta oo federaal ah. Tusuhu wuxuu daboolaa **537 shay** oo ku jira 13 koox, iyadoo lagu miisaamay waxa qoysasku sheegeen inay iibsadeen sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022 ([SNBS, CPI Luulyo 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/CPI-_July-2026.pdf)). ## Qiimaha hadhuudhka kadib abaarta Roobabkii Deyrta ee Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar 2025 inta badan ma da'in. Koonfurta Soomaaliya, goosashadii hadhuudhka Deyrta waxay ahayd qiyaastii 15,600 tan, oo 83 boqolkiiba ka hooseysa celceliska muddada dheer, iyo tii ugu yarayd tan iyo 1995 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Hay'adda Cuntada iyo Beeraha ee QM (FAO) waxay sheegtay in Janaayo ilaa Juun 2026 qiimaha masagada Baydhabo uu kordhay qiyaastii 25 boqolkiiba, kan galleyda Qoryooleyna qiyaastii 70 boqolkiiba. Luulyo way dhaceen markii la goostay dalagga Gu'ga, laakiin weli waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii **laba jeer** heerkoodii sannad ka hor. Muqdisho, qiimaha hadhuudhku wuxuu 25 ilaa 45 boqolkiiba ka sarreeyay sannadkii hore ([FAO GIEWS, warbixinta Soomaaliya](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM)). Nofembar 2025 ilaa Maajo 2026, qiimaha burka qamadiga wuxuu kordhay qiyaastii 66 boqolkiiba Wanlaweyn iyo 42 boqolkiiba Qoryooley ([SNBS, warbixinta Juun 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/June-2026-%E2%80%93-REPORT-5.pdf)). ## Waxa qiimaha dhaqaajiya - **Soo dejinta:** cuntadu waa waxa ugu badan ee Soomaaliya soo dejiso, sidaas darteed qiimaha cuntada iyo shidaalka adduunku si toos ah ayuu u gaaraa suuqyada maxalliga ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Ganacsiga](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/). - **Roobka:** xilliyada roobka ee liita waxay yareeyaan goosashada maxalliga ah, waxayna kordhiyaan qiimaha hadhuudhka (FAO, sare). - **Gaadiidka iyo qaybinta:** Maarso 2026 xafiisku wuxuu ka warramay cadaadis kharash oo xagga gaadiidka, qaybinta cuntada iyo alaabta la soo dejiyo ah ([SNBS, Muuqaalka Sicir-bararka, Abriil 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Somalias-Inflation-Outlook.pdf)). - **Shilinka:** wax yar-yar oo shilin lagu iibsado way qaaliyoobaan marka shilinku dhaco. Wuxuu 2025 doollarka ka lumiyay 7.1 boqolkiiba. Eeg [Shilinka Soomaaliga iyo doollarka](/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/). ## Saadaasha IMF waxay 2026 filaysaa sicir-barar **6.5 boqolkiiba** ah ([IMF, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/05/pr26319-somalia-imf-staff-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation-mission)). Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu filayaa qiyaastii 6 boqolkiiba ([Bangiga Adduunka, Maajo 2026](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/05/13/somalia-growth-continues-but-shocks-and-aid-cuts-intensify-risks-to-jobs-and-livelihoods)). Ururka Bangiyada Dhexe ee Afrika wuxuu 7 boqolkiiba u isticmaalaa xadka sare ee xasilloonida qiimaha ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Waxa ay u tahay qoysaska Qiimeyn wadajir ah oo 2026 ay sameeyeen xafiiska tirakoobka qaranka, FAO, FSNAU iyo WFP ayaa ogaatay in **47 boqolkiiba** qoysaska aanay awoodin inay iska bixiyaan dambiil ugu yar oo cunto iyo baahiyo kale oo aasaasi ah iyagoon caawimo helin. Qoysaska barakacayaasha ah saamigu waa **77 boqolkiiba**. Cuntada keliya, 29 boqolkiiba qoysaska ayaa ka hooseeya heerka ugu yar, taas oo gaarta 53 boqolkiiba qoysaska barakacayaasha ah iyo 38 boqolkiiba miyiga. Gargaarku wuxuu saamiga ka hooseeya dambiisha buuxda ka dhimaa 47 ilaa 43 boqolkiiba oo keliya ([CFSVA 2026, SNBS, FAO, FSNAU iyo WFP](https://fsnau.org/downloads/CFSVA-2026-SNBS-FAO-FSNAU-WFP.pdf)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - [Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf) ee Bangiga Dhexe waxay sicir-bararka Diseembar 2025 ku sheegtaa **5.3 boqolkiiba**. Warbixinta Diseembar ee xafiiska tirakoobka waxay ku sheegtaa **5.1 boqolkiiba** ([SNBS, CPI Diseembar 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/CPI-December-2025.pdf)). - Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu celceliska sicir-bararka 2024 ku sheegaa **3.3 boqolkiiba** ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Tusihii hore ee xafiiska ee Muqdisho keliya wuxuu bil kasta oo 2024 muujiyay heerar sannadeed oo ah **4.8 ilaa 6.2 boqolkiiba** ([kaydka SNBS 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CPI-2024.zip)). - Warbixinta Maarso 2026 ee xafiisku waxay siisaa **7.8 boqolkiiba**; warbixintiisa Abriil waxay Maarso u saxdaa **7.9 boqolkiiba** ([SNBS, CPI Abriil 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/April-CPI-Report-2026.pdf)). Faylka xogtu wuxuu isticmaalaa warbixinta koowaad ee bil kasta. ## Faylka xogta Isbeddellada qiimaha ee bil kasta iyo sannad kasta Janaayo 2025 ilaa Sebtembar 2026, iyo heerarka sannadlaha ah ee dowlad-goboleed kasta laga bilaabo Maajo 2025, waxay ku jiraan [consumer-prices-monthly-2025-2026.csv](/data/economy/consumer-prices-monthly-2025-2026.csv). Saf kastaa wuxuu ku xiran yahay warbixinta xafiiska ee bishaas. Heerarka sannadlaha ah ee hore ee Muqdisho keliya ee bil kasta Janaayo 2017 ilaa Diseembar 2024 waxay ku jiraan [inflation-monthly-2017-2024.csv](/data/economy/inflation-monthly-2017-2024.csv). --- # Taariikhda dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya, 1920-meeyadii ilaa maanta Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/economic-history/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qarnigii la soo dhaafay dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu soo maray beerihii iyo ganacsigii gumeysiga, jamhuuriyaddii da'da yarayd ee 1960-meeyadii oo ku noolayd gargaar iyo kastam, maamulka dowladda kadib 1970 oo ay ku xigtay dib-u-habaynta IMF ee 1980-meeyadii, iyo kadib 1991, dhaqaale ay dib u dhiseen shirkado gaar ah, shirkadaha xawaaladda iyo lacagta Soomaalida dibadda. ## Xorriyadda ka hor Talyaanigu wuxuu xukumayay koonfurta, Ingiriisku waqooyiga, Faransiiskuna deegaankii noqday Jabuuti. 1947, miisaaniyadda oo dhan ee maxmiyadda Ingiriisku waxay ahayd £213,139 oo keliya ([Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka, daraasadda dalka Soomaaliya](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/57.htm)). Koonfurta, deganeyaal Talyaani ah ayaa laga bilaabo 1919 beero ka sameeyay webiga Shabeelle agtiisa. Waxay beeran jireen cudbi, sonkor iyo muus. Dhoofinta muuska ee Talyaaniga waxay bilaabatay 1927, waxayna ku kortay canshuuro Talyaani ah oo ka hor istaagay muus kale; 1955 beeruhu waxay soo saareen 94,000 tan. Beer sonkor oo Jowhar u dhow ayaa 1950 daboolaysay qiyaastii 80 boqolkiiba baahida dalka (isla ilahaas). Waqooyiga iyo koonfurtaba, waxaa soo baxay dabaqad cusub oo Soomaali ah oo ah shaqaale dowladeed, macallimiin, askar iyo ganacsato (isla ilahaas). Lacagta koonfurtu waxay ahayd somalo laga bilaabo 1950, Bangiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeedna wuxuu furmay 4 Luulyo 1960 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). ## Jamhuuriyaddii da'da yarayd, 1960 ilaa 1969 Xorriyadda markii la qaatay Soomaalida badankood waxay ku noolaayeen xoolo-dhaqasho iyo beerasho. Dowladda cusub waxay kastam ka qaadi kartay dekedaha laakiin way ku adkayd inay canshuur ka qaado xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda. Kabidda Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska ayaa bixisay qiyaastii **31 boqolkiiba** miisaaniyadda socodsiinta dowladda saddexdii sano ee ugu horreysay ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/58.htm)). Qorshe shan sano ah oo 1963 ah, oo qiimihiisu ka badnaa $100 milyan oo deeqo iyo amaah ah, ayaa dhisay waddooyin, dekedo iyo waraabin, wuxuuna Baydhabo, Afgooye iyo Tog Wajaale ka sameeyay beero tusaale ah. Horraantii 1960-meeyadii qiimaha iyo tirada xoolaha la dhoofiyay ayaa ku dhawaad labanlaabmay, xooluhuna waxay muuska kaga gudbeen dhoofinta ugu weyn. Dalku wuxuu ku dhawaaday inuu sonkorta ka bixi karo (isla ilahaas). Laakiin miisaaniyaddu weli waxay ku tiirsanayd gargaarka dibadda, soo dejinta hadhuudhkuna si degdeg ah ayay u kordhay markii magaalooyinku koreen (isla ilahaas). ## Maamulka dowladda, 1970 ilaa 1980 Kadib markii ciidamadu xukunka la wareegeen Oktoobar 1969, dowladdu waxay 20 Oktoobar 1970 ku dhawaaqday in Soomaaliya tahay dal hantiwadaag ah. Erayga Soomaaliga ee loo doortay socialism wuxuu ahaa **hantiwadaag**, oo loo turjumi karo "wadaagga xoolaha"; xoolaha lama qarameyn ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/59.htm)). - Dowladdu waxay **qarameysay bangiyada**, caymiska, qaybinta shidaalka iyo warshadda sonkorta, waxayna samaysay hay'ado dowladeed oo qalabka dhismaha iyo cuntada ah (isla ilahaas). - Kharashka beeraha wuxuu ka kordhay wax ka yar 10 boqolkiiba miisaaniyadda ilaa 29.1 boqolkiiba 1974, badankiisu iskaashatooyin (isla ilahaas). - Abaartii 1974 ilaa 1975, dowladdu, iyadoo Midowga Soofiyeeti caawinayo, waxay qiyaastii **90,000 xoolo-dhaqato ah** u guurisay iskaashatooyin cusub oo beero iyo kalluumeysi ah oo koonfurta ku yaal (isla ilahaas). Dagaalkii Ogaadeenka ee 1977 ilaa 1978 kadib, deyntu waxay u korortay si ka dhaqso badan dhoofinta. Dhammaadkii 1970-meeyadii deyntu waxay gaartay 4 bilyan oo shilin, oo qiyaas ahaan saddex qaybood oo siman loogu lahaa waddamada hantiwadaagga, waddamada Galbeedka iyo waddamada Carabta ee saliidda soo saara. Wax-soo-saarka warshadaha ayaa hoos u dhacay: hilibka qasacadaysan wuxuu ka dhacay 14.4 milyan oo qasac 1975 ilaa 1.5 milyan 1979 ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/60.htm)). ## Deynta iyo dib-u-habaynta IMF, 1980 ilaa 1990 Laga bilaabo 1980, Soomaaliya waxay u jeesatay IMF iyo Bangiga Adduunka. Heshiisyo 1981 iyo 1982 ah ayaa soo afjaray doorka dowladda ee ah shaqo-bixiyaha ugu dambeeya ee ardayda dugsiyada ka baxda iyo keli-ku-noqoshadeeda ganacsiga hadhuudhka. 1983, Sacuudiga wuxuu joojiyay soo dejinta lo'da Soomaaliyeed, isagoo cudur ku sababeeyay, kadibna idaha iyo riyaha, taas oo saamaysay dakhliga dhoofinta iyo miisaaniyadda ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/61.htm)). 1985, Naadiga Paris wuxuu dib u jadwaleeyay deynta Soomaaliya, shilinka qiimihiisa waa la dhimay, suuq xor ah oo lacagaha shisheeye ahna waxaa loo furay inta badan ganacsiga gaarka ah. Xaraash lacagaha shisheeye ah ayaa bilaabmay 1986. 1988, sharci ayaa oggolaaday bangiyo gaar ah (isla ilahaas). Tirooyinka rasmiga ah ee 1980-meeyadii waxay muujiyeen dakhliga qofkiiba oo hoos u dhacaya, laakiin dhaqaalaha dhabta ah qayb weyn ayaa ka baxsanayd. Qiyaastii **165,000 Soomaali ah ayaa dibadda ka shaqaynayay**, badankood waddamada Carabta, qiyaas keliyana waxay lacagtooda la soo diro ku qiyaastay in ka badan $330 milyan sannadkii, halka bangiyada laga diiwaangeliyay $30 milyan ([Maktabadda Koongareeska](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/64.htm)). Ganacsatada xooluhu waxay haysan jireen 60 boqolkiiba dakhligooda lacagta shisheeye si ay alaab u soo dejiyaan iyagoo raacaya nidaam la yiraahdo *franco valuta* (isla ilahaas). ## Burburka iyo dib-u-dhiska gaarka ah, 1991 ilaa 2012 Janaayo 1991 dowladdu way burburtay, Bangiga Dhexena shaqadii wuu joojiyay ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). Iyadoo aan bangiyo jirin, **shirkadaha xawaaladda** ayaa qaaday lacagta qaraabada dibadda, waxayna u hayeen kaydka qoysaska, ganacsiyada iyo hay'adaha gargaarka ([Rift Valley Institute, 2014](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). Shirkado isgaarsiin oo gaar ah ayaa dhisay shabakado mobile, dabayaaqadii 2000-meeyadiina lacagta mobilka ayaa faaftay. 2012, lacagta qurbuhu waxay ahayd ugu yaraan $1.2 bilyan sannadkii, oo ka badan gargaarka, dhoofinta ama maalgashiga shisheeye (isla ilahaas). ## Dib-u-dhiska hay'adaha dowladda, 2012 ilaa maanta - **2012:** Bangiga Dhexe waxaa sharci lagu soo celiyay ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Taariikhda](https://centralbank.gov.so/history/)). - **2019 ilaa 2021:** xeerarka lacagta mobilka, kadibna ruqsaddii ugu horreysay ee lacagta mobilka ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_somalia-issues-first-license-mobile-money-service/6202644.html)). - **Diseembar 2023:** cafiska deynta ee HIPC, oo qiimihiisu yahay $4.5 bilyan ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). Eeg [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/). - **2024:** Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Beesha Bariga Afrika ([EAC](https://eac.int/press-releases/3049-somalia-finally-joins-eac-as-the-bloc-s-8th-partner-state)). - **2025:** lacag-bixin degdeg ah, ruqsadihii ugu horreeyay ee maaliyadda yaryar, iyo hanti bangiyo oo $2.3 bilyan ah ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Tirooyinka maanta, eeg [Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya oo kooban](/so/economy/economy-at-a-glance/). --- # Dhaqaalaha Muqdisho: lacagta magaalada, canshuuraha iyo kharashka nolosha Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/mogadishu-economy/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Muqdisho waa suuqa iyo dekedda ugu weyn Soomaaliya, dakhliga dowladda badankiisana halkaas ayaa laga ururiyaa. Dowladda hoose ee magaalada (Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir) waxay 2024 ururisay qiyaastii $58.5 milyan, waxayna 2026 ansixisay miisaaniyad $63.8 milyan ah. Ganacsiyada badankood waa yar-yar oo aan diiwaangashanayn, shaqaalaha aan xirfadda lahaynna inta badan waxay helaan wax ka yar qiyaastii $200 ilaa $250 ee hal qof oo qaangaar ah bishii ugu baahan yahay inuu ku noolaado. ## Si kooban Muqdisho waa caasimadda dowladda federaalka, dekedda ugu weyn ee koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya, iyo suuqa ugu weyn dalka. Canshuurta dowladda badankeeda waxaa laga ururiyaa magaalada ([EUAA, oo soo xiganaysa Bangiga Adduunka 2021](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/213-socioeconomic-indicators)). Magaalada waxaa maamula Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir (BRA), duqa magaaladuna wuxuu sidoo kale yahay guddoomiyaha gobolka Banaadir. Taariikhda magaalada iyo dadkeeda, eeg [Muqdisho (Mogadishu) and Banaadir](/so/regions/mogadishu/). ## Miisaaniyadda magaalada | Sannadka | Miisaaniyadda | Isha | |---|---|---| | 2024 | qiyaastii $68 milyan | [Somali Public Agenda, Luulyo 2025](https://somalipublicagenda.org/examining-benadir-regional-administration-bra/) | | 2025 | $101,274,078 (la ansixiyay 30 Diseembar 2024) | [SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/banadir-municipality-approves-101-3-million-budget-for-2025) | | 2026 | $63.8 milyan (lagu ansixiyay 45 cod iyo 1) | [Dawan Africa, 22 Diseembar 2025](https://www.dawan.africa/news/banadir-region-approves-dollar638-million-budget-for-2026) | ## Meesha lacagta magaaladu ka timaaddo Daraasad ay samaysay kooxda cilmi-baarista ee Muqdisho, Somali Public Agenda, waxay ogaatay in BRA ay ururisay **$47 milyan 2023** iyo **$58.5 milyan 2024**, iyadoo aan lagu darin deeqaha ([Somali Public Agenda, 2025](https://somalipublicagenda.org/examining-benadir-regional-administration-bra/)). Ilaheeda ugu waaweyn, sida mas'uuliyiintu u sheegeen: - **Canshuurta waddooyinka iyo ganaaxyada**, qiyaastii $600,000 ilaa $750,000 bishii. Bajaajku wuxuu bishii bixiyaa $15. - **Adeegyada dhulka** (oggolaanshaha dhismaha, sharciyada dhulka, wareejinta), qiyaastii $300,000 bishii. - **Diiwaanka madaniga** (shahaadooyinka dhalashada iwm), $240,000 ilaa $250,000 bishii. - **Shatiyada ganacsiga**, qiyaastii $3 milyan 2024. Shatigu wuxuu ku kacaa $50 ilaa $800 iyadoo ku xiran baaxadda ganacsiga. - **15 boqolkiiba dakhliga dekedda**, oo ay dowladda federaalku ka ururiso dekedda Muqdisho. - Canshuuro hantida, suuqyada, qaadka iyo boorarka xayeysiiska. Canshuurta hantida iyo adeegyada dhulka waxaa ururiya laba shirkadood oo gaar ah oo qayb ka qaata. Mas'uul sare oo BRA ah ayaa cilmi-baarayaasha u sheegay in labada qandaraas "aysan raacin habraacyada saxda ah ee iibsashada" ([Somali Public Agenda](https://somalipublicagenda.org/examining-benadir-regional-administration-bra/)). Daraasaddu waxay ogaatay in BRA aysan canshuurteeda sharci ku dhisnayn, ayna ku tiirsan tahay amarrada duqa magaalada ([Somali Public Agenda](https://somalipublicagenda.org/examining-benadir-regional-administration-bra/)). ## Meesha ay aaddo Qiyaastii **85 boqolkiiba** miisaaniyadda 2024 waxay aaday kharashka maamulka, oo ay ku jiraan mushaharka 3,000 ilaa 3,400 shaqaale oo bishii ku kaca qiyaastii $1.3 milyan. Ilo ayaa cilmi-baarayaasha u sheegay in tirada shaqaaluhu kordhayso, dad cusubna lagu darayo liiska mushaharka "iyagoon lahayn mas'uuliyad cad ama baahi qorista sababaysa" ([Somali Public Agenda](https://somalipublicagenda.org/examining-benadir-regional-administration-bra/)). Waxay sidoo kale sheegeen in magaaladu leedahay miisaaniyad dayactirka waddooyinka, laakiin waddooyinka badankood ee tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay la dhisay ay leeyihiin godad ama la qaaday (isla ilahaas). Qiyaastii 15 boqolkiiba ayaa u hartay dhismaha iyo adeegyada sida waddooyinka, iskuullada iyo caafimaadka ([Somali Public Agenda](https://somalipublicagenda.org/examining-benadir-regional-administration-bra/)). ## Ganacsiga iyo dekedda - Qiyaastii saddex meelood laba meel ganacsiyada ma diiwaangashana. Badankood waxay leeyihiin 1 ilaa 5 shaqaale; 7 boqolkiiba keliya ayaa leh in ka badan 20 ([EUAA, oo soo xiganaysa Bangiga Adduunka 2021](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/213-socioeconomic-indicators)). - **Bakaaraha**, suuqa ugu weyn, wuxuu leeyahay in ka badan 20,000 ganacsi oo gudaha ah oo ku jira qiyaastii 7,000 dhismo (isla ilahaas). Eeg [Suuqa Bakaaraha](/so/economy/bakaara-market/). - Haweenku waxay haystaan qayb weyn oo ka mid ah ganacsiyada aadka u yar, gaar ahaan maqaayadaha cuntada iyo shaaha (isla ilahaas). - Dekedda waxaa maamusha shirkadda Turkiga ah ee Albayrak, oo la wareegtay 2014 ([Anadolu Agency](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-firm-modernizes-and-runs-somalia-s-gateway/3700103)). Eeg [Somalia's seaports](/so/economy/ports/). - Al-Shabaab waxay sidoo kale magaalada ka ururisaa canshuur u gaar ah oo ay ka qaaddo ganacsiyada iyo dadka guryaha dhisanaya ([EUAA](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/213-socioeconomic-indicators)). ## Waxa wax ku kacaan Tirooyinkan waxay ka yimaadeen wareysiyo ay Hay'adda Magangalyada Midowga Yurub samaysay Maarso 2025, mana aha tirakoob rasmi ah ([EUAA](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/213-socioeconomic-indicators)): | Shayga | Kharashka bishii | |---|---| | Kharashka noolaanshaha hal qof oo qaangaar ah, gargaar la'aan | $200 ilaa $250 | | Guri dhagax ah oo yar, 2 ilaa 3 qol (Karaan, Yaaqshiid, Kaxda) | $90 ilaa $250 kiro | | Aqal dabaq ah oo u dhow garoonka diyaaradaha | $700 ilaa $1,200 kiro | | Koronto, qoys lix qof ah | $25 ilaa $35 | | Biyaha tuubada, qoys lix qof ah | $20 ilaa $30 | | Dugsi sare oo gaar ah, ilmo kasta | $30 ilaa $50 | | Shaqada | Mushaharka bishii | |---|---| | Shaqaale guri | $50 ilaa $100 | | Waardiye | $100 ilaa $150 | | Adeege maqaayad | $150 ilaa $200 | | Kalkaaliye caafimaad oo bilow ah ama askari caadi ah | qiyaastii $200 | Qiimaha dalka oo dhan, eeg [Qiimaha iyo sicir-bararka](/so/economy/prices-and-inflation/). Qiimaha korontada, eeg [Korontada Soomaaliya](/so/economy/electricity/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Inta qof ee Muqdisho ku nool waa la isku khilaafsan yahay, taasoo beddesha tiro kasta oo "qofkiiba" ah: - Qiyaasta dadka ee QM ee 2014 waxay Banaadir ku tirisay qiyaastii **1.65 milyan** ([UNFPA, Population Estimation Survey 2014](https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf)). - Somali Public Agenda waxay ku qiyaastaa qiyaastii **2 milyan**, waxayna xustaa in dowladda hoose ee magaaladu sheegto **in ka badan 3.5 milyan** ([Somali Public Agenda](https://somalipublicagenda.org/examining-benadir-regional-administration-bra/)). --- # Isgaarsiinta iyo internetka Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/telecoms/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shabakadaha taleefanka Soomaaliya waxaa dhisay shirkado gaar ah oo Soomaaliyeed kadib 1991. Hormuud, Somtel, Golis iyo Telesom ayaa ugu waaweyn, toddoba shirkadood oo mobile ahna waxay shatiyada mowjadaha ka haystaan Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka. Sannadkii 2022, 85 boqolkiiba dadka waaweyn waxay lahaayeen taleefan, laakiin 27.6 boqolkiiba keliya ayaa saddexdii bilood ee ka horreysay isticmaalay internetka. ## Inta qof ee ku xiran Sahankii qoysaska ee qaranka ee 2022 wuxuu ogaaday ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Qaranka ee Soomaaliya, SIHBS 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SOMALIA-INTEGRATED-HOUSEHOLD-BUDGET-SURVEY.pdf)): - **85 boqolkiiba** dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay lahaayeen taleefan gacmeed, iyadoo farqi yar u dhexeeyo magaalooyinka, tuulooyinka iyo deegaannada reer guuraaga. - **81.8 boqolkiiba** kuwa taleefanka lahaa waxay u isticmaaleen lacag-wareejin iyo lacag-bixin. - **27.6 boqolkiiba** dadka da'doodu tahay 10 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa saddexdii bilood ee ka horreysay isticmaalay internetka, inta badan meel guriga ka baxsan. Qiimaha taleefanka iyo internetka wuxuu hoos u dhacay 1.8 boqolkiiba sannadkii ku dhammaaday Luulyo 2026 ([SNBS, CPI Luulyo 2026](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/CPI-_July-2026.pdf)). ## Shirkadaha ugu waaweyn Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka (NCA) waxay **shatiyada mowjadaha** siisay toddoba shirkadood oo mobile ah: Amtel Somalia, Golis Telecom Somalia, Hormuud Telecom Somalia, Somtel Ltd, Somtel Somalia, Somtel Telecommunications Company iyo Telesom ([NCA, diiwaanka shatiyada](https://mail.nca.gov.so/services/licenses)). - **[Hormuud Telecom](/so/businesses/hormuud-telecom/)** waa shabakadda ugu weyn ee koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya, waxayna maamushaa EVC Plus, adeegga lacagta mobilka ee ugu weyn ([TechCabal, Juun 2026](https://techcabal.com/2026/06/19/techcabal-daily-somalias-accidental-bank/)). Waxay 2024 5G ka bilowday Muqdisho, Kismaayo, Gaalkacyo, Baydhabo, Dhuusamarreeb, Beledweyne, Afgooye, Marka iyo Dhoobley, waxayna sheegtaa in shabakaddeedu gaarto 81 boqolkiiba dadka ([Connecting Africa, Maarso 2024](https://connectingafrica.com/5g-networks/hormuud-telecom-launches-5g-in-somalia)). - **[Somtel](/en/businesses/somtel/)** waxay maamushaa lacagta mobilka ee eDahab, waxayna qayb ka leedahay xadhigga badda hoosteeda mara ee DARE1 ([NCA, xadhkaha badda](https://mail.nca.gov.so/what-we-do/submarine-cables)). - **[Golis Telecom](/en/businesses/golis-telecom/)** waxay u adeegtaa Puntland iyo waqooyi-bari, waxayna maamushaa lacagta mobilka ee Sahal ([Wikipedia, Golis Telecom Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golis_Telecom_Somalia)). - **[Telesom](/en/businesses/telesom/)** waxay u adeegtaa Somaliland, waxayna maamushaa lacagta mobilka ee Zaad ([GSMA](https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/uncategorized/developing-a-currency-exchange-functionality-to-drive-mobile-money-usage-a-new-mobile-money-innovation-in-somaliland/)). Taariikhda shirkad kasta, eeg [Who connects Somalia](/so/economy/who-connects-somalia/). NCA waxay sidoo kale taxdaa shirkadaha internetka ee shatiga haysta, dhisayaasha shabakadaha gobollada, shirkadaha mobilka ee aan shabakad lahayn (sida Somnet iyo Durdur), Shabakadda Cilmi-baarista iyo Waxbarashada Soomaaliyeed, iyo 21 diiwaangeliye oo loogu talagalay magaca internetka ee dalka, **.so** ([NCA, diiwaanka shatiyada](https://mail.nca.gov.so/services/licenses)). ## Saamiga suuqa Qiyaasaha aad ayay u kala duwan yihiin. Omdia waxay saamiga Hormuud ku qiyaastay in ka badan 39 boqolkiiba dhammaadkii rubucii saddexaad ee 2023 ([Connecting Africa](https://connectingafrica.com/5g-networks/hormuud-telecom-launches-5g-in-somalia)). Qiyaaso kale waxay Hormuud siiyaan qiyaastii 45 ilaa 47 boqolkiiba ([TS2](https://ts2.tech/en/internet-access-in-somalia-growth-challenges-and-the-future-of-connectivity/)). ## Hay'adda nidaamisa **Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka** waxaa la aasaasay 2018, iyadoo la raacayo Sharciga Isgaarsiinta Qaranka. Cabbirka ITU ee ICT Regulatory Tracker, dhibcaha Soomaaliya waxay ka kaceen 0 sannadkii 2007 ilaa **77.5 sannadkii 2024**, oo ah korodhka ugu weyn ee waddan kasta oo la cabbiray ([Dawan Africa, Maajo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-tops-global-ict-reforms-gains-from-2007-2024-itu-says)). ## Xadhkaha badda hoosteeda mara Shan xadhig oo badda hoosteeda mara ayaa ku soo degga Soomaaliya ([NCA, xadhkaha badda](https://mail.nca.gov.so/what-we-do/submarine-cables)): - **DARE1:** Muqdisho iyo Boosaaso. Meesha uu Soomaaliya ku soo dego waxaa leh Somtel (50 boqolkiiba), Hormuud (40 boqolkiiba) iyo Djibouti Telecom (10 boqolkiiba). - **PEACE:** Muqdisho, Kismaayo, Berbera iyo Boosaaso. Qaybaha Soomaaliya waxaa leh Hormuud. - **G2A:** Berbera iyo Boosaaso, oo ay leeyihiin Golis, Hormuud iyo Telesom. - **2Africa:** Berbera iyo Muqdisho. - **EASSy:** Muqdisho. Waxyeellada xadhkaha Badda Cas ayaa sannadihii dambe gaabisay internetka Soomaaliya ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/disruption-of-the-red-sea-internet-cables-affecting-somalia)). ## Internetka dayax-gacmeedka NCA waxay 13 Abriil 2025 ansixisay shati hawleed oo **Starlink** ah, si internetka dayax-gacmeedku u gaaro meelaha fogfog ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/national-communications-authority-grants-operational-license-to-starlink)). Qiimihiisu wuxuu xaddidaa cidda isticmaali karta ([Tech in Africa](https://www.techinafrica.com/?p=40569)). ## Sida ay u kortay Kadib burburkii dowladda 1991, shirkado gaar ah oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa dhisay shabakadaha taleefanka iyadoo aan jirin hay'ad dowladeed oo nidaamisa. Shirkadaha lacagta mobilku sannado ayay shati la'aan ku shaqeynayeen, ilaa shatigii ugu horreeyay ee Bangiga Dhexe 2021 ([Cilmi-baaris Jaamacadda Oxford](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1ac123d0-39ae-4ad2-8717-23e6b4fedcf2/files/rnz806072v); [VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_somalia-issues-first-license-mobile-money-service/6202644.html)). Maanta isgaarsiintu waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu waaweyn ee maalgashiga shisheeyaha ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Lacagta mobilka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). --- # Suuqa Bakaaraha: suuqa ugu weyn Muqdisho Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/bakaara-market/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Suuqa Bakaaraha waa suuqa ugu weyn Muqdisho. Daraasad Bangiga Adduunka ee 2021 waxay ku tirisay in ka badan 20,000 ganacsi oo gudaha ah oo ku jira qiyaastii 7,000 dhismo, iyo ganacsato badan oo bannaanka ah. Waxaa lagu iibiyaa hadhuudh, shidaal, dhar, qalab elektaroonig ah, daawo iyo sarifka lacagta. Dab ayaa si joogto ah u gubay: 2007, 2023, 2024 iyo 2026 boqollaal dukaan ayaa gubtay. ## Baaxaddiisa Bakaaraha waa suuqa ugu weyn Muqdisho. Wuxuu leeyahay "in ka badan 20,000 ganacsi oo gudaha ah oo ku jira qiyaastii 7,000 dhismo, iyo ganacsiyo badan oo bannaanka ah" ([EUAA, 2025, oo soo xiganaysa Bangiga Adduunka, Somalia Country Economic Memorandum, Juun 2021, b. 104](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/21-mogadishu/213-socioeconomic-indicators)). Radio Ergo waxay ku tilmaantaa suuqa ugu weyn Muqdisho ([Radio Ergo, 23 Maajo 2024](https://radioergo.org/en/2024/05/another-fire-in-mogadishus-bakara-market-causes-ruin-for-families/)). ## Magaca iyo bilowga Wikipedia waxay sheegtaa in magacu ka yimid ereyga *baqaar*, oo ah meel hadhuudhka lagu kaydiyo, iyo in suuqu bilaabmay dabayaaqadii 1972, xilligii dowladdii Maxamed Siyaad Barre ([Wikipedia, Bakaara Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakaara_Market)). ## Waxa lagu iibiyo Wikipedia waxay taxdaa galley, hadhuudh, digir, looska, sisin, sarreen, bariis, shidaal iyo daawo ([Wikipedia, Bakaara Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakaara_Market)). Ogosto 2011, wakaaladda AFP waxay ku tilmaantay "shabakad waddooyin cariiri ah" oo lagu iibiyo cabitaanno, qalab elektaroonig ah iyo agabka maqaayadaha, laguna sarifo lacagta ([AFP, Terra Daily, 15 Ogosto 2011](https://www.terradaily.com/reports/Somali_businesses_warily_return_to_war-hit_market_999.html)). Ganacsatadii dabka ku waayay alaabtooda sannadihii dambe waxay haysteen dukaamo dhar, harqaan, dahab, cabitaanka miraha, qalab elektaroonig ah iyo bakhaaro dhar ([Radio Ergo, 7 Febraayo 2023](https://radioergo.org/en/2023/02/69636/); [Radio Ergo, 23 Maajo 2024](https://radioergo.org/en/2024/05/another-fire-in-mogadishus-bakara-market-causes-ruin-for-families/); [Dawan Africa, 21 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/fire-erupts-at-mogadishus-bakara-market-causes-extensive-property-damage)). ## Sannadihii dagaalka - **Oktoobar 1993:** suuqu wuxuu ka mid ahaa meelihii lagu dagaallamay Dagaalkii Muqdisho ([Wikipedia, Bakaara Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakaara_Market)). - **2011:** warbixin Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku qiyaastay in al-Shabaab ay sannadkii Bakaaraha ka heli jirtay ilaa **$60 milyan**. Ciidamada Midowga Afrika (AMISOM) ayaa suuqa la wareegay Ogosto 2011. 15 Ogosto, AFP waxay aragtay ganacsato si tartiib ah u soo laabanaya, ciidamaduna waxay guri madhan oo halkaas ku yaal ka heleen 137 madfac ([AFP, Terra Daily, 15 Ogosto 2011](https://www.terradaily.com/reports/Somali_businesses_warily_return_to_war-hit_market_999.html)). - **2012:** Abriil 2012, dhismayaashii dagaalka ku burburay waa la dayactirayay, waddada weynna mar kale way mashquul ahayd ([VOA, Peter Heinlein, 30 Abriil 2012](https://www.voanews.com/a/370225/p1.html)). ## Dabka | Goorta | Waxa gubtay | Isha | |---|---|---| | Oktoobar 2007 | Qiyaastii saddex meelood meel suuqa, oo ay ku jiraan qiyaastii 200 dukaan iyo miisas badan, sida ay qiyaastay guddi ganacsi | [Mail & Guardian, AFP, 4 Oktoobar 2007](https://mg.co.za/article/2007-10-04-massive-fire-a-death-blow-to-somali-market) | | 21 Janaayo 2023 | Hantida qiyaastii 300 qoys; qiyaastii 50 shaqaale ayaa shaqadoodii waayay. Guddiga ganacsiga Bakaaraha wuxuu khasaaraha ku qiyaasay qiyaastii $2.5 milyan. Harqaan ayaa waayay qiyaastii $11,000, oo ay ku jiraan toddoba mashiin oo harqaan | [Radio Ergo, 7 Febraayo 2023](https://radioergo.org/en/2023/02/69636/) | | 5 Abriil 2024 | Qiyaastii 200 ganacsi oo yar-yar. Ganacsade dhar ayaa khasaarihiisa ku qiyaasay $70,000, oo ay ku jirto $30,000 oo uu alaab ku amaahday | [Radio Ergo, 23 Maajo 2024](https://radioergo.org/en/2024/05/another-fire-in-mogadishus-bakara-market-causes-ruin-for-families/) | | Dabayaaqadii 2025 | Qaybo suuqa ka mid ah, gaar ahaan Suuqa Daawada | [Dawan Africa, 21 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/fire-erupts-at-mogadishus-bakara-market-causes-extensive-property-damage) | | Luulyo 2026 | Bakhaaro dhar, dukaamo elektaroonig ah iyo maqaayad, kuna fiday dhismayaal laba dabaq ah. Dab-damisku saacado kadib ayay xakameeyeen; dhimasho lama sheegin | [Dawan Africa, 21 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/fire-erupts-at-mogadishus-bakara-market-causes-extensive-property-damage) | Injineer ayaa Radio Ergo u sheegay in suuqa ay ku jiraan silig koronto oo qaawan oo u dhow kaalin shidaal, iyo in aysan jirin "nidaam lagula tacaalo dabka", baabuurta dab-damiskuna ay ku adag tahay inay gaaraan dukaamada gubanaya. Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir wuxuu sheegay inuu qorsheynayo inuu hagaajiyo adeegga dab-damiska degdegga ah ([Radio Ergo, 23 Maajo 2024](https://radioergo.org/en/2024/05/another-fire-in-mogadishus-bakara-market-causes-ruin-for-families/)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Dabkii 2007.** AFP waxay soo werisay in markhaatiyaal iyo ilo amni ay sheegeen in xabbad lumay laga yaabo inay shiday, dad badanna waxay ku eedeeyeen dagaal ka dhacay meel u dhow Wasaaraddii Gaashaandhigga ee hore ([Mail & Guardian, AFP](https://mg.co.za/article/2007-10-04-massive-fire-a-death-blow-to-somali-market)). Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa The Columbus Dispatch, waxay sheegtaa in madfac dagaal lagu riday uu shiday ([Wikipedia, Bakaara Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakaara_Market)). - **Sababta dabka dambe.** Radio Ergo waxay 2023 sheegtay in cillad koronto loo malaynayo inay sabab u ahayd ([Radio Ergo, 2023](https://radioergo.org/en/2023/02/69636/)). Luulyo 2026, markhaatiyaal ayaa soo jeediyay cillad koronto, mas'uuliyiintuna ma aysan xaqiijin sababta ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/fire-erupts-at-mogadishus-bakara-market-causes-extensive-property-damage)). Miisaaniyadda magaalada, canshuuraha, kirada iyo mushaharka, eeg [Dhaqaalaha Muqdisho](/so/economy/mogadishu-economy/). --- # Cidda isku xirta Soomaaliya: shirkadaha taleefannada, laga bilaabo Somali Telecom Group ilaa Hormuud Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/who-connects-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shabakadaha taleefannada Soomaaliya waxaa maamula shirkado Soomaaliyeed oo gaar ah oo koray kadib markii shabakaddii dowladdu burburtay 1991. Tii ugu horreysay, Somali Telecom Group, waxay Boosaaso ka furantay 1994. Maanta Hormuud waa tan ugu weyn koonfurta iyo bartamaha, Golis Puntland, Telesom-na Somaliland, iyadoo Somtel, NationLink, Telcom, Somafone iyo Amtel ay sidoo kale shaqeeyaan. ## Si kooban Markii dowladdii Siyaad Barre dhacday 1991, shabakaddii taleefannada dowladda, oo keli ku ahayd suuqa, way burburtay. Shirkado Soomaaliyeed oo gaar ah ayaa buuxiyay meeshii bannaanayd, iyagoon canshuur, ruqsad iyo hay'ad xakameysa midna jirin. Golis Telecom waxay $2.7 milyan ku bixisay qalab Shiinees ah, laba sano kadibna lacagtii oo dhan way soo celisay ([Xasan M. Cismaan, Somali Economic Forum, wargeyska Afrika ee Hogan Lovells, Sebtembar 2012](https://www.hlc.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/africaseptember2012newslettersomaliatelecoms_pdf.pdf)). 2012 waxaa jiray qiyaastii 11 shirkadood, khadka dhulka ahna wuxuu bishii ku kacayay qiyaastii $10 oo leh wicitaanno gudaha ah oo bilaash ah oo aan xad lahayn (isla ilahaas). Hay'adda xakameysa, fiilooyinka iyo isticmaalka internetka, eeg [Isgaarsiinta iyo internetka Soomaaliya](/so/economy/telecoms/). ## Shirkadaha | Shirkadda | La aasaasay | Xarunta | Deegaanka ugu weyn | Lacagta mobilka | |---|---|---|---|---| | Somali Telecom Group (STG) | 1993 (adeeggii ugu horreeyay 1994) | Xafiiska guud Dubai | Puntland, Somaliland | | | Netco | 1993 | Boosaaso | Puntland | | | NationLink | 1997 | Muqdisho | Koonfurta iyo bartamaha | | | Telcom | 1997 | Muqdisho (Bakaaraha) | Muqdisho, Hargeysa, Boosaaso | | | Hormuud | 2002 | Muqdisho | Koonfurta iyo bartamaha | EVC Plus | | Golis | 2002 | Boosaaso | Puntland | Sahal | | Telesom | 2002 | Hargeysa | Somaliland | Zaad | | Somafone | 2003 | Muqdisho | Koonfurta iyo bartamaha | | | Somtel | 2009 (saamiga Dahabshiil 2008) | Hargeysa | Somaliland iyo Soomaaliya | eDahab | Ilaha saf kasta waxay ku jiraan qaybaha hoose. **Somali Telecom Group iyo Netco.** STG waxaa la aasaasay 1993 magaalada Rockville, Maryland, ee Mareykanka, adeeggiisii ugu horreeyayna wuxuu Boosaaso ka furay 1994 isagoo wata magaca North Eastern Telecommunications Company (Netco). Kadib wuxuu furay Hargeysa (1994), Gaalkacyo (1997), Muqdisho (1998), Burco (1999) iyo Garoowe (2000) ([Wikipedia, Somali Telecom Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Telecom_Group)). Wargeyska Hogan Lovells ee 2012 wuxuu Somali Telecom ugu yeeraa "shirkaddii isgaarsiinta gaarka ahayd ee ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya ka furantay 1994" ([Hogan Lovells](https://www.hlc.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/africaseptember2012newslettersomaliatelecoms_pdf.pdf)). Netco waxaa leh Ismaaciil Xaaji Cabdi ([Wikipedia, Netco (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netco_(Somalia))). **NationLink.** Waxaa la aasaasay Sebtembar 1997, waxaana aasaasay ganacsade Cabdirisaaq Iido, oo Forbes ay 2017 ku tirisay malaayiin-leyaasha Soomaaliya ([Forbes, 29 Ogosto 2017](https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2017/08/29/5-multi-millionaires-from-somalia-you-should-know/); [Wikipedia, NationLink Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NationLink_Telecom)). **Telcom.** Xaruntiisu waa suuqa Bakaaraha, Muqdisho, wuxuuna leeyahay qiyaastii 750 shaqaale iyo xafiisyo Dubai iyo London. Wuxuu maamulayay shabakado isku xiran oo Muqdisho, Hargeysa iyo Boosaaso ah ([Wikipedia, Telcom (Somalia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telcom_(Somalia))). Isaga, Hormuud iyo NationLink waxay si wadajir ah u lahaayeen Global Internet Company, oo 2009 ahayd shirkadda internetka ee ugu weyn iyo tan keliya ee dial-up-ka ah ee koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, Communications in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia)). **Hormuud.** Waxaa Muqdisho lagu aasaasay 2002, waxaana aasaasay koox saamileyaal yaryar ah, wuxuuna ku bilaabay 16 goobood. 2021 wuxuu sheegay inuu leeyahay qiyaastii 20,000 shaqaale waqti-buuxa iyo waqti-dhiman ah, oo 45 boqolkiiba ay injineerro yihiin, iyo in ka badan 800 xarumood oo adeegga macaamiisha ah, iyo in 3 milyan oo qof ay isticmaalaan EVC Plus ([Total Telecom, 5 Nofembar 2021](https://totaltele.com/20-years-of-driving-connectivity-in-somalia/)). 2012 iibkiisu wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii $40 milyan sannadkii ([Hogan Lovells](https://www.hlc.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/africaseptember2012newslettersomaliatelecoms_pdf.pdf)). Eeg [Hormuud Telecom](/so/businesses/hormuud-telecom/). **[Golis](/en/businesses/golis-telecom/).** Waxaa la aasaasay 2002 Boosaaso. Waa shirkadda ugu weyn Puntland, waxayna gaartaa in ka badan 50 degmo, waxayna maamushaa adeegga lacagta mobilka ee Sahal ([Wikipedia, Golis Telecom Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golis_Telecom_Somalia); [Hogan Lovells](https://www.hlc.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/africaseptember2012newslettersomaliatelecoms_pdf.pdf)). Ogosto 2011, Salaam Bank wuxuu Golis la daah-furay adeeg la yiraahdo Kaaftoon ([Wikipedia, Golis Telecom Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golis_Telecom_Somalia)). **[Telesom](/en/businesses/telesom/).** Waxaa Hargeysa lagu aasaasay 2002, waxaana aasaasay maalgashadayaal maxalli ah, waana shirkaddii isgaarsiinta ee ugu horreysay ee Somaliland ka shaqaysa. Waxay maamushaa adeegga lacagta mobilka ee Zaad ([Telesom, Nagu saabsan](https://www.telesom.com/about); [GSMA](https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/uncategorized/developing-a-currency-exchange-functionality-to-drive-mobile-money-usage-a-new-mobile-money-innovation-in-somaliland/)). **Somafone.** Waxaa Muqdisho lagu aasaasay 2003 iyadoo ah laan ka mid ah Somafone FZ LLC ee Dubai Internet City, waxayna leedahay in ka badan 150 shaqaale ([Wikipedia, Somafone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somafone)). **[Somtel](/en/businesses/somtel/).** Xaruntiisu waa Hargeysa. Shirkadda xawaaladda Dahabshiil ayaa 2008 iibsatay saami ka badan kala badh; Wikipedia waxay lahaanshahiisa ku sheegtaa 95 boqolkiiba Dahabshiil iyo 5 boqolkiiba saamiyo dadweyne ([Wikipedia, Somtel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somtel); [Wikipedia, Communications in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia)). Wuxuu maamulaa eDahab, wuxuuna wadaag ku yahay meesha ay ka soo degto fiilada badda hoosteeda ee DARE1 ([NCA, fiilooyinka badda hoosteeda](https://mail.nca.gov.so/what-we-do/submarine-cables)). Eeg [Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/). **Amtel.** Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka ayaa ku taxday mid ka mid ah toddobada shirkadood ee mobilka ah ee haysta ruqsadda mowjadaha ([NCA, diiwaanka ruqsadaha](https://mail.nca.gov.so/services/licenses)). ## Sida ay shirkaduhu u wada shaqeeyaan - **2005**, shirkado dhowr ah ayaa saxiixay heshiis isku xirid si ay qiimaha u dejiyaan oo shabakadahooda u dayactiraan ([Wikipedia, Communications in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia)). Wargeyska Hogan Lovells wuxuu ku tilmaamay inay iska kaashadaan "dayactirka shabakadahooda iyo dejinta qiimaha" ([Hogan Lovells](https://www.hlc.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/africaseptember2012newslettersomaliatelecoms_pdf.pdf)). - **Luulyo 2014**, Hormuud, NationLink iyo Somtel waxay isku raaceen inay aasaasaan Somali Telecommunication Company si macaamiishoodu isu wici karaan saddexda shabakadood ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa TeleGeography, 23 Luulyo 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia)). - **2022**, Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka waxay dejisay qaab-dhismeed isku xirid, oo Golis ku biirtay ([NCA, qaab-dhismeedka isku xiridda](https://nca.gov.so/interconnection-framework/)). ## Cadaadiska kooxaha hubaysan 30 Sebtembar 2011, al-Shabaab waxay NationLink, Telcom iyo Dahabshiil ku amartay inay shaqada ka joojiyaan deegaannada ay haysato. Amarka waxaa la laabtay maalmo kadib iyadoo shardi looga dhigay in shirkaduhu siiyaan sako. Hormuud lagu ma xusin amarka ([IRIN, Oktoobar 2011](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/93885/somalia-al-shabab-tax-move-threatens-livelihoods)). Janaayo 2014, al-Shabaab waxay shirkadaha isgaarsiinta ku amartay inay xiraan internetka mobilka deegaannada ay maamusho ([Al Jazeera, 9 Janaayo 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/01/al-shabab-bans-internet-somalia-20141981213614575.html)). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Cidda ugu horreysay.** Wargeyska 2012 wuxuu Golis ku tilmaamaa "kuwa ugu horreeyay" ee la aasaasay, laakiin isla maqaalkaas wuxuu Somali Telecom ugu magacaabaa shirkaddii gaarka ahayd ee ugu horreysay, 1994. Golis waxay sannadka aasaaskeeda ku sheegtaa 2002 ([Hogan Lovells](https://www.hlc.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/africaseptember2012newslettersomaliatelecoms_pdf.pdf); [Wikipedia, Somali Telecom Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Telecom_Group)). Sannadka la aasaasay Netco waxaa lagu sheegaa 1993, laakiin STG waxay adeegeeda Boosaaso ku taxdaa inuu furmay 1994. - **Faa'iidada Golis.** Wargeyska 2012 wuxuu sheegay in Golis 2005 soo sheegtay in ka badan $40 milyan oo faa'iido ah, oo ah isla tirada uu u bixiyo iibka sannadlaha ah ee Hormuud ([Hogan Lovells](https://www.hlc.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/africaseptember2012newslettersomaliatelecoms_pdf.pdf)). - **Baaxadda Hormuud.** Tirada shaqaalaha ee la sheegay waxay u dhexeysaa qiyaastii 7,000 ilaa in ka badan 35,000, tirada saamileydana qiyaastii 12,000 ilaa 189,000, iyadoo ku xiran isha iyo sannadka ([Total Telecom](https://totaltele.com/20-years-of-driving-connectivity-in-somalia/); [Wikipedia, Hormuud Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom)). - **Taariikhda 2011.** IRIN waxay amarka al-Shabaab ku taariikhaysay 30 Sebtembar 2011 ([IRIN](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/93885/somalia-al-shabab-tax-move-threatens-livelihoods)); ururka shaqaalaha ITUC wuxuu sheegay 2 Oktoobar ([ITUC OnLine, 5 Oktoobar 2011](https://www.goiam.org/?p=39394)). --- # Dhaqaalaha Somaliland: miisaaniyadda, shilinka, Zaad iyo Berbera Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somaliland-economy/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somaliland waxay leedahay miisaaniyad, bangi dhexe iyo lacag u gaar ah. Miisaaniyadda 2026 waa qiyaastii $424.5 milyan, wasaaradda qorshayntuna waxay dhaqaalaha 2024 ku qiyaastay qiyaastii $4.6 bilyan. Nolosha maalinlaha ah waxay ku socotaa lacagta mobilka ee Zaad iyo eDahab oo doollar ah, iyo shilinka Somaliland. ## Aasaaska Tan iyo 1991, Somaliland waxay waqooyi-galbeed ka maamushaa maamul u gaar ah, oo leh miisaaniyad, bangi dhexe iyo lacag u gaar ah. Tirooyinkeeda si gooni ah ayaa loo daabacaa, kamana mid aha kuwa dowladda federaalka. - **Baaxadda dhaqaalaha:** qiyaastii **$4.58 bilyan** sannadkii 2024, ama qiyaastii **$912 qofkiiba**, sida ay sheegtay Wasaaradda Qorshaynta iyo Horumarinta Qaranka ee Somaliland ([Wikipedia, Economy of Somaliland, oo soo xiganaysa warbixinta GDP 2024 ee wasaaradda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Somaliland)). - **Tirada dadka ee dowladdu isticmaasho:** qiyaastii 6.25 milyan sannadkii 2024 (isla ilahaas). Tirooyinkan waxaa soo saara xafiiska tirakoobka ee Somaliland, kamana mid aha xisaabaadka qaranka ee federaalka. ## Miisaaniyadda Golaha wasiirrada Somaliland wuxuu 29 Nofembar 2025 ansixiyay miisaaniyaddii ugu weyneyd ee 2026: qiyaastii **4.58 tiriliyan oo shilin Somaliland ah, oo u dhiganta qiyaastii $424.5 milyan**. Wuxuu sababta ku sheegay in dakhliga la filayo uu xoog leeyahay ([Horn Diplomat, 29 Nofembar 2025](https://www.horndiplomat.com/somaliland-cabinet-endorses-record-424-million-budget-for-2026-citing-strong-revenue-outlook/)). Wareegto madaxweyne oo soo baxday 23 Diseembar 2025 ayaa dhaqan gelisay ([Somaliland Standard](https://somalilandstandard.com/the-president-of-the-republic-of-somaliland-issues-a-presidential-decree-on-the-execution-of-the-2026-national-budget)). Bartamihii 2026 wasaaradda maaliyaddu waxay baarlamaanka u soo bandhigtay mudnaanta miisaaniyadda 2027 ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202607200062.html)). ## Lacagta Somaliland waxay **shilinka Somaliland** ku soo saartaa Bangiga Somaliland. Waxaa la soo saaray **18 Oktoobar 1994**, kadib markii baarlamaanku Sebtembar 1994 taageeray qorshihii Madaxweyne Cigaal. Sarrifku wuxuu ahaa 1 shilin Somaliland oo u dhiganta 100 shilin Soomaali ah. Shilinka Soomaaliga ahi wuxuu halkaas ka joogsaday inuu lacag sharci ah noqdo 31 Janaayo 1995. Qadaadiicdii ugu horreysay, oo ahayd 1 shilin, waxaa 1994 lagu sameeyay Pobjoy Mint ee Ingiriiska ([Wikipedia, Somaliland shilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_shilling)). Ogosto 2026 maamulku wuxuu dejiyay sarrif rasmi ah: **11,000 shilin doollarkii (iibsi) iyo 11,100 (iib)**. Lacag-beddelayaashu hadda waa inay is-diiwaangeliyaan, iyagoo bixinaya $700 iyo $130 oo canshuur sannadeed ah. Kuwa aan shatiga haysan mar dambe kuma beddeli karaan lacagta Zaad iyo eDahab. Boqollaal lacag-beddelayaal ah oo aan rasmi ahayn ayaa shaqadoodii waayay ([Radio Ergo, 25 Ogosto 2026](https://radioergo.org/en/2026/08/somaliland-closes-black-markets-with-outcry-from-informal-local-money-changers/)). Taariikhda shilinka Soomaaliga, eeg [The Somali shilling and the dollar](/so/economy/somali-shilling-and-the-dollar/). ## Lacagta mobilka **Zaad**, oo ay maamusho Telesom, lacagta waxay ku haysaa doollarka Mareykanka, waxaana lagu bixiyaa inta badan lacagaha maalinlaha ah. Telesom waxay Zaad ku dartay adeeg sarrif, si isticmaaluhu taleefanka ugu kala beddelan karo doollar iyo shilin ([GSMA](https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/uncategorized/developing-a-currency-exchange-functionality-to-drive-mobile-money-usage-a-new-mobile-money-innovation-in-somaliland/)). **eDahab**, oo ay maamusho Somtel, waa adeegga labaad. Eeg [Mobile money in Somalia](/so/economy/mobile-money/). ## Bangiyada iyo maaliyadda - **Wadaag Bank** wuxuu furmay 31 Ogosto 2025, isagoo ah bangiga lixaad ee shatiga ku haysta Somaliland, iyo bangigii Islaamiga ahaa ee ugu horreeyay ee dhijitaal ku dhisan. Boorsadiisa lacageed waxay ku xiran tahay Zaad iyo eDahab, saamiyadiisana dadweynaha ayuu ka iibiyaa ([Tech Africa](https://tech.africa/?p=88129)). - Somaliland waxay shirkadda AlHuda CIBE u xilsaartay inay qorto xeerarka bangiyada Islaamiga ah ([Salaam Gateway](https://salaamgateway.com/story/somaliland-engages-alhuda-cibe-to-develop-islamic-banking-regulations)). - Waxaa la bilaabay **qorshe deyn ah oo $500,000 ah oo aan ribo lahayn**, oo loogu talagalay dhallinyarada ganacsi bilaabaya ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-launches-dollar500000-interest-free-loan-scheme-for-young-entrepreneurs)). - Somaliland waxay 2021 kala badh ka dhimtay khidmadda diiwaangelinta ganacsiga ([Somaliland Standard](https://somalilandstandard.com/somaliland-commerce-ministry-cuts-50-of-business-registration-fees)). ## Warshadaha Maalgelinta warshadeed ee ugu weyn waa warshadda shubidda Coca-Cola, oo ay maamusho **Somaliland Beverage Industries**. Shirkaddan waxaa 2010 aasaasay ganacsade Axmed Cismaan Geelle (Ahmed Osman Guelleh). Warshaddu waxay furantay 22 Maajo 2012. Sannadkii 2012 waxay lahayd 57 shaqaale, saacaddiina waxay soo saartaa 11,000 dhalo, oo loo qaybiyo in ka badan 120 macmiil oo ku nool Somaliland, Puntland iyo Muqdisho ([NPR, 28 Ogosto 2012](https://www.npr.org/2012/08/28/160117706/somaliland-a-pocket-of-stability-in-a-chaotic-region); [Wikipedia, Somaliland Beverage Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_Beverage_Industries)). Kharashkeeda NPR iyo Wikipedia waxay ku sheegaan $17 milyan, halka Reuters waqtigaas iyo The Star 2019 ay ku sheegeen $15 milyan ([The Star, 29 Maajo 2019](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-05-29-sbi-coca-cola-sets-the-pace-for-industrialisation-in-somaliland)). ## Dekedda Berbera Shirkadda DP World ee Dubai waxay 2016 ku heshiisay inay maamusho oo ballaariso dekedda Berbera, iyadoo ah iskaashi $442 milyan ah oo ay la leedahay Somaliland ([Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/business/dp-world-signs-442m-joint-venture-with-somaliland-1.1825624)). Janaayo 2026 dowladda federaalku waxay ku dhawaaqday inay joojinayso heshiisyada dekedaha ee Imaaraadka, oo ay ku jirto Berbera. Somaliland waxay sheegtay in go'aankaasi aanu sharci ahayn, DP World-na waxay sheegtay in hawlaheedu ku socdaan heshiisyadii jiray ([The Standard](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/africa/article/2001538373/somalia-cancels-all-uae-deals-after-somaliland-yemeni-spats)). Eeg [Somalia's seaports](/so/economy/ports/). ## Lacagta dibadda ka timaadda iyo isgaarsiinta Dahabshiil, shirkadda xawaaladda Soomaaliyeed ee ugu weyn, waxaa lagu aasaasay Burco ([Wikipedia, Dahabshiil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). Saddex xadhig internet oo badda hoosteeda mara ayaa ku soo xidhma Berbera: PEACE, 2Africa iyo G2A. Midka dambe waxaa wada leh Telesom, Golis iyo Hormuud ([Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka](https://mail.nca.gov.so/what-we-do/submarine-cables)). Eeg [Dahabshiil](/so/businesses/dahabshiil/). ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin Qiyaasihii hore ee dibadda laga sameeyay ee dhaqaalaha Somaliland, kuwii ka horreeyay warbixinnada GDP ee ay iyadu soo saarto, aad ayay uga yaraayeen, isbarbardhig ahaanna isuma qalmaan ([Wikipedia, Economy of Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Somaliland)). Sahanka qoysaska ee Somaliland wuxuu isticmaalaa habab u gaar ah ([Wasaaradda Qorshaynta ee Somaliland](https://mopnd.govsomaliland.org/site/downloadfile/file/MjAyNS8wOS8yMDI1LTA5LTExLTA4LTU0LTM5LTIxNDMtMTc1NzU4MDg3OS5wZGY%3D)). --- # Sida dowlad-goboleedyada Soomaaliya lacag u ururiyaan oo u bixiyaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/member-states-money/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dowlad-goboleed kastaa wuxuu maamulaa miisaaniyad u gaar ah. 2025, Puntland waxay ururisay $100 milyan oo dakhli u gaar ah, oo aad uga badan dowlad-goboleed kasta oo kale, halka Koonfur Galbeed, Hirshabeelle iyo Galmudug lacagtooda badankeeda ka heleen deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha. Dowladda federaalku sannadkaas waxay dowlad-goboleedyada u dirtay qiyaastii $180 milyan. ## Lacagta dowlad-goboleedyada 2025 Dhammaan tirooyinka 2025 waxay ka yimaadeen xogta Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee uu daabacay [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). **Puntland** - Dakhli iyo deeqo: $119 milyan, oo **$100 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah** (84 boqolkiiba): $83 milyan canshuur ah iyo $16 milyan khidmado iyo lacag-bixinno ah. - Deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha: $19 milyan. - Kharash: $118 milyan, oo ay ku jiraan $56 milyan mushahar ah, $43 milyan alaab iyo adeegyo ah, iyo **$18 milyan oo dhismayaal iyo qalab ah**, kan ugu badan dowlad-goboleedyada. **Jubbaland** - Dakhli iyo deeqo: $70 milyan, oo $37 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah ($28 milyan canshuur ah). - Deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha: $33 milyan. - Kharash: $68 milyan, oo ay ku jiraan $41 milyan mushahar ah iyo $5 milyan dhismayaal ah. **Galmudug** - Dakhli iyo deeqo: $33 milyan, oo $11 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah. - Deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha: $22 milyan, qiyaastii saddex meelood laba meel wadarta. - Kharash: $29 milyan, oo ay ku jiraan $11 milyan mushahar ah iyo $3 milyan dhismayaal ah. **Koonfur Galbeed** - Dakhli iyo deeqo: $26 milyan, oo $5 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah. - Deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha: $21 milyan. - Kharash: $25 milyan, oo ay ku jiraan $2 milyan dhismayaal ah. **Hirshabeelle** - Dakhli iyo deeqo: $24 milyan, oo $8 milyan ay ahayd dakhligeeda gaarka ah. - Deeqaha deeq-bixiyeyaasha: $17 milyan. - Kharash: $24 milyan, oo ay ku jiraan $9 milyan mushahar ah iyo $1 milyan dhismayaal ah. ## Waxa tirooyinku muujinayaan - Dowlad-goboleed kastaa wuxuu bixiyay qiyaastii inta uu helay, badankoodna sannadka waxay ku dhammeeyeen hadhaa yar. - Kharashka socodsiinta, badankiisu mushahar iyo alaab, wuxuu ahaa 85 ilaa 94 boqolkiiba kharashka dowlad-goboleed kasta. Lacagta waddooyinka, dhismayaasha iyo qalabku meel kasta way yarayd. - Puntland lacagteeda badankeeda iyadaa ururisa. Koonfur Galbeed, Hirshabeelle iyo Galmudug waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin deeqaha. Saddexda qodobba: [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). ## Lacagta dowladda federaalka Dowladda federaalku waxay 2025 dowlad-goboleedyada u wareejisay qiyaastii **$180 milyan**, korodh 12 boqolkiiba marka loo eego $160 milyan oo 2024 ahaa, halka la qorsheeyay $239.5 milyan (isla ilahaas). IMF waxay talo ku bixisaa hal canshuur iib oo ay wadaagaan dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad-goboleedyada, iyo in la xoojiyo ururinta kastamka iyo canshuurta dakhliga ([IMF, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/05/pr26319-somalia-imf-staff-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation-mission)). Wadatashiyadii miisaaniyadda 2026, Wasaaradda Maaliyaddu waxay xustay in dowlad-goboleedyadu weli ururiyaan oo isticmaalaan canshuurahooda gaarka ah ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, Warbixinta Wadatashiga Miisaaniyadda 2026](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/2026%20Budget%20Consultation%20Report.pdf)). ## Bangiga dowladda Puntland Puntland waxay leedahay **Bangiga Dowladda Puntland** (State Bank of Puntland), oo la aasaasay 1998 xaruntiisuna tahay Garoowe. Wuxuu leeyahay sagaal laamood, oo ay ku jiraan Boosaaso, Gaalkacyo, Qardho, Badhan iyo Caluula, iyo qiyaastii 200 shaqaale 2025. Guddoomiyihiisa 2026 waa Cabdirisaaq Warsame Seeraar. Wuxuu raacaa sharciyada maaliyadda federaalka maadaama Puntland aysan weli ansixin kuwo u gaar ah ([Wikipedia, State Bank of Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_Puntland)). 27 Abriil 2026, madaxweynaha Puntland wuxuu dhagax dhigay laan cusub oo Badhan, Sanaag ah ([Dawan Africa, 27 Abriil 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/puntland-president-breaks-ground-on-state-bank-branch-in-badhan)). 2021, bangigu wuxuu ganacsiyada iyo bangiyada ka joojiyay qaadashada lacagta $50-ka ah sababo la xiriira been-abuur baahsan; wuxuu mar kale oggolaaday Febraayo 2025 ([Goobjoog News, 19 Febraayo 2025](https://en.goobjoog.com/puntland-central-bank-okays-use-of-50-note-after-4-year-suspension-over-counterfeiting)). Eeg [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](/so/economy/central-bank-of-somalia/). ## Sannadka dambe Golaha wasiirrada Puntland wuxuu ansixiyay miisaaniyadda 2027 oo ka badan **$308 milyan** ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/puntland-cabinet-approves-2027-budget-exceeding-dollar308-million)). ## Waxa aan halkan ku jirin Banaadir (Muqdisho) waxaa maamula Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir, Somaliland-na waxay haysaa xisaabaad u gaar ah. Eeg [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/) iyo [Miisaaniyadda iyo canshuuraha dowladda federaalka](/so/economy/budget-and-taxes/). --- # Shirkadaha warbaahinta Soomaaliyeed: cidda aasaastay oo leh TV-yada, raadiyeyaasha iyo bogagga wararka Source: https://calankii.com/so/economy/somali-media-companies/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Warbaahinta Soomaaliyeed badankeedu waa shirkado gaar ah oo la bilaabay 1991 kadib, qaar badanna waxaa bilaabay Soomaali dibadda jooga. HornAfrik waxaa Muqdisho ka furay 1999 saddex Soomaali Kanadiyaan ah; Hiiraan Online waxaa isla sannadkaas Ottawa ka aasaasay kabtan hore oo Somali Airlines ah; Shabelle Media Network waxay Marka ka bilaabatay 2002; Universal TV, oo la aasaasay 2005, waxay dayax-gacmeed ka baahisaa London. Sannadaha la aasaasay qiyaastii 30 xarumood ayaa hoos ku taxan oo ilo leh. ## Si kooban Markii warbaahintii dowladdu shaqada joojisay 1991, shirkado Soomaaliyeed oo gaar ah ayaa buuxiyay meeshii bannaanayd, iyagoo ku bilaabay raadiyeyaal FM ah, kadibna TV dayax-gacmeed iyo bogag war. Media Landscapes waxay xustay in qaar badan oo ka mid ah TV-yada dayax-gacmeedka ee afka Soomaaliga lagu aasaasay qurbaha ([Media Landscapes, Soomaaliya: telefishinka](https://medialandscapes.org/country/somalia/media/television)). Laba adeeg oo TV ah waxaa maamula maamullo: Telefishinka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (1983) ee Muqdisho iyo Telefishinka Qaranka Somaliland (2004) ee Hargeysa (isla ilahaas; [Wikipedia, Mass media in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Somalia)). Sida Soomaalidu u hesho wararka iyo badbaadada saxafiyiinta, eeg [Media in Somalia](/en/society/media-in-somalia/). Shirkadaha isgaarsiinta iyo warbaahinta oo dhan, eeg [telecoms, internet and media directory](/en/businesses/telecoms-internet-and-media-directory/). ## Shirkadaha ugu caansan **HornAfrik (1999 ilaa 2010).** Waxaa Muqdisho lagu furay **12 Diseembar 1999**, waxaana furay **Axmed Cabdisalaan Aadan, Maxamed Cilmi iyo Cali Imaan Sharmaarke**, Soomaali u haajirtay Kanada. Waxay ahayd shabakaddii raadiyaha madax-bannaan ee ugu horreysay ee xaruntu Muqdisho tahay, waxayna maamulaysay Radio HornAfrik, Capital Voice, HornAfrik TV, bog internet iyo xarun tababar ([Canadian Journalists for Free Expression, Maxamed Cilmi](http://www.cjfe.org/cjfe_gala/award_winners/Mohamed_Elmi); [Wikipedia, HornAfrik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HornAfrik)). Aasaasayaasheedu waxay 2002 ku guuleysteen abaalmarinta Xorriyadda Saxaafadda Caalamiga ah ee CJFE. Cali Imaan Sharmaarke waxaa lagu dilay Muqdisho 2007 ([CJFE, Cali Imaan Sharmaarke](http://www.cjfe.org/cjfe_gala/award_winners/Ali_Iman_Sharmarke)). HornAfrik waxay xirantay 2010 ([Wikipedia, HornAfrik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HornAfrik)). **Hiiraan Online (1999).** Bog war oo lagu aasaasay **Ottawa 1 Luulyo 1999**, waxaana aasaasay **Axmed Guure**, kabtan hore oo Somali Airlines ah, weli waxaa laga maamulaa Ottawa. Wuxuu ku daabacaa Ingiriisi iyo Soomaali, wuxuuna qaadaa xayeysiisyada shaqooyinka hay'adaha gargaarka iyo dowladda ([Jaamacadda Alberta, kaydka Minority Media](http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/MinorityMedia/items/show/354); [Open Society Foundations, Mapping digital media, Diseembar 2011](https://www.issuelab.org/resources/13092/13092.pdf)). **Shabelle Media Network (2002).** Waxaa **2002 Marka** ku aasaasay koox qalin-jabiyayaal Soomaaliyeed oo dhallinyaro ah, mar dambena waxay u guurtay Muqdisho; waxay bilowday TV dayax-gacmeed oo gaara Afrika, Aasiya iyo Australia, 2005-na waxay ku dartay Waqooyiga Ameerika iyo Yurub ([Radio Netherlands Media Network, 30 Abriil 2005, kayd](https://web.archive.org/web/20121201051112/http://blogs.rnw.nl/medianetwork/new-somali-satellite-tv-station-launched)). Milkiilaheedu waa Cabdimaalik Yuusuf Banna ([Wikipedia, Shabelle Media Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabelle_Media_Network)). Wariyeyaal Bilaa Xuduud (RSF) waxay Radio Shabelle u doorteen warbaahinta sannadka 2010 ([RSF, Diseembar 2010, kayd](https://web.archive.org/web/20101216022733/http://en.rsf.org/somalia-press-freedom-prize-goes-to-somali-10-12-2010,39003.html)). Dhowr ka mid ah agaasimayaasheeda iyo wariyeyaasheeda ayaa la dilay 2007 ilaa 2012 ([VOA, 21 Sebtembar 2012](https://www.voanews.com/a/four-journalists-killed-in-somalia-in-24-hours/1512442.html)). **Universal TV (2005).** Kanaal dayax-gacmeed gaar ah oo la aasaasay **2005**, oo istuudiyeyaal ku leh London iyo Kuala Lumpur, laguna tilmaamay shabakaddii dayax-gacmeedka Soomaaliyeed ee noocaas ah ee ugu horreysay uguna weyneyd ([Mapping the Somali Media, 2012](https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/152265/e2d1cfa0839cf2bbb992b7a8f41f7c2a.pdf); [Somali Directory UK, kayd](https://web.archive.org/web/20171221223719/http://www.somalidirectory.co.uk/Universal-TV-175-84.htm)). Shirkad UK ah, Universal Somali TV Limited, ayaa ku jirta diiwaanka Companies House ([Companies House, 10839282](https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10839282)). Booliska Somaliland waxay xireen xafiiskeeda Hargeysa 27 Juun 2020, Somaliland-na waxay ka laabatay ruqsaddeeda 12 Febraayo 2025 ([Somaliland.com, kayd 2020](https://web.archive.org/web/20200627200559/https://www.somaliland.com/news/universal-tv-a-somali-news-channel-in-somaliland-shut-down/); [Somali Magazine, 2025](https://somalimagazine.so/somaliland-revokes-universal-tvs-license-tightens-grip-on-media/)). Wasiir Somaliland ah ayaa milkiilaheeda ku magacaabay Injineer Axmed Abuubakar ([Horn Observer](https://hornobserver.com/articles/3184/Somaliland-officially-withdraws-licence-from-Universal-TV-over-critical-reporting)). **Horn Cable TV (2003).** Kanaal war oo gaar ah oo Hargeysa ku yaal, waxaana leh Farxaan Xaaji Cali ([Wikipedia, Horn Cable Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_Cable_Television)). **Garowe Online (2004).** Bog war oo laba-luqadeed ah oo Garoowe ku yaal, waxaana leh Garowe News Group, oo sidoo kale leh Radio Garowe. Falanqayn BBC ah oo 2011 ayaa ku tilmaantay mid ay subax kasta akhriyaan wasiirrada iyo masuuliyiinta Puntland ([Wikipedia, Garowe Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garowe_Online)). ## Sannadaha la aasaasay xarumaha kale Laga soo qaatay shaxda maqaalka Wikipedia ee warbaahinta Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia, Mass media in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Somalia)): | Xarunta | Nooca | La aasaasay | Goobta | |---|---|---|---| | Radio Gaalkacyo | Raadiyo | 1993 | Gaalkacyo | | Dawan Tribune | Saxaafad | 2000 | Hargeysa | | SBC (Somali Broadcasting Corporation) | Raadiyo iyo TV | 2001 | Boosaaso | | Puntland Post | Bog war | 2001 | Garoowe | | Horseed Media | Bog war iyo raadiyo | 2002 | Boosaaso | | Geeska Afrika | Saxaafad | 2003 | Hargeysa | | Eastern Television Network | TV | 2005 | Boosaaso | | Ogaal | Wargeys | 2005 | Hargeysa | | Star FM | Raadiyo | 2005 | Muqdisho | | Dalmar Press | Saxaafad | 2006 | Muqdisho | | Risaala Radio | Raadiyo | 24 Abriil 2011 | Muqdisho | | Mustaqbal Radio | Raadiyo | 15 Maarso 2012 | Muqdisho | | Radio Dalsan | Raadiyo | 1 Abriil 2012 | Muqdisho | | Goobjoog FM iyo Goobjoog TV | Raadiyo iyo TV | 2012 | Muqdisho | | Puntland TV and Radio | Raadiyo iyo TV | 2013 | Garoowe | | Somali Cable TV | TV | 2015 | Muqdisho | | Radio Hiddo | Raadiyo | 2015 | Muqdisho | | Som Production | Raadiyo | 2019 | Muqdisho | ## Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin - **Aasaasayaasha HornAfrik.** CJFE iyo Wikipedia waxay magacaabaan saddex aasaase; qaar ka mid ah noocyada maqaalka Wikipedia waxay taxaan laba keliya (ilaha kore). - **Xiritaanka HornAfrik.** Wikipedia waxay soo koobiddeeda ku sheegtaa 2010, waxayna leedahay inay xirantay "sannadka ka dambeeya" sannadguuradeedii sagaalaad ee 2008 ([Wikipedia, HornAfrik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HornAfrik)). - **Horseed Media.** Isla shaxda Wikipedia waxay saf ku sheegtaa 2002, saf kalena 2008 ([Wikipedia, Mass media in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Somalia)). --- # Islaamka Soomaaliya: caqiidada, dariiqooyinka suufiyada iyo diinta sharciga Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/islam-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > In ka badan 99 boqolkiiba Soomaalidu waa muslimiin Sunni ah, intooda badanna waxay raacaan madhabka Shaafici. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray xeebta Soomaalida qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee diinta, dariiqooyinka suufiyada sida Qaadiriyada iyo Axmadiyaduna waxay qarniyo qaabeeyeen waxbarashada, ganacsiga iyo iska caabbinta. Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu Islaamka ka dhigayaa diinta dowladda. ## Yaa rumaysan maxay In ka badan 99 boqolkiiba Soomaalidu waa muslimiin Sunni ah, sida ay sheegtay wasaaradda federaalka ee arrimaha diinta. Diimaha kale wadartoodu waa ka yar yihiin 1 boqolkiiba, oo ay ku jirto bulsho masiixi ah oo qiyaastii 1,000 qof ah ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Soomaalida intooda badani waxay raacaan madhabka **Shaafici** ee fiqhiga iyo caqiidada **Ashcariga**, hab soo jiray jiilal badan. Tobanaankii sano ee u dambeeyay waxbarashada Salafiyadu sidoo kale way kortay ([Religion in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia)). ## Sida Islaamku u yimid Islaamku goor hore ayuu gaaray xeebta Soomaalida, isagoo ay qaadayeen ganacsato Carab iyo Faaris ah qarniyadii 7aad ilaa 10aad ([Religion in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia)). Saylac oo ku taal Gacanka Cadmeed iyo Muqdisho oo ku taal Badweynta Hindiya waxay noqdeen xarumo ganacsi iyo waxbarasho muslim ah. Muqdisho, **Masaajidka Fakhrudiin** wuxuu leeyahay qoraal taariikhdiisa dhigaya 1269, kuna magacaabaya Suldaan Fakhrudiin. Mixraabkiisa marmarka ah wuxuu ka yimid Hindiya ([Archnet: Masjid Fakhr al-Din](https://next.archnet.org/sites/3781); [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_Mosque)). Masaajidka Jaamacda Xamar Weyne ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ka da' weyn yahay, oo qaar u nisbeeyaan 1238 ([List of mosques in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Somalia)). Eeg [sida Islaamku u gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/). ## Dariiqooyinka suufiyada (tariiqo) Qarniyo badan, Islaamka Soomaalida waxaa lagu bari jiray walaalnimooyin suufi ah. Mid kastaa wuxuu lahaa macallimiin, degsiimooyin iyo gabayo ammaan ah oo u gaar ah. - **Qaadiriya:** dariiqada ugu da'da weyn uguna baahsan Soomaaliya, oo loogu magac daray Sheekh Cabdulqaadir al-Jiilaani ee Baqdaad. Taariikhyahanka Soomaaliyeed Cabdiraxmaan Baadiyow ayaa sharraxaya sheekhyadeedii waaweynaa ee Banaadir ([Baadiyow, "The prominent Sheikhs of the Qadiriyya order in Banadir", WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/the-prominent-sheikhs-of-the-qadiriyya-order-in-banadir)). - **Axmadiya:** waxaa Soomaaliya keenay Sheekh Cali Maye Durogba ee Marka; waa tan ugu yar saddexda dariiqo ee waaweyn ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). - **Saalixiya:** laan ka mid ah Axmadiyada oo uu Muxammad bin Saalix aasaasay 1887 ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Waxay si xooggan uga soo horjeeday gumeysiga. Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan ayaa ku faafiyay waqooyiga, Sheekh Xasan Barsanena wuxuu hoggaamiyay iska caabbinteeda dooxada Shabeellaha ([Salihiyya, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihiyya); [Sheikh Hassan Barsane, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hassan_Barsane)). Sheekh Uweys waxaa loo aaneeyaa aasaaska degsiimada beeraha ee Beled al-Amiin ("Magaalada Nabadda"), halkaas oo raacdayaashu ku wada beeran jireen kuna wada baran jireen ([Uways al-Barawi, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uways_al-Barawi)). Cilmi-baaraha bulshada I. M. Lewis wuxuu bulshooyinkaas ku daraasay *Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-Based Society* (Red Sea Press, 1998). Eeg [dariiqooyinka suufiyada](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). ## Culimada waaweyn **Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi (1847–1909).** Caalim reer Baraawe ah oo hoggaamiyay laan Qaadiriya ah, Uweysiyada, oo ku faaftay Bariga Afrika. Wuxuu gabayo diineed Af-Soomaali ku qoray xarfo Carabi ah. Wuxuu ku dhintay Biyooley 1909 ([Uways al-Barawi, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Bradford Martin 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uways_al-Barawi)). Eeg [culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/). ## Diinta sharciga Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay: "Islaamku waa diinta Dowladda." Sharci kasta ma ka hor imaan karo "mabaadi'da guud ee Shareecada" ([Dastuurka Soomaaliya, Qodobka 2](https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012?lang=en)). Wuxuu ilaaliyaa xaqa ku dhaqanka diinta, laakiin wuxuu mamnuucayaa faafinta diin kasta oo aan Islaam ahayn ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Caddaaladda maalinlaha ah, deegaannada intooda badani waxay isticmaalaan saddex nidaam oo dhinac socda: xeerka dhaqanka, shareecada iyo xeerka ciqaabta. Odayaashu inta badan waxay eegaan xeerka maxalliga ah ka hor shareecada ([isla warbixinta](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Eeg [xeerka, sharciga dhaqanka Soomaalida](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diintu waxay abaabushaa safarka xajka ee xujayda Soomaalida, waxayna nidaamisaa waxbarashada diinta ([isla warbixinta](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Eeg [xajka Soomaaliya](/so/society/hajj-from-somalia/). ## Diinta nolosha maalinlaha ah Carruurta Soomaalida intooda badani waxay ka bilaabaan dugsiga Qur'aanka (dugsi ama malcaamad). Waxay aayadaha ku qoraan loox, iyagoo isticmaalaya qalin ul ah. Waxay higgaadda Qur'aanka ku bartaan Af-Soomaali ([Geeska, the Somali Qur'an school](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-quran-school); [Traditional education in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_education_in_Somalia)). Wasaaradda Awqaaftu waxay bilowday tirakoob qaran oo dugsiyada Qur'aanka ah ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/quran%20schools/253036/somali-government-launches-nationwide-census-of-quranic-schools)). Eeg [dugsiyada Qur'aanka](/so/society/quran-schools-and-religious-learning/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah oo diinta ku saabsan - [Maxay Soomaalida ugu dhowaad dhammaan u yihiin muslimiin](/so/society/why-somalis-are-almost-all-muslim/) - [Awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/) - [Kalandarka Islaamka](/so/society/islamic-calendar-in-somalia/) iyo [Ramadaanka iyo Ciidaha](/so/society/ramadan-and-eid-in-somalia/) - [Sakada, sadaqada iyo waqfiga](/so/society/zakat-sadaqa-and-waqf-in-somalia/) iyo [diinta oo tirooyin ah](/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/) - [Xeerka Qoyska 1975](/so/society/family-law-1975-and-the-ten-scholars/), [dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka 1950 wixii ka dambeeyay](/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/) iyo [masiixiyiinta iyo howlaha faafinta](/so/society/christians-and-missions-in-somalia/) - [Wadaad, sheekh, macallin iyo xaaji](/so/society/wadaad-sheekh-and-xaaji-religious-roles/) - [Mawliidka Soomaaliya](/so/society/mawlid-in-somalia/) - [Masaajidda Soomaaliya](/so/society/mosques-in-somalia/) --- # Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed: qabiil kasta, laan kasta iyo jilib kasta Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-clan-tree/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed wuxuu ka bilaabmaa qoyska qabiilka ilaa jilibka mag-bixiyaha ah. Buugga Jan Abbink, The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (Leiden, 2009), wuxuu magacaabayaa qiyaastii 850 koox, liiska ACLED ee 2025-na qiyaastii 430. Boggan iyo lixda bog ee qoysaska ayaa labadaba si buuxda u bixiya, mid walba meesha ilihiisu dhigay. ## Waa maxay geedkan Soomaalidu abtirsiinta waxay ku raacdaa dhinaca aabbaha. Tirinta aabbayaasha waxaa la yiraahdaa *abtirsiinyo* ama *abtirsiimo* ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, daabacaadda 2aad, 2009, b. 2](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Geedka ugu faahfaahsan ee la daabacay waxaa sameeyay cilmi-baaraha Jan Abbink oo ka tirsan Xarunta Daraasaadka Afrika ee Leiden. Wuxuu magacaabayaa qiyaastii 850 koox, laga bilaabo qoysaska qabiilka ilaa kooxaha magta wada bixiya. Mashruuca xogta colaadaha ee ACLED wuxuu 2025 daabacay liis u gaar ah oo qiyaastii 430 koox ah ([ACLED, liiska qabiilada, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Boggani wuxuu siinayaa labada liis oo dhammaystiran, qoys qoys. Koox kasta waxay taagan tahay meesha ilihiisu dhigay. Meesha ay iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin, labada meelood ayaa la muujiyay. [Faylka la soo dejisan karo](#soo-dejiso) wuxuu hayaa saf kasta iyo ilihiisa. ## Sida loo akhriyo Abbink wuxuu isticmaalaa lix heer ([Abbink 2009, bb. 5-6](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)): | Heer | Macnaha | |---|---| | Qoyska qabiilka | Kooxda ugu weyn, sida Dir ama Hawiye | | Qaybta | Laba qaybood oo qoys ka mid ah, haddii ay jiraan | | Qabiil | Af-Soomaali ahaan *qabiil* ama *qolo* | | Laan | Laan qabiil ka mid ah | | Jilib | Laan laanta ka mid ah | | Jilib-hoosaad ama koox mag-bixiye | Kooxda magta wada bixisa, oo inta badan la yiraahdo *jilib* ama *reer* | Abbink wuxuu qoray in kooxaha magta bixiyaa ay inta badan yihiin 1,000 ilaa 4,000 qof (b. 6). Wuxuu intaa ku daray in dadku ay yaqaanaan qabiilkooda iyo qoyskooda, iyo jilibkooda, laakiin heerarka u dhexeeya ay mararka qaar isku milmaan (b. 6). Laba calaamadood oo geedkiisa ku jira halkan erayo ayaa lagu muujiyay. Magac uu raaco calaamadda su'aasha, sida Abbink qoray, "lagama xaqiijin karin in ka badan hal il". Calaamadda -/- macnaheedu waa in awowayaal dhexe laga tagay (b. 7). Abtirsiinta qaar waxaa lagu raacaa hooyo, oo Af-Soomaali ahaan la yiraahdo *bah*. Abbink wuxuu tusaale u soo qaatay *Bah Girei* iyo *Bah Arbera* ee Hawiye (b. 5). ## Waxa iluhu ka yiraahdaan geedka laftiisa Abbink wuxuu qoray in geedkiisu aanu sheeganayn inuu yahay geed taariikheed oo sax ah wakhti kasta ([Abbink 2009, b. 2](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Wuxuu xusay in kooxuhu ku biiraan abtirsiino kale xeer (heshiis) iyo sheegad. Wakhti ka dib laamo qaar way go'aan, qaarna way isku soo ururaan (b. 3). Wuxuu soo xigtay laba aragtiyood. I. M. Lewis wuxuu ogaaday in abtirsiinta waqooyi ay "xaqiiqo weyn" ku salaysan tahay. A. O. Mansur wuxuu qoray in nidaamku yahay "khuraafaad" iyo "midhaha nolosha reer guuraaga" (bb. 2-4). Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu leeyahay "ma jiro heshiis cad oo ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedka qabiilada iyo laamaha" ([Bangiga Adduunka, *Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics*, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)). ## Xagga sare ee geedka Abbink wuxuu Soomaalida oo dhan u abtiriyaa Hiil, awoowe "khuraafaad" ah. Hiil waxaa ka dhashay Samaale, iyo inta badan heer isku mid ah, Sab ([Abbink 2009, b. 11](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). | Laan | Qoysaska Abbink hoos dhigay | |---|---| | Saab | Digil, Rahanweyn, Tunni | | Irir, ina Samaale | Dir, Isaaq, Hawiye | | Daarood | Harti iyo Ogaadeen, Mareexaan | | "Ka hor Hawiye" | Gardere, Yakabur, Mayle | EUAA waxay tirisaa shan qoys oo waaweyn: Dir, Isaaq, Daarood, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). ## Geedka, qoys qoys Liisaska buuxa waxay ku yaallaan bog u gaar ah qoys kasta. Bog kastaa wuxuu bixiyaa geedka Abbink iyo liiska ACLED ee 2025 ee qoyskaas, heer heer ([Abbink 2009](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007); [ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). - [Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/) - [Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/) - [Daarood](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-darod/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/) - [Raxanweyn, Digil iyo Tunni](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-rahanweyn/) - [Kooxaha ka baxsan qoysaska qabiilka, iyo Bantuuga Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-other-groups/) ## Shaxaha Bangiga Adduunka Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu 2005 daabacay laba shax oo ka yimid la-hawlgalayaal Soomaaliyeed ([Bangiga Adduunka 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)). | Qoys | Koonfurta-dhexe (CRD) | Puntland (PDRC) | |---|---|---| | Daarood | Kablalax (Koombe, Kumaade), Sade (Mareexaan, Facaye), Leelkase | Mareexaan, Awrtable, Leelkase, Harti, Ogaadeen | | Hawiye | Karanle (Murusade), Gugundhabe (Badi Cadde, Jidle, Jejele), Haskul, Gorgaarte (Abgaal, Habar Gidir, Sheekhaal, Duduble, Udeejeen), Raarane, Jambeele; xulafada Xawaadle, Gaaljecel, Ajuuraan, Degoodi | Habar Gidir, Abgaal, Murursade, Xawaadle, Ujuuraan | | Dir | Isaaq (Garxajis, Habar Jeclo, Habar Awal, Habar Tol Jacle), Ciise, Gaadsen, Ortoble, Gadabuursi, Biyomaal, Qubeys | Gadabuursi, Ciise, Biyomaal | | Isaaq | Waxaa la hoos dhigay Dir | Habar Yoonis, Habar Awal, Habar Tol Jacle, Habar Jeclo, Ciidagale | | Raxanweyn | Hal qoys: Digil (Geledi, Tunni, Garre, Jiiddo, Begedi, Shanta Aleen) iyo Mirifle (17 laamood) | Raxanweyn iyo Digil oo laba qoys ah | ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Isaaq.** Shaxda koonfurta-dhexe waxay Isaaq hoos dhigtay Dir. Shaxda Puntland, Abbink iyo ACLED waxay Isaaq u muujiyeen qoys u gaar ah. - **Digil iyo Raxanweyn.** Abbink wuxuu muujiyay saddex qoys oo Saab hoostiisa ah: Digil, Raxanweyn iyo Tunni. ACLED iyo shaxda koonfurta-dhexe waxay Digil iyo Mirifle ku dhigeen hal qoys oo Raxanweyn ah. Shaxda Puntland waxay muujisay laba qoys. - **Xawaadle iyo Ajuuraan.** Abbink wuxuu Xawaadle ku daray kooxda "ka hor Hawiye", Ajuuraanna Jambelle ee Hawiye. Shaxda koonfurta-dhexe waxay labadaba ugu yeertay "xulafada Hawiye". ACLED wuxuu Xawaadle hoos dhigay Hawiye. - **Murusade iyo Karanle.** Abbink wuxuu Murosade dhigay Karanle garabkiisa. Shaxda koonfurta-dhexe iyo Wikipedia waxay Murusade hoos dhigeen Karanle. - **Higgaadda.** Isla koox ayaa higgaado kala duwan ku soo baxda, sida Habr Gidir iyo Habar Gidir. ACLED wuxuu bixiyay magacyadiisii hore ee kooxo badan; waxay ku jiraan faylka. ## Soo dejiso Saf kasta oo ku jira boggan iyo lixda bog ee qoysaska wuxuu ku jiraa [somali-clan-tree.csv](/data/society/somali-clan-tree.csv). Faylku wuxuu kaloo hayaa geedaha qabiilada ee ku qoran bogagga Wikipedia ee Dir, Isaaq, Daarood, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn, saf saf sida halkaas loogu dhigay (kayd). Tiirarku waa: magaca kooxda, qoyska, abtirsiinta oo dhan, ilaha, iyo calaamadaha ilaha. ## Akhri wax badan - [Somali clans and lineage (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/) - [Dir](/so/society/dir/), [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/), [Daarood](/so/society/darod/), [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) iyo [Raxanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) (Ingiriisi) - [Geedka qabiilada, Ingiriisi](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) --- # Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed: Daarood Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-clan-tree-darod/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boggan wuxuu taxayaa koox kasta oo Daarood ah oo ku jirta buugga Jan Abbink, The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (2009), iyo liiska qabiilada ACLED ee 2025, sida il kastaa u dhigtay. Waa qayb ka mid ah geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Boggan waa qayb ka mid ah [geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). Wuxuu si buuxda u bixiyaa qaybta Daarood ee il kasta. Taariikhda, deegaannada iyo diiwaannada, eeg bogga [Daarood](/so/society/darod/). ## Sida loo akhriyo Higgaaddu waa tan ilaha. Geedka Abbink, magac calaamad su'aal leh macnaheedu waa "lagama xaqiijin karin in ka badan hal il", sida uu qoray. Laan lagu calaamadeeyay in awoowayaal laga tagay waxay u taagan tahay calaamaddiisa -/-, oo macnaheedu yahay "awoowayaasha ama heerarka u dhexeeya waa laga tagay" ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 7](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Gal kasta waa hal heer oo hoos u dhaca: qabiil, jilib, laan, kaddibna kooxda mag-bixiyaha ah. ## Geedka Abbink Kooxaha Daarood sida Abbink u dhigay. - Tanadleh - Leelkase - Suhurre - Mu'umin Aadan - Mahamed Aadan - Mohamud 'Ali - Iman - Korshe - Malasmuge - Absame - Weyteen - Farah - 'Ali Sheikh - Legod - Alaye - Jus - Yuusuf - Awrtobleh - Kablalah - Kumade - Galimeris - Absame - Abaskul - 'Abdi - Yabarre - Bartire - Balad - Weiten - Jid Waaq - Abasgul - Bartire - Yabareg - Bah Geri Kombe - Tagal Waaq - Ogaden - Malingur - Reer Ishak - Reer Dalal - Reer Ugas Elmi - Bah Magan - Reer Ugas Koshin - Abdalla - Reer Hassan Aden - Reer Yahya - Bahalla (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Bah Geri - Geri Jarso - Geri Babuli - Aulihan - Reer Afgab - Reer Wafate - Mohamed Zubeir - Musa - Reer 'Abdulle - Reer Isaaq - Reer Amaden - Reer 'Ali Nasir - Reer Adan Khair - Moqabul - Makahil - Reer Sa'ad - Hassan - Ibrahim/Gumhille - 'Abdalla - Kanti - Talamuge - Abudwaaq - Simwodel - Ibrahim ('Abdalla) - (Reer) Mohammed - Sinwak - Abdwak - Kombe-Harti - Mora Hasse - Tinleh - Reer Ugas - Reer Aw - Hussein Abdalle - Dashishe - Mugdi - Saleeban - Reer Sakariye - Reer Boqor - Reer Muse - Reer Gobdoon - Reer Isaaq - Reer Fahiye - Reer Mahamed 'Iise - Reer Ma'awiye - Kaptanle - Maganlabbe - Geh - Haile - Jambel - Amlaleh - Jiram - Mahamed Harti - D'ulbahante (Se'ed Harti) - Ahmaad - Mahammad - Yuunis - Muuse - Yahia - Habrwa - Shurshere (Garaad) - Ahmed - Nalaye - Nuur - Samakaab - 'Igaal - 'Ali Geri - Aadan - 'Ali - 'Abdi - Fayir - 'Umar - Mahmuud - Siyaad - Wa'ays - Hassan Ugaaz - Haamud Ugaaz - Husseen Ugaaz - Mahamuud Ugaaz - Faraah - Ahmad - Mahammad - 'Igaal - Barkad (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Mahamud - 'Ali - 'Iise - Wiggid - Amar - 'Ali - Hayaag - Khaalid - Majerteen (Mohamed Harti) - Mahmood - Osman Mahmoud - Isa Mahmoud - Omar Mahmoud - Reer Khalaf - Reer Hersi - Reer Mahad - Saleeban - 'Ali - Awlyahan - Isma'iil - Bi'iidyahan - 'Umar - Sa'id - Se'ed - Ugar - Isma'iil - Aden - Aderahin - Mahmuud - 'Isa - 'Ismaan - 'Omr - Noleys - Muse - Abdalla - Jibrahil - 'Ali - Nuh - Siwaqrun - Daanwayne (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - 'Ali Ugar - 'Ali Jibrahil - Wabeneya - 'Ali - Ahmed - Abdirahim - Ibrahim - Reer Mahamoud - Gumasoor - Warlaabe - Warsangeli - Omer - Mohamed - Reer Noah - Dubeys - Ogeyslabe - Hinjiye - Habr Ahmed - 'Idamoge - 'Iise - Si'id - Jibriil - Adan - Hussein - 'Olmarabe - Awramale - Nuuh 'Umar - Garweyne - Degaweyne - Ahmed - Gobyawuud - Riighaye - Tuure - Garad - Reer Garad - Mahumud - Awi (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Bah Habr 'Ismaan - Bah Habr Hassan - Bah 'Idoor - Reer Farah - Bah Yabare - Bihna Guuleed - Gerri - Ow-Bere - Hassan - Kaskikabe - Reer Warsame - 'Ade - Da'ar - Baari - Gashanle - Se'ed Harti - Gesagul - Ugastabe - Libangashe - Sa'ade - Marehan - Mohamed - Nur - Hassan - Siyad - Diini - Talhe - 'Ali Dheere - Isak - Samatar - Islam - Ahmed - 'Ali Hussein - Eli - Habr Yakub - Hawrarsame - Yusuf - Aadan - Mahamud - Reer Talhe - Reer Hassan - Reer Ahmed - Habr 'Isse - Siyad Hussein - 'Ali Hussein - Reer Dini - Guled - Koshin - Shirwa - Nuur - Warfaa - Mohamoud - Siad - Warsame - Ugas-Sharmarke - Hersi - Dala - Mohamoud-Guled - Sharmarke - Reer Soonfure - Reer Eli Dhere - Reer Uur-Mudug - Yacoub - Osman - Wagardhai - Guled Farah - Hersi Farah - Ina Nuur - Bah Abaskul - Reer Yusuf - Garad - Awrtable - Mur'ase - Fahaie - Wagardha - Urmidig - Idigsoor - Ayahud - Arah Adag - Aw Same - Hassan - Lebiyal - Waqmashe - Sonfure - Amanrer - Isaaq - 'Iise - Suhurre ## Liiska ACLED ee 2025 - Abasguul - Abdi Kombe - Jambeel - Absame - Ali Jibrail - Amaanle - Auliyan - Awrtable - Bartire - Jidwaaq - Dalshishle - Dhulbahante - Ahmed Garad - Ali Geri - Araale - Mahad - Awrtable - Baabdalle - Baharar - Baharsame - Barkad - Bihina - Caraale - Farah - Cigaal Naleeye - Cigaale Cali - Elmi Naaleeye - Farah Ali - Farah Garaad - Fiqishini - Hassan Ugas - Hayag - Jama - Jamac Siyaad - Kumar Wacays - Mohamoud Ugaadhyahan - Naleeye Ahmed - Nur Ahmed - Omar Wacays - Osman Mohamoud - Qayaad - Reer Abokor - Reer Elmi - Reer Hagar - Samokaab Ali - Ugaadyahan - Ugaasyo - Wacays Aden - Yayxe - Dhulbahante Barakeeye - Eli Omar - Garaad - Gullied - Geri Kombe - Habar Warsame - Habsade - Harti - Dhulbahante - Garikombe - Janbeel - Kaski Qabe - Leelkayse - Warsangeli - Isa Mohamud - Jilible - Leelkayse - Mahamous - Majeerteen - Ali Jibril - Ali Mohamed - Omar Mahmud - Ali Saleban - Bicidyahan - Colyahan - Beidyahan - Bicidyahan - Dashishe - Idig Facle - Ismail Saleban - Issa - Issa Mahmud - Ahmed Kheyre - Ali Ibrahim - Cabdi Cise - Hasan Idris - Hassan Ugaar - Mohamed Ugaar - Muse Issa - Nuh Muse - Reer Hassan - Reer Muse - Reer Samakaab - Reer Shirwac - Reer Yoonis - Reer Yunis - Issa Mahmud Xiddo - Nuh Mohamud - Nuux Ali Jibrail - Omar Mahmud - Bah Yucqub - Khalaf - Reer Hersi - Reer Xirsi - Omar Mahmud Reer Mahad Mohamed - Muse - Osman Mahmud - Bah - Yacqub - Bahdir - Warfa - Ali - Osman Mahmud Bahdhulbahante - Osman Mahmud Bahdirroble - Osman Mohamud - Reer Muse - Reer Abdulle - Omar Mahmud - Reer Mohamud - Reer Shirwac - Siwaaqroon - Reer Gahayle - Ugaar Saleban - Umar Mohamud - Wabeneye - Wadal Muge - Wadalmuge - Xuseen Ibrahim - Marehan - Bahararsame - Cili - Dalal - Fuqu Muhumed - Gabawen - Hawrarsame - Hororsame - Muse Fiin - Reer Ahmed - Reer Aw Hassan - Reer Cafi - Reer Dalal - Reer Dini - Reer Garaad - Reer Siyad - Reer Ugas Sharmake - Siyad Hussein - Wagardhac - Marehan Talha - Mohamed Siyaad - Musa - Musa Abdalla - Musa Ismail - Muse Dheriyo - Ngaar - Saleban - Nuur - Ahmed - Ogaden - Abdalla - Absame - Bah Geri - Awlyahan - Bartire - Magabul - Maqabul - Mohamed Zubeyr - Amaadin - Guled Qalaf - Reer Isaq - Ali - Mohamed Zubeyr Reer Abdula - Mohamed Zubeyr Reer Warfa - Tolamoge - Abdalle - Omar Mahmud - Reer Hassan - Reer Hersi - Reer Omar - Reer Samatar - Shermoge - Ujeedeen - Warsangeli - Adan Siciid - Bahi Ogoslabe - Bihi - dor - Cawramale - Dubays - Garabsare - Husen - Muhumud - Nuux Cumar - Ogayslabeh - Reer Fatax - Reer Garaad - Reer Haji - Reer Salah - Reer Yusuf - Ugas Labe - Warsangeli Hussein - Issa ## Soo dejiso Saf kasta oo halkan ku jira wuxuu kaloo ku jiraa [somali-clan-tree.csv](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/), oo laga soo dejisan karo bogga guud ee geedka. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Daarood](/so/society/darod/) --- # Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed: Dir Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boggan wuxuu taxayaa koox kasta oo Dir ah oo ku jirta buugga Jan Abbink, The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (2009), iyo liiska qabiilada ACLED ee 2025, sida il kastaa u dhigtay. Waa qayb ka mid ah geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Boggan waa qayb ka mid ah [geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). Wuxuu si buuxda u bixiyaa qaybta Dir ee il kasta. Taariikhda, deegaannada iyo diiwaannada, eeg bogga [Dir](/so/society/dir/). ## Sida loo akhriyo Higgaaddu waa tan ilaha. Geedka Abbink, magac calaamad su'aal leh macnaheedu waa "lagama xaqiijin karin in ka badan hal il", sida uu qoray. Laan lagu calaamadeeyay in awoowayaal laga tagay waxay u taagan tahay calaamaddiisa -/-, oo macnaheedu yahay "awoowayaasha ama heerarka u dhexeeya waa laga tagay" ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 7](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Gal kasta waa hal heer oo hoos u dhaca: qabiil, jilib, laan, kaddibna kooxda mag-bixiyaha ah. ## Geedka Abbink Kooxaha Dir sida Abbink u dhigay. - Madoobe - 'Isa - Hawla Gati (Abgal?) - Mekahir - Idleh - Mahamud - Hassan - Abokor - Yusuf - 'Ali - Dalool (Abbink: "could not be confirmed from more than one source") - Fourlaba (Holleh) - Mahadleh - Birbore - Abokor - Saheb - Ahmed - Eli - Walal Doon (Haula Gati) - Mekahir - 'Idleh - Mahamud - Eliye - Mamasan - Omr - Hassan - Aur - Abdarrahman - Khaireh - Mohorre - Musa - Sa'ad - Reer Gedi - Bideh - Yunis - Mahamud - Reer Hubla - Horone - Habr Walal - Galalla - Barrah - 'Idleh - Awse - Gelwalal - Abdalla - Adan - Ohdagub - Reer Ma'alin - Ashkir(a) - Wardikh - Urweina - Fiqi - Abdalla - Mandaloog - Gadabursi - Habr Afan (Samaroon) - 'Isa - Zubeir - Mahamed - Musa - Sa'ad - Fin - Adan - (Reer) Hamud - Mahakil - Habr Yusuf - Gobo - Jibrain - Hebjirreh - 'Ali Ganoon - Mikadore - Mahakil - Musa - Dera - 'Ali - Abokor - Musa - Elli - Abdalla - Weid - Musa - Hassan - Gedi - Kamis - Egeh - Hassan - Mahad Assa - Adan - Hussein - Musa - Aadan - Maris - Usman - Mohammed - Abokor - Barreh - Abdalla - Se'ed - Reer Ugaas (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Bimaal - Da'ud - Soliman - Yasmin - Boras - Sa'ad - Mahdaweyn - Gurgura - Akisho - Gariir - Layiile - Guure - Reer Awsad - 'Ali (Warday) - Maahe - Hiniftire - Gaadsan - Dabrube - Barsuk - Mandeluq - Hassan - Bajumal - Biyamaal - Quranyow - Isaaq - Suhure - Qubeys - Lafagaab - 'Abdalle - 'Abdi - Na'adoor - Suleiman - Goorad ## Liiska ACLED ee 2025 - Biyamal - Ciise - Mohamoud - Farah Nur - Gadabuursi - Gadabuursi - Gadabuursi Makhila - Gadabuursi Mohamud Noor - Gadabuursi Reer Mohamud Noor - Gadsan - Issa - Issa Rati - Qubeys - Reer Mahad - Omar - Samaroon Reer Dudub - Warday ## Soo dejiso Saf kasta oo halkan ku jira wuxuu kaloo ku jiraa [somali-clan-tree.csv](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/), oo laga soo dejisan karo bogga guud ee geedka. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Dir](/so/society/dir/) --- # Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed: Hawiye Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boggan wuxuu taxayaa koox kasta oo Hawiye ah oo ku jirta buugga Jan Abbink, The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (2009), iyo liiska qabiilada ACLED ee 2025, sida il kastaa u dhigtay. Waa qayb ka mid ah geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Boggan waa qayb ka mid ah [geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). Wuxuu si buuxda u bixiyaa qaybta Hawiye ee il kasta. Taariikhda, deegaannada iyo diiwaannada, eeg bogga [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). ## Sida loo akhriyo Higgaaddu waa tan ilaha. Geedka Abbink, magac calaamad su'aal leh macnaheedu waa "lagama xaqiijin karin in ka badan hal il", sida uu qoray. Laan lagu calaamadeeyay in awoowayaal laga tagay waxay u taagan tahay calaamaddiisa -/-, oo macnaheedu yahay "awoowayaasha ama heerarka u dhexeeya waa laga tagay" ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 7](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Gal kasta waa hal heer oo hoos u dhaca: qabiil, jilib, laan, kaddibna kooxda mag-bixiyaha ah. ## Geedka Abbink ### Hawiye Kooxaha Hawiye sida Abbink u dhigay. Abbink wuxuu Karanle hoos dhigay Bah Arbera, laamaha Gidir, Kaariye iyo Sihawiye. Murosade wuxuu ku garab yaal isla laanta. Eeg [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/), [Karanle](/so/society/karanle/) iyo [Murursade](/so/society/murusade/). - Bah Girei - Gurgate - Abgal - Sul Harti - Wa'Aysle - Eli Omar - Matan - Yusuf - Warsengeli - Wa'abudan - Da'ud - Se'ile - Agon-yare - Mobileen - Derandole - Hillivi - 'Usman - Ujudeen - Sheikhaal (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Lobogay - Aw Qudhub - Gandershe - Aw Hassan - Martile - Reer Fiqi Omar - Reer Sheikh - Aw Gutub - Damay - Hirab (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Mudulood - Mahamud - Madarki'is - Habr Gidir (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Sa'ad - Reer Hiluwe - Reer Jalaf - Reer Nimale - Lugayare - 'Ayr - Absiye - Ayanle - Saleeban - Farah - Mahamed Abdi - Heysow - Dashame - Gaabane - Abokor - Saruur - Duduble - Qudib - Ibrahim - Ahmed - Jambelle - Ajuraan - Garen - Gelberis - Yibidalla - Gashe - Dulhata - Waqle - Hintere - Garure - Arure - Olagir - Gugundabe - Jidle - Jibidle - Murala - Saada'adde - Galja'el - Doqondiide - Aloofi - Barsame - 'Aafi - Sugow - D'eemoow - Nooloow - Makahiil Weynaha - Oda 'Ad - Abtisame - Dirsame - Jajele - Molaal - Jilideen - Badi-Adde - Murille - Degodiye - Masare - Fardanow - Midhimaal - Gelible - Dumaal - Jibrail - Fau - Reer Mohamud - Mau - Samatar - Sil'is - Wadalan - Bah Arbera - Rarane - Haskul - 'Arid - Idin - Karanle - Gidir - Kaariye - Sihawiye - Wadare - Murosade - Mohamed Amal - Nur 'Abdi - Septi - Gabdi - Foo'ulus ### Gardere, Yakabur iyo Mayle Abbink wuxuu kuwan ugu yeeraa koox "ka hor Hawiye" ah. Waxay ku abtirsadaan 'Imr, awoowe heer la mid ah Samaale. Wuxuu qoray in qaarkood, sida Xawaadle, maanta inta badan lagu tiriyo qabiilada waaweyn ee Hawiye ([Abbink 2009, b. 30](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). - Gardere - Gilale - Ormale - Hon - Yakabur - Daule - Hober - Mayle - Hawadle - 'Abdi Yusuf - Farmagge - 'Abdalle - Allagumar - Walahmooge - Abdirahman - Gerra - Tuf - Kuranyo ## Liiska ACLED ee 2025 - Abgal - Abdalla Arone - Abdalla - Agonyar - Galmaah - Abukar - Abukar Gabane - Agonyar - Agoonyar Gaabane - Cabdale Caroone - Celi - Cosoble Ali - Daud - Gaabane Mohamed - Galmaax Yoonis - Galmah - Habar - Nugal - Harti Abgal - Hassan Gaab - Kabaale - Matan Abdulle - Mohamed Muse - Dhiblabe Turyare - Suubiye Turyare - Reer Matan - Wabudhan - Mataan Muse - Mohamed Muse - Wacaysle - Wacaysle Ali Gaaf - Warsangeli - Ajuran - Awramale - Baadiade - Cali - Ciroole - Daud - Gaaljecel - Caafi - Caloofi - Hadame - Sogow - Wasuge - Garjin - Gugundhabe - Jijeele - Habar Gedir - Ayr - Ayanle - Bilaal - Cabsiiye - Cabsiye - Habanji - Habar Aji - Saruur - Yabadhaalo - Yabar Dhowrakece - Yabardhowrakacay - Duduble - Eli - Mohamed Amal - Habaraji Ayr - Jalah - Reer Aw Hassan - Sacad - Reer Hilowle - Reer Jalaf - Sacad Barkhadle - Sacad Farale - Sacad Indhayar - Sacad Muse - Sacad Reer Nimcaale - Saleban - Hawadle - Aadan Warsame - Abdirahman - Adam Yaber Madaxweyne - Agoon - Ali Madaxweyne - Baana Yaber Madaxweyne - Cabdalla - Farax Cagaweyne - Galible Hassan Agoon - Harun - Hassan Musa - Hussein Yaber Madaxweyne - Ibrahim Isse - Iidle Yaber Madaxweyne - Mohamed Yabar Madaxweyne - Reer Ugaas - Xarun Sub - Yaber Dige - Yaber Madaxweyne - Hawadle Abdi Yussuf - Hiraab - Wacdaan - Lugayare - Madhiban - Mobleen - Murule - Murusade - Ormale - Reer Khalaf - Saad - Reer Jalaf - Sheeqaal - Awqudub - Loobogay - Wejis - Wesle - Xawadley ## Karanle oo faahfaahsan Geed Karanle oo ka faahfaahsan ayaa ku jira Wikipedia, oo soo xigatay il Soomaaliyeed. Halkan waxaa loo soo qaatay il kayd ah ([Wikipedia, Karanle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle)). - Karanle - Gidir: Aw Bakr (Axmed Maqi), Warneif (Taa'uud; Faasi, oo uu ka dhashay Aw Qariib), Abshale - Kaariye: Af Xaaj; Laasuge, oo uu ka dhashay Abu Bakr (Sacad ad-Diin; Muxammed, oo uu ka dhashay Suldaan Muxammed) - Mursal (Murusade): Sabti (Abu Bakr, Idinle, Cabdalla iyo Ibraahim Sabti); Foorculus (Muxammed Foorculus ama Hilibi, Axmed Foorculus ama Daguuro, Ebakar Foorculus ama Hawar Ceene) - Sexawle: Balaw (Iye, oo uu ka dhashay Reer Garaad Mahiiqe; Shurbul), Ba'ad, Bur'aal (Bade Samatar, oo ay ka dhasheen Carabi iyo Haro; Faarax Samatar) Abbink wuxuu Karanle hoos dhigay Gidir, Kaariye iyo Sihawiye, Murosadena garabkiisa ([Abbink 2009, b. 29](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Shaxda koonfurta-dhexe ee Bangiga Adduunku waxay Murusade hoos dhigtay Karanle ([Bangiga Adduunka 2005](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)). ## Soo dejiso Saf kasta oo halkan ku jira wuxuu kaloo ku jiraa [somali-clan-tree.csv](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/), oo laga soo dejisan karo bogga guud ee geedka. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) --- # Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed: Isaaq Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boggan wuxuu taxayaa koox kasta oo Isaaq ah oo ku jirta buugga Jan Abbink, The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (2009), iyo liiska qabiilada ACLED ee 2025, sida il kastaa u dhigtay. Waa qayb ka mid ah geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Boggan waa qayb ka mid ah [geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). Wuxuu si buuxda u bixiyaa qaybta Isaaq ee il kasta. Taariikhda, deegaannada iyo diiwaannada, eeg bogga [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). ## Sida loo akhriyo Higgaaddu waa tan ilaha. Geedka Abbink, magac calaamad su'aal leh macnaheedu waa "lagama xaqiijin karin in ka badan hal il", sida uu qoray. Laan lagu calaamadeeyay in awoowayaal laga tagay waxay u taagan tahay calaamaddiisa -/-, oo macnaheedu yahay "awoowayaasha ama heerarka u dhexeeya waa laga tagay" ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 7](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Gal kasta waa hal heer oo hoos u dhaca: qabiil, jilib, laan, kaddibna kooxda mag-bixiyaha ah. ## Geedka Abbink Kooxaha Isaaq sida Abbink u dhigay. - Habr Magaadleh / Habr Garhaji - Habr Yunis - Sa'ad - Sa'ad Yuunis - 'Ali - Logh - Beleh - Salah - 'Arreh - Khalil - Gamba - Dandan - Kul - Isahaq - Isma'il - Musa - (no name given) A (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Gunbuur - Reer 'Abdi Hirsi - Reer Waid - Reer Sugulle - Kharrab - Muuse - Isma'iil - Muuse - Yuunis - 'Alle - 'Abdalle - (no name given) B (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Isaaq - 'Ali - Da'ud ('Idagalle) - 'Isa - Bilal - Mohammed - 'Ali - Urkurag - Musa - Abokor - Hassan - Adan - Adarahman - Yuunis - Abdulla - Arap (Arab) - Elli - Mohamed - Ahmed - Musa - Zubeir - 'Idman - 'Abdulla - Isma'iil - Musa - Gadwein - Habr Awal - Zubeir - Muuse - Sa'ad - Jibriil - Abokor - Reer Dalal - Reer Samatar - Haad - Abdurahman - Hassan - Isaq - Abokor - Yesif - Makahil - 'Abdulla - Isma'iil - 'Abdulla - 'Iisa - Aadan - Abokor - Mohammed - Idrais - Afgab - Egalla - Ayub - Ahmad - Habr Habuusheed - (Habr) Tolja'elo - Ahmed - Reer Daahir - Farah - Muuse - Abokor - Jibriil - 'Omr - Abokor - Ibrahim (Sambuur) - Mohamed - Reer Hassan - Aadan - Mahammed (Ibraan) - Husseen (Abokor) - Jibriil - 'Ali Barre - Abdullah - Reer Yunis - Hassan - Butaleh - Heldid - Adan - Hassan - Egale - 'Isa - Barre Abdilleh (Abbink: the ancestors between this group and the one above are left out) - Ahmad - Samatar - Nabad ## Liiska ACLED ee 2025 - Aden Essa - Arab - Musa Celi - Barsuug - Arab Abdalla - Arab Salah - Cidagale - Cidagale Habar Yoonis - Cidagale Reer Abdi Dheer - Cidagale Reer Guled - Dubeys - Essa - Garxajis - Ciidagale - Habar Afan - Habar Awal - Abdale Abokor - Abdirahman - Muse - Isa Muse - Isa - Isa Muse - Sacad Muse - Habar Basanbuur - Habar Jeclo - Abdala Arab - Aduruxmiin - Ahmed Abokor - Ahmed Farah - Ali Bare - Baho - Bare Cabdulle - Basanbuur - Bicido - Biciide Iidle - Biciidle - Faahiye - Imraan - Isaq - Muse Abokor - Omar - Reer Badeed - Reer Biniin - Reer Idle - Reer Umar - Reer Xaad - Reer Yoonis - Roobsuge - Samane - Soolomadaw - Udur Ximin - Yeesif - Habar Mohamud Hamud - Habar Yoonis - Abdala Hamud - Bah Dhulbahante - Baha Ismail - Cabdalle Xamud - Cali Siciid - Geeko - Isaq - Ismail - Jibriil Turwa - Mohamud Hamud - Muse Carre - Muse Ismail - Muse Turwa - Reer Wayd - Sacad Yoonis - Sacad - Muse Jibril - Abokor - Urursuge - Habar Yoonis Egal - Siciid - Issa Muse - Abdalla Qoyan - Reer Cadaawe - Reer Hareed - Jibril Abokor - Reer Isaq - Reer Ugadh - Reer Wacays - Wabar ## Soo dejiso Saf kasta oo halkan ku jira wuxuu kaloo ku jiraa [somali-clan-tree.csv](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/), oo laga soo dejisan karo bogga guud ee geedka. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) --- # Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed: kooxaha ka baxsan qoysaska qabiilka Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-clan-tree-other-groups/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boggan wuxuu taxayaa kooxaha Abbink dhigo meel ka baxsan nidaamka qabiilka Soomaaliyeed, iyo kooxaha Bantuuga Soomaaliyeed ee liiska ACLED ee 2025. Waa qayb ka mid ah geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Boggan waa qayb ka mid ah [geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). Wuxuu si buuxda u bixiyaa kooxaha Abbink dhigo meel ka baxsan qoysaska qabiilka, iyo kooxaha Bantuuga Soomaaliyeed ee liiska ACLED. ## Sida loo akhriyo Higgaaddu waa tan ilaha. Geedka Abbink, magac calaamad su'aal leh macnaheedu waa "lagama xaqiijin karin in ka badan hal il", sida uu qoray. Laan lagu calaamadeeyay in awoowayaal laga tagay waxay u taagan tahay calaamaddiisa -/-, oo macnaheedu yahay "awoowayaasha ama heerarka u dhexeeya waa laga tagay" ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 7](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Gal kasta waa hal heer oo hoos u dhaca: qabiil, jilib, laan, kaddibna kooxda mag-bixiyaha ah. ## Geedka Abbink Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxo aan meel ku lahayn abtirsiinta caadiga ah. Qaar waa kooxo xirfadeed. Qaar kale waa bulshooyin xeebta, webiyada ama asal Bantu leh. Kuwo badan ayaa ku xiran qabiilada Soomaaliyeed ([Abbink 2009, bb. 36-38](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). - Sab groups (Baidari) - Yibir - Mohammed Hanif: Musa (Reer Beli, Reer Malekhal, Yibir Gudud, Galab, Reer Gedideri), Ayub, Gedi, Anjid, Jama - Midgan (maanta Madhiban; EUAA waxay magaca hore ku tilmaantay mid xun) - Tumaal - Gabooye - Madjiban - Gobaweyn - Mosa Dirie - Waraabeye - Benadiri - Reer Hamar - Dhabar Weyn - Shanshiya (Shanshi) - Moorshe - Qalmashube - Bandhahwau - Rer Faqi - Shangani - Amudi - Bah Fadal - Rer Sheich - Abakarow - Ashraf - Hussein - Hassan - Merca clans - Shukereere - Rer Maanyo - Ahmed Nur - Ali'iyo Mohammed - Duruqbe - Gameedle - Baraawa - Bida - Hatimi - Ashraf - Bajuun - Ribe - Zanj - Helai - Reer Shabelle - Aweer (Boni) - Jareer (Gosha) - Gabaawiin - Rer Dhooboy - Shiidle - Kaboole - Makanne - Duubo - Jaaji - Mushungulu - Eyle (Aylo) - Manyasa - Miyau - Majindo - Makua - Mlima - Pokomo - Manyika ## Liiska ACLED ee 2025 - Jareer - Weyne - Gawaweene - Shiidle - Weyne Makane - Weyne Seddex Cumarow ## Soo dejiso Saf kasta oo halkan ku jira wuxuu kaloo ku jiraa [somali-clan-tree.csv](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/), oo laga soo dejisan karo bogga guud ee geedka. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) --- # Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed: Raxanweyn, Digil iyo Tunni Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-clan-tree-rahanweyn/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Boggan wuxuu taxayaa koox kasta oo Raxanweyn, Digil iyo Tunni ah oo ku jirta buugga Jan Abbink, The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (2009), iyo liiska qabiilada ACLED ee 2025, sida il kastaa u dhigtay. Waa qayb ka mid ah geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Boggan waa qayb ka mid ah [geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). Wuxuu si buuxda u bixiyaa qaybta Raxanweyn, Digil iyo Tunni ee il kasta. Taariikhda, deegaannada iyo diiwaannada, eeg bogga [Raxanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/). ## Sida loo akhriyo Higgaaddu waa tan ilaha. Geedka Abbink, magac calaamad su'aal leh macnaheedu waa "lagama xaqiijin karin in ka badan hal il", sida uu qoray. Laan lagu calaamadeeyay in awoowayaal laga tagay waxay u taagan tahay calaamaddiisa -/-, oo macnaheedu yahay "awoowayaasha ama heerarka u dhexeeya waa laga tagay" ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 7](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Gal kasta waa hal heer oo hoos u dhaca: qabiil, jilib, laan, kaddibna kooxda mag-bixiyaha ah. ## Geedka Abbink ### Raxanweyn Kooxaha Raxanweyn sida Abbink u dhigay. Abbink wuxuu Raxanweyn u qaybiyay Mirifle Siyeed (sideedda) iyo Mirifle Sagaal (sagaalka). - Mirifle Siyeed - Medovo - Boqol Hore - Dissow - Eimid - Komal - Jalalle - Boqol Daabe - Ma'alim Weyne - Jiron - Reer Dumal - Leisaan Hersi - Leisaan Bari - Harau - Garuwale - Boqol Dambe - Harien - Helai (Elay) - Borohad - Barre - Lelle - Nassiye - Alemo - Madweyne - Gedafade - Reer Weyne - Warasilay - Yarre - Rawallan - Da'ud - Jembalul - Gurballabo - Leik Au Edda - Barbaro - Yantar - Helleda - Waravane - Gibile - Alemo (Mirifle Sagaal) - Kassanle - Wen - Herdo - Yer - Ifmogi - 'Irde - Aysha Omardin - Hubeer - Wakdere - Wakbio - Gasar Gudda - Galluweger - Luwai - Hadama - Jelible - Sarma - Yantaar - Mangiar - Balguri - Wangial - Geledi - Gobron - Eyle - Hegbio (Abbink: "could not be confirmed from more than one source") - Radana (Abbink: "could not be confirmed from more than one source") ### Digil Kooxaha Digil sida Abbink u dhigay. - Dabarre - Dirmedo - Ieran - Dubdere - Irole - Garre - Dagine - Osman - Dube - Jiddu - Hafow - Gadinale - Gowsitta - Gulle - Seyye - Farre - Gogo - Wa'ayse - Qorowa' - Odleh - Mahammad - Maddow - Masulle - Surow - Yokor ### Tunni Kooxaha Tunni sida Abbink u dhigay. - Daffarat - Arweri - Boqolle - Reer Mudun - Geesi - Weriille - Mudove - Gafle - Tera (Yare) - Furur - Ajiuwa - Hura - Waaqsheyn - Mabagolle - Nijey - Daqtira - Min-horaad - Waransille - Bedelamma - Kummurto - Goigal - Hamar - Doile - Matangalle - Fadiido ## Liiska ACLED ee 2025 - Digil - Bagadi - Dabarre - Duubane - Darbane - Garre - Garre Maqabul - Garwale - Geledle - Heledo - Jambaluul - Jiido - Jiido Safar - Jilible - Shanta Caleemo - Tuni - Mirifle - Boqol Hore - Elay - Elidhere - Emid - Erdo - Gabaweyn - Hadame - Haraaw - Harin - Harin Aw - Yare - Hubeer - Jeron - Jiron - Leeysan - Leeysan Banaani - Leeysan Bari - Luway - Maalim Weyne - Yantar ## Soo dejiso Saf kasta oo halkan ku jira wuxuu kaloo ku jiraa [somali-clan-tree.csv](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/), oo laga soo dejisan karo bogga guud ee geedka. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Raxanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) --- # Hawiye (qoyska qabiilka Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/hawiye/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hawiye waa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed, iyo Dir, Isaaq, Daarood iyo Raxanweyn. Sida dhaqanku sheego, waxay ka soo farcameen Hawiye ina Irir ina Samaale. Laamaha ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah Abgaal, Habar Gidir, Murursade, Xawaadle, Ajuuraan iyo Gaaljecel. Badankoodu waxay deggan yihiin bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, oo ay Muqdisho ku jirto, bulshooyinna Itoobiya iyo Kenya. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Hay'adda Magangelyada ee Midowga Yurub (EUAA) waxay Hawiye ku tirisaa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Kuwa kale waa Dir, Isaaq, Daarood iyo Raxanweyn ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). Mashruuca xogta colaadaha ee ACLED wuxuu isticmaalaa isla shantaas ([ACLED, 2025](https://acleddata.com/methodology/how-somali-clan-actors-are-coded-acled-data)). Hawiye waa mid ka mid ah qoysaska Samaale. EUAA waxay Samaale ku qeexday awoowaha Dir, Isaaq, Daarood iyo Hawiye ([EUAA, 2025, qaamuuska](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Abtirsiinta Soomaalidu waxay Hawiye ka dhigtaa ina Irir ina Samaale. Dir waxaa lagu tiriyaa laanta kale ee Irir ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye)). Dhaqanku wuxuu awoowaha ugu yeeraa Sheekh Axmed, oo loo yaqaan Hawiye. Wuxuu qabrigiisa dhigaa Qundhuro, deegaanka Hararghe ee Itoobiya (isla ilaha). Cilmi-baaraha I. M. Lewis wuxuu qoray in sheegashada ka soo farcanka qoysas Carbeed oo sharaf leh ay u badan tahay hab lagu muujiyo muhiimadda Islaamka (isla ilaha, oo soo xigtay Lewis). ## Laamaha waaweyn Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu leeyahay "ma jiro heshiis cad oo ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedka qabiilada iyo laamaha". Wuxuu daabacay laba shax oo ka yimid la-hawlgalayaal Soomaaliyeed ([Bangiga Adduunka, *Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics*, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)). | Shax | Laamaha Hawiye ee ay muujiso | |---|---| | Koonfurta-dhexe (CRD) | Karanle (Murursade); Gugundhabe (Badi Cadde, Jidle, Jejele); Haskul; Gorgaarte (Abgaal, Habar Gidir, Sheekhaal, Duduble, Udeejeen); Raarane; Jambeele. Xawaadle, Gaaljecel, Ajuuraan iyo Degoodi waxay ugu yeertay "xulafada Hawiye". | | Puntland (PDRC) | Habar Gidir, Abgaal, Murursade, Xawaadle, Ujuuraan | Xarunta cilmi-baarista Awstariya ee ACCORD waxay Habar Gidir iyo Abgaal ku tilmaantay labada qaybood ee ugu muhiimsan uguna badan ee la isticmaalo ([ACCORD, *Clans in Somalia*, 2009, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Abgaal, Habar Gidir iyo Duduble inta badan waxaa lagu wada tiriyaa Hiraab ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye)). Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu Hawiye hoos dhigaa kooxo badan. Waxaa ka mid ah Abgaal, Habar Gidir, Xawaadle, Murursade, Ajuuraan, Gaaljecel, Sheekhaal, Murule, Wacdaan, Moobleen iyo kuwo kale ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Laan kasta oo iluhu magacaabaan waxay ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Meelaha hoose waxay ka yimaadeen warbixinta amniga ee EUAA ee 2025, gobol gobol. | Gobol | Waxa EUAA qortay | |---|---| | Muqdisho | Qabiilada oo dhan halkan ayay deggan yihiin, laakiin magaaladu waxay "hoos timaaddaa qabiilka Hawiye". Duqa magaalada iyo inta badan guddoomiyeyaasha degmooyinku waa Hawiye ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/23-benadir-and-mogadishu/231-security-situation)). | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | Abgaal waa qabiilka ugu weyn ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)). | | Hiiraan | Xawaadle waxay haystaan dhulka waqooyi-bari ee Shabeellaha. Gaaljecel iyo Badi Cadde waxay haystaan koonfur-galbeedka ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)). | | Galgaduud | Laamaha Habar Gidir (Saleebaan, Cayr, Duduble) iyo Murursade ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). | | Mudug | Sacad (Habar Gidir) koonfurta. Sheekhaal sidoo kale halkan ayay deggan yihiin ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)). | | Shabeellaha Hoose | Qabiilo badan oo Hawiye ah oo bariga ah ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)). | | Bakool, Gedo, labada Jubba | Jajele waqooyiga Bakool. Kooxo yaryar oo Ajuuraan, Sheekhaal iyo Hiraab ah Gedo. Gaaljecel inta u dhexeysa Kismaayo iyo Afmadow ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). | Bulshooyin Hawiye ah waxay kaloo ku nool yihiin Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo waqooyi-bari ee Kenya ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye)). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Qiyaastii 1550 ilaa 1650.** Dowladda Ajuuraan waxay maamuli jirtay dhulka u dhexeeya webiyada Shabeelle iyo Jubba. Taariikhaheedu waa lagu kala duwan yahay ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). - **Nofeembar 1896.** Dagaalyahanno Wacdaan iyo Bimaal ah ayaa Lafoole, oo u dhow Afgooye, ku dilay qunsulkii Talyaaniga Antonio Cecchi. Eeg [resistance, 1890s to 1945](/so/history/resistance-1890s-1945/). - **Maajo 1962.** Garab Hawiye u badnaa oo ka tirsanaa Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ayaa ku biiray Somali National Congress oo cusbaa ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/15.htm)). - **1989.** Hoggaamiyeyaal Hawiye ah ayaa aasaasay [United Somali Congress](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). - **1991.** USC wuxuu u kala qaybsamay garab Abgaal oo uu hoggaaminayay Cali Mahdi iyo garab Habar Gidir oo uu hoggaaminayay Maxamed Faarax Caydiid ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). - **2015 iyo 2016.** Dowlad-goboleedyada [Galmudug](/so/states/galmudug/) iyo [Hirshabeelle](/so/states/hirshabelle/) ayaa la dhisay, deegaanno ay dadka badankoodu Hawiye yihiin. - **2022 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Dagaalyahanno Xawaadle iyo qabiilo kale oo Hawiye ah, oo loo yaqaan [Macawisley](/en/institutions/macawisley/), ayaa ciidanka la garab galay dagaalka Al-Shabaab. ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad". Heer hoose, odayaashu waxay xalliyaan khilaafaadka, waxayna maamulaan dhulka iyo biyaha la wadaago ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). Nidaamka 4.5 hoostiisa, Hawiye waxay leeyihiin 61 ka mid ah 275-ta kursi ee Golaha Shacabka. Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED. Galmudug ayaa ugu badnayd: ku dhowaad 220 dhacdo iyo ugu yaraan 590 dhimasho. Inta badan colaadaha Galmudug ee ay xustay waxay ku lug leeyihiin laamo Hawiye ah, qaarna kooxo Daarood ama Dir ah ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Tusaalooyin: - Cayr iyo Duduble, iyo Saleebaan iyo Cayr, Galgaduud. - Murursade iyo Cayr, agagaarka Ceel Buur. - Sacad iyo Leelkase (Daarood), degmada Gaalkacyo. ACLED wuxuu Mudug ka tiriyay 37 dhacdo oo u dhexeeyay maleeshiyaad Habar Gidir iyo Leelkase ([EUAA 2025, Mudug](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)). - Laamo Abgaal ah oo Shabeellaha Dhexe ku dagaallamay, iyo Abgaal iyo Xawaadle oo u dhow Jalalaqsi. Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/) si aad u aragto liiska oo dhan. ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Liiska laamaha.** Labada shax ee Bangiga Adduunka isla qabiilada si kala duwan ayay u kooxeeyeen. - **Qabiilada xulafada ah.** Shaxda koonfurta-dhexe waxay Xawaadle, Gaaljecel, Ajuuraan iyo Degoodi ugu yeertay "xulafo". EUAA waxay Ajuuraan iyo Gaaljecel ugu yeertay "proto-Hawiye", Xawaadle-na laan Hawiye ah. - **Tirada.** Qorayaal qaar ayaa Hawiye ku tilmaama qoyska qabiil ee ugu weyn. Ma jiro tirakoob taageeraya sheegasho ku saabsan qoyska ugu weyn. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - Qabiilada Hawiye ee bog u gaar ah leh: [Karanle](/so/society/karanle/), [Murursade](/so/society/murusade/), [Wacbuudhan](/so/society/wacbuudhan/), [Udeejeen](/so/society/udeejeen/), [Xawaadle](/so/society/xawaadle/), [Jijeele](/so/society/jijeele/), [Ajuuraan](/so/society/ajuuraan/), [Gaaljecel](/so/society/gaaljecel/), [Degoodi](/so/society/degoodi/) iyo [Sheekhaal](/so/society/sheekhaal/) - Laamaha Hiraab iyo Habar Gidir ee bog u gaar ah leh: [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/), [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/), [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/), [Ayaanle Cayr](/so/society/ayaanle-cayr/), [Habar Caji](/so/society/habar-caji/), [Saleebaan](/so/society/saleebaan-habar-gidir/), [Sacad](/so/society/sacad-habar-gidir/), [Duduble](/so/society/duduble/) iyo [Moobleen](/so/society/moobleen/) - [Somali clans and lineage (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/) - [Minority communities (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/minority-communities/) --- # Maxay Soomaalida ugu dhowaad dhammaan u yihiin muslimiin: waxa diiwaannadu muujinayaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/why-somalis-are-almost-all-muslim/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > In ka badan 99 boqolkiiba dadka Soomaaliya waa muslimiin Sunni ah, sida ay sheegtay wasaaradda federaalka ee arrimaha diinta. Taariikhyahannada iyo diiwaannada rasmiga ahi waxay tilmaamaan lix arrimood oo sidaas ku haystay in ka badan kun sano: xiriir hore oo Carabta la lahaa, diinta oo ku dhex jirta abtirsiinta, macallin diin iyo dugsi Qur'aan oo bulsho kasta leedahay, dariiqooyinka suufiyada, dagaallo dheer oo lala galay Xabashidii masiixiga ahayd, iyo dowlado gumeysi iyo kuwo Soomaaliyeed oo howlaha faafinta masiixiga ka xiray ama yareeyay. ## Tirada In ka badan 99 boqolkiiba dadka Soomaaliya waa muslimiin Sunni ah, sida ay sheegtay Wasaaradda Federaalka ee Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diinta. Diimaha kale oo dhan wadartoodu waa ka yar yihiin 1 boqolkiiba, oo ay ku jirto bulsho masiixi ah oo qiyaastii 1,000 qof ah ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Shaxda adduunka ee Pew Research Center waxay Soomaaliya ku qiyaastaa 98.5 boqolkiiba muslim, iyadoo ka soo qaadatay qiyaas 2005 ([Pew Research Center](https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/chart/interactive-data-table-world-muslim-population-by-country/)). Pew weligeed sahan kuma samayn gudaha Soomaaliya. Eeg [diinta Soomaaliya oo tirooyin ah](/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/). Waddamo aad u yar ayaa sidan ugu dhow hal diin. Taariikhyahannada iyo diiwaannada rasmiga ahi waxay tilmaamaan lixda sababood ee hoos ku qoran. Mid kasta waxaa la raaciyay ilaha sheegay. ## 1. Islaamku goor hore ayuu yimid Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka waxay sheegtaa in Islaamka "malaha ay Soomaaliya keeneen raacdayaashii hore ee Nebiga oo ka cararay cadaadiskii Maka", ama ganacsato Faaris iyo Carab ah oo xeebta degay "1,000 sano ama ka badan ka hor" ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). Hiddaha maxalliga ahi wuxuu sheegaa in muslimiintii ugu horreysay Saylac yimaadeen xilligii Nebiga noloshiisa ([Masjid al-Qiblatayn, Zeila, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn,_Zeila)). Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, juqraafiyahan Carabeed al-Yacquubi wuxuu qoray in muslimiin ku noolaayeen xeebta waqooyi ee Soomaalida ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Encyclopedia Americana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Sidaas darteed Islaamku wuxuu helay qarniyo badan oo uu ku degganaado ka hor intaan howl faafin masiixi ahi gaarin xeebta Soomaalida 1880-meeyadii. Eeg [sida Islaamku u gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/). ## 2. Diintu waxay ku dhex jirtaa abtirsiinta Abtirsiinyo Soomaaliyeed oo badan waxay awowgooda aasaasaha ah ku abtiriyaan wadaad muslim ah oo Carabta ka yimid. Awowayaasha qoysaska waaweyn ee qabiilooyinka, sida Sheekh Isaaq iyo Sheekh Daarood, waxaa abtirsiinyadan lagu xusaa culimo Carbeed oo badda soo tallaabay ([Ishaaq bin Ahmed, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed)). Culimadu siyaabo kala duwan ayay u akhriyaan sheekooyinkan. Taariikhyahan Christopher Ehret wuxuu aasaasayaasha sida Isaaq iyo Daarood u arkaa dad dhab ah oo sheekooyin ku koreen. Cilmi-baaraha qadiimiga Sada Mire waxay awowayaasha Carbeed ku tilmaantaa qayb ka mid ah "sheekada asalka Islaamka ee Soomaalida", iyadoo ku xiraysa socdaallo dhab ah oo Koonfurta Carabta ka yimid ([Ishaaq bin Ahmed, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Ehret iyo Mire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed)). Aqoonyahan Cali Jimcaale Axmed wuxuu sheekooyinkan u akhriyaa caqiido asal oo hore oo qaab Islaam loo beddelay ([Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Ahmed, The Invention of Somalia, 1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Ahmad_al-Kawneyn)). Cilmi-baaraha bulshada I. M. Lewis wuxuu qeexay "abtirsiinta guud ee Soomaalida", oo laamaheeda sare gaaraan Qureysh, qabiilkii Nebiga ([Lewis, "Historical Aspects of Genealogies in Northern Somali Social Structure", Journal of African History, 1962](https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/historical-aspects-of-genealogies-in-northern-somali-social-structure1/818BF4812E44980408CA34549694DC3C)). Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustaa in xoolo-dhaqatada waqooyi ay "u badan tahay inay aasaasayaasha abtirsiinta u qaddariyaan sidii awliyo" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Maadaama diinta iyo abtirsiintu isku xiran yihiin, dad badan waxay ka bixidda Islaamka u arkaan ka bixidda qoyska. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku waxay sheegtaa in diin-beddelka "weli bulshada aan laga aqbalin", oo loo arko "khiyaano lagu sameeyay qoyska iyo qabiilka" ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). ## 3. Macallin iyo dugsi Qur'aan meel kasta Xitaa reer guuraaga dhexdooda, bulsho kasta waxay lahayd wadaad. Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay wadaaddada ku tilmaantaa "lakabka ugu da'da weyn ee dadka wax qora iyo wax akhriya ee Soomaaliya". Waxay wax baran jireen, qori jireen dukumentiyo, ku xukumi jireen sharciga diinta, salaaddana tujin jireen ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/46.htm)). Ilmo kasta oo ku dhowaad ah wuxuu dugsiga Qur'aanka (dugsi ama malcaamad) bilaabaa marka uu 3 ama 4 jiro. Dukumenti mashruuc oo ka tirsan Sanduuqa Nabad-dhisidda ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa sheegaya in Soomaalidu "ku dhowaad dhammaan" ay dhigtaan dhowr sano, iyadoo aan loo eegin dakhli, deegaan ama qabiil. Wasaaradda Waxbarashadu waxay qiyaastaa ilaa 50,000 dugsi Qur'aan oo wax bara in ka badan 4 milyan oo carruur ah ([UN Peacebuilding Fund, Building Peace Through Religious Education in Somalia](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)). Isla dukumentigu wuxuu xusayaa in markii iskuullada dowladdu xirmeen 1991 kadib, dugsiyada Qur'aanku sii shaqeeyeen. Eeg [dugsiyada Qur'aanka iyo waxbarashada diinta](/so/society/quran-schools-and-religious-learning/). ## 4. Dariiqooyinka suufiyada iyo tuulooyinkooda beeraha Qarnigii 15aad wixii ka dambeeyay, dariiqooyinka suufiyadu waxay ku faafeen magaalooyinka, kadibna miyiga. Sheekhyadoodu waxay aasaaseen tuulooyin beereed (jamaaco) oo lagu dhisay dhul ay odayaashu "Ilaah u bixiyeen". 1950-meeyadii waxaa koonfurta ku yiillay in ka badan 90 tuulo oo noocaas ah, oo ay ku noolaayeen qiyaastii 35,000 xubnood ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Soomaalida intooda badani waxay ka tirsanaayeen dariiqo, ugu yaraan magac ahaan. Eeg [dariiqooyinka suufiyada](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). ## 5. Qarniyo dagaal ah oo lala galay Xabashidii masiixiga ahayd Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtaa in "daacadnimada Islaamku xoojiso kala duwanaanshaha Soomaalida ka soocaya deriskooda Afrikaanka ah", kuwaas oo intooda badani masiixi ahaayeen ama diimo maxalli ah raacayeen ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/44.htm)). Qarnigii 14aad wixii ka dambeeyay, dowladaha muslimka ah ee xeebta iyo buuraha Soomaalida, Ifat kadibna Adal, waxay la dagaallameen boqortooyadii masiixiga ahayd ee Xabashida. Qarnigii 16aad, Imaam Axmed ee Adal wuxuu hoggaamiyay dagaalyahanno Soomaali iyo muslimiin kale ah oo gudaha buuraha u galay ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Eeg [dowladihii Soomaalida ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/). 1899, dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta ee Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan wuxuu mar kale iska caabbinta xukunka Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya u dhigay difaac diinta. Eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). ## 6. Howlaha faafinta masiixiga waa laga xiray ama waa la yareeyay **Waqooyiga Ingiriiska.** Howl faafin Katoolig ah oo Faransiis ahi waxay 1891 agoon-hayn ka furtay Daymoole oo u dhow Berbera. Sida uu qoray qoraaga Soomaaliga masiixiga ah Aweis A. Ali, kulanka carruurta agoon-haynta ayaa ka mid ahaa waxyaabihii Sayidka ka careysiiyay xukunka Ingiriiska, howshaasna waxaa la saaray 1910 ([Aweis A. Ali, "A Brief History of Christian Missions in Somalia", 2020](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). Intaas kadib dowladda Ingiriisku waxay ka xirtay howlaha faafinta. 1927, Xoghayaha Gumeysigu wuxuu Baarlamaanka u sheegay in Maxmiyadda Somaliland ay ahayd mid ka mid ah labada meelood oo keliya ee Boqortooyada gumeysiga oo laga xiray dhammaan howlaha faafinta masiixiga ([Hansard, 29 July 1927](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1927/jul/29/christian-missions)). 1937, kii ku xigay wuxuu sheegay in dowladdu "sannado badan" ay "ku qasbanayd inay ka reebto dhammaan wacdiyayaasha" maadaama dadku ahaayeen "ku dhowaad dhammaan" reer guuraa muslim ah ([Hansard, 28 April 1937](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/apr/28/british-somaliland-abys-sinian-refugees)). 1947, arrintu weli dib-u-eegis ayay ku jirtay ([Hansard, 30 July 1947](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1947/jul/30/somaliland-christian-missions)). **Koonfurta Talyaaniga.** Howl faafin Luteeriyaan Iswiidhish ah ayaa shaqeysay 1896 wixii ka dambeeyay, mid Katoolig ahna 1904, intooda badan bulshooyinka beeralayda ah ee wabiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle. Talyaanigu wuxuu howshii Iswiidhishka saaray 1935 ([Aweis A. Ali, 2020](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). Hoggaamiyihii Katooliggu wuxuu sheegtay 40,000 Katoolig 1940, laakiin qiyaastii 8,500 oo keliya ayaa la tiriyay 1950-kii agagaarkiisa, qiyaastii 100-na 2004 ([Christianity in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Diocese of Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia)). **Xorriyadda kadib.** Dastuurkii 1961 wuxuu jamhuuriyadda ku dhawaaqay dowlad Islaam ah, isagoo damiinaya xorriyadda diinta ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). Howlaha Mennonite-ka iyo Sudan Interior Mission waxaa la saaray 1976 ([Aweis A. Ali, 2020](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu Islaamka ka dhigayaa diinta dowladda, wuxuuna mamnuucayaa faafinta diin kale ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html); [Dastuurka Soomaaliya, Qodobka 2](https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012?lang=en)). Eeg [masiixiyiinta iyo howlaha faafinta Soomaaliya](/so/society/christians-and-missions-in-somalia/). ## Sida lixdu isugu xiran yihiin Ilaha midkoodna ma sheegin hal sabab. Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ku dartay in Soomaalidu Islaamkooda gudihiisa ku haysteen caadooyin hore, sida xuska sannadlaha ah ee awowga qabiilka ee waqooyiga iyo roobdoonka beeralayda koonfurta ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/48.htm)). Doodihii dambe, sida [sharciga qoyska ee 1975](/so/society/family-law-1975-and-the-ten-scholars/) iyo [dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka 1950 wixii ka dambeeyay](/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/), waxay ahaayeen doodo ku saabsan sida loogu noolaado muslim ahaan, ee kuma ay saabsanayn in muslim la noqdo iyo in kale. ## Akhris dheeraad ah - I. M. Lewis, *Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-Based Society* (Red Sea Press, 1998) ([BSOAS](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/africa-i-m-lewis-saints-and-somalis-popular-islam-in-a-clanbased-society-xvii-174-pp-london-haan-associates-1998-1295-paper/8AD14C2E39D237C6BD54754C7DB468F7)). - Abdurahman M. Abdullahi (Baadiyow), *The Islamic Movement in Somalia: A Historical Evolution with a Case Study of the Islah Movement, 1950–2000*, PhD, McGill University, 2011 ([McGill eScholarship](https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/qn59q852t)). - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/). - [Kalandarka Islaamka](/so/society/islamic-calendar-in-somalia/). --- # Daarood (qoyska qabiilka Daarood) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/darod/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Daarood waa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed, iyo Dir, Isaaq, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn. Sida dhaqanku sheego, waxay ka soo farcameen Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan bin Ismaaciil al-Jabarti, oo loo yaqaan Daarood. Saddexda koox ee ugu caansan waa Ogaadeen, Mareexaan iyo Harti (Majeerteen, Dhulbahante iyo Warsangeli). Waxay deggan yihiin waqooyi-bari, bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, iyo Itoobiya iyo Kenya. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Hay'adda Magangelyada ee Midowga Yurub (EUAA) waxay Daarood ku tirisaa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Kuwa kale waa Dir, Isaaq, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). ACLED wuxuu isticmaalaa isla shantaas ([ACLED, 2025](https://acleddata.com/methodology/how-somali-clan-actors-are-coded-acled-data)). Ingiriisi ahaan waxaa loo qoraa Darood ama Darod. Daarood waa mid ka mid ah qoysaska Samaale. EUAA waxay Samaale ku qeexday awoowaha Dir, Isaaq, Daarood iyo Hawiye ([EUAA, 2025, qaamuuska](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Abtirsiinta Soomaalidu waxay Daarood ku xirtaa Samaale dhinaca hooyada. Dhaqanku wuxuu leeyahay awoowihii wuxuu guursaday Dobira, gabar Dir ah ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darod)). Dhaqanku wuxuu awoowaha ugu yeeraa Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan bin Ismaaciil al-Jabarti, oo loo yaqaan Daarood. Wuxuu qabrigiisa dhigaa Xaylaan ee Sanaag, meel la siyaarto (isla ilaha). Cilmi-baaraha I. M. Lewis wuxuu qoray in sheegashada ka soo farcanka qoysas Carbeed oo sharaf leh ay u badan tahay hab lagu muujiyo muhiimadda Islaamka. Wuxuu intaa ku daray in xaaladda Daarood ay "leedahay qayb taariikheed oo xooggan oo sax ah" (isla ilaha, oo soo xigtay Lewis). ## Laamaha waaweyn ACCORD waxay qortay in Daarood "inta badan loo qaybiyo saddex kooxood oo waaweyn: Ogaadeen, Mareexaan iyo Harti". Harti waa Majeerteen, Dhulbahante iyo Warsangeli ([ACCORD, *Clans in Somalia*, 2009, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Warbixin ka timid Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha ee Ingiriiska waxay bixisaa isla saddexdaas ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu leeyahay "ma jiro heshiis cad oo ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedka qabiilada iyo laamaha" ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)). | Shax | Laamaha Daarood ee ay muujiso | |---|---| | Koonfurta-dhexe (CRD) | Kablalax (Koombe iyo Kumaade), Sade (Mareexaan iyo Facaye) iyo Leelkase | | Puntland (PDRC) | Mareexaan, Awrtable, Leelkase, Harti iyo Ogaadeen | Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu Daarood hoos dhigaa: Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangeli, Mareexaan, Ogaadeen, Leelkase, Awrtable, Bartire, Dashiishe iyo kuwo kale ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Laan kasta oo iluhu magacaabaan waxay ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Meelaha hoose waxay ka yimaadeen warbixinta amniga ee EUAA ee 2025. | Gobol | Waxa EUAA qortay | |---|---| | Bari | Cismaan Maxamuud (Majeerteen) waa qabiilka ugu weyn, Cali Saleebaanna siyaasad ahaan waa muhiim ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/26-puntland/262-bari)). | | Nugaal | Ciise Maxamuud (Majeerteen) ayaa inta badan halkan deggan ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/26-puntland/261-nugal)). | | Mudug | Cumar Maxamuud (Majeerteen) waqooyiga. Leelkase iyo Mareexaan sidoo kale halkan ayay deggan yihiin ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)). | | Sool | "Inta badan dadka Sool waxay ka tirsan yihiin qabiilka Dhulbahante" ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/271-sool)). | | Sanaag | Warsangeli bariga, Dhulbahantena qaybo koonfureed ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/272-sanaag)). | | Gedo | Mareexaan ayaa haysta inta badan dhulka galbeedka Jubba ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/211-gedo)). | | Jubbada Hoose iyo Dhexe | Maxamed Subeer (Ogaadeen) iyo kooxo kale oo Daarood ah, oo ay Harti ku jirto. Awlyahan (Ogaadeen) Jubbada Dhexe iyo xadka Itoobiya ([EUAA 2025, Jubbada Hoose](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/213-lower-juba); [EUAA 2025, Jubbada Dhexe](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/212-middle-juba)). | | Galgaduud | Mareexaan waxay la deggan yihiin qabiilo Hawiye iyo Dir ah ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). | ACCORD waxay intaa ku dartay in Ogaadeen ay kaloo ku nool yihiin Itoobiya iyo Kenya ([ACCORD 2009, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1700-meeyadii ilaa 1927.** Saldanadda Majeerteen iyo Saldanadda Hobyo ayaa ka talin jiray xeebta waqooyi-bari. Talyaanigu labadaba xoog buu ku qabsaday 1925 ilaa 1927. Eeg [the Majeerteen and Hobyo sultanates](/so/history/majeerteen-and-hobyo-sultanates/). - **1866 ilaa 1886.** Ingiriisku wuxuu suldaanka Majeerteen siin jiray lacag sannadle ah laga bilaabo 1866. Warsangeli waxay saxeexeen heshiis ilaalin Ingiriis ah 27 Janaayo 1886. Eeg [colonial treaties](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). - **1899 ilaa 1920.** Raacsato badan oo hore ee [Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/) waxay ahaayeen Dhulbahante iyo Ogaadeen ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/10.htm)). - **1950-meeyadii.** Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska, United Somali Party waxay taageero ka heshay Dhulbahante iyo Warsangeli, iyo Gadabuursi iyo Ciise. Eeg [British Somaliland](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/). - **Bartamihii 1970-meeyadii.** Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay diiwaangelisay in dowladdii Siyaad Barre si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yeeri jiray "MOD", oo ah Mareexaan, Ogaadeen iyo Dhulbahante ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm)). Eeg [the Siad Barre era](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). - **1978 ilaa 1981.** Waxaa la aasaasay [Somali Salvation Democratic Front](/en/institutions/somali-salvation-democratic-front/), oo taageero inta badan ka helay Majeerteen. - **1985 ilaa 1989.** Waxaa la aasaasay [Somali Patriotic Movement](/en/institutions/somali-patriotic-movement/), oo taageero inta badan ka helay Ogaadeen. - **5 Maajo 1998.** Odayaasha Harti ayaa Garoowe kaga dhawaaqay [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/). - **2012 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** [Jubbaland](/so/states/jubaland/) ayaa lagu dhisay agagaarka Kismaayo, halkaas oo EUAA ay ku diiwaangelisay miisaanka siyaasadeed ee Ogaadeen. ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad". Heer hoose, odayaashu waxay xalliyaan khilaafaadka, waxayna maamulaan dhulka iyo biyaha la wadaago ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). Puntland, EUAA waxay diiwaangelisay in madaxtinimadu ay "dhaqan ahaan ku wareegi jirtay" saddex laamood oo Majeerteen ah ([EUAA 2025, Nugaal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/26-puntland/261-nugal)). Nidaamka 4.5 hoostiisa, Daarood waxay leeyihiin 61 ka mid ah 275-ta kursi ee Golaha Shacabka. Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Tusaalooyin ay ku jiraan kooxo Daarood ah: - Mareexaan iyo Gelidle (Mirifle) Baardheere, iyo Reer Aw Xasan (Mareexaan) iyo kooxo Raxanweyn ah Luuq, labaduba Gedo. - Laamo Majeerteen ah oo isku dhacay Kismaayo, iyo Majeerteen iyo Cawrmale koonfurta Kismaayo. - Leelkase iyo Cumar Maxamuud iyo Sacad (Habar Gidir) agagaarka Gaalkacyo. - Dhulbahante iyo Cumar Maxamuud (Majeerteen) inta u dhexeysa Nugaal iyo Sool. - Laamo Dhulbahante ah oo isku dhacay, iyo laamo Warsangeli ah oo isku dhacay, Sool iyo Sanaag. - Dhulbahante iyo Habar Yoonis iyo Habar Jeclo (Isaaq) agagaarka Ceerigaabo, Caynabo iyo Buuhoodle. 2023, dagaalka agagaarka Laascaanood wuxuu isku hor keenay ciidamada Somaliland iyo dagaalyahanno Dhulbahante ah, oo ay ku biireen qabiilo kale oo Harti ah ([EUAA 2025, Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/271-sool)). Eeg [North Eastern State](/so/states/north-eastern-state/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Liiska laamaha.** Saddexda koox ee ACCORD iyo labada shax ee Bangiga Adduunka Daarood si kala duwan ayay u kooxeeyeen. - **Awoowaha.** Dhaqanku wuxuu bixiyaa asal Carbeed. Aqoonyahanno qaar waxay sheekada u arkaan abtirsiin dambe, waxayna xuseen in magaca Daarood uu ka horreeyay Islaamka ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darod)). Lewis wuxuu ku arkay "qayb taariikheed oo sax ah". - **Tirada.** Qorayaal qaar ayaa Daarood ku tilmaama qoyska qabiil ee ugu weyn. Ma jiro tirakoob taageeraya sheegasho ku saabsan qoyska ugu weyn. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) iyo [Raxanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) - [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/) - [Ogaadeen](/so/society/ogaadeen/) - [Warsangeli](/so/society/warsangali/) - [Darod (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/darod/) - [Somali clans and lineage (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/) --- # Sida Islaamku u gaaray Soomaalida: xeebta, ganacsatada iyo macallimiinta Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Islaamku goor hore ayuu gaaray xeebta Soomaalida. Hiddaha ayaa ku xira xilligii Nebiga, juqraafiyahan Carabeed ayaana dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad qoray in muslimiin ku noolaayeen xeebta waqooyi. Dekedo sida Saylac, Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe ayuu qarniyo badan gudaha uga sii gudbay, isagoo ay qaadayeen ganacsato, macallimiin socdaal ah iyo culimo loo xuso aasaasayaasha abtirsiinyo. Qarnigii 14aad culimo Soomaaliyeed ayaa wax ka dhigayay Qaahira. ## Si kooban Ma jirto hal taariikh oo Soomaalidu muslim noqotay. Iluhu waxay sharraxaan hawl dheer: xiriir aad u hore oo ka gudbay Badda Cas iyo Gacanka Cadmeed, magaalooyin ganacsi oo muslim ah oo xeebta ku yiillay, kadibna qarniyo ay macallimiintu gudaha u sii socdeen. Qoraalka hoose wuxuu kala soocayaa hiddaha, ilaha qoran iyo qadiimiga, wuxuuna sheegayaa midkasta waxa uu yahay. ## Hiddaha: hijradii koowaad Qiyaastii 613 ilaa 615, koox yar oo ka mid ah raacdayaashii Nebi Muxammad (NNKH) ayaa ka cararay cadaadiskii Maka, waxayna Badda Cas u tallaabeen boqortooyadii masiixiga ahayd ee Aksum, oo ku taalay Eritrea iyo Itoobiya maanta. Ilaha Islaamku waxay boqorkeeda ugu yeeraan Najaashi, waxayna sheegaan inuu ilaaliyay ([Migration to Abyssinia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia)). Aksum waxay deris la ahayd dhulka Soomaalida, daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykankuna waxay sheegtaa in Islaamka "malaha ay Soomaaliya keeneen raacdayaashii hore ee Nebiga oo ka cararay cadaadiskii Maka" ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). Hiddaha maxalliga ah ee Saylac wuxuu sheegaa in muslimiintii ugu horreysay ay xilligii Nebiga dhiseen Masaajidka Qiblatayn, "masaajidka labada qibla". Haraadigiisa ugu da'da weyni taariikh lama siin, culimada qadiimiguna waxay sheegaan in qodis dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay ([Masjid al-Qiblatayn, Zeila, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Insoll 2020 iyo Fauvelle-Aymar 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn,_Zeila)). Isla maqaalku wuxuu xusayaa in culimada qaar ay islaamowga gobolka dhigaan qarniyadii 13aad iyo 14aad, kuwo kalena ka hor. ## Diiwaankii ugu horreeyay ee qoran Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, juqraafiyahan Carabeed al-Yacquubi wuxuu qoray in muslimiin ku noolaayeen xeebta waqooyi ee Soomaalida ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Encyclopedia Americana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sidoo kale magacawdaa ganacsato iyo badmaaxiin Faaris iyo Carab ah oo "xeebta Soomaalida degsiimooyin ka aasaasay 1,000 sano ama ka badan ka hor" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). Xeebta koonfureed, qoraallada masaajidka ee Muqdisho ee taariikhda leh kuwooda ugu da'da weyni waxay ka yimaadeen qarnigii 13aad. Markii socdaalka Ibnu Battuuta booqday 1331, Muqdisho waxay lahayd suldaan muslim ah, qaadi iyo culimo sharci. Eeg [magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, 1331 ilaa 1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/). ## Gudaha: macallimiin iyo culimo Islaamku wuxuu dekedaha uga gudbay xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda isagoo dad qaadayeen, ee ma ahayn ciidammo oo keliya. Hiddaha Soomaalidu wuxuu faafintiisa u aaneeyaa dhowr sheekh, oo ay ku jiraan Aw Barkhadle, Aw Qutub, Aw Cismaan Fiqi Cumar ("Garweyne") iyo Aw Cismaan Xasan bin Cakaabir ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mohamed-Abdi, Histoire des croyances en Somalie, 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). **Aw Barkhadle**, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Yuusuf bin Axmed al-Kawneyn, waxaa loo xusaa caalim deganaa meel u dhow Saylac. Hiddaha afka ahi wuxuu sheegaa inuu Carabta ka yimid; cilmi-baaraha qadiimiga Sada Mire waxay diiwaan gelisay sheekooyin ku saabsan "sheekh Carbeed" oo yimid meeshii hore loo oran jiray Dogor, oo hadda isaga lagu magacaabo Aw-Barkhadle. Aqoonyahanka Talyaaniga Enrico Cerulli wuxuu magaciisa ka helay qoraallada gacanta ee Harar ([Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Ahmad_al-Kawneyn)). Waxaa sidoo kale loo aaneeyaa inuu magacyo Soomaali ah u sameeyay calaamadaha shaqallada Carabiga, oo ah xididka "far wadaad", qoraalkii Af-Soomaaliga lagu qori jiray xarfaha Carabiga ([isla maqaalka, oo soo xiganaya Laitin, Politics, Language and Thought, b. 85](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Ahmad_al-Kawneyn)). Eeg [Aw Barkhadle](/en/people/aw-barkhadle/). Abtirsiinyo badan waxay aasaasahooda ku abtiriyaan sheekh Carbeed oo qoysas maxalli ah ka guursaday. **Sheekh Isaaq** waxaa la sheegaa inuu Carabta ka soo tallaabay qarnigii 10aad ama 11aad, degay Maydh, dhalayna siddeedda wiil ee beesha Isaaq ka farcantay ([Ishaaq bin Ahmed, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis iyo Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed)). Hiddooyin la mid ah ayaa u jira Sheekh Daarood iyo kuwo kale. Culimadu way ku kala duwan yihiin sida loo akhriyo. Eeg [maxay Soomaalida ugu dhowaad dhammaan u yihiin muslimiin](/so/society/why-somalis-are-almost-all-muslim/). Miyiga, bulsho kasta waxay yeelatay wadaad, nin diin oo wax bara, salaadda tujiya, dukumentiyo qora, khilaafaadkana ku xalliya sharciga diinta ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/46.htm)). ## Culimo Soomaaliyeed oo dibadda jooga: al-Zaylaci iyo hoyga Qaahira Qarnigii 14aad, culimada xeebta Soomaalida waxaa adduunka muslimka lagu yiqiinay magaca *al-Zaylaci* ("kan Saylac"). **Cusmaan bin Cali al-Zaylaci** (dhintay 1342) wuxuu degay Qaahira, wuxuuna arday kale oo Soomaali ah la wax ku bartay Riwaaq al-Zaylaci, hoy ardayda Saylac loogu talagalay oo ku yiillay al-Azhar. Wuxuu qoray sharraxaad afar mujallad ah oo ku saabsan fiqhiga Xanafiga, *Tabyiin al-Xaqaa'iq* ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mukhtar, Arabic Sources on Somalia, 1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i)). Warqad cilmiyeed ayaa raadraacaysa sida ardayda Geeska Afrika ay u sameeyeen mid ka mid ah bulshooyinkii ardayda ee ugu horreeyay al-Azhar ([Abyssinia at al-Azhar: Muslim Students from the Horn of Africa in Late Medieval Cairo, AfricArXiv](https://africarxiv.ubuntunet.net/handle/1/8922)). Eeg [Cusmaan al-Zaylaci](/so/people/uthman-al-zaylai/). ## Dowladihii muslimka ahaa Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 13aad wixii ka dambeeyay, saldanado muslim ah ayaa xukumayay waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Saylac ka gala gudaha: marka hore Ifat, kadibna Adal, oo caasimadihiisii dambe ahaayeen Dakkar iyo Harar ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis iyo Briggs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Xeebta koonfureed, Muqdisho kadibna Ajuuraan ayaa xukumay. Dowladahaasi waxay dhiseen masaajiddo, haysteen qaadiyaal, dhulka Soomaalidana ku xireen Carabta, Masar iyo Hindiya. Eeg [dowladihii Soomaalida ee qarniyadii dhexe, 1300-1700](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/). ## Hirarkii suufiyada, 1500 wixii ka dambeeyay 1503, Shariif Abuu Bakar al-Caydaruus oo Cadan ka yimid ayaa la sheegaa inuu dariiqada Qaadiriyada keenay Geeska ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mohamed, Sufi poetry in Somali, 1977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtaa in dariiqooyinka suufiyadu ka soo muuqdeen magaalooyinka Soomaalida qarnigii 15aad, "si degdeg ahna u noqdeen xoog dib u nooleeya" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Qarnigii 19aad dariiqooyin cusub ayaa si fog ugu faafay miyiga. Eeg [dariiqooyinka suufiyada Soomaaliya](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). ## Madhabka Soomaalidu waxay raacaan laanta Sunniga ee Islaamka, intooda badanna madhabka **Shaafici**, oo loogu magac daray Muxammad bin Idriis al-Shaafici (767 ilaa 820) ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - Mohamed Haji Mukhtar, *Arabic Sources on Somalia* (African Studies Association, 1987). - J. Spencer Trimingham, *Islam in Ethiopia* (Oxford University Press, 1952), oo daboolaya dhulka Soomaalida. - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/). - [Culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/). --- # Lahjadaha Soomaaliga: Waqooyi, Banaadir, Asharaaf, Maay iyo Digil Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-dialects/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Culimada afafku waxay hadalka Soomaalida u qaybiyaan shan koox oo lahjado ah: Soomaaliga Waqooyiga, Banaadir, Asharaaf, Maay iyo Digil. Sahankii ugu weynaa, oo uu Marcello Lamberti sameeyay 1981, wuxuu daraaseeyay 52 nooc oo lahjado ah oo koonfurta Soomaaliya ku baahsan. Soomaaliga Waqooyigu waa saldhigga Af-Soomaaliga qoran ee heerka ah; Maay iyo noocyada Digil ayaa ugu badan inta ay ka duwan yihiin. ## Shanta koox ee lahjadaha Xarunta macluumaadka dalalka ee Norway, Landinfo, waxay warbixin 2011 ay u qortay hay'adda socdaalka ee dalkaas ku soo koobtay cilmi-baarista lahjadaha Soomaaliga ([Landinfo 2011](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Waxay raacday aqoonyahanka afafka ee Talyaaniga ah Marcello Lamberti, oo buuggiisa Die Somali-Dialekte (1986) uu Martin Orwin, oo afafka ka dhiga SOAS, ku tilmaamay qoraalka ugu muhiimsan ee mawduucan ([Landinfo 2011, b. 4](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Lamberti wuxuu Soomaaliga u qaybiyaa shan koox oo silsilad sameeya, oo meelaha ay isku dhow yihiin si tartiib ah isugu gudba ([Landinfo 2011, b. 6](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)): - **[Soomaaliga Waqooyiga](/so/society/northern-somali/)**: waqooyi-galbeed, waqooyi-bari, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, waqooyiga Kenya iyo Jubbada Hoose. - **[Banaadir](/so/society/benadiri-somali/)**: xeebta iyo dhulka ka dambeeya intii u dhexeysa Hobyo ilaa koonfurta Marka, oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho (Mogadishu). - **[Asharaaf](/en/society/ashraf-somali/)**: waxaa ku hadla Asharaafta Shingaani ee Muqdisho iyo kuwa degmada Marka. - **[Maay](/so/society/maay-language/)**: dhulka u dhexeeya labada webi ee Bay, Bakool, Gedo, Jubbada Dhexe iyo Shabeellaha Hoose. - **[Digil](/so/society/digil-languages/)**: Tunni, Dabarre, [Garre](/so/society/garre-language/) iyo Jiiddu. ## Sidii hore loo kala qaybin jiray Qaybintii cilmiyeed ee ugu horreysay waxaa sameeyay Enrico Cerulli 1919. Wuxuu sameeyay afar koox oo uu u magacaabay qabiilooyinka waaweyn ee uu duubay hadalkooda: Isaaq (oo ay la socdaan Ciise iyo Gadabuursi), Daarood, Hawiye iyo Sab ([Landinfo 2011, b. 5](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Martino Moreno wuxuu Hawiye u wareejiyay koox Banaadir ah, Sab-na koox Digil ah. B. W. Andrzejewski iyo John Saeed waxay isticmaaleen saddex koox: Soomaaliga Guud, Soomaaliga Xeebta ama Banaadir, iyo Soomaaliga Dhexe ([Landinfo 2011, b. 5](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Dadka Soomaaliga ku hadlaa inta badan waxay isticmaalaan qaybin fudud oo laba ah. **Maxaa-tiri** ("maxaad tiri?") waxay ka kooban tahay hadalka Waqooyiga iyo Banaadir. **Maay-tiri**, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Maxaa-rabtaa ama Maxaa-jira, waxay ka kooban tahay noocyada Maay iyo Digil ([Landinfo 2011, b. 5](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu "Maay iyo Maxaa-tiri" wada magacaabay inay yihiin afka Soomaaliga ([Constitute Project, Soomaaliya 2012, Qodobka 5](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). ## Sida ay kooxuhu u kala duwan yihiin Lamberti wuxuu helay farqi cad oo xagga codadka ah oo u dhexeeya labada qaybood. Dhammaan lahjadaha Maxaa-tiri waxay leeyihiin codadka cunaha ee lagu qoro c iyo x; lahjadaha Maay ma laha, laakiin waxay leeyihiin cod u eg "gy" ee afka Hangariga ([Landinfo 2011, b. 5](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Naxwuhuna wuu kala duwan yahay: Maxaa-tiri, weedh aan lahayn qodob qeexan waa khalad, halka dadka Maayga ku hadlaa ay qodobka ka tagi karaan ([Landinfo 2011, b. 5](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Lamberti wuxuu tiriyay 67 astaamood oo lahjadeed. Banaadir waxay Soomaaliga Waqooyiga la wadaagtaa 40 ka mid ah; Asharaaf waxay Soomaaliga Waqooyiga la wadaagtaa 14, waxayna 14 kale la wadaagtaa Banaadir oo keliya; Maay wax yar ayay la wadaagtaa Soomaaliga Waqooyiga, waxayna wax aad uga badan la wadaagtaa Banaadir iyo Asharaaf ([Landinfo 2011, b. 16](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Qaar ka mid ah culimada afafku waxay Maay iyo noocyada Digil u arkaan afaf gooni ah. Maxamed Diiriye Cabdullaahi (Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi) wuxuu qoray in noocyadani "yihiin afaf Kushitig ah oo gooni ah" ([Culture and Customs of Somalia, 2001](https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri)). I. M. Lewis wuxuu farqiga u dhexeeya Maay iyo Soomaaliga Waqooyiga la barbardhigay ka u dhexeeya Isbaanishka iyo Bortuqiiska ([Saints and Somalis, 1998, b. 74](https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC)). Mauro Tosco wuxuu qoray in dhammaantood xagga bulshada ay yihiin "lahjado", balse aan ilaa hadda qaybin la sameeyay ay tijaabin is-fahamka ([Ashraf Somali, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaya Tosco 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Somali)). ## Sahankii Lamberti ee 1981 Lamberti wuxuu cilmi-baaristiisa goobta sameeyay 1981 isagoo jooga Muqdisho, Baardheere, Luuq, Saakow, Jilib, Bu'aale, Marka, Qoryooley, Qansax Dheere, Baydhabo, Diinsoor, Buurhakaba (Bur Hakaba), Jamaame, Kismaayo iyo Cadale. Wuxuu daraaseeyay 52 nooc oo lahjado ah, isagoo 78 qof oo ku hadla la adeegsaday ilaa 600 eray iyo 500 weedhood oo go'an ([Landinfo 2011, b. 4](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Orwin wuxuu Landinfo u sheegay in tan iyo 1980-meeyadii aan la samayn daraasad goobeed oo habaysan oo lahjadaha ku saabsan ([Landinfo 2011, b. 4](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Waxa khariidadda beddelay Lamberti wuxuu sheegay saddex arrimood. Guurguuritaanka reer guuraaga ayaa lahjadaha faafiyay, waqooyigana, oo xoola-dhaqashadu ugu xoog badan tahay, ka dhigay mid ka isku eg koonfurta degan. Xidhiidhka qabiilka ayaa lahjadaha kala ilaaliyay xataa markii qabiilooyinku dhinac dhinac u wada degganaayeen. Haajiriddu waxay hadalka u guurisay koonfurta: kooxo Daarood ah oo waqooyiga ka yimid ayaa degay Jubbada Hoose iyo Kenya qarniyadii 1800-aad iyo 1900-aad, ilaa 300,000 oo reer guuraa ahna waxaa la dejiyay agagaarka Shabeellaha hoose iyo Dujuuma kadib abaartii 1973 ilaa 1974 ([Landinfo 2011, b. 7](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). 1972 kadib, buugaagta dugsiyada iyo raadiyaha waxay isticmaaleen af heer ah oo inta badan ku salaysan hadalka Daaroodka Mudug iyo Ogaadeen ([Landinfo 2011, b. 8](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Af-Soomaaliga](/en/society/the-somali-language/) - [Naxwaha iyo qaamuusyada Soomaaliga](/en/society/somali-grammars-and-dictionaries/) - [Qoraallada Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-writing-systems/) --- # Dir (qoyska qabiilka Dir) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/dir/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dir waa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed, iyo Isaaq, Daarood, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn. Sida dhaqanku sheego, waxay ka soo farcameen Dir ina Irir ina Samaale. Qabiilada ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah Gadabuursi, Ciise, Biyomaal iyo Surre. Waxay deggan yihiin Awdal iyo agagaarka Hargeysa, meelo ka mid ah bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, iyo Jabuuti iyo Itoobiya. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Hay'adda Magangelyada ee Midowga Yurub (EUAA) waxay Dir ku tirisaa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Kuwa kale waa Isaaq, Daarood, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). ACLED wuxuu isticmaalaa isla shantaas ([ACLED, 2025](https://acleddata.com/methodology/how-somali-clan-actors-are-coded-acled-data)). Dir waa mid ka mid ah qoysaska Samaale. EUAA waxay Samaale ku qeexday awoowaha Dir, Isaaq, Daarood iyo Hawiye ([EUAA, 2025, qaamuuska](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Abtirsiinta Soomaalidu waxay Dir ka dhigtaa ina Irir ina Samaale. Hawiye waxaa lagu tiriyaa laanta kale ee Irir ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_%28clan%29)). Dhaqanku wuxuu laba qoys oo kale ku xiraa Dir guur ahaan. Awoowaha Daarood waxaa la sheegaa inuu guursaday gabar Dir ah. Awoowaha Isaaq waxaa la sheegaa inuu guursaday haweeney reer Magaadle ah, oo ah laan Dir (isla ilaha). Cilmi-baaraha I. M. Lewis wuxuu sheegashada ka soo farcanka qoysas Carbeed oo sharaf leh u arkay hab u badan in lagu muujiyo muhiimadda Islaamka ([Wikipedia, Darod, kayd, oo soo xigtay Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darod)). ## Laamaha waaweyn ACCORD waxay qortay in "Dir ay ka mid yihiin kooxo sida Ciise, Gadabuursi iyo Biyomaal" ([ACCORD, *Clans in Somalia*, 2009, b. 13](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Abtirsiinta Soomaalidu waxay Dir u qaybisaa afar wiil: Madaxweyne, Madaluug (laanta Gadabuursi), Madoobe (laanta Ciise) iyo Mahe (laanta Biimaal iyo Surre) ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_%28clan%29)). Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu leeyahay "ma jiro heshiis cad oo ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedka qabiilada iyo laamaha" ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)). | Shax | Laamaha Dir ee ay muujiso | |---|---| | Koonfurta-dhexe (CRD) | Isaaq (Garxajis, Habar Jeclo, Habar Awal, Habar Tol Jacle), Ciise, Gaadsen, Gadabuursi, Biyomaal iyo Qubeys | | Puntland (PDRC) | Gadabuursi, Ciise iyo Biyomaal. Isaaq waxay u muujisaa qoys gooni ah. | Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu Dir hoos dhigaa: Biyomaal, Ciise, Gadabuursi, Gaadsen, Qubeys, Warday iyo kuwo kale ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Laan kasta oo iluhu magacaabaan waxay ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Meelaha hoose waxay ka yimaadeen warbixinnada amniga ee EUAA, gobol gobol. | Gobol | Waxa EUAA qortay | |---|---| | Awdal | Dadka badankoodu waa Gadabuursi, Boorama-na waa xudunta dhulkooda. Ciise sidoo kale halkan ayay deggan yihiin ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal); [EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). | | Waqooyi Galbeed | Bulshooyin Gadabuursi iyo Ciise ah ayaa ku nool Hargeysa ([EUAA, 2025, Hargeysa](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/22-hargeisa/221-overview)). | | Shabeellaha Hoose | Biyomaal waxay deggan yihiin agagaarka Marka ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)). | | Jubbada Hoose | Biyomaal waxay deggan yihiin Jamaame iyo agagaarkeeda ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). | | Galgaduud | Kooxo Dir ah ayaa ka mid ah shanta qabiil ee waaweyn ee waqooyiga ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). | | Mudug | Kooxo Dir ah ayaa deggan Gaalkacyo iyo Towfiiq. Koox Qubeys ah ayaa deggan koonfurta ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug); [EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). | | Hiiraan | Faqi Cumar iyo Faqi Maxamuud, labaduba Dir, waxay deggan yihiin waqooyi-bari ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)). | Warbixin Ingiriis ah waxay Ciise iyo Gadabuursi dhigtaa Somaliland iyo gobollada ku xiga ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **11 iyo 31 Diseembar 1884.** Gadabuursi iyo Ciise waxay heshiisyo la saxeexdeen Ingiriiska. Eeg [colonial treaties](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). - **Nofeembar 1896.** Dagaalyahanno Biimaal iyo Wacdaan ah ayaa Lafoole ku dilay qunsulkii Talyaaniga Antonio Cecchi. Iska caabinta Biimaal ee Talyaaniga waxay socotay ilaa 1908. Eeg [resistance, 1890s to 1945](/so/history/resistance-1890s-1945/). - **Qiyaastii 1933.** Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur ayaa Boorama ka sameeyay farta Boorama (Gadabuursi). Eeg [how Somali came to be written](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/). - **1950-meeyadii.** Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska, United Somali Party waxay taageero ka heshay Gadabuursi iyo Ciise, iyo Dhulbahante iyo Warsangeli. Eeg [British Somaliland](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/). - **1989 iyo 1990.** Gadabuursi waxay aasaaseen [Somali Democratic Alliance](/en/institutions/somali-democratic-alliance/). Xubno Ciise ah ayaa aasaasay United Somali Front ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). - **2002 ilaa 2010.** [Daahir Riyaale Kaahin](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/) wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha Somaliland. ACCORD waxay xustay inuu Gadabuursi yahay ([ACCORD 2009, b. 13](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). - **Sebtembar 2023.** Suldaannada Gadabuursi ayaa ku shiray Ottawa, Kanada. Waxay sheegeen inay doonayaan in Awdal ka baxdo Somaliland ([EUAA 2025, Awdal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad". Heer hoose, odayaashu waxay xalliyaan khilaafaadka, waxayna maamulaan dhulka iyo biyaha la wadaago ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). Nidaamka 4.5 hoostiisa, Dir waxay leeyihiin 61 ka mid ah 275-ta kursi ee Golaha Shacabka. Ilaha badankoodu waxay Isaaq ku tiriyaan qaybtaas Dir. Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Tusaalooyin ay ku jiraan kooxo Dir ah: - Biyomaal iyo Ogaadeen (Daarood) Jamaame, iyo Biyomaal iyo Habar Gidir (Hawiye) Marka. - Surre iyo Mareexaan (Daarood) Cabudwaaq iyo Laandheer, Galgaduud. - Surre iyo Sheekhaal Jariiban iyo Hobyo, iyo Saleebaan Cabdalle (Surre) iyo Loobage (Sheekhaal) Towfiiq. - Faqi Cumar iyo Xawaadle (Hawiye), agagaarka Beledweyne. - Gadabuursi iyo kooxo Isaaq ah, El Bardaale, Gabiley; hadda hurdo. EASO waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay khilaaf u dhexeeyay laamo Gadabuursi ah oo Boorama ka dhacay 2020 ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Isaaq.** ACCORD waxay qortay in Isaaq ay sheegtaan inay yihiin qoys u gaar ah, "halka Soomaalida koonfureed iyo Majeerteen ay sheegtaan in Isaaq ay ka mid yihiin Dir" ([ACCORD 2009, b. 13](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Labada shax ee Bangiga Adduunka waxay muujinayaan labada aragtiyood. - **Liiska laamaha.** Abtirsiinta, ACCORD iyo shaxaha Bangiga Adduunka mid walba qabiilada Dir si kale ayuu u taxay. - **Maqaamka laga tiro badan yahay ee koonfurta.** EASO waxay Biyomaal ku tilmaantay "qabiil laga tiro badan yahay" agagaarka Marka, inkastoo ay ka tirsan yihiin qoyska Dir ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - Qabiilada Dir ee bog leh: [Gadabuursi](/so/society/gadabuursi/), [Habar Cafaan](/so/society/habar-cafaan/), [Maxamed Case](/so/society/maxamed-case/), [Ciise](/so/society/ciise/), [Biimaal](/so/society/biyomaal/) iyo [Surre](/so/society/surre/), [Gurgure](/so/society/gurgure/); eeg sidoo kale [Xeer Ciise](/so/society/xeer-ciise/) - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/), [Daarood](/so/society/darod/), [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) iyo [Raxanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) - [Dir (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/dir/) - [Minority communities (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/minority-communities/) --- # Soomaaliga Waqooyiga (Af-Maxaa): kooxda lahjadeed ee saldhigga u ah Af-Soomaaliga heerka ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/northern-somali/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliga Waqooyigu waa kooxda lahjadaha Soomaaliga ee ugu weyn. Waxaa lagaga hadlaa Jabuuti (Djibouti) iyo waqooyi-galbeed ilaa waqooyi-bari, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, waqooyiga Kenya iyo Jubbada Hoose. Khariidadda Lamberti waxay ku qiyaastay in ay ku hadlaan in ka badan 70% Soomaalida oo dhan. Waa saldhigga Af-Soomaaliga heerka ah iyo afka inta badan gabayada Soomaaliga ee qadiimiga ah. ## Meesha lagaga hadlo Soomaaliga Waqooyiga waxaa ku hadla in ka badan 70% Soomaalida oo dhan, sida ay muujinayso khariidadda lahjadaha ee Marcello Lamberti ee 1986 ([Northern Somali, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaya Lamberti 1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Somali); khariidadda waxaa dib loogu daabacay [Landinfo 2011, b. 17 ilaa 22](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Dhulka lagaga hadlo wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Jabuuti (Djibouti) iyo waqooyi-galbeed, wuxuuna sii maraa waqooyi-bari, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo waqooyiga Kenya. B. W. Andrzejewski iyo I. M. Lewis waxay faafitaankan ballaaran ku xireen guuritaanno dad oo qarniyo badan ka socday xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed una socday koonfurta ([Andrzejewski iyo Lewis, Somali Poetry, 1964, b. 6](https://archive.org/details/somalipoetryintr0000andr)). ## Saddex koox-hoosaad, iyo mid afraad oo Kenya ah Lamberti wuxuu Soomaaliga Waqooyiga u qaybiyaa saddex koox-hoosaad ([Landinfo 2011, b. 10](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)): 1. **Soomaaliga Waqooyiga dhabta ah**, oo ka jira Awdal, Waqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer iyo Sanaag. Waxaa ku jira lahjadaha Ciise, Gadabuursi iyo Isaaq. Jabuuti iyo Saylac (Zeila) waxay isticmaalaan lahjadda Ciise ([Landinfo 2011, b. 6](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). 2. **Kooxda Daarood**, oo ka jirta Bari, Nugaal iyo Mudug, Ogaadeenta Itoobiya, waqooyiga Bakool iyo Gedo. Waxaa ku jira lahjadaha Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Mareexaan, Degoodi (Degodiya), Warsangeli iyo Ogaadeen. 3. **Kooxda Jubbada Hoose**, oo ay ku hadlaan qoysas qarnigii 1800-aad waqooyiga ka soo guuray una soo guuray Jubbada Hoose. Maadaama xeebta halkaas laga ku hadli jiray Banaadiri, lahjadahani waxay leeyihiin astaamo Banaadir oo cad. Lamberti wuxuu sidoo kale soo jeediyay koox-hoosaad afraad oo waqooyiga Kenya ah, oo ay ku jiraan lahjadaha Ogaadeen, Harti iyo Degoodi ([Landinfo 2011, b. 11](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Wuxuu ogaaday in labada koox-hoosaad ee hore ay aad isugu eg yihiin, inkastoo ay yihiin afka hooyo ee in ka badan kala bar dadka. ## Sida uu u dhawaaqo Lamberti wuxuu tiriyay astaamaha lagu garto Soomaaliga Waqooyiga ([Landinfo 2011, b. 11](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)): - codadka cunaha ee lagu qoro **c** iyo **x**; - kala duwanaanshaha **q** iyo **kh**, sida qal ("gowrac!") iyo khal; - qodobka qeexan oo ku dheggan dhammaadka magaca, sida ninku ("the man"); - jamacyada magacyada lab ee gaagaaban oo lagu sameeyo ku celinta qayb ka mid ah erayga, sida san ("nose"), sanan ("noses"). Kooxda gudaheeda waxaa ku jira calaamado deegaan. Hadalka Ciise, Gadabuursi iyo Isaaq, xarafka **dh** wuxuu shaqallada dhexdooda ku ahaadaa cod "d" adag ah, sida yidhi ("wuxuu yiri"); meelaha kale wuxuu u jilcaa cod "r" ah, oo noqda yiri. Kooxda Daarood, xarafka **j** inta badan waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa sida "ch", sidaas darteed joog ("joog!") wuxuu u dhawaaqmaa sida choog ([Landinfo 2011, b. 11](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Aqoonyahanka afafka Giorgio Banti wuxuu daraaseeyay erayada badan ee Carabiga iyo Harariga laga soo amaahday ee ku jira Soomaaliga Waqooyiga ([Banti, Strata of loanwords in Northern Somali](https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110292343.185/html?lang=en)). ## Saldhigga afka qoran ee heerka ah John Saeed wuxuu xusay in Soomaaliga Waqooyiga ay isticmaali jireen gabayaa caan ah iyo dabaqadda siyaasadda, taas oo siisay sharafta ugu weyn ([Northern Somali, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaya Saeed, Somali, 1999, b. 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Somali)). Lamberti wuxuu qoray in lahjadaha Daaroodka ee Mudug iyo Ogaadeenta ay 1972 kadib noqdeen tusaalaha buugaagta dugsiyada iyo raadiyaha ([Landinfo 2011, b. 8](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Martin Orwin oo ka tirsan SOAS wuxuu Landinfo u sheegay in Af-Soomaaliga heerka ahi dhab ahaan yahay "lahjado iyo habab hadal oo kala duwan" ee uusan ahayn hal qaab oo go'an ([Landinfo 2011, b. 8](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Waa sidoo kale lahjadda ay culimada afafku ugu daraasadda badan yihiin, gaar ahaan lahjadda Isaaq. Lamberti wuxuu xusay naxwe lahjadda Majeerteen ah oo la qoray 1955 iyo qaamuusyo la qoray 1962 iyo 1976 ([Landinfo 2011, b. 11](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Lahjadaha Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-dialects/) - [Gabayga Soomaaliga](/en/society/somali-poetry/) - [Sidii Af-Soomaaligu u noqday af qoran 1972](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/) --- # Dariiqooyinka suufiyada Soomaaliya: Qaadiriya, Axmadiya iyo Saalixiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qiyaastii 500 sano, muslimiinta Soomaalida intooda badani waxay ka tirsanaayeen dariiqo suufi ah, ugu yaraan magac ahaan. Saddex ayaa ugu waaweynaa: Qaadiriyada, tan ugu da'da weyn uguna badan; Axmadiyada, oo Sheekh Cali Maye ee Marka ka keenay Maka; iyo Saalixiyada, dariiqadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan. Sheekhyadoodu waxay koonfurta ka aasaaseen in ka badan 90 tuulo beereed, tartankoodiina wuxuu qaabeeyay nolosha diinta Soomaalida ilaa qarnigii 20aad. ## Waa maxay dariiqo suufi ah Dariiqo suufi ah (Carabi *dariiqa*, Soomaali *tariiqo*, "waddo") waa walaalnimo muslimiin ah oo raaca silsilad macallimiin ah oo gaarta wali aasaasay. Xubnuhu waxay u kulmaan dikri, oo ah ku celcelinta magacyada Ilaah iyo gabayo diineed, mararka qaarna dhaqdhaqaaq isku-dheelitiran. Soomaaliya, xubnaha waxaa loo yaqaannay daraawiish, hoggaamiyayaashoodana sheekh ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Dariiqooyinka suufiyadu waxay ka soo muuqdeen magaalooyinka Soomaalida qarnigii 15aad, "si degdeg ahna u noqdeen xoog dib u nooleeya". Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay ku dartay in "Soomaalida intooda badani ahaayeen xubno magac ahaan ka tirsan dariiqooyinka suufiyada, laakiin in yar oo keliya ay galeen adkaanta nolosha diinta" ([isla ilaha](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Ninku badanaa wuxuu ku biiri jiray dariiqada aabbihii, sidaas darteed abtirsiinyadu inta badan waxay ku xirnaayeen hal dariiqo. ## Saddexda dariiqo ee waaweyn ### Qaadiriya Waa dariiqada suufiyada ee ugu da'da weyn Islaamka, waxaana Baqdaad ku aasaasay Cabdulqaadir al-Jiilaani (dhintay 1166). Waxay Harar gaartay qarnigii 15aad, waxayna ku faaftay Soomaalida iyo Oromada qarnigii 18aad, inta badan iyadoo ay hoggaaminayaan sheekhyo Soomaaliyeed ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Hal warbixin ayaa sheegaysa in Shariif Abuu Bakar al-Caydaruus oo Cadan ka yimid uu Geeska keenay 1503 ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mohamed 1977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Mar dambe waxay u kala baxday laba laamood oo Soomaaliyeed: - **Zaylaciya**, oo loogu magac daray Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan al-Zaylaci, oo wax ka dhigi jiray Qolonqol kuna dhintay 1882 ama 1883 ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan al-Zaylaci](/en/people/abd-al-rahman-al-zaylai/). - **Uweysiya**, oo loogu magac daray Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi (1847 ilaa 1909) ee Baraawe. Wuxuu wax ku bartay Baqdaad qiyaastii 1870, wuxuu soo laabtay 1883, wuxuu qoray gabayo diineed, wuxuuna isku dayay inuu qasiidooyin Soomaali ah ku qoro xarfo Carabi ah iyo hab higgaad oo isagu sameeyay ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm); [Uways al-Barawi, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Samatar 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uways_al-Barawi)). Wuxuu aasaasay tuulada beeraha ee Biyooley. Eeg [Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi](/en/people/uways-al-barawi/). Macallimiinta kale ee Qaadiriyada waxaa ka mid ah **Sheekh Suufi** (Cabdiraxmaan bin Cabdullaahi al-Shaashi, 1829 ilaa 1904) ee Muqdisho, oo qabrigiisa sannad walba la booqdo ([Shaykh Sufi, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Sufi)). Eeg [Sheekh Suufi](/en/people/sheikh-sufi/). ### Axmadiya (Idriisiya) Waxaa aasaasay Axmed bin Idriis al-Faasi (1760 ilaa 1837) ee Maka. Waxaa Soomaaliya keenay **Sheekh Cali Maye Durogba** ee Marka, oo ahaa gabayaa ku biiray dariiqada markii uu xajka u baxay. Qabrigiisu wuxuu noqday meel la siyaaro. Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ku tilmaantaa tan ugu yar saddexda, oo leh "shuruud cibaado oo yar oo aan ka badnayn salaad iyo qasiidooyin fudud" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). ### Saalixiya Khilaaf ku saabsan hoggaanka Axmadiyada oo ka dhex dhacay aasaasayaasheeda Carabta ah ayaa keenay in Muxammad bin Saalix uu 1887 aasaasay Saalixiyada. Waxay marka hore ku faaftay Soomaalida Ogaadeenya ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm); [Salihiyya, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Andrzejewski 1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihiyya)). - **Sheekh Maxamed Guuleed** (dhintay 1918) wuxuu tuulooyin Saalixiya ah ka aasaasay Shiidle ee Shabeellaha dhexe, kadibna Ajuuraan dhexdooda ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). - **Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan** wuxuu ahaa shakhsiga Saalixiyada ugu caansan. Wuxuu hoggaamiyay iska caabbintii Daraawiishta ee ka dhanka ahayd xukunka Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya 1899 ilaa 1920. Eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/) iyo [Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan](/so/people/sayid-maxamed-cabdulle-xasan/). - **Sheekh Xasan Barsane** wuxuu hoggaamiyay iska caabbin ka dhacday dooxada Shabeellaha, wuxuuna ku dhintay xabsi Talyaani. Eeg [Sheekh Xasan Barsane](/en/people/sheikh-hassan-barsane/). Saalixiyadu waxay diiday in awliyada dhintay laga codsado inay Ilaah u shafeecaan (tawassul), taas oo Qaadiriyadu aqbashay. Cilmi-baaraha bulshada I. M. Lewis wuxuu tan ku tilmaamay khilaafka cilmiyeed ee ugu weyn ee labada dariiqo ([Salihiyya, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis, Saints and Somalis, 1998, b. 38](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihiyya)). Dariiqo ka yar, **Rifaaciya**, oo laan ka ah Qaadiriyada, ayaa inta badan laga helay qoysaska Carabta ee Muqdisho ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). ## Tartankii qarnigii 20aad Sheekh Uweys iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan waxay hoggaaminayeen dariiqooyin is-hayay, waxayna isku weerareen gabayo Carabi ah. Uweys wuxuu Saalixiyada ku eedeeyay inay bannaysay dilka culimada iyo inay diiday qaddarinta awliyada sida al-Jiilaani ([Uways al-Barawi, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Abdullahi, The Islamic Movement in Somalia, 2015, b. 73](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uways_al-Barawi)). Uweys waxaa la dilay 1909, qabrigiisa Biyooleyna waa meel la siyaaro. Buugga Castagno *Historical Dictionary of Somalia* wuxuu sheegayaa inay dileen Daraawiish ([Castagno, 1975, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Aqoonyahanka luqadaha Mauro Tosco wuxuu taariikhda u dhigaa 19 Abriil 1909, wuxuuna qoray in isaga iyo dhammaan ardaydiisa mid mooyee ay dishay "beesha Jiidle" oo ay is-hayeen ([Tosco, "Somali writings", Afrikanistik-Aegyptologie-Online, 2010](https://dipp.archiv.hbz-nrw.de/journals/mp_/https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2010/2723)). ## Jamaacada: tuulooyinka beeraha ee dariiqooyinka Sheekhyadu waxay odayaasha abtirsiinta ka codsan jireen dhul ay ku dhisaan masaajid iyo tuulo. Dhulka badanaa si bilaash ah ayaa loo bixin jiray, inta badan meel u dhexeysa laba qabiil ama wabi agtiis, waxaana loo tirin jiray "dhul Ilaah loo bixiyay". Tuuladu waxay u dhaxaysay kooxaha is-haya. 1819 Sheekh Ibraahim Xasan Jebro wuxuu wabiga Jubba, Baardheere, ka aasaasay tuuladii ugu horreysay ee noocaas ah ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [jamaacadii Baardheere](/so/society/baardheere-jamaaca-1819-1843/). 1950-meeyadii koonfurta waxaa ku yiillay in ka badan 90 jamaaco oo ay ku noolaayeen qiyaastii 35,000 xubnood, inta badan Bakool, Gedo, Baay iyo hareeraha Shabeellaha dhexe iyo hoose ([isla ilaha](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Daraasaddu waxay sheegaysaa in xubnaha jamaacadu wada beeran jireen, ayna ahaayeen beeralayda keliya ee nadiifin jirtay duurka beeraha ku wareegsan si ay u yareeyaan meelaha ay ka dhashaan duqsiga tsetse. ## Awliyada iyo barakada Hoggaamiyayaasha dariiqooyinka waxaa la rumaysnaa inay sidaan baraka, oo ah barako Ilaah ka timid oo qabrigooda ku hari karta geeridooda kadib. Raacdayaashu waxay booqdaan qabriyada, gaar ahaan sannad-guurada dhalashada iyo geerida waliga ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/). ## Dariiqooyinka 1991 kadib 1970-meeyadii wixii ka dambeeyay, waxbarashada Salafiyadu way faaftay, waxayna dhaleecaysay booqashada qabriyada iyo dhaqammo suufi ah qaarkood. Eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka 1950 wixii ka dambeeyay](/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/). 2008 iyo 2009 al-Shabaab waxay burburisay qabriyo suufi ah, waxayna dishay culimo suufi ah. Urur suufi ah oo la aasaasay 1991, **Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca**, ayaa markaas hub u qaatay ka dhanka al-Shabaab bartamaha Soomaaliya ([Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mapping Militants Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a); [BBC, "Somali rage at grave desecration", 2009](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8077725.stm)). Eeg [Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca](/en/institutions/ahlu-sunna-waljamaa/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - B. G. Martin, *Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa* (Cambridge University Press, 1976). - Said S. Samatar (tifaftire), *In the Shadow of Conquest: Islam in Colonial Northeast Africa* (Red Sea Press, 1992). - Scott S. Reese, *Renewers of the Age: Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir* (Brill, 2008). - I. M. Lewis, *Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-Based Society* (Red Sea Press, 1998). - [Culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/). --- # Soomaaliga Banaadir (Af-Reer Xamar): lahjadaha xeebta ee Muqdisho iyo Banaadir Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/benadiri-somali/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliga Banaadir waa kooxda lahjadaha xeebta ee laga ku hadlo Hobyo ilaa koonfurta Marka, oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho. Lamberti wuxuu u qaybiyaa shan koox-hoosaad: Abgaal, Gaaljecel, Ajuuraan, Xamar (hadalka Xamar Weyne) iyo Biimaal. Wuxuu Soomaaliga Waqooyiga la wadaagaa 40 ka mid ah 67 astaamood oo lahjadeed. ## Meesha lagaga hadlo Soomaaliga Banaadir, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Soomaaliga Xeebta ama Af-Reer Xamar ("afka dadka Xamar"), waxaa lagaga hadlaa xeebta Banaadir intii u dhexeysa Hobyo ilaa koonfurta Marka, oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho (Mogadishu), iyo dhulka xeebta ka dambeeya ([Landinfo 2011, b. 6](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf); [Benadiri Somali, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benadiri_Somali)). Qaybintii Cerulli ee 1919 waxay deegaankan ugu yeertay kooxda Hawiye, oo ka koobnayd xeebta Hobyo ilaa qiyaastii 150 km koonfurta Muqdisho iyo dooxada Shabeelle ([Landinfo 2011, b. 5](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Martino Moreno ayaa markii dambe u bixiyay kooxda Banaadir. ## Shan koox-hoosaad Marcello Lamberti, oo 1981 sahan ku sameeyay lahjadaha, wuxuu Banaadir u qaybiyaa shan koox-hoosaad ([Landinfo 2011, b. 12](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)): 1. **Abgaal**, Galguduud iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe ilaa Muqdisho. 2. **Gaaljecel**, koonfurta Hiiraan ilaa degmada Jowhar iyo waqooyiga Shabeellaha Hoose; sidoo kale Saakow iyo Bu'aale ee Jubbada Dhexe, kadib guuritaanno dhacay intii u dhexeysay 1900 iyo 1980. 3. **Ajuuraan**, Hiiraan iyo degmooyinka Diinsoor, Saakow iyo Bu'aale, iyana kadib guuritaanno dhacay horraantii 1900-meeyadii. 4. **Xamar**, Xamar Weyne, xaafadda ugu da'da weyn Muqdisho. 5. **Biimaal**, laga bilaabo Muqdisho ilaa koonfurta degmooyinka Afgooye iyo Qoryooley, iyo Marka iyo Jamaame. Wuxuu leeyahay qaab Shabeellaha Hoose iyo qaab Jubbada Hoose, oo wax yar kala duwan. Abgaal iyo Biimaal ayaa ugu dad badan ee ku hadla. Lamberti wuxuu sidoo kale sharxay qaab Banaadir ah oo isku-dhafan oo ka jira waqooyiga iyo koonfurta Muqdisho, kana samaysan Abgaal, Xamar iyo Biimaal. Ma laha dad afka hooyo u leh, waxaana isticmaala dadka ku hadla lahjadaha Banaadir ee kala duwan marka ay wada hadlayaan ([Landinfo 2011, b. 12](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Lahjadda Xamar Martin Orwin oo ka tirsan SOAS wuxuu 2006 Landinfo u sheegay in lahjadda Xamar ee Xamar Weyne ay si fasiix ah ugu hadli karaan dad ka soo jeeda qabiilooyin kale, tusaale ahaan ilmo Mareexaan ama Abgaal ah oo ku dhex koray Reer Xamar. Wuxuu arrintan ku sharxay xaqiiqda guud ee ah in carruurtu lahjadaha u barato si ka fudud tan dadka waaweyn ([Landinfo 2011, b. 12](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Sida uu u kala duwan yahay Lamberti wuxuu ogaaday in lahjadaha Banaadir aad u kala duwan yihiin, xataa hal lahjad gudaheeda. Af-Xamar, "waxaan nidhaahnaa" waxaa loo maqli karaa waa niraahdaa, niraadaa ama niraa. Wuxuu sidoo kale helay xorriyad ka badan tan Soomaaliga Waqooyiga xagga naxwaha ([Landinfo 2011, b. 12](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). 67 astaamood oo lahjadeed oo uu tiriyay, Banaadir waxay Soomaaliga Waqooyiga la wadaagtaa 40 ([Landinfo 2011, b. 16](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Lahjadaha xeebtu waxay leeyihiin codad aan ku jirin Af-Soomaaliga heerka ah, aqoonyahanka afafka Giorgio Banti-na wuxuu xusay erayo laga soo amaahday Harari ([Benadiri Somali, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benadiri_Somali)). Qoraallo ka soo baxay aqoon-isweydaarsigii afafka ee 2015 ee Xarunta Dhaqanka Hargeysa ayaa ku tilmaamay lahjad xeebeed oo koonfureed ([Papers from the Linguistics Workshop, Xarunta Dhaqanka Hargeysa, 2018, b. 91 ilaa 92](https://books.google.com/books?id=jNl7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91)). Banaadir iyo Soomaaliga Waqooyiga waxay wada yihiin qaybta Maxaa-tiri ee lahjadaha Soomaaliga, marka loo eego Maay ([Landinfo 2011, b. 5](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Lahjadaha Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-dialects/) - [Soomaaliga Asharaafta](/en/society/ashraf-somali/) - [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/) --- # Isaaq (qoyska qabiilka Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/isaaq/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Isaaq waa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed, iyo Dir, Daarood, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn. Sida dhaqanku sheego, waxay ka soo farcameen Sheekh Isxaaq bin Axmed, oo qabrigiisu ku yaal Maydh ee Sanaag. Laamaha waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah Habar Awal, Garxajis (Habar Yoonis iyo Ciidagale), Habar Jeclo iyo Arap. Badankoodu waxay deggan yihiin Somaliland, bulshooyinna Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Hay'adda Magangelyada ee Midowga Yurub (EUAA) waxay Isaaq ku tirisaa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Kuwa kale waa Dir, Daarood, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). ACLED wuxuu isticmaalaa isla shantaas ([ACLED, 2025](https://acleddata.com/methodology/how-somali-clan-actors-are-coded-acled-data)). Af-Soomaali ahaan qoyska waxaa kale oo loo yiraahdaa *Reer Sheekh Isxaaq*. Isaaq waa mid ka mid ah qoysaska Samaale. EUAA waxay Samaale ku qeexday awoowaha Dir, Isaaq, Daarood iyo Hawiye ([EUAA, 2025, qaamuuska](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Dhaqanku wuxuu awoowaha ugu yeeraa Sheekh Isxaaq bin Axmed, culimo ka yimid Carabta qarnigii 12aad ama 13aad. Wuxuu qabrigiisa dhigaa Maydh, xeebta Sanaag, meel la siyaarto ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq)). Waxaa la sheegaa inuu guursaday haweeney reer Magaadle ah, oo ah laan Dir, iyo haweeney Hararri ah. Abtirsiinta wiilashoodii waxaa loo yaqaan Habar Magaadle iyo Habar Habuusheed (isla ilaha). Cilmi-baaraha I. M. Lewis wuxuu sheegashada ka soo farcanka qoysas Carbeed oo sharaf leh u arkay hab u badan in lagu muujiyo muhiimadda Islaamka ([Wikipedia, Darod, kayd, oo soo xigtay Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darod)). ## Laamaha waaweyn Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu leeyahay "ma jiro heshiis cad oo ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedka qabiilada iyo laamaha" ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)). | Shax | Laamaha Isaaq ee ay muujiso | |---|---| | Koonfurta-dhexe (CRD) | Garxajis, Habar Jeclo, Habar Awal iyo Habar Tol Jacle, oo la hoos dhigay Dir | | Puntland (PDRC) | Habar Yoonis, Habar Awal, Habar Tol Jacle, Habar Jeclo iyo Ciidagale, oo qoys u gaar ah | Liis ka faahfaahsan, oo laga soo qaatay Bangiga Adduunka iyo qiimeyn Ingiriis ah oo 2001, waa sidan ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq)): - **Habar Awal:** Ciise Muuse iyo Sacad Muuse. - **Garxajis:** Habar Yoonis iyo Ciidagale. - **Habar Jeclo:** Muuse Abokor, Maxamed Abokor iyo Samane Abokor. - **Kuwa kale:** Arap, Ayuub, Tol Jeclo, Sanbuur iyo Imraan. Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu Isaaq hoos dhigaa Habar Awal, Habar Jeclo, Habar Yoonis, Ciidagale, Garxajis iyo Arap ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Laan kasta oo iluhu magacaabaan waxay ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, *Clans in Somalia*, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). ACCORD waxay Isaaq ku tilmaantay "dadka ugu horreeya ee deggan Somaliland" (b. 13). | Meel | Waxa EUAA qortay | |---|---| | Hargeysa | Isaaq ayaa ah "inta badan dadka magaalada". Arap iyo Ayuub inta badan waxay deggan yihiin Axmed Dhagax. Garxajis inta badan Maxamuud Haybe iyo qaybo Gacan Libaax ah. Habar Awal inta badan Ibraahim Koodbuur iyo degmada 26 June ([EUAA, 2025, Hargeysa](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/country-focus/22-hargeisa/221-overview)). | | Togdheer | Inta badan Habar Yoonis iyo Habar Jeclo. Ciidagale waxay deggan yihiin galbeedka Burco ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)). | | Sanaag | Habar Yoonis galbeedka, oo ay ku jirto Ceerigaabo, halkaas oo ay Habar Jeclo sidoo kale deggan yihiin ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/272-sanaag)). | | Sool | Caynabo waa "magaalo Isaaq u badan" ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). | Bulshooyin Isaaq ah waxay kaloo ku nool yihiin Hawdka ee Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq)). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1750.** Saldanadda Isaaq waxay boqortooyo u caleemo-saartay Guuleed Cabdi, iyadoo xaruntu ahayd Toon, markii dambena Hargeysa. Eeg [sultanates, the coast and customary law](/so/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s/). - **1827 iyo 1884.** Habar Awal waxay la galeen heshiiskii ugu horreeyay ee Ingiriiska ee xeebta waqooyi 1827. 14 Luulyo 1884 odayaashoodu waxay heshiis ku saxeexeen Berbera. Habar Tol Jacle iyo Garxajis ayaa xigay. Eeg [colonial treaties](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). - **1950-meeyadii.** Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska, Somali National League waxay "inta badan la xiriirtay qoyska qabiilka Isaaq". Eeg [British Somaliland](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/). - **Febraayo 1960.** SNL iyo xulafadeeda USP waxay ku guuleysteen 32 ka mid ah 33-ka kursi ee waqooyiga ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/14.htm)). - **Abriil 1981.** Musaafuriin Isaaq ah ayaa London ku aasaasay [Somali National Movement](/en/institutions/somali-national-movement/) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm)). - **1987 ilaa 1989.** Ciidanku wuxuu SNM uga jawaabay olole ka dhan ah shacabka Isaaq. Daraasad 1989 ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka waxay ku tilmaantay "weerar baahsan, nidaamsan oo aad u xun". Eeg [the Isaaq genocide](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). - **18 Maajo 1991.** SNM iyo odayaasha waqooyi ayaa ku dhawaaqay Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. Eeg [Somaliland, 1991 to 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad". Heer hoose, odayaashu (*oday*) waxay xalliyaan khilaafaadka, waxayna maamulaan dhulka iyo biyaha la wadaago ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). Baarlamaanka Somaliland wuxuu leeyahay Golaha Guurtida iyo Golaha Wakiilada ([ACCORD 2009, b. 5](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). 2025 EUAA waxay xustay in saddexda xisbi ee Somaliland ay "hoggaaminayaan hoggaamiyeyaal Habar Jeclo ah" ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)). Nidaamka federaalka ee 4.5, ilaha badankoodu waxay Isaaq ku tiriyaan qaybta Dir. ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Tusaalooyin ay ku jiraan kooxo Isaaq ah: - Habar Jeclo iyo Habar Yoonis, Ceerigaabo iyo Ceel Afweyn, iyadoo wadahadal socday Maarso 2025. - Habar Yoonis iyo Ciise Muuse, tuulada Cali Saxiid ee u dhow Burco. - Habar Jeclo iyo Habar Awal, degmada Burco. - Soolomadow (Habar Jeclo) iyo Dhulbahante (Daarood), Qorilugud. - Jibriil Abokor, Sacad Muuse iyo Habar Awal kale iyo Gadabuursi (Dir), El Bardaale, Gabiley; hadda hurdo. EUAA waxay kaloo taxday loollan doorasho oo Hargeysa ka dhex taagnaa Garxajis iyo Habar Awal, oo aan "u horseedin rabshad hubaysan". 2023, koox hubaysan oo Gacan Libaax ku sugnayd ayaa lala xiriiriyay Habar Yoonis ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Qoys mise laan Dir.** ACCORD waxay qortay in Isaaq ay sheegtaan inay yihiin qoys u gaar ah, "halka Soomaalida koonfureed iyo Majeerteen ay sheegtaan in Isaaq ay ka mid yihiin Dir" ([ACCORD 2009, b. 13](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Labada shax ee Bangiga Adduunka waxay muujinayaan labada aragtiyood. - **Awoowaha.** Dhaqanku wuxuu bixiyaa asal Carbeed. Aqoonyahanno qaar waxay xuseen afka iyo asalka Kushiitiga ah ee qoyska ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq)). - **Tirada.** Qorayaal qaar ayaa Isaaq siiya qayb ka mid ah Soomaalida oo dhan. Ma jiro tirakoob taageeraya tiro noocaas ah. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - Qabiilada Isaaq ee bog leh: [Carab](/so/society/arap/), [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/), [Habar Yoonis](/so/society/habar-yoonis/), [Abokor Muuse](/so/society/abokor-muuse/), [Habar Awal](/so/society/habar-awal/), [Ciise Muuse](/so/society/ciise-muuse/), [Sacad Muuse](/so/society/sacad-muuse/), [Habar Jeclo](/so/society/habar-jeclo/) iyo [Muuse Abokor](/so/society/muuse-abokor/) - [Daarood](/so/society/darod/), [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) iyo [Raxanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) - [Isaaq (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Minority communities (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/minority-communities/) --- # Awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada: booqashada qabriyada ee Islaamka Soomaalida Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaalidu muddo dheer ayay booqan jireen qabriyada culimada si ay ugu duceeyaan una raadsadaan baraka. Booqashooyinkan, oo loo yaqaan siyaaro, inta badan waxay ku beegan yihiin sannad-guurada waliga. Qabriyada caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Aw Barkhadle oo u dhow Hargeysa, Sheekh Isaaq ee Maydh, Sheekh Suufi ee Muqdisho, Sheekh Uweys ee Biyooley iyo Sheekh Cali Maye ee Marka. 1970-meeyadii wixii ka dambeeyay macallimiinta Salafiyadu way diideen dhaqankan, 2008 wixii ka dambeeyayna al-Shabaab ayaa burburisay qabriyo suufi ah. ## Barakada iyo awliyada Caqiidada Soomaalida, Ilaah wuxuu dadka qaar siiyaa baraka, oo ah barako iyo awood ruuxi ah oo gudaha ah. Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay sheegtaa in barakadu ay leeyihiin aasaasayaasha iyo madaxda dariiqooyinka suufiyada, ayna "ku hari karto qabriga hoggaamiye la qaddariyo, oo marka uu dhinto loo arko wali" ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Dadku waxay noqdaan awliyo saddex siyaabood, sida ay isla daraasaddu sheegto: hoggaamiyayaasha dariiqooyinka suufiyada, rag caan ku ah cibaadada xitaa haddii aysan dariiqo ka tirsanayn, iyo aasaasayaasha qabiilooyinka ama abtirsiinyada waaweyn. "Xoolo-dhaqatada reer guuraaga ah ee waqooyi waxay u badan tahay inay aasaasayaasha abtirsiinta u qaddariyaan sidii awliyo; Soomaalida deggan waxay awliyada u qaddariyaan cibaadadooda iyo barakadooda" ([isla ilaha](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). ## Booqashada: siyaarada Xujaydu waxay u tagaan qabriga waliga si ay gargaar u weydiistaan, tusaale ahaan bogsiinta cudur ama ilmo. Xubnaha dariiqada waliga waxay si gaar ah u booqdaan sannad-guurada dhalashadiisa iyo geeridiisa ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Booqashada waxaa la yiraahdaa siyaaro (Carabi *ziyaara*, "booqasho"). Cilmi-baaraha bulshada I. M. Lewis wuxuu ku tilmaamaa xajji maxalli ah oo ay la socdaan wax-bixin ([Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis, Saints and Somalis, 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Ahmad_al-Kawneyn)). Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustaa in Soomaali badan oo diin adag lahayd ay Maka xaj u tageen, "laakiin kuwo aad uga badan ay booqan jireen qabriyada awliyada maxalliga ah" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). Barakada waliga waxaa sidoo kale guriga loo qaadan karay iyadoo lagu qaado shay taabtay qabrigiisa ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/48.htm)). ## Qabriyada caanka ah **Aw Barkhadle, oo u dhow Hargeysa.** Qabriga Yuusuf bin Axmed al-Kawneyn, caalim loo xuso faafinta Islaamka ee waqooyiga, wuxuu ku yaal magaalada burbursan ee hore loo oran jiray Dogor. Lewis wuxuu diiwaan geliyay hidde sheegaya in Aw Barkhadle, oo aan carruur lahayn, uu Sheekh Isaaq u sheegay in farcankiisa badani isaga qaddarin doono. Sannad walba beesha Isaaq waxay isugu yimaadaan qabriga si ay magaciisa wax ugu bixiyaan ([Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Ahmad_al-Kawneyn); [Ishaaq bin Ahmed, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed)). Eeg [Aw Barkhadle](/en/people/aw-barkhadle/). **Sheekh Isaaq, Maydh.** Awowga beesha Isaaq wuxuu ku aasan yahay Maydh oo ku taal xeebta Sanaag. Mawliidkiisa waxaa la akhriyaa Khamiis kasta, siyaaradiisana sannad walba waxaa lagu qabtaa Somaliland iyo Isaaqa dibadda jooga, gaar ahaan Bariga Dhexe ([Ishaaq bin Ahmed, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis iyo Reese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed)). Warbixin 1849 lagu daabacay Journal of the Royal Geographical Society ayaa qabuuraha Maydh ku tilmaantay inay "dhinac kasta ugu fidsan yihiin mayl buuxa", maxaa yeelay odayaal ayaa halkaas u safri jiray si loogu aaso awowgood agtiisa ([Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1849, b. 64](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCBDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62)). **Sheekh Suufi, Muqdisho.** Geeridii caalimka Qaadiriyada Sheekh Suufi (Cabdiraxmaan bin Cabdullaahi al-Shaashi) 1904 kadib, qabrigiisu wuxuu noqday meel sannad walba ay u yimaadaan dad ka kala yimid Soomaaliya iyo Bariga Afrika. Qabuuro ayaa ku dhismay agtiisa oo ay ku aasan yihiin wasiirro, fannaaniin iyo madaxweyneyaal ([Shaykh Sufi, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Sufi)). Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku, oo macallin Qaadiri ah oo Muqdisho ku magacawda "Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Cabdullaahi", waxay sheegtaa in qabrigiisu noqday xarun siyaaro oo deegaanka Shabeellaha ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [Sheekh Suufi](/en/people/sheikh-sufi/). **Sheekh Uweys, Biyooley.** Hoggaamiyihii Qaadiriyada Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi, oo la dilay 1909, wuxuu ku aasan yahay Biyooley, qiyaastii 150 mayl waqooyiga Baraawe. Qabrigiisu waa meel la siyaaro ([Castagno, Historical Dictionary of Somalia, 1975](https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-somalia-1)). Eeg [Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi](/en/people/uways-al-barawi/). **Sheekh Cali Maye Durogba, Marka.** Gabayaagii dariiqada Axmadiyada keenay Soomaaliya; "qabrigiisu wuxuu noqday meel ay xujaydu aad u doonaan" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). ## Caadooyin hore oo diinta gudaheeda ku jira Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustaa cibaado ka horreysay Islaamka oo weli la socota, sida xuska sannadlaha ah ee awowga qabiilka ee Soomaalida waqooyi iyo roobdoonka wadareedka ah ee beeralayda koonfurta. Waxay sidoo kale sharraxdaa xirsiga wadaadka, akhrinta Qur'aanka ee cudurrada jinniga, iyo xafladda saarka ee haweenka ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/48.htm)). ## Khilaafka qabriyada Muslimiinta Soomaalida oo dhammi ma aqbalaan booqashada qabriyada. Dariiqada Saalixiyadu waxay diiday in awliyada dhintay laga codsado shafeeco (tawassul) ([Salihiyya, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihiyya)). Macallimiinta Salafiyada oo faafay 1970-meeyadii wixii ka dambeeyay ayaa sidoo kale dhaqankan khalad ku tilmaama. Eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka 1950 wixii ka dambeeyay](/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/). 2008 wixii ka dambeeyay al-Shabaab waxay burburisay qabriyo suufi ah oo ku yiillay deegaannada ay haysay, waxayna dishay culimo suufi ah ([Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mapping Militants Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a); [BBC, "Somali rage at grave desecration", 2009](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8077725.stm)). Ururka suufiyada Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca ayaa hub u qaatay qayb ahaan si uu u ilaaliyo qabriyada ([Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a)). Eeg [Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca](/en/institutions/ahlu-sunna-waljamaa/) iyo [goobaha hiddaha](/en/society/heritage-sites/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - I. M. Lewis, *Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-Based Society* (Red Sea Press, 1998), oo laga akhrin karo [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/saintssomalispop00lewi). - Sada Mire, *Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa* (Routledge, 2020). - [Dariiqooyinka suufiyada Soomaaliya](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). - [Culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/). --- # Dugsiyada Qur'aanka iyo waxbarashada diinta ee Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/quran-schools-and-religious-learning/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ilmo Soomaali kasta oo ku dhowaad ah wuxuu waxbarashada ka bilaabaa dugsi Qur'aan (dugsi ama malcaamad), badanaa marka uu 3 ama 4 jiro. Wasaaradda Waxbarashada Soomaaliya waxay qiyaastaa ilaa 50,000 dugsi Qur'aan oo wax bara in ka badan 4 milyan oo carruur ah. Carruurtu waxay aayadaha ku qoraan loox, iyagoo isticmaalaya qalin ul ah iyo khad dhuxul ah. Ardayda waaweyni waxay u sii gudbaan xalqadaha masaajidka, machadyada Islaamka (macaahid) iyo jaamacadaha dibadda sida al-Azhar. ## Dugsigii ugu horreeyay ee qof walba Dukumenti mashruuc oo ka tirsan Sanduuqa Nabad-dhisidda ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa sheegaya in Soomaalidu "ku dhowaad dhammaan, si ikhtiyaari ah, u dhigtaan dugsiyada Qur'aanka ee dhaqameed ugu yaraan dhowr sano carruurnimadooda hore, badanaa marka ay 3 ama 4 jiraan". Wuxuu ku tilmaamayaa "barta tixraac ee guud" oo "dhammaan Soomaalidu si gaar ah u wadaagaan", iyadoo aan loo eegin dakhli, gobol ama qabiil ([UN Peacebuilding Fund, Building Peace Through Religious Education in Somalia](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)). Wasaaradda Waxbarashada Soomaaliya waxay qiyaastaa ilaa **50,000 dugsi Qur'aan** oo wax bara **in ka badan 4 milyan oo carruur ah**. Daraasad Diseembar 2024 ay sameeyeen Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diinta iyo UNICEF ayaa eegtay in ka badan 2,000 dugsi oo ku yaal magaalooyinka Banaadir, Jubbaland, Koonfur Galbeed, Hirshabeelle iyo Galmudug, oo ay dhigtaan in ka badan 150,000 carruur ah ([isla dukumentiga](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)). Eeg [iskuullada iyo waxbarashada oo tirooyin ah](/en/data/schools-and-learning-numbers/). ## Sida dugsigu u shaqeeyo Qoraa u qora Geeska ayaa sharraxaya malcaamadda miyiga ([Abdihakim Mohamed, "The Somali Quran school", Geeska, 25 April 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-quran-school)): - **Meesha:** geed weyn hoostiis (waab), aqal ka samaysan qori iyo dhoobo (dergad), ama, marar dhif ah, aqal jiingad ah. Furitaankiisa looma baahna gargaar dibadda ka yimaada. - **Looxa:** ilmo kastaa wuxuu wax ku qoraa loox qori ah oo siman, oo badanaa laga jaro geedka kidi, halkii buug. - **Qalinka iyo khadka:** qalin laga soo qoray ul ergeeg ah, iyo khad laga sameeyay dhuxul la shiiday iyo biyo, oo lagu adkeeyay sonkor ama dheecaanka sabka. - **Macallinka:** macallin, oo inta badan ah macallin socdaal ah oo bulshada la dega. - **Heerarka:** marka hore carruurtu waxay bartaan higgaadda erayada Qur'aanka, oo Af-Soomaali lagu baro; kadibna way akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan. Dhammaystirka mid kasta oo ka mid ah 30-ka juz waxaa lagu xusaa dabaaldeg yar oo la yiraahdo bunayn. - **Khidmadda:** lacag yar oo ku biirid ah (fadhiisin) iyo qiyaastii hal doollar oo Mareykan ah bishii ilmo kasta. Marka ardaygu dhammaystiro Qur'aanka oo dhan, dhaqan ahaan macallinka waxaa la siiyaa qaalin. Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay ku dartay in macallimiinta qaar ay ardaydooda la socon jireen meel ilaa meel, iyagoo ku noolaa waxa dadku siiyaan, ayna sidoo kale tujin jireen salaadda, u ducayn jireen dadka iyo xoolaha, xallin jireen khilaafaadka, mehersanna jireen ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/46.htm)). ## Gabdhaha iyo wiilasha Gabdhaha iyo wiilashaba waxay dhigtaan sannadaha hore, guud ahaan qiyaastii 3 ilaa 7 jir. Dukumentiga Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu sheegayaa in gabdhuhu ka yar yihiin wiilasha, laakiin kuwa sii joogaa inta badan ay sii wataan ilaa da' weyn ([UN Peacebuilding Fund](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)). Qoraaga Geeska wuxuu xusayaa in waagii hore macallimiintu doorbidi jireen wiilasha, maxaa yeelay haweenku fursad yar ayay u haysteen inay culimo noqdaan ([Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-quran-school)). ## Dagaal iyo abaar dhexdood Dukumentiga Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu sheegayaa in dugsiyada Qur'aanku ahaayeen "tiirka waxbarashada Soomaaliya in ka badan 800 sano". 1960-meeyadii waxaa jiray dadaal lagu doonayay in nidaamka qaranka lagu daro; 1970-meeyadii waa la dhinac dhigay; 1980-meeyadii Jaamacadda Carabtu mar kale ayay isku dayday. Markii iskuullada dowladdu xirmeen 1991 kadib, "dugsiyadu way sii shaqeeyeen", abaar, dagaal iyo barakac dhexdood ([UN Peacebuilding Fund](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)). ## Dugsiga dabadiis Waxbarashada diintu saddex heer ayay maanta ku leedahay Soomaaliya ([UN Peacebuilding Fund](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)): 1. **Dugsiyada Qur'aanka ee dhaqameed:** akhrinta, tajwiidka iyo xifdiga. 2. **Dugsiyada Qur'aanka ee isku-dhafan:** fasallo carruurnimada hore oo ku daraya Af-Soomaali, Carabi iyo xisaab, manhaj ka yimid Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, oo hadda leh Waax Waxbarashada Qur'aanka. 3. **Machadyada Shareecada Islaamka (macaahid):** iskuullo hoose iyo dhexe oo rasmi ah oo bara fiqhiga, xadiiska, Carabiga iyo tawxiidka, maaddooyinka caadiga ah dhinac. Sannadaha hore kadib, tiro yar oo carruur ah ayaa wax ku sii barta macallinkii oo kale ama imaamka masaajidka xaafadda ([UN Peacebuilding Fund](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)). Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku waxay xustaa in iskuullada gaarka loo leeyahay hadda ay yihiin isha ugu weyn ee waxbarashada hoose, intooda badanna ay baraan Islaamka, iyo in "madaarisyo dibadda laga maalgeliyo" ay bixiyaan waxbarasho aasaasi ah oo jaban, kuwo badanna ay baraan fikradaha Salafiyada ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). **Dibadda.** Qarnigii 14aad wixii ka dambeeyay, ardayda Soomaalidu waxay u tagi jireen al-Azhar ee Qaahira, halkaas oo ardayda Saylac lahaayeen hoy u gaar ah, Riwaaq al-Zaylaci ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i); [Abyssinia at al-Azhar, AfricArXiv](https://africarxiv.ubuntunet.net/handle/1/8922)). 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii macallimiin Soomaaliyeed oo badan ayaa wax ku bartay Qaahira ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). Eeg [jaamacadaha Soomaaliya](/en/society/universities-in-somalia/). ## Yaa maamula maanta Dugsiyada Qur'aanku waxay hoos imaan jireen Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diinta, waxaana maamula bulshada, inta badanna waalidku bixiyaan kharashka, iyadoo qaar dibadda laga maalgeliyo ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). 10 Diseembar 2025, wasaaraddu waxay bilowday tirakoob qaran oo dugsiyada Qur'aanka ah si loo ogaado inta ay le'eg yihiin, xaaladdooda iyo tababarka iyo lacagta ay u baahan yihiin. Wasiirku wuxuu sheegay in dugsiyadu aysan lahayn miisaaniyad federaal oo u gaar ah ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/quran%20schools/253036/somali-government-launches-nationwide-census-of-quranic-schools)). Dowladdu waxay markaas kadib ku dhawaaqday in dugsiyada Qur'aanku markii ugu horreysay hoos imaan doonaan Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, iyadoo la sameynayo diiwaan dijitaal ah ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/somalia/382148/somalia-unveils-sweeping-reforms-for-islamic-education-and-religious-institutions)). ## Walaacyada ay warbixinnadu sheegaan Dukumentiga Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu taxayaa dhibaatooyin: manhaj iyo nidaam guud oo la'aan ah, xifdinta qoraalka Carabiga iyadoo aan macnihiisa la baran, ciqaab jireed, macallimaad dumar ah oo yar, iyo khatarta ah in kooxaha hubaysan sida al-Shabaab ay waxbarashada diinta u adeegsadaan inay ku gaaraan dhallinyarada. Wuxuu xusayaa in aan weli la samayn daraasad nidaamsan oo ku saabsan qorista ka dhacda dugsiyada Soomaalida ([UN Peacebuilding Fund](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)). Qoraaga Geeska wuxuu sharraxayaa garaacidda khaladaadka, oo waalidku aqbali jireen "shardi ah in aan laf la jebin" ([Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-quran-school)). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) iyo [maxay Soomaalida ugu dhowaad dhammaan u yihiin muslimiin](/so/society/why-somalis-are-almost-all-muslim/). - [Sida Islaamku u gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/). --- # Raxanweyn (Digil iyo Mirifle) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/rahanweyn/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Raxanweyn (Reewin af-Maay ahaan), oo sidoo kale la yiraahdo Digil iyo Mirifle, waa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed, iyo Dir, Isaaq, Daarood iyo Hawiye. Waxay ku abtirsadaan Saab ee ma aha Samaale, badankoodna waxay ku hadlaan af-Maay. Inta badan waa beeralay iyo xoolo-dhaqato ku nool Baay, Bakool iyo Shabeellaha Hoose, inta u dhexeysa webiyada Shabeelle iyo Jubba. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Hay'adda Magangelyada ee Midowga Yurub (EUAA) waxay Raxanweyn ku tirisaa mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed. Kuwa kale waa Dir, Isaaq, Daarood iyo Hawiye ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). ACLED wuxuu isticmaalaa isla shantaas ([ACLED, 2025](https://acleddata.com/methodology/how-somali-clan-actors-are-coded-acled-data)). Af-Soomaaliga caadiga ah waa Raxanweyn, af-Maayna waa Reewin. Raxanweyn waxay ku abtirsadaan Saab, ee ma aha Samaale. EUAA waxay "Saab" u isticmaashaa magac qoyska Raxanweyn ama Digil-Mirifle ([EUAA, 2025, qaamuuska](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Warbixin ka timid Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha ee Ingiriiska waxay Saab ku tilmaantay "farac kale oo la sheego inuu ka soo jeedo Nebi Muxammad". Waxay xustay in qabiilada Saab ay ku hadlaan af-Maay, oo "aad uga duwan" af-Maxaa ee qoysaska kale ([UK Home Office, 2019, oo soo xigtay EASO 2014](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Cilmi-baaraha I. M. Lewis wuxuu Raxanweyn ku tilmaamay "isku-darka beeralay hore iyo soogalooti dhowaan yimid oo mar ahaa reer guuraa ka yimid qabiilada kale" ([Wikipedia, kayd, oo soo xigtay Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahanweyn)). Abtirsiino badan oo ka yimid qoysas kale ayaa wakhti ka dib ku biiray. ## Sida qoysku u habaysan yahay ACCORD waxay qortay in qaab-dhismeedka Raxanweyn uu "aad uga duwan yahay" kan qoysaska reer guuraaga. Qabiiladoodu waxay ka kooban yihiin afar ilaa toddoba jilib oo magta wada bixiya. Magta waxay ku bixiyaan heer aad uga sarreeya abtirsiinta marka loo eego kooxaha xoolo-dhaqatada ([ACCORD, *Clans in Somalia*, 2009, b. 13](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). ACCORD waxay intaa ku dartay in "dhulkooda ay aqoonsigooda u muhiimsan tahay qabiilka". Odayaashoodu waxay yihiin kuwo "kala sarreyn badan oo si dhow ugu xiran tuulooyinka" (b. 13). ## Laamaha waaweyn Qoysku wuxuu leeyahay laba qaybood, Digil iyo Mirifle. EASO waxay diiwaangelisay in Mirifle loo qaybiyo laba kooxood oo waaweyn, *Sagaal iyo Sideed* ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu leeyahay "ma jiro heshiis cad oo ku saabsan qaab-dhismeedka qabiilada iyo laamaha". Wuxuu daabacay laba shax ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)). | Shax | Waxa ay muujiso | |---|---| | Koonfurta-dhexe (CRD) | Hal qoys, Raxanweyn. Digil: Geledi, Tunni, Garre, Jiiddo, Begedi iyo Shanta Caleemo. Mirifle: 17 laamood. | | Puntland (PDRC) | Raxanweyn iyo Digil oo laba qoys oo kala gooni ah | Liiska ACLED ee 2025 waxaa ku jira kooxahan ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)): - **Digil:** Begedi, Dabarre, Garre, Geledi, Jambaluul, Jiido, Jilible, Shanta Caleemo iyo Tunni. - **Mirifle:** Eelay, Emid, Gabaweyn, Hadame, Xariin, Hubeer, Jiroon, Leysan, Luwaay, Macallin Weyne iyo Yantaar. Laan kasta oo iluhu magacaabaan waxay ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. Maktabadda Koongareeska Maraykanka waxay Digil iyo Raxanweyn ku qiyaastay qiyaastii 20 boqolkiiba dadweynaha ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/37.htm)). ACCORD waxay qortay inay "noqon karaan ugu yaraan 25 ilaa 30 boqolkiiba" ([ACCORD 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Meelaha hoose waxay ka yimaadeen EUAA, gobol gobol. | Gobol | Waxa EUAA qortay | |---|---| | Baay | Inta badan Raxanweyn, Mirifle waqooyiga, Digil koonfurta. Baydhabo, Mirifle waa "qabiilka awoodda badan" ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/222-bay)). | | Bakool | "Inta badan waxaa deggan kooxo Raxanweyn ah oo kala duwan" ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/221-bakool)). | | Shabeellaha Hoose | "Tiro badan oo laamo Digil-Mirifle ah" ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)). | | Gedo | Raxanweyn ayaa u badan miyiga bariga webiga ([EUAA 2025](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/211-gedo)). | | Jubbada Dhexe iyo Hoose | Qabiilo Digil iyo Mirifle ah oo bariga webiga ku nool Saakow iyo Bu'aale. Tunni-na koonfurta Jamaame ilaa Baraawe ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). | ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1695 ilaa 1900-meeyadii.** Saldanadda Geledi waxay ka talin jirtay Afgooye. Suldaannadeedu waxay ahaayeen Digil. Eeg [the Geledi Sultanate](/so/history/geledi-sultanate/). - **1947 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Xisbiga Hizbia Digil Mirifle wuxuu aqbalay dowladnimada Soomaaliyeed laakiin wuxuu doonayay nidaam federaal ah. Eeg [the nationalist era](/so/history/nationalist-era-1943-1960/). - **1975.** Maktabadda Koongareeska waxay diiwaangelisay in Digil iyo Raxanweyn aanay xubin ku lahayn Supreme Revolutionary Council, oo 20 xubnood ahaa ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm)). - **13 Oktoobar 1995.** Waxaa la aasaasay [Rahanweyn Resistance Army](/en/institutions/rahanweyn-resistance-army/) ka dib markii ciidamada Caydiid qabsadeen Baydhabo. Waxay qabsatay Baydhabo Juun 1999. - **2002 iyo 2014.** Dowlad Koonfur Galbeed ayaa lagu dhawaaqay 2002. [Koonfur Galbeed](/so/states/south-west-state/) ta hadda jirta waxaa la dhisay 2014, Baydhabana waa caasimadda ay ka shaqeyso. ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Odayaasha Raxanweyn waxay si dhow ugu xiran yihiin tuulooyinka, sida ACCORD kor ku xustay. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). Nidaamka 4.5 hoostiisa, Raxanweyn waxay leeyihiin 61 ka mid ah 275-ta kursi ee Golaha Shacabka. Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Tusaalooyin ay ku jiraan kooxo Raxanweyn ah: - Gelidle (Mirifle) iyo Dabarre (Digil), Diinsoor. - Leysan (Mirifle) iyo ciidamada Koonfur Galbeed, Bardaale. - Garre iyo Jiido, labaduba Digil, Qoryooley. - Geledi (Digil), oo ay la jiraan Wacdaan, iyo Habar Gidir (Hawiye), Afgooye. - Shanta Caleemo (Digil) iyo qabiilo Mirifle ah iyo Gaaljecel (Hawiye), Wanla Weyn. - Gabaweyn iyo Macallin Weyne (labaduba Mirifle) oo dhinacyo kala duwan ka jiray Luuq, Gedo, iyo Gelidle iyo Mareexaan (Daarood) Baardheere. Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Hal qoys mise laba.** Labada shax ee Bangiga Adduunka waxay ku kala duwan yihiin in Digil iyo Mirifle ay yihiin hal qoys. ACCORD waxay xustay in qaar ay Raxanweyn la mid ka dhigaan Digil iyo Mirifle. - **Maqaamka.** Warbixinta Ingiriiska waxay leedahay qabiilada Saab "mararka qaar" waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka hooseeya Samaale, laakiin "ma jirto takoorid nidaamsan". EUAA waxay qortay in Raxanweyn "aanay ahayn koox laga tiro badan yahay laakiin muddo dheer loola dhaqmay sidii muwaadiniin heer labaad ah". Waxay leedahay "aad bay u dhibaateeyeen" maleeshiyaad Hawiye iyo Daarood 1990-meeyadii. Waxay intaa ku dartay in tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii ay awood ku yeesheen koonfur-galbeedka Soomaaliya ([EUAA, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). - **Tirada.** Maktabadda Koongareeska iyo ACCORD waxay bixiyeen qiyaaso kala duwan, qiyaastii 20 boqolkiiba iyo 25 ilaa 30 boqolkiiba. ## Akhri wax badan - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Begedi (Bagadi), qabiil Digil ah](/so/society/begedi/) - [Rahanweyn (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/rahanweyn/) - [Somali language and its dialects (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/the-somali-language/) --- # Masiixiyiinta iyo howlaha faafinta masiixiga Soomaaliya, 1881 ilaa maanta Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/christians-and-missions-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Howlaha faafinta masiixigu waxay Soomaalida dhexdeeda ka shaqaynayeen 1881 wixii ka dambeeyay, inta badan agoon-hayn, iskuullo iyo rugo caafimaad. Intooda badan waa la xiray ama la saaray: howshii Katooliga Faransiiska ee waqooyiga Ingiriiska 1910, howshii Luteeriyaanka Iswiidhishka ee koonfurta 1935, iyo howlihii Mennonite-ka iyo Sudan Interior Mission 1976. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku maanta waxay Soomaaliya ku tirisaa qiyaastii 1,000 masiixi. Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu mamnuucayaa faafinta diin kasta oo aan Islaam ahayn. ## Si kooban Howlaha faafinta masiixigu waxay la yimaadeen xukunka gumeysiga, wayna yaraayeen. Diiwaanka hoose wuxuu bixinayaa howl kasta, waxa ay qabatay iyo sida ay ku dhammaatay, iyadoo mid kasta isheeda la raaciyay. Tirooyinku waxay ka yimaadeen ilo aad u kala duwan oo aan is waafaqsanayn; mid kasta waxaa lagu sheegay cidda tirisay. ## Waqooyiga: howshii Katooliga Faransiiska, 1891 ilaa 1910 Howsha Katooliga Faransiiska waxay 1891 agoon-hayn ka furtay Daymoole, oo u dhow Berbera. Sida uu qoray qoraaga Soomaaliga masiixiga ah Aweis A. Ali, isagoo soo xiganaya taariikhyahan Siciid Samatar, kulanka carruurta agoon-hayntan ayaa ka mid ahaa waxyaabihii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan ka soo horjeedsiiyay xukunka Ingiriiska. Howsha waxaa la saaray 1910, waxayna u guurtay Jigjiga ([Aweis A. Ali, "A Brief History of Christian Missions in Somalia", African Research Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 2020](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). Isla warqaddu waxay agoon-hayntii Katooliga ee ugu horreysay ee Soomaalida dhexdeeda dhigtaa 1881. Intaas kadib dowladda Ingiriisku waxay dhammaan howlaha faafinta ka reebtay Maxmiyadda Somaliland. 1927 Xoghayaha Gumeysigu wuxuu ku magacaabay gumeysiga keliya, marka laga reebo qaybo ka mid ah waqooyiga Nigeria, oo laga reebay howlaha faafinta masiixiga ([Hansard, 29 Luulyo 1927](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1927/jul/29/christian-missions)). 1937 Xoghayaha Gumeysigu wuxuu sheegay in dowladdu "sannado badan" ay "ku qasbanayd inay ka reebto dhammaan wacdiyayaasha" sababo la xiriira "xaaladaha gaarka ah ee adag" ee maxmiyad "ay ku dhowaad dhammaan degan yihiin qabiilooyin reer guuraa ah oo muslim ah". Waxa keliya ee laga reebay waxay ahaayeen laba xubnood oo ka tirsan Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society oo ka caawinayay xero qaxooti oo dadka Itoobiya ka yimid ([Hansard, 28 Abriil 1937](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/apr/28/british-somaliland-abys-sinian-refugees)). 1947 dowladdu waxay sheegtay in siyaasadda "mar ka mar dib loo eego" ([Hansard, 30 Luulyo 1947](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1947/jul/30/somaliland-christian-missions)). ## Koonfurta: Luteeriyaanka Iswiidhishka, 1896 ilaa 1935 Kaniisadda Luteeriyaanka Iswiidhishka ee Dibadda ayaa 1896 howl ka furtay Kismaayo, waxayna ku faaftay Jilib, Jamaame iyo Mugaambo iyadoo leh iskuullo, rugo caafimaad iyo kaniisado. Inta badan kuwii diinta beddelay waxay ka yimaadeen bulshooyinka beeralayda ah ee dooxada Jubba. Talyaanigu wuxuu howsha saaray 1935 ([Aweis A. Ali, 2020](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). Tirakoob 2023 oo uu sameeyay Somali Bible Society ayaa sheegaya in masiixiyiinta koonfurta Soomaaliya maanta intooda badani ka farcameen kuwaas ([Somali Bible Society, Somali Christian Census 2023](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/census-of-somali-christians-2023.pdf)). ## Koonfurta: Kaniisadda Katooliga xilligii Talyaaniga, 1904 ilaa 1991 Howsha Katooliga ee Soomaaliya Talyaaniga waxay si rasmi ah u bilaabatay 21 Janaayo 1904 hoos timaadda Prefecture Apostolic of Benadir ([Somali Bible Society, 2023](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/census-of-somali-christians-2023.pdf)). Wadaaddada Trinitarian-ka ayaa yimid 1903, waxayna bixiyeen waxbarasho iyo gargaar saboolka iyo bukaanka; xilligii guddoomiye De Vecchi ee 1920-meeyadii waxaa la horumariyay wacdiyayaasha Consolata ([Christianity in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia)). 1939 dowladda Talyaanigu waxay kaniisadda u bixinaysay inay maamusho 12 dugsi hoose oo ay dhigtaan 1,776 arday ([Aweis A. Ali, 2020, oo soo xiganaya Touval 1963](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). **Kaatidraalka Muqdisho** waxaa la dhisay 1923 ilaa 1928 amarka guddoomiye Cesare Maria De Vecchi, qaab Norman ah oo laga soo guuriyay kaatidraalka Cefalù ee Sicily. Wuxuu ahaa kaatidraalka ugu weyn Bariga Afrika. Taariikhyahanad Claire Dillon waxay ku doodaysaa in naqshaddu ujeeddo ka lahayd in xukunka Talyaaniga loo soo bandhigo "qabsasho nabadeed" ([Mogadishu Cathedral, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Dillon 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral); [wareysi Geeska la yeeshay Claire Dillon, 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/claire-dillon-italians-promoted-their-occupation-benefit-colonized)). Eeg [Kaatidraalka Muqdisho](/so/society/mogadishu-cathedral/). **Immisa Katoolig?** - 1940: Biishob Francesco Filippini wuxuu sheegtay qiyaastii 40,000 Katoolig oo Soomaali ah, inta badan deegaannada beeraha ee Jubba iyo Shabeelle ([Aweis A. Ali, 2020, oo soo xiganaya Tripodi 1999](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). Biishob Giorgio Bertin ee Jabuuti wuxuu sheegay in tiradani aad u badan tahay (isla ilaha). - Qiyaastii 1950: qiyaastii 8,500 Katoolig, bilowgii maamulka wakiilnimada QM ([Christianity in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Diocese-ka Muqdisho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia)). - 2004: qiyaastii 100 ([isla ilaha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia)). ## Mennonite-ka iyo Sudan Interior Mission, 1953 ilaa 1976 Howsha Mennonite-ka waxay koonfurta Soomaaliya timid 1953, Sudan Interior Mission (SIM)-na 1954. Labaduba waxay maamulayeen iskuullo, rugo caafimaad iyo isbitaallo. 1962 macallinkii Mennonite-ka ahaa ee reer Kanada Merlin Grove ayaa Muqdisho lagu dilay isagoo la mindiyeeyay. 1966 masiixiyiin Soomaali ah oo ku sugnaa Muqdisho, Buulobarde iyo Beledweyne ayaa ku biiray kaniisadda Mennonite-ka. Markii dowladdu la wareegtay hantida howlaha, kaatidraalka Katooliggu wuxuu u oggolaaday xubnaha labada howl inay halkaas ku cibaadaystaan. Labada howlba waxaa la saaray 1976 ([Aweis A. Ali, 2020](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). Kitaabka Qudduuska ah oo dhammaystiran waxaa markii ugu horreysay Af-Soomaali lagu daabacay 1979 ([Christianity in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia)). ## 1989: dilkii Biishob Colombo Salvatore Colombo, wadaad Fransiskaan ah oo Talyaani ah oo Soomaaliya ka shaqaynayay 1946 wixii ka dambeeyay, laguna caleemo saaray Biishobka Muqdisho 1976, ayaa lagu toogtay kaatidraalka 9 Luulyo 1989. Dowladda Siyaad Barre waxay eedda saartay Islaamiyiin; warbixinno kale waxay eedda saareen dowladda. Dhowr sheekh ayaa la xiray, 14 Luulyo 1989-na ciidamada dowladdu waxay rasaas ku fureen dad ka soo baxayay masaajid Muqdisho ku yaal kadib khudbad dhaleeceysay xariggaas ([Salvatore Colombo, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Colombo)). Tan iyo markaas lama magacaabin biishob Muqdisho. Biishobka Jabuuti ayaa u adeega maamule rasuuli ah. ## 1991 kadib Kaatidraalka waa la joojiyay isticmaalkiisa 1991 kadib, waxaana inta badan la burburiyay 2008; qorshayaal dib loogu dhisayo ayaa lagu dhawaaqay 2013 ([Mogadishu Cathedral, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral)). Shaqaalaha gargaarka ee masiixiyiinta ajnabiga ah ee lagu dilay dhulka Soomaalida 1991 kadib waxaa ka mid ah Annalena Tonelli, Katoolig Talyaani ah oo aan wadaad ahayn oo Boorama ku maamulaysay isbitaal qaaxada, halkaasna lagu toogtay Oktoobar 2003, dhowr bilood kadib markii ay ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Nansen ee hay'adda qaxootiga QM ([Annalena Tonelli, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa UNHCR iyo L'Osservatore Romano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalena_Tonelli)). Aweis A. Ali wuxuu sidoo kale taxayaa Sister Leonella Sgorbati, Verena Karer, Dick iyo Enid Eyeington iyo kuwo kale ([Aweis A. Ali, 2020](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)). ## Masiixiyiinta Somaliland Dastuurka Somaliland wuxuu Islaamka ka dhigayaa diinta rasmiga ah, wuxuu u diidayaa muslimiinta inay diin kale u beddelaan, wuxuu mamnuucayaa faafinta diin kale, wuxuuna shardi ka dhigayaa in sharci kastaa raaco shareecada. Wuxuu sidoo kale shardi ka dhigayaa in madaxweynaha, musharraxiinta madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka iyo xildhibaannada golaha wakiilladu ay muslimiin yihiin ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). 2016 Biishob Giorgio Bertin iyo Kaatoolig kale waxay "dayactirayeen kaniisad Kaatoolig ah oo Hargeysa ku taal" ([Catholic World Report, 20 Maarso 2016](https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2016/03/20/catholicism-in-somalia-the-brave-few/)). 2023 kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee keliya ee Somaliland weli way xirnayd ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). 2021 Agenzia Fides waxay sheegtay in Somaliland ay leedahay "joogitaan masiixi oo ka degan" inta kale ee dalka, iyadoo hal wadaad u adeego bulsho Kaatoolig ah oo guryaha gudahooda ku tukata. Caritas waxay halkaas uga shaqaysaa magaca Caritas Naxariis, waxayna waday mashruuc waxbarasho oo 35 carruur barakacayaal ah ([Vatican News, 30 Abriil 2021](https://www.vaticannews.va/en/africa/news/2021-04/the-hidden-life-of-somalia-s-christians.html)). Tirakoobka 2023 ee Ururka Kitaabka Quduuska ah ee Soomaaliyeed wuxuu helay 7,642 masiixi oo Somaliland jooga (eeg hoos). ## Tirooyinka maanta - **Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2023:** bulsho masiixi ah oo qiyaastii 1,000 ah ([Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta Caalamka 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). - **Somali Bible Society, 2023:** waxay samaysay tirakoob u gaar ah Agoosto 2022 ilaa Oktoobar 2023 oo dhex maray Soomaaliya, Somaliland, Jabuuti, Itoobiya iyo Kenya, inta badan taleefan. Waxay tirisay 171,227 masiixi oo Soomaaliya ku jira (22,123 rag, 23,356 dumar iyo 125,748 carruur), 7,642 Somaliland, iyo 3,760, 8,917 iyo 5,649 masiixi oo Soomaali isir ahaan ah oo ku nool Jabuuti, Itoobiya iyo Kenya (bb. 54–56). Carruurta ka yar 15 jir waxaa la tiriyay haddii ay la nool yihiin waalid ama mas'uul masiixi ah. Waxay magacawday afar xaddid: deegaannada al-Shabaab haysato lama gaari karin, masiixiyiinta meelaha fog lama xiriiri karin, qaar ayaa diiday, iyo caqabado luqadeed oo koonfurta ah ([Somali Christian Census 2023](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/census-of-somali-christians-2023.pdf)). Waxay sheegtay in masiixiyiinta Soomaaliyeed ee diintooda caddeeya intooda badani yihiin Luteeriyaan, Katoolig, Nazarene ama kuwo madax-bannaan. - **Open Doors, 2023:** waxay Soomaaliya ka dhigtay meesha labaad ee liiskeeda meelaha masiixiyiintu cadaadiska ugu badan ku qabaan ([Christianity in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Open Doors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia)). ## Sharciga iyo bulshada maanta Dastuurka ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu Islaamka ka dhigayaa diinta dowladda, wuxuuna mamnuucayaa faafinta diin kale. Shareecada waxaa loo fasiraa inay mamnuucayso ka bixidda Islaamka, xeerka ciqaabtuna wuxuu cay-diineedka iyo "aflagaadada Islaamka" ku ciqaabaa ilaa laba sano oo xabsi ah. Soomaaliya kuma jiraan goobo cibaado oo dadweyne oo loogu talagalay dadka aan muslimka ahayn marka laga reebo gudaha xerada garoonka Muqdisho, kaniisadda Katooliga ee keliya ee Somaliland-na way xiran tahay ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Warbixintu waxay sheegaysaa in diin-beddelka loo arko "khiyaano lagu sameeyay qoyska iyo qabiilka", iyo in al-Shabaab ay bartilmaameedsato dadka looga shakiyo inay diinta beddeleen. Somaliland 2022, haweeney ayaa shan sano oo xabsi ah lagu xukumay cay-diineed, ridad iyo faafinta masiixiyadda; waxaa si shardi ah loo sii daayay Agoosto 2023 kadib markii ay ku dhawaaqday inay Islaamka ku soo noqotay ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - Aweis A. Ali, *Understanding the Somali Church* (KENPRO, 2021). - Helen Miller, *The Hardest Place: The Biography of Warren and Dorothy Modricker* (2006), oo ku saabsan howsha SIM. - Ahmed Ali Haile iyo David W. Shenk, *Teatime in Mogadishu* (Herald Press, 2011). - [Maxay Soomaalida ugu dhowaad dhammaan u yihiin muslimiin](/so/society/why-somalis-are-almost-all-muslim/). --- # Af-Maay (Maay Maay): afka dhulka u dhexeeya labada webi Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/maay-language/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Af-Maay waa hadalka Digil iyo Mirifle (Rahanweyn) iyo deriskooda ee koonfurta Soomaaliya, laga bilaabo xuduudda Itoobiya ilaa meel u dhow xeebta u dhexeysa Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo, Baydhabona waa xuddunta. Ma laha codadka cunaha ee c iyo x ee Soomaaliga Waqooyiga. Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu Maay la magacaabay Maxaa-tiri inay yihiin afka Soomaaliga. ## Meesha lagaga hadlo Maayga waxaa inta badan ku hadla Digil iyo Mirifle, oo wadajir loogu yeero [Rahanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/), koonfurta Soomaaliya. Deegaankiisu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa xuduudda Itoobiya ee koonfur-galbeedka ilaa meel u dhow xeebta u dhexeysa Muqdisho (Mogadishu) iyo Kismaayo (Kismayo), waxaana ku jirta Baydhabo (Baidoa) ([Maay Maay, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maay_Maay)). Glottolog wuxuu ku daray afafka laanta Soomaaliga ee Kushitigga Bari ([Glottolog, Maay](https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/maay1238)). Aqoonyahanka afafka ee Talyaaniga ah Marcello Lamberti, oo 1981 sahan ku sameeyay hadalka koonfurta Soomaaliya, wuxuu Maay dhigay dhammaan Bay, Bakool, Gedo, Jubbada Dhexe iyo Shabeellaha Hoose, koonfur-galbeedka Hiiraan, degmada Jowhar iyo bariga Jubbada Hoose ([Landinfo 2011, b. 13](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Gedo wuxuu dhulka la wadaagaa lahjadaha Ogaadeen, Degoodi (Degodiya) iyo Mareexaan. Lamberti wuxuu sidoo kale ogaaday in Maayga aysan ku hadlin Rahanweyn oo keliya: Jilib, tusaale ahaan, Jareerka (Oojji) waxay isticmaali jireen lahjadda Maay ee deegaanka. ## Shan lahjadood Lamberti wuxuu ogaaday in lahjadaha Maaygu ay si wanaagsan isugu eg yihiin, oo ay leeyihiin farqi yar oo tartiib ah, wuxuuna magacaabay shan ([Landinfo 2011, b. 14](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)): 1. **Maayga Waqooyiga**, waqooyiga Gedo iyo Bakool, oo saameyn yar ku leh Soomaaliga Waqooyiga. 2. **Maayga Galbeedka**, Baardheere iyo Diinsoor. 3. **Maayga Bariga**, oo ka kooban Af-Eelay iyo Af-[Begedi](/so/society/begedi/). 4. **Maayga Qoryooley ilaa Jilib**. 5. **Maayga Koonfurta ama Jubbada Hoose**, Jamaame iyo Afmadow. ## Sida uu uga duwan yahay Maxaa-tiri Lamberti wuxuu tiriyay astaamahan Maayga ([Landinfo 2011, b. 14](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)): - ma laha codadka cunaha **c** iyo **x**; - shaqal dhexe, oo u eg "e" ee erayga Ingiriisiga "the", oo aan far Soomaali ah ku lahayn; - codad isku dhex gala: "you went" Maayga waa batti, Soomaaliga Waqooyigana waa baxday; "we went" waa banni; - jamacyo naxw ahaan lab ah; - lahaansho badan oo lagu sameeyo **haan-**, sida haankey ("my"). Dhererka shaqalku macnaha wuu beddelaa, sida bur ("flour") iyo buur ("mountain"), waxaana la isticmaalaa labada habka erayada: fal-yeele, fal, layeele iyo fal-yeele, layeele, fal ([Maay Maay, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maay_Maay)). I. M. Lewis wuxuu farqiga u dhexeeya Maay iyo Soomaaliga Waqooyiga la barbardhigay ka u dhexeeya Isbaanishka iyo Bortuqiiska ([Saints and Somalis, 1998, b. 74](https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC)). Martin Orwin oo ka tirsan SOAS wuxuu Landinfo u sheegay in dadka badankiisa ee deegaannada Maayga ay sidoo kale fahmaan Maxaa-tiri, iyo in Afgooye, oo u dhow Muqdisho, inta badan ay si buuxda ugu hadlaan labadaba ([Landinfo 2011, b. 14](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Maqaamka sharci Qodobka 5aad ee Dastuurka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee 2012 wuxuu leeyahay afka rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya waa "Af-Soomaali (Maay iyo Maxaa-tiri)", Carabiguna waa afka labaad ([Constitute Project, Soomaaliya 2012](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012)). Maayga guud ahaan laguma isticmaalo dugsiyada iyo warbaahinta, dadka Maayga ku hadlaana inta badan waxay af wadaag ahaan u isticmaalaan Af-Soomaaliga heerka ah, oo ay ka bartaan raadiyaha, socdaalka iyo nolosha magaalada ([Maay Maay, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaya Ethnologue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maay_Maay)). ## Gabayga Maayga Maaygu wuxuu leeyahay gabay afka lagu tiriyo oo u gaar ah. Cilmi-yaqaannada dadka Virginia Luling waxay 1989 duubtay gabay goobta lagu curiyay oo ka dhacay dabbaaldeg Afgooye. Halkaas gabayaaga iyo tirinaha, oo loo yaqaan **laashin**, waxay ahaayeen isku qof, oo gabayga curinayay isagoo heesaya ([Luling 1996, "The Law Then Was Not This Law"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/586663)). Laashinnada Hiraabey, Muuse Cusmaan iyo Abukar Cali Goitow waxay la hadleen Suldaan Subuge oo ka mid ahaa [Geledi](/so/history/geledi-sultanate/), iyagoo xusaya awowyadiisii Gobroon. ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Lahjadaha Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-dialects/) - [Afafka Digil](/so/society/digil-languages/) - [Gobolka Bay](/so/regions/bay/) --- # Afafka Digil: Tunni, Dabarre, Garre iyo Jiido Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/digil-languages/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Noocyada Digil waa hababka hadalka Soomaaliga ee ugu kala duwan. Lamberti wuxuu tiriyay afar: Tunni (Diinsoor, Baraawe, Jilib), Dabarre (Diinsoor, Qansax Dheere, Jubba), Garre (Baydhabo, Diinsoor, Buurhakaba, Qoryooley) iyo Jiido (Qoryooley, Diinsoor, Jilib). Jiido ayaa ah kan ugu gaarka ah dhammaan noocyada Soomaaliga. ## Kooxda ugu kala duwan Aqoonyahanka afafka ee Talyaaniga ah Marcello Lamberti, oo 1981 sahan ku sameeyay hadalka koonfurta Soomaaliya, wuxuu lahjadaha Digil ku tilmaamay kuwa ugu isku-dhafka badan dhammaan kooxaha lahjadaha Soomaaliga ([Landinfo 2011, b. 14](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Wuxuu ogaaday in dhammaan dadka ku hadla ay ka tirsanaayeen qabiilka Digil. Degmooyinka Diinsoor, Qoryooley, Jilib iyo Buurhakaba (Bur Hakaba) ayaa ah xudunta lahjadaha Digil; Diinsoor, dadka Maayga ku hadla ayaa xilligaas ahaa laba-laaqeyaal ([Landinfo 2011, b. 13](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Culimo badan oo afafka ah ayaa hadda noocyadan u arka afaf u gaar ah. Aqoonyahanka afafka Maxamed Diiriye Cabdullaahi (Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi) wuxuu qoray in Maay iyo hababka Digil ee la xiriira ay "yihiin afaf Kushitig ah oo gooni ah" ([Culture and Customs of Somalia, 2001](https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri)). Glottolog wuxuu Dabarre iyo Jiido u diiwaangeliyay afaf gooni ah ([Glottolog, Dabarre](https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/daba1260); [Glottolog, Jiiddu](https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jiid1238)). ## Tunni Tunni waxaa lagaga hadlaa degmooyinka Diinsoor, Baraawe iyo Jilib. Hababka Digil, waa kan ugu saameynta badan ee Maaygu ku leeyahay. Wuxuu leeyahay laba laamood, **Af-Tunni Defaraat** iyo **Af-Tunni Torre** ([Landinfo 2011, b. 15](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Lamberti wuxuu xusay in dadka Tunni ku hadla ay dhaqan jireen lo', ido iyo riyo, laakiin aysan dhaqan geel. Marka la barbardhigo Soomaaliga, Tunni wuxuu "e" gaaban u beddelaa "i", codka cunaha **x**-na wuxuu u beddelaa hakad cunaha ah ([Tunni language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunni_language)). Hoggaamiyaha diinta [Sheekh Uways al-Baraawi (Sheikh Uways al-Barawi)](/en/people/uways-al-barawi/) wuxuu ku dhex dhashay Tunni, Baraawe sannadkii 1847 ([Tosco 2010, Somali writings](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). ## Dabarre Dabarre waxaa inta badan lagaga hadlaa degmooyinka Diinsoor iyo Qansax Dheere iyo agagaarka webiga Jubba; Lamberti wuxuu joogitaankiisa Jubbada Dhexe ku xiray guuritaanno dhacay 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii ([Landinfo 2011, b. 15](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Wuxuu leeyahay laba qaab: Af-Dabarre oo ay ku hadlaan Dabarre, iyo **Af-Iroole** (Oroole) oo ay ku hadlaan Iroole, oo si dhow ugu xiran Dabarre. Landinfo waxay xustay in qorayaasha qaarkood Dabarre ku tiriyaan Rahanweyn, qaar kalena Digil. Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Ethnologue, waxay sheegtay ilaa 34,000 oo qof oo ku hadla ([Dabarre language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabarre_language)). ## Garre Garre, gudaha Soomaaliya, waxaa lagaga hadlaa degmooyinka Baydhabo, Diinsoor, Buurhakaba iyo Qoryooley, isna aad buu u kala duwan yahay. Dadka ku hadla waxay magacaabaan laba qaab, **Tuuf** iyo **Quranow** ([Landinfo 2011, b. 15](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Eeg bogga buuxa ee [Af-Garre](/so/society/garre-language/). ## Jiido (Jiiddu) Jiido waxaa lagaga hadlaa degmooyinka Qoryooley, Diinsoor iyo Jilib. Lamberti wuxuu ogaaday inuu gaar ka yahay kooxda Digil gudaheeda iyo dhammaan lahjadaha Soomaaliga ([Landinfo 2011, b. 15](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Wuxuu sidoo kale ku qiimeeyay inuu yahay lahjadda ugu duwan iyo tan ay kuwa kale ugu saameynta yar yihiin ([Landinfo 2011, b. 8](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Christopher Ehret iyo Maxamed Nuux Cali (Mohamed Nuuh Ali), oo wax qoray 1984, way sii fogeeyeen, waxayna Jiido la koox dhigeen afka Bayso ee Itoobiya halkii ay Soomaaliga la dhigi lahaayeen ([Somali languages, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Tosco 1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languages)). Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Ethnologue, waxay dadka Jiido ku hadla ku qiyaastay ilaa 34,000 oo ku nool Shabeellaha Hoose, Bay iyo Jubbada Dhexe, waxayna diiwaangelisay qaamuus yar oo Ingiriisi-Jiddu-Soomaali ah oo uu qoray Saliim Ibro (Salim Ibro), oo afka hooyo u leh (1998) ([Jiiddu language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiiddu_language)). Michael Neterer wuxuu 2021 qoray tiis ku saabsan toddobaatan sano oo horumarka afka Jiido ah, 1951 ilaa 2021, Jaamacadda Caalamiga ah ee Dallas (Dallas International University) ([Jiiddu language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiiddu_language)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Lahjadaha Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-dialects/) - [Af-Maay](/so/society/maay-language/) - [Rahanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) --- # Kalandarka Islaamka: bilaha, Ramadaanka iyo taariikhaha Ciidda Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/islamic-calendar-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaalidu waxay diinta ugu isticmaalaan kalandarka Islaamka (Hijriga), oo ah 12 bilood oo dayax ah iyo qiyaastii 354 maalmood. Sidaas darteed Ramadaanka iyo Ciiduhu sannad walba waxay hore u soo dhacaan qiyaastii 11 maalmood. Xisaab ahaan, Ramadaanka 1448 wuxuu bilaabmayaa qiyaastii 8 Febraayo 2027, Ciidul Fitrigu qiyaastii 9 Maarso 2027, Ciidul Adxana qiyaastii 16 Maajo 2027. Maalinta saxda ah waxaa go'aamiya arkidda dayaxa. ## Laba kalandar Qoraaga Soomaaliyeed Said M-Shidad Hussein wuxuu sharraxay in Soomaalidu isticmaalaan laba kalandar: mid dayax ah iyo mid qorrax ah. Kan dayaxa waxaa loo isticmaalaa cibaadada, heshiisyada bulshada, ganacsiga iyo sharciga. Kan qorraxda waxaa loo isticmaalaa saadaasha hawada, safarka badda iyo xilliyada ([Said M-Shidad Hussein, "The Somali Calendar", 2011, PDRC Somalia](https://pdrcsomalia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Ammintiris-Somali_calendar_Said.pdf)). Kalandarka dayaxa waa kalandarka Islaamka ama Hijriga. Dowladda iyo ganacsigu waxay isticmaalaan kalandarka Miilaadiga. Kalandarka Hijriga wuxuu sannadaha ka tiriyaa hijradii Nebi Muxammad (NNKH) ee Maka ilaa Madiina, sannadkii 622. Sannadkiisu waa qiyaastii 354 maalmood, oo 11 maalmood ka gaaban sannadka qorraxda ([isla ilaha](https://pdrcsomalia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Ammintiris-Somali_calendar_Said.pdf)). 12 Nofeembar 2026 waxay ku beegnayd 2 Jumaadal Aakhira 1448 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/gToH/12-11-2026)). ## 12-ka bilood | Tirsi | Bisha | Fiiro | |---|---|---| | 1 | Muxarram | Mid ka mid ah afarta bilood ee xurmada leh. 10-ka waa Caashuuraa. | | 2 | Safar | | | 3 | Rabiicul Awal | Mawliidka Nebiga, 12-ka bisha | | 4 | Rabiicul Aakhir | | | 5 | Jumaadal Uulaa | | | 6 | Jumaadal Aakhira | | | 7 | Rajab | Bil xurmo leh | | 8 | Shacbaan | | | 9 | Ramadaan | Bisha soonka | | 10 | Shawaal (Soonfur) | Ciidul Fitri, 1-da bisha | | 11 | Dul Qacda | Bil xurmo leh | | 12 | Dul Xijja | Xajka; Ciidul Adxa 10-ka bisha; bil xurmo leh | Afarta bilood ee xurmada leh waa Muxarram, Rajab, Dul Qacda iyo Dul Xijja ([Kalandarka Islaamka, Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalandarka_Islaamka)). Warbaahinta Soomaalidu waxay Shawaal u yaqaannaan "Bisha Soonfur" ([Wadani](https://wadani.com/dhalashada-bisha-soonfur-oo-caawa-laga-raadinayo-sacuudiga-iyo-saadaasha-ciidul-fitriga)). ## Taariikhaha muhiimka ah, 1448 iyo 1449 Kuwani waa taariikho xisaab lagu helay. Bil walba waxay bilaabataa marka dayaxa la arko, sidaa darteed maalinta dhabta ah waxay noqon kartaa hal maalin ka dib. | Munaasabadda | Taariikhda Hijriga | Taariikhda Miilaadiga (xisaab) | |---|---|---| | Mawliidka 1448 | 12 Rabiicul Awal 1448 | Talaado 25 Ogost 2026 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/12-03-1448)) | | Bilowga Ramadaanka 1448 | 1 Ramadaan 1448 | Isniin 8 Febraayo 2027 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/01-09-1448)) | | Ciidul Fitri 1448 | 1 Shawaal 1448 | Talaado 9 Maarso 2027 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/01-10-1448)) | | Ciidul Adxa 1448 | 10 Dul Xijja 1448 | Axad 16 Maajo 2027 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/10-12-1448)) | | Sannadka cusub ee Hijriga 1449 | 1 Muxarram 1449 | Axad 6 Juun 2027 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/01-01-1449)) | | Caashuuraa 1449 | 10 Muxarram 1449 | Talaado 15 Juun 2027 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/10-01-1449)) | | Bilowga Ramadaanka 1449 | 1 Ramadaan 1449 | Jimce 28 Janaayo 2028 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/01-09-1449)) | ## Yaa go'aamiya Ciidda? Habeenka 29-ka Ramadaanka, dadku waxay raadiyaan dayaxa Soonfur. Marka la arko, dowladdu waxay ku dhawaaqdaa Ciidda. Warbixinno warbaahinta Soomaaliyeed ayaa sheegay in dayaxa laga arkay magaalooyin ay ka mid yihiin Jowhar iyo Cadaado, kadibna dowladda federaalku ku dhawaaqday maalinta koowaad ee Shawaal ([Wadani](https://wadani.com/dowladda-somaliya-oo-ku-dhawaaqday-maalinta-koowaad-ee-ciidul-fitriga/)). Maxkamadda Sare ee Sacuudiga iyaduna isla habeenkaas ayay go'aankeeda gaartaa ([Wadani](https://wadani.com/dhalashada-bisha-soonfur-oo-caawa-laga-raadinayo-sacuudiga-iyo-saadaasha-ciidul-fitriga)). Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diinta ee federaalka ayaa qabanqaabisa safarka Xajka. Sannadkii 2023 waxay taageertay 9,043 xujaaj ([Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta ee Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). ## Kalandarka qorraxda ee Soomaalida Kalandarka Hijriga dhinaciisa, Soomaalidu waxay leeyihiin kalandar qorrax oo qadiimi ah (*Amin-tiris* ama *Taqwiim*), oo 365 maalmood ah. Sannadkiisa cusub wuxuu ku beegan yahay qiyaastii 20 Luulyo, waxaana lagu xusaa dabbaaldegga *Dabshid*: dab weyn oo la shido, ari la qalo, ciyaaro, heeso duug ah iyo ducooyin Islaami ah. Afarta xilli waa *Xagaa*, *Dayr*, *Diraac* iyo *Gu'*. Xagaa iyo Diraac waa xilliyo engegan oo loo yaqaan *Jiilaal*, Dayr iyo Gu'na waa roobab loo yaqaan *Nur* ([Said M-Shidad Hussein, 2011](https://pdrcsomalia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Ammintiris-Somali_calendar_Said.pdf)). ## Akhriso wax dheeraad ah - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) - [Diinta Soomaaliya oo tirooyin ah](/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/) - [Ramadaanka iyo Ciidaha](/so/society/ramadan-and-eid-in-somalia/), [Mawliidka](/so/society/mawlid-in-somalia/) iyo [xajka](/so/society/hajj-from-somalia/) --- # Xeerka Qoyska 1975 iyo toogashadii tobankii culimo Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/family-law-1975-and-the-ten-scholars/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > 11 Janaayo 1975, Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xeer qoys oo cusub oo dumarka iyo ragga ka siinayay saami siman dhaxalka. Culimo diineed ayaa 16 Janaayo ka hadlay minbarka masaajid Muqdisho ku yaal iyagoo ka soo horjeeda. Maxkamadda Badbaadada Qaranka ayaa toban ka mid ah ku xukuntay dil, waxaana la toogtay 23 Janaayo 1975 Akadeemiyada Booliska ee Muqdisho. Kuwo kale ayaa lagu xukumay 20 ilaa 30 sano oo xabsi ah. ## Waxa dhacay, sida ay isugu xigaan - **11 Janaayo 1975.** Madaxweyne Maxamed Siyaad Barre wuxuu garoon ku yaal Muqdisho ka ku dhawaaqay Xeerka Qoyska. Qodobkiisa ugu caansan wuxuu wiilasha iyo gabdhaha ka siinayay saami siman hantida waalidkood ([Cabdiraxmaan Cabdullaahi (Baadiyow), "Remembering Scholars of Islam Executed in 1975", WardheerNews, 16 Janaayo 2023](https://wardheernews.com/remembering-scholars-of-islam-executed-in-1975)). Baadiyow wuxuu qoray in tani ka hor imanaysay Qur'aanka, oo wiilka siiya laba jibbaarka saamiga gabadha ([Qur'aan 4:11](https://quran.com/4/11)). - **16 Janaayo 1975.** Culimo ayaa xeerka ka dhaleeceeyay minbarka Masaajidka Sheekh Cabdulqaadir ee Muqdisho. Baadiyow wuxuu qoray in mudaaharaadka bilaabay Sheekh Axmed Sheekh Maxamed, faqiih ka yimid waqooyiga ([isla ilaha](https://wardheernews.com/remembering-scholars-of-islam-executed-in-1975)). Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay sheegtaa in 23 hoggaamiye diineed ay "ku dhex mudaaharaadeen masaajiddadooda" ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). - **18 iyo 19 Janaayo 1975.** Maxkamadda Badbaadada Qaranka ayaa xukuntay. Waxay toban ku xukuntay dil, lix 30 sano oo xabsi ah, 17-na 20 sano. Boqollaal kale oo u dhaqdhaqaaqayaal iyo taageerayaal ah ayaa la xiray ([Baadiyow, WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/remembering-scholars-of-islam-executed-in-1975)). - **23 Janaayo 1975.** Tobanka waxaa lagu toogtay Akadeemiyada Booliska ee Muqdisho ([isla ilaha](https://wardheernews.com/remembering-scholars-of-islam-executed-in-1975); [Hiiraan Online, "Today in history: ten sheikhs executed", Janaayo 2023](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2023/Jan/189613/today_in_history_ten_sheikhs_executed_by_siad_barre_gov_t_for_opposing_secular_family_law.aspx)). ## Eedaymaha Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtaa in lagu eedeeyay "inay u dhaqmeen sida awood shisheeye ku kicisay iyo inay jebiyeen badbaadada dowladda" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). ## Yaa ahaa Hiiraan Online waxay u taxday tobanka culimo ee la toogtay sidan ([Hiiraan Online, "Today in history: ten sheikhs executed by Siad Barre gov't for opposing secular family law", Janaayo 2023](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Jan/189613/today_in_history_ten_sheikhs_executed_by_siad_barre_gov_t_for_opposing_secular_family_law.aspx)): 1. Sheekh Axmed Sheekh Maxamed Xaaji Cismaan (Walaaleeye) 2. Sheekh Axmed Iimaan 3. Sheekh Xasan Ciise Jiliby 4. Sheekh Maxamed Siyaad Xirsi 5. Sheekh Cali Jaamac Xirsi 6. Sheekh Cali Xasan Warsame 7. Sheekh Yaasiin Cilmi Cawil 8. Sheekh Aadan Cali Xirsi 9. Sheekh Suleymaan Jaamac Maxamed 10. Sheekh Muuse Yuusuf Higgaadda magacyadu way ku kala duwan tahay ilaha. Maqaalka Wikipedia ee Islaamka Soomaaliya wuxuu sidoo kale ku daray Sheekh Xasan Absiiye Diiriye kuwii la toogtay, magac aan ku jirin liiska Hiiraan ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). ## Waxa dowladdu sheegtay 26 Febraayo 1975, Siyaad Barre wuxuu ardayda Xalane u sheegay in "go'aanku uu ahaa mid siyaasadeed, loona meel mariyay danta dadka". Wuxuu yiri "diinteenna waxaan ka xoreynay ceejinta sheydaanka", iyo in "qofkii sidaas u fakaraa uusan naga filan naxariis". Khudbadda waxaa 1977 daabacday Wasaaradda Warfaafinta iyo Hanuuninta Dadweynaha, buugga *My Country and People: Speeches of Jaalle Siyad* ([Somali Archive, Faisal Ali, 15 Diseembar 2023](https://somaliarchive77.substack.com/p/siad-barre-tells-students-his-government)). Isla qoraalku wuxuu soo xiganayaa sarkaal dowladeed, Gaashaanle Sare Axmed Suleymaan, oo New York Times u sheegay: "Ma ahayn sheekhyo ee waxay ahaayeen dambiilayaal, waxayna ugu baaqeen jihaad ka dhan ah dowladda." Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sharraxaysaa mowqifka guud ee dowladda: Siyaad Barre wuxuu sheegay in "hantiwadaagga cilmiga ku dhisan" uu waafaqsan yahay Qur'aanka, wuxuuna cambaareeyay diin la'aanta, laakiin wuxuu hoggaamiyayaasha diinta u sheegay inay ka fogaadaan siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/44.htm); [isla daraasadda](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). ## Jawaabaha - **Hoggaamiyayaasha diinta intooda badani way aamuseen**, dowladduna waxay sii waday koorsooyin hantiwadaagga cilmiga ah oo sheekhyada loogu talagalay ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). - **Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka.** Baadiyow, oo taariikhyahan ah hoggaamiyena ka ahaa dhaqdhaqaaqa Islaax, wuxuu qoray in toogashadu kordhisay naxdinta dadweynaha, taas oo ay sii xoojisay in laba diyaaradood oo MiG-17 ah ay maalintaas ku dul isku dhaceen Muqdisho ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/remembering-scholars-of-islam-executed-in-1975)). Eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka 1950 wixii ka dambeeyay](/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/) iyo tixdiisa PhD ([Abdullahi, The Islamic Movement in Somalia, McGill University, 2011](https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/qn59q852t)). - **1990.** Qiyaastii 60 Soomaali ah oo caan ah, oo isku magacaabay "Islamic Call", ayaa daabacay baaq ay Siyaad Barre ugu sheegeen inuu jebiyay sharciyada Islaamka, ugana baaqeen inuu iska casilo ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Massoud, Shari'a, Inshallah, 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). ## Sida loo xusuusto Warbaahinta Soomaalida sida Hiiraan Online iyo WardheerNews waxay xusaan sannad-guurada 23 Janaayo. Xeerka Qoyska qudhiisa waxaa Af-Soomaali ku daabacday maktabadda Refworld ee UNHCR ([Sharciga ku saabsan Qoyska, 1975](https://www.refworld.org/sites/default/files/2025-05/sharciga-ku-saabsan-qoyska-1975-1.pdf)). Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu sheegayaa in sharci kasta uusan ka hor imaan karin mabaadi'da guud ee shareecada ([Dastuurka Soomaaliya, Qodobka 2](https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Somalia_2012?lang=en)). Sidoo kale eeg [xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/) iyo [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/). --- # Af-Garre: laga bilaabo Qoryooley ilaa Mandheera Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/garre-language/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Af-Garre waa hadalka Kushitigga ah ee beesha Garre ee koonfurta Soomaaliya. Soomaaliya gudaheeda waxaa lagaga hadlaa degmooyinka Baydhabo, Diinsoor, Buurhakaba iyo Qoryooley, waxaana lagu tiriyaa noocyada Digil. Garre badan oo ku nool Mandheera (Mandera), Kenya, iyo koonfurta Itoobiya waxay taa beddelkeeda ku hadlaan lahjad Oromada Boorana ah. Qaraabadiisa ugu dhow ee ka baxsan Soomaaliya waa Aweer. ## Meesha lagaga hadlo Af-Garre waxaa ku hadla beesha Garre ee koonfurta Soomaaliya, Itoobiya iyo waqooyiga Kenya. Aqoonyahanka afafka ee Talyaaniga ah Marcello Lamberti, oo 1981 sahan ku sameeyay hadalka koonfurta Soomaaliya, wuxuu ka diiwaangeliyay degmooyinka Baydhabo, Diinsoor, Buurhakaba (Bur Hakaba) iyo Qoryooley ([Landinfo 2011, b. 15](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Wuxuu tusaalooyin ka qaaday Buurhakaba, Baydhabo, Yaaq Baraawe, Kanaana iyo Qoryooley ([Landinfo 2011, b. 4](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Qaamuuska Taariikheed ee Soomaaliya (Historical Dictionary of Somalia) ee Maxamed Xaaji Mukhtaar (Mohamed Haji Mukhtar) wuxuu sheegay in Garre ay si fudud u fahmaan dadka Digil ku hadla, kuna dhow yahay Af-Maay iyo Af-Boon ([Garre language, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mukhtar 2003, b. 28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garre_language)). Aqoonyahanka afafka Mauro Tosco, oo 1989 sharxay nooca Tuuf ee Shabeellaha Hoose, wuxuu kala saaraa Garre Kofar (Qoryooley) iyo Garre Libin (Garreda galbeed ee Itoobiya iyo Kenya) ([Garre language, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Tosco 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garre_language)). Garreda Mandheera iyo agagaarka Doolow ee Jubbada sare waxay inta badan ku hadlaan lahjad Oromada Boorana ah, sida uu I. M. Lewis xusay 1955 ([Garre language, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis 1955, b. 27](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garre_language)). Lamberti wuxuu sidoo kale "Af-Garre" ka diiwaangeliyay kooxaha Oromada ku hadla ee Gedo iyo Jubbada Hoose ([Landinfo 2011, b. 9](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Imisa qof ayaa ku hadla Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Ethnologue, waxay sheegtay ilaa 50,000 oo qof oo ku hadla Soomaaliya 1992, 57,500 sannadkii 2006 iyo 86,000 sannadkii 2020 ([Garre language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garre_language)). Isla ishaas waxay dhammaan dadka ku hadla ee Kenya iyo Soomaaliya ku qiyaastay 685,600 sannadkii 2019, tiradaas oo ay ku jiraan Garreda Kenya ee ku hadla nooc Oromo ah. ## Laamaha Dadka ku hadla laftoodu waxay magacaabaan laba qaab, **Tuuf** iyo **Quranow** ([Landinfo 2011, b. 15](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Lamberti wuxuu ogaaday in Garre uu meel ba meel ka duwan yahay, wuxuuna tiriyay shan qaab oo deegaan: Buurhakaba, Baydhabo, **Af-Aarma** iyo **Af-Reer Amiir** ee Diinsoor, iyo Qoryooley. Wuxuu u maleeyay in Af-Aarma uu la xiriiri karo Orma, oo ah koox Oromo ah. Garreda Buurhakaba waxay haysteen horgalayaal fal oo hore oo ay Garreda Baydhabo ka tageen, Garreda Baydhabona waxay isticmaalaan dabagalka jamaca -yaal halka kuwa kale ay isticmaalaan -te ([Landinfo 2011, b. 15](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Qoyska afka Culimada afafku waxay Garre ku daraan laanta Sam ama Omo-Tana Bari ee Kushitigga Bari ee Dhulka Hoose. Qaraabadiisa ugu dhow waa Aweer (Boni) ee xeebta Kenya, kadibna Rendille ([Somali languages, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languages)). Ehret iyo Cali (1984) waxay Garre iyo Aweer isku koox ku dhigeen gudaha qoyska Soomaaliga ee ballaaran ([Somali languages, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Tosco 1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_languages)). ## Codadka Sharaxaadda Tosco ee Garreda Tuuf waxay sheegaysaa 22 shibbane ([Garre language, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Tosco 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garre_language)). Garre ma laha codka cunaha **x**. Dhammaadka erayga, **b** iyo **d** waxay noqdaan p iyo t, **g** iyo **q**-na waxay noqdaan hakad cunaha ah, sidaas darteed duq ("oday") wuxuu u dhawaaqmaa sida du'. Deegaanka Baydhabo, **b** shaqallada dhexdooda ku jirta inta badan waxay noqotaa **w**, sida hawar oo ah habar ("naag"), waana isla isbeddelka laga helo Maayga deegaanka. ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Afafka Digil](/so/society/digil-languages/) - [Lahjadaha Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-dialects/) - [Soomaalida Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) --- # Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka ee Soomaaliya 1950 wixii ka dambeeyay: Salafiyada, Islaax, maxkamadaha iyo suufiyada Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > 1950-meeyadii wixii ka dambeeyay, Soomaali wax ku bartay Qaahira, Maka iyo Madiina ayaa dalka keenay dhaqdhaqaaqyo Islaam oo cusub. Laba koox oo Salafi ah ayaa la aasaasay dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii, waxayna qiyaastii 1984 isku biireen iyagoo noqday al-Itixaad al-Islaami. Islaax, laanta Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Soomaaliya, waxaa la aasaasay 1978. 1991 kadib shabakadahani waxay maamuleen iskuullo, hay'ado samafal iyo maxkamado shareeco; qaarkood hub ayay qaateen. Dariiqooyinka suufiyada ee hore waxay isku abaabuleen Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca. ## Si kooban Qarniyo badan, Islaamka Soomaalida waxaa lagu bari jiray dariiqooyinka suufiyada iyo culimada maxalliga ah. 1950-meeyadii wixii ka dambeeyay waxaa yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyo cusub oo doonayay Islaam adag ama mid siyaasadeed. Boggani wuxuu taxayaa mid kasta, goorta uu bilaabmay iyo waxa iluhu sheegaan inuu sameeyay. Kooxaha hubaysan ee ka soo baxay shabakadahan waxay leeyihiin bogag u gaar ah, oo hoos lagu xiray. ## 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii: Qaahira iyo Khaliijka Soomaali badan ayaa wax ku bartay Qaahira 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii. Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay sheegtaa in fikradaha Masar ee "hantiwadaagga Islaamka" ee xilligii Jamaal Cabdinaasir ay "soo jiiteen tiro Soomaali ah" ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). Kuwo kale waxay wax ku barteen Sacuudiga, waxayna keeneen waxbarashada Salafiyada, oo diidda booqashada qabriyada iyo shafeecada awliyada ee dariiqooyinka suufiyadu ku dhaqmi jireen ([Cabdiraxmaan M. Cabdullaahi (Baadiyow), The Islamic Movement in Somalia, PhD, McGill University, 2011](https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/qn59q852t)). Dastuurkii 1961 wuxuu Soomaaliya ku dhawaaqay dowlad Islaam ah, isagoo damiinaya xorriyadda diinta ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). Taariikhyahanka Soomaaliyeed iyo hoggaamiyaha Islaax Baadiyow, oo tixdiisa McGill ee 2011 ay tahay daraasadda ugu weyn ee dhaqdhaqaaqyadan, wuxuu taariikhdooda u qaybiyaa marxalado 1950 ilaa 2000 ([McGill eScholarship](https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/qn59q852t)). ## Dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii: kooxihii Salafiyada ee ugu horreeyay Laba urur oo Salafi ah ayaa la aasaasay dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii ([Mapping Militants Project, Stanford, "Al Ittihad Al Islamiya", 2019](https://mappingmilitants.org/node/305)): - **Waxdat al-Shabaab al-Islaami** (Midowga Dhallinyarada Islaamka), inta badan waqooyiga, oo uu hoggaaminayay Sheekh Cali Warsame. - **al-Jamaaca al-Islaamiya** (Kooxda Islaamka), inta badan koonfurta. Aasaasayaashoodu waxay ujeeddo ka lahaayeen "inay la dagaallamaan saamaynta Galbeedka oo ay taageeraan dhisidda dowlad Islaam ah oo Geeska Afrika ah" ([isla ilaha](https://mappingmilitants.org/node/305)). ## 1969 ilaa 1991: xukunkii militariga Inqilaabkii 1969 kadib, dowladdu waxay xirtay hoggaamiyayaal diineed oo ka mudaaharaaday "hantiwadaagga cilmiga ku dhisan" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). Janaayo 1975 waxay toogatay toban culimo oo ka soo horjeeday Xeerka Qoyska cusub. Eeg [Xeerka Qoyska 1975 iyo tobankii culimo](/so/society/family-law-1975-and-the-ten-scholars/). - **1978: Islaax.** Dhaqdhaqaaqa Islaax (Xarakada Islaax) waxaa la aasaasay 1978 isagoo ah laanta Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Soomaaliya. Soo koobid Chatham House ayaa sheegaysa inuu "qaatay hab casri ah oo dhexdhexaad ah oo Islaam ah, isagoo horumarinayay dib-u-habayn Islaam oo nabadeed xilligii xukunka kalitalisnimada" ([Chatham House, "Islamism and Politics in Somalia", soo koobidda kulanka, 12 Juun 2012](https://opendata.uni-halle.de/bitstream/1981185920/109195/15/719467918.pdf)). Baadiyow, oo ah shakhsi sare oo Islaax ah, wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Jaamacadda Muqdisho 1997 ([Abdurahman Abdullahi Baadiyow, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurahman_Abdullahi_Baadiyow)). - **Qiyaastii 1984: al-Itixaad al-Islaami (AIAI).** Labadii koox ee Salafiyada ayaa isku biiray; Sheekh Cali Warsame ayaa noqday hoggaamiyaha. Ilaha qaar waxay sheegaan 1983. AIAI si guud iskuma ay soo bandhigin ilaa 1991 kadib ([Mapping Militants Project](https://mappingmilitants.org/node/305)). Eeg [al-Itixaad al-Islaami](/en/institutions/al-itihaad-al-islamiya/). - **Jamaacada Tabliiqa**, dhaqdhaqaaq dacwo oo Koonfurta Aasiya ka yimid, ayaa sidoo kale faafay, waxaana la socday in tiro yar oo Soomaali ah ay hadda raacaan madhabka Xanafiga halkii Shaaficiga ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Sida uu sheegay aqoonyahan Afyare Cilmi, kooxahani way koreen markii dowladdu daciiftay, laakiin hub kama qaadin dowladda ka hor intaysan dhicin ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Elmi, Understanding the Somalia Conflagration, 2010, bb. 58–59](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). 1990, qiyaastii 60 Soomaali ah oo caan ah, oo isku magacaabay "Islamic Call", ayaa daabacay baaq ay Siyaad Barre uga codsanayeen inuu iska casilo ([isla maqaalka, oo soo xiganaya Massoud 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). ## 1991 ilaa 2006: maxkamado, hay'ado samafal iyo garabyo hubaysan - **Maxkamadaha shareecada.** Toddobaadyo gudahood markii dowladdu dhacday Janaayo 1991, culimadu waxay sameeyeen maxkamado shareeco oo maxalli ah si ay u joojiyaan aargoosiga qabiilka una soo celiyaan kala dambaynta ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Elmi 2010, b. 63](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). 2000-kii, kow iyo toban maxkamadood oo Muqdisho ah ayaa isku biiray oo noqday Golaha Maxkamadaha Islaamka ([isla maqaalka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Eeg [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamka, 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). - **Sannadihii hubaysnaa ee AIAI.** Weerarkii ugu horreeyay ee AIAI ee la diiwaan geliyay wuxuu ka dhacay Boosaaso Janaayo 1992; kadibna waxay la dagaallantay ONLF dhinaca kale ee xuduudda Itoobiya. Itoobiya waxay weerartay saldhigyadeeda 1996, 4 Janaayo 1997-na waxay ku dhawaaqday inay noqonayso xisbi siyaasadeed. Xubno badan oo hore ayaa u wareegay caafimaadka, waxbarashada iyo ganacsiga ([Mapping Militants Project](https://mappingmilitants.org/node/305); [Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Elmi 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). - **Islaax** waxay ka qayb gashay shirkii nabadda ee Carta 2000 oo dhisay Dowladdii Ku-meel-gaarka ahayd ee Qaranka ([Chatham House, 2012](https://opendata.uni-halle.de/bitstream/1981185920/109195/15/719467918.pdf)). - **Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca**, urur culimo suufi ah, ayaa la aasaasay 1991 si uu uga horyimaado kooxaha Salafiyada ([Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a)). ## 2006 ilaa maanta - **Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamka** wuxuu haystay Muqdisho iyo inta badan koonfurta qeybtii labaad ee 2006 ilaa ay ciidamada Itoobiya soo galeen Diseembar ([Islamic Courts Union, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union)). Eeg [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamka](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). - **Al-Shabaab** waxay ka soo baxday garabkii hubaysnaa ee maxkamadaha, kaas oo taliyayaal hore oo AIAI ah sida Xasan Daahir Aweys ay kaalin hoggaamineed ku lahaayeen ([Mapping Militants Project](https://mappingmilitants.org/node/305)). 2008 wixii ka dambeeyay waxay burburisay qabriyo suufi ah, waxayna dishay culimo suufi ah; Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca ayaa markaas hub ka qaatay ([Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mapping Militants Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a)). Eeg [al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/), [Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca](/en/institutions/ahlu-sunna-waljamaa/), [Xisbul Islaam](/en/institutions/hizbul-islam/) iyo [Daacish ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/islamic-state-somalia/). - **Dowladda gudaheeda.** Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu sheegayaa in awoodda oo dhan marka hore Ilaah leeyahay, wuxuu Islaamka ka dhigayaa diinta dowladda, dastuurkana wuxuu ku salaynayaa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Qodobbadan waxaa si wadajir ah u ansixiyay ergooyinkii qorayay ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Massoud 2021, b. 202](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). ## Meesha dhaqdhaqaaqyadani nolosha maalinlaha ah kula kulmaan Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku waxay xustaa in madaarisyo dibadda laga maalgeliyo ay dalka oo dhan ka bixiyaan waxbarasho aasaasi ah oo jaban, iyo in "qaar badan ay bareen fikradda Salafiyada" ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Eeg [dugsiyada Qur'aanka iyo waxbarashada diinta](/so/society/quran-schools-and-religious-learning/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - Abdurahman M. Abdullahi (Baadiyow), *The Islamic Movement in Somalia: A Study of the Islah Movement, 1950–2000* (Adonis & Abbey, 2015) ([daabacaha](https://adonis-abbey.com/book_detail.php?bookid=200)). - Afyare Abdi Elmi, *Understanding the Somalia Conflagration: Identity, Political Islam and Peacebuilding* (Pluto, 2010). - Mark Fathi Massoud, *Shari'a, Inshallah: Finding God in Somali Legal Politics* (Cambridge University Press, 2021). - [Dariiqooyinka suufiyada Soomaaliya](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). --- # Abgaal (beesha Abgaal, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/abgaal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Abgaal waa qabiil ka mid ah Hawiye. Abbink wuxuu hoos dhigaa Gurgate ee Hawiye, ilo kalena Hiraab iyo Mudulood. EUAA waxay ku tilmaantay qabiilka ugu xoogga badan Shabeellaha Dhexe iyo mid ka mid ah saddexda qabiil ee waaweyn ee Hawiye ee Muqdisho. Laamaha ugu caansan waa Harti, Wacbuudhan iyo Waceysle. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Abgaal waa qabiil ka tirsan Hawiye, oo ah mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). Ingiriisi ahaan inta badan waxaa lagu qoraa Abgal. Iluhu Abgaal meelo kala duwan ayay ka dhigaan Hawiye dhexdiisa: | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Bah Girei > Gurgate > Abgal ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 26](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005, shaxda koonfurta-dhexe | Hawiye > Gorgaarte > Abgaal ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Abgal ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EASO 2021 | "Kooxda qabiilka Abgaal Mudulood" ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Hawiye > Hiraab > Mudulood > Abgaal ([Wikipedia, Abgaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)) | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Mudulood waxaa kale oo ka mid ah Wacdaan, Moobleen, Hiilibi iyo Udeejeen. Abbink wuxuu Mudulood hoos dhigay Hirab, oo ay garab yaalliin Habr Gidir iyo Duduble ([Abbink 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Aqoonyahanka Talyaaniga ah Enrico Cerulli wuxuu qoray sheeko ku saabsan awoowaha. Aabbaha Abgaal wuxuu ahaa Cismaan Darandoolle, hooyadiisna Faduma Sarjeele oo ka timid reer Gareen ee Ajuuraan. Cerulli wuxuu sheekada u arkay xusuus dagaalladii hore ee u dhexeeyay xoolo-dhaqatada Abgaal iyo Ajuuraan ([Wikipedia, kayd, oo soo xigtay Cerulli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay bixisaa saddex laamood oo waaweyn: Harti (kan ugu weyn), Wacbuudhan iyo Waceysle (kan ugu yar) ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)). Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxahan Abgaal ([Abbink 2009, b. 26](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)): - Sul Harti - Wa'Aysle - Eli Omar - Matan - Yusuf - Warsengeli - Wa'abudan, oo uu ka mid yahay Da'ud - Se'ile - Agon-yare - Mobileen (eeg [Moobleen](/so/society/moobleen/)) Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu leeyahay kooxahan Abgaal ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)): - Abdalla Arone (Cabdale Caroone), iyo Cabdalla hoostiisa: Agonyar iyo Galmaah - Abukar, Abukar Gabane, Agonyar, Agoonyar Gaabane, Gaabane Mohamed - Celi (Eli), Cosoble Ali, Daud, Galmaax Yoonis, Galmah, Habar Nugal - Harti Abgal, Hassan Gaab, Kabaale, Matan Abdulle, Reer Matan, Warsangeli - Mohamed Muse, oo ay ka mid yihiin Dhiblabe Turyare iyo Suubiye Turyare - Wabudhan, oo ay ka mid yihiin Mataan Muse iyo Mohamed Muse - Wacaysle, iyo Wacaysle Ali Gaaf EUAA waxay Maxamed Muuse ku tilmaantay "Wa'budhan/Abgaal" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Kooxahan oo dhan waxay kaloo ku jiraan [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Shabeellaha Dhexe | "Qabiilka ugu xoogga badan Shabeellaha Dhexe waa Abgal" ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)) | | Muqdisho | Muqdisho waxaa inta badan deggan Hawiye, qabiilada Abgaal, Habar Gidir iyo Murusade ([EUAA, 2025, Muqdisho](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Galgaduud | Maleeshiyaad Abgaal ah ayaa ciidamada amniga ku taageeray degmada Ceel Dheer 2023 iyo 2024 ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)) | | Xadka Hiiraan | Abgaal iyo Xawaadle waxay wadaagaan daaqa xadka Hiiraan iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)) | | Shabeellaha Hoose | EASO waxay Abgaal ku tirisay qabiilada Hawiye ee bariga gobolka ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | EASO waxay soo xigatay il leh Abgaal waxay Muqdisho iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe u arkaan "hal meel" ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay Muqdisho waa dhulkii hore ee laanta Reer Mataan ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** Sheekooyinka qabiilka waxay leeyihiin Abgaal Darandoolle waxay soo gaareen dhulka ka danbeeya Muqdisho 1500-meeyadii. Markaas ka dib magacyo Abgaal ah ayaa ka soo muuqday diiwaannada qoysaska magaalada ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)). - **Dhammaadkii 1600-meeyadii ilaa 1700-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Yaaquub, oo ah abtirsiinta imaam Abgaal ah, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Shangaani iyo inta badan Muqdisho. - **1700-meeyadii iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Taariikhyahanka Lee Cassanelli wuxuu qeexay Imaamadda Hiraab, isbahaysi Gorgaarte ah, oo imaamkoodu ka yimaado Mudulood (isla ilaha, oo soo xigtay Cassanelli). - **1991.** Ururka [United Somali Congress](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/) wuxuu u kala qaybsamay labada qabiil ee ugu waaweyn Hawiye, Abgaal iyo Habar Gidir. Madaxweyne ku-meel-gaarka [Cali Mahdi Maxamed](/en/people/ali-mahdi-muhammad/) wuxuu noqday hoggaamiyaha Abgaal ee ugu caansan ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). - **2000 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Wikipedia waxay madaxweyneyaal Abgaal ah ku sheegtay [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) iyo [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)). - **Nofeembar 2020.** Cali Gudlaawe, oo EASO u diiwaangelisay Abgaal, ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha [Hirshabeelle](/so/states/hirshabelle/) ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay imaamka Abgaal, oo ah imaamka Hiraab, wuxuu ka yimaadaa laanta Owbakar. Ugaaskuna wuxuu ka yimaadaa Reer Ugaas, waana ugaaska Mudulood ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)). Janaayo 2021 laba laamood oo Abgaal ah, Abdalla Aroni iyo Eli Oumar, ayaa heshiiyay khilaaf dhul. Waxay ku heshiiyeen magdhow iyo sii deynta dadkii la xiray ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Kuraasta Abgaal ee baarlamaanka waxay ka mid yihiin qaybta Hawiye; eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Tusaalooyin ay ku jiraan kooxo Abgaal ah: - Abgaal iyo Xawaadle (Hawiye), degmooyinka Jalalaqsi iyo Ceel Baraf. - Abdalle Arone iyo Agoonyar Gabane iyo Obakar Gabane (Maxamed Muuse), degmada Cadale. - Adan Dhiblabe Turyare iyo Suubiye Dhiblabe Turyare, labaduba Maxamed Muuse, degmada Jowhar. - Ili Omar iyo Reer Mataan, degmada Warshiikh. - Gaaljecel (Hawiye) iyo Abgaal, inta u dhexeysa degmooyinka Afgooye iyo Wanlaweyn. EUAA waxay intaa ku dartay in colaadda Abdalle Arone iyo Maxamed Muuse ee Luulyo 2023 lagu xalliyay heshiis nabadeed Ogosto 2024. ACLED wuxuu Shabeellaha Dhexe ka diiwaangeliyay 23 dhacdo oo ay ku lug lahaayeen maleeshiyaad Abgaal iyo Xawaadle ah ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)). EASO waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay xiisad u dhexeysa Abgaal iyo Shiidle (Bantu) ee webiga agtiisa ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Meesha Hawiye dhexdiisa.** Abbink iyo Bangiga Adduunka waxay Abgaal si toos ah hoos u dhigeen Gurgate (Gorgaarte). EASO iyo Wikipedia waxay hoos dhigeen Mudulood, Wikipedia-na waxay ku dartay Hiraab. - **Magacyada laamaha.** Abbink, ACLED iyo Wikipedia laamaha si kala duwan ayay u taxeen oo u qoreen, sida Wa'Aysle, Wacaysle iyo Waceysle. - **Taariikhda hore.** Taariikhda Muqdisho waxay ka timid sheekooyin qabiil iyo qoraallo uu Wikipedia soo xigtay, oo ah il kayd ah. - **Xoogga.** ACCORD waxay Abgaal ku tilmaantay "mid ka mid ah qabiilada ugu xoogga badan" ([ACCORD 2009, b. 20](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Ma jiro tirakoob xubnaha. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) iyo [Wacbuudhan](/so/society/wacbuudhan/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Somali clans and lineage (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/) --- # Diinta Soomaaliya oo tirooyin ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > In ka badan 99 boqolkiiba dadka Soomaaliya waa muslimiin Sunni ah, sida ay sheegtay wasaaradda federaalka ee arrimaha diinta; Pew Research waxay ku qiyaastaa 98.5 boqolkiiba. Masiixiyiinta waxaa Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku ku qiyaastaa qiyaastii 1,000. Qiyaastii 50,000 dugsi Qur'aan ayaa wax bara in ka badan 4 milyan oo carruur ah, dowladduna waxay 2023 xajka u dirtay 9,043 xujey. Tiro kasta oo halkan ku jirta waa qiyaas, waxaana la raaciyay isha. ## Inta aadan tirooyinka akhrin Tirooyinka hoose midkoodna kama yimid su'aal diineed oo tirakoob qaran ku jirtay. Mid kastaa waa qiyaas ka timid il la magacaabay, iyadoo sannadkeeda la raaciyay. Meesha ay iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin, dhammaan waa la soo bandhigay. ## Saamiga dadka muslimka ah | Isha | Sannadka | Saamiga muslimiinta | Fiiro | |---|---|---|---| | Wasaaradda Federaalka ee Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diinta, sida ay Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku soo xigatay | 2023 | in ka badan 99% Sunni | Dadweynaha waxaa lagu qiyaasay 12.7 ilaa 15.7 milyan ([US State Department, IRF Report 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)) | | Shaxda adduunka ee Pew Research Center | qiyaas 2009 (laga soo qaatay il 2005) | 98.5%, qiyaastii 8,995,000 qof | Pew sahan kuma samayn gudaha Soomaaliya ([Pew Research Center](https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/chart/interactive-data-table-world-muslim-population-by-country/)) | | Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka | 1992 | "Soomaalida intooda badani waa muslimiin Sunni ah"; in ka yar 1% Soomaalida isir ahaan ayaa masiixi ah | ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/44.htm)) | ## Gobollada Soomaalida ee Soomaaliya ka baxsan Itoobiya iyo Kenya waxay diinta ku weydiiyaan tirakoobyadooda qaran. | Meesha | Tirakoobka | Saamiga muslimiinta | Isha | |---|---|---|---| | Deegaanka Soomaalida, Itoobiya | 1994 (gobolka lagu qabtay 1997) | 99.74% | ([Somali Region, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Hay'adda Tirakoobka Dhexe ee Itoobiya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region)) | | Degmada Wajeer, Kenya | 2019 | 98.97% (767,312 qof) | ([Wajir County, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa KNBS 2019 Census Volume IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajir_County)) | | Degmada Mandera, Kenya | 2019 | 99.3% | ([Mandera County, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa KNBS 2019 Census Volume IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandera_County)) | | Degmada Gaarisa, Kenya | 2019 | masiixiyiin 2.2%; inta kale badankoodu muslim | ([Garissa County, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa KNBS 2019 Census Volume IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garissa_County)) | | Jabuuti | qiyaasta Pew | 96.9% | ([Pew Research Center](https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/chart/interactive-data-table-world-muslim-population-by-country/)) | ## Laanta iyo madhabka - **Sunni:** inta badan oo aad u weyn ([US State Department, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). - **Madhabka Shaafici:** madhabka "Soomaaliya ka jira" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). Tiro yar oo Xanafi ah ayaa kortay iyadoo ay la socoto Jamaacada Tabliiqa ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). - **Shiica:** "tiro aan la garanayn" ([US State Department, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Sahankii Pew ee 2012 ee dalka deriska ah ee Jabuuti, muslimiintu waxay isku tilmaameen 77 boqolkiiba Sunni, 8 boqolkiiba "muslim keliya", 2 boqolkiiba Shiica, 13 boqolkiibana ma jawaabin ([Islam in Djibouti, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Pew 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Djibouti)). - **Dariiqooyinka suufiyada:** daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sheegtaa in Soomaalida intooda badani ka tirsanaayeen dariiqo suufi ah, ugu yaraan magac ahaan ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). ## Masiixiyiinta iyo diimaha kale | Isha | Sannadka | Tirada | |---|---|---| | Biishob Francesco Filippini (Katoolig) | 1940 | qiyaastii 40,000 Katoolig oo Soomaali ah oo koonfurta ku nool, tiro uu Biishob Giorgio Bertin mar dambe ku tilmaamay mid aad u badan ([Aweis A. Ali, 2020](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/a-brief-history.pdf)) | | Diocese-ka Muqdisho | qiyaastii 1950 | qiyaastii 8,500 Katoolig ([Christianity in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia)) | | Diocese-ka Muqdisho | 2004 | qiyaastii 100 Katoolig ([isla ilaha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia)) | | Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka | 2023 | qiyaastii 1,000 masiixi; tiro aan la garanayn oo Hinduus, Budiist, Yuhuud iyo dad aan diin lahayn ah ([IRF Report 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)) | | Tirakoobka Somali Bible Society (taleefan iyo qof ahaan; carruurta waxaa lagu tiriyay waalid masiixi ah) | 2022–23 | Soomaaliya 171,227 (22,123 rag, 23,356 dumar, 125,748 carruur); Somaliland 7,642; Soomaalida isir ahaan ee Jabuuti 3,760, Itoobiya 8,917 iyo Kenya 5,649 ([Somali Christian Census 2023, bb. 54–56](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/census-of-somali-christians-2023.pdf)) | Labada tiro ee 2023 aad bay u kala fog yihiin: qiyaastii 1,000 oo ka timid Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka iyo 171,227 oo ka timid Somali Bible Society, urur masiixi ah oo tirakoob u gaar ah sameeyay Agoosto 2022 ilaa Oktoobar 2023. Qiyaastii 73 boqolkiiba dadka uu tiriyay (125,748 ka mid ah 171,227) waa carruur, oo lagu tiriyay waalid masiixi ah ([Somali Christian Census 2023](https://www.somalibiblesociety.org/download/census-of-somali-christians-2023.pdf)). Waaxda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay ku dartay in Soomaalida Bantuuga ah qaar koonfurta ku nool ay caqiidooyin dhaqameed la haystaan Islaamka. Eeg [masiixiyiinta iyo howlaha faafinta Soomaaliya](/so/society/christians-and-missions-in-somalia/). ## Waxbarashada diinta | Cabbirka | Tirada | Isha | |---|---|---| | Dugsiyada Qur'aanka | qiyaastii 50,000 | qiyaasta Wasaaradda Waxbarashada ([UN Peacebuilding Fund](https://mptf.undp.org/sites/default/files/documents/2026-04/building_peace_through_religious_education_gw.pdf)) | | Carruurta dugsiyada Qur'aanka | in ka badan 4 milyan | isla ilaha | | Dugsiyada daraasadda wasaaradda iyo UNICEF ee 2024 | in ka badan 2,000 dugsi, in ka badan 150,000 carruur, shan dowlad goboleed | isla ilaha | | Da'da caadiga ah ee bilowga | 3 ama 4 | isla ilaha | Eeg [dugsiyada Qur'aanka iyo waxbarashada diinta](/so/society/quran-schools-and-religious-learning/). ## Xajka Dowladda federaalku waxay taageertay **9,043 xujey** 2023 ([US State Department, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). ## Tuulooyinka beeraha ee suufiyada (jamaaco) 1950-meeyadii koonfurta waxaa ku yiillay in ka badan 90 tuulo beereed oo suufi ah, oo ay ku noolaayeen qiyaastii 35,000 xubnood, inta badan Bakool, Gedo, Baay iyo hareeraha Shabeellaha ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [dariiqooyinka suufiyada](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). ## Goobaha cibaadada ee diimaha kale Soomaaliya kuma jiraan goobo cibaado oo dadweyne oo loogu talagalay dadka aan muslimka ahayn, marka laga reebo gudaha xeryaha garoonka diyaaradaha caalamiga ah ee Muqdisho. Kaniisadda Katooliga ee keliya ee Somaliland way xiran tahay ([US State Department, 2023](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - [Maxay Soomaalida ugu dhowaad dhammaan u yihiin muslimiin](/so/society/why-somalis-are-almost-all-muslim/) - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) --- # Jamaacadii Baardheere, 1819 ilaa 1843: magaalo dib-u-habayn diineed oo ku taal Jubba Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/baardheere-jamaaca-1819-1843/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > 1819, Sheekh Ibraahim Xasan Jebro iyo asxaabtiisu waxay Baardheere oo ku taal wabiga Jubba ka aasaaseen bulsho diineed (jamaaco), tii ugu horreysay ee noocaas ah Soomaaliya. Waxay mamnuucday tubaakada iyo cayaaraha, waxay dumarka ku waajibisay xijaab, waxayna joojisay ganacsiga foolmaroodiga. Dabayaaqadii 1830-meeyadii waxay lahayd ku dhowaad 20,000 raacdayaal ah, waxayna gacanta ku haysay ganacsiga Luuq. 1843 isbahaysi uu hoggaaminayay Suldaan Yuusuf Maxamuud ee Geledi ayaa qabsaday Baardheere. ## Jamaacadii ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliyeed Jamaacadu waa degsiimo beereed oo diineed oo ku dhisan sheekh iyo ardaydiisa. Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay diiwaan gelisay in 1819 "Sheekh Ibraahim Xasan Jebro uu dhul ka helay wabiga Jubba, kana aasaasay xarun diineed oo qaab bulsho beereed leh, jamaacadii ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliyeed" ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Ilo kale waxay aasaaska magaalada deyrka leh ee Baardheere dhigaan 1819 ilaa 1823, magaca aasaasahana u qoraan Jeberow ama Yabarow ([Reconquest of Jubaland, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Abdurahman, Eno iyo Kusow, iyo Loimeier, Muslim Societies in Africa, 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquest_of_Jubaland); [Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Mahamud_Ibrahim)). ## Xeerarkeeda Bulshadu waxay soo bandhigtay dib-u-habayn ay ku sheegtay sharciga Islaamka ([Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Mahamud_Ibrahim)): - tubaakada iyo cayaaraha dadweynaha waa la mamnuucay; - dumarka waxaa lagu waajibiyay labbis Islaami ah; - ganacsiga foolmaroodiga waa la mamnuucay. Sarkaalka badda Faransiiska Charles Guillain, oo xeebta booqday 1840-meeyadii, ayaa hoggaamiyaheeda ku tilmaamay "nin daahir-raac ah oo cadhaysan, dib-u-habeeye weyn", wuxuuna qoray in dadka deegaanka intooda badani aysan aqbalin xukunkeeda ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire, la géographie et le commerce de l'Afrique orientale*, 1856, bb. 36–38, Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/documentssurlhis22guil)). Eeg [saldanadda Geledi](/so/history/geledi-sultanate/), oo soo koobaysa warbixinta Guillain. ## Koritaankii, 1830-meeyadii Bartamihii 1830-meeyadii bulshadu waxay raacdayaal badan ka heshay qoysaska xoolo-dhaqatada ah ee Ogaadeenya uga soo guuray dooxada Jubba ee sare. Waxay gacanta ku dhigtay degsiimooyinka beeraha ee halkaas, oo ay ku jirto Luuq, joogsiga ganacsi ee ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya Kismaayo iyo Harar. Dabayaaqadii 1830-meeyadii waxay lahayd ku dhowaad 20,000 raacdayaal ah ([Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Mahamud_Ibrahim)). Sheekhyadeeda waxay sidoo kale hoggaamiyeen duullaanno ka dhan ah kooxo Oromo ah oo ku sugnaa dhulka Jubba ([Reconquest of Jubaland, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquest_of_Jubaland)). ## Dagaalkii Geledi, 1840 ilaa 1843 1840-kii dagaalyahannada bulshadu waxay gaareen Baydhabo, waxayna qabsadeen Baraawe, dekad ka tirsan saldanadda Geledi oo xarun hore u ahayd dariiqada Qaadiriyada. Geledi waxay ka cadhoodeen xannibaadda bulshadu ku samaysay ganacsiga fog ee mara Luuq iyo carqaladaynta beeraha ee dooxooyinka Jubba iyo Shabeelle ([Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa daraasad JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Mahamud_Ibrahim)). Dadka Baraawe waxay Suldaan Yuusuf Maxamuud u direen wafdi iyo hadiyad 200 bistoole ah iyagoo gargaar ka codsanaya (Guillain, b. 38, eeg [bogga saldanadda Geledi](/so/history/geledi-sultanate/)). Suldaan Yuusuf wuxuu hoggaamiyay isbahaysi ka kooban beelaha u dhexeeya labada wabi. Wikipedia waxay cabbirkiisa ku sheegtaa 40,000, inta badan dagaalyahanno Digil ah. 1843 isbahaysigu wuxuu hareereeyay Baardheere; warbixinnadu waxay sheegaan in magaalada la gubay oo aan dib loo degin ilaa 1860-meeyadii ([Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Mahamud_Ibrahim)). Iluhu way ku kala duwan yihiin xulafada: qaar waxay Geledi la magacaabaan Tunnida Baraawe, waxayna sheegaan in Bimaalka Marka ay la saftay Baardheere ama ka fogaatay ([isla maqaalka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Mahamud_Ibrahim)). ## Baardheere kadib 1847 Sheekh Cali Majeerteen wuxuu Marka la soo degay qiyaastii 150 raacdayaal hubaysan, isagoo doonayay inuu aasaaso imaarad Islaam ah, kana bahaystay Bimaalka. Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa daraasad dambe, waxay fikradihiisa ku xirtaa kuwii bulshada Baardheere ([Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Mahamud_Ibrahim)). Qarnigii 19aad dabayaaqadiisii, dariiqooyinka suufiyadu waxay aasaaseen jamaacooyin badan oo ku teedsan Jubba iyo Shabeelle; 1950-meeyadii waxay gaareen in ka badan 90 ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [dariiqooyinka suufiyada Soomaaliya](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - Lee V. Cassanelli, *The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600–1900* (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), oo daboolaya bulshada Baardheere iyo dagaallada Geledi. - Charles Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire, la géographie et le commerce de l'Afrique orientale* (Paris, 1856). - [Culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/). --- # Karanle (Karanle Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/karanle/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Karanle waa laan ka mid ah Hawiye. Abbink wuxuu hoos dhigaa Bah Arbera, laanta Hawiye ee loo abtiriyo xaaskii Arbera, laamaha Gidir, Kaariye iyo Sihawiye. Ilo kale waxay ku daraan Murursade (Mursal) oo ah laan afraad. Wikipedia waxay leedahay Karanle badankoodu waxay deggan yihiin bariga Itoobiya, Murursadena bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Karanle waa laan ka mid ah Hawiye, oo ah mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). Cilmi-baaraha Jan Abbink wuxuu Karanle hoos dhigay *Bah Arbera*, laan Hawiye ah oo hooyo loo abtiriyo ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, bb. 5 iyo 29](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Laanta kale ee shaxdiisa waa *Bah Girei*, oo ay ku jiraan qabiilada Gurgate sida Abgaal iyo Habar Gidir (bb. 26-27). | Il | Meesha ay Karanle dhigto | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Bah Arbera > Karanle, oo ay garab yaalliin Rarane, Haskul, Wadare iyo Murosade ([Abbink 2009, b. 29](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005, koonfurta-dhexe | Hawiye > Karanle, oo Murursade hoostiisa ah ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Mid ka mid ah lixda laamood ee Hawiye ([Wikipedia, Karanle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle)) | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Karanle wuxuu ahaa curadka Hawiye, oo uu ka dhalay xaaskiisii hore Arbera. Waxay sheegtay in qabriga Karanle uu ku yaal Qundhuro ee Hararghe, qabriga aabbihiis agtiisa. Waxay intaa ku dartay in Karanle lagu tiriyo awowayaasha dhinaca hooyada ee Hiraab, Bimaal iyo laamo Ogaadeen ah ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle)). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay bixisaa afar laamood: Gidir, Kaariye, Sexawle iyo Mursal (Murursade). Waxay soo xigatay abtirsiin Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle)): - **Gidir:** Aw Bakr (Axmed Maqi); Warneif, oo ay ka dhasheen Taa'uud iyo Faasi (Aw Qariib wuxuu ka dhashay Faasi); Abshale. - **Kaariye:** Af Xaaj; Laasuge, oo uu ka dhashay Abu Bakr, kaas oo ay ka dhasheen Sacad ad-Diin iyo Muxammed (oo uu ka dhashay Suldaan Muxammed). - **Mursal (Murursade):** Sabti (Abu Bakr, Idinle, Cabdalla iyo Ibraahim Sabti); Foorculus (Muxammed ama Hilibi, Axmed ama Daguuro, Ebakar ama Hawar Ceene). Eeg [Murursade](/so/society/murusade/). - **Sexawle:** Balaw, oo ay ka dhasheen Iye (Reer Garaad Mahiiqe) iyo Shurbul; Ba'ad; Bur'aal, oo ay ka dhasheen Bade Samatar (Carabi iyo Haro) iyo Faarax Samatar. Abbink wuxuu Karanle hoos dhigay saddex laamood: Gidir, Kaariye iyo Sihawiye ([Abbink 2009, b. 29](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Sihawiye-ga Abbink wuxuu u dhigmaa Sexawle-ga Wikipedia. Abbink wuxuu Murosade u sawiray koox u gaar ah oo isla laanta Bah Arbera ku jirta, jilibyadana Mohamed Amal, Nur 'Abdi, Septi, Gabdi iyo Foo'ulus. Liiska ACLED ee 2025 ma laha magac Karanle ah. Wuxuu Murursade si toos ah hoos u dhigay Hawiye ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Kooxahan oo dhan waxay ku jiraan [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay Karanle badankoodu waxay ku nool yihiin Itoobiya: Harar iyo Hararghe, Bale, Babile, Deegaanka Soomaalida iyo Dire Dawa. Qaar waxay ku nool yihiin Mandera ee Kenya ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle)). Soomaaliya gudaheeda, EUAA waxay diiwaangelisay laanta Murursade: | Meel | Waxa EUAA qortay | |---|---| | Muqdisho | Muqdisho waxaa inta badan deggan Hawiye, qabiilada Abgaal, Habar Gidir iyo Murursade ([EUAA, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Galgaduud | Qabiilada waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah Murursade (Hawiye) ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)) | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | Waxay ka mid yihiin laamaha Hawiye ee gobolka ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Shabeellaha Hoose | Waxay ka mid yihiin qabiilada Hawiye ee bariga gobolka (isla ilaha) | ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1200-meeyadii iyo 1300-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay juqraafiyayaasha Abu al-Fida iyo Ibn Sacid waxay Karanle ku xuseen bariga Itoobiya, iyagoo ka shaqeeya dahabka iyo lacagta ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle)). - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Karanle waxay hoggaamiyeyaal iyo askar ahaan uga muuqdeen dagaalladii Adal. Waxay Imaam Axmed Ibraahim ku sheegtay Karanle, laanta Balaw. Eeg [Imam Ahmad and Adal](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). - **Qiyaastii 1930.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay sawir lagu qoray "oday Karanle ah 1930". ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay garaadada iyo ugaasyada Karanle inta badan waxay ka qayb galaan caleemo-saarka hoggaamiyeyaasha dhaqanka ee qabiilo kale. Waxay leedahay Karanle waxaa lagu yaqaan dhexdhexaadin ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle)). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska EUAA ee colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 wuxuu Karanle ku xusay oo keliya laanta Murursade ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Murursade iyo Cayr (Habar Gidir), colaad bilaabatay bartamihii 2024. - Murursade iyo Duduble, tuulooyin u dhow Ceel Buur. Eeg [Murursade](/so/society/murusade/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Murursade.** Shaxda Bangiga Adduunka iyo Wikipedia waxay Murursade hoos dhigeen Karanle. Abbink wuxuu u sawiray Karanle garabkiisa. ACLED wuxuu si toos ah hoos u dhigay Hawiye. - **Tirada laamaha.** Abbink wuxuu bixiyay saddex laamood, Wikipedia-na afar. Sihawiye iyo Sexawle waxay u muuqdaan hal magac oo laba siyaabood loo qoray. - **Imaam Axmed.** Wikipedia waxay ku sheegtay Karanle. Ilaha Burtuqiiska ee R. S. Whiteway daabacay ma sheegin asalkiisa. Whiteway wuxuu u maleeyay inuu "malaha" Soomaali ahaa, laakiin wuxuu qoray in caddayntu aanay go'aamin ([Whiteway 1902, b. xxxiii](https://archive.org/details/portugueseexpedi00whitrich)). - **Meesha badankoodu degaan.** Wikipedia waxay badankood dhigtay Itoobiya. Warbixinnada EUAA ee Soomaaliya waxay xuseen oo keliya Murursade. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Murursade](/so/society/murusade/) iyo [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) --- # Xeer Ciise (sharciga dhaqanka ee beesha Ciise) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/xeer-ciise/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Xeer Ciise waa sharciga dhaqanka ee aan qornayn ee Ciise, oo ah qabiil Dir ah oo deggan Jabuuti, bariga Itoobiya iyo Awdal. Odayaasha Ciise waxay sheegaan in 44 oday ay ka dejiyeen Buurta Sitti. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay wuxuu ku dhisan yahay lix kabood: dhiig, dhaqan, dhaqaale, dheer, dhul iyo dhibleh. Ugaaska Ciise wuxuu ka dhashaa Wardiiq. ## Waa maxay *Xeer Ciise* waa sharciga dhaqanka ee [Ciise](/so/society/ciise/), oo ah qabiil ka tirsan [Dir](/so/society/dir/). Waa nooc ka mid ah [xeerka (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/), sharciga aan qornayn ee qabiilada Soomaalidu khilaafaadka ku xalliyaan. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku tilmaantay qaanuun bulsheed oo kala hagaya khilaafka Ciisaha dhexdiisa iyo bulshooyinka ay oodwadaagta yihiin ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Xeer ciise, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer_ciise)). Waxay kaloo ku tilmaantay xeerka ugu raadraaca dheer xeerarka geeska Afrika (isla ilaha). Ma jiro il kale oo boggan ku jirta oo taas xaqiijisa. Ciise waxay inta badan degaan Jabuuti, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo agagaarka Dire Dhabe, iyo Awdal ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))). Eeg [Soomaalida Jabuuti (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/djibouti/) iyo [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/). ## Sida loo dejiyay Wikipedia waxay bixisay sheekada sida ay odayaasha Ciise u sheegaan ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))): - Dhowr qarni ka hor, awoowayaasha Ciise waxay ka soo guureen Saylac. - Odayaashoodu waxay ku kulmeen Buurta Sitti, degmada Aysha maanta, meel la yiraahdo Las Harad. - Afartan iyo afar oday ayaa halkaas ku shiray shirar bil qaata. Laba iyo tobanka laan ee Ciise ayaa isku beddelayay quudinta odayaasha. - Si nin oday u noqdo, waxay ahayd inuu labadiisa waalid nool yihiin, wiilna leeyahay. - Muddo ka dib, odayaashu waxay dejiyeen 362 xeer oo aan qornayn, oo la yiraahdo *heer*. Wikipedia waxay leedahay ka hor intaas Ciise waxay la kulmeen colaad sokeeye, abaar, dhac iyo ganacsi go'ay. Waxay natiijada ku tilmaantay "dastuur dhaqameed" ku dhisan awood qaybsi (isla ilaha). ## Lixda kabood Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay xeerku wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qaybo go'an: 6 *kabood*, 160 *dhagalay*, 336 *sarood* iyo 444 *indhal* ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Xeer ciise, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer_ciise)). Lixda kabood waa: | Kabo | Waxa ay ka hadasho, sida Wikipedia Soomaaliga u qortay | |---|---| | Dhiig | Dhimasho laba reer oo Ciise ah dhexdooda, dhagar, iyo jab iyo jareexo | | Dhaqan | Doorashada ugaaska, oo leh gandi 44 nin ah iyo guddi 12 nin ah | | Dhaqaale | Xeer looma dhigin moodka; noolka waxaa ka mid ah sagaal halaad, dameer iyo ey | | Dheer | Xuquuqda haweenka iyo dhibta loo geysto | | Dhul | Daaqa iyo ceelka; badda xeer looma dhigin | | Dhibleh | Sida xeerku ula dhaqmo Ciise, Soomaalida kale (ahli), Muslimiinta kale (hiirimaad) iyo gaalka (dhibleh) | Faahfaahinta kabo kasta waxaa lagu sii qoray *dhagalayda*, *sarta* iyo *indhasha* (isla ilaha). ## Haweenka iyo xeerka Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay haweenku xeerka hoostiisa waxay wax ku helaan laba siyaabood, dhaban iyo dhaxal ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Xeer ciise, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer_ciise)). Waxay taxday saddex iyo toban nooc oo dhib ah oo loo geysto haweenka, mid walba magac Soomaali ah leh. Tusaale ahaan waxay kala saartaa gabadh yar, haweeney la qabo, carmal iyo islaan waayeel ah (isla ilaha). Wikipedia waxay leedahay Ciise waxay dadka oo dhan u arkaan siman arrimaha qabiilka, "jinsi kasta ha ahaadeene". Waxay kaloo leedahay nin kasta oo reer ka mid ah ayaa xaq u leh inuu ka hadlo *shirka* ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))). ## Dhulka iyo ceelasha Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay dhulka u kala qaybisay bad iyo berri, waxayna leedahay badda xeer looma dhigin. Berriga waxay u qaybisay beer, daaq iyo ceel. Waxay leedahay xeerkii Sitti lagu dejiyay kama hadlin beeraha. Waxay ku dartay in dad Ciise ah ay qiyaastii 70 sano ka hor samaysteen xeer beeraha ah ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Xeer ciise, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer_ciise)). ## Ugaaska iyo maxkamadaha Wikipedia waxay leedahay daruur ayaa mar ku dul istaagtay odayaasha Wardiiq shir Sitti ka dhacay. Waxay leedahay taas calaamad ayaa loo qaatay. Tan iyo markaas, waxay leedahay, ugaaska Ciise wuxuu ka dhashaa Wardiiq ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))). | Hay'ad | Waxa Wikipedia leedahay ay qabato | |---|---| | *Shir* | Kulan uu nin kasta oo reer ka mid ah ka hadli karo; go'aannada waxaa lagu gaaraa isku raac | | *Reer Gandi* | Maxkamad 44 xubnood ah oo ka socda qaybaha oo dhan; maxkamad racfaan iyo kulan dhaqameed, oo la isugu yeero oo keliya xilliyada dhibaatada | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay doorashada ugaaska ku sheegtay gandi 44 nin ah iyo guddi 12 nin ah ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Xeer ciise, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer_ciise)). Xafiiska Arrimaha Gudaha UK wuxuu doorka hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada ku tilmaamay "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada xeerarka.** Wikipedia, oo ka soo xigatay odayaasha Ciise, waxay bixisay 362 *heer*. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixisay 6 kabood, 160 dhagalay, 336 sarood iyo 444 indhal. - **Goorta.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay "dhowr qarni ka hor". Ma jiro il halkan ku jirta oo taariikh u bixisa shirarkii Sitti. - **Ilaha.** Labada bog ee Wikipedia waxay ku tiirsan yihiin sheeko afka laga sheego, ilo qoran oo yarna ayay sheegaan. Daraasadda buugga ah ee ugu weyn waa *Le Verdict de l'arbre* (1990) ee Cali Muuse Iye, oo Faransiis ku qoran. ## Akhri wax badan - [Ciise](/so/society/ciise/) - [Xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/) - [Dir](/so/society/dir/) - [Soomaalida Jabuuti (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/djibouti/) --- # Murursade (Murusade, Mursal, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/murusade/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Murursade (oo sidoo kale la yiraahdo Mursal) waa qabiil Hawiye ah. Bangiga Adduunka iyo Wikipedia waxay hoos dhigaan Karanle, Abbink Karanle garabkiisa, ACLED-na si toos ah Hawiye. EUAA waxay ku tilmaantay mid ka mid ah saddexda qabiil ee waaweyn ee Hawiye ee Muqdisho iyo qabiil weyn oo Galgaduud ah, agagaarka Ceel Buur. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Murursade waa qabiil ka tirsan Hawiye, oo ah mid ka mid ah shanta qoys ee waaweyn ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). Magaca waxaa kale oo loo qoraa Murusade, Murosade, Murasade ama Mursal. | Il | Meesha ay Murursade dhigto | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Bah Arbera > Murosade, isla laanta Karanle ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 29](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005, koonfurta-dhexe | Hawiye > Karanle > Murusade ([Bangiga Adduunka, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005, Puntland | Hawiye > Mururusade (isla ilaha) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Murusade ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Hawiye > Karanle > Mursal ([Wikipedia, Karanle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanle)) | Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay sheeko qabiil oo ku saabsan awoowaha. Mursal wuxuu ahaa wiilka ugu yar ee Karanle, hooyana la wadaagay Sexawle. Waxaa kale oo loo yiqiin *Waadere Karanle*, Adere oo ah magac Harar, halkaas oo la sheego inuu ku dhashay ([Wikipedia, Murusade, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murusade)). Sheekadu waxay leedahay markii dambe wuxuu u guuray bartamaha Soomaaliya. ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay bixisaa laba laamood oo waaweyn ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murusade)): - **Sabti:** Abu Bakr Sabti, Cabdalla Sabti, Idinle Sabti iyo Ibraahim Sabti. - **Foorculus:** Muxammed Foorculus (Hilibi), Axmed Foorculus (Daguuro) iyo Ebakar Foorculus (Hawar Ceene). Abbink wuxuu taxay shan jilib oo Murosade ah: Mohamed Amal, Nur 'Abdi, Septi, Gabdi iyo Foo'ulus ([Abbink 2009, b. 29](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Septi iyo Foo'ulus waxay u dhigmaan Sabti iyo Foorculus. Wikipedia waxay kaloo xustay Muusetuur, laan laga helo Dire Dawa iyo Harar. ACLED wuxuu Murursade u qoray hal koox, magacyadii hore "Murusade-Hawiye" iyo "Hawiye-Muransade Sub-Clan" ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Eeg [Karanle](/so/society/karanle/) iyo [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Muqdisho | Muqdisho waxaa inta badan deggan Hawiye, qabiilada Abgaal, Habar Gidir iyo Murursade ([EUAA, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Galgaduud | Qabiilada waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah laamaha Habar Gidir iyo Murursade (Hawiye) ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)) | | Galgaduud, deegaannada Al-Shabaab | Deegaannada ay Al-Shabaab haysato ama lagu loollamo waxaa inta badan deggan Duduble, Murursade iyo Waceysle ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | Waxay ka mid yihiin laamaha Hawiye ee gobolka (isla ilaha) | | Shabeellaha Hoose | Waxay ka mid yihiin qabiilada Hawiye ee bariga gobolka (isla ilaha) | Wikipedia waxay soo xigatay I. M. Lewis: Murosade waxaa laga helaa kooxo yaryar agagaarka Marka, iyo koox weyn oo Shabeellaha ka hooseysa agagaarka Afgooye. Waxay sheegtay in degmada Ceel Buur ay tahay deegaan weyn oo Murursade ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murusade)). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Ka hor 1900.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Ceel Buur waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo Murursade. Waxay leedahay Murursade waxay ka ganacsan jireen xeebta Banaadir, oo ay ku jiraan Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murusade)). - **1896.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay ciidamada Talyaanigu waxay weerareen tuulooyin la xiriira Geledi iyo Murursade, dagaalkii Lafoole ka dib, kaas oo lagu dilay qunsulka Antonio Cecchi. Eeg [resistance, 1890s to 1945](/so/history/resistance-1890s-1945/). - **Horraantii 1900-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay kooxaha Murursade ee xadka waxay la xiriireen Daraawiishta iyo Saldanadda Hobyo, iyagoo la saftay kuwii hore kana soo horjeestay kuwii dambe. Eeg [the Dervish movement](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **2022 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Dagaalyahanno Murursade ah ayaa ka mid ahaa maleeshiyaadka beelaha ee loo yaqaan [Macawisley](/en/institutions/macawisley/) ee la dagaallamay Al-Shabaab. Febraayo 2024 Murursade way ku kala qaybsameen ka qayb galka dowladda (Wikipedia, oo soo xigatay PeaceRep iyo kuwo kale). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad". Heer hoose, odayaashu waxay xalliyaan khilaafaadka, waxayna maamulaan dhulka iyo biyaha la wadaago ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay maahmaah ku saabsan doorkii hore ee garsoorayaasha Karanle: "*Garqaad Gareen Ajuuraan baa leh, Garnaqsi Garfuul Karanlaa leh*". Waxay ku xirtay Garfuul, awoowe Murursade ah ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murusade)). Kuraasta Murursade ee baarlamaanka waxay ka mid yihiin qaybta Hawiye; eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Galmudug waxay ku xustay: - Murursade iyo Cayr (Habar Gidir), colaad bilaabatay bartamihii 2024. - Murursade iyo Duduble (Habar Gidir), tuulooyin u dhow Ceel Buur. EUAA waxay leedahay dagaalka waxaa joojiyay Al-Shabaab. Waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay in 18 Febraayo 2025 maleeshiyaad Murursade ah ay weerareen shacab Cayr ah oo u dhow Wahbo, Ceel Buur, laba shacab ahna ay dhinteen. Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Karanle hoostiisa ama garabkiisa.** Shaxda koonfurta-dhexe iyo Wikipedia waxay Murursade hoos dhigeen Karanle. Abbink wuxuu u sawiray Karanle garabkiisa. ACLED iyo shaxda Puntland waxay si toos ah hoos u dhigeen Hawiye. - **Magacyada laamaha.** Wikipedia waxay bixisay laba laamood. Abbink wuxuu bixiyay shan jilib, oo laba ka mid ahi u dhigmaan kuwa Wikipedia. - **Taariikhda hore.** Taariikhda kor ku xusan badankeedu waxay ka timid Wikipedia, oo ah il kayd ah, iyadoo ku salaysan sheeko qabiil iyo qorayaal hore. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/hawiye/) iyo [Karanle](/so/society/karanle/) - [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) --- # Af-Sawaaxiliga Soomaaliya: Chimwiini-ga Baraawe iyo Kibajuni-ga Jasiiradaha Bajuuni Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/swahili-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Laba luqadood oo Sawaaxili la xiriira ayaa asal ahaan ka jira Soomaaliya. Chimwiini (Chimbalazi) waa luqadda qoysaskii hore ee Baraawe; Kibajuni (Tikuu) waxaa ku hadla Bajuunida Kismaayo iyo Jasiiradaha Bajuuni. Labaduba waa luqado Bantu ah oo u dhow Sawaaxiliga. Tan iyo 1991 inta badan dadka ku hadla Chimwiini waxay ku nool yihiin dibadda, wadartooduna waa ka yar tahay 15,000 oo qof. ## Laba luqadood oo Sawaaxili ah oo ku taal xeebta Soomaaliya Aqoonyahanka luqadaha ee Talyaaniga ah Marcello Lamberti, sahankiisii 1981 ee luqadaha Soomaaliya, wuxuu helay laba bulsho oo laga tirada badan yahay oo ku hadla Sawaaxili ([Landinfo 2011, b. 10](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)): - qoysaska ugu da'da weyn magaalada **Baraawe** (Brava), kuwaas oo Soomaalidu luqaddooda ugu yeerto **Af-Chimwiini**; - **Bajuunida** Kismaayo iyo jasiiradaha ka soo horjeeda xeebteeda, kuwaas oo Soomaalidu luqaddooda ugu yeerto **Af-Bajuuni**, Bajuunidu se ugu yeeraan **Kibajuni**. Lamberti wuxuu qiimeeyay in Kibajuni ay tahay qaabka hadal ee ugu da'da weyn Kismaayo. Horgalaha **ki-** ama **chi-** wuxuu Sawaaxiliga iyo luqadaha la xiriira ku yahay "luqad" ([Landinfo 2011, b. 10](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Aqoonyahannada luqadaha Derek Nurse iyo Thomas Hinnebusch waxay labadaba u kala saaraan lahjado waqooyi ah oo Sawaaxiliga ka mid ah; kala saaridda luqadaha Bantu ee Jouni Maho (2009) se mid walba waxay u aqoonsataa luqad gooni ah ([Lahjadda Baraawe, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravanese_dialect); [Lahjadda Bajuuni, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajuni_dialect)). ## Chimwiini (Af-Baraawe) Chimwiini, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Chimbalazi, Mwiini ama Af-Baraawe (Bravanese), waa luqadda Reer Baraawe, dadkii hore ee degganaa Baraawe ([Lahjadda Baraawe, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravanese_dialect)). Mashruuca Luqadda Chimiini oo uu hoggaamiyo Brent Henderson oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Florida wuxuu sheegay in luqaddu aad uga duwan tahay Sawaaxiliga caadiga ah xagga codadka, naxwaha iyo erayada ([Lahjadda Baraawe, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mashruuca Chimiini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravanese_dialect)). Waxay leedahay hab wakhti oo saddex qaybood ah oo ka fudud kan luqadaha Bantu ee deriska la ah, taas oo aqoonyahanno luqadeed qaar u arkaan calaamad muujinaysa inay mar ahayd luqad ganacsi oo xeebta lagu isticmaali jiray. Kadib markii dagaalka sokeeye bilowday 1991, inta badan dadka ku hadla waxay ka tageen Baraawe. Hadda waxay ku nool yihiin Columbus iyo Atlanta ee Mareykanka, London iyo Manchester, iyo Mombasa ee Kenya. Mashruuca Chimiini wuxuu sheegay in wadarta dadka ku hadla ay ka yar tahay 15,000 ([Lahjadda Baraawe, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravanese_dialect)). Chimwiini waxaa lagu qori jiray far Carabi. Sheekh [Aweys al-Baraawi (Uways al-Barawi)](/en/people/uways-al-barawi/), oo ku dhashay Baraawe 1847, wuxuu qoraalkiisa Carabiga ah ee Af-Soomaaliga koonfurta ku dayday kii ay qoysaska Amrani ee Baraawe ku qori jireen Chimwiini ([Far Wadaad, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis 1958 iyo Martin 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). ## Kibajuni (Af-Bajuuni) Kibajuni, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Tikuu, waxaa ku hadla dadka Bajuunida ee Jasiiradaha Bajuuni ee yaryar, xeebta Kenya iyo qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta Soomaaliya, halkaas oo ay ku yihiin bulsho laga tirada badan yahay ([Lahjadda Bajuuni, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Abdullahi 2001 iyo Mwakikagile 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajuni_dialect)). Lamberti wuxuu xusay inay leedahay isbeddello cod oo iyada u gaar ah, haddana ay tahay lahjad Sawaaxili ah ([Landinfo 2011, b. 10](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Nurse iyo Hinnebusch waxay shibbanayaasheeda ku diiwaangeliyeen cod u eg "ndr", oo ah "d" ku dhammaata cod u eg r ([Lahjadda Bajuuni, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Nurse iyo Hinnebusch 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajuni_dialect)). Landinfo waxay 2011 xustay in tirada dadka ku hadla luqadahan bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay ee weli ku sugan Soomaaliya ay u badan tahay inay yar tahay dagaalka sokeeye kadib ([Landinfo 2011, b. 9](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/) - [Jubbada Hoose](/so/regions/lower-juba/) - [Af-Mushunguli (Chizigula)](/so/society/mushunguli-language/) --- # Sako, sadaqo iyo waqf: bixinta Islaamka ee Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/zakat-sadaqa-and-waqf-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Sakadu (zakaat) waa bixinta sannadlaha ah ee waajibka ku ah muslim kasta oo leh hanti ku filan, badanaa 2.5 boqolkiiba hantidiisa. Soomaalidu waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah iyo waqf, sida dhul 'Ilaah loo bixiyay' oo masaajiddo iyo tuulooyin suufi ah lagu dhisay. Soomaaliya weli ma laha sanduuq sako oo dowladeed: wasaaradda arrimaha diintu waxay la shaqaysay Jabuuti iyo hay'ad samafal oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saabsan sida loo ururiyo, halka al-Shabaab ay sako qasab ah ka qaaddo deegaannada ay gaarto. ## Saddex nooc oo bixin ah - **Sako** (ama zakaat): mid ka mid ah shanta tiir ee Islaamka. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku waxay ku tilmaantaa "bixin sannadle ah oo Islaami ah oo waajib ah, oo qadar go'an leh, badanaa 2.5 boqolkiiba hantida qofka, si ay faa'iido ugu yeelato saboolka" ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay bixinta sakada ku tirisaa tiirarka, waxayna xustaa in waajibnimadeedu "ku xiran tahay awoodda qofka" ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). - **Sadaqo**: samafal ikhtiyaari ah, oo la bixiyo wakhti kasta. - **Waqf**: hanti si joogto ah "Ilaah loogu bixiyay", oo isticmaalkeeda ama dakhligeeda loo qoondeeyo masaajid, dugsi ama saboolka. ## Dhulka Ilaah loo bixiyay Waqfiga Soomaaliyeed ee ugu diiwaanka badan waa dhulka la siiyay sheekhyada suufiyada. Hoggaamiyayaasha dariiqooyinka diintu waxay odayaasha abtirsiinta ka codsan jireen dhul ay ku dhisaan masaajiddo iyo tuulooyin beereed (jamaaco). "Dhul badanaa si bilaash ah ayaa loo bixin jiray", sida ay daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku sheegto, bixiyuhuna wuxuu helayay barako "maadaama dhulka loo arkayay mid Ilaah loo bixiyay". Lahaanshuhu "wuxuu ahaa arrin samafal oo keliya", sidaas darteedna khilaafaadka wuu ku dhici karay ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). 1950-meeyadii in ka badan 90 tuulo oo noocaas ah oo koonfurta ku yiillay ayaa waxaa ku noolaa qiyaastii 35,000 qof (isla ilaha). Eeg [dariiqooyinka suufiyada Soomaaliya](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). ## Dowladda iyo sakada maanta Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diinta ee Soomaaliya ayaa haysa arrimaha waqfiga. Oktoobar 2025 waxay Jabuuti ku qabatay aqoon-is-weydaarsi shan maalmood ah oo ay la yeelatay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Diinta, Dhaqanka iyo Awqaafta Jabuuti, oo ku saabsanaa "maamulka awqaafta iyo ururinta iyo diiwaangelinta sakada" ([SONNA, 23 Oktoobar 2025](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-djibouti-religious-affairs-workshop-concludes-in-djibouti/)). Maarso 2020, NZF Worldwide, oo laan ka ah National Zakat Foundation ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, ayaa sheegtay in Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNDP) loogu yeeray inay naqshadeeyaan hab qaran oo sako oo Soomaaliya ah, iyagoo la shaqaynaya maamullada maxalliga ah, culimada Islaamka iyo Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya ([Salaam Gateway, 18 Maarso 2020](https://salaamgateway.com/story/uks-national-zakat-foundation-to-work-with-un-on-zakat-mechanism-for-somalia-and-somaliland)). Cilmi-baarayaal ka socda jaamacado Malaysia, Itoobiya iyo Suudaan ah ayaa sidoo kale daraasay sida sakada iyo waqfigu u maalgelin karaan horumarka Soomaaliya ([Lex Forensica journal, USIM](https://lexforensica.usim.edu.my/index.php/journal/article/download/18/81/306)). ## "Sakada" qasabka ah ee al-Shabaab Al-Shabaab waxay leedahay xafiis la yiraahdo *Zakawaat* oo ururiya xoolo iyo dalag, kana duwan xafiiskeeda maaliyadda ee ururiya lacag caddaan ah. Machadka Hiraal, xarun cilmi-baaris oo Muqdisho ku taal, ayaa 2018 sheegay in madaxii ugu horreeyay ee xafiiskaas la eryay sannad kadib maxaa yeelay sakada wuxuu siin jiray saboolka, iyo in markaas kadib qayb yar oo keliya ay saboolka gaartay ([Hiraal Institute, "The AS Finance System", 16 Luulyo 2018](https://hiraalinstitute.org/the-as-finance-system/)). Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime waxay ku tilmaantaa "cashuur samafal oo qasab ah", waxayna sheegtaa in al-Shabaab sannadkii ururiso in ka badan 100 milyan oo doollar oo Mareykan ah, qiyaastii saddex meelood meel ka mid ahna Muqdisho ka timaado. Waxay sheegtaa in kooxdu adeegsato diiwaannada nootaayayaasha, saraakiisha dekedda iyo dallaaliinta guryaha si ay u xisaabiyaan waxa ganacsiyadu ku leeyihiin ([Global Initiative, 24 Abriil 2025](https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/disrupting-al-shabaabs-hold-on-mogadishus-economy/)). Luulyo 2025 hay'adda sirdoonka Soomaaliya ayaa ganacsatada uga digtay inay bixiyaan lacag lagu dalbado hanjabaad ([AllAfrica, Luulyo 2025](https://allafrica.com/stories/202507210080.html)). Eeg [qaab-dhismeedka iyo hoggaamiyayaasha al-Shabaab](/en/institutions/al-shabaab-structure-and-leaders/). ## Bixinta Ramadaanka Imaamyada Muqdisho waxay Ramadaanka ku boorriyaan dadka awooda inay saboolka wax siiyaan, kooxaha dhallinyarada ee Somaliland-na waxay lacag ka ururiyaan ganacsatada iyo qurba-joogta si ay cunto iyo dhar ugu iibiyaan qoysaska saboolka ah ([AP, VOA, 1 Abriil 2023](https://www.voaafrica.com/a/somalis-marks-ramadan-amid-record-drought/7027489.html); [Umayma Good, Andariya, 2021](https://andariya.com/post/ramadan-in-somaliland)). Eeg [Ramadaanka iyo Ciidaha Soomaaliya](/so/society/ramadan-and-eid-in-somalia/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - [Maaliyadda Islaamka, maaliyadda yar-yar iyo takaafulka](/so/economy/islamic-finance-microfinance-and-takaful/) - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) --- # Af-Mushunguli (Chizigula): afka Bantuuga ee dooxada Jubba Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/mushunguli-language/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Mushunguli, ama Chizigula, waa af Bantu ah oo ay ku hadlaan dadka Bantuuga Soomaaliyeed ee Jamaame, Kismaayo, Muqdisho iyo dooxada Jubba. Waa nooc ka mid ah Zigua (Zigula), oo ah af Tansaaniya laga ku hadlo, dalkaas oo ah dhulkii laga keenay dad badan oo addoon ahaan loo keenay xeebta Soomaalida qarnigii 1800-aad. Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Ethnologue, waxay sheegtay ilaa 34,000 oo qof oo ku hadla. ## Cidda ku hadasha iyo meesha Mushunguli, oo sidoo kale loo qoro Mushungulu, loona yaqaan Chizigula ama Zigua, waxaa ku hadla dadka Bantuuga Soomaaliyeed (Somali Bantu) ee Jamaame, Kismaayo (Kismayo), Muqdisho (Mogadishu) iyo dooxada webiga Jubba. Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Ethnologue, waxay sheegtay ilaa 34,000 oo qof oo ku hadla ([Zigula language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigula_language)). Aqoonyahanka afafka ee Talyaaniga ah Marcello Lamberti wuxuu 1981 ka diiwaangeliyay degmada Jamaame ee webiga Jubba agtiisa ([Landinfo 2011, b. 10](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Wuxuu dadka ku hadla ku tilmaamay inay ka soo farcameen dad addoon ahaan loo soo qaaday, meelaha kale waxaa ka mid ah Tansaaniya, 200 ilaa 300 sano ka hor sahankiisa. Wuxuu ogaaday in afkoodu ugu dhow yahay Shambala ee Tansaaniya. ## Xiriirka uu la leeyahay Zigua ee Tansaaniya Afku wuxuu xiriir adag oo xagga erayada iyo naxwaha ah la leeyahay hadalka dadka Zigua ee Tansaaniya ([Zigula language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigula_language)). Warbixin 2002 ah oo ay Guddiga Maraykanka ee Qaxootiga iyo Soo-galootiga (US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants) ka qoreen Bantuuga Soomaaliyeed ayaa xustay in Bantu badan oo Soomaaliya ku nool ay ka soo farcameen dad laga soo qabtay qaybtaas Bariga Afrika qarnigii 1800-aad ([Refugee Reports, Nofembar 2002, kayd](https://web.archive.org/web/20091111104732/http://www.refugees.org/data/refugee_reports/archives/2002/nov.pdf)). Ethnologue waxay xustay in Mushunguliga Tansaaniya loogu yaqaan Wazegua ([Zigula language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigula_language)). ## Waxay sidoo kale ku hadlaan Soomaali iyo Maay Lamberti wuxuu 1980-meeyadii ogaaday in ragga Mushunguliga ay xiriir badan la lahaayeen deriskooda Soomaalida oo ay si fiican ugu hadlayeen Soomaali, halka dumarku ay xiriir yar lahaayeen oo ay Soomaali yar yaqaanneen ([Landinfo 2011, b. 10](http://www.landinfo.no/asset/1800/1/1800_1.pdf)). Rag badan oo Mushunguli ah waxay Maay iyo Soomaali u isticmaalaan afaf shaqo ([Zigula language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigula_language)). ## Codadka iyo qoraalka Ma jiro hab rasmi ah ama dhaqan ah oo Mushunguli lagu qoro; waxaa la isticmaalaa qorista afafka Bantu ee la xiriira. Dhererka shaqalku macnaha ma beddelo, laakiin codadka dhaadheer waxay la socdaan codad hoos u dhaca, sida chîga ("lug"). Habka codadka kor-u-kaca iyo hoos-u-dhaca wuxuu u dhow yahay kan Zigua ee Tansaaniya ([Zigula language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigula_language)). Maadaama kumanaan Bantu Soomaaliyeed ah laga dejiyay Maraykanka laga bilaabo 2003, cilmi-baaris badan oo dhowaan la sameeyay ayaa lala sameeyay dadka halkaas ku hadla ([Dib-u-dejinta Bantuuga Soomaaliyeed](/en/diaspora/somali-bantu-resettlement/)). Daraasadaha waxaa ka mid ah shaqada Erin MacSaveny ee codka falka ([MacSaveny 2009, Verbal tone in Chizigula](https://www.diu.edu/documents/OPAL/No-5-MacSaveny-Verbal-Tone-in-Chizigula.pdf)), Katherine Hout iyo Eric Bakovic oo ka qoray xeerarka codadka (2014), iyo Michal Temkin Martinez iyo Haley Boone oo ka qoray codadka sanka (2016) ([Zigula language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigula_language)). Qaamuus Chizigula Soomaaliyeed ah ayaa onlayn lagu daabacay barxadda Webonary ([Webonary, Somali Chizigula](https://www.webonary.org/somali-chizigula/)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/) - [Sawaaxiliga Soomaaliya](/so/society/swahili-in-somalia/) - [Lahjadaha Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-dialects/) --- # Culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed: hage qarnigii 13aad ilaa 1920 Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Laga soo bilaabo Sheekh Isaaq ee Maydh, oo loo xuso qarnigii 10aad ama 11aad, ilaa hoggaamiyihii Daraawiishta Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan 1920, culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed waxay Islaamka u qaadeen gudaha, aasaaseen magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin beereed, tiriyeen gabayo, hoggaamiyeenna iska caabbin. Hagahan wuxuu taxayaa 14 ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan, sida ay xilligooda isugu xigaan, mid kastana meeshii uu ku noolaa, dariiqadiisa iyo meesha uu ku aasan yahay. ## Sida loo akhriyo hagahan Nolosha qaar badan oo ka mid ah dadkan waxaa laga yaqaan hiddaha afka ah iyo manaaqib, buugaag ammaan ah oo ay qoreen raacdayaashoodu. Meesha diiwaanku yahay hidde ee uusan ahayn dukumenti taariikh leh, qoraalku wuu sheegayaa. Mid kasta waxaa lagu xiray isha, iyo, haddii ay jirto, boggiisa gaarka ah. ## Ka hor 1500 **Sheekh Isaaq.** Hiddaha ayaa sheegaya inuu ahaa caalim Shaafici ah oo Carabta ka yimid, degayna Maydh qarnigii 10aad ama 11aad; waa awowga beesha Isaaq. Qabrigiisa Maydh sannad walba waa la booqdaa ([Ishaaq bin Ahmed, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed)). **Sheekh Xuseen Baale (qarnigii 13aad).** Wuxuu ku dhashay Marka. Hiddaha ayaa u aaneeya inuu Islaamka u keenay dadka buuraha Baale ee Itoobiya maanta. Manaaqib la yiraahdo *Rabiic al-Quluub* ayaa Qaahira lagu daabacay 1920-meeyadii. Magaalada Sheekh Xuseen, oo uu ku aasan yahay, waxaa sannadkii laba jeer u yimaada qiyaastii 50,000 xujey ([Sheikh Hussein (saint), Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hussein_(saint))). Eeg [Sheekh Xuseen Baale](/so/people/sheikh-hussein-of-bale/). **Aw Abaadir Cumar al-Rida (qarnigii 13aad).** Aasaasihii sheekada ee Harar, oo *Fatx Madiinat Harar* ku sheegay inuu Xijaas ka yimid 1216 oo dhisay masaajidka weyn ee magaalada. Waxaa loo haystaa awowga guud ee Sheekhaal iyo Hararida ([Abadir Umar ar-Rida, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abadir_Umar_ar-Rida)). **Aw Barkhadle (Yuusuf bin Axmed al-Kawneyn).** Caalim ka mid ahaa xeebta Saylac, oo loo xuso inuu Carabta ka yimid si uu Islaamka u baro, iyo inuu sameeyay magacyada Soomaaliga ee calaamadaha shaqallada Carabiga. Qabrigiisa u dhow Hargeysa waxaa sannad walba lagu qabtaa siyaaro ([Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Ahmad_al-Kawneyn); [Horn Heritage, Islamic heritage: Sufism](https://www.hornheritage.org/sufi-shrines/)). Eeg [Aw Barkhadle](/en/people/aw-barkhadle/). **Fakhrudiin Cusmaan al-Zaylaci (dhintay 1342/43).** Faqiih Xanafi ah oo "Saylac ka yimid", wax ka dhigay Qaahira, qorayna *Tabyiin al-Xaqaa'iq* ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i)). Eeg [Cusmaan al-Zaylaci](/so/people/uthman-al-zaylai/). ## Qarnigii 19aad iyo horraantii 20aad **Sheekh Ibraahim Xasan Jebro (aasaasay Baardheere 1819).** Aasaasihii bulshadii ugu horreysay ee beeraha diinta Soomaaliyeed ee wabiga Jubba ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [jamaacadii Baardheere](/so/society/baardheere-jamaaca-1819-1843/). **Xaaji Cali Majeerteen (qarnigii 19aad).** Wuxuu ku dhashay dooxada Nugaal; wax ku bartay Maka iyo Baqdaad; ka waaniyay dhaqammo uu u arkay kuwo ka soo horjeeda shareecada, dugsina ka furay Xalin. 1847 wuxuu Marka la yimid qiyaastii 150 raacdayaal hubaysan ([Haji Ali Majeerteen, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Ali_Majeerteen)). **Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan al-Zaylaci (1820–1882).** Wuxuu ku dhashay Koodle oo ku taal Bakool; wuxuu Qaadiriyada ku faafiyay gudaha, isagoo xaruntiisu ahayd Qolonqol ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan al-Zaylaci](/en/people/abd-al-rahman-al-zaylai/). **Sheekh Suufi (Cabdiraxmaan bin Cabdullaahi al-Shaashi, 1829–1904).** Caalim Qaadiri ah, gabayaa iyo nabadeeye reer Muqdisho ah, qoray *Shajarat al-Yaqiin*. Qabrigiisu waa meel sannad walba la siyaaro ([Shaykh Sufi, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Sufi)). Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay magacawdaa macallin Qaadiri ah oo Muqdisho ah, Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Cabdullaahi, oo "xoogga saaray suufinimada qoto dheer", qabrigiisuna noqday xarun siyaaro oo deegaanka Shabeellaha, qoraalladiisana weli la akhrinayay 1990-meeyadii ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)); magacaasi wuxuu la mid yahay magaca Sheekh Suufi. Eeg [Sheekh Suufi](/en/people/sheikh-sufi/). **Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi (1847–1909).** Wuxuu ka yimid Baraawe; wax ku bartay Baqdaad; hoggaamiyay laanta Uweysiya ee Qaadiriyada, kuna faafiyay Bariga Afrika; aasaasay Biyooley, halkaas oo uu ku aasan yahay. Xuskiisa sannadlaha ah waxaa u yimaada dad ka kala yimid Soomaaliya iyo Kenya ([Horn Heritage](https://www.hornheritage.org/sufi-shrines/); [Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi](/en/people/uways-al-barawi/). **Sheekh Cali Maye Durogba ee Marka.** Gabayaa ku biiray dariiqada Axmadiyada markii uu xajka u baxay, Soomaaliyana keenay. Riyooyin iyo karaamooyin loo aaneeyay ayaa siiyay magac wanaag diineed ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Wuxuu ka dhashay qoyska Al-Bakri ee Duruqbada Marka; xaflad sannadle ah oo ka dhacda qabrigiisa agtiisa ee Marka waxay ku dhammaataa 5 Safar ([Duruqbo, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duruqbo)). Horn Heritage waxay keenitaankiisa dariiqada dhigtaa horraantii qarnigii 20aad ([Horn Heritage](https://www.hornheritage.org/sufi-shrines/)). **Sheekh Maxamed Guuleed (dhintay 1918).** Macallinka Saalixiyada ee ugu firfircoonaa koonfurta. Wuxuu degay Shiidle ee Shabeellaha dhexe, halkaas ka aasaasay jamaaco, mid kale Ajuuraan dhexdooda, kadibna mid saddexaad oo Shiidle ah ka hor intuusan dhiman ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm); [Salihiyya, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihiyya)). **Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (1856–1920).** Sheekh iyo gabayaa Saalixi ah oo hoggaamiyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta ee ka dhanka ahaa xukunka Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya 1899 ilaa 1920 ([Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan)). Eeg [Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan](/so/people/sayid-maxamed-cabdulle-xasan/) iyo [dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). **Sheekh Xasan Barsane (dhashay 1853).** Caalim Saalixi ah oo hoggaamiyay iska caabbin ka dhacday dooxada Shabeellaha, kuna dhintay xabsi Talyaani ([Sheikh Hassan Barsane, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hassan_Barsane)). Eeg [Sheekh Xasan Barsane](/en/people/sheikh-hassan-barsane/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - [Dariiqooyinka suufiyada Soomaaliya](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/) - [Awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/) - Scott S. Reese, *Renewers of the Age: Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir* (Brill, 2008). --- # Wacbuudhan (Wacbuudhan Abgaal, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/wacbuudhan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Wacbuudhan (Wa'budhan, Wabudhan) waa mid ka mid ah saddexda laamood ee waaweyn ee Abgaal, qabiil Hawiye ah, iyo Harti iyo Waceysle. Laamahooda waxaa ka mid ah Maxamed Muuse, Mataan Muuse, Dauud iyo Kabaale. EUAA waxay kooxo Wacbuudhan ah ka diiwaangelisay Shabeellaha Dhexe, agagaarka Jowhar iyo Cadale. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Wacbuudhan waa laan ka mid ah [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/), oo ah qabiil ka tirsan qoyska [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) ([EUAA, 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-somalia/1-general-remarks)). Magaca siyaabo badan ayaa loo qoraa: Wacbuudhan iyo Wacbudhan Af-Soomaali ahaan, iyo Wa'budhan, Wabudhan ama Wa'abudan ilaha Ingiriisiga. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Bah Girei > Gurgate > Abgal > Wa'abudan ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 26](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Abgal > Wabudhan ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Wa'budhan/Abgaal/Hawiye" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Laanta dhexe ee saddexda laamood ee Abgaal: Harti waa curadka, Wacbudhan waa kan dhexe, Waceysle-na waa kan ugu yar ([Wikipedia, Abgaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)) | Abgaal laftooda ilaha qaar waxay dhigaan laanta Hiraab iyo Mudulood, qaarna si toos ah Gurgate. Eeg [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu Wa'abudan hoos dhigay hal jilib: Da'ud ([Abbink 2009, b. 26](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu leeyahay kooxahan ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)): - Wabudhan > Mataan Muse - Wabudhan > Mohamed Muse - Abgal > Mohamed Muse, oo ay ka mid yihiin Dhiblabe Turyare iyo Suubiye Turyare - Abgal > Daud, iyo Abgal > Kabaale EUAA waxay magacawday laba laamood oo Maxamed Muuse ah: Aadan Dhiblaawe Turyare iyo Suubiye Dhiblaawe Turyare. Waxay kaloo Agoonyar Gaabane iyo Obakar Gaabane ku tilmaantay kooxo Maxamed Muuse ah ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Geedka qabiilada ee bogga Hawiye ee Wikipedia wuxuu Wa'budhan hoos dhigaa liis ka dheer. Wuxuu magacaabaa Galmaax Yoonis (Yuusuf Galmaax, Maxamed Muuse, Cumar Galmaax, Celi Cumar iyo Reer Mataan), Xuseen Yoonis iyo Aadan Yoonis. Wuxuu kaloo magacaabaa Kabaale Wacbudhan (Saleebaan Muuse, Xeyle Muuse) iyo Dauud (Isaaq Dauud, Yuusuf Dauud iyo Reer Ugaas) ([Wikipedia, Hawiye, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye)). Koox kasta oo halkan ku jirta waxay kaloo ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Degmada Jowhar, Shabeellaha Dhexe | Dagaal u dhexeeyay laba laamood oo Maxamed Muuse ah ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Degmada Cadale, Shabeellaha Dhexe | Dagaal u dhexeeyay kooxo Maxamed Muuse ah iyo Cabdalle Aroone (isla ilaha) | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | "Qabiilka ugu xoogga badan Shabeellaha Dhexe waa Abgal" ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)) | | Muqdisho | Wikipedia waxay Muqdisho ku tilmaantay dhulkii hore ee Reer Mataan ([Wikipedia, Abgaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)). Geedkeeda Hawiye wuxuu Reer Mataan hoos dhigaa Wa'budhan. | ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay Ilaha halkan lagu isticmaalay waxay Wacbuudhan inta badan ku xusaan colaadaha dhowaan iyo wadahadallada nabadda. Taariikhda guud ee Abgaal, oo ay ku jiraan Muqdisho tan iyo 1500-meeyadii iyo kala qaybsankii [United Somali Congress](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/) ee 1991, waxay ku jirtaa bogga [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/). - **Luulyo 2023.** Dagaal u dhexeeyay laamaha Abgaal ee Cabdalle Aroone iyo Maxamed Muuse ayaa laga soo sheegay Shabeellaha Dhexe ([EUAA 2025](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/242-middle-shabelle)). - **Ogosto 2024.** Colaaddaas waxaa la sheegay in lagu xalliyay heshiis nabadeed (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay ugaaska Abgaal wuxuu ka yimaadaa Reer Ugaas, waana ugaaska Mudulood ([Wikipedia, Abgaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)). Geedkeeda Hawiye wuxuu Reer Ugaas hoos dhigaa Dauud, laanta Wa'budhan ([Wikipedia, Hawiye, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye)). Heshiiskii Ogosto 2024 waa tusaale khilaaf qabiil oo wadahadal lagu xalliyay. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Kuwa ay ku jiraan kooxo Wacbuudhan ah: - Aadan Dhiblaawe Turyare iyo Suubiye Dhiblaawe Turyare, labaduba laamo Maxamed Muuse ah "(Wa'budhan/Abgaal/Hawiye)", degmada Jowhar. - Maxamed Muuse "(Wa'budhan/Abgaal/Hawiye)" iyo Cabdalle Aroone, agagaarka degmada Cadale. - Cabdalle Aroone iyo Agoonyar Gaabane iyo Obakar Gaabane (Maxamed Muuse), degmada Cadale. - Celi Cumar iyo Reer Mataan, labaduba Abgaal, degmada Warshiikh. Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Waxa Wacbuudhan hoos yimaada.** Abbink wuxuu taxay oo keliya Da'ud. ACLED wuxuu Mataan Muuse iyo Maxamed Muuse hoos dhigay Wabudhan, laakiin wuxuu kaloo Maxamed Muuse, Dauud iyo Kabaale si toos ah hoos u dhigay Abgal. Geedka Hawiye ee Wikipedia wuxuu bixiyaa abtirsiin ka dheer. - **Reer Mataan.** ACLED wuxuu Reer Matan iyo Matan Abdulle hoos dhigay Abgal, Mataan Muuse-na Wabudhan. Wikipedia waxay Reer Mataan hoos dhigtay Wa'budhan. - **Higgaadda.** Isla laantu waxay u soo baxdaa Wacbuudhan, Wacbudhan, Wa'budhan, Wabudhan iyo Wa'abudan. ## Akhri wax badan - [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) iyo [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) --- # Ramadaanka iyo Ciidaha Soomaaliya: soonka, afurka, arkidda dayaxa iyo labada Ciid Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/ramadan-and-eid-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaalidu waxay soomaan waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca bisha Ramadaan oo dhan, kadibna waxay dabaaldegaan Ciidul Fitri marka la arko dayaxa bisha Soonfur. Afurka badanaa waxaa lagu furaa timir iyo biyo, waxaana ku xiga sambuus, bajiye iyo canjeero. Qiimuhu wuu kordhaa bishaas, imaamyaduna waxay dadka ku boorriyaan inay saboolka wax siiyaan. Ciidul Adxa, oo ku beegan dhammaadka xajka, waa xilliga ugu sarreeya ee xoolaha loo dhoofiyo Sacuudiga. Maarso 2026 Ciidul Fitri waxaa dalka oo dhan lagu dabaaldegay isla maalin. ## Soonka iyo xeerarkiisa Soonka bisha Ramadaan waa mid ka mid ah shanta tiir ee Islaamka. Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay soonka ku tilmaantaa "ka fogaanshaha cuntada, cabbitaanka, tubaakada iyo galmada waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca". Dadka safarka ku jira waa laga cafin karaa, laakiin "waa inay mar dambe gutaan" ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). Soomaali ahaan waxaa la yiraahdaa soon, cuntada lagu furo qorrax-dhacana waa afur ([cuntada Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-food/)). Ramadaanku sannad walba qiyaastii 11 maalmood ayuu hore u soo dhacaa maxaa yeelay wuxuu raacaa dayaxa. Xisaab ahaan, Ramadaanka 1448 wuxuu bilaabmayaa qiyaastii 8 Febraayo 2027. Eeg [kalandarka Islaamka](/so/society/islamic-calendar-in-somalia/) si aad u aragto taariikhaha. ## Waaberiga ka hor: sareenka iyo suxuurka Qoraa reer Somaliland ah ayaa sharraxaya sida, dhowr toddobaad ka hor Ramadaanka, haweenku u diyaariyaan sareen: isku-dar masago iyo sarreen ah oo la qooyo, la miiro, qorraxda lagu qalajiyo, lana tumo. Waxaa lagu cunaa boorash ahaan caano ama saliid, wakhtiga suxuurka, oo ah cuntada waaberiga ka hor. Xaafadaha qaar, sheekh ama ardaydiisu waxay waaberiga ka hor dariiqyada u maraan si ay dadka suxuurka ugu toosiyaan ([Umayma Good, "Ramadan in Somaliland", Andariya, 25 Abriil 2021](https://andariya.com/post/ramadan-in-somaliland)). ## Afurka Isla warbixintu waxay sheegaysaa in makhaayadaha iyo kafeyaashu maalinta xiran yihiin, qorrax-dhacana furmaan. Soonka waxaa lagu furaa timir iyo biyo. Raggu inta badan waxay salaadda maqribka ku tukadaan masaajidka xaafadda ka hor intaysan qoysaskooda la afurin ([Andariya, 2021](https://andariya.com/post/ramadan-in-somaliland)). Cuntooyinka afurka ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah: - **Sambuus:** keeg saddex-gees ah oo lagu buuxiyay hilib xawaash leh, tuuna ama misir. - **Bajiye:** shiil laga sameeyay digir la burburiyay, basal, toon iyo basbaas, oo lagu cuno shidni, suugo cagaar ah oo kulul. - **Canjeero (laxoox):** canjeerada jilicsan, oo Ramadaanka lagu cuno beer iyo basal ama suqaar. - **Qaxwo:** qaxwo caano leh oo lagu daray qorfe iyo heyl, oo la cabbo afurka kadib iyo salaadda habeenka ka hor ([Andariya, 2021](https://andariya.com/post/ramadan-in-somaliland)). Warbixin Associated Press oo Muqdisho laga diray 2023 ayaa afurka caadiga ah ee guryaha ladan ku tilmaantay sambuus iyo cunto fudud kale, casiir, shaah ama qaxwo, kadibna bariis, baasto ama rooti oo lagu cuno hilib geel, ari, digaag ama kalluun, iyo macmacaan ([AP, Arab News, 29 Maarso 2023](https://www.arabnews.com/node/2277546/world)). Sidoo kale eeg [cuntada Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-food/). ## Habeennada Afurka kadib qoysas badan waxay dhegaystaan muxaadaro gaaban oo sheekh bixiyo, oo la yiraahdo maxadiro, kadibna salaadda taraawiixda. Intaas kadib dadku waxay isugu yimaadaan kafeyaasha iyo meelaha shaaha si ay u dhegaystaan Nabi Amaan, heeso lagu ammaanayo Nebiga. Tobanka habeen ee ugu dambeeya suuqyadu way soo daahaan, waalidkuna carruurta waxay u iibiyaan dhar cusub oo Ciidda ah ([Andariya, 2021](https://andariya.com/post/ramadan-in-somaliland)). ## Qiimaha iyo sadaqada Ramadaanka baahidu way korodhaa, qiimaha cuntaduna badanaa wuu kacaa. 2023, AP waxay sheegtay in kiilada hilibka geela ee Muqdisho ay ka kacday qiyaastii 4 doollar bisha ka hor, ilaa qiyaastii 6 doollar. Ramadaankaas wuxuu ku beegnaa abaartii ugu dheerayd ee la diiwaan geliyay. Hooyo barakacday oo lix carruur ah leh, kuna nool xero ku taal duleedka Muqdisho, ayaa AP u sheegtay in qoyskeedu ku afuri jiray biyo, timir iyo cunto loo deeqay. Barnaamijka Cuntada Adduunku wuxuu sheegay in kororka Ramadaanku "khasaare ku yahay qoysaska nugul ee ku tiirsan suuqyada maxalliga ah" ([AP, VOA, 1 Abriil 2023](https://www.voaafrica.com/a/somalis-marks-ramadan-amid-record-drought/7027489.html)). Imaamyada Muqdisho waxay ku boorriyeen dadka awooda inay saboolka wax siiyaan. Sheekh Cabdikariin Ciise Cali ayaa AP u sheegay: "Dadka qaar waxay u baahan yihiin cunto ay ku afuraan. Fadlan caawiya" (isla ilaha). Somaliland, kooxaha dhallinyaradu waxay lacag ka ururiyaan ganacsatada iyo qurba-joogta si ay cunto iyo dhar ugu iibiyaan qoysaska saboolka ah, hay'adaha samafalkuna waxay maalin walba afur ku bixiyaan barxadaha masaajiddada ([Andariya, 2021](https://andariya.com/post/ramadan-in-somaliland)). Eeg [sakada, sadaqada iyo waqfiga](/so/society/zakat-sadaqa-and-waqf-in-somalia/). ## Yaa go'aamiya goorta Ciiddu bilaabanto Ciidul Fitri waxay bilaabantaa marka la arko dayaxa bisha Shawaal, oo Soomaali ahaan loo yaqaan Soonfur. Dowladdu markaas ayay ku dhawaaqdaa maalinta. 30 Maarso 2025 dowladda federaalku waxay Ciidda ku dhawaaqday 31 Maarso, kadib markii la sheegay in dayaxa laga arkay Hargeysa, Caabudwaaq, Beledxaawo iyo Walaweyn ([FTL Somalia, 30 Maarso 2025](https://www.ftlsomalia.com/somalia-announces-march-31-as-eid-al-fitr/)). Sannadaha qaar, maamullo kala duwan ayaa ku dhawaaqay maalmo kala duwan. Maajo 2021, xafiiska garsoorka al-Shabaab wuxuu sheegay in siddeed qof oo ku sugan Hiiraan, Gedo, Baay iyo Bakool ay arkeen dayaxa, wuxuuna amray Ciid deegaannada kooxdu haysay, halka dowladda federaalku sheegtay in dayaxa aan la arkin iyo in 12 Maajo ahayd maalintii ugu dambeysay ee Ramadaanka ([Garowe Online, 12 Maajo 2021](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/al-shabaab-celebrates-eid-al-fitr-in-central-and-southern-somalia)). Maarso 2026, Goobjoog News waxay sheegtay in Ciidda "isla mar lagu dabaaldegay dhammaan gobollada dalka", si ka duwan sannadihii hore markii deegaannada qaar ay maalin dambe dabaaldegi jireen ([Goobjoog News, 20 Maarso 2026](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-celebrates-eid-in-unity-as-thousands-throng-streets-of-mogadishu/)). ## Maalinta Ciidul Fitri Goobjoog waxay sharraxday waddooyinka waaweyn ee Muqdisho, fagaarayaasha iyo goobaha madadaalada oo ay ka buuxaan dad dhar cusub xiran, is-hambalyeynaya, qoysaskoodana la jooga, iyadoo carruurtu ciyaaro ku jiraan ([Goobjoog News, 2026](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-celebrates-eid-in-unity-as-thousands-throng-streets-of-mogadishu/)). Xalwada Soomaaliyeed ayaa martida loo dhigaa ([cuntada Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-food/)). Qoraaga Andariya wuxuu sharraxayaa saddex maalmood oo dabaaldeg ah oo Somaliland ka dhaca ([Andariya, 2021](https://andariya.com/post/ramadan-in-somaliland)). ## Ciidul Adxa iyo ganacsiga xoolaha xajka Ciidul Adxa waxay ku beegan tahay 10 Dul Xijja, dhammaadka xajka, marka qoysaska awooda ay xoolo qalaan ([kalandarka Islaamka](/so/society/islamic-calendar-in-somalia/)). Dowladda federaalku waxay taageertay 9,043 xujey oo Soomaali ah 2023 ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html)). Eeg [xajka Soomaaliya](/so/society/hajj-from-somalia/). Xajku sidoo kale waa xilliga ugu sarreeya ee ganacsiga xoolaha Soomaalida, maxaa yeelay xujayda Maka waxay u baahan yihiin xoolo ay ku gowracaan. 2016, Codka Ameerika wuxuu sheegay in xarunta karantiilka ee dekedda Berbera, oo ku taal Somaliland, ay "haysato in ka badan hal milyan oo xoolo ah marka xajku ugu sarreeyo", iyo in hal markab uu qaadi karo 20,000 ilaa 120,000 xoolo ah ([VOA Learning English, 8 Sebtembar 2016](https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/somaliland-exports-animals-for-the-hajj/3497672.html)). Eeg [ganacsiga, dhoofinta iyo soo dejinta](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/) iyo [dekedaha](/so/economy/ports/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) - [Diinta Soomaaliya oo tirooyin ah](/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/) --- # Reer Aw Xasan (Reer Aw Hassan) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/reer-aw-xasan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Reer Aw Xasan waa magac ay wadaagaan dhowr koox oo Soomaaliyeed. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku tilmaantay beel caan ku ah culumo iyo macallimiin, oo leh laba farac: Reer Aw Saacid iyo Reer Aw Nuur. ACLED wuxuu Reer Aw Hassan ku qoray Mareexaan (Daarood) iyo Habar Gidir (Hawiye), Abbink-na Aw Hassan wuxuu hoos dhigay Sheekhaal. EUAA waxay Reer Aw Hassan/Mareexaan ka diiwaangelisay colaadda Luuq, Gedo. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta *Reer* macnaheedu waa "dadka" ama "qoyska", *Aw*-na waa magac sharaf oo culimada iyo odayaasha loo yeero. Sidaas darteed Reer Aw Xasan macnaheedu waa "dadka Aw Xasan". Ilaha waxay magacan u isticmaalaan kooxo kala duwan, oo ku jira qoysas kala duwan. | Il | Kooxda ay ku tilmaanto Reer Aw Xasan ama Aw Hassan | |---|---| | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | "Beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed", oo caan ku ah hoggaanka diinta, cilmiga iyo adeegga bulshada. Qoyska qabiilka ma sheegin ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Reer Aw Xasan, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reer_Aw_Xassan)) | | ACLED 2025 | Daarood > Mareexaan > Reer Aw Hassan, iyo Hawiye > Habar Gidir > Reer Aw Hassan ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Bah Girei > Gurgate > Sheikhaal > Aw Hassan ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Reer Aw Hassan/Marehan (Darood)", Luuq, Gedo ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | EASO 2021 | "Reer Aw Hassan (Ashraf)" ee Hiiraan, iyo "Reer Hassan (Ashraf)" oo lagu taxay kooxaha yaryar ee gobolka ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | Eeg [Asharaaf](/so/society/asharaaf/), [Mareexaan iyo Daarood](/so/society/darod/), [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) iyo [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay beeshu waxay u kala baxdaa laba farac oo waaweyn ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reer_Aw_Xassan)): - **Reer Aw Saacid:** Reer Aw Xuuriye, Reer Aw Kheyre, Reer Aw Hilowle iyo Maxamed Aw Saacid. - **Reer Aw Nuur:** Reer Aw Mahdi, Reer Aw Cilmi iyo Reer Udgoone. ACLED wuxuu bixiyaa magacii hore "Marehan Reer Aw Hassan" iyo "Habar Gedir-Reer Aw Hassan" ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Abbink wuxuu Aw Hassan ku taxay jilibyada Sheikhaal, oo ay la socdaan Lobogay, Aw Qudhub, Gandershe, Martile iyo Reer Fiqi Omar ([Abbink 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Koox | Meelaha iluhu sheegeen | |---|---| | Reer Aw Saacid (Wikipedia Soomaaliga) | Shabeellaha Hoose, gaar ahaan Qoryooley iyo Afgooye; waqooyi-bari Kenya, Mandheera iyo Qalaaliyow ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reer_Aw_Xassan)) | | Reer Aw Nuur (Wikipedia Soomaaliga) | Beledweyne iyo qaybo kale oo Hiiraan ah; Feerfeer iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya; Shabeellaha Hoose, Jubbaland, Banaadir iyo Kenya (isla ilaha) | | Reer Aw Hassan/Mareexaan (EUAA) | Degmada Luuq, gobolka Gedo ([EUAA, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay beeshu "taariikh ahaan waxay caan ku ahayd soo saarista culumo, macallimiin iyo hoggaamiyeyaal bulsho", oo door ka qaatay fidinta diinta iyo horumarinta waxbarashada ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reer_Aw_Xassan)). Eeg [Quran schools and religious learning](/so/society/quran-schools-and-religious-learning/). Laanta Mareexaan, EUAA waxay ka diiwaangelisay colaadda Luuq ee 2023 ilaa 2025, oo hoos ku qoran. ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad". Heer hoose, odayaashu waxay xalliyaan khilaafaadka, waxayna maamulaan dhulka iyo biyaha la wadaago ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Magaca *Aw* laftiisu wuxuu muujinayaa xiriirka culimada. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadaha qabiilada Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, iyadoo isticmaashay xogta ACLED ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Reer Aw Hassan/Mareexaan (Daarood) iyo Gabaweyn (Raxanweyn) iyo Macallin Weyne (Raxanweyn), Luuq, Gedo. EUAA waxay qortay in degmada Luuq ay dhowaan noqotay "xarunta colaadaha qabiilada", oo ay keeneen dhulka, maamulka iyo kheyraadka. Colaaddu waxay keentay tobanaan dhimasho, waxaana la sheegay inay barakicisay in ka badan 40,000 qof, inkastoo tirooyinka saxda ah lagu muransan yahay (isla ilaha). Warbixin hore oo EASO ah waxay Hiiraan ka taxday khilaaf dhul oo u dhexeeya Xawaadle (Hawiye) iyo "Reer Aw Hassan (Ashraf)". Waxay leedahay colaaddu waxay dishay 16 qof bishii Juun 2020 ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Kooxdee?** Wikipedia Soomaaliga ma sheegin qoyska qabiilka. ACLED wuxuu magacan ku qoray laba qoys, Daarood (Mareexaan) iyo Hawiye (Habar Gidir). Abbink wuxuu Aw Hassan dhigay Sheekhaal. EASO waxay kooxda Hiiraan ku tilmaantay Ashraf. - **Laamaha.** Reer Aw Saacid iyo Reer Aw Nuur waxay ka yimaadeen Wikipedia Soomaaliga oo keliya, oo ah il kayd ah. ## Akhri wax badan - [Daarood](/so/society/darod/) iyo [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Asharaaf](/so/society/asharaaf/) - [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/) iyo [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) (Ingiriisi) --- # Luqadda Dhegoolaha Soomaaliyeed: sida ay uga bilaabatay Boorama 1997 Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-sign-language/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Luqadda Dhegoolaha Soomaaliyeed waa luqadda calaamadaha ee dadka dhegoolaha ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Jabuuti. Waxay bilaabatay 1997, markii nin Soomaali ah oo dhegool ah oo wax ku bartay dugsi dhegoolaha ee Wajeer (Wajir), Kenya, uu Boorama (Borama) ka furay dugsigii ugu horreeyay ee carruurta dhegoolaha ah. Waxay ka soo farcantay Luqadda Calaamadaha Kenya, waxayna ku faaftay dugsiyo Hargeysa iyo Jabuuti ku yaal. ## Sidee ay ku bilaabatay? Luqadda Dhegoolaha Soomaaliyeed waxay ka bilaabatay hal macallin oo dhegool ah. Shabakadda Waxbarashada (Enabling Education Network, EENET), oo ah hay'ad samafal oo Ingiriis ah, waxay daabacday warbixin ku saabsan bilowgeeda oo ay qortay Doreen E. Woodford. Nin Soomaali ah oo dhegool ah oo wax ku soo bartay dugsi dhegoolaha oo ku yaal **Wajeer** (Wajir), Kenya, ayaa markii ugu horreysay 1977 soo jeediyay in Soomaalida loo furo dugsi dhegoolaha ([EENET, Bilowga iyo koritaanka luqad cusub: Luqadda Dhegoolaha Soomaaliyeed](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063235/http://www.eenet.org.uk/resources/docs/somali_sign_language.php)). Sannadkii 1997 wuxuu adeegsaday aqoontiisa Ingiriisiga iyo **Luqadda Calaamadaha Kenya**, wuxuuna **Boorama** (Borama) oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed ka furay dugsigii ugu horreeyay ee carruurta dhegoolaha ah. Mid ka mid ah macallimiinta Boorama ayaa markaas kadib dugsi dhegoolaha ka aasaasay **Jabuuti**. Dugsi kale ayaa laga furay **Hargeysa**, iyadoo dhib badani ku jirtay ([EENET](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063235/http://www.eenet.org.uk/resources/docs/somali_sign_language.php)). Jabuuti luqadda calaamaduhu waxay ahaatay Luqadda Dhegoolaha Soomaaliyeed, laakiin waxay qaadatay jid u gaar ah. Ardayda dugsiyadan oo dhan waxay la isticmaali jireen Af-Soomaali qoran iyo Ingiriisi waqooyiga, Jabuutina Af-Soomaali iyo Faransiis; weli saameynta Kenya waa ka muuqataa. ## Maxaa ka duwan? Warbixinta EENET waxay xustay saddex qodob ([EENET](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063235/http://www.eenet.org.uk/resources/docs/somali_sign_language.php)): - Waxay ku dhisan tahay dhaqanka Soomaalida iyo Af-Soomaaliga, ee kuma dhisna luqad shisheeye. Joornaalka Ururka Ingiriiska iyo Soomaalida (Anglo-Somali Society) ayaa isla qodobkaas sheegay 2003 ([Joornaalka Anglo-Somali Society, 2003, b. 19](https://books.google.com/books?id=sF0wAQAAIAAJ)). - Waxaa bilaabay qof dhegool ah oo hore u yaqaannay luqadda calaamadaha. Inta badan dugsiyadii dhegoolaha ee ugu horreeyay Afrika waxaa aasaasay dad maqli kara. - Fasalkii ugu horreeyay ee Boorama ka qalin-jabiyay wuxuu ku gudbay buundooyin sare. Warbixintu waxay soo xiganaysaa cilmi-baaris muujinaysa in luqadda calaamadaha ee qaranku ay si dhakhso ah u korto marka dadka dhegoolaha ah ee isticmaala ay iyagu dugsiyada dhisaan ([EENET](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063235/http://www.eenet.org.uk/resources/docs/somali_sign_language.php)). ## Dugsiyada iyo ururrada **Ururka Qaranka ee Dhegoolaha Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Association of the Deaf, SNAD)** iyo **Deaf Unity** waxay 2013 ku dhawaaqeen inay ka wada shaqayn doonaan dugsiyo dhegoolaha oo bara Luqadda Dhegoolaha Soomaaliyeed, oo uu ku jiro dugsi la qorsheeyay in laga furo **Boosaaso** (Bosaso) ([Deaf Times, 31 Agoosto 2013, sida ay soo xigatay Somali Sign Language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language)). Luqadda calaamadahan waxaa isticmaala Soomaalida dhegoolaha ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Jabuuti ([Somali Sign Language, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language)). ## Magaceeda Af-Soomaaliga Wikipedia-da Soomaaliga luqadda waxaa loogu yeeraa **Soomaali luqadda dhegoolaha** ([Wikipedia Soomaali](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomaali_luqadda_dhegoolaha)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Af-Soomaaliga](/en/society/the-somali-language/) - [Awdal iyo Boorama](/so/regions/awdal/) - [Dugsiyada iyo waxbarashada](/en/society/universities-in-somalia/) --- # Asharaaf (Ashraf, Asharaf) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/asharaaf/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Asharaaf waa koox Soomaaliyeed oo abtirsiintooda u nisbeeya Nebi Muxammad, iyagoo ka soo jeeda gabadhiisa Faadumo. Labadooda laamood ee waaweyn waa Xasan iyo Xuseen. EUAA waxay sheegtay in qaar badan ay degaan Muqdisho iyo agagaarkeeda ilaa Afgooye, qaarna Baay, Bakool iyo Gedo. Asharaafta xeebta waxaa lagu tiriyaa Benaadiri. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Magacu wuxuu ka yimid erayga Carabiga *ashraaf*, oo ah wadarta *shariif*. EUAA waxay leedahay erayga macnihiisu waa "sharaf" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.4](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Hal qof oo ka mid ah waxaa la yiraahdaa *shariif*. ACCORD waxay qortay in Asharaaftu sheegtaan inay ka soo jeedaan "gabadhii Nebi Muxammad, Faadumo" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 20](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay labada awoowe ee aasaasay ku sheegtay wiilasha Faadumo, Xasan iyo Xuseen ([Wikipedia, Asharaf, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharaf)). | Il | Meesha ay Asharaafta dhigto | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Benaadiri hoostooda, oo leh laba laamood, Xuseen iyo Xasan. Koox kale oo Ashraf ah ayuu ku taxay Baraawe ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 37](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | EUAA 2025 | Mid ka mid ah kooxaha Benaadiri, oo leh laamaha Xasan iyo Xuseen, "mid kastaa wuxuu u qaybsamaa jilibyo kala duwan" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.3](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | ACCORD 2009 | "Inta badan waxaa lagu tilmaamaa beel laga tiro badan yahay". ACCORD waxay inta badan ka hadashaa Asharaafta Digil-Mirifle, waxayna xustay Asharaaf kale oo la nool qabiilo kale ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 19](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | EASO 2021 | Asharaaf waxaa lagu taxay kooxaha Raxanweyn ee Bakool, iyo qabiilada Baardheere ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | Eeg [Raxanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/), [beelaha laga tiro badan yahay (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/minority-communities/) iyo [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu bixiyaa jilibyadan ([Abbink 2009, b. 37](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)): - **Xasan:** Maxamed Shariif, Shariif Cali, Shariif Axmed iyo Ashraf Sarman. - **Xuseen:** Reer Shariif Magbuul, Shariif Axmed iyo Shariif Balaaw. Wikipedia waxay ku celisay liiskan, waxayna ku dartay in laan kasta ay leedahay "kuwo kale oo aan la magacaabin" ([Wikipedia, Asharaf, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharaf)). EUAA waxay sheegtay in labada laamoodba ay u qaybsamaan jilibyo kala duwan, laakiin ma magacaabin ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.3](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Muqdisho ilaa Afgooye | "Qaar badan waxay degaan Muqdisho iyo agagaarkeeda ilaa Afgooye" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.4](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Xeebta koonfureed | Asharaafta xeebta degta waxaa loo arkaa qayb ka mid ah Benaadiri (isla ilaha) | | Baydhabo, Xuddur iyo Buulo Xaawo | Bulshooyin ku nool Baay, Bakool iyo Gedo, "inta badan laanta Xasan" (isla ilaha, oo soo xigtay Adam 2011) | | Bakool | Waxaa lagu taxay kooxaha Raxanweyn ee gobolka ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Baardheere, Gedo | Waxaa lagu taxay qabiilada muddada dheer halkaas degganaa (isla ilaha) | | Hiiraan | Koox lagu magacaabo "Reer Hassan (Ashraf)" ayaa lagu taxay kooxaha yaryar ee gobolka (isla ilaha) | | Kenya iyo Itoobiya | Wikipedia waxay labadaba ku taxday meelaha Asharaaftu degto ([Wikipedia, Asharaf, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharaf)) | EUAA waxay leedahay Asharaaf/Xasan/Sarman waxay inta badan degaan gudaha koonfurta Soomaaliya, "ilaa gobolka Bakool" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.3](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [Bakool](/so/regions/bakool/), [Baay](/so/regions/bay/) iyo [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/) (Ingiriisi). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay qortay in Asharaafta iyo Sheekhaalka ay qabiilada kale u qaddarin jireen sidii "dad diineed" ama xitaa "macallimiin diineed". Ilaa dagaalkii sokeeye, waxay heshiisyo ilaalin la lahaayeen qabiilada waaweyn ee ay la noolaayeen. Sagaashameeyadii, sida ay leedahay, "waxay waayeen ilaalintii qabiilka, waxaana dulmiyay maleeshiyaad qabiil" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.4](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). ACCORD waxay qortay in Asharaafta Benaadiri "la beegsaday iyaga iyo dadka Benaadiri" bilowgii dagaalka sokeeye ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 20](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). - **2004.** Markii la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka ee KMG ah, Asharaaftu waxay isku dareen kooxda 0.5 ee beelaha laga tiro badan yahay. ACCORD waxay leedahay waxay "dhib kala kulmeen inay matalaad buuxda ka helaan kooxda Raxanweyn" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 19](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka (Ingiriisi)](/so/institutions/federal-parliament/). - **2008 ilaa 2009.** ACCORD waxay Shariif Xasan, oo wasiir iyo xulafo la ahaa Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed, ku sheegtay Asharaaf. Waxay ku tilmaantay "awoodda wadday heshiiskii Jabuuti ee 2008" (isla ilaha, b. 20). - **Sannadihii dambe.** EUAA waxay leedahay Asharaafta iyo Sheekhaalku "mar kale waxay helayaan xoogaa saameyn siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale oo koonfurta Soomaaliya ah". Qaar ka mid ah waxay Muqdisho ka wadaan ganacsiyo waaweyn ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.4](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay laba duqa Muqdisho ku sheegtay Asharaaf: Shariif Imaankeey (1963 ilaa 1965) iyo Shariif Caydaruus (1966 ilaa 1970). Waxay kaloo magacawday abwaanadda iyo culimada Baraawe ee Dada Masiti ([Wikipedia, Asharaf, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharaf)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). ACCORD waxay qortay in Asharaaftu ay "haystaan maqaam diineed oo gaar ah" dadka ay la nool yihiin dhexdooda, "inta loo arko inay qaraabo la yihiin Nebiga" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 20](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Guurka, EUAA waxay leedahay guurka u dhexeeya qabiilada waaweyn iyo kooxaha sida Asharaaf, Sheekhaal iyo inta badan Benaadiri "waa la aqbalaa". Inta badan haweeneydu waxay ka timaaddaa kooxda yar, ninkuna kooxda weyn ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.5](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay - **Al-Shabaab.** ACCORD waxay 2009 qortay in Asharaafta Digil-Mirifle "laga yaabo inay beegsato kooxda Al-Shabaab". Waxay bixisay laba sababood: kooxdu ma aqoonsana maqaamkooda diineed, waxayna ka soo horjeeday Shariif Xasan ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 20](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). - **Hiiraan.** EASO waxay taxday khilaaf dhul oo u dhexeeya Xawaadle (Hawiye) iyo "Reer Aw Hassan (Ashraf)". Waxay leedahay colaaddu waxay dishay 16 qof bishii Juun 2020 ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [Reer Aw Xasan](/so/society/reer-aw-xasan/). - **Takoorid.** EUAA waxay leedahay xubnahoodu "mararka qaarkood waxay la kulmaan takoorid iyo xadgudubyo xuquuqul insaan, sababtoo ah ma aha qabiilo waaweyn" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.4](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Kiiska maxkamadda UK ee *NM and Others (Lone women – Ashraf)* ee 2005 wuxuu ku saabsanaa haween Asharaaf ah oo koonfurta ka yimid ([UK Home Office, 2019, 2.4.16](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Qoyskee?** Abbink iyo EUAA waxay Asharaafta ku tiriyaan Benaadiri. EASO waxay Asharaafta Bakool ku taxday kooxaha Raxanweyn. ACCORD waxay kala saartay Asharaafta Digil-Mirifle iyo kuwa Benaadiri. - **Ma beel laga tiro badan yahay?** ACCORD waxay leedahay "inta badan waxaa lagu tilmaamaa beel laga tiro badan yahay", qayb ahaan doorashadoodii 2004. Waxay ku dartay in "aan loo beegsan beel laga tiro badan yahay ahaan, laakiin ay la kulmi karaan dhibaatooyinka qabiilada ay la deggan yihiin". - **Midabka maqaarka.** EUAA waxay leedahay inta badan waxaa lagu magacaabaa *gibil cad*, laakiin Asharaaf/Xasan/Sarman waxaa lagu magacaabaa *gibil madow*. - **Abtirsiinta.** Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa aqoonyahanka I. M. Lewis, waxay abtirsiintan ku tilmaantay mid aan taariikh ahaan la xaqiijin karin. Sidaas oo kale ayay ka tiri sheegashooyinka la midka ah ee qabiilo kale oo Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia, Asharaf, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharaf)). ## Akhri wax badan - [Beelaha laga tiro badan yahay (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/minority-communities/) - [Raxanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) - [Reer Aw Xasan](/so/society/reer-aw-xasan/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Sheekhaal](/so/society/sheekhaal/) --- # Xajka Soomaaliya: kootada, qiimaha iyo sida xujaydu u safraan Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/hajj-from-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Kootada xajka ee Soomaaliya iyo Sacuudiga waa 11,500 xujey sannadkii, waxaana mar kale loo saxiixay xilliga 2026. Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diintu waxay go'aamisaa qiimaha xirmada, oo ahaa 4,604 doollar 2025, xilliga 2026-na loo xaddiday 4,543.50 doollar, waxaana iibin kara shirkadaha ruqsadda haysta oo keliya. Xujaydu waxay si toos ah uga duulaan Muqdisho, Hargeysa, Garoowe iyo Boosaaso. Dowladdu waxay taageertay 9,043 xujey 2023. ## Tiir ka mid ah diinta Xajka Maka waa mid ka mid ah shanta tiir ee Islaamka. Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay xustaa in, sida sakada oo kale, uu "ku xiran yahay awoodda qofka". Waxay ku dartay in Soomaali badan oo diin adag lahayd ay Maka u tageen, "laakiin kuwo aad uga badan ay booqan jireen qabriyada awliyada maxalliga ah", oo ah siyaarada maxalliga ah ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). Eeg [awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/). Soomaalidu qarniyo badan ayay waddadan qaadeen. Culimada Saylac waxay wax ku baranayeen Qaahira qarnigii 14aad ([Al-Zayla'i, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayla%27i)), qarnigii 19aadna Xaaji Cali Majeerteen oo reer Nugaal ah ayaa wax ku bartay Maka iyo Baqdaad ([Haji Ali Majeerteen, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Ali_Majeerteen)). Sheekh Cali Maye Durogba ee Marka wuxuu dariiqada Axmadiyada ku biiray markii uu xajka u baxay, wuxuuna keenay dalka ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/). ## Kootada Sacuudigu wuxuu waddan kasta kula heshiiyaa tiro sannadle ah oo meelaha xajka ah. Nofeembar 2025, Wasiirka Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diinta Soomaaliya, Sheekh Mukhtaar Roobow Cali, iyo Wasiirka Xajka iyo Cumrada Sacuudiga, Tawfiiq bin Fawzaan Al-Rabiicah, waxay Jidda ku saxiixeen heshiiska 2026 oo ah **11,500** xujey oo Soomaali ah ([Goobjoog News, 12 Nofeembar 2025](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-saudi-arabia-sign-2026-hajj-quota-agreement-for-11500-pilgrims)). ## Tirada xujayda | Sannadka (Hijri) | Xujayda | Isha | |---|---|---| | 2023 (1444) | 9,043 oo dowladda federaalku taageertay | [Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diinta 2023, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2111587.html) | | 2025 (1446) | qiyaastii 11,500 ayaa la filayay; in ka badan 11,000 ayaa Madiina gaaray 12 Maajo | [SONNA, 12 Maajo 2025](https://sonna.so/en/over-11000-somali-pilgrims-arrive-in-medina-for-hajj-1446) | | 2026 (1447) | koota 11,500 ah | [Goobjoog News, 12 Nofeembar 2025](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-saudi-arabia-sign-2026-hajj-quota-agreement-for-11500-pilgrims) | ## Inta uu ku kacayo Wasaaraddu waxay go'aamisaa hal qiime oo xirmo ah oo dhammaan shirkadaha ruqsadda haysta khuseeya. | Xilliga | Qiimaha xirmada | Isha | |---|---|---| | 2022 | 5,500 ilaa 6,000 doollar | [Hajj Reporters, 5 Janaayo 2025](https://hajjreporters.com/?p=24110) | | 2024 | 4,434 doollar | isla ilaha | | 2025 | 4,604 doollar | isla ilaha | | 2026 | loo xaddiday 4,543.50 doollar | [Goobjoog News, 18 Oktoobar 2025](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-sets-price-cap-opens-registration-for-2026-hajj-pilgrims) | Qiimaha 2025 wuxuu daboolayaa gaadiidka, hoyga iyo hawlaha saadka ee Soomaaliya iyo Sacuudiga. Hajj Reporters waxay xustay in wasaaraddu kororka u aanaysay sicir-bararka iyo kororka kharashka safarka iyo hudheellada Sacuudiga, iyo in xirmooyinka Itoobiya, Kenya iyo Jabuuti ay ku kici karaan ilaa 1,600 doollar oo keliya. Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamza Cabdi Barre wuxuu dhaleeceeyay shirkadaha qiimaha kordhiya ([Hajj Reporters, 2025](https://hajjreporters.com/?p=24110)). ## Sida loo abaabulo - **Shirkadaha ruqsadda leh.** Xilliga 2026, wasaaraddu waxay boggeeda ku qortay 71 shirkadood oo xaj oo la ansixiyay, waxayna xujayda u sheegtay inay la macaamilaan kuwaas oo keliya. Shirkaduhu waa inay xujey kasta la saxiixdaan heshiis adeeg, xujaydana ku diiwaan geliyaan nidaam elektaroonig ah oo rasmi ah. Lacag lama qaadan karo ka hor inta wasaaraddu aysan ku dhawaaqin qiimaha ugu dambeeya, kuwa aan ruqsad haystana tallaabo sharci ayaa laga qaadayaa ([Goobjoog News, 18 Oktoobar 2025](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-sets-price-cap-opens-registration-for-2026-hajj-pilgrims)). - **Garoomada.** Xujaydu waxay ka ambabaxaan Muqdisho, Hargeysa, Garoowe iyo Boosaaso oo keliya (isla ilaha). 2025 duulimaadyadu waxay ahaayeen jadwal la kala dabo dhigay oo socday ilaa 31 Maajo ([SONNA, 2025](https://sonna.so/en/over-11000-somali-pilgrims-arrive-in-medina-for-hajj-1446)). - **Shirkadda diyaaradaha.** 2024 Daallo Airlines ayaa ku guulaysatay qandaraaska qaadista xujayda Soomaalida, iyadoo ka adkaatay 10 shirkadood oo kale ([Hajj Reporters, 2025](https://hajjreporters.com/?p=24110)). Eeg [shirkadaha diyaaradaha Soomaaliya](/so/economy/airlines-in-somalia/). - **Kormeerka.** Guddi khubaro ah oo Soomaali iyo Sacuudi ka kooban, oo la sameeyay 2023, ayaa kormeera caafimaadka iyo badbaadada, safarka iyo tayada adeegga (isla ilaha). Wasaaraddu waxay la shaqaysaa guddiga hawlgallada xajka iyo safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Sacuudiga ([SONNA, 2025](https://sonna.so/en/over-11000-somali-pilgrims-arrive-in-medina-for-hajj-1446)). Soomaaliya waxaa 2025 lagu darajeeyay afarta waddan ee ugu sarreeya tayada adeegga xajka, waxayna Bandhigga Xajka ee Jidda ku lahayd qayb u gaar ah ([Goobjoog News, 12 Nofeembar 2025](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-saudi-arabia-sign-2026-hajj-quota-agreement-for-11500-pilgrims)). ## Xilliga xajka ee dalka gudihiisa Xajku wuxuu ku dhammaadaa Ciidul Adxa oo ah 10 Dul Xijja; xisaab ahaan waxay ku beegan tahay qiyaastii 16 Maajo 2027 ([kalandarka Islaamka](/so/society/islamic-calendar-in-somalia/)). Xilligaas sidoo kale waa kan ugu sarreeya ee xoolaha Soomaaliya loo dhoofiyo Sacuudiga, maxaa yeelay xujaydu waxay u baahan yihiin xoolo ay ku gowracaan. Eeg [Ramadaanka iyo Ciidaha Soomaaliya](/so/society/ramadan-and-eid-in-somalia/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - [Diinta Soomaaliya oo tirooyin ah](/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/) - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) --- # Ciidagale (Eidagale, Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/ciidagale/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ciidagale waa qabiil Isaaq ah, oo ka soo jeeda Daa'uud ina Ismaaciil (Garxajis). Iyaga iyo Habar Yoonis ayaa wada ah Garxajis. Laamahooda waaweyn waa Maxamed Daa'uud, Abokor Daa'uud iyo Muuse Daa'uud. EUAA waxay ka diiwaangelisay Woqooyi Galbeed, oo ay ku jirto Hargeysa, iyo galbeedka Burco ee Togdheer. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Ciidagale waa qabiil ka tirsan qoyska [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). Af-Soomaali ahaan waxaa loo qoraa Ciidagale ama Ciidagalle, ilaha Ingiriisiguna waxay u qoraan Eidagale, Eidagalle ama Idagalle. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009, shaxda guud | Isaaq > Habr Magaadleh / Habr Garhaji > Habr Yunis > Da'ud ('Idagalle), oo lagu sawiray isla tiirka Sa'ad ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 31](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Abbink 2009, tusaalaha qofka | Isaaq > Habr Magadleh > Isma'il (Garhaji) > Da'ud ('Idagalleh), isla heerka Si'id (Abbink 2009, b. 34) | | ACLED 2025 | Isaaq > Cidagale, iyo Isaaq > Garxajis > Ciidagale ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | World Bank 2005 (shaxda PDRC) | Iidagale oo ah mid ka mid ah shanta qabiil ee Isaaq, iyo Habar Yoonis, Habar Awal, Habar Tol Jaalo iyo Habar Jaalo ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Sheekh Isxaaq > Habar Magaadle > Ismaaciil (Garxajis) > Daa'uud (Ciidagale) ([Wikipedia, Eidagale, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidagale)) | EUAA waxay wada magacawday "Isaaq/Garhajis (Eidagale iyo Habar Yonis)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 2.2.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu Da'ud ('Idagalle) hoos dhigay afar laamood ([Abbink 2009, b. 31–32](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)): - **Ciise** - **Bilaal** - **Maxamed:** Cali iyo Urkurag. - **Muuse:** Abokor (Xasan, Aadan) iyo Cabdiraxmaan (Yoonis, Cabdalla). Wikipedia waxay magacawday saddex wiil oo Daa'uud ah: Maxamed Daa'uud, Abokor Daa'uud iyo Muuse Daa'uud. Waxay magacawday afar jilib: Abokor Muuse, Cabdiraxmaan Muuse, Abokor Daa'uud iyo Maxamed Daa'uud ([Wikipedia, Eidagale, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidagale)). Geedkeedu wuxuu bixiyaa laamahan kale: - **Maxamed Daa'uud (Guuyoobe):** Cali Maxamed iyo Urkurag Maxamed. Urkurag hoostiisa waxaa ah Ismaaciil Cali (Gadhweyn), Fiqi Sacad Cali, Maxamuud Cali iyo Axmed Cali. - **Abokor Daa'uud:** Ciise Abokor iyo Bilaal Abokor. - **Muuse Daa'uud:** Abokor Muuse iyo Cabdiraxmaan Muuse. Cabdiraxmaan hoostiisa waxaa ah Reer Yoonis, Ba Deelo, Cabdi Dheere, Reer Iidle iyo Gaashaanbuur (Xuseen Abokor Mataan). Geedka Wikipedia wuxuu raacaa abtirsiinta suldaannada, Reer Guuleed, isagoo Gaashaanbuur ka soo maraya ilaa Guuleed Cabdi (isla ilaha). ACLED wuxuu qoraa "Cidagale Reer Guled" iyo "Cidagale Reer Abdi Dheer" ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Woqooyi Galbeed | Habar Awal, Habar Yoonis iyo Ciidagale ayaa ah inta badan dadka gobolka ([EUAA 2025, Woqooyi Galbeed](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/282-wogoyi-galbeed)) | | Hargeysa | Garxajis (Ciidagale iyo Habar Yoonis) waxay degaan Maxamuud Haybe iyo qaybo ka mid ah degmada Gacan Libaax, sida Hargeysa Cusub ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 2.2.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Togdheer | Ciidagale waxay degaan galbeedka Burco ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)) | | Salaxley, Oodweyne | Wikipedia waxay ku sheegtay degmada Salaxley, Guuyoobe-na degmada Oodweyne ([Wikipedia, Eidagale, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidagale)) | | Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya | Wikipedia waxay magacawday Daroor, Awaare iyo Misraq Gashamo (isla ilaha) | | Kenya | Wikipedia waxay leedahay waxay qayb ka yihiin bulshada Isahakia ee halkaas (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Woqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) iyo [Togdheer](/so/regions/togdheer/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay Inta badan taariikhda hoose waxay ka timid Wikipedia, oo ah il kayd ah, oo soo xiganaysa socdaalayaal iyo aqoonyahanno sida I. M. Lewis. - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay buugga *Futuh al-Habasha* wuxuu Habar Magaadle ku xusay ciidamadii Saldanadda Adal. Lewis wuxuu soo jeediyay in laba hoggaamiye oo loo yaqaanay Axmed Gurey markii dambe la isku daray ([Wikipedia, Eidagale, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidagale)). - **1700-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Saldanadda Isaaq waxaa aasaasay Guuleed Cabdi oo Ciidagale ah, kaddib dagaalkii Lafaruug (isla ilaha). Eeg [saldanadaha, xeebta iyo xeerka (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s/). - **1800-meeyadii.** Ganacsatada Ciidagale waxay ka ganacsan jireen jidadka safarka ee u dhexeeya Berbera iyo gudaha. Wikipedia waxay leedahay waxay aasaaseen meelo ganacsi oo gudaha ah, oo ay ku jirto Hargeysa (isla ilaha). - **1846.** Waxyaabo barakaysan oo lagu hayn jiray qabriga Aw Barkhadle ayaa Berbera la keenay, iyagoo "gacanta Habar Garxajis" ku jira. Kooxo Isaaq ah oo is haystay ayaa ku dhaartay nabad (isla ilaha, oo soo xigtay qoraal qarnigii 19aad). Wikipedia waxay soo xigatay qoraa Ciidagale ku tilmaamay "khubarada la aqoonsan yahay ee curinta gabayga" (isla ilaha). Waxay magacawday abwaanada Xasan Tarabi iyo [Cilmi Boodhari](/so/people/elmi-boodhari/). Eeg [gabayga Soomaaliyeed (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/somali-poetry/). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay Ciidagale ku tilmaantay "kuwa dhaqan ahaan haya Saldanadda Isaaq tan iyo qarnigii 18aad". Waxay taxday suldaannadan ([Wikipedia, Eidagale, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidagale)): | Suldaan | Sannadaha | |---|---| | Guuleed Cabdi | dhammaadkii 1700-meeyadii ilaa 1808 | | Faarax Guuleed | 1808 ilaa 1845 | | Xasan Faarax | 1845 ilaa 1870 | | Diiriye Xasan | 1870 ilaa 1939 | | Cabdillaahi Diiriye | 1939 ilaa 1967 | | Rashiid Cabdillaahi | 1967 ilaa 1969 | | Cabdiqaadir Cabdillaahi | 1969 ilaa 1975 | | Maxamed Cabdiqaadir | 1975 ilaa 2021 | | Daa'uud Maxamed | laga bilaabo 2021 | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay in saldanadda Habar Yoonis ay "ka go'day maamulka Ciidagale" dhowr toban sano kaddib markii Guuleed xukunka qabtay (isla ilaha). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/) iyo [Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday xafiiltamo qabiil oo Somaliland ka jira, oo "ku saabsan tartamada doorashada oo aan horseedin rabshado hubeysan" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Laba ka mid ah waxay magacaabaan Ciidagale: - Garxajis (Habar Yoonis iyo Ciidagale) iyo Habar Awal, Hargeysa. - Sacad Muuse (Habar Awal) iyo Ciidagale iyo Habar Yoonis, Hargeysa. Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Meesha Daa'uud ku jiro.** Shaxda guud ee Abbink waxay Da'ud ('Idagalle) dhigtay Habr Yunis hoostiisa. Tusaalihiisa qofka wuxuu Da'ud dhigay Si'id agtiisa, si toos ah Isma'il (Garhaji) hoostiisa. ACLED, EUAA iyo Wikipedia waxay Ciidagale iyo Habar Yoonis u arkaan laba qabiil oo Garxajis ah. - **Heerka qabiilka.** Shaxda PDRC ee warbixinta World Bank waxay Iidagale ku taxday shanta qabiil ee Isaaq, iyadoon lahayn heer Garxajis. - **Tirada.** Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantay "jilibka ugu weyn ee Isaaq". Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan u tiriya, sidaas darteed il kasta ma hubin karto. - **Jilibyada.** Abbink wuxuu Da'ud hoos dhigay afar laamood. Wikipedia waxay magacawday saddex wiil iyo afar jilib, oo si kale loo kooxeeyay. ## Akhri wax badan - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Abokor Muuse](/so/society/abokor-muuse/), jilib Ciidagale ah - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Saldanadaha, xeebta iyo xeerka (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s/) - [Gabayga Soomaaliyeed (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/somali-poetry/) - [Habar Yoonis](/so/society/habar-yoonis/) --- # Wadaad, sheekh, macallin iyo xaaji: kaalmaha iyo magacyada diinta ee Soomaalida Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/wadaad-sheekh-and-xaaji-religious-roles/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Bulshada Soomaalida, wadaadku waa qof kasta oo noloshiisa u huray diinta. Wadaaddadu waxay wax bari jireen, salaadda tujin jireen, dukumentiyo qori jireen, kuna xukumi jireen sharciga diinta. Sheekh waa magaca nin aqoon leh ama madaxa dariiqo suufi ah. Macallinku wuxuu dhigaa dugsiga Qur'aanka, xaajina waa magac sharafeed oo la siiyo qofkii xajka gutay. Reer guuraaga dhexdooda, ninka diinta dhaqan ahaan wuxuu ka fogaan jiray dagaalka iyo siyaasadda qabiilka. ## Wadaadka Erayga Soomaaliga ah *wadaad* (wadaaddo) macnihiisu waa nin diin. Cilmi-baaraha bulshada I. M. Lewis wuxuu 1958 qoray: "Qof kasta oo noloshiisa u huray diinta waa wadaad, hadduu Carabiga wax yar uun ka yaqaanno" ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis, 1958, b. 135](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). Daraasadda dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanku waxay wadaaddada ku tilmaantaa "lakabka ugu da'da weyn ee dadka wax qora iyo wax akhriya ee Soomaaliya". Waxay ahaayeen "macallimiin aasaasi ah iyo nootaayo maxalli ah, iyo sidoo kale garsoorayaal iyo aqoonyahanno sharciga diinta". Dhif bay ahaayeen culimo caqiido. Qaar waxay ka tirsanaayeen dariiqo suufi ah; kuwo kalena waxay ka dhasheen abtirsiin leh dhaqan diineed oo xooggan, waxaana u bannaanayd inay salaadda tujiyaan, xoolona ku gowracaan arooska, ciidaha iyo xafladaha qabriyada awliyada, xitaa haddaan si rasmi ah wax u baran ([Library of Congress, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/46.htm)). ## Ninka diinta iyo ninka warmaha Isla daraasaddu waxay xustaa in reer guuraaga dhexdooda "duruufaha nolosha xoolo-dhaqashadu ay culays weyn siiyeen kaalinta dagaalyahanka, hoggaamiyayaasha diintana laga filayay inay ka fogaadaan arrimaha siyaasadda". Qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta deggan, dhanka kale, hoggaamiyayaasha diintu "mar waxay qayb muhiim ah ka ahaayeen qaab-dhismeedka bulshada iyo siyaasadda" ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/44.htm)). Wadaaddadu waxay sidoo kale xallin jireen khilaafaadka ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/46.htm)). Tuulooyinka suufiyada (jamaaco), oo lagu dhisay dhul "Ilaah loo bixiyay" inta badanna la dhigay meel u dhexeysa qabiilooyin is-haya, waxay u dhexeeyeen kuwaas ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Eeg [dariiqooyinka suufiyada](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). ## Macallinka socdaalka iyo macallinka dugsiga Waxbarashada diinta waxaa ugu fudud laga heli jiray magaalooyinka. Miyiga, "macallimiinta qaar waxay lugeyn jireen meel ilaa meel iyagoo la socda ardaydooda, kuna noolaa deeqsinimada dadka kale". Waxay wacdiyi jireen, salaadda tujin jireen, u ducayn jireen dadka iyo xoolaha, talo bixin jireen, khilaafaadka xallin jireen, mehersanna jireen ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/46.htm)). Maanta macallinka dugsiga Qur'aanka waxaa la yiraahdaa macallin. Inta badan waa macallin socdaal ah oo bulshada la dega, dhaqan ahaanna waxaa la siiyaa qaalin marka ardaygu Qur'aanka oo dhan dhammaystiro ([Abdihakim Mohamed, "The Somali Quran school", Geeska, 25 Abriil 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-quran-school)). Eeg [dugsiyada Qur'aanka](/so/society/quran-schools-and-religious-learning/). ## Sheekh Magaca Carabiga ah *shaykh* (Soomaali: sheekh) waxaa la siiyaa madaxda laamaha ama jamaacooyinka dariiqooyinka suufiyada, waxaana "badanaa loo hayaa kuwa Islaamka aqoonta u leh, dhif ahaanna lagu sheegaa wadaaddada caadiga ah". Xubnaha dariiqooyinka waxaa la oran jiray daraawiish ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/47.htm)). Shakhsiyaad badan oo diineed oo Soomaaliyeed oo caan ah ayaa magacan sita, laga bilaabo Sheekh Isaaq ilaa Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi iyo Sheekh Suufi. Eeg [culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/). ## Aw *Aw* waa magac sharafeed Soomaaliyeed oo hore oo nin wali ah. Caalimkii Saylac ee loo xuso Aw Barkhadle waxaa loogu yeeraa magac macnihiisu yahay "Aabbaha Barakaysan" ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Abdullahi 2001 iyo Lewis 1958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). Hiddaha Soomaalidu sidaas oo kale ayuu ugu magacdaraa macallimiin hore oo kale, oo ay ka mid yihiin Aw Qutub iyo Aw Cismaan ([Islam in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mohamed-Abdi 1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia)). Eeg [Aw Barkhadle](/en/people/aw-barkhadle/). ## Xaaji Soomaaligii xajka Maka gutay waxaa loogu yeeri karaa xaaji. Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustaa in Soomaalida diinta adag, "iyo kuwo kale oo magaca xaaji u qiimeeyay sharaftiisa", ay xajka u ambabixi jireen ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/45.htm)). Magacu wuxuu ku jiraa magacyo badan oo Soomaaliyeed, sida caalimka Xaaji Cali Majeerteen ([Haji Ali Majeerteen, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Ali_Majeerteen)). Eeg [xajka Soomaaliya](/so/society/hajj-from-somalia/). ## Far wadaad Ka hor intaan far Laatiinka Soomaaliga la qaadan 1972, wadaaddadu waxay Af-Soomaaliga ku qori jireen xarfaha Carabiga, waxaana loo yaqaannay *far wadaad*. Hiddaha ayaa Aw Barkhadle u aaneeya inuu magacyo Soomaali ah u sameeyay shaqallada Carabiga. Qarnigii 19aad Sheekh Uweys al-Baraawi wuxuu farta Carabiga u habeeyay qorista lahjadda Maayga, 1930-meeyadiina Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil wuxuu isku dayay inuu higgaadda mideeyo ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). ## Aqoonta dhaqanka iyo daaweynta Daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay sharraxdaa qaybo kale oo ka mid ah aqoonta wadaadka ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/48.htm)): - xiddigis dhaqameed oo ku salaysan xiddigaha iyo xilliyada, oo loo isticmaalo goorta guuritaanka iyo cibaadooyin Soomaaliyeed qaarkood; - xirsi ilaalin ah oo ay ku qoran tahay aayad Qur'aan ah; - akhrinta Qur'aanka ee cudurrada la rumaysan yahay inay jinni ka yimaadaan; - habaar laga cabsado, oo loo isticmaalo ciqaab ahaan. ## Sida kaalmuhu isu beddeleen Daraasaddu waxay sheegtaa in kaalinta shaqaalaha diintu "bilaabatay inay yaraato 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii" markii qaar ka mid ah waajibaadkoodii sharci iyo waxbarasho loo wareejiyay saraakiisha dowladda. 1969 kadib dowladdii militarigu waxay hoggaamiyayaasha diinta u sheegtay inay ka fogaadaan siyaasadda ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/44.htm)), 1975-na waxay toogatay toban culimo oo ka soo horjeeday xeerka qoyska cusub ([Library of Congress, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/49.htm)). Eeg [Xeerka Qoyska 1975 iyo tobankii culimo](/so/society/family-law-1975-and-the-ten-scholars/) iyo [dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka 1950 wixii ka dambeeyay](/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - I. M. Lewis, *Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-Based Society* (Red Sea Press, 1998). - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) - [Awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/) --- # Abokor Muuse (Abokor Musa, Ciidagale) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/abokor-muuse/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Abokor Muuse waa jilib ka tirsan Ciidagale, oo ah qabiil Isaaq ah. Wikipedia waxay ku taxday afarta jilib ee Ciidagale, Abbink-na wuxuu Abokor hoos dhigay Muuse ina Daa'uud ('Idagalle). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay waxay degaan Hargeysa, Salaxley iyo Toon, iyo xuduudda dhinaceeda kale ee Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Abokor Muuse waa jilib ka tirsan [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/), oo ah qabiil ka tirsan qoyska [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay abtirsiinta buuxda u qortay "Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq", waxayna leedahay dhaqan ahaan waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan *Saleebaan* ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Abokor Muuse, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokor_muuse)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Isaaq > Habr Garhaji > Da'ud ('Idagalle) > Musa > Abokor, oo Abokor hoostiisa ay ku jiraan laba laamood: Xasan iyo Aadan ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 31–32](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Daa'uud (Ciidagale) > Muuse Daa'uud > Abokor Muuse. Waxay Abokor Muuse ku tirisay afarta jilib ee Ciidagale ([Wikipedia, Eidagale, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidagale)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | "Qabiil weyn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq" ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokor_muuse)) | Liiska ACLED ee 2025 kuma laha Abokor Muuse meel gaar ah. Wuxuu Ciidagale u qoraa hal koox ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Eeg [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday afar laamood oo waaweyn: Maxamed Dhimbil, Axmed Dhimbil, Aadan Abokor iyo Muuse Dhimbil ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokor_muuse)). Labada laamood ee Abbink ku taxay Abokor hoostiisa, Xasan iyo Aadan, waxay u dhigmaan Xasan Abokor iyo Aadan Abokor ee liiskaas ([Abbink 2009, b. 32](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Geedka Wikipedia Soomaaliga wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Daa'uud, wuxuuna Abokor (Saleebaan) ka soo maraa ilaa Xasan Abokor. Wiilashiisa wuxuu u bixiyaa Muuse, Laqshe, Basiralle iyo Dhimbil. Dhimbil hoostiisa wuxuu bixiyaa laba laamood oo waaweyn (isla ilaha): - **Maxamed Dhimbil:** Reer Mucaawiye, Reer Fatax, Reer Guuleed iyo Muuse Maxamed. - **Muuse Dhimbil:** Cabdalle Muuse ka dib, laamo ay ka mid yihiin Reer Aadan, Reer Nuur, Reer Beniin, Reer Gallab iyo Reer Ciye. Koox kasta oo halkan ku jirta waxay kaloo ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Dhammaan meelaha hoose waxay ka yimaadeen Wikipedia Soomaaliga, oo ah il kayd ah ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokor_muuse)). | Deegaan | Meelaha la magacaabay | |---|---| | Hargeysa | Koonfurta iyo galbeedka magaalada, oo ay ku jiraan Calaamadaha, Masalaha, Jameecada iyo qayb ka mid ah xaafadda October | | Agagaarka Hargeysa | Qoolcaday, Toon, magaalada Salaxley iyo tuulooyinka ilaa Ina-Guxaa ee xuduudda Itoobiya | | Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya | Bisad, Abokor, Egal Addani iyo Iskoyska, iyo dooxada Galool-Fadhiidh oo u dhow Awaare | | Kenya | Qayb ka mid ah bulshada Isahakia, sida Ciidagale guud ahaan | Ciidagale guud ahaan, EUAA waxay Garxajis ka diiwaangelisay qaybo Hargeysa ah, Ciidagale-na galbeedka Burco. Eeg [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/) iyo [Woqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixisay taariikhdan, inta badan iyadoon ilo tilmaamin ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokor_muuse)): - **1500-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay Abokor Muuse waxay ka qayb qaateen dagaalladii Axmed Gurey iyo Saldanadda Adal ee lagula dagaallamay Xabashida. Waxay Basiralle iyo Dhimbil ku magacawday ugaasyadii xilligaas, waxayna leedahay Basiralle wuxuu ku dhintay dhaawac meel u dhow Harar. - **1800-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay ganacsatada Abokor Muuse waxay ku firfircoonaayeen jidadka safarka ee Hargeysa, Berbera iyo Harar. Waxay sheegtay xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr ee Harar, oo xukumay 1856 ilaa 1875. - **Hargeysa.** Waxay leedahay waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska Hargeysa, oo ahayd xarun safar oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale. Wikipedia Ingiriisiga waxay diiwaangelisay doorka Ciidagale guud ahaan ee ganacsiga safarka iyo gabayga Soomaaliyeed. Eeg [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/) iyo [gabayga Soomaaliyeed (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/somali-poetry/). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay odayaasha Abokor Muuse waxay door la qaddariyo ku lahaayeen hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta ee goobta Aw Barkhadle, oo u dhexeysa Hargeysa iyo Berbera ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokor_muuse)). Waxay leedahay beeshu waxay lahayd hoggaamiyeyaal dhaqameed, suldaanno iyo ugaasyo, oo ka kala yimid laamaheeda. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Abokor Muuse si gaar ah. Wuxuu magacaabay Ciidagale guud ahaan, laba xafiiltan doorasho oo Hargeysa ah oo "aan horseedin rabshado hubeysan" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Heerka.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Abokor Muuse ku tilmaantay "qabiil weyn". Wikipedia Ingiriisiga waxay ku taxday afarta jilib ee Ciidagale. Abbink wuxuu Abokor u dhigay laan Muuse hoostiisa ah. - **Laamaha.** Abbink wuxuu Abokor hoos dhigay Xasan iyo Aadan. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday afar laamood, saddex ka mid ah oo ka yimid Dhimbil ina Xasan. - **Magaca Saleebaan.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay *Saleebaan* u bixisay magac dhaqameed oo beesha ah. Geedkeeda laftiisu wuxuu kaloo leeyahay laan Saleebaan Abokor ah. ## Akhri wax badan - [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/), qabiilka ay Abokor Muuse ka tirsan yihiin - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Muuse Abokor](/so/society/muuse-abokor/), koox Habar Jeclo ah oo magac u eg leh - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) --- # Mawliidka Soomaaliya: xuska dhalashada Nebiga Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/mawlid-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Mawliidku (Mowliid) wuxuu xusaa dhalashada Nebi Muxammad (NNKH) 12 Rabiicul Awal. Soomaaliya waxaa inta badan hoggaamiya dariiqooyinka suufiyada, iyadoo la akhriyo Qur'aanka, la qaado qasiidooyin, la socdo, geelna loo qalo cunto wadareed. Al-Shabaab waxay mamnuucday dabaaldegyada dadweynaha iyadoo ku tilmaantay bidco; waxay Muqdisho ku soo laabteen 2011 kadib. Dowladdu waxay Mawliidka ka dhigtay fasax qaran 2015. Xisaab ahaan Mawliidka xiga wuxuu ku beegan yahay qiyaastii 14 Agoosto 2027. ## Waa maxay Mawliidku Mawliidku (Carabi *mawlid al-nabi*) wuxuu xusaa dhalashada Nebi Muxammad (NNKH). Wuxuu ku beegan yahay 12 Rabiicul Awal, bisha saddexaad ee kalandarka Islaamka. 2026 maalintaasi waxay ahayd Talaado 25 Agoosto ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/12-03-1448)). Xisaab ahaan, Mawliidka 1449 wuxuu ku beegan yahay Sabti 14 Agoosto 2027 ([AlAdhan](https://api.aladhan.com/v1/hToG/12-03-1449)). Maalinta saxda ah waxay ku xiran tahay arkidda dayaxa. Eeg [kalandarka Islaamka](/so/society/islamic-calendar-in-somalia/). Erayga *mawliid* waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa gabayada lagu ammaano Nebiga iyo awliyada. Beesha Isaaq dhexdeeda, tusaale ahaan, mawliidka Sheekh Isaaq waxaa la akhriyaa Khamiis kasta ([Ishaaq bin Ahmed, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis iyo Reese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed)). ## Sida loo dabaaldego Associated Press waxay sharraxday Mawliidka Muqdisho Sebtembar 2025. Kumanaan cibaadaysta ah ayaa buuxiyay waddooyinka, kuwo badan oo ka mid ah dhallinyaro xiran dhar cad oo ruxaya calammo cagaar ah. Dadku waxay ka soo buuxsameen masaajiddada ilaa meelaha bannaan, culimadu Qur'aanka ayay ku akhriyeen codbaahiyeyaal, dadkuna way ku luuqeeyeen, sacbiyeen, mashxaradeenna. Dhallinyaradu waxay duubeen socodka, waxayna si toos ah ugu gudbiyeen qaraabadooda dibadda jooga. Ciidamo ammaan oo hubaysan ayaa ku sugnaa geesaha dadka ([AP, The Week, 4 Sebtembar 2025](https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2025/09/04/fes41-somalia-mawlid.html)). 25 Agoosto 2026, Dawan Africa waxay sheegtay in kumanaan ay Muqdisho ku dhex socdeen, isugu yimaadeen masaajiddada, fagaarayaasha iyo Daljirka Dahsoon, sitaan calammo ay ku qoran yihiin magaca Nebiga, akhriyeen Qur'aanka, qaadeenna qasiidooyin diineed. Waxay magacawday dariiqooyinka Qaadiriya, Axmadiya iyo Saalixiya kuwa ka mid ah kuwa qabta kulammada waaweyn ([Dawan Africa, 25 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/thousands-mark-prophet-mohameds-birthday-in-mogadishu)). Eeg [dariiqooyinka suufiyada](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). ## Geel loo qalo saboolka Mawliidka Soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah qalidda geel loogu talagalay cunto wadareed. Agoosto 2026, raacdayaasha hoggaamiyaha suufiga ah Sheekh Maxamed Nuur Bukhaari waxay boqollaal geel ah u kaxeeyeen xarunta kooxda; sannadkaas in ka badan 1,500 ayaa loo qoondeeyay, oo loo qaybiyay xarunta weyn iyo xarumo suufi oo kale. Kooxdu waxay dhalashada Nebiga ku xustaa bisha Rabiicul Awal oo dhan, iyadoo la dikriyo, la ammaano, la tukado, cuntana la wadaago. Raacdayaashu waxay bixinta geela, oo ka mid ah hantida ugu qiimaha badan Soomaalida, ku tilmaameen "muujinta jacaylka Nebi Muxammad" ([Dawan Africa, 22 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/hundreds-of-camels-driven-to-sufi-center-for-mawlid-celebrations-in-somalia)). ## Mamnuucid iyo soo laabasho Al-Shabaab waxay mamnuucday dabaaldegyada Mawliidka iyadoo ku tilmaantay "bidco" diineed, suufiyadana waxay u aragtaa kuwo diinta ka leexday. Bulshooyinka suufiyadu waxay joojiyeen socodka dadweynaha ilaa kooxda laga saaray Muqdisho 2011. Tan iyo markaas kulammadu way soo laabteen, sannad walbana way korayaan ([AP, 2025](https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2025/09/04/fes41-somalia-mawlid.html)). Eeg [awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/), oo sharraxaysa burburinta qabriyada suufiyada 2008 wixii ka dambeeyay. ## Fasax qaran Diseembar 2015, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka, Maxamed Sheekh Cismaan Jawaari, ayaa xaflad Mawliid ah ka sheegay in dowladda federaalku Mawliidka ka dhigtay fasax qaran. Garowe Online waxay sheegtay in dadku ka badnaayeen sannadihii hore ([Garowe Online, 26 Diseembar 2015](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-declares-mawlid-alnabi-natl-holiday)). 2025 Wasaaradda Shaqada iyo Arrimaha Bulshadu waxay fasax dadweyne ugu dhawaaqday shaqaalaha dowladda iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay ([AP, 2025](https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2025/09/04/fes41-somalia-mawlid.html)). ## Doodda Culimada Soomaalida oo dhammi ma aqbalaan Mawliidka ([Dawan Africa, 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/thousands-mark-prophet-mohameds-birthday-in-mogadishu)). AP waxay 2025 soo xigatay labada dhinac ([AP, 2025](https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2025/09/04/fes41-somalia-mawlid.html)): - Sheekh Abati Abba Nuur, caalim suufi ah: "Tani waa bisha uu Nebigeennu dhashay, xusiddeeduna kama hor imaanayso waxbarashada Islaamka." - Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Diiriye, oo AP ku tilmaantay caalim Wahaabi ah, ayaa sheegay in dhalashada aan la xusi jirin noloshii Nebiga. Isla khilaafkan ayaa ku dhex jira taariikhda dariiqooyinka suufiyada iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada Salafiyada 1970-meeyadii wixii ka dambeeyay. Eeg [dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamka 1950 wixii ka dambeeyay](/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - [Ramadaanka iyo Ciidaha Soomaaliya](/so/society/ramadan-and-eid-in-somalia/) - [Culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/) --- # Gadabuursi (Gadabursi, Samaroon, Dir) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/gadabuursi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Gadabuursi, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Samaroon, waa qabiil ka tirsan qoyska Dir. Labadooda qaybood ee waaweyn waa Habar Makadur iyo Habar Cafaan. EUAA waxay leedahay inta badan dadka Awdal waa Gadabuursi, Boorama-na waa xarunta dhulkooda. Waxay kaloo degaan Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti. Hoggaamiyahooda dhaqameed wuxuu sitaa magaca *ugaas*. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Gadabuursi waa qabiil ka tirsan qoyska [Dir](/so/society/dir/). EASO waxay xustay in "sidoo kale loo yaqaan Samaroon Gadabursi" ([EASO, 2021, Awdal](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay inta badan Gadabuursi waxay ka soo jeedaan Sheekh Samaroon, inkastoo Samaroon si sax ah u yahay hal qayb oo qabiilka ah ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Dir > Mandaloog > Gadabursi ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 16–17](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Dir > Gadabuursi, oo leh kooxo sida Makhila, Mohamud Noor iyo Farah Nur ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | World Bank 2005 | Labada shax ee la-hawlgalayaashu waxay Gadabursi hoos dhigaan Dir ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | ACCORD 2009 | "Dir waxaa ka mid ah kooxo sida Ciise, Gadabursi iyo Biyomaal" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 13](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Dir > Gadabuursi, oo u qaybsan laba qaybood, Habar Makadur iyo Habar Cafaan ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)) | Wikipedia waxay soo xigatay I. M. Lewis oo ka hadlay qoraal taariikheed oo Carabi ah oo qabiilka ku saabsan. Wuxuu Gadabuursi u nisbeeyaa Imaam Cali Si'iid, oo dhintay 1392 kana dagaallamay ciidamada Sacad ad-Diin, taliyihii Saylac (isla ilaha). Eeg [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu Gadabursi hoos dhigay kooxahan ([Abbink 2009, b. 16–17](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)): - **Habr Afan (Samaroon):** Ciise iyo Zubeer. Zubeer hoostiisa waxaa ah Maxamed iyo Muuse, Muuse hoostiisana Sacad, Fin, Aadan, (Reer) Xamuud iyo Makaahiil. - **Habr Yuusuf, Gobo, Jibraahin, Hebjire iyo Cali Ganuun.** - **Mikadore:** Makaahiil iyo Mahad Case. Makaahiil hoostiisa waxaa ah Muuse (iyo Dheere), Celi, Cabdalla iyo Cige. Mahad Case hoostiisa waxaa ah Aadan, Xuseen, Muuse iyo Abokor. - **Reer Ugaas**, oo lagu xiray laanta sare iyadoo awoowayaasha u dhexeeya laga tagay. - **Biimaal, Saleebaan, Yaasmiin iyo Sacad**, oo lagu sawiray isla laantaas. Wikipedia waxay labada qaybood u bixisay sidan ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)): - **Habar Makadur:** Mahad Case (Bahabar Abokor, Bahabar Muuse, Habar Muuse, Bahabar Aadan, Bahabar Celi, Reer Maxamed, Abraahin) iyo Makaahiil (Celi, Ciye, Bahabar Cabdalle, Bahabar Xasan, Muuse). Muuse hoostiisa waxaa ah Makayl-Dheere, Afgudud, Bah Sanayo iyo Reer Yoonis. Reer Yoonis waxaa ka mid ah Cali, Jibriil, Aadan iyo Reer Nuur. - **Habar Cafaan:** Jibraahin, Cali Ganuun, Gobe, Habar Yuusuf, Reer Ciise, Hebjire, Reer Zubeer, Dhega Weyne iyo Makayl. Makayl Muuse hoostiisa waxaa ah Muusafin, Xasan Sacad, Faarole iyo Reer Xamuud. Koox kasta oo halkan ku jirta waxay kaloo ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Awdal | "Magaalada dekedda ah ee Saylac iyo gobolka Awdal oo dhan, inta badan dadku waa Gadabuursi" ([EUAA 2025, Awdal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)) | | Boorama | Caasimadda gobolka, oo ah "xarunta dhulka Gadabuursi" ([EASO, 2021, Awdal](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Hargeysa | Gadabuursi waxay ka mid yihiin Soomaalida aan Isaaq ahayn ee magaalada deggan ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 2.2.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti | UK Home Office waxay ku sheegtay Somaliland "iyo gobollada xuduudda la leh ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)) | | Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya | Wikipedia waxay magacawday degmada Awbarre ee Fafan, degmada Dembel ee Sitti iyo dooxada Xarawa. Waxay kaloo magacawday qaybo Gursum, Jigjiga iyo Dire Dawa ah ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)) | | Magaalooyinka Awdal | Wikipedia waxay taxday Boorama, Baki, Lughaya, Saylac, Dilla, Jarahorato, Camuud, Abasa, Fiqi Aadan, Quljeed, Boon iyo Xariirad (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1392.** Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis, waxay leedahay qoraalka taariikheed ee qabiilku wuxuu ku bilaabmaa Imaam Cali Si'iid, oo dhintay sannadkaas ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)). - **Dhammaadkii 1500-meeyadii.** Lewis wuxuu qoray in Ugaas Cali Makaahiil, oo 1575 ku dhashay Dobo oo waqooyiga Boorama ah, uu guul ka gaaray dagaal ka dhacay Nabadiid (isla ilaha). - **11 iyo 31 Diseembar 1884.** Gadabuursi iyo Ciise waxay heshiisyo la saxiixdeen Ingiriiska. Eeg [heshiisyadii gumeysiga (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). - **Qiyaastii 1933.** Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur wuxuu sameeyay farta Boorama (Gadabuursi). Eeg [sida Af-Soomaaliga loo qoray (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/). - **1950-meeyadii.** Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska, xisbiga United Somali Party wuxuu taageero ka helay Gadabuursi iyo Ciise. Eeg [Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/). - **1989 ilaa 1990.** Gadabuursi waxay aasaaseen [Somali Democratic Alliance (Ingiriisi)](/en/institutions/somali-democratic-alliance/) ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/73.htm)). - **2002 ilaa 2010.** [Daahir Rayaale Kaahin (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/) wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha Somaliland. ACCORD waxay xustay inuu Gadabuursi yahay ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 13](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). - **Sebtembar 2023.** Madaxda dhaqanka Gadabuursi waxay ku kulmeen Ottawa, Kanada, waxayna sheegeen inay rabaan in Awdal ka baxdo Somaliland ([EUAA 2025, Awdal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)). Wikipedia waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay fannaaniin iyo farshaxanno Gadabuursi ah oo ka qayb qaatay muusigga iyo filimada hore ee Soomaaliyeed, sida Cali Bucul iyo Rooble Afdeeb ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Hoggaamiyaha Gadabuursi waa *ugaaska*, oo ka yimaada laanta Reer Ugaas. Wikipedia waxay taxday 18 ugaas, laga bilaabo Cali Makaahiil Dheere (1607 ilaa 1639) ilaa Cabdirashiid Ugaas Rooble, oo xilka hayay tan iyo 1985 ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)). Wikipedia waxay soo xigatay Renders iyo Terlinden (2010), oo qoray in hay'adaha dhaqanka Gadabuursi ay "si wanaagsan uga gudbeen" xilligii gumeysiga, dowladnimada Soomaaliyeed iyo dagaalka (isla ilaha). Wikipedia waxay sharraxday xeer loo yaqaan *Xeerka Boqorka iyo Boqolka Nin*. Markii ugaas cusub xilka qabto, boqol oday oo ka socda laamaha oo dhan ayaa kulmi jiray. Waxay go'aamin jireen sharciyada la sii hayo, waxayna dib u eegi jireen qaddarka magta (isla ilaha). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday arrimahan Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Gadabuursi iyo Jibriil Abokor, Sacad Muuse iyo Habar Awal (Isaaq), El Bardaale, Gabiley; "hadda way degan tahay". - Jilibyo Gadabuursi ah oo is haysta, Boorama, xafiiltan doorasho oo "aan horseedin rabshado hubeysan". EUAA waxay leedahay maleeshiyaad qabiil oo Gadabuursi ah ayaa ku lug lahaa saddex ka mid ah lixda dhacdo ee amni ee ACLED ka diiwaangeliyay Awdal muddadaas ([EUAA 2025, Awdal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)). Waxay ku dartay in 2023 dagaalyahanno Gadabuursi ah ay ka mid ahaayeen kuwa dhinaca ciidanka Somaliland ka dagaallamay agagaarka Laascaanood ([EUAA 2025, Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/271-sool)). EASO waxay diiwaangelisay khilaaf dhul oo 2020 Boorama ka dhex dhacay jilibyada Faarax Nuur iyo Jibriil Yoonis ([EASO, 2021, Awdal](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Gadabuursi waa qabiilka labaad ee ugu badan Somaliland, inta badankoodna waxay ku nool yihiin Itoobiya. Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan u tiriya, sidaas darteed il kasta ma hubin karto. - **Qaybaha.** Wikipedia waxay magacawday laba qaybood, Habar Makadur iyo Habar Cafaan. Abbink wuxuu magacaabay Habr Afan iyo Mikadore, iyo shan koox oo kale oo agtooda ku taxan. - **Biyomaal.** Abbink wuxuu laan Biimaal ah ku sawiray laanta Gadabursi. ACCORD, ACLED iyo shaxaha World Bank waxay Biyomaal u arkaan qabiil Dir ah oo gooni ah. - **Xiriirka Isaaq.** EUAA waxay qoraalkeeda Awdal ku qortay "Gadabursi (Isaaq-Dir)". Ilaha kale waxay Gadabuursi dhigaan Dir iyagoon Isaaq ku xirin. ## Akhri wax badan - [Dir](/so/society/dir/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Maxamed Case (Reer Maxamed, Bahabar Aadan)](/so/society/maxamed-case/) - [Habar Cafaan](/so/society/habar-cafaan/) - [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/) --- # Masaajidda Soomaaliya: laga soo bilaabo Xamar Weyne ilaa Masjidka Isbahaysiga Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/mosques-in-somalia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Masaajidda Soomaaliya ee ugu da'da weyn ee taariikhda leh waxay ku yaallaan Xamar Weyne, Muqdisho, iyagoo leh qoraallo 1238 iyo 1269. Xaafadda hore oo keliya waxay leedahay qiyaastii 25 masaajid oo yaryar. Masaajidka casriga ah ee ugu weyn waa Masjidka Isbahaysiga, oo la dhisay 1987 iyadoo Sacuudigu maalgeliyay, qaada ilaa 10,000 tukade, la xiray xilligii dagaalka, dib loo hagaajiyayna 2006 ilaa 2015. Masjidka Cali Jimcaale oo u dhow garoonka Muqdisho ayaa la furay 2022, wuxuuna qaadaa ilaa 5,000. ## Si kooban Hagahani wuxuu taxayaa masaajidda Soomaaliya ee ugu diiwaanka wanaagsan, sida ay da'doodu isugu xigto, iyo waxa il kastaa sheegto. Masaajidda qarniyadii dhexe si faahfaahsan ayaa looga hadlay bogagga taariikhda ee hoos ku xiran; boggani wuxuu tilmaamayaa iyaga, wuxuuna ku darayaa masaajidda dambe iyo kuwa casriga ah. ## Masaajiddii qarniyadii dhexe - **Muqdisho, 1238 iyo 1269.** Munaaradda masaajidka Jaamacda Xamar Weyne waxaa ku qoran qoraal taariikhdiisu tahay 636 Hijriga (1238), Masjidka Fakhrudiinna wuxuu leeyahay qoraal 1269 ah oo magacaabaya Suldaan Fakhrudiin. Mixraabkiisa marmarka ah wuxuu ka yimid Hindiya ([Fakhr al-Din Mosque, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_Mosque); [List of mosques in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Somalia)). Masjidka Arbaca Rukun ee Shingaani wuxuu leeyahay qoraal mixraab oo magacaabaya aasaasihiisa, Khusraw bin Muxammad (isla liiska). Eeg [Muqdisho hore iyo qoraallada masaajidda](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/). - **Saylac.** Hiddaha maxalliga ahi wuxuu Masaajidka Qiblatayn, "masaajidka labada qibla", u nisbeeyaa qarnigii 7aad, laakiin taariikh la isku halleyn karo lama helin ([List of mosques in Somalia, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Somalia)). Eeg [sida Islaamku u gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/). - **Somaliland.** Daraasad 2023 ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaasha qadiimiga Carolina Cornax-Gómez iyo Jorge de Torres Rodríguez ayaa tirisay shan iyo toban masaajid oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo ku yaal magaalooyinka hore ee Somaliland. Eeg [masaajiddii qarniyadii dhexe ee Somaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/). ## Masaajidda yaryar ee Xamar Weyne Xaafadda hore ee Xamar Weyne ee Muqdisho waxay leedahay qiyaastii 25 masaajid oo yaryar ([Awooto Eeday Mosque, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Anita Adam, Benadiri People of Somalia, bb. 204–205](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awooto_Eeday_Mosque)). Qaar ka mid ah ayaa lagu sharraxay ilo la daabacay. ### Masaajidka Mataanaha Masaajidka Mataanaha waxay isku dareen laba masaajid oo hore, Aw Mukhtaar iyo Aw Sheekh Cumar. Ka hor intaan la mideyn, labadu waxay wadaagi jireen hal barxad iyo hal meel weysada, iyagoo leh laba qol oo salaadeed oo is-wajahaya, laba imaam, salaaddana isku mar la tukan jiray ([Twin Mosques, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Nuredin Scikei, Exploring the Old Stone Town of Mogadishu, 2017, b. 62](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Mosques)). ### Masjidka Awooto Eeday Masjidka Awooto Eeday waxaa la sheegaa in ay lacagtiisa bixisay haweeney diin leh oo loo yiqiin Awooto Eeday. Loox ku yaal mixraabkiisa dushiisa ayaa sida taariikhda 1223 Hijriga (1808), inkastoo aqoonyahanad Maria Rosario La Lomia ay soo jeedisay inay calaamad u noqon karto dayactirka masaajid ka da' weyn. Waa masaajidka xaafadda ee Shanshiyo ([Awooto Eeday Mosque, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa La Lomia, Antiche Moschee di Mogadiscio, 1982, bb. 59–60](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awooto_Eeday_Mosque)). ### Masjidka Cadayga Masjidka Cadayga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Aw Muuse ama Xaaji Muuse, wuxuu ku dhex yaal guryaha iyo luuqyada cidhiidhiga ah ee Xamar Weyne. La Lomia waxay soo jeedisay inuu ka dhisnaan karo qarnigii 13aad, maxaa yeelay munaaraddiisu waxay u eg tahay munaaradda masaajidka Jaamacda Xamar Weyne ([Adayga Mosque, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Adam, bb. 204–205, iyo La Lomia 1982, b. 40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Adayga_Mosque)). ### Masjidka Rumaaniga Masjidka Sheekh Rumaani Ba Calawi, oo maxalli ahaan loo yaqaan *Masaajidka Rumaaniga* ama *Aw Shukumaan*, waxaa lagu gaari karaa oo keliya luuqyo dhaadheer oo qalloocan. Dayactir lagu sameeyay intii lagu jiray, laba walxood oo hore ayaa lumay: alwaax ay ku qoran tahay sannadka 822 Hijriga (qiyaastii 1419) iyo faraanti bir ah oo ka laalaadda dogob hore, oo la mid ah kuwa guryaha hore ee agagaarka laga laalin jiray laambadaha ([Sheikh Rumani Ba 'Alawi Mosque, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Scikei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Rumani_Ba_%27Alawi_Mosque)). ## Shingaani: Masjidka Sheekh Axmed Shariif Masjidka Sheekh Axmed Shariif waa masaajid yar oo ku yaal Shingaani, xaafadda kale ee hore ee Muqdisho. Dhismaha hadda jira wuxuu ka dhisnaa 1337 Hijriga (1918–1919). Scikei wuxuu qoray in masaajiddo ka da' weyn ay isla goobta ku kala dul dhisnaayeen, cilmi-baaraha qadiimiga Anders Broberg-na wuxuu dhismayaal hore oo halkaas ah u nisbeeyaa qiyaastii 1730–1740, qarnigii 17aad iyo qarnigii 13aad ([Sheikh Ahmed Sharif Mosque, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Scikei, b. 63, iyo Broberg, New Aspects of the Medieval Towns of Benadir, 1995, bb. 118–120](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Sharif_Mosque)). Waxaa la dhisay xilli khilaaf u dhexeeyay laba reer oo Shingaani ah, Ashraafta iyo Camuudiga, oo ku saabsanaa *khatiibka* (khudbeeyaha Jimcaha) ee masaajidka Jimcaha ee hore, kaas oo ay doorteen odayaasha labada reer. Ashraaftu waxay masaajidka cusub ka dhiseen meel u dhow. Khilaafku wuxuu dhammaaday 1339 Hijriga (1920–1921) kadib dhexdhexaadin uu sameeyay Carlo Avolio, oo ahaa agaasime ka tirsan dowladda hoose, isaga iyo odayaasha Shingaani iyo Xamar Weyne iyo culimo: Camuudigu waxay laba iyo toban Jimce ku tukanayeen Masjidka Sheekh Axmed Shariif, Ashraaftu waxay ku noqdeen masaajidka Jimcaha ee hore, Camuudiguna waxay aqbaleen khatiib cusub oo laga doortay Ashraafta ([isla maqaalka, oo soo xiganaya Adam, bb. 128–129, iyo Shariif Caydaruus, Bughyat al-amal fi tarikh al-Sumal, 1950, b. 40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Sharif_Mosque)). ## Masjidka Isbahaysiga, 1987 Masjidka Isbahaysiga (Masjidka Tadaamunka Islaamka) wuxuu Muqdisho ka eegaa badda. Waxaa la dhisay 1987, waxaana dhistay Hamar Construction iyadoo ay maalgelisay Hay'adda Fahd bin Cabdicasiis Aal Sacuud ee Sacuudiga, wuxuuna qaadaa ilaa 10,000 tukade, kan ugu weyn Geeska Afrika. Waa la xiray markii dagaalka sokeeye bilaabmay, waxaa dib u furay Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamka 2006, waxaa dayactir ku sameeyay 2012 qandaraasle Soomaali ah oo ay maalgelisay Hay'adda Diyanet ee Turkiga, dowladda federaalkuna waxay hagaajisay 2015 ([Mosque of Islamic Solidarity, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Shaul Shay, Somalia between Jihad and Restoration, 2011, b. 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Islamic_Solidarity)). Eeg [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamka](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). ## Masjidka Cali Jimcaale, 2022 Masjidka Cali Jimcaale oo u dhow garoonka diyaaradaha Muqdisho waxaa dhisay ganacsade Axmed-Nuur Cali Jimcaale, wuxuuna ugu magac daray aabbihiis. Wuxuu ku dayday masaajidda Turkiga, wuxuuna qaadaa ilaa 5,000 tukade. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ayaa furay Luulyo 2022, isagoo halkaas ku tukaday salaadda Ciidul Adxa, isaga iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamza Cabdi Barre iyo xildhibaanno ([Ali Jimale Mosque, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Goobjooge iyo Muqdisho Online, 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Jimale_Mosque)). 2024 Hay'adda Hormuud Salaam waxay halkaas ku qabatay tartankeeda sannadlaha ah ee akhrinta Qur'aanka ee Ramadaanka ([Shabelle Media, 15 Maarso 2024](https://shabellemedia.com/hormuud-salaam-foundation-hosts-annual-ramadan-quran-competition-at-ali-jimale-mosque-in-mogadishu/)). ## Masaajidda iyo dagaalka Qabriyo iyo xarumo suufi ah, oo qaar badan ay masaajiddo ku dhinac yaallaan, ayaa la burburiyay deegaannada al-Shabaab haysay 2008 wixii ka dambeeyay ([Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Mapping Militants Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a)). Eeg [awliyada, qabriyada iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/) iyo [goobaha hiddaha](/en/society/heritage-sites/). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - Nuredin Hagi Scikei, *Exploring the Old Stone Town of Mogadishu* (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017). - Maria Rosario La Lomia, *Antiche Moschee di Mogadiscio* (1982). - [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) --- # Ciise (Issa, qabiilka Dir) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/ciise/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ciise waa qabiil ka tirsan qoyska Dir. Abbink wuxuu hoos dhigay qaybta Madoobe ee Dir. Waxay degaan Jabuuti, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo agagaarka Dire Dawa, iyo Awdal ee Somaliland. Ugaaskooda wuxuu ka yimaadaa laanta Wardiiq, xeerkooda dhaqameedna waxaa loo yaqaan Xeer Ciise. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Ciise waa qabiil ka tirsan qoyska [Dir](/so/society/dir/). Ingiriisiga waxaa inta badan loo qoraa Issa, sidoo kale Ise, Esa ama Aysa ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))). Waa koox ka duwan Ciise Muuse, oo ah laan ka tirsan Habar Awal (Isaaq). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Dir > Madoobe > 'Isa. Abbink wuxuu Madoobe hoostiisa, 'Isa agtiisa, ku taxay Horone, Wardikh iyo Urweina ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 15–16](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Dir > Issa, iyo Dir > Ciise, oo leh kooxo sida Issa Rati iyo Ciise Mohamoud ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | World Bank 2005 | Labada shax waxay Isse ama Iise hoos dhigaan Dir ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | ACCORD 2009 | "Dir waxaa ka mid ah kooxo sida Ciise, Gadabursi iyo Biyomaal" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 13](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Dir > Ciise, oo leh lix laamood ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))) | Wikipedia waxay leedahay qabriga Sheekh Ciise wuxuu ku yaal Sanaag, inta u dhexeysa Rugay iyo Maydh (isla ilaha). Eeg [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu bixiyaa abtirsiintan ([Abbink 2009, b. 15](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)): - **Hawla Gati:** Mekahir, Idle iyo Maxamuud. Abbink wuxuu magaca agtiisa ku daray "(Abgal?)". - **Dalool?:** Fourlaba (Holle), oo leh Mahadle iyo Saaxib, iyo Walal Doon (Haula Gati), oo leh Mekahir, Idle iyo Maxamuud. - **Eliye:** Mamasan (Cumar, Xasan, Cawr, Khayre, Moxorre) iyo Muuse (Sacad, Bide, Yoonis). Calaamadda su'aasha ee Abbink macnaheedu waa magaca "lagama xaqiijin karin in ka badan hal il". Kooxaha uu 'Isa agtiisa ku taxay waxaa ka mid ah Horone (Habr Walal iyo Ohdagub), Wardikh iyo Urweina (Fiqi iyo Cabdalla) (Abbink 2009, b. 15–16). Wikipedia waxay bixisay lix laamood, iyadoo soo xiganaysa *Notes on the social organisation of the Issa Somal* ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))): | Laan | Labada laamood ee waaweyn | |---|---| | Eleye | Muuse iyo Mamasan | | Walaldoon | Idle iyo Yuusuf | | Holle | Mahadle iyo Saaib | | Horrone | Habar Walaal iyo Geele Walaal | | Urweyne | Cabdalle iyo Siciid | | Wardiiq | Wakhtishiil iyo Rumawaaq | Koox kasta oo halkan ku jirta waxay kaloo ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Awdal | "Gobolka Awdal waxaa deggan xubno ka tirsan qabiilada Gadabursi (Isaaq-Dir) iyo Ciise" ([EUAA 2025, Awdal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)) | | Hargeysa | Ciise waxay ka mid yihiin Soomaalida aan Isaaq ahayn ee magaalada deggan ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 2.2.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti | UK Home Office waxay ku sheegtay Somaliland "iyo gobollada xuduudda la leh ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)) | | Jabuuti | Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantay qabiilka ugu badan Jabuuti ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))) | | Itoobiya | Wikipedia waxay ku sheegtay Deegaanka Soomaalida, ilaa gobollada Oromiya iyo Canfar, iyo Dire Dawa (isla ilaha) | Wikipedia waxay sharraxday magacyadii hore "Ciise Cad" iyo "Ciise Madow" inay yihiin juqraafi. Ciise Cad waxay u dhowaayeen badda, Ciise Madowna waxay ka shishaysay buuro galbeedka jidka Jabuuti ilaa Harar (isla ilaha). Eeg [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay Inta badan taariikhda hoose waxay ka timid Wikipedia, oo ah il kayd ah ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))). - **1884.** Ciise iyo Gadabuursi waxay Diseembar heshiisyo la saxiixdeen Ingiriiska. Eeg [heshiisyadii gumeysiga (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). - **1935 ilaa 1936.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Ciise waxay la safteen Talyaaniga markii uu Itoobiya duulaanka ku qaaday. - **13 Agoosto 1960.** Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay dilka rag Ciise ah oo ciidamada Itoobiya ku dileen Aysha, Itoobiya. - **1960.** Maxamuud Xarbi, hoggaamiye Ciise ah oo ka mid ahaa dhaqdhaqaaqa xorriyadda ee Jabuuti, wuxuu ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed. - **1977.** Jabuuti waxay heshay xorriyadda. Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon, oo Ciise ah, wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay, 1977 ilaa 1999. - **1987.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Itoobiya waxay samaysay maamulka Dire Dawa, qayb ka mid ah qaybinta cusub ee dalka. - **1991 ilaa 1994.** Wikipedia waxay sharraxday dagaal sokeeye oo Jabuuti ka dhex dhacay dowladda ay Ciise hoggaaminayeen iyo jabhadda Canfarta ee FRUD. - **1991.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay qaar Ciise ah ayaa Saylac ka tagay kaddib dagaal ay la galeen SNM iyo Gadabuursi, qaar kalena waxay u guureen xero Aysha, Itoobiya. - **1999.** Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle, oo isna Ciise ah, wuxuu noqday madaxweynaha Jabuuti. Eeg [dagaalkii Ogaadeen (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay sharraxday xeerka dhaqameed ee Ciise, *Xeer Ciise*, sida ay odayaasha Ciise u sheegaan ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))): - Afartan iyo afar oday ayaa ku kulmay Buurta Sitti, oo hadda ku taal degmada Aysha, meel la yiraahdo Las Harad. - Muddo kaddib waxay dejiyeen 362 sharci oo aan qornayn, oo loo yaqaan *heer*. - Dhaqan ahaan *ugaaska* waxaa had iyo jeer laga doortaa jilibka Wardiiq. - Go'aannada waxaa lagu gaaraa is-afgarad. Nin kasta oo laan ka tirsan wuxuu ka hadli karaa kulanka loo yaqaan *shir*. - Maxkamad ka kooban 44 xubnood, *Reer Gendi*, ayaa ah maxkamad racfaan, waxayna kulantaa waqtiyada xiisadda. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Ciise Dir dhinac ka mid ah ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Wuxuu Ciise iyo Gadabuursi ku magacaabay qabiilada dhinaca ciidanka Somaliland ka joogay agagaarka Laascaanood 2023 ([EUAA 2025, Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/271-sool)). Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay colaad lala galay Gadabuursi ee Awdal, iyo Canfarta galbeedka. Waxay soo xigatay I. M. Lewis oo ka hadlay "colaad joogto ah oo u dhexeysa Ciise iyo Canfar" ([Wikipedia, Issa clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_(clan))). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Meesha 'Isa ku jirto.** Abbink wuxuu Horone, Wardikh iyo Urweina ku taxay 'Isa agtiisa, Madoobe hoostiisa. Wikipedia waxay Horrone, Wardiiq iyo Urweyne ku tirisay saddex ka mid ah lixda laamood ee Ciise. - **Magacyada calaamadda su'aasha leh.** Abbink wuxuu calaamad su'aal ku daray "Dalool?" iyo "Hawla Gati (Abgal?)". - **Ciise Muuse.** EUAA waxay khilaaf Togdheer ah ku qortay "Issa Muse (Issa)". Ilaha kale waxay Ciise Muuse hoos dhigaan Habar Awal (Isaaq), ee ma aha Ciise Dir. - **Tirada.** Wikipedia waxay Ciise ku tilmaantay qabiilka ugu badan Jabuuti. Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan u tiriya, sidaas darteed il kasta ma hubin karto. ## Akhri wax badan - [Dir](/so/society/dir/) - [Gadabuursi](/so/society/gadabuursi/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Xeer Ciise](/so/society/xeer-ciise/) --- # Kaniisadda Weyn ee Muqdisho: kaatidraalkii Kaatooligga ee 1928 iyo burburkiisa Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/mogadishu-cathedral/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Kaniisadda Weyn ee Muqdisho waa kaatidraal Kaatoolig ah oo la dhisay 1923 ilaa 1928 xilligii guddoomiyihii gumeysiga Talyaaniga Cesare Maria De Vecchi, iyadoo lagu dayday kaatidraalka Cefalù ee Sicily. Waxay ahayd xarunta Dayoosiska Kaatooligga ee Muqdisho, oo dhammaan Soomaaliya daboola. Biishob Salvatore Colombo waxaa lagu dilay gudaheeda 1989. Lama isticmaalin tan iyo Janaayo 1991, inteeda badan waa la burburiyay 2008, dibna looma dhisin. ## Si kooban Kaniisadda Weyn ee Muqdisho waa kaatidraal Kaatoolig ah oo burbursan, kuna taal bartamaha Muqdisho, meel u dhow Qasrigii Guddoomiyaha. Maamulka gumeysiga Talyaaniga ayaa dhisay 1923 ilaa 1928. Waxay ahayd xarunta biishobyada Kaatooligga ee Muqdisho ilaa 1991 ([Mogadishu Cathedral, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Tebaldi, Consolata Missionaries in the World, 2001, b. 127](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral)). Taariikhda guud ee masiixiyiinta Soomaaliya waxay ku jirtaa [masiixiyiinta iyo howlaha faafinta](/so/society/christians-and-missions-in-somalia/). ## Dhismaheedii, 1923 ilaa 1928 Guddoomiye Cesare Maria De Vecchi ayaa amray dhismaha kaniisadda; wuxuu dhiirrigelin jiray in Soomaalida la masiixiyeeyo. Naqshadeeyaha Antonio Vandone wuxuu ku dayday kaatidraalka Normanka ee Cefalù ee Sicily. Wadaaddadii Consolata ayaa kormeeray shaqada, waxayna dayactiri jireen dhismaha ilaa ay Faransiiskaanku (Friars Minor) la wareegeen. Waxay ahayd kaatidraalka ugu weyn Bariga Afrika ([Mogadishu Cathedral, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral)). Wejiga hore wuxuu lahaa laba munaaradood, mid kastaa 37.5 mitir dherer ah. Qaabka dhulku wuxuu ahaa iskutallaab Laatiin ah oo leh saddex qaybood oo tiirar iyo qaansooyin fiiqan kala qaybiyaan ([Mogadishu Cathedral, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Archivio Luce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral)). Taariikhyahanadda naqshadda Claire Dillon ayaa daraasay qaabka. Waxay qortay in uu tilmaamayay qabsashadii Normanku ka qabsadeen Sicily xukunkii muslimiinta qarnigii 11aad, iyo sawirka Normanka oo ah taliyayaal dulqaad leh. Sida ay iyadu u aragto, munaaradaha iyo qaansooyinka fiiqan waxay u eg yihiin dhismayaasha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika, taas oo saraakiisha gumeysigu rajaynayeen inay magaalada ku habboonaato, dhismaha oo dhanna waxaa loola jeeday inuu xukunka Talyaaniga u muujiyo "qabsasho nabadeed" ([Dillon, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 84(3), 2025, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral); [wareysi Geeska la yeeshay Claire Dillon, 19 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/claire-dillon-italians-promoted-their-occupation-benefit-colonized)). ## Dilkii Biishob Colombo, 1989 Salvatore Colombo, oo ahaa Faransiiskaan Talyaani ah iyo Biishobka Muqdisho laga soo bilaabo 1975, waxaa lagu toogtay kaniisadda gudaheeda 9 Luulyo 1989. Dilkaas weligiis lama xallin ([Salvatore Colombo, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Colombo); [Mogadishu Cathedral, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Avvenire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral)). Wixii Muqdisho ka dhacay kadib waxay ku jiraan [masiixiyiinta iyo howlaha faafinta](/so/society/christians-and-missions-in-somalia/). ## Burburka, 1991 ilaa maanta Biishob Giorgio Bertin wuxuu sheegay in kaniisaddu ay "ka tagnayd tan iyo 9 Janaayo 1991" ([ACI Africa, 18 Janaayo 2024](https://aciafrica.org/news/10048/suicide-bombing-near-abandoned-catholic-cathedral-in-somalia-kills-three)). Inteeda badan waxaa la burburiyay dabayaaqadii 2008 ([Mogadishu Cathedral, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Il Giornale, 3 Oktoobar 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral)). Wariye BBC ah oo booqday 2012 wuxuu arkay qoysas dagaalku barakiciyay oo teendhooyin ku dhex degganaa barxadda iyo dukaamo yaryar oo dibadda ku yaal. Saqafku ma jirin, laakiin derbiyada iyo qaansooyinka dhagaxa ahi weli way taagnaayeen. Abriil 2013, kormeer kadib, dayoosisku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay qorshe dib-u-dhis. Ilaa 2023 dib-u-dhis lama bilaabin ([Mogadishu Cathedral, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa BBC iyo Agenzia Fides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral)). 16 Janaayo 2024 qof is-qarxiye ah ayaa is-qarxiyay meel u dhow kaniisadda, xarunta maamulka gobolka Banaadir hortiisa, wuxuuna dilay saddex qof. Al-Shabaab ayaa sheegatay weerarka ([ACI Africa, 18 Janaayo 2024, oo soo xiganaysa Reuters iyo Agenzia Fides](https://aciafrica.org/news/10048/suicide-bombing-near-abandoned-catholic-cathedral-in-somalia-kills-three)). ## Dayoosiska Muqdisho Dayoosiska Kaatooligga ee Muqdisho wuxuu daboolaa Soomaaliya oo dhan, waana dayoosiska keliya ee dalka. Wuxuu ka bilaabmay 1904 isagoo ah Xafiiska Rasuuliga ee Banaadir, oo loo dhiibay kooxda Trinitarian-ka, wuxuu noqday Wakaaladda Rasuuliga ee Muqdisho 1927, dayoosisna 1975 ([Diocese of Mogadishu, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Catholic Hierarchy iyo GCatholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Mogadishu)). - **Hoggaamiyayaashiisa:** Alessandro dei Santi (1905–1924), Gabriele Perlo (1924–1930), Francesco Lazzati (1931–1932), Francesco Venanzio Filippini (1933–1970), Antonio Silvio Zocchetta (1970–1973) iyo Biishob Salvatore Colombo (1975–1989) (isla ilaha). - **1989 wixii ka dambeeyay:** dayoosisku biishob ma yeelan. Biishobka Jabuuti ayaa u maamula maamule ku-meel-gaar ah: Giorgio Bertin laga soo bilaabo 1990, kadibna Jamal Khader Daibes laga soo bilaabo 13 Janaayo 2024 ([Catholic Hierarchy](https://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkhader.html)). - **Tirooyinka:** qiyaastii 8,500 Kaatoolig 1950, oo ah 0.7 boqolkiiba dadweynaha, ku dhowaad dhammaantood Talyaani; qiyaastii 100 Kaatoolig iyo hal wadaad 2020 ([Catholic Church in Somalia, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa catholic-hierarchy.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somalia)). ## Akhris dheeraad ah - Claire Dillon, maqaal ku saabsan kaniisadda, *Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians* 84, no. 3 (2025), bb. 368–385. - [Masaajidda Soomaaliya](/so/society/mosques-in-somalia/) - [Diinta Soomaaliya oo tirooyin ah](/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/) --- # Cayr (Ayr, Habar Gidir, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/cayr/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Cayr waa jilib ka tirsan Habar Gidir, oo ah qabiil Hawiye ah. Abbink wuxuu Cayr hoos dhigay laba laamood, Cabsiiye iyo Ayaanle, ACLED-na wuxuu qoraa kuwo kale sida Habar Caji, Yabar Dhowrakace iyo Yabadhaale. EUAA iyo EASO waxay inta badan ku sheegeen Galgaduud. Diiwaannada dhowaan waxay taxeen khilaafyo lala galay Saleebaan, Duduble, Murusade iyo Mareexaan. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Cayr waa jilib ka tirsan Habar Gidir, oo ah qabiil ka tirsan qoyska [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). Af-Soomaali ahaan waxaa loo qoraa Cayr ama Ceyr, Ingiriisigana Ayr. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Gurgate > Damay > Hirab > Habr Gidir > 'Ayr, iyadoo awoowayaasha u dhexeeya Hirab iyo Habr Gidir laga tagay ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Habar Gedir > Ayr ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Ayr (Habar Gedir/Hawiye)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Hawiye > Gorgate > Daame > Madarkicis (Habar Gidir) > Maxamed (Cayr), oo soo xiganaysa buugga Cali Jimcaale Axmed *The Invention of Somalia* ([Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan))) | Maqaalka Wikipedia wuxuu wataa digniin ah "cilmibaaris asal ah", sidaas darteed faahfaahintiisa hoose waa ilaha ugu daciifsan boggan. Eeg [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu 'Ayr hoos dhigay laba laamood: Cabsiiye iyo Ayaanle ([Abbink 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu qoraa kooxahan Cayr ah ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)): - Ayaanle, Bilaal, Cabsiiye iyo Habar Caji - Yabadhaale iyo Yabar Dhowrakace - Saruur, oo hal mar loo qoray "Ayr-Saruur" Wikipedia waxay bixisay geed ka bilaabma Maxamed (Cayr), kana sii gudba Mucle iyo Abti-Idig. Waxay afarta wiil ee Abti-Idig u bixisay Warwaaq, Xaryanle (Qoorcas), Daa'uud (Sabuuh) iyo Dhowrakace ([Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan))). Waxay taxday toban koox oo isku cabbir ah oo *mag* wada bixiya: | Koox | Waxa Wikipedia ku sheegtay | |---|---| | Habar Caji | Warwaaq iyo Xaryanle; waxaa lagu tilmaamay curadka | | Ayaanle | Wiil Caroole | | Cabsiiye | Wiil Caroole | | Yabar Dhowrakace | Farcanka Dhowrakace, marka laga reebo Samadoor | | Yabadhaale | Wace Maxamed | | Babaanshe | Wiil Caroole | | Sabuuh | Daa'uud Abti-Idig | | Xasan Samadoor | Wiil Samadoor | | Caalin Ugaas | Laanta ugaaska | | Suubiye Caroole | Wiil Caroole | Koox kasta oo halkan ku jirta waxay kaloo ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Galgaduud | Qabiilada ugu waaweyn waa jilibyada Habar Gidir, Saleebaan, Cayr iyo Duduble, iyo Murusade iyo Mareexaan ([EUAA 2025, Galgaduud](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)) | | Waqooyiga Galgaduud | EASO waxay Sacad, Saleebaan iyo Cayr ku taxday shanta qabiil ee ugu waaweyn ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Dhuusamareeb, Cadaado, Balanbale, Ceelbuur | Degmooyin lagu magacaabay diiwaannada colaadaha ay ku jiraan kooxo Cayr ah ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Hiiraan | Haweeney Cayr ah ayaa Febraayo 2025 lagu dilay meel u dhow Beledweyne (isla ilaha, qaybta 1.5.2) | | Lix gobol | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Cayr waxay degaan lix ka mid ah 18-ka gobol ee Soomaaliya, inta badanna Galgaduud ([Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan))) | Eeg [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii ilaa 1600-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Cayr waxay ka mid ahaayeen Saldanadda Ajuuraan. Waxay sheegtay in qaybo Cayr ah, sida Yabadhaale, ay u dagaallameen difaaceeda markii ay burburaysay ([Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan))). - **2000 ilaa 2004.** [Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan (Ingiriisi)](/so/people/abdiqasim-salad-hassan/) wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha Dowladda KMG ah. Wikipedia waxay ku taxday Cayr (isla ilaha). - **2009.** Abbink wuxuu Al-Shabaab ku tilmaamay "inay u badan yihiin xubno ka tirsan jilibka Cayr (Hawiye)". Wuxuu ku daray inay "sidoo kale ku jiraan Hawiye kale, qaar Digil-Raxanweyn ah iyo dad ka yimid qabiilo kale" ([Abbink 2009, b. 41](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Eeg [Al-Shabaab (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/al-shabaab/). - **Febraayo 2021.** Jilibyo Cayr iyo Saleebaan ah ayaa Hananbure ku gaaray xabbad joojin hordhac ah ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay ugaasnimada Cayr waxay bilaabatay 400 ilaa 500 sano ka hor, iyadoo uu ugu horreeyay Caalin Caroole. Waxay ugaaska hadda u bixisay Xasan Ugaas Maxamed Ugaas Nuur ([Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan))). Waxay soo gudbisay sheeko afka laga sheego oo ah in awoowahood Abti-Idig uu laanta Dhowrakace u magacaabay inay hoggaamiso Cayr. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadahan Galmudug, oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Cayr iyo Duduble, duleedka degmada Dhuusamareeb. - Saleebaan iyo Cayr, tuulooyinka Hanabuure iyo Qalanqale ee degmooyinka Cadaado iyo Dhuusamareeb. - Cayr iyo Mareexaan (Daarood), degmada Balanbale. - Ayaanle iyo Cabsiiye, labaduba Cayr, Laas-Xaadow. EUAA waxay leedahay wuxuu bilaabmay 2018. - Murusade iyo Cayr, colaad "bilaabatay bartamihii 2024". EUAA waxay kaloo taxday dhacdooyin haween lagu dilay (isla ilaha, qaybta 1.5.2): - **11 Sebtembar 2024.** Maleeshiyaad Cayr ah ayaa dilay laba qof oo rayid ah, oo ay ku jirto haweeney Saleebaan ah, meel u dhow Dhuusamareeb. - **16 Febraayo 2025.** Maleeshiyaad Xawaadle ah ayaa dilay haweeney Cayr ah meel u dhow Beledweyne. - **18 Febraayo 2025.** Maleeshiyaad Murusade ah ayaa weeraray dad rayid ah oo Cayr ah meel u dhow Ceelbuur, waxayna dileen laba, oo ay ku jirto haweeney. Kahor, EASO waxay taxday Ayaanle (Cayr) iyo Reer Kooshin (Mareexaan) ee Balanbale. Waxay kaloo taxday Habar Caji (Cayr) iyo Cali Madaxweyne (Xawaadle) ee Hiiraan ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [Murusade](/so/society/murusade/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Jilibyada.** Abbink wuxuu taxay oo keliya Cabsiiye iyo Ayaanle. ACLED wuxuu qoraa qiyaastii siddeed koox oo Cayr ah. Wikipedia waxay bixisay toban koox oo mag wada bixiya. - **Saruur.** ACLED wuxuu hal mar qoray "Ayr-Saruur". Abbink wuxuu Saruur u taxay laan Habar Gidir oo gooni ah, 'Ayr agtiisa, Wikipedia-na waxay ku tilmaantay koox xiriir la leh. - **Tirada.** Wikipedia waxay Cayr ku tilmaantay jilibka ugu weyn ee Habar Gidir. Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan u tiriya, sidaas darteed il kasta ma hubin karto. - **Al-Shabaab.** Qoraalka Abbink ee 2009 wuxuu Al-Shabaab inta badan ku xiray xubno Cayr ah. Wuxuu kaloo sheegay in kooxdu ka kooban tahay Hawiye kale, Digil-Raxanweyn iyo qabiilo kale. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Murusade](/so/society/murusade/) - [Ayaanle Cayr](/so/society/ayaanle-cayr/) - [Habar Caji](/so/society/habar-caji/) - [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) --- # Farta Af-Soomaaliga: far Carabi, Far Cismaaniya, Far Boorama, Far Kaddare iyo far Laatiin Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-writing-systems/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Af-Soomaaliga waxaa lagu qoray far Carabi, saddex far oo ay Soomaali hindiseen (Far Cismaaniya qiyaastii 1920 ilaa 1922, Far Boorama qiyaastii 1933 iyo Far Kaddare 1952) iyo far Laatiin, taas oo noqotay farta rasmiga ah 21 Oktoobar 1972. Guddiga luqadda ee la dhisay 1961 wuxuu eegay 18 hab-qoraal oo kala duwan, 11 ka mid ahna waxay ahaayeen kuwo Soomaali hindiseen. ## Shan hab oo hal luqad loogu qoray Af-Soomaaliga waxaa lagu qoray dhowr far, doorashada dhexdoodana waa lagu dooday inta badan qarnigii 20aad. Aqoonyahanka luqadaha ee magaalada Turin, Mauro Tosco, ayaa qoraalkiisa 2010 ee "Somali writings" ku soo bandhigay taariikhda kooban ee ugu dhammaystiran ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). | Farta | Cidda samaysay | Taariikhda | Meesha lagu isticmaalay | |---|---|---|---| | [Far Carabi (Far Wadaad)](/so/society/wadaad-writing/) | culimo, ganacsato | Af-Soomaali qoran laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii 1800-meeyadii | warqado, codsiyo, qasiidooyin | | [Far Cismaaniya](/so/society/osmanya-script/) | Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid | qiyaastii 1920 ilaa 1922 | Hobyo, kadibna Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed | | [Far Boorama (Gadabuursi)](/so/society/borama-script/) | Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur | qiyaastii 1933 | Boorama | | Far Kaddare | Sheekh Xuseen Axmed Kaddare | 1952 | heer qaran ayaa loo soo jeediyay | | Laatiin | Guddiga Af-Soomaaliga, Shire Jaamac Axmed | rasmi 21 Oktoobar 1972 | meel kasta maanta | ## Farta Carabiga Carabiga waa la yiqiinay lana qaddarin jiray dhammaan dhulalka Soomaalida, inta badan qoraalladii Soomaalida ee ka horreeyay qarnigii 20aadna waxay ku qornaayeen luqadda Carabiga lafteeda ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Tosco ma helin wax caddayn ah oo muujinaya in Af-Soomaaliga si joogto ah loogu qoray xarfaha Carabiga ka hor Sheekh Aweys oo Baraawe ah, dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad. Soo jeedin dambe waxaa keenay Sheekh Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil, oo 1935 ilaa 1936 Bombay (Mumbai) ku daabacay buug ku saabsan warqadaha Af-Soomaaliga ee far Carabi lagu qoro, iyo Muuse Xaaji Ismaaciil Galaal sannadkii 1954. Eeg [Far Wadaad](/so/society/wadaad-writing/). ## Faraha ay Soomaalidu hindiseen **Far Cismaaniya** (Osmanya) waxaa sameeyay intii u dhexeysay 1920 iyo 1922 Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid (Osman Yusuf Kenadid) oo ka mid ahaa qoyskii xukumayay Hobyo. Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL) waxay ku taageertay dastuurkeeda, waxayna barin jirtay laga bilaabo 1945 ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). **Far Boorama ama Far Gadabuursi** waxaa qiyaastii 1933 sameeyay Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur, qaaddigii Boorama, waxaana isticmaali jiray koox yar oo ku xeernayd ([Tosco 2010, oo soo xiganaya Lewis 1958](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). **Far Kaddare** waxaa 1952 sameeyay Sheekh Xuseen Axmed Kaddare. Warbixin UNESCO oo 1966 ay qoreen B. W. Andrzejewski, Stefan Strelcyn iyo Joseph Tubiana ayaa xustay inay "ka faafitaan yar tahay Far Cismaaniya, taariikhdeeduna ay ka sii gaaban tahay" ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Tosco wuxuu xusay inay shaqal kasta calaamad gooni ah u lahayd, taas oo ay kaga duwanayd Far Cismaaniya iyo Far Boorama, iyo inay lahayd qaab isku xiran oo gacanta lagu qoro. David Laitin wuxuu sheegay in guddiyada farsamadu ay u qiimeeyeen hab aad u sax ah oo Af-Soomaaliga lagu qoro ([Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought, 1977, b. 87](https://books.google.com/books?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC&pg=PA87)). Lama yaqaan buug lagu qoray Far Kaddare ([Kaddare script, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Tosco 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaddare_script)). ## Siddeed iyo toban soo jeedin iyo hal go'aan Gobannimada kadib wax yar waxaa la dhisay Guddiga Af-Soomaaliga, oo uu madax ka ahaa [Muuse Galaal](/en/people/musa-galaal/) ([Somali alphabets, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_alphabets)); Tosco wuxuu guddiga u qoray 1961. Aqoonyahanka Jarmalka ah Thomas Labahn wuxuu tiriyay 18 hab-qoraal oo guddiga la horkeenay, kuwo Carabi ku salaysan, kuwo Laatiin ku salaysan iyo kuwo ay Soomaali hindiseen; 11 ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen kuwo Soomaali hindiseen ([Tosco 2010, oo soo xiganaya Labahn 1982, b. 137](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Tosco wuxuu xusay in 11-kaas saddex keliya maanta la yaqaan. Sannadkii 1966 guddiga UNESCO wuxuu ku taliyay far Laatiin ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Dowladdii militariga ee xukunka qabsatay 21 Oktoobar 1969 waxay 21 Oktoobar 1972 ku dhawaaqday farta Laatiinka, waxayna dhaqan gashay 1 Janaayo 1973 ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Khudbadda uu soo xigtay Labahn, Maxamed Siyaad Barre (Mohamed Siad Barre) wuxuu ku yiri far Laatiin oo wax laga beddelay ayaa loo doortay "sababo dhaqaale iyo sahlanaan dartood". Adeegsiga xarfaha **x** iyo **c** ee labada cod ee cunaha kuma jirin soo jeedintii UNESCO ee 1966 ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Sheekada go'aanka iyo ololihii akhris-qoraalka waxay ku qoran tahay [Sidii Af-Soomaaliga loo qoray](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/). ## Farta Laatiinka maanta Farta Laatiinka ee Af-Soomaaliga waxay isticmaashaa dhammaan xarfaha Ingiriisiga marka laga reebo p, v iyo z, waxayna leedahay saddex xaraf oo labalaaban, dh, kh iyo sh, iyo hakad sare (') oo loogu talagalay joogsiga cunaha. Codka (tone) lama qoro ([Somali alphabets, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_alphabets)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Shire Jaamac Axmed (Shire Jama Ahmed)](/en/people/shire-jama-ahmed/) - [Af-Soomaaliga](/en/society/the-somali-language/) - [Lahjadaha Af-Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-dialects/) --- # Far Cismaaniya (Far Soomaali): xarfaha Af-Soomaaliga ee Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/osmanya-script/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Far Cismaaniya (Osmanya) waa xarfo loo sameeyay Af-Soomaaliga intii u dhexeysay 1920 iyo 1922, waxaana sameeyay Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid oo ka mid ahaa qoyskii xukumayay Hobyo. Waxaa loo qoraa bidix ilaa midig, waxayna leedahay 22 calaamadood oo shibbane iyo, qaabkeedii dambe, 8 calaamadood oo shaqal ah, iyo tirooyin u gaar ah. Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed waxay barin jirtay laga bilaabo 1945. Waxay ku jirtaa Unicode tan iyo 2003 (U+10480 ilaa U+104AF). ## Yaa sameeyay, goormaa? Far Cismaaniya (Osmanya) waxaa hindisay hal nin, Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid, sannadihii 1920 ilaa 1922 ([Tosco 2010, Somali writings](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Tosco, isagoo raacaya qoraaga Talyaaniga ah Maino, wuxuu dhalashadiisa dhigay Hobyo, qiyaastii bilowgii qarnigii 20aad; bogga Calankii ee [Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid (Osman Yusuf Kenadid)](/en/people/osman-yusuf-kenadid/) wuxuu ilo kale ka soo xigtay 1889. Wuxuu ahaa walaalka ka yar Suldaan Cali Yuusuf oo [Hobyo](/so/history/majeerteen-and-hobyo-sultanates/) ahaa, Carabiga wuxuu ku bartay Hobyo iyo Muqdisho (Mogadishu), warqadaha qoyskiisa ayuu Carabi ku qori jiray, wuxuuna yiqiinay xoogaa Talyaani ah. Tosco wuxuu adkeeyay inuusan aqoon farta Itoobiya (Ge'ez) iyo inaysan door ku lahayn xarfaha. Sarkaalka Talyaaniga ah Marcello Orano, oo Hobyo loo soo diray, ayaa u qaatay macallinkiisa Af-Soomaaliga, Enrico Cerulli-na wuxuu 1932 daabacay qoraalkii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan farta, isagoo ka faa'iidaysanaya agab uu siiyay Yaasiin, oo Tosco meel ku sheegay inuu Cismaan wiil walaalkiis ahaa, meel kalena inuu wiilkiisa ahaa ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Calankii waxay bog u leedahay [Yaasiin Cismaan Keenadiid (Yasin Osman Kenadid)](/en/people/yasin-osman-kenadid/). ## Sidee ay u shaqeysaa? Far Cismaaniya waxaa loo qoraa bidix ilaa midig. Qaabkeeda koray waxay leedahay 22 calaamadood oo shibbane iyo 8 calaamadood oo shaqal ah, shibbane kasta oo Af-Soomaaliga Waqooyiga ahna calaamad ayuu leeyahay ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Codka (tone) lama qoro, sida farta Laatiinka ee maanta. Kala horreynta xarfuhu waxay raacdaa alifbeetada Carabiga inta suurtagal ah. Far Cismaaniyadii hore waxay shaqallada dhaadheer ku qori jirtay laba calaamadood, sida Carabiga: aa waxay ahayd a iyo joogsiga cunaha (hamsa), ii iyo uu-na y iyo w. Markii dambe saddex calaamadood oo cusub ayaa loo sameeyay **aa**, **ee** iyo **oo**, calaamaddii joogsiga cunaha waa laga tagay, qorayaashuna waxay bilaabeen inay xarfo dhaadheer u isticmaalaan xarfo waaweyn, calaamadaha joogsiga ee Galbeedka iyo xarfo qaar oo isku xiran ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Far Cismaaniya waxay kala dhigtaa qaybaha erayga. Qodobka (article) waxaa laga gooni qoraa magaca: hooyada waxaa loo qoraa hooyo da, hashana hal sha ([Tosco 2010, oo soo xiganaya Moreno 1955](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Waxay leedahay tirooyin u gaar ah oo 0 ilaa 9 ah; calaamadaha 7 iyo 8 way isu muraayad yihiin, sida tirooyinka Carabiga. ## Sannadihii Leegada Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (Somali Youth Club), oo Muqdisho lagu aasaasay 15 Maajo 1943, wuxuu 1945 noqday Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL). Qodobka 5(d) ee dastuurkeeda wuxuu taageeray in Af-Soomaaligu noqdo luqadda qaranka ee mustaqbalka, Far Cismaaniyana ay noqoto farteeda. Leegadu waxay 1945 Yaasiin ku martiqaaday inuu wax ka dhigo Muqdisho, waxayna dugsiyo ka furtay magaalooyin kale iyo dibadda, Addis Ababa, Kenya, Zanzibar iyo Yaman ([Tosco 2010, oo soo xiganaya Maino 1951 iyo Ricci 1959](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Dad badan oo baranayay waxay ahaayeen dhallinyaro, inta badanna dumar. Xilligaas ayaa farta loo bilaabay in loogu yeero **far Soomaali**. Qiyaastii toban sano kadib Leegadu Far Cismaaniya way ka saartay dastuurkeeda. Ururka Afka iyo Suugaanta Soomaaliyeed (Somali Language and Literature Society), oo Yaasiin iyo kuwo kale aasaaseen 5 Oktoobar 1949, ayaa hawsha sii waday, laga bilaabo 1957-na wuxuu daabici jiray Sahan, joornaal saddex bog ah oo Far Cismaaniya ku qornaa oo uu tifaftire ka ahaa Xirsi Magan ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Xitaa 1971 Ururku wuxuu Far Cismaaniya ku daabacay buug barasho oo 72 bog ah, Afkeenna iyo fartiisa ([Afkeenna iyo fartiisa, 1971, PDF](https://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/afkeenna-iyo-fartiisa.pdf)). ## Maxaa loo dooran waayay? Farta Laatiinka waxaa rasmi laga dhigay Oktoobar 1972. Tosco wuxuu sababta koowaad ee Far Cismaaniya looga guuray u tiriyay kharashka xarfo daabacaad oo cusub, wuxuuna ku daray in dad badani u arkayeen inay ku xiran tahay hal beel ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Cerulli wuxuu 1932 ku tilmaamay isku day Majeerteen oo xarfo samaysan. Maxamed Diiriye Cabdullaahi (Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi) wuxuu sidoo kale xusay diidmadii loo qabay in Af-Soomaaligu Carabiga beddelo, iyo diidmadii loo qabay far kasta oo gudaha laga hindisay ([Culture and Customs of Somalia, 2001, b. 73](https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri)). ## Far Cismaaniya maanta Naqshadeeyaha xarfaha Michael Everson wuxuu buuggii barashada ee 1971 u adeegsaday inuu soo jeediyo in Far Cismaaniya lagu daro habka caalamiga ah ee lambarrada xarfaha (Unicode). Waxaa lagu daray Unicode 4.0 bishii Abriil 2003, qaybta U+10480 ilaa U+104AF ([Jaantuska Unicode, Osmanya](https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10480.pdf); [Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Tosco wuxuu 2010 qoray in xiisaha Far Cismaaniya uu sii socdo, gaar ahaan dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee qurbajoogta ah. ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Farta Af-Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-writing-systems/) - [Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid](/en/people/osman-yusuf-kenadid/) - [Sidii Af-Soomaaliga loo qoray](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/) --- # Udeejeen (Udejeen, Ciise Mudulood, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/udeejeen/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Udeejeen, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Ciise Mudulood, waa qabiil Hawiye ah oo ka tirsan laanta Mudulood ee Hiraab. EUAA waxay ku taxday qabiilada yaryar ee waqooyi-bari Hiiraan. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku sheegtay Hiiraan, Shabeellaha Dhexe, qaybo Muqdisho ah iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, waxayna Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay, ku tirisay Udeejeen. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Udeejeen waa qabiil ka tirsan qoyska [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay "sidoo kale waxaa loo yaqaan Ciise Mudulood", waxayna ku dhigtay laanta Mudulood ee Hiraab ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Udeejeen, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udeejeen)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Wikipedia, geedka Hawiye (kayd) | Hawiye > Gorgaarte > Hiraab > Mudulood > Udejeen ([Wikipedia, Hawiye, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Hawiye > Hiraab > Mudulood > Udeejeen (Ciise) ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udeejeen)) | | EUAA 2025 | Waxaa lagu xusay "qabiilada yaryar ee ku nool waqooyi-bariga gobolka" Hiiraan, iyadoon abtirsiin la sheegin ([EUAA 2025, Hiiraan](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)) | Abbink wuxuu Mudulood hoos dhigay Hirab, laakiin ma magacaabin jilibyo ka hooseeya ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Liiska ACLED ee 2025 kuma laha Udeejeen ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay qaraabada ugu dhow ee Mudulood ku sheegtay [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/), Moobleen, Wacdaan iyo Hilibi. Eeg [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Udeejeen marka hore waxay u kala baxaan afar koox: Abaadir Ciise, Aadan Yacquub, Yuusuf Yacquub iyo Cali Yacquub oo ah kan ugu yar ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udeejeen)). Geedkeedu wuxuu bixiyaa laamahan (isla ilaha): - **Aadan Yacquub:** Reer Nuur, Reer Caalim, Cali Yacquub iyo Maxamed Gaab (iyo Reer Raage). - **Yuusuf Yacquub:** Xasan Yuusuf (Reer Ugaas), Ifiyo Yuusuf, Suleymaan Yuusuf iyo Macalin Maxamuud. Macalin Maxamuud hoostiisa waxaa ah Xirsi, Kheyre, Siyaad, Dudub iyo Faatax Macalin. - **Abaadir:** Maxamed Samatar. - **Abokor.** Geedka Hawiye ee Wikipedia Ingiriisiga wuxuu magacaabaa laba laamood oo Udejeen ah, Kheyre Macalin iyo Aadan Yacquub ([Wikipedia, Hawiye, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye)). Labaduba waxay ku jiraan [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Waqooyi-bari Hiiraan | "Qabiilada yaryar ee waqooyi-bariga gobolka waxaa ka mid ah Udeejeen, Faqi Cumar iyo Faqi Maxamed (labaduba Dir), Reer Aw Xasan iyo Makanne" ([EUAA 2025, Hiiraan](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)) | | Degmooyinka Hiiraan | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday Jawiil, Baarmagoog, Qalqalooc, Matabaan iyo Beledweyne ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udeejeen)) | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | Magaalada Qalimow (isla ilaha) | | Muqdisho | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday degmooyinka Cabdicasiis iyo Shingaani (isla ilaha) | | Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya | Degmooyinka Mustahil, Feerfeer iyo Shilaabo (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) iyo [Shabeellaha Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-shabelle/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1600-meeyadii ilaa 1899.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Udeejeen waxay ka mid ahaayeen Imaamadda Hiraab ee Muqdisho, oo ay ku taariikhaysay bilowgii 1600-meeyadii, dhammaadkii Saldanadda Ajuuraan kaddib ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udeejeen)). - **1960 ilaa 1967.** [Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan](/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/) wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku tirisay Udeejeen (isla ilaha). - **2010 ilaa 2014.** Maxamed Nuur (Tarsan) wuxuu ahaa duqa Muqdisho. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku tirisay Udeejeen (isla ilaha). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay kaloo magacawday siyaasiyiinta Cismaan Maxamuud Dufle iyo Maxamed Xuseen Caddow, iyo abwaanada Muxyadin Subkane, Rashiid Maxamuud Sheekh, Cali Xuud iyo Maxamed Subkane (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday lix ugaas oo Udeejeen ah ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udeejeen)): 1. Cismaan Macalin Nuur 2. Faqa Eebakar 3. Macalin Nuur Aw-Muxummad 4. Cumar Ugaas Daahir 5. Cilmi Ugaas Cumar 6. Cismaan Ugaas Cilmi Ugaas Cumar, ugaaska hadda xilka haya Laanta Reer Ugaas waxay geedkeeda ku jirtaa Xasan Yuusuf hoostiisa (isla ilaha). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Udeejeen ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Qoraalkeeda Hiiraan wuxuu gobolka ku tilmaamay "xuddunta" dagaalka maleeshiyaadka qabiilada ee ka dhanka ah Al-Shabaab 2022 ilaa 2024, isagoo soo xiganaya Horn Observer ([EUAA 2025, Hiiraan](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Heerka.** EUAA waxay Udeejeen ku tilmaantay mid ka mid ah qabiilada yaryar ee Hiiraan. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay u soo bandhigtay qabiil Mudulood oo buuxa. - **Magaca.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay sidoo kale ugu yeertay Ciise Mudulood. Waa koox ka duwan [Ciise](/so/society/ciise/) ee Dir. - **Laamaha.** Wikipedia Ingiriisigu wuxuu taxay laba laamood. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday afar laamood oo hore iyo geed ka dheer. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) iyo [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) --- # Meheri (Carab Saalax) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/meheri/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Meheri, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Carab Saalax, waa koox Soomaaliyeed oo Wikipedia Soomaaliga ku tilmaantay inay taariikh dheer ku leedahay ganacsiga. Waxay ku sheegtay Puntland guud ahaan, qaarna Galmudug, Jubbaland iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya. Jilibyada ay taxday waxaa ka mid ah Cumar Muuse, Xasan Saalax, Maxamuud Saalax, Reer Jidxi, Reer Cantuun iyo Yaxye Saalax. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay hal koox u bixisay laba magac: "Carab Saalax ama Meheri" ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Meheri, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meheri)). | Il | Waxa ay qortay | |---|---| | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | "Beel Soomaaliyeed oo taariikh dheer ku leh dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsiga iyo baayacmushtarka". Sanduuqa macluumaadka wuxuu [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) ku taxay koox xiriir la leh ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meheri)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Carab Saalax (kayd) | "Meheri, sidoo kale loo yaqaan Carab Saalax, waa beel Soomaaliyeed" ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Carab Saalax, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carab_Saalax)) | | ACLED 2025 | Wuxuu "Arab Salah" hoos dhigaa Isaaq ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | Abtirsiinta Abbink iyo warbixinnada EUAA iyo EASO ee boggan lagu isticmaalay kuma magacaabin Meheri ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Eeg [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday jilibyadan ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meheri)): | Jilib | Laamaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Cumar Muuse | lama sheegin | | Xasan Saalax | Xildiid, oo leh Samakaab Xildiid iyo Rooble Xildiid | | Maxamuud Saalax | Ismaaciil, Cali, Xirsi (Naaleeye), Faahiye, Muuse iyo Cumar Maxamuud | | Reer Jidxi | Reer Cawad iyo Reer Taabid | | Reer Cantuun | lama sheegin | | Yaxye Saalax Binnimir | lama sheegin | Kooxahan waxay kaloo ku jiraan [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Meheri waxay degaan [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/) guud ahaan. Waxay ku dartay inay sidoo kale degaan [Galmudug](/so/states/galmudug/), [Jubbaland](/so/states/jubaland/) iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meheri)). Liiska dadka caanka ah ee ay bixisay wuxuu qaar badan ku sheegay Gaalkacyo, Boosaaso iyo Qardho (isla ilaha). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Meheri muddo dheer ayay ganacsato ahaayeen, iyagoo Soomaaliya ku xiray dalalka Carabta iyo Bariga iyo Bartamaha Afrika. Waxay sheegtay inay qayb ka qaateen la dagaallanka gumeysigii Talyaaniga ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meheri)). Waxay magacawday dadkan, iyo kuwo kale oo badan (isla ilaha): - **Xaliimo Maxamed Yuusuf (Xaliimo Godane),** xubin ka tirsanayd Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed. Eeg [SYL (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/somali-youth-league/). - **Jeneraal Cabdullaahi Cali Cumar,** oo lagu sheegay taliyaha ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya laga bilaabo Febraayo 1977. - **Jeneraal Maxamed Axmed Jaamac (Shaalle),** taliye ka qayb qaatay dagaalkii 1977, markii dambena u tartamay madaxweynaha Puntland. - **Maryam Cabdi Xuseen,** oo 2019 loo doortay baarlamaanka Norway. - **Sacdiyo Salaad Xaaji Samatar,** xildhibaan federaal ah iyo guddoomiye ku xigeenka koowaad laga bilaabo 2022. ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday madaxda dhaqanka Meheri, oo ay ka mid yihiin Suldaan Cabdiqaadir Faarax Shabeel, Suldaan Xasan Suldaan Carabduur iyo Amiir Cismaan Salaad-Weyne. Waxay kaloo magacawday nabadoonno badan iyo caaqil ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meheri)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Meheri ama Carab Saalax ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Qoyska.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Isaaq ku taxday koox xiriir la leh, mana magacaabin qoys qabiil. ACLED wuxuu "Arab Salah" hoos dhigaa Isaaq. - **Ilaha.** Ku dhowaad wax kasta oo boggan ku jira waxay ka yimaadeen Wikipedia Soomaaliga, oo ah il kayd ah oo tixraacyo aad u yar leh. ## Akhri wax badan - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/) --- # Far Wadaad: Af-Soomaaliga oo far Carabi lagu qoro, laga soo bilaabo Sheekh Aweys ilaa Muuse Galaal Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/wadaad-writing/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Far Wadaad waa adeegsiga xarfaha Carabiga si loogu qoro Af-Soomaali, ama Carabi ay ku dhex jiraan erayo Soomaali ah. Waxaa u isticmaali jiray culimada iyo ganacsatada warqadaha, codsiyada iyo gabayada diinta. Sheekh Aweys oo Baraawe ahaa wuxuu dabayaaqadii 1800-meeyadii ku qoray gabayo Af-Soomaali ah; Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil (1930-meeyadii) iyo Muuse Galaal (1954) waxay soo jeediyeen higaad ka dhammaystiran. ## Waa maxay? **Wadaad** waa nin diinta u heellan, xitaa haddii Carabigiisu yar yahay. Aqoonyahanka cilmiga dadka (anthropology) I. M. Lewis, oo wax qoray 1958, wuxuu "far wadaad" ku tilmaamay "Carabi aan naxwe sax ah lahayn oo ay ku jiraan erayo Soomaali ah", oo ganacsatadu u isticmaali jireen ganacsiga, warqadaha iyo codsiyada, iyo qorista qasiidooyinka ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis 1958, b. 135 ilaa 137](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). Aqoonyahanka luqadaha Mauro Tosco wuxuu ku tilmaamay Carabi jajaban oo erayo Soomaali ah leh, oo loo isticmaali jiray ganacsiga, warqadaha gaarka ah iyo codsiyada ([Tosco 2010, Somali writings](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). ## Dhibaatada xarfaha Carabiga Af-Soomaaligu wuxuu leeyahay shan shaqal, mid kastaa gaaban iyo dheer, kuwaas oo farta Carabigu aysan si buuxda u calaamadeyn. Wuxuu kaloo leeyahay laba shibbane oo Carabigu aanu lahayn: codka **dh** iyo **g** adag ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Qoraa kastaa si gaar ah ayuu u xalliyay. ## Sheekh Aweys oo Baraawe ahaa Tosco ma helin diiwaan muujinaya in Af-Soomaaliga si joogto ah far Carabi loogu qoray ka hor [Sheekh Aweys Maxamed Baraawi](/en/people/uways-al-barawi/) (1847 ilaa 1909), oo ahaa hoggaamiye ka tirsan dariiqada Qaadiriya, kuna dhashay Tunni dhexdooda Baraawe ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Enrico Cerulli wuxuu daraaseeyay laba qoraal-gacmeed oo uu leeyahay, hees siyaasadeed iyo buug gabayo diini ah, oo lagu qoray isku dhaf lahjadaha Af-Soomaaliga koonfurta. Aweys wuxuu **g** adag u qoray k Carabi ah oo saddex dhibcood leh, calaamad loo isticmaalo "ng" ee Turkiga Cusmaaniyiinta, Kazakh iyo Uyghur; **dh** wuxuu u qoray ṭ Carabi ah; **e** iyo **o**-na ay iyo aw. Lewis wuxuu xusay inuu qoraalkiisa ku daydayay higaadda Carabiga ah ee qoysaska Amrani ee Baraawe u isticmaali jireen lahjaddooda Sawaaxiliga ah ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis 1958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). ## Buuggii Makaahiil, 1930-meeyadii Sheekh Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil wuxuu 1935 ilaa 1936 (1354 Hijriyada) Bombay (Mumbai) ku daabacay buug uu cinwaankiisa Carabigu ahaa "Hay'adda warqadaha casriga ah ee Af-Soomaaliga", oo ay ku jireen tusaalooyin warqado iyo maahmaahyo ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Wuxuu **dh** u qoray d Carabi ah oo saddex dhibcood leh, **g**-na k xariiq leh, erayada Carabiga laga soo amaahdayna wuxuu u higgaadiyay sida Soomaalidu ugu dhawaaqdo. Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis 1958, waxay sheegtay inuu ku dhisay shaqo hore oo uu qabtay Sheekh Ibraahim Cabdallah Mayal, uuna ka dooday in Carabiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee keliya ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa qoraal Tosco qoray 2015, waxay sheegtay in higaaddiisu ay weli tahay qaabka ugu dambeeyay ee ugu caansan ee Af-Soomaaliga far Carabi lagu qoro ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). ## Fartii Muuse Galaal, 1954 Sannadkii 1954 [Muuse Xaaji Ismaaciil Galaal](/en/people/musa-galaal/) wuxuu joornaalka Islamic Quarterly ku daabacay soo jeedintii ugu horumarsanayd ee Af-Soomaaliga xarfo Carabi ah lagu qoro ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Wuxuu hindisay toddoba calaamadood oo cusub oo shaqallada ah, si shaqallada gaagaaban iyo kuwa dhaadheer loo kala garto iyadoon calaamado (xarakaad) loo baahnayn. Lewis wuxuu u qiimeeyay inay tahay xarfaha Carabiga ah ee ugu saxsan ee Af-Soomaaliga loo sameeyay ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Lewis 1958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). Wikipedia waxay sheegtay in xarfaha cusub ay dhaleeceeyeen dad diinta ku adag oo ka walwalsanaa inay adkeyn doonaan barashada Qur'aanka. Soo jeedin dambe oo uu keenay Ibraahim Xaashi Maxamuud waxay isticmaashay isku darka xarfaha shaqallada dhaadheer iyo hamsada ([Tosco 2010, oo soo xiganaya Labahn 1982](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). ## Asal hore iyo dhammaadka dadaalka Dhaqanka Soomaalidu wuxuu u aaneeyaa awliyada Sheekh Yuusuf bin Axmed al-Kawneyn (Aw Barkhadle) inuu xarakaadka Carabiga u bixiyay magacyo Soomaali ah si ardaydu wax u akhrin bartaan ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Laitin 1977 iyo Lewis 1958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). Markii farta Laatiinka si rasmi ah loo qaatay 1972, shaqadii higaad Carabi oo mideysan oo Af-Soomaaliga loo samaynayay way istaagtay ([Wadaad's writing, Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Tosco 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing)). ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Farta Af-Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-writing-systems/) - [Dugsiyada Qur'aanka iyo waxbarashada diinta](/so/society/quran-schools-and-religious-learning/) - [Sida Islaamku u soo gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/) --- # Far Boorama (Gadabuursi): xarfihii Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur ee 1933 Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/borama-script/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Far Boorama ama Far Gadabuursi waa xarfo Af-Soomaali oo qiyaastii 1933 uu sameeyay Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur, qaaddigii Boorama (Borama). Waxaa loo qori jiray bidix ilaa midig, waxaana gabayo iyo warqado ugu isticmaali jiray kooxdiisa Boorama. I. M. Lewis wuxuu 1958 daabacay xarfaheeda iyo qoraallo lagu qoray, oo ay ku jiraan laba gabay, geeraar iyo qasiido. ## Yaa sameeyay? Far Boorama, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Far Gadabuursi, waxaa qiyaastii 1933 sameeyay [Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur (Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nur)](/en/people/sheikh-abdurahman-sheikh-nur/) oo Gadabuursi ahaa ([Tosco 2010, Somali writings, oo soo xiganaya Lewis 1958](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Wuxuu ahaa qaaddiga (garsoorka Islaamka) ee Boorama, oo ku dhow xuduudda Itoobiya. David Laitin isna wuxuu u qoray qiyaastii 1933 ([Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought, 1977, b. 98](https://books.google.com/books?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC&pg=PA98)). Ku dhowaad wax kasta oo laga yaqaan waxay ka yimaadeen hal maqaal oo uu qoray I. M. Lewis, "The Gadabuursi Somali Script", oo lagu daabacay joornaalka Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies sannadkii 1958 ([Lewis 1958, Scribd](https://www.scribd.com/doc/15957443/The-Gadabursi-Somali-Script); [Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). ## Yaa isticmaali jiray? Lewis wuxuu ogaaday in farta keliya laga isticmaali jiray Boorama, "koox yar oo saaxiibbada Sheekha ah" dhexdooda. Sheekhu "uma arkin hindisihiisa wax ku biiraya xallinta dhibaatada helitaanka qoraal qaran oo Af-Soomaaliga ah" ([Tosco 2010, oo soo xiganaya Lewis 1958, b. 142](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Wikipedia waxay ku dartay in ganacsato qaar oo ka ganacsan jiray Saylac (Zeila) iyo Boorama iyo ardayda Sheekha ay barteen ([Gadabuursi script, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_Script)). ## Sidee xarfuhu u shaqeeyaan? Farta waxaa loo qoraa bidix ilaa midig ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Tosco wuxuu ku tilmaamay mid qurux badan, oo ay ku jiraan xarfo si fudud la isugu qaldo, sida calaamadda a ama aa iyo calaamadda d. Muuqaalkeeda wuxuu la barbardhigay farta Joorjiyaanka, halka Far Cismaaniya ay xusuusiso farta Armeeniyaanka. Xeerarkeedu waxay dhowr siyaabood kaga duwan yihiin [Far Cismaaniya](/so/society/osmanya-script/) ([Tosco 2010](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)): - ma jirto calaamad joogsiga cunaha (hamsa), sida Far Cismaaniyadii dambe; - **ii** iyo **uu** waxay leeyihiin calaamado u gaar ah, oo ka gooni ah **y** iyo **w**; - **o** iyo **u** gaagaaban waxay wadaagaan hal calaamad; - dhererka shaqalka laguma calaamadeeyo **a/aa** iyo **e/ee**. Kala horreynta xarfuhu waxay qiyaas ahaan raacdaa alifbeetada Carabiga, iyadoo ay jiraan waxyaabo badan oo ka reeban. ## Qoraallada lagu qoray Lewis wuxuu daabacay, isagoo la socodsiiyay qoraal far Laatiin ah, tarjumaad iyo faallo, dhowr qoraal oo farta lagu qoray: laba **gabay**, **geeraar**, **qasiido** lagu ammaanayo Nabiga (NNKH), iyo laba warqadood oo gaar ah ([Tosco 2010, oo soo xiganaya Lewis 1958](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Wikipedia waxay xustay in farta lagu sameeyay suugaan inta badan qasiidooyin ah ([Gadabuursi script, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_Script)). ## Doodii farta Farta waxay ka mid ahayd 11-ka hab-qoraal ee ay Soomaali hindiseen ee, sida uu sheegay Thomas Labahn, la horkeenay guddigii luqadda ee 1961. Shaxda isbarbardhigga ee Labahn waxay ku qortay lambar 8, Far Cismaaniyana lambar 2, Far Kaddarena lambar 9 ([Tosco 2010, oo soo xiganaya Labahn 1982](https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/aaeo/2010_3542)). Farta Laatiinka ayaa la doortay 1972. ## Akhri wax dheeraad ah - [Farta Af-Soomaaliga](/so/society/somali-writing-systems/) - [Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur](/en/people/sheikh-abdurahman-sheikh-nur/) - [Awdal iyo Boorama](/so/regions/awdal/) --- # Xawaadle (Hawadle, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/xawaadle/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Xawaadle waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo lagu tiriyo Hawiye. Abbink wuxuu ku dhigay laanta Mayle ee kooxda 'ka hor Hawiye'. EASO waxay ku tilmaantay qabiilka ugu dadka badan Hiiraan, oo haya dhulka waqooyi-bari ee webiga Shabeelle agagaarka Beledweyne. Diiwaannada dhowaan waxay taxeen khilaafyo lala galay Abgaal, kooxo Gugundhabe ah, Cayr, Makane iyo kuwo kale. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Xawaadle waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo Ingiriisiga loogu qoro Hawadle, ilaha Talyaaniga ee horena Auadleh ([Wikipedia, Hawadle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawadle)). Ilaha badankoodu waxay ku tiriyaan [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/), laakiin way ku kala duwan yihiin sida. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Gardere-Yakabur-Mayle ("ka hor Hawiye") > Mayle > Hawadle ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 30](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Hawadle ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Hawadle (Hawiye)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | World Bank 2005 (shaxda CRD) | Waxaa lagu taxay "la-xiriirka Hawiye: Hawadle, Galje'el, Ajuran, Dagodi" ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Samaale > Meyle > Maxamed > Xawaadle, oo soo xiganaysa buugga Cali Jimcaale Axmed *The Invention of Somalia* ([Wikipedia, Hawadle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawadle)) | Abbink wuxuu qoray in "aan si buuxda u caddayn" sida kooxaha "ka hor Hawiye" ay ula xiriiraan Hawiye. Wuxuu ku daray in Hawadle "maanta inta badan loo soo bandhigo mid ka mid ah kooxaha waaweyn ee Hawiye" (Abbink 2009, b. 30). Eeg [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu Hawadle hoos dhigay lix laamood: Cabdi Yuusuf, Farmagge, Cabdalle, Allagumar, Walahmooge iyo Cabdiraxmaan ([Abbink 2009, b. 30](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu qoraa kooxo badan oo Xawaadle ah ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)): - Cabdi Yuusuf, Cabdiraxmaan, Cabdalla iyo Reer Ugaas - Agoon iyo Gaalible Xasan Agoon - Cali Madaxweyne, Xaaruun, Xasan Muuse iyo Faarax Cagaweyne - Yabar Madaxweyne, oo leh Aadan, Baane, Xuseen, Iidle iyo Maxamed Yabar Madaxweyne - Aadan Warsame, Yabar Dige iyo Ibraahim Ciise Wikipedia waxay bixisay geed dheer. Xawaadle hoostiisa waxay magacawday Midigsame, oo leh Alagumar iyo Lo'doone. Lo'doone hoostiisa waxay magacawday Wacwacaale, oo wiilkiisa Samatalis uu madax u yahay afar laamood ([Wikipedia, Hawadle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawadle)): | Laan | Kooxaha hoos yimaada | |---|---| | Faramage Samatalis (Reer Ugaas) | Dhoore iyo Dhaga Digane | | Yuusuf Samatalis (Cabdi Yuusuf) | Garaad Cabdi, Abuubakar Cabdi, Habarwaa Cabdi iyo Aadan Cabdi | | Dige Samatalis | Ciise Dige (Yacquub, Ibraahim iyo Madaxweyne Ciise) iyo Yabar Dige | | Cabdalle Samatalis | Maxamed, Saleebaan, Aadan, Idiris iyo Cumar Cabdalle | Madaxweyne Ciise hoostiisa, Wikipedia waxay magacawday Cabdalle Madaxweyne (Agoon Cabdalle), Yabar Madaxweyne, Cali Madaxweyne, Axmed Madaxweyne iyo Geedi Madaxweyne (isla ilaha). Koox kasta oo halkan ku jirta waxay kaloo ku jirtaa [geedka qabiilada](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Hiiraan | "Hiiraan waxaa xukuma qabiilka Hawadle, oo ah kan ugu dadka badan, laga yaabana inuu yahay kan ugu awoodda badan gobolka" ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Waqooyi-bari webiga Shabeelle | EUAA waxay leedahay Hawadle waxay xukumaan "dhulka waqooyi-bari ee webiga Shabeelle" ([EUAA 2025, Hiiraan](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)) | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | Diiwaannadu waxay magacaabaan khilaafyo ka dhacay degmada Ceel Baraf (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1) | | Meelo kale | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay Muqdisho, Qoryooley ee Shabeellaha Hoose, Jubbada Dhexe iyo Hoose, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo waqooyi-bari Kenya ([Wikipedia, Hawadle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawadle)) | Eeg [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) iyo [Hirshabeelle](/so/states/hirshabelle/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **2016 ilaa 2020.** [Cali Cabdullaahi Cosoble (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/ali-abdullahi-osoble/) wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Hirshabeelle, [Maxamed Cabdi Waare (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/mohamed-abdi-waare/)-na kii labaad. Wikipedia waxay labadaba ku taxday Xawaadle ([Wikipedia, Hawadle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawadle)). - **2020 ilaa 2021.** EASO waxay leedahay gaar ahaan Xawaadle waxay dalbadeen in Hiiraan noqoto maamul goboleed u gaar ah, oo aan ka mid ahayn Hirshabeelle. Jeneraal Abuukar Xaaji Warsame (Xuud), oo Xawaadle ah, wuxuu maamulka cusub ee Hirshabeelle uga horyimid "xitaa si milatari" ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). - **Juun 2023.** Madaxweynaha Hirshabeelle wuxuu xilka ka qaaday guddoomiyaha Hiiraan Cali Jeyte Cismaan. Cismaan wuxuu horay ugu dhawaaqay in Hiiraan ka baxayso Hirshabeelle, kaddib khilaaf canshuur ([EUAA 2025, Hiiraan](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)). - **Sebtembar 2023.** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu "helay taageerada bulshada Xawaadle ee Mahaas" ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah Al-Shabaab. Wuxuu Cali Jeyte u magacaabay taliyaha maleeshiyaadka macawisleyda deegaanka (isla ilaha). - **Febraayo 2025.** Heshiis u dhexeeya Xawaadle iyo Hirshabeelle ayaa la sheegay in laga wada xaajooday (isla ilaha). Eeg [weerarka ka dhanka ah Al-Shabaab (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/offensive-against-al-shabaab-2022-2025/). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay Reer Ugaas ee Xawaadle ku dhigtay Faramage Samatalis hoostiisa ([Wikipedia, Hawadle, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawadle)). ACLED wuxuu qoraa koox "Hawadle-Reer-Ugaas" ah ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadahan Hirshabeelle, oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Abgaal iyo Xawaadle, degmada Jalalaqsi (Hiiraan) iyo degmada Ceel Baraf (Shabeellaha Dhexe). - Xawaadle iyo Makane (Bantu) ee Beledweyne, oo ay ku jirto Cali Madaxweyne iyo Makane. - Xawaadle iyo Baadicadde (Gugundhabe), degmada Jalalaqsi. - Agoon iyo Cali Madaxweyne iyo Cayr (Habar Gidir), Matabaan. - Faqay Cumar (Dir) iyo Xawaadle, tuulooyin u dhow xuduudda Itoobiya. Diiwaanno kale oo EUAA ah (isla ilaha, qaybaha 1.5.2 iyo 1.10.2): - **22 Abriil 2023.** Maleeshiyaad Sacad (Habar Gidir) ah ayaa weeraray oo kufsaday lix haween iyo gabdho Xawaadle ah meel u dhow Dhabad, Cabudwaaq. - **10 Abriil iyo 7 Maajo 2024.** Xubno maleeshiyaad Xawaadle ah ayaa degmada Beledweyne ku toogtay darawallo baabuur, khilaaf canshuur dartiis, waxayna dileen mid. - **16 Febraayo 2025.** Maleeshiyaad Xawaadle ah ayaa dilay haweeney Cayr ah meel u dhow Beledweyne. EASO waxay taxday khilaaf dhul oo u dhexeeya Xawaadle iyo Reer Aw Xasan (Ashraf), kaas oo Juun 2020 dilay 16 qof ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/), [Reer Aw Xasan](/so/society/reer-aw-xasan/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Hawiye mise maya.** ACLED iyo EUAA waxay qoraan "Hawadle (Hawiye)". Abbink wuxuu ku dhigay koox gooni ah oo "ka hor Hawiye" ah, shaxda CRD ee World Bank-na waxay ugu yeertay "la-xiriirka Hawiye". - **Awoowaha.** Wikipedia waxay u abtirisay Meyle ina Samaale. Mayle-ga Abbink wuxuu ku jiraa Gardere-Yakabur-Mayle, laan uu sheegay inay u abtirsato 'Imr, ee aan ahayn Samaale. - **Laamaha.** Abbink wuxuu taxay lix laamood. ACLED iyo Wikipedia waxay bixiyaan kuwo aad u badan, magacyo kala duwanna leh. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) - [Geedka qabiilada Soomaaliyeed](/so/society/somali-clan-tree/) - [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) --- # Begedi (Bagadi, Digil, Rahanweyn) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/begedi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Begedi (Bagadi) waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan laanta Digil ee Rahanweyn. EUAA waxay ku sheegtay Shabeellaha Hoose, agagaarka Afgooye, iyagoo ah beeralay iyo ganacsato. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay degmada Awdheegle ku tilmaantay degaankooda ugu weyn. Ilaha qaar waxay kaloo ku tiriyaan kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Banaadiri. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Begedi waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed, oo sidoo kale loo qoro Bagadi. Ilaha badankoodu waxay ku dhigaan laanta Digil ee [Rahanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | EUAA 2025 | "Begedi iyo Geledi waa qayb ka mid ah Rahanweyn/Digil" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.3](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | ACCORD 2009 | "Bagadi / Iroole waa qayb ka mid ah Digil / Rahanweyn ee Shabeellaha Hoose" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 20](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | ACLED 2025 | Rahanweyn > Digil > Bagadi, magacyadii hore Begedi iyo Digil-Bagari ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 (jaantuska CRD) | Digil: Geledi, Tunni, Garre, Jiiddo, Begedi iyo Shanta-Caleen ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | Abbink 2009 | Wuxuu Irole ku taxay Digil hoostiisa ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 11](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Waxay ka soo farcameen Aw Digil ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Begedi, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begedi)) | ACCORD waxay Bagadi iyo Iroole u qaadatay hal koox. Abbink wuxuu magacaabay Irole, mana magacaabin Begedi. Eeg [geedka Rahanweyn iyo Digil](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-rahanweyn/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Begedi waxay leeyihiin 12 qabiil oo ku jira afar laan ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begedi)). Waxay ku dartay in jilibyo Begedi ah ay waqti dheer kadib ku biireen Eelay, Geledi, Garre iyo Tunni (isla ilaha). ACLED wuxuu u calaamadeeyay hal koox oo Bagadi ah, iyadoon jilibyo la sheegin (ACLED, Sebtembar 2025). EUAA iyo ACCORD ma magacaabin jilibyo Begedi ah. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Shabeellaha Hoose, agagaarka Afgooye | "Geledi iyo Begedi waxay inta badan degaan gobolka Shabeellaha Hoose, gaar ahaan Afgooye iyo agagaarkeeda" (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.3) | | Shabeellaha Hoose, kooxaha muddada dheer | EASO waxay Bagadi ku taxday jilibyada asalka u ah Shabeellaha Hoose, oo ay la socdaan Tunni, Eelay, Garre, Geledi iyo Jiddu ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Degmada Awdheegle | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku tilmaantay degaankooda ugu weyn ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begedi)) | | Magaalooyin kale | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku dartay Buurhakaba, Afgooye, Qoryooley, Marka, Baraawe, Sablaale, Kunturwaarey, Janaale, Baardheere, Jowhar, Muqdisho iyo Baydhabo (isla ilaha) | EUAA waxay leedahay "inta badan waa beeralay iyo/ama ganacsato" (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.3). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku dartay xoolo dhaqasho. Eeg [Shabeellaha Hoose](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1991 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** EUAA waxay qortay in "intii dagaalka sokeeye, Geledi iyo Begedi ay qabsadeen oo ka faa'iideysteen gaar ahaan maleeshiyaadka qabiilada Hawiye, kuwaas oo la wareegay dhulkooda" (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.3). - **2000-meeyadii.** ACCORD waxay qortay in Digil ay "Hawiye cadaadiyeen". Waxay sheegtay in Al-Shabaab ay Shabeellaha Hoose soo galeen "iyagoo ku doodaya inay taageerayaan Digil iyo Biymaal" (ACCORD, 2009, b. 20). - **Horraantii 2025.** EUAA waxay leedahay Rahanweyn "hadda looma tiriyo koox laga tirada badan yahay". Waxay ku dartay in Begedi iyo Geledi weli "inta badan loo tiriyo kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Banaadiri" (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.3). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Ilaha halkan lagu isticmaalay ma magacaabin oday dhaqameed Begedi ah oo magac leh. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Begedi ama Bagadi ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Badan ama laga tirada badan yahay.** EUAA iyo ACCORD waxay Begedi ku dhigaan Digil. EUAA waxay kaloo xustay in inta badan lagu tiriyo kooxaha Banaadiri ee laga tirada badan yahay. - **Magaca.** ACCORD waxay Bagadi la mid dhigtay Iroole. Abbink wuxuu Irole ku taxay Digil, mana magacaabin Begedi. - **Jilibyada.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixisay 12 qabiil oo ku jira afar laan. Ilaha kale ee halkan ma magacaabin jilibyo. ## Akhri wax badan - [Rahanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) - [Geedka Rahanweyn iyo Digil](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-rahanweyn/) - [Shabeellaha Hoose](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) --- # Mareexaan (Marehan, Daarood) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/mareexaan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Mareexaan (Marehan) waa qabiil Daarood ah oo ka tirsan laanta Sade. ACCORD waxay ku tirisay saddexda koox ee waaweyn ee Daarood, oo ay la socdaan Ogaadeen iyo Harti. EUAA waxay ku tilmaantay qabiilka ugu awoodda badan Gedo, oo haysta inta badan dhulka galbeedka Jubba. Waxay kaloo degaan Galgaduud iyo Mudug. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Mareexaan waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed, oo Ingiriisiga lagu qoro Marehan. Dhammaan ilaha halkan lagu isticmaalay waxay ku dhigaan qoyska [Daarood](/so/society/darod/). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Daarood > Sa'ade > Marehan ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 24](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACCORD 2009 | Daarood "waxaa caadi ahaan loo qaybiyaa saddex koox oo waaweyn: Ogaadeen, Mareexaan iyo Harti" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 (jaantuska CRD) | Sade, oo ay ku jiraan Mareexaan iyo Facaye ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | ACLED 2025 | Daarood > Marehan ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Laanta waalidka waa Sade, oo ka tirsan Daarood ([Wikipedia, Marehan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marehan)) | Eeg [geedka Daarood](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-darod/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu taxay laba laamood oo waaweyn oo Mareexaan ah, Maxamed iyo Hawrarsame (Abbink 2009, b. 24 ilaa 25): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Maxamed | Nuur, Xasan, Siyaad, Diini, Talxe, Cali Dheere, Isaaq, Samatar, Islaan, Axmed, Cali Xuseen, Eli iyo Habar Yacquub | | Hawrarsame | Yuusuf, Aadan iyo Maxamuud | Wuxuu kaloo taxay Reer Talxe, Reer Xasan, Reer Axmed, Habar Ciise iyo Siyaad Xuseen. Reer Diini hoostiisa wuxuu ku magacaabay Guuleed, Kooshin, Shirwac, Nuur, Warfaa, Ugaas Sharmaarke iyo kuwo kale. Kooxo kale waxaa ka mid ah Reer Soonfure, Reer Uur-Mudug, Wagardhac iyo Garaad (isla ilaha). Liiska ACLED ee 2025 wuxuu calaamadeeyay kooxahan Mareexaan ah (ACLED, Sebtembar 2025): - Bahararsame, Hawrarsame iyo Hororsame - Reer Diini, Reer Siyaad, Reer Axmed iyo Siyaad Xuseen - Wagardhac, Cili, Dalal, Reer Dalal iyo Talxa - Muuse Fiin, Fuqu Muxumed iyo Gabawen - Reer Aw Xasan, Reer Ugaas Sharmaake, Reer Garaad iyo Reer Cafi ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Gedo | "Mareexaan (Daarood) waa qabiilka ugu awoodda badan xagga siyaasadda iyo ciidanka, iyagoo haysta ku dhowaad dhammaan dhulka galbeedka webiga Jubba" ([EUAA 2025, Gedo](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/211-gedo)) | | Gedo, tirada dadka | EASO waxay leedahay waxay yihiin "qiyaastii kala bar ama ka badan" dadka Gedo ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Galgaduud | Mid ka mid ah shanta qabiil ee waaweyn ee waqooyiga Galgaduud, oo ay la socdaan Sacad, Saleebaan, Cayr iyo kooxaha Dir (EASO 2021) | | Mudug | Waxaa lagu taxay qabiilada kale ee Mudug ([EUAA 2025, Mudug](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)) | | Jubbada Dhexe | Diiwaannadu waxay magacaabeen xoolo-dhaqato Mareexaan ah oo ku sugan degmada Saakow (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.2) | EASO waxay ku dartay in Luuq iyo Baardheere ay ahaayeen magaalooyin qabiilo badan leh oo "Mareexaan ay u badan yihiin" sannadkii 1999 (EASO 2021). Eeg [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/), [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) iyo [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay dagaalyahanno Mareexaan ah ayaa ka qayb qaatay duullaannadii Imaam Axmed Ibraahim al-Qaasi. Waxay Garaad Xiraabu Goyta Tedros ku sheegtay taliye Mareexaan ah ([Wikipedia, Marehan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marehan)). - **1969 ilaa 1991.** [Maxamed Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) ayaa hoggaaminayay Soomaaliya. Maktabadda Koongareeska Maraykanka waxay leedahay dowladdiisa si aan rasmi ahayn waxaa loogu yeeri jiray "MOD", oo loola jeedo Mareexaan, Ogaadeen iyo Dhulbahante ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/24.htm)). Eeg [xilligii Siyaad Barre](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). - **1990-meeyadii.** Abbink wuxuu Jabhadda Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNF) ku taxay koox Mareexaan ah, oo ka kooban "taageerayaashii madaxweynihii hore Siyaad Barre" (Abbink 2009, b. 40). - **2017 ilaa 2022.** [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/) wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne. Wikipedia waxay ku tirisay Mareexaan (Wikipedia, Marehan, kayd). - **2020 ilaa 2021.** EASO waxay leedahay loolanka dowladda federaalka iyo Jubbaland wuxuu ka dhacay Gedo. Waxay xustay kala qaybsanaan u dhexeysa *reer guri* (Mareexaanka muddada dheer deganaa) iyo *reer galti* (Mareexaanka Gedo u soo guuray intii dagaalka sokeeye) (EASO 2021). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Abbink wuxuu Reer Diini hoostiisa ku magacaabay laanta Ugaas Sharmaarke. ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay koox "Marehan-Reer Ugas Sharmake" ah. EASO waxay leedahay jilibyada Mareexaan inta badan waxay isku dhacaan "awoodda, odaynimada iyo kheyraadka" (EASO 2021). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadahan, oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Reer Aw Xasan (Mareexaan) iyo Gababweyne oo ka soo horjeeda Macallin Weyne, Luuq, Gedo. - Mareexaan iyo Gelidle (Mirifle), degmada Baardheere, Gedo. Waxaa lagu tilmaamay mid hurda. - Surre (Dir) iyo Mareexaan, Cabudwaaq iyo Laandheer, Galgaduud. - Saleebaan (Habar Gidir) iyo Mareexaan, agagaarka Balliseenyoole, degmada Cabudwaaq. - Sacad (Habar Gidir) iyo Wagardhac (Mareexaan), Dhabad iyo Galinsoor. - Cayr (Habar Gidir) iyo Mareexaan, degmada Balanbale. - Mareexaan iyo Sacad, galbeedka degmada Gaalkacyo, oo hurday Febraayo 2025. EUAA waxay leedahay ACLED wuxuu xilligaas Galgaduud ka diiwaangeliyay 49 dhacdo oo u dhexeeyay maleeshiyaadka Mareexaan iyo Dir. Wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 32 dhacdo oo u dhexeeyay Mareexaan iyo Habar Gidir ([EUAA 2025, Galgaduud](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). 25 Janaayo 2025, maleeshiyaad Mareexaan ah ayaa dilay laba xoolo-dhaqato Habar Gidir ah oo u dhow Cabudwaaq (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.2). EASO waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay khilaafka Garre iyo Mareexaan ee Ceelwaaq, iyo xiisadda Mareexaan iyo Rahanweyn ee Gedo (EASO 2021). Eeg [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Awowaha.** Abbink iyo jaantuska Bangiga Adduunka waxay Mareexaan hoos dhigaan Sade (Sa'ade). Wikipedia waxay bixisay isla laantaas. - **Jilibyada.** Abbink wuxuu magacaabay laba laamood oo waaweyn iyo kooxo badan. ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay 19 koox, oo higgaad iyo magacyo kala duwan leh. - **Taariikhda hore.** Sheegashooyinka 1500-meeyadii waxay ka yimaadeen Wikipedia, oo ah il kayd ah oo lagu calaamadeeyay tixraacyo maqan. ## Akhri wax badan - [Daarood](/so/society/darod/) - [Geedka Daarood](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-darod/) - [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/) - [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) --- # Jijeele (Jejele, Gugundhabe, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/jijeele/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Jijeele (Jejele, Jajele) waa qabiil Hawiye ah oo ka tirsan kooxda Gugundhabe. Abbink wuxuu ku taxay Gugundabe hoostiisa, oo ay la socdaan Jidle, Galja'el iyo Baadicade. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku sheegtay Hiiraan, Baay, Bakool, Shabeellaha Hoose iyo Muqdisho. EUAA iyo EASO waxay diiwaangeliyeen khilaaf dhul beereed oo u dhexeeya Makane, agagaarka Beledweyne. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Jijeele waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed, oo sidoo kale loo qoro Jejele ama Jajele. Dhammaan ilaha halkan lagu isticmaalay waxay ku tiriyaan [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/), kooxda Gugundhabe. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Gugundabe > Jajele. Qabiilada kale ee ku hoos jira waa Jidle, Jibidle, Galja'el, Molaal, Jilideen, Baadicade iyo Murille ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 28](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 (jaantuska CRD) | Gugundhabe (Baadicade, Jidle, Jejele) oo Hawiye hoos yimaada ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Gugundhabe > Jijeele, magacyadii hore Hawiye-Jijeele iyo Jejele ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Jijeele (Gugundhabe/Hawiye)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Gugundhabe > Hawiye ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Jijeele, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijeele)) | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Jidle iyo Baadicade ku sheegtay qaraabo dhow (isla ilaha). Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Jijeele wuxuu u kala baxaa afar: Maxamed, Xaramage, Dudbiye iyo Kitshe. Waxay Maxamed ku sheegtay curadka. Waxay leedahay afartaas waxay u sii kala baxaan 14 laf ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijeele)). | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Dudbiye | Guudwaay (oo leh Doolow iyo Maxamed Kheyr), Makaahiil (oo leh Dumaal iyo Iidsuge) iyo Yaaquub. Iidsuge hoostiisa: Reer Faqay, Habarwadaag iyo Cabdisuge | | Xaramage | Shalashame, Reer Wabar, Dharooye iyo Faranjecle | | Kitshe | Ciise iyo Waadsuge | | Maxamed Jijeele | lama sheegin | Boggu wuxuu kaloo magacaabay Kulmiye, Cadow iyo Goblajoog. Faranjecle hoostiisa wuxuu ku taxay Rooble iyo Xalane (isla ilaha). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay hal koox oo Jijeele ah, iyadoon jilibyo la sheegin. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Hiiraan | EASO waxay xustay loolan u dhexeeya Xawaadle oo bari ah iyo "Gaaljecel/Jajele/Baadicade" oo ku sugan dhinaca galbeed ee webiga ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Magaalooyinka Hiiraan | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday Beledweyne, Caagsibir, Ceel Idaad, Xaajinuur, Maroodile, Baardhuyac, Maxaas, Maqokori, Farlibaax iyo Ceelcade ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijeele)) | | Bakool iyo Baay | Quracjoome, Ceelbarde, Xudur, Diinsoor iyo Buurhakaba (isla ilaha) | | Shabeellaha Hoose iyo Dhexe | Mubaarak oo u dhow Afgooye, iyo Basra (isla ilaha) | | Muqdisho | Degmooyin badan, oo ay ka mid yihiin Hodan, Yaaqshiid iyo Dharkenley (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/), [Bakool](/so/regions/bakool/) iyo [Baay](/so/regions/bay/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **2011.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Jijeele sannadkaas waxay Al-Shabaab kula dagaallameen dhulkooda. Waxay ku tilmaantay beeshii ugu horreysay ee sidaas samaysa ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijeele)). - **Maajo 2021.** EASO waxay diiwaangelisay isku dhacyo dhul beereed oo u dhexeeyay Jejele iyo Makane, duleedka Beledweyne. Warbixinnadu waxay sheegeen laba ilaa toban qof oo dhintay, 5 iyo 17 Maajo. Booliisku wuxuu xiray odayaal dhowr ah oo looga shakiyay inay dagaalka hurinayeen ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay kaloo magacawday siyaasiyiin. Waxaa ka mid ah Xareed Faarax, oo wasiir ka ahaa dowladdii Madaxweyne Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, iyo xildhibaan Yuusuf Xuseen Axmed Gamcadiid (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Ilaha halkan lagu isticmaalay ma magacaabin oday dhaqameed Jijeele ah oo magac leh. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay "Makane (Bantu) iyo Jijeele (Gugundhabe/Hawiye), degmada Beledweyne" ku taxday colaadaha firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). EASO waxay horay u sheegtay in khilaafku ku saabsan yahay "dhul beereed" (EASO 2021). Eeg [Xawaadle](/so/society/xawaadle/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Higgaadda.** Abbink wuxuu qoray Jajele. Bangiga Adduunka iyo EASO waxay qoreen Jejele. ACLED iyo EUAA waxay qoreen Jijeele. - **Qaraabada.** Abbink wuxuu Gugundabe hoostiisa ku taxay sideed qabiil. Jaantuska Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu magacaabay saddex. - **Jilibyada.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga oo keliya ayaa bixisay jilibyo. Boggeedu tixraacyo yar ayuu leeyahay. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/) - [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) --- # Ayaanle Cayr (Ayanle, Habar Gidir, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/ayaanle-cayr/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ayaanle Cayr (Ayaanle Caroole) waa jilib ka tirsan Cayr, oo ah laan Habar Gidir ee Hawiye. Abbink wuxuu Cayr hoostiisa ku taxay laba laamood, Absiye iyo Ayanle. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Ayaanle wuxuu leeyahay saddex laamood: Weheliye, Fiqishini iyo Aybakar. Waxay degaan Galgaduud, Mudug iyo Hiiraan, qaarna Sool. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Ayaanle Cayr waa jilib ka tirsan [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/), oo ah laan Habar Gidir ee [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay sidoo kale ugu yeertay Ayaanle Caroole ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Ayaanle Cayr, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaanle_cayr)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hirab > Habr Gidir > 'Ayr > Ayanle. Laanta kale ee 'Ayr waa Absiye ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Habar Gedir > Ayr > Ayanle ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Ayaanle (Ayr/Habar Gidir/Hawiye)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Ayaanle, Caroole, Axmed, Cabdalle, Samadoor, Dhowrakace, Abti-Edeg, Mucle (Tolweyne), Cayr Maxamed, Madarkicis, Hiraab ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaanle_cayr)) | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay dad badan ayaa u haysta in Cayr Maxamed uu dhalay Ayaanle, balse dhowr fac ayaa u dhexeeya. Waxay sheegtay in hooyada Ayaanle, Faadumo Xasan Gaalshireed, ay u dhalatay Mareexaan Reer Xasan (isla ilaha). Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Ayaanle wuxuu dhalay afar wiil. Saddex ayaa taranay, Aflax Ayaanle ma uusan reebin carruur ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaanle_cayr)): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Weheliye Ayaanle (Cumar Weheliye) | Reer Liibaan (Liibaan Maxamuud), Reer Ciyoow (Ciyoow Maxamuud) iyo Reer Ilmo Adeero Cumar | | Fiqi Cumar Ayaanle (Fiqishini) | Xasan Fiqi Cumar (Kuuloow) iyo Ismaaciil Fiqi Cumar | | Aybakar Ayaanle | Maxamuud Aybakar (Reer Maxamuud Qurbac), oo leh Jibriil iyo Samatar; iyo Weheliye Aybakar (Reer Weheliye Dheere), oo leh Gaban, Sharmaarke iyo Jalo | Reer Ilmo Adeero Cumar waxay ka kooban yihiin toban jufo oo ku abtirsada Cumar Weheliye. Waxaa ka mid ah Reer Xuseen (Xuseen Gurmo), Reer Guurey iyo laamaha Gondaweyne. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay jufooyinkaas waxaa la isugu geeyay si loo mideeyo mag-bixinta, qaaraanka iyo is-difaaca (isla ilaha). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Galgaduud | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Ayaanle wuxuu ku dhashay Bulacle, oo bari ka xigta Dhuusamareeb. EUAA waxay khilaafka Ayaanle ka diiwaangelisay Laas-Xaadow ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Mudug | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Ayaanle wuxuu ku aasan yahay Geed Jimcaadkii Ayaanle, oo u dhow Xarardheere. Waxay kaloo magacawday Ceelbuur ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaanle_cayr)) | | Galgaduud iyo Hiiraan | Xasan Fiqi Cumar (Kuuloow) (isla ilaha) | | Sool | Ismaaciil Fiqi Cumar, oo ah "xooga iyo tirada Fiqishini". Fiqi Cumar wuxuu ku aasan yahay degmada Xudun (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) iyo [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1700-meeyadii.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay soo gudbisay sheekooyin afka laga dhigto oo ku saabsan Cabdille Guure (Yabadhaale) iyo Cumar Oreey (Ayaanle). Waxay ku xirtay dagaallo dhul iyo ceelal, sida ceelka Gujaale ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaanle_cayr)). - **Bilowgii 1900-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay Cigayoon Maxamed, oo Fiqishini ah, wuxuu ahaa darwiish iyo gabayaa u dhowaa Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (isla ilaha). Eeg [Dervish movement (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1925.** Waxay leedahay 11 nin oo Cayr ah, badankoodu Ayaanle, ayaa dilay sarkaalkii Talyaaniga ee Ceelbuur, oo ay ku magacawday Captain Carolei. Waxay magacawday Cabdulle Ciroobe iyo Geelle Galaal (isla ilaha). - **Xilliga gumeysiga.** Waxay leedahay ganacsato Ayaanle ah ayaa la ganacsan jiray Cadan, Yemen. Ingiriisku wuxuu Maxamed Daqarre, oo Fiqishini ah, u magacaabay wakiilka bulshada ganacsatada Soomaalida ee Cadan (isla ilaha). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday dad badan, oo ay ka mid yihiin Jeneraal Maxamed Nuur Galaal iyo Jeneraal Cabdulqaadir Cali Diiriye (Subxaanyo) (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Ayaanle waxay hoos imaanayeen ugaaska Cayr. Waxay sheegtay in lix nabadoon la doortay markii beeshu ballaaratay ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaanle_cayr)): 1. Nabadoon Diini Beereed (Reer Weheliye Dheere) 2. Nabadoon Sheekhdoon Cismaan Qeylo (Reer Qurbac) 3. Nabadoon Coloow Aftaag (Reer Ciyoow) 4. Nabadoon Mataan Axmed Ilkoweyne (Reer Liibaan) 5. Suldaan Kaariye Kheyre Geedi (Reer Ilmo Adeero) 6. Caaqil Maxamed Cabsiiye (Fiqishini) Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay ku taxday colaadaha firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025: "Ayaanle (Ayr/Habar Gidir/Hawiye) iyo Absiiye (Ayr/Habar Gidir/Hawiye), Laas-Xaadow". Waxay leedahay khilaafkani wuxuu bilaabmay 2018 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). EASO waxay horay u diiwaangelisay Ayaanle (Cayr) iyo Reer Kooshin (Mareexaan), Balanbale ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Heerka.** Abbink wuxuu Cayr hoostiisa ku taxay laba laamood oo keliya, Absiye iyo Ayanle. ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay ilaa sideed koox oo Cayr ah, Ayanle oo ka mid ah. - **Tirada.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Ayaanle ku sheegtay jilibka ugu ballaaran Habar Gidir iyo Cayr. Ma jiro il kale oo halkan ku jirta oo taas xaqiijisay. - **Taariikhda.** Inta badan taariikhda boggan waxay ka timid Wikipedia Soomaaliga iyo sheekooyin afka laga dhigto oo odayaal laga soo xigtay. ## Akhri wax badan - [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) - [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/) --- # Ciise Muuse (Isa Musa, Habar Awal, Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/ciise-muuse/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ciise Muuse (Isa Musa) waa qabiil Isaaq ah oo ka tirsan laanta Habar Awal. Abbink wuxuu Ciise ku taxay Muuse ina Zubeyr hoostiisa, isagoo hoos dhigay Aadan, Abokor iyo Maxamed. EUAA waxay leedahay waxay degaan Hargeysa, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Ibraahim Koodbuur iyo 26 Juun. Wikipedia waxay ku xirtay Berbera iyo ganacsiga safarka. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Ciise Muuse waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed, oo Ingiriisiga lagu qoro Isa Musa ama Isse Muse. Dhammaan ilaha halkan lagu isticmaalay waxay ku dhigaan laanta Habar Awal ee [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Habar Awal > Zubeyr > Muuse > Ciise, oo hoostiisa ah Aadan, Abokor iyo Maxamed ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 32](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Isaaq > Issa Muse, iyo Isaaq > Habar Awal > Isa Muse ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Qabiilada Isaaq/Habar Awal (Sacad Muuse iyo Ciise Muuse)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 2.2.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Ciise ina Muuse ina Zubeyr ina Cabdiraxmaan (Habar Awal) ina Sheekh Isaaq ([Wikipedia, Isa Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Musa)) | Qaraabada ugu dhow ee geedka Abbink waa Sacad, oo isaguna Muuse hoos yimaada (Abbink 2009, b. 32). Eeg [geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay magacawday afar laamood oo waaweyn: Abokor Ciise, Idiris Ciise, Aadan Ciise iyo Maxamed Ciise ([Wikipedia, Isa Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Musa)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixisay geed ka dheer ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Ciise Muuse, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciise_Muuse)): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Aadan Ciise | Jibriil Aadan, oo leh Maxamuud, Xasan, Ibraahim iyo Ismaaciil Jibriil | | Abokor Ciise | Cumar Abokor (oo leh Xasan iyo Yuusuf Cumar) iyo Cismaan Abokor (oo leh Samane iyo Cali Cismaan) | | Idiris Ciise | Cabdi Waadhor (oo leh Reer Daahir iyo Reer Hayaan) iyo Cali Waadhor | | Maxamed Ciise | Xasan Maxamed (curadka), Jibriil Maxamed, Cabdiraxmaan Muuse iyo Cabdulle Muuse | Muuse Jibriil hoostiisa waxay ku magacawday Cali Muuse, oo laamihiisa ay ka mid yihiin Reer Iidle, Reer Sahal, Reer Wacays, Reer Abane, Reer Had iyo Reer Xildiid. Cabdulle Muuse hoostiisa waxay ku magacawday Cabdalle Qoyan iyo Xasan Cabdulle (isla ilaha). ACLED wuxuu kaloo calaamadeeyay koox "Issa Muse-Abdalla Qoyan" ah. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Hargeysa | Sacad Muuse iyo Ciise Muuse "waxay inta badan degaan Ibraahim Koodbuur, iyo sidoo kale degmada 26 Juun iyo qaybo ka mid ah Gacan Libaax" (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 2.2.1) | | Woqooyi Galbeed | Habar Awal ayaa u badan "laga bilaabo xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed ilaa xadka Itoobiya" ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Berbera | Wikipedia waxay Berbera iyo bannaanka xeebta ku tilmaantay degaankooda dhaqameed ([Wikipedia, Isa Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Musa)) | | Meelo kale | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay Itoobiya, Kenya, Jabuuti iyo qurbaha (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Woqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1855 ilaa 1856.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay saraakiisha Ingiriiska ee Cadan waxay weerar lagu qaaday xerada Richard Burton ee Berbera inta badan u aaneeyeen Ciise Muuse. Ingiriisku kadib wuxuu xannibay Berbera ([Wikipedia, Isa Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Musa)). - **1800-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Ciise Muuse waxay cashuur ka qaadi jireen safarrada ganacsiga ee Berbera soo gala. Waxay soo xigatay 4 *ana* halkii awr ee rarran (isla ilaha). - **1960 ilaa 1969.** [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Ingiriisi)](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/) wuxuu ahaa ra'iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya, markii dambena madaxweynaha Somaliland 1993 ilaa 2002. Wikipedia waxay ku tirisay Ciise Muuse (isla ilaha). - **1979 ilaa 1990.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Cabdiraxiim Abby Faarax, oo Ciise Muuse ah, wuxuu ahaa ku-xigeenka Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay (isla ilaha). Eeg [Somaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay Suldaan Cismaan Suldaan Cali Kooshin ku sheegtay suldaanka guud ee hadda ee Ciise Muuse. Waxay leedahay qoyskiisu muddo dheer ayay haysteen magacan ([Wikipedia, Isa Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Musa)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Ciise Muuse. Wuxuu taxay khilaafyo u dhexeeya Habar Awal guud ahaan iyo kooxo kale oo Isaaq ah, Burco iyo Hargeysa ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Meesha la dhigo.** ACLED wuxuu mar si toos ah Isaaq hoos u dhigay, mar kalena Habar Awal hoostiisa. - **Jilibyada.** Abbink wuxuu Ciise hoostiisa ku taxay saddex laamood. Wikipedia iyo Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixiyeen afar, iyagoo ku daray Idiris. - **Taariikhda.** Taariikhda Berbera waxay ka timid Wikipedia, oo ah il kayd ah. ## Akhri wax badan - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/) - [Woqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) - [Sacad Muuse](/so/society/sacad-muuse/) - [Habar Awal](/so/society/habar-awal/) --- # Habar Gidir (Habr Gedir, Hiraab, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/habar-gidir/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Habar Gidir waa qabiil Hawiye ah oo ka tirsan laanta Hiraab, dhaqan ahaanna ka soo farcamay Madarkicis. Laamahooda waaweyn waa Sacad, Saleebaan, Cayr iyo Saruur, iyadoo Sifaadle iyo Duduble lala xiriiriyo. ACCORD waxay iyaga iyo Abgaal ku tilmaantay labada qaybood ee ugu muhiimsan Hawiye. Waxay inta badan degaan Galgaduud, koonfurta Mudug iyo Muqdisho. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Habar Gidir waa qabiil [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) ah oo ka tirsan laanta Hiraab. Wikipedia waxay leedahay awowgood waa Madarkicis Hiraab, Habar Gidirna waa magaca hooyadood, Gidir Karanle ([Wikipedia, Habar Gidir, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hiraab > Madarkicis > Habar Gidir, oo ay ku jiraan Sacad, Cayr, Saleebaan iyo Saruur ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACCORD 2009 | Habar Gidir iyo Abgaal waa "labada qaybood ee ugu muhiimsan uguna isticmaalka badan" Hawiye ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 (jaantuska CRD) | Gorgaarte: Abgaal, Habar Gidir, Sheekhaal, Duduble iyo Udeejeen ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Habar Gedir, oo leh Ayr, Sacad, Saleban iyo Duduble ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Madarkicis > Hiraab > Gorgaarte > Hawiye > Irir > Samaale ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Habar Gidir, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)) | Abbink wuxuu Duduble ku taxay Habar Gidir agtiisa, Hiraab hoostiisa, ee kuma darin gudaha (Abbink 2009, b. 27). Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay bixisay shan laamood: Cayr (Maxamed Madarkicis), Sacad, Saleebaan, Saruur (Ibraahim Madarkicis) iyo Sifaadle ([Wikipedia, Habar Gidir, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). Abbink wuxuu magacaabay kooxahan (Abbink 2009, b. 27): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Sacad | Reer Hiluwe, Reer Jalaf, Reer Nimcaale iyo Lugayare | | Cayr | Absiye iyo Ayaanle | | Saleebaan | Faarax (oo leh Maxamed Cabdi iyo Heysow) iyo Dashame (oo leh Gaabane iyo Abokor) | | Saruur | lama sheegin | ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay kooxo kale oo badan (ACLED, Sebtembar 2025): - Sacad: Reer Nimcaale, Reer Jalaf, Reer Hilowle, Barkhadle, Faarale, Indhayar iyo Sacad Muuse - Cayr: Ayaanle, Bilaal, Cabsiiye, Habar Caji, Yabar Dhowrakace, Yabadhaale iyo Saruur - Saleebaan, Duduble (oo leh Eli iyo Maxamed Camal), Jalax iyo Reer Aw Xasan Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Saruur wuxuu u kala baxaa Wacdaan iyo Nabadwaa, Sifaadlena Daangaale iyo Mariid ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). Eeg [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) iyo [Ayaanle Cayr](/so/society/ayaanle-cayr/). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Galgaduud | "Qabiilada ugu waaweyn Galgaduud waa jilibyada Habar Gidir (Hawiye): Saleebaan, Cayr, Duduble" ([EUAA 2025, Galgaduud](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)) | | Mudug | Hawiye "(jilibka Sacad ee Habar Gidir)" ayaa u badan koonfurta ([EUAA 2025, Mudug](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)) | | Muqdisho | "Muqdisho waxaa inta badan deggan Hawiye, qabiilada Abgaal, Habar Gidir iyo Murusade" ([EUAA, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Shabeellaha Hoose | Diiwaannadu waxay magacaabeen sheegashooyin dhul oo Habar Gidir ah, degmooyinka Afgooye iyo Marka (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1) | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay Hobyo, Gaalkacyo iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). Eeg [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) iyo [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Dabayaaqadii 1600-meeyadii ilaa 1889.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Habar Gidir waxay ka mid ahaayeen Imaamadda Hiraab, laga bilaabo Banaadir ilaa Mudug ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). - **1956 ilaa 1960.** [Cabdullaahi Ciise (Ingiriisi)](/so/people/abdullahi-issa/), oo ah Sacad Reer Nimcaale, ayaa hoggaaminayay dowladdii dhulka wakaaladda (isla ilaha). Eeg [SYL (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/somali-youth-league/). - **1991.** Ururka USC wuxuu u kala qaybsamay laba. Maktabadda Koongareeska Maraykanka waxay magacawday garab Abgaal oo uu hoggaaminayay Cali Mahdi iyo garab Habar Gidir oo uu hoggaaminayay [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid (Ingiriisi)](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/) ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). - **2000 ilaa 2004.** [Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan (Ingiriisi)](/so/people/abdiqasim-salad-hassan/), oo ah Cayr Cabsiiye, wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha Dowladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). - **2019.** Xafiiska Arrimaha Gudaha UK wuxuu soo xigtay warbixin ku saabsan Guutada Saddexaad ee ciidanka, oo "ay u badan yihiin Hawiye/Habar Gidir". Warbixintu waxay leedahay waxaa loo adeegsaday Shabeellaha Hoose si loo xoojiyo sheegashooyinka dhul beereed ee Habar Gidir ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). ACCORD waxay qortay in qoysas Reer Xamar ah ay xiriir guur la leeyihiin qabiilo xoog leh, "gaar ahaan Hawiye Abgaal iyo Habar Gidir". Waxay leedahay taasi waxay siisaa xoogaa ilaalin ah (ACCORD 2009, b. 17). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay khadka ugaasyada Cayr wuxuu leeyahay toban oday oo isku xiga ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Ayaanle Cayr, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaanle_cayr)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadahan, oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Geledi iyo Wacdaan iyo Habar Gidir, degmada Afgooye. - Biyomaal (Dir) iyo Habar Gidir, degmada Marka. - Saleebaan iyo Duduble, iyo Saleebaan iyo Cayr, degmooyinka Cadaado iyo Dhuusamareeb. - Cayr iyo Duduble, duleedka Dhuusamareeb. - Sacad iyo Leelkase, degmooyinka Gaalkacyo iyo Galdogob, oo leh aano "40-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay". - Sacad iyo Cumar Maxamuud (Majeerteen), Gaalkacyo iyo Jiriiban. Waxay hurday Febraayo 2025. - Saleebaan, Sacad iyo Cayr iyo kooxo Mareexaan ah, Galgaduud iyo Mudug. EUAA waxay leedahay ACLED wuxuu Galgaduud ka tiriyay 32 dhacdo oo u dhexeeyay maleeshiyaadka Habar Gidir iyo Mareexaan ([EUAA 2025, Galgaduud](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). Eeg [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Duduble.** Abbink iyo Bangiga Adduunka waxay Duduble ku taxeen Habar Gidir agtiisa. ACLED wuxuu hoos dhigay Habar Gidir. - **Sifaadle.** Wikipedia waxay Sifaadle ku tirisay laan shanaad. Abbink ma magacaabin. - **Abtirsiinta Sacad.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxaa ku jira sheeko aan tixraac lahayn oo Sacad ku abtirisa awoow kale. Ilaha kale ee halkan waxay Sacad hoos dhigaan Madarkicis. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) - [Saleebaan](/so/society/saleebaan-habar-gidir/) - [Sacad](/so/society/sacad-habar-gidir/) - [Duduble](/so/society/duduble/) - [Geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/) - [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) --- # Saleebaan (Habar Gidir, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/saleebaan-habar-gidir/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saleebaan waa qabiil Habar Gidir ah oo Hawiye ka tirsan, dhaqan ahaanna ka soo farcamay Saleebaan Madarkicis. Abbink wuxuu taxay laba laamood, Faarax iyo Dashame. EUAA waxay ku magacawday qabiilada waaweyn ee Galgaduud. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay waxay degaan Hobyo ilaa Daanyeer oo xadka Itoobiya ah, Cadaadona waa xarunta maamulka Ximan iyo Xeeb. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Saleebaan waa qabiil ka tirsan [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/), oo ah qayb [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Suleiman, Suliman ama Saleban. Kooxo Majeerteen (Daarood) ah ayaa iyaguna sita magaca Saleebaan; waa kooxo kale. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hiraab > Madarkicis > Habar Gidir > Saleebaan ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Habar Gedir > Saleban, magacyadii hore Suleiman iyo Suleiman-Habar Gedir ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Jilibyada Habar Gidir (Hawiye), Saleebaan (ama Suliman, Saleban)" ([EUAA 2025, Galgaduud](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Saleebaan Madarkicis, mid ka mid ah shanta laamood ee Habar Gidir ([Wikipedia, Habar Gidir, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Saleebaan Madar Kicis Hiraab ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Beesha Reer Xaaji Saleebaan, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Reer_Xaaji_Saleebaan)) | Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu magacaabay laba laamood oo Saleebaan ah (Abbink 2009, b. 27): - Faarax, oo leh Maxamed Cabdi iyo Heysow - Dashame, oo leh Gaabane iyo Abokor Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixisay geed ka dheer. Waxay leedahay beeshu waxay u kala baxdaa Dashame iyo Faarax ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Reer_Xaaji_Saleebaan)): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Dashame > Obokor > Hugun Guule | Cali Aaden, Reer Ebekar iyo Ciise Dheere | | Dashame > Obokor > Arwaaq | Gadaf, Cali Jiis iyo Cali Gurey | | Dashame > Gaabane | Cabdi Gaabane, Maxamed Gaabane (oo leh Faarax Rooble, Maxamed Rooble iyo Reer Ugaas), Habar Rawe Ciganle, Habar Rawe, Cabdi Gaab iyo Yabaroow | | Faarax | Heesoow iyo Maxamed Cabdi | Waxay kaloo taxday Reer Xirsi, Reer Muuse, Reer Caraaye, Reer Warsame, Reer Gaafoow, Reer Warfaa iyo Bahabgaal (isla ilaha). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay hal koox oo Saleban ah, iyadoon jilibyo la sheegin. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Galgaduud | Mid ka mid ah shanta qabiil ee waaweyn ee waqooyiga Galgaduud, oo ay la socdaan Sacad, Cayr, Mareexaan iyo Dir ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Xadka Mudug iyo Galgaduud | EASO waxay soo xigatay il ka hadashay "dhulka Saleebaan, xadka u dhexeeya Mudug iyo Galgaduud" (EASO 2021) | | Hobyo ilaa Daanyeer | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay dhulkoodu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Hobyo ilaa Daanyeer oo xadka Itoobiya ah, qiyaastii 590 km ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Reer_Xaaji_Saleebaan)) | | Meelo kale | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku dartay Banaadir, Shabeellaha Hoose iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (isla ilaha) | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay qaar badan waxay ku nool yihiin maamulka Ximan iyo Xeeb, oo xaruntiisu tahay Cadaado (isla ilaha). Eeg [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) iyo [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Abriil 2020.** EASO waxay diiwaangelisay isku dhacyo u dhexeeyay Wagardhac (Mareexaan) iyo Saleebaan, Balli-Cad iyo Foronta-Fora ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). - **Febraayo 2021.** Wasaaradda arrimaha gudaha ayaa Hananbure ku dhex dhexaadisay xabbad joojin hordhac ah oo u dhexeysa Cayr iyo Saleebaan. ACLED wuxuu kadib diiwaangeliyay isku dhac u dhow Dhuusamareeb, 26 Febraayo, oo qof ku dhintay (EASO 2021). - **2021.** EASO waxay soo xigatay il sheegtay in Al-Shabaab ay "dhulka Saleebaan" ee xadka Mudug iyo Galgaduud ka adkaatay (EASO 2021). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay kaloo leedahay saxafiyiin Saleebaan ah ayaa aasaasay qaar ka mid ah wargeysyadii ugu horreeyay ee xorta ah, sida Xog-Ogaal iyo Ayaamaha ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Reer_Xaaji_Saleebaan)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Maxamed Gaabane hoostiisa ku magacawday laanta Reer Ugaas ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Reer_Xaaji_Saleebaan)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadahan, oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Saleebaan iyo Mareexaan, agagaarka Balliseenyoole, degmada Cabudwaaq. - Saleebaan iyo Duduble, tuulooyin u dhow Cadaado. - Saleebaan iyo Cayr, Hananbure iyo Qalanqale, degmooyinka Cadaado iyo Dhuusamareeb. EUAA waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay in ka badan toban qof oo ku dhintay isku dhacyo u dhexeeyay Saleebaan iyo Wagardhac, Sebtembar 2024. Shan wiil ayaa la sheegay inay dileen xubno Saleebaan ah, meel u dhow xadka Itoobiya, Ogosto 2023 ([EUAA 2025, Galgaduud](https://euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). 11 Sebtembar 2024, maleeshiyaad Cayr ah ayaa dilay laba qof oo rayid ah oo Saleebaan ah, oo ay ku jirto haweeney (EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.2). Eeg [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/), [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Magaca bogga.** Bogga Wikipedia Soomaaliga ee cinwaankiisu yahay "Beesha Reer Xaaji Saleebaan" wuxuu ka hadlaa Saleebaan Madarkicis. Boggan wuxuu raacay waxa ku qoran. - **Jilibyada.** Abbink wuxuu magacaabay Faarax iyo Dashame. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku raacday labada laamood, balse waxay ku dartay kooxo badan. - **Isku magac.** Kooxo Majeerteen ah ayaa iyaguna la yiraahdaa Saleebaan, sida Cali Saleebaan iyo Ugaar Saleebaan. ## Akhri wax badan - [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) - [Sacad](/so/society/sacad-habar-gidir/) - [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) --- # Habar Jeclo (Habr Je'lo, Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/habar-jeclo/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Habar Jeclo waa qabiil Isaaq ah oo ka tirsan laanta Habar Habuusheed, dhaqan ahaanna ka soo farcamay Muuse Sheekh Isaaq. Abbink wuxuu u qoray (Habar) Tolja'elo. Laamahooda ugu caansan waa Maxamed Abokor, Muuse Abokor, Samane Abokor, Cumar iyo Reer Dood. EUAA waxay leedahay waxay inta badan degaan Togdheer, qaarna Sanaag iyo Sool. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Habar Jeclo waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed, oo Ingiriisiga lagu qoro Habr Je'lo ama Habar Jeelo. Dhammaan ilaha halkan lagu isticmaalay waxay ku dhigaan qoyska [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Isaaq > Habar Habuusheed > (Habar) Tolja'elo, oo leh Axmed, Muuse, Ibraahim (Sanbuur) iyo Maxamed (Ibraan) ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 33](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Isaaq > Habar Jeclo, oo leh qiyaastii 27 koox-hoosaad ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Habar Je'lo (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Habar Jeclo)" ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Muuse ina Sheekh Isaaq, kooxda Habar Habuusheed ([Wikipedia, Habr Je'lo, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | "Muuse Sheekh Isxaaq ibnu Axmad", mid ka mid ah beelaha ugu waaweyn Isaaq ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Habar Jeclo, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Jeclo)) | Wikipedia waxay laamaha kale ee Habar Habuusheed ku taxday Tol-Jeclo (Axmed), Sanbuur (Ibraahim) iyo Ibraan (Maxamed). Eeg [geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay Muuse hoostiisa ku bixisay geedkan ([Wikipedia, Habr Je'lo, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo)): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Daa'uud Muuse (Reer Dood) | Rooble Daa'uud iyo laamihiisa | | Jibriil Muuse > Cumar Jibriil | Cumar | | Jibriil Muuse > Abokor Jibriil | Maxamed Abokor, Muuse Abokor iyo Samane Abokor | | Maxamed Abokor | Aadan Madoobe, Yeesif (Yuusuf Maxamed) iyo Nuux Maxamed | | Nuux > Cabdille Cabdalle | Allamagan, Xuseen, Liibaan, Soolomadow (Abokor, Xasan iyo Barre), iyo Faarax, oo laamihiisa ay ka mid yihiin Reer Daahir iyo Axmed Faarax | | Muuse Abokor | Uduruxmiin, Idiris iyo Cabdiraxmaan Muuse | | Samane Abokor | Cabdulle, Muuse iyo Xirsi Samane | ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay kooxo badan. Waxaa ka mid ah Axmed Faarax, Cali Bare, Biciide, Imraan, Muuse Abokor, Cumar, Reer Yoonis, Samane, Soolomadow, Uduruxmiin iyo Yeesif (ACLED, Sebtembar 2025). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Togdheer | "Gobolka Togdheer waxaa inta badan deggan Habar Yoonis iyo Habar Jeclo" ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)) | | Sanaag | Diiwaannadu waxay magacaabeen xoolo-dhaqato Habar Jeclo ah oo ku sugan Ceel Afweyn iyo Ceerigaabo ([EUAA 2025, Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/272-sanaag)) | | Sool | Diiwaannadu waxay magacaabeen Habar Jeclo agagaarka Oog iyo Caynabo ([EUAA 2025, Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/271-sool)) | | Meelo kale | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay bariga Saaxil, bartamaha Maroodi Jeex, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo Kenya ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo)) | Eeg [Togdheer](/so/regions/togdheer/), [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) iyo [Sool](/so/regions/sool/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1800-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay kooxo Habar Jeclo ah ayaa haystay dekedo laga bilaabo agagaarka Siyaara ilaa Xiis, oo ay ku jirto Karin. Waxay leedahay waxay khidmad ka qaadan jireen safarrada ganacsiga si ay nabad ugu maraan marinka Buur Dhaab ([Wikipedia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo)). - **1890-meeyadii ilaa 1920.** Wikipedia waxay magacawday dad Habar Jeclo ah oo ka qayb qaatay iska caabintii hore ee xukunka Ingiriiska, sida Xaaji Suudi iyo Diiriye Caraale (isla ilaha). Eeg [resistance, 1890s to 1945 (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/resistance-1890s-1945/). - **Luulyo 1945.** Sheekh Bashiir, oo Yeesif ah, wuxuu hoggaamiyay kacdoon hubeysan oo ka dhan ah saraakiisha Ingiriiska ee Burco iyo Ceerigaabo (isla ilaha). - **1959 ilaa 1960.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay xisbiga National United Front, oo uu hoggaaminayay Michael Mariano, wuxuu taageero badan ka helay Habar Jeclo (isla ilaha). - **1984 ilaa 1990.** [Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud Siilaanyo (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/ahmed-mohamed-mohamoud-silanyo/) wuxuu hoggaamiyay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM). Wikipedia waxay ku tirisay Habar Jeclo (isla ilaha). Eeg [Isaaq genocide (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). Abwaan [Xadraawi (Ingiriisi)](/so/people/hadraawi/) iyo aqoonyahanka afka Muuse Xaaji Ismaaciil Galaal ayaa iyaguna lagu tiriyay Habar Jeclo (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). EUAA waxay soo xigatay warbixin sheegtay in odayaasha Habar Jeclo ay taageereen musharraxa Waddani ka hor doorashadii Somaliland ee 2024 ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday colaadahan, oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Dhulbahante iyo Habar Jeclo, Caynabo (Sool) iyo Buuhoodle (Togdheer). - Dhulbahante iyo Soolomadow (Habar Jeclo), Qorilugud, Togdheer. - Habar Jeclo iyo Habar Yoonis, Ceerigaabo iyo Ceel Afweyn, Sanaag. Wada-hadallo ayaa socday Maarso 2025. - Habar Jeclo iyo Habar Awal, degmada Burco. EUAA waxay leedahay khilaafka Ceel Afweyn ee daaqa iyo biyaha wuxuu soo kululaanayay tan iyo 2015. ACLED wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 14 dhacdo oo u dhexeeyay maleeshiyaadka Habar Jeclo iyo Habar Yoonis ([EUAA 2025, Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/272-sanaag)). Kooxo Habar Jeclo iyo Dhulbahante ah ayaa isku dhacay agagaarka Oog, Noofembar 2023, iyo degmada Buuhoodle, Noofembar 2024 ([EUAA 2025, Sool](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/271-sool)). Horaantii, EASO waxay diiwaangelisay isku dhac ka dhacay meel u dhow Berbera, 3 Luulyo 2020. Wuxuu u dhexeeyay Reer Yoonis iyo Axmed Faarax, oo labaduba Habar Jeclo ah ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Magaca.** Abbink wuxuu kooxda oo dhan u qoray (Habar) Tolja'elo. Wikipedia waxay Tol-Jeclo u isticmaashay laanta Axmed oo keliya, Habar Jeclona Muuse. - **Jilibyada.** Abbink wuxuu taxay afar laamood. Wikipedia waxay Muuse hoostiisa ku bixisay geed qoto dheer. ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay qiyaastii 27 koox. - **Taariikhda.** Inta badan taariikhda halkan waxay ka timid Wikipedia, oo ah il kayd ah. ## Akhri wax badan - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Muuse Abokor](/so/society/muuse-abokor/) - [Geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/) - [Togdheer](/so/regions/togdheer/) --- # Maxamed Case (Mahad Case, Reer Maxamed, Bahabar Aadan, Gadabuursi) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/maxamed-case/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maxamed Case (Mahad Case) waa laf Gadabuursi ah oo ka tirsan qaybta Habar Makadoor ee Dir. Abbink wuxuu Mahad Assa hoostiisa ku taxay Aadan, Xuseen, Muuse iyo Abokor. Wikipedia waxay taxday toddoba koox, oo ay ku jiraan Reer Maxamed iyo Bahabar Aadan. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku sheegtay Awdal, Salal iyo Saylac, Gabiley, Jabuuti iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Maxamed Case waa laf ka tirsan [Gadabuursi](/so/society/gadabuursi/), oo ah qabiil [Dir](/so/society/dir/) ah. Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Mahad Case ama Mahad Assa. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Gadabuursi > Makadoor > Mahad Assa, oo leh Aadan, Xuseen, Muuse iyo Abokor ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 16 ilaa 17](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Gadabuursi > Habar Makadoor > Maxamed Case ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Reer Maxamed (kayd) | Maxamed Muuse Maxamed, ee Samaroon Siciid Daa'uud ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Reer Maxamed, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_reer_maxamed_Maxad_case)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Bahabar Aadan (kayd) | Aadan > Maxamed > Maxad Case > Makadoor > Maxamuud > Samaroon ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Bahabar Aadan, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Bahabar_Aadan)) | | ACLED 2025 | Wuxuu calaamadeeyay kooxo Gadabuursi ah sida Makaahiil iyo Reer Maxamuud Nuur, balse ma jiro koox Maxamed Case ah ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | Lafta kale ee Habar Makadoor waa Makaahiil. Qaybta kale ee Gadabuursi waa Habar Cafaan (Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd). Eeg [geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay taxday toddoba koox oo Maxamed Case ah ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)): - Bahabar Abokor, Bahabar Muuse iyo Habar Muuse - Bahabar Aadan iyo Bahabar Celi - Reer Maxamed iyo Abraahin **Reer Maxamed.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay hoos dhigtay Habar Muuse. Waxay magacawday toddoba jilib: Reer Cabdille, Axmed Cigaal, Galaalweyn, Gadhadhweyn, Dhegood, Reer Aadan iyo Horkameer ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Reer Maxamed, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_reer_maxamed_Maxad_case)). **Bahabar Aadan.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku abtirisay Aadan ina Maxamed Case. Ma magacaabin jilibyo kale ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Bahabar Aadan, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Bahabar_Aadan)). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Koox | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Reer Maxamed | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday Salal, Awdal iyo Hargeysa, Jabuuti iyo qaybo Soomaaliya ah. Liiskeeda waxaa ku jira Saylac, Lughaya, Baki, Boorama, Gabiley, Arabsiyo, Abaarso iyo Harar ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Reer Maxamed, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_reer_maxamed_Maxad_case)) | | Bahabar Aadan | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday Gabiley, Boorama (Awdal), Saylac (Salal), Jigjiga (Faafan) iyo Jabuuti ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Bahabar Aadan, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Bahabar_Aadan)) | | Gadabuursi guud ahaan | "Gobolka Awdal waxaa deggan xubno ka tirsan qabiilada Gadabuursi (Isaaq-Dir) iyo Ciise" ([EUAA 2025, Awdal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)) | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Reer Maxamed waxay ku noolaadaan xoolo-dhaqasho, beero iyo qodista dahabka ee buuraha Siimoodi. Eeg [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/) iyo [Somalis in Djibouti (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/djibouti/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Imaam Axmed Gurey ku tirisay Gadabuursi, Maxamed Case. Qabiilo kale ayaa iyaguna sheegta ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Reer Maxamed, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_reer_maxamed_Maxad_case)). - **1877.** Waxay leedahay Abuu Bakar Baasha, guddoomiyihii Saylac xilligii maamulka Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Masar, waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ahaa Reer Maxamed (isla ilaha). - **1946 ilaa 1957.** Waxay magacawday Jaamac Cali Muuse, oo Bahabar Celi ah. Waxay ku sheegtay Soomaaligii ugu horreeyay ee madax ka noqda Golaha Dowladda ee French Somaliland (isla ilaha). - **1950-meeyadii ilaa 1960-meeyadii.** Waxay magacawday Xaaji Jibriil Jilaane Faarax, oo Reer Maxamed ah, oo ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu caansanaa ee ka soo horjeeday xukunka Faransiiska ee Jabuuti (isla ilaha). - **1967.** Waxay leedahay Faransiisku wuxuu Jabuuti ka masaafuriyay in ka badan 25,000 oo qof, oo u badnaa Gadabuursi (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday odayaasha Reer Maxamed. Waxaa ka mid ah Suldaan Sheekh Ibraahim Cabdi Riiraash iyo Suldaan Xaaji Daahir Awcilmi. Waxay kaloo magacawday caaqiliin sida Cali Bile Suldaan iyo Faarax Geedi Cali ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Reer Maxamed, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_reer_maxamed_Maxad_case)). Waxay leedahay Suldaan Maxamed Xaaji Diide, oo Bahabar Celi ah, wuxuu ahaa suldaanka Saylac horraantii 1900-meeyadii (isla ilaha). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Maxamed Case ama kooxaheeda. Wuxuu taxay "Gadabuursi (Dir) iyo Jibriil Abokor, Sacad Muuse, Habar Awal (Isaaq), Ceel Bardaale, Gabiley", oo hurda ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Kooxaha.** Abbink wuxuu Mahad Assa hoostiisa ku taxay afar koox. Wikipedia waxay taxday toddoba, magacyo kala duwan leh. - **Imaam Axmed.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku tirisay Gadabuursi. Bogga Marehan ee Wikipedia wuxuu ku tiriyay Mareexaan. Eeg [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/). - **Ilaha.** Inta badan faahfaahinta halkan waxay ka timid bogag Wikipedia Soomaaliga ah oo tixraacyo yar leh. ## Akhri wax badan - [Gadabuursi](/so/society/gadabuursi/) - [Habar Cafaan](/so/society/habar-cafaan/) - [Dir](/so/society/dir/) - [Geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/) - [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/) --- # Habar Cafaan (Habr Afan, Gadabuursi) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/habar-cafaan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Habar Cafaan waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha waaweyn ee Gadabuursi, oo ah qabiil Dir ah. Abbink wuxuu taxay Habr Afan (Samaroon), oo hoostiisa ah Ciise iyo Zubeer. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay waxay ka kooban yihiin laba iyo toban reer, oo ay ka mid yihiin Xeebjire, Jibraacin, Muusafiin, Cali Ganuun iyo Gobe. Waxay degaan Awdal, Gabiley, Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Habar Cafaan waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha waaweyn ee [Gadabuursi](/so/society/gadabuursi/), oo ah qabiil [Dir](/so/society/dir/) ah. Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Habr Afan. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Gadabuursi > Habr Afan (Samaroon), oo leh Ciise iyo Zubeer ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 16 ilaa 17](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Gadabuursi > Habar Cafaan, mid ka mid ah labada qaybood, oo ay la socoto Habar Makadoor ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Mid ka mid ah saddexda tiir ee Gadabuursi, oo ay la socdaan Makaahiil iyo Maxamed Case ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Habar Cafaan, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Habar_Cafaan)) | | ACLED 2025 | Wuxuu calaamadeeyay kooxo Gadabuursi ah, balse ma jiro koox Habar Cafaan ah ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | Abbink wuxuu "Samaroon" ku qoray Habr Afan agtiisa. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Samaroon u isticmaashaa Gadabuursi oo dhan (isla ilaha). Eeg [geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxahan (Abbink 2009, b. 16 ilaa 17): - Habr Afan hoostiisa: Ciise iyo Zubeer - Zubeer hoostiisa: Maxamed iyo Muuse - Muuse hoostiisa: Sacad, Fin, Aadan, (Reer) Xamuud iyo Makaahiil - Agtooda: Habar Yuusuf, Gobo, Jibraahin, Hebjire iyo Cali Ganuun Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Habar Cafaan waxay leeyihiin laba iyo toban reer ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Habar_Cafaan)): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Bah Xarago | Xeebjire (Reer Sheekh Ismaaciil) iyo Jibraacin | | Muuse Aadan Xasan | Muusafiin | | Subeer | Dhagaweyne, Makayl, Reer Xaamud, Hansasacad (Xasan Sacad) iyo Faroole | | Kuwa kale | Cali Ganuun, Reer Yuusuf, Reer Ciise iyo Gobe | Wikipedia waxay bixisay liis la mid ah. Waxay magacawday Jibraahin, Cali Ganuun, Gobe, Habar Yuusuf, Reer Ciise, Hebjire, Reer Zubeer, Dhega Weyne iyo Makayl ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Awdal iyo Gabiley | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday Boorama, Jirjir, Xaliimad, Baki, Xariirad, Cabdulqaadir, Goronyo Cowl, Xego, Weeraar iyo Abuqeys ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Habar_Cafaan)) | | Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya | Lafo-Ciise, Dhoodaan iyo Jigjiga (isla ilaha) | | Jabuuti | Magaalada Jabuuti (isla ilaha) | | Gadabuursi guud ahaan | "Gobolka Awdal waxaa deggan xubno ka tirsan qabiilada Gadabuursi (Isaaq-Dir) iyo Ciise" ([EUAA 2025, Awdal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)) | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku tilmaantay tiirka labaad ee ugu weyn Gadabuursi, kana ugu ganacsi badan (isla ilaha). Ma jiro tirakoob taas xaqiijiya. Eeg [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/) iyo [Somalis in Djibouti (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/djibouti/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1884.** Gadabuursi iyo Ciise waxay heshiisyo la saxiixdeen Ingiriiska 11 iyo 31 Diseembar ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)). Eeg [heshiisyadii gumeysiga (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). - **Halgankii xorriyadda Jabuuti.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday Cumar Shariidi Buuni, oo Habar Cafaan ah, oo ka mid ahaa dhallinyaradii hore ee abaabulay kacdoonnada ka dhanka ah xukunka Faransiiska ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Reer Maxamed, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_reer_maxamed_Maxad_case)). - **Sebtembar 2023.** Madaxda dhaqanka Gadabuursi waxay ku kulmeen Ottawa, Kanada. Waxay sheegeen inay rabaan in Awdal ka baxdo Somaliland ([EUAA 2025, Awdal](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/281-awdal)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Gadabuursi muddo dheer ayay beeri jireen midho iyo khudaar agagaarka Baki, Camuud iyo Dilla, xoolo-dhaqashada agteeda ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Habar Cafaan, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beesha_Habar_Cafaan)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Gadabuursi oo dhan waxay leeyihiin hal ugaas. Wikipedia waxay sharraxday dhaqan ah in boqol oday oo ka socda laamaha oo dhan ay kulmaan marka ugaas cusub xilka qabto ([Wikipedia, Gadabuursi, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadabuursi)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Habar Cafaan. Wuxuu taxay khilaaf hurda oo u dhexeeya Gadabuursi iyo kooxo Isaaq ah, Ceel Bardaale, Gabiley. Wuxuu ku daray in xafiiltamada kale ee Somaliland ee doorashooyinka "aysan horseedin rabshado hubeysan" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Qaybaha.** Wikipedia waxay Gadabuursi u qaybisay laba. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay u qaybisay saddex, iyadoo Habar Makadoor u kala saartay Makaahiil iyo Maxamed Case. - **Makaahiil.** Abbink wuxuu Makaahiil ku taxay Muuse hoostiisa ee Habr Afan, iyo Makaahiil kale oo Makadoor hoos yimaada. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Makayl ku taxday Subeer hoostiisa, Makaahiilna tiir gooni ah. - **Ilaha.** Inta badan faahfaahinta halkan waxay ka timid Wikipedia Soomaaliga, oo tixraacyo yar leh. ## Akhri wax badan - [Gadabuursi](/so/society/gadabuursi/) - [Maxamed Case](/so/society/maxamed-case/) - [Geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/) - [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/) --- # Habar Caji (Habar Eji, Habar Aji, Cayr, Habar Gidir) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/habar-caji/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Habar Caji (Habar Eji, Habar Aji) waa laf ka tirsan Cayr, oo ah laan Habar Gidir ee Hawiye. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku tilmaantay curadka Cayr Maxamed. ACLED wuxuu u calaamadeeyay Ayr-Habar Aji. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku sheegtay Galgaduud, Hiiraan, Banaadir, Shabeellaha Hoose iyo Jubbada Dhexe, iyo Itoobiya iyo NFD. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Habar Caji waa laf ka tirsan [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/), oo qayb ka ah [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/) iyo [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). Magaca waxaa kaloo loo qoraa Habar Eji, Habar Aji iyo Habaraji. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Habar Gedir > Ayr > Habar Aji, oo sidoo kale loo calaamadeeyay Habaraji Ayr iyo Ayr-Habanji ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EASO 2021 | "Habar-aji (Cayr, Habar Gidir)" ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Mid ka mid ah tobanka koox ee mag-bixinta Cayr, oo ka kooban Warwaaq iyo Xaryanle, laguna tilmaamay curadka ([Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan))) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | "Habar-Aji waa laf kamid ah Beelweenta Cayr", oo ah curadka Cayr Maxamed ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Habar Eji, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_eji)) | | Abbink 2009 | Wuxuu Cayr hoostiisa ku taxay Absiye iyo Ayaanle oo keliya; ma magacaabin Habar Caji ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | Wikipedia waxay Warwaaq iyo Xaryanle (Qoorcas) ku abtirisay Abti-Idig ina Mucle ina Cayr Maxamed (Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd). Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday kooxahan Habar Caji ah ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_eji)): 1. Cabdulle Xasan 2. Gadiid Xasan 3. Aybakar Xasan 4. Reer Maxamed 5. Reer Colow 6. Cigaale 7. Mahad Alle 8. Caalin Axmed 9. Xaryanle Wikipedia waxay magacawday labada laamood ee aasaaska ah oo keliya, Warwaaq iyo Xaryanle ([Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan))). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay hal koox oo Habar Aji ah, iyadoon jilibyo la sheegin. Eeg [Ayaanle Cayr](/so/society/ayaanle-cayr/), oo ah koox kale oo Cayr ah. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Galgaduud, Hiiraan, Banaadir, Shabeellaha Hoose iyo Jubbada Dhexe | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday shantan gobol ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_eji)) | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | Waxaa lagu magacaabay liis labaad oo isla boggaas ku jira (isla ilaha) | | Itoobiya iyo Kenya | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku dartay Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya iyo NFD (isla ilaha) | | Hiiraan | EASO waxay diiwaangelisay khilaaf u dhexeeya Habar Caji iyo Cali Madaxweyne (Xawaadle), Hiiraan (EASO 2021) | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay nolol-maalmeedkooda ku sheegtay xoolo-dhaqasho, beero, ganacsi iyo kalluumeysi (isla ilaha). Eeg [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) iyo [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Habar Caji waxay ka qayb qaateen iska caabintii gumeysiga ka hor xorriyadda. Ma bixin taariikho ama meelo ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_eji)). Waxay magacawday dad badan. Waxaa ka mid ah xildhibaan Cabdiraxmaan Cabdishakuur Warsame, Jeneraal Yuusuf Siyaad Indhacadde iyo Jeneraal Xaashi Cali Rooble. Waxay kaloo magacawday Maxamed Dhoore, oo lagu sheegay wasiirka waxbarashada Galmudug, iyo Cabdullaahi Maajoor, oo lagu sheegay xildhibaan 1960 (isla ilaha). Eeg [Galmudug](/so/states/galmudug/). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday Ugaas Faracadde Faarax iyo Ugaas Ciise Faracadde Faarax (AUN). Waxay kaloo taxday nabadoonno sida Cabdullaahi Xiireey Afrax, Nuur Geedi Waheliya iyo Salaad Kalajaban ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_eji)). Wikipedia waxay khadka ugaasyada Cayr ku taxday koox gooni ah, Caalin Ugaas ([Wikipedia, Ayr clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan))). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Habar Caji. Wuxuu magacaabay khilaafyo Cayr guud ahaan la leeyahay Saleebaan, Duduble, Murusade iyo Mareexaan ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Horaantii, EASO waxay taxday "Habar-aji (Cayr, Habar Gidir) iyo Cali Madaxweyne (Xawaadle)", Hiiraan ([EASO 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [Xawaadle](/so/society/xawaadle/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Heerka.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga iyo Wikipedia waxay Habar Caji ku tilmaameen curadka Cayr. Abbink ma magacaabin. - **Jilibyada.** Wikipedia waxay magacawday Warwaaq iyo Xaryanle. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday sagaal koox, Xaryanle oo ka mid ah. - **Ugaaska.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacyo ugaas ku taxday dadka Habar Caji. Wikipedia waxay khadka ugaaska dhigtay koox gooni ah. ## Akhri wax badan - [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) - [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/) - [Ayaanle Cayr](/so/society/ayaanle-cayr/) - [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) --- # Muuse Abokor (Musa Abokor, Habar Jeclo, Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/muuse-abokor/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Muuse Abokor waa laf ka tirsan Habar Jeclo, oo ah qabiil Isaaq ah. Wikipedia waxay ku tilmaantay mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu waaweyn Habar Jeclo. Waxay degaan Togdheer, Saaxil, Sanaag iyo Sool, Wikipedia-na waxay leedahay waxay u badan yihiin degmooyinka Caynabo, Garadag iyo Ceel Afweyn. Laamahooda waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah Reer Yoonis, Biciide, Cali Barre, Bah Majeelo, Uduruxmiin iyo Idarays. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Muuse Abokor waa laf ka tirsan [Habar Jeclo](/so/society/habar-jeclo/), oo qayb ka ah [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). Waa koox ka duwan [Abokor Muuse](/so/society/abokor-muuse/), oo Ciidagale ah. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Habar Habuusheed > (Habar) Tolja'elo > Muuse > Abokor ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 33](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Isaaq > Habar Jeclo > Muse Abokor ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Muuse ina Abokor ina Jibriil ina Abokor ina Muuse ina Sheekh Isaaq ([Wikipedia, Musa Abokor, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Abokor)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Beesha ugu badan Habar Jeclo, "2/3" ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Muuse Abokor, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuse_Abokor)) | Walaalahood waa Maxamed Abokor iyo Samane Abokor. Cumar waa ilmo-adeerkood xagga Jibriil ([Wikipedia, Habr Je'lo, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo)). Eeg [geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay bixisay geedkan ([Wikipedia, Musa Abokor, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Abokor)): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Uduruxmiin Muuse | lama sheegin | | Idarays Muuse | lama sheegin | | Cabdiraxmaan Muuse > Bah Majeelo | Cabdille, Cismaan iyo Isaaq Cabdiraxmaan | | Cabdiraxmaan Muuse > Reer Yoonis | Maxamed Yoonis iyo Cismaan Yoonis | | Cabdiraxmaan Muuse > Barre | Maxamed Barre, Cali Barre iyo Yoonis Barre | | Yoonis Barre | Buraale Yoonis iyo Biciide Yoonis | | Biciide | Bahsanbuur (Wadhowr iyo Samatar), Iidle iyo Faarax. Faarax hoostiisa: Axmed Faarax, Reer Iidle, Boho iyo Bah Farwiyo | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Muuse Abokor waxay u kala baxaan 23 ardaa. Waxaa ka mid ah Axmed Faarax Biciide, Reer Iidle, Baho, Looge Maxamed, Cali Maxamed iyo laamaha Baale iyo Allamagan ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuse_Abokor)). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah, sida Reer Yoonis, Biciide, Cali Bare, Baho iyo Uduruxmiin. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Sool, Sanaag iyo Togdheer | Wikipedia waxay leedahay waxay u badan yihiin degmooyinka Caynabo, Garadag iyo Ceel Afweyn, waxayna degaan Ceerigaabo iyo Burco ([Wikipedia, Musa Abokor, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Abokor)) | | Xeebta Saaxil | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay waxay degaan xeebta Berbera ilaa Xiis iyo Maydh ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuse_Abokor)) | | Laan laan | Waxay Maxamed Yoonis iyo Bah Majeelo dhigtay Saaxil iyo Togdheer; Cismaan Yoonis, Cali Barre iyo Maxamed Barre Saraar iyo Sool; Uduruxmiin, Idarays, Bahsanbuur iyo Axmed Faaraxna Sanaag iyo Saaxil (isla ilaha) | | Kenya | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay Isiolo (Wikipedia, Musa Abokor, kayd) | Eeg [Togdheer](/so/regions/togdheer/), [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) iyo [Sool](/so/regions/sool/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1800-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Muuse Abokor iyo Cumar hantidooda waxay ka heli jireen beeraha beeyada ee buuraha xeebta ka dambeeya ([Wikipedia, Musa Abokor, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Abokor)). - **Horraantii ilaa bartamihii 1800-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay waxay ka mid ahaayeen koox dagaal oo la oran jiray Soocane. Hoggaamiyaheedu wuxuu ahaa gabayaa Kite Fiqi, oo Reer Yoonis ah (isla ilaha). - **1900-meeyadii ilaa 1920.** Waxay leedahay Xafiiska Dagaalka Ingiriiska wuxuu diiwaangeliyay hub ay Muuse Abokor siiyeen Daraawiishta. Waxay leedahay ciidan Daraawiish ah oo uu hoggaaminayay Ibraahim Boghol ayaa hareereeyay Laasqoray (isla ilaha). Eeg [Dervish movement (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **Dad kale.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Xaaji Suudi iyo siyaasiga Michael Mariano ku taxday dadka Muuse Abokor ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuse_Abokor)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Suldaan Cali Muuse ku sheegtay suldaankii ugu horreeyay ee Habar Jeclo. Waxay Suldaan Cabdilaahi Suldaan Cali ku sheegtay suldaanka guud ee Habar Jeclo. Waxay kaloo taxday suldaanada Biciide iyo Bahsanbuur ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuse_Abokor)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyo Habar Jeclo oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025. Waxaa ka mid ah khilaafyo ay la leeyihiin Dhulbahante, Caynabo iyo Buuhoodle, iyo Habar Yoonis, Ceel Afweyn ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Degmooyinkaas waa deegaanno Muuse Abokor, balse EUAA ma magacaabin lafta. Horaantii, EASO waxay diiwaangelisay isku dhac ka dhacay meel u dhow Berbera, 3 Luulyo 2020, oo u dhexeeyay Reer Yoonis iyo Axmed Faarax. Labaduba waa Habar Jeclo, Wikipedia-na waxay labadaba dhigtay Muuse Abokor ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Muuse Abokor waa saddex meelood laba meel Habar Jeclo. Ma jiro tirakoob taas xaqiijiya. - **Laamaha.** Wikipedia waxay bixisay geed qiyaastii 20 koox ah. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday 23 ardaa, oo magacyo qaar kala duwan leh. - **Magaca.** Muuse Abokor (Habar Jeclo) iyo Abokor Muuse (Ciidagale) ayaa inta badan la isku qaldaa. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay labada bog u calaamadeysay in la isku daro. ## Akhri wax badan - [Habar Jeclo](/so/society/habar-jeclo/) - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/) - [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) --- # Ogaadeen (Ogaden, Daarood) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/ogaadeen/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ogaadeen waa qabiil Daarood ah. Abbink wuxuu hoos geeyay Absame, wuxuuna laamahooda ku taxay Makaahiil, Maxamed Subeer, Cawlyahan, Bah Geri iyo Talamuge. Waxay degaan Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, waqooyi-bari Kenya iyo gobollada Jubbada ee Soomaaliya. Human Rights Watch 2008 waxay ku tilmaantay qabiilka Daarood ee ugu weyn Deegaanka Soomaalida. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Ogaadeen waa qabiil ka tirsan [Daarood](/so/society/darod/). Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Ogaden. Isla magacaas waxaa lagu magacaabaa dhulka Ogaadeen ee [Itoobiya (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/), oo qabiilka magaciisa ka qaatay. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Daarood > Kablalax > Kumade > Absame > Ogaadeen ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 18 ilaa 20](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACCORD 2009 | Mid ka mid ah "saddexda koox ee waaweyn" ee Daarood, oo ay la socdaan Mareexaan iyo Harti ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | ACLED 2025 | Darod > Ogaden, oo leh kooxo sida Absame, Abdalla, Awlyahan, Bartire, Magabul, Mohamed Zubeyr iyo Talamoge ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | "qabiilka ugu badan beesha Daaroodka"; waxay la xiriirisay Jidwaaq iyo Absame ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Ogaadeen, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaadeen_(beel))) | Eeg [geedka Daarood (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-darod/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxahan Ogaadeen ah (Abbink 2009, b. 19 ilaa 20): | Laan | Kooxaha uu magacaabay | |---|---| | Laamaha hore | Malingur, Reer Isaaq, Reer Dalal, Reer Ugaas Cilmi, Bah Magan iyo Reer Ugaas Koshin | | Cabdalla | Reer Xasan Aadan iyo Reer Yaxye | | Bahalla > Bah Geri | Geri Jarso iyo Geri Babuli | | Bahalla > Cawlyahan | Reer Afgab iyo Reer Wafate | | Bahalla > Maxamed Subeer | Muuse, Reer Cabdulle, Reer Isaaq, Reer Amaden, Reer Naasir iyo Reer Aadan Khayr | | Laamo kale | Makaahiil (Makaahiil iyo Reer Sacad Xasan), Kanti iyo Talamuge | ACLED wuxuu kaloo calaamadeeyay kooxo Maxamed Subeer ah sida Reer Isaaq-Cali, Amaadin, Guuleed Qalaf, Reer Warfaa iyo Reer Cabdulle. Wuxuu Bah Geri ku calaamadeeyay Absame hoostiisa (ACLED 2025). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya | Human Rights Watch waxay ku tilmaantay qabiilka Daarood ee ugu weyn halkaas, oo laga yaabo inay yihiin 40 ilaa 50 boqolkiiba Soomaalida ([HRW, 2008, b. 13](https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ethiopia0608_1.pdf)) | | Jubbada Hoose | EUAA waxay leedahay magaalada Kismaayo waxaa xukuma qabiilka Ogaadeen, gaar ahaan laanta weyn ee Maxamed Subeer ([EUAA 2025, Jubbada Hoose](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/213-lower-juba)) | | Xeebta Jubbada Hoose | EASO waxay Makaahiil iyo Talamuge dhigtay koonfurta Kismaayo, gaar ahaan degmada Badhaadhe, Cawlyahanna agagaarka Dhoobley ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Jubbada Dhexe | EUAA waxay Cawlyahan iyo Maxamed Subeer ku tilmaantay labada qabiil ee ugu xoogga badan ([EUAA 2025, Jubbada Dhexe](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/21-jubbaland/212-middle-juba)). EASO waxay Cawlyahan dhigtay Saakow iyo Bu'aale, Maxamed Subeerna galbeedka webiga ee Jilib (EASO 2021) | | Gedo | EASO waxay Cawlyahan dhigtay webiga agtiisa ee Baardheere iyo Fafaduun (EASO 2021) | | Kenya | Wikipedia waxay dhigtay Gobolkii hore ee Waqooyi-Bari ([Wikipedia, Ogaden clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_(clan))). EASO waxay ku dartay in Cawlyahan danno ku leeyihiin Garissa (EASO 2021) | Eeg [Jubbada Hoose](/so/regions/lower-juba/), [Jubbada Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-juba/), [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/), [Jubbaland](/so/states/jubaland/) iyo [Soomaalida Kenya (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/kenya/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1800-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Ogaadeen waxay hoggaamiyeen guuro ka saaray Wardey galbeedka webiga Jubba. Waxay leedahay waxay kaloo barakiciyeen Boorana qaybo ka mid ah waqooyi-bari Kenya maanta ([Wikipedia, Ogaden clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_(clan))). - **Dabayaaqadii 1800-meeyadii ilaa 1920.** Waxay leedahay qoraallada Soomaaliga ee waqtigaas waxay dhulka Ogaadeen u yeeri jireen *Huwan*. Waxay taxday dad Ogaadeen ah oo Daraawiishta ku jiray iyo kuwo ka soo horjeeday (isla ilaha). Eeg [Dervish movement (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1977 ilaa 1978.** Dagaal u dhexeeya Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya ayaa ku dagaallamay dhulka Ogaadeen. Eeg [Dagaalkii Ogaadeen](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). - **2008.** Human Rights Watch waxay qortay in qabiilka Ogaadeen yahay "laf-dhabarta ONLF" (HRW 2008, b. 4). - **Laga soo bilaabo 2012.** EASO waxay leedahay Kismaayo waxaa siyaasad ahaan, dhaqaale ahaan iyo ciidan ahaanba xukumayay qabiilka Ogaadeen (EASO 2021). - **Dad kale.** Wikipedia waxay dadka Ogaadeen ku taxday [Axmed Madoobe (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/ahmed-madobe/), [Xamsa Cabdi Barre (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/hamza-abdi-barre/), [Nuuraddiin Faarax (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/) iyo [Asli Xasan Cabaade (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/asli-hassan-abade/). Waxay kaloo ku dartay [Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (Ingiriisi)](/so/people/sayid-maxamed-cabdulle-xasan/) (Wikipedia, Ogaden clan, kayd). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Geedka Abbink wuxuu magacaabay laba laamood oo ugaas, Reer Ugaas Cilmi iyo Reer Ugaas Koshin (Abbink 2009, b. 19). Wikipedia waxay soo bandhigtay sawirka Suldaan Bihi Momeen oo Ogaadeen ah ([Wikipedia, Ogaden clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_(clan))). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaaf hurda oo u dhexeeya Biyomaal (Dir) iyo Ogaadeen, Jamaame, Jubbada Hoose. Waxay leedahay khilaafku wuxuu ku saabsan yahay lahaanshaha dhulka, qaab-dhismeedka maamulka iyo awood qaybsiga degmada ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Horaantii, EASO waxay taxday tartan u dhexeeya Ogaadeen iyo Mareexaan oo ku saabsan maamulka Kismaayo iyo Jubbaland. Waxay kaloo taxday xiisad gudaha Ogaadeen ah, oo u dhexeysa Maxamed Subeer iyo Cawlyahan, oo ku saabsan shaqooyinka ciidamada Jubbaland (EASO 2021). Eeg [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Ogaadeen ku tilmaantay qabiilka Daarood ee ugu badan. HRW waxay taas ka sheegtay Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya oo keliya. Ma jiro tirakoob xaqiijiya midkood. - **Meesha geedka.** Abbink wuxuu Ogaadeen hoos geeyay Absame. ACLED wuxuu Absame u calaamadeeyay koox Ogaadeen hoos timaada. - **Bah Geri.** Abbink wuxuu Bah Geri ku taxay Bahalla hoostiisa. ACLED wuxuu Bah Geri ku calaamadeeyay Absame hoostiisa. ## Akhri wax badan - [Daarood](/so/society/darod/) - [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/) - [Jubbada Hoose](/so/regions/lower-juba/) - [Jubbaland](/so/states/jubaland/) --- # Warsangeli (Warsangali, Harti, Daarood) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/warsangali/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Warsangeli waa qabiil Harti ah oo ka tirsan Daarood, waxaana kaloo loo yaqaan Maxamuud Harti. Waxay inta badan degaan bariga Sanaag, waxayna joogaan Ceerigaabo iyo Bari. Khadkooda Garaadku wuxuu xukumi jiray saldanadda Warsangeli ee Laasqoray. ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay in ka badan toban koox, sida Dubays, Reer Xaaji, Nuux Cumar iyo Ogeyslabe. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Warsangeli waa qabiil ka tirsan Harti, oo qayb ka ah [Daarood](/so/society/darod/). Magaca waxaa kaloo loo qoraa Warsangali iyo Warsengeli. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay kaloo ugu yeertaa Maxamuud Harti ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Warsangeli, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Daarood > Harti > Warsangeli ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 23](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACCORD 2009 | Majeerteen iyo Dhulbahante oo ay la socdaan, waa mid ka mid ah kooxaha Harti ee Daarood ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 12](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | ACLED 2025 | Darod > Warsangeli, oo sidoo kale loo calaamadeeyay Harti-Warsangeli ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Maxamuud Harti > Axmed Maxamuud, oo loo yaqaan Warsangeli; walaalkiis waa Maxamed Maxamuud (Hinjiye) ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali)) | Eeg [geedka Daarood (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-darod/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxahan Warsangeli ah (Abbink 2009, b. 23): | Laan | Kooxaha uu magacaabay | |---|---| | Cumar | Maxamed, Reer Nuux iyo Dubays | | Ciise | Saciid (Jibriil iyo Aadan) iyo Xuseen | | Degaweyne | Axmed | | Garaad | Reer Garaad | | Kuwo kale | Ogeyslabe, Hinjiye, Habar Axmed, Cidamoge, Colmarabe, Cawramale, Nuux Cumar, Garweyne, Gobyawuud, Riighaye, Tuure, Maxamuud, Awi, Bah Habar Cismaan, Bah Habar Xasan iyo Bah Idoor | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixisay khad dheer. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Maxamuud Axmed, Koge iyo Garaad Dhidhin, ilaa Ogeyslabe, Dubays iyo Cumar. Cumar hoostiisa waxay ku magacawday Nuux Cumar iyo kuwo kale, ilaa Reer Xaaji iyo Bah Ogeyslabe, Bah Idoor iyo Bah Majeerteen ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali)). Waxay leedahay qaab-dhismeedka beelaha "si buuxda looma isku raacsana" (isla ilaha). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay kooxo sida Aadan Siciid, Cawramale, Bihi-dor, Dubays, Xuseen, Maxamuud, Nuux Cumar, Ogeyslabe, Reer Fatax, Reer Garaad, Reer Xaaji, Reer Salax, Reer Yuusuf, Ugaas Labe iyo Garabsare (ACLED 2025). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Bariga Sanaag | EUAA waxay leedahay bariga Sanaag waxaa inta badan deggan Warsangeli, oo ah laan Harti-Daarood ah ([EUAA 2025, Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/272-sanaag)) | | Ceerigaabo | EUAA waxay Warsangeli ku dartay kooxaha deggan Ceerigaabo (isla ilaha) | | Sanaag ilaa Bari | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay dhulkoodu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa galbeedka Ceerigaabo ilaa Boosaaso ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali)) | | Magaalooyinka Sanaag | EASO waxay soo xigatay khabiir oo leh magaalooyinka Warsangeli intooda badan waxay la jiraan Puntland, maadaama ay Boosaaso uga dhow yihiin Ceerigaabo ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | ACCORD waxay leedahay Warsangeli waxay inta badan ku nool yihiin xuduudaha Somaliland gudaheeda (ACCORD 2009, b. 12). Sanaag waxaa sheegta [Somaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) iyo [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/) labadaba. Eeg [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) iyo [Bari](/so/regions/bari/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay soo xigatay *Futuh al-Habasha* oo ka hadlaya ciidan Harti ah oo "ka soo jeeda dadka Maydh" dagaalladii Imaam Axmed ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali)). Eeg [Futuh al-Habasha (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/). - **1848.** Waxay leedahay sahamiye C. J. Cruttenden wuxuu qoray in dhulka Warsangeli iyo Majeerteen ay ahaayeen kuwa ugu qiimaha badan ganacsiga xeebtaas (isla ilaha). - **Saldanadda.** Khadkooda Garaadku wuxuu ka xukumi jiray Laasqoray. Eeg [saldanadda Warsangeli (Ingiriisi)](/en/history/warsangali-sultanate/). - **1920.** Waxay leedahay Ingiriisku wuxuu Suldaan Maxamuud Cali Shiire u masaafuriyay Seychelles (isla ilaha). Eeg [Dervish movement (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1940-meeyadii iyo 1950-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay hoggaanka Warsangeli wuxuu aasaasay United Somali Party (USP) (isla ilaha). - **2000-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Maakhir, oo ahayd maamul goboleed bariga Sanaag ah, waxaa inta badan deggenaa Warsangeli. Waxay Jibriil Cali Salaad ku taxday madaxweynihiisa 2006 ilaa 2009 ([Wikipedia, Warsangali, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali)). - **Dad kale.** Wikipedia waxay dadka Warsangeli ku taxday qoraaga [Faarax Cawl (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/farah-awl/), Faadumo Jibriil iyo Cumar Faatax (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Suldaanka Warsangeli wuxuu ka dhashaa khadka Garaadka. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Maxamuud Cali Shiire ku tilmaantay suldaankii 24aad ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali)). EASO waxay soo xigatay khabiir oo leh odayaasha Warsangeli waxay u janjeeraan inay qaboojiyaan colaadaha ka dhici kara dhulka ay isku haystaan Somaliland iyo Puntland (EASO 2021). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyo u dhexeeya laamaha Warsangeli, Ceerigaabo iyo Laasqoray ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay khilaaf u dhexeeya Isaaq iyo Warsangeli oo ku saabsan xuquuqda macdanta. Waxay leedahay Janaayo 2025, maleeshiyaad Warsangeli ah ayaa isku soo urursaday duleedka Ceerigaabo ([EUAA 2025, Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/272-sanaag)). Horaantii, EASO waxay taxday khilaaf dhul oo u dhexeeya Dubays iyo Reer Xaaji. Waxay leedahay kuma uusan koobin colaad weyn, sababtoo ah odayaasha Warsangeli ayaa dhexdhexaadiyay (EASO 2021). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Meesha ay degaan.** ACCORD waxay inta badan dhigtay xuduudaha Somaliland gudaheeda. EASO waxay xustay in magaalooyinkooda intooda badan la jiraan Puntland. - **Laamaha.** Abbink wuxuu taxay qiyaastii 25 koox. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixisay khad ka duwan oo qoto dheer, waxayna leedahay geedka laguma heshiin. - **Da'da saldanadda.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay soo xigatay wargeys Seychelles ah oo leh saldanaddu waa lix boqol oo sano. Bogga Wikipedia ee saldanadda wuxuu dowlad dhexe u bixiyay 1613. Warbixinnada Ingiriisku waxay bilaabmaan 1840-meeyadii. ## Akhri wax badan - [Daarood](/so/society/darod/) - [Ogaadeen](/so/society/ogaadeen/) - [Saldanadda Warsangeli (Ingiriisi)](/en/history/warsangali-sultanate/) - [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) --- # Sacad Muuse (Sa'ad Musa, Habar Awal, Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/sacad-muuse/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sacad Muuse waa qabiil Isaaq ah oo ka tirsan Habar Awal, walaalkoodna waa Ciise Muuse. Laamahooda waxaa ka mid ah Jibriil Abokor, Cabdalla Abokor, Xuseen Abokor, Reer Axmed Nuux iyo Reer Yoonis Nuux. Wikipedia waxay leedahay waa inta badan Hargeysa iyo Gabiley, waxayna degaan aagga Faafan ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Sacad Muuse waa qabiil ka tirsan Habar Awal, oo qayb ka ah [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). Walaalkood waa [Ciise Muuse](/so/society/ciise-muuse/). Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Sa'ad Musa iyo Saad Muse. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Habar Awal > Subeer > Muuse > Sacad ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 32](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Isaaq > Habar Awal > Sacad Muse; wuxuu kaloo calaamadeeyay Habar Awal-Abdale Abokor ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Jibril Abokor, Sa'ad Muse, Habar Awal (Isaaq)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Sacad ina Muuse ina Subeer ina Cabdiraxmaan (Awal) ina Sheekh Isaaq ([Wikipedia, Sa'ad Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa)) | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Subeer Awal, oo ah awoowga Sacad Muuse iyo Ciise Muuse, wuxuu ku aasan yahay Jiidali, Sanaag (isla ilaha). Eeg [geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxahan (Abbink 2009, b. 32): | Laan | Kooxaha uu magacaabay | |---|---| | Sacad | Jibriil (Abokor), Reer Daalal iyo Reer Samatar (Haad) | | Isaaq | Abokor, Yeesif, Makaahiil iyo Cabdalla | | Kuwo kale oo agtooda ah | Cabdiraxmaan, Xasan, Ismaaciil, Cabdalla, Idarays, Afgaab iyo Ceegalle | Wikipedia waxay bixisay khad qoto dheer oo Isaaq Sacad ah ([Wikipedia, Habr Awal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Awal)): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Abokor Isaaq | Ugaadh Abokor (Ugaadhyahan), Cabdalla Abokor iyo Xuseen Abokor | | Xuseen Abokor > Jibriil > Ismaaciil > Nuux | Reer Yoonis Nuux (Shirdoon, Hoosh, Gadiid iyo Maxamed) iyo Reer Axmed Nuux | | Xuseen Abokor > Jibriil > Ismaaciil | Saciid Ismaaciil > Cabdalla Saciid (Reer Samatar, Reer Abane iyo Reer Axmed Cabdalla); iyo Bah Gobo iyo Waran'ad | | Makaahiil | Nuux, Abokor, Cumar, Maxamed iyo Xasan Makaahiil | **Cabdalla Abokor.** Wikipedia waxay Cabdalla Abokor dhigtay Abokor Isaaq hoostiisa, oo ay la jiraan Ugaadhyahan iyo Xuseen Abokor (isla ilaha). ACLED wuxuu u calaamadeeyay Habar Awal-Abdale Abokor. Wikipedia waxay soo bandhigtay sawir 1890 ah oo Warsame Yoonis ah, "Reer Geille Abdalla Abukar, Sa'ad Musa" ([Wikipedia, Sa'ad Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa)). Bogga Wikipedia Soomaaliga ee Cabdalla Abokor lama heli karin markii boggan la qorayay. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Hargeysa | EUAA waxay leedahay qabiilada Habar Awal (Sacad Muuse iyo Ciise Muuse) waxay inta badan degaan Ibraahim Koodbuur, degmada 26 Juun iyo qaybo Gacan Libaax ah (EUAA 2025) | | Waqooyi Galbeed | EASO waxay leedahay gobolka waxaa inta badan deggan Habar Awal, xeebta ilaa xuduudda Itoobiya ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Gabiley iyo magaalooyinka beeraha | Wikipedia waxay magacawday Gabiley, Wajaale, Arabsiyo, Kalabaydh, Agabar, Ceel Bardaale, Faraweyne iyo Allaybaday ([Wikipedia, Sa'ad Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa)) | | Xeebta Saaxil iyo Awdal | Waxay dhigtay Ceel Sheekh ilaa Bulaxaar, iyo waqooyi-bari Awdal (isla ilaha) | | Itoobiya | Waxay magacawday Harshin, Hart Sheekh, Awaare, Qabri Bayax iyo Jigjiga, aagga Faafan (isla ilaha) | | Jabuuti iyo Kenya | Waxay dhigtay Quartier 3 ee Jabuuti, iyo bulshada Isahakia ee Kenya (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Waqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/), [Soomaalida Itoobiya (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) iyo [Soomaalida Jabuuti (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/djibouti/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay *Futuh al-Habasha* wuxuu dagaalladii Imaam Axmed ku xusay Habar Magaadle, oo Habar Awal ka mid yihiin ([Wikipedia, Sa'ad Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa)). Eeg [Futuh al-Habasha (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/). - **Ka hor 1839.** Waxay soo xigatay I. M. Lewis oo leh laamaha Reer Yoonis iyo Reer Axmed waxay haysan jireen Berbera, waxayna si wadajir ah u maamuli jireen ganacsigeeda (isla ilaha). - **1825 ilaa 1827.** Waxay leedahay rag Habar Awal ah ayaa Berbera ku weeraray markabka Ingiriiska ee *Mary Anne*, taas oo keentay go'doomin iyo dagaalkii 1827 (isla ilaha). - **1800-meeyadii.** Waxay soo xigatay diiwaan Cadan ah oo leh ganacsatada Soomaalida ee halkaas inta badan waa Sacad Muuse (isla ilaha). - **1955.** Waxay leedahay Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Diiriye wuxuu u safray London si uu u codsado in Hawd la soo celiyo (isla ilaha). Eeg [wareejinta Hawd (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/). - **Dad kale.** Wikipedia waxay dadka Sacad Muuse ku taxday [Sheekh Madar (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/sheikh-madar/), [Muuse Biixi Cabdi (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/muse-bihi-abdi/), abwaan [Gaarriye (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/gaarriye/) iyo [Mo Farah (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/mo-farah/) (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay suldaanka Habar Awal wuxuu ka dhashaa laanta Axmed Cabdalla ee Sacad Muuse. Waxay leedahay magacu wuxuu ahaa *garaad* ilaa Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Diiriye qaatay magaca *suldaan*. Waxay taxday siddeed qof, Garaad Biniin ilaa Suldaan Xasan Suldaan Cabdillaahi ([Wikipedia, Sa'ad Musa, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaaf hurda oo u dhexeeya Gadabuursi iyo Jibriil Abokor (Sacad Muuse), Ceel Bardaale, Gabiley. Waxay kaloo taxday tartan Sacad Muuse la leeyihiin Ciidagale iyo Habar Yoonis, Hargeysa. Waxay leedahay tartamada doorashooyinka noocaas ah "aysan horseedin rabshado hubeysan" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Eeg [Gadabuursi](/so/society/gadabuursi/), [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada.** Wikipedia waxay Sacad Muuse ku tilmaantay inta badan Hargeysa. EUAA iyo EASO waxay magacaabeen Habar Awal guud ahaan. Ma jiro tirakoob xaqiijiya midkood. - **Geedka.** Abbink wuxuu Abokor ku taxay Jibriil hoostiisa iyo Isaaq hoostiisa. Wikipedia waxay Cabdalla Abokor iyo Xuseen Abokor dhigtay Abokor Isaaq hoostiisa. - **Ilaha.** Inta badan faahfaahinta laamaha iyo magaalooyinka waxay ka timid Wikipedia, oo ilo casri ah oo yar leh. ## Akhri wax badan - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Ciise Muuse](/so/society/ciise-muuse/) - [Geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/) - [Waqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) - [Habar Awal](/so/society/habar-awal/) --- # Habar Yoonis (Habr Yunis, Garxajis, Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/habar-yoonis/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Habar Yoonis waa qabiil Isaaq ah oo ka tirsan Garxajis, walaalkoodna waa Ciidagale. Labadooda laan ee waaweyn waa Cali Siciid iyo Carre Siciid. EUAA waxay leedahay waxay inta badan degaan Togdheer, iyagoo la deggan Habar Jeclo, iyo galbeedka Sanaag oo Ceerigaabo ku jirto. Suldaannadoodu waxay ka dhashaan Reer Caynaanshe. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Habar Yoonis waa qabiil ka tirsan Garxajis (Habar Magaadle), oo qayb ka ah [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). Walaalkood waa [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/). Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Habr Yunis iyo Habar Yonis. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Isaaq > Habar Magaadle / Garxajis > Habar Yoonis > Sacad ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 32](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Isaaq > Habar Yoonis, oo leh kooxo badan ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "the Habar Yunis clan (Garhajis, Isaaq)" ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Siciid ina Ismaaciil (Garxajis) ina Sheekh Isaaq ([Wikipedia, Habar Yoonis, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Yoonis)) | Eeg [geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxahan (Abbink 2009, b. 32): | Laan | Kooxaha uu magacaabay | |---|---| | Sacad Yoonis > Cali | Looge, Baale iyo Salaax | | Sacad Yoonis > Carre | Khaliil, Gamba, Dandaan, Kuul, Isxaaq, Ismaaciil iyo Muuse | | Koox labaad | Gunbuur, Reer Cabdi Xirsi, Reer Wayd, Reer Sugulle, Kharrab iyo Muuse (Ismaaciil, Calle iyo Cabdalle) | | Koox saddexaad | Isaaq iyo Cali | Wikipedia waxay bixisay geed qoto dheer ([Wikipedia, Habar Yoonis, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Yoonis)): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Cali Siciid | Looge Cali, Baale Cali iyo Xaaji Salaax Cali | | Carre Siciid > Isxaaq Carre | Khaliil, Qaasim iyo Cabdalle Isxaaq | | Carre Siciid > Muuse Carre | Xasan, Ibraahim iyo Damal Muuse | | Carre Siciid > Ismaaciil Carre | Sacad Yoonis, Muuse Ismaaciil (Turwa, Urursuge) iyo Cabdalla Ismaaciil | | Cabdalla Ismaaciil | Idarays, Muuse Cabdalla iyo Cumar Cabdalla, ilaa Xirsi Cismaan iyo Reer Mumin | Bogga Wikipedia Soomaaliga wuxuu geedkan ku qoray Ingiriisi ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Habar Yoonis, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Yoonis)). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay kooxo sida Sacad Yoonis, Muuse Ismaaciil, Muuse Carre, Cali Siciid iyo Urursuge. Wuxuu kaloo calaamadeeyay Muuse Turwa, Jibriil Turwa, Reer Wayd, Cabdalle Xamud iyo Bah Dhulbahante (ACLED 2025). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Togdheer | EUAA waxay leedahay gobolka Togdheer waxaa inta badan deggan Habar Yoonis iyo Habar Jeclo ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)) | | Galbeedka Sanaag | EUAA waxay leedahay galbeedka Sanaag, oo Ceerigaabo ku jirto, waxaa inta badan deggan Habar Yoonis ([EUAA 2025, Sanaag](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/27-sool-sanaag-and-ssc-khatumo/272-sanaag)) | | Waqooyi Galbeed | EUAA waxay Habar Awal, Habar Yoonis iyo Ciidagale ku tilmaantay inta badan dadka ([EUAA 2025, Waqooyi Galbeed](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/282-wogoyi-galbeed)) | | Hargeysa | EUAA waxay leedahay Garxajis (Ciidagale iyo Habar Yoonis) waxay degaan Maxamuud Haybe iyo qaybo degmada Gacan Libaax ah ([EUAA, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Itoobiya iyo Kenya | Wikipedia waxay dhigtay aagagga Dhagaxbuur iyo Wardheer, iyo bulshada Isahakia ee Kenya ([Wikipedia, Habar Yoonis, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Yoonis)) | Eeg [Togdheer](/so/regions/togdheer/), [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/) iyo [Waqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay *Futuh al-Habasha* wuxuu dagaalladii Imaam Axmed ku xusay Habar Magaadle ([Wikipedia, Habar Yoonis, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Yoonis)). Eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). - **1700-meeyadii iyo 1800-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay Habar Yoonis waxay ka go'een saldanaddii Isaaq, waxayna samaysteen tooda, iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo Sugulle ina Caynaanshe Xirsi. Waxay leedahay Suldaan Diiriye Sugulle wuxuu xukumi jiray Wadhan, oo u dhow marinka Sheekh (isla ilaha). - **1841 ilaa 1845.** Waxay leedahay Sharmarke Cali Saalax, oo Muuse Carre ah, ayaa qabsaday Saylac kadibna Berbera (isla ilaha). - **1922.** Waxay leedahay kacdoon ka dhan ah cashuur Burco lagu soo rogay ayaa keenay dilkii Kabtan Allan Gibb. Waxay leedahay diyaarado Ingiriis ah ayaa markaas duqeeyay Burco (isla ilaha). - **1981 ilaa 1991.** Waxay leedahay dad Habar Yoonis ah ayaa laba jeer guddoomiye ka noqday Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM). [Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/abdirahman-ahmed-ali-tuur/) wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Somaliland (isla ilaha). Eeg [xasuuqii Isaaq (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). - **Dad kale.** Wikipedia waxay kaloo dadka Habar Yoonis ku taxday fannaanka [Cabdullaahi Qarshe (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/abdullahi-qarshe/) iyo Suldaan [Nuur Axmed Amaan (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/nur-ahmed-aman/) (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay suldaannada Habar Yoonis oo dhan waxay ka dhashaan Reer Sugulle, oo laan ka ah Reer Caynaanshe. Waxay ku taxday Sugulle, Diiriye Sugulle, Xirsi Amaan, Nuur Axmed Amaan, Cawad Diiriye, Doolaal Nuur iyo Madar Xirsi ([Wikipedia, Habar Yoonis, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Yoonis)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyo Habar Yoonis oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Dhulbahante, Ceerigaabo iyo Caynabo - Habar Jeclo, Ceerigaabo iyo Ceel Afweyn - Ciise Muuse, tuulada Cali Saahid, degmada Burco - tartamada doorashooyinka ee Hargeysa, oo ay leedahay "aysan horseedin rabshado hubeysan" EUAA waxay leedahay maleeshiyada Gacan Libaax "waxay xiriir la leedahay qabiilka Habar Yoonis", waxayna Luulyo 2023 bilowday dagaal ay la galeen ciidamada Somaliland ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)). Horaantii, EASO waxay diiwaangelisay isku dhac Muuse Ismaaciil iyo Warsangeli Nuux Cumar, degmada Laasqoray, Maarso 2021 ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [Warsangeli](/so/society/warsangali/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Geedka.** Abbink wuxuu Gunbuur, Reer Cabdi Xirsi, Reer Wayd iyo Reer Sugulle ku taxay koox aan magac lahayn oo Sacad agtiisa ah. Wikipedia waxay afartaba dhigtay Xirsi Cismaan hoostiisa, oo ku jira khadka Carre Siciid. - **Meesha Isaaq.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Habar Yoonis waa qayb Garxajis ah. ACLED wuxuu hal koox u calaamadeeyay "Cidagale Habar Yoonis". - **Ilaha.** Bogga Wikipedia Soomaaliga wuxuu hayaa geed Ingiriisi ku qoran oo keliya. ## Akhri wax badan - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Ciidagale](/so/society/ciidagale/) - [Habar Jeclo](/so/society/habar-jeclo/) - [Togdheer](/so/regions/togdheer/) --- # Habar Awal (Habr Awal, Subeer Awal, Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/habar-awal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Habar Awal waa qabiil Isaaq ah oo ka tirsan Habar Magaadle. Labadooda laan ee ugu waaweyn waa Sacad Muuse iyo Ciise Muuse. EASO waxay leedahay waxay inta badan degaan Waqooyi Galbeed, xeebta ilaa xuduudda Itoobiya, waxayna degaan Hargeysa, Gabiley iyo Berbera. Suldaankoodu wuxuu ka dhashaa laanta Axmed Cabdalla ee Sacad Muuse. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Habar Awal waa qabiil ka tirsan [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/). Wikipedia waxay kaloo ugu yeertaa Subeer Awal, waxayna ku dartaa kooxda Habar Magaadle ([Wikipedia, Habr Awal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Awal)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Isaaq > Habar Awal > Subeer > Muuse, oo Sacad iyo Ciise ay Muuse hoos yimaadaan ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 32](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Isaaq > Habar Awal, oo leh Sacad Muse, Isa Muse iyo Abdale Abokor ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Subeer ina Cabdiraxmaan (Awal) ina Sheekh Isaaq ([Wikipedia, Habr Awal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Awal)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | "Muuse Subeer Cabdiraxmaan/Awal Sheikh Isxaaq" ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Habar Awal, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Awal)) | Eeg [geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday lixda wiil ee Muuse: Afgaab, Celi, Cigaale, Cabdalle, Ciise iyo Sacad Muuse ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Awal)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay Habar Awal waxay leeyihiin siddeed laan, labada ugu waaweynna waa Ciise Muuse iyo Sacad Muuse ([Wikipedia, Habr Awal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Awal)). | Laan | Waxa iluhu hoostooda ku magacaabeen | |---|---| | [Sacad Muuse](/so/society/sacad-muuse/) | Cabdiraxmaan, Cabdalla, Xasan iyo Isaaq Sacad; Isaaq Sacad hoostiisa, Makaahiil iyo Abokor Isaaq (Ugaadhyahan, Cabdalla Abokor iyo Xuseen Abokor) (Wikipedia) | | [Ciise Muuse](/so/society/ciise-muuse/) | Abokor, Aadan, Idarays iyo Maxamed Ciise (Wikipedia) | | Wiilasha kale ee Muuse | Abbink wuxuu Sacad iyo Ciise agtooda ku taxay Ismaaciil, Cabdalla, Idarays, Afgaab iyo Ceegalle (Abbink 2009, b. 32) | Labada laan ee waaweyn mid walba bog gooni ah ayuu leeyahay, oo geedkooda oo dhan ku jiro. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Waqooyi Galbeed | EASO waxay leedahay gobolka waxaa inta badan deggan Habar Awal, xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed ilaa xuduudda Itoobiya ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Hargeysa | EUAA waxay leedahay Sacad Muuse iyo Ciise Muuse waxay inta badan degaan Ibraahim Koodbuur, degmada 26 Juun iyo qaybo Gacan Libaax ah ([EUAA, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Magaalooyinka beeraha | Wikipedia waxay magacawday Gabiley, Wajaale, Arabsiyo iyo Kalabaydh ([Wikipedia, Habr Awal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Awal)) | | Xeebta Saaxil | Waxay magacawday Berbera, Ceel Sheekh, Bulaxaar, Sheekh iyo Daarbuduq, iyo waqooyiga Burco (isla ilaha) | | Itoobiya, Jabuuti iyo Kenya | Waxay magacawday Harshin, Hart Sheekh iyo Wajaale ee aagga Faafan, Quartier 3 ee Jabuuti, iyo bulshada Isahakia ee Kenya (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Waqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), [Awdal](/so/regions/awdal/) iyo [Soomaalida Jabuuti (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/djibouti/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay *Futuh al-Habasha* wuxuu dagaalladii Imaam Axmed ku xusay Habar Magaadle, oo Habar Awal ka mid yihiin ([Wikipedia, Habr Awal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Awal)). Eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). - **1800-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay Berbera waxay ahayd dekedda ugu weyn ee Habar Awal. Waxay leedahay waxaa haysan jiray Reer Yoonis Nuux iyo Reer Axmed Nuux ee Sacad Muuse (isla ilaha). - **1870-meeyadii iyo 1880-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay [Sheekh Madar (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/sheikh-madar/) wuxuu hoggaaminayay jameeco Suufi ah oo Hargeysa degtay oo beeraha bilowday. Waxay leedahay wuxuu halkaas masjid ka dhisay 1883 (isla ilaha). - **1949.** Waxay leedahay Ciise Muuse waxay boqreen suldaankoodii ugu horreeyay, Suldaan Koshin (isla ilaha). - **1955.** Waxay leedahay Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Diiriye wuxuu u safray London si uu u codsado in Hawd la soo celiyo (isla ilaha). Eeg [wareejinta Hawd (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/). - **1981.** Waxay leedahay SNM waxay guddoomiyihii ugu horreeyay u dooratay Axmed Maxamed Guuleed, oo Habar Awal ah (isla ilaha). Eeg [xasuuqii Isaaq (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). - **Dad kale.** Wikipedia waxay dadka Habar Awal ku taxday [Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal (Ingiriisi)](/so/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/), [Muuse Biixi Cabdi (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/muse-bihi-abdi/), [Gaarriye (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/gaarriye/) iyo [Mo Farah (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/mo-farah/) (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay suldaanka Habar Awal wuxuu ka dhashaa laanta Axmed Cabdalla ee Sacad Muuse. Waxay leedahay magacu wuxuu ahaa *garaad* ilaa Cabdiraxmaan Diiriye qaatay magaca *suldaan*. Waxay sharraxday kiis ay Ciise Muuse ku diideen xukunkiisa ku saabsanaa *mag*. Waxay leedahay taasi waxay keentay inay suldaan u gaar ah boqraan ([Wikipedia, Habr Awal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habr_Awal)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyo Habar Awal oo firfircoonaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Habar Jeclo, degmada Burco - khilaaf hurda oo u dhexeeya Gadabuursi iyo Jibriil Abokor (Sacad Muuse), Ceel Bardaale, Gabiley - Ciise Muuse iyo Habar Yoonis, tuulada Cali Saahid, degmada Burco - tartamada doorashooyinka ee Hargeysa oo ay la leeyihiin Habar Yoonis iyo Ciidagale, oo ay leedahay "aysan horseedin rabshado hubeysan" EUAA waxay leedahay isbahaysiga "Jeegaan" oo ka kooban qabiilada Habar Jeclo iyo Habar Awal ayaa 2023 ka firfircoonaa Togdheer ([EUAA 2025, Togdheer](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/28-somaliland/283-togdheer)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Tirada laamaha.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday lix wiil oo Muuse ah. Wikipedia waxay leedahay siddeed laan. Abbink wuxuu Sacad iyo Ciise agtooda ku taxay magacyo kale. - **Ayuub.** Abbink wuxuu Ayuub iyo Axmed ku taxay Subeer agtiisa, Habar Awal hoostiisa. Wikipedia waxay Ayuub ka dhigtay qabiil Habar Magaadle ah oo gooni ah. - **Baaxadda.** Wikipedia waxay Habar Awal ku tilmaantay mid ka mid ah qabiilada Isaaq ee ugu waaweyn. Ma jiro tirakoob taas xaqiijiya. ## Akhri wax badan - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Sacad Muuse](/so/society/sacad-muuse/) - [Ciise Muuse](/so/society/ciise-muuse/) - [Waqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) --- # Carab (Arap, Carab Isaaq) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/arap/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Carab (Arap) waa qabiil Isaaq ah oo ka tirsan Habar Magaadle. Abbink wuxuu hoostooda ku taxay Celi, Cidmaan, Cabdalle iyo Ismaaciil. EUAA waxay leedahay waxay degaan degmada Axmed Dhagax ee Hargeysa. Wikipedia waxay dhigtay koonfurta iyo galbeedka Hargeysa, Balligubadle iyo Hawd, waxayna leedahay Balligubadle waxay ahayd xarunta SNM. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Carab waa qabiil ka tirsan [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/), kooxda Habar Magaadle. Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Arap. Wikipedia waxay xustay inay yihiin qabiil Soomaaliyeed, ee aysan ahayn dadka Carbeed ([Wikipedia, Arap, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Isaaq > Habar Magaadle > Arap (Carab) ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 32](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Isaaq > Arab, oo leh Arab Abdalla, Arab Salah iyo Musa Celi-Barsuug ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "The Isaaq/Arab and Isaaq/Ayub clans populate Ahmed Dhagah" ([EUAA, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Maxamed (Carab), mid ka mid ah siddeedda wiil ee Sheekh Isaaq ([Wikipedia, Arap, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap)) | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Carab iyo Garxajis waxaa dhaqanka abtirsiinta lagu yiraahdaa "mataano" (isla ilaha). Eeg [geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxahan (Abbink 2009, b. 32): | Laan | Kooxaha uu magacaabay | |---|---| | Celi | Maxamed, oo hoostiisa ah Axmed, Muuse iyo Subeer | | Cidmaan | lama sheegin | | Cabdalle | lama sheegin | | Ismaaciil | Muuse, oo hoostiisa ah Gadwein | Wikipedia waxay magacawday saddex laan: Cabdalle Carab, Celi Carab iyo Muuse Celi ([Wikipedia, Arap, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap)). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay koox Arab Salah ah, iyo koox Barsuug ah oo Muuse Celi hoos timaada (ACLED 2025). Bog Wikipedia Soomaaliga ah oo Carab ku saabsan lama helin markii boggan la qorayay. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Hargeysa | EUAA waxay dhigtay degmada Axmed Dhagax, iyagoo la deggan Ayuub (EUAA 2025). Wikipedia waxay dhigtay bartamaha iyo koonfur-galbeedka magaalada ([Wikipedia, Arap, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap)) | | Balligubadle iyo Hawd | Wikipedia waxay leedahay degmada Balligubadle waa dhul Carab, waxayna si ballaaran u degaan Hawd (isla ilaha) | | Itoobiya | Waxay magacawday Faafan, Gursum iyo Dhagaxle (isla ilaha) | | Togdheer iyo Saaxil | Waxay halkaas dhigtay Cabdalle Carab (isla ilaha) | | Bakool | Waxay Muuse Celi dhigtay degmooyinka Rabdhuure iyo Ceel Barde (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Waqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), [Togdheer](/so/regions/togdheer/) iyo [Bakool](/so/regions/bakool/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Carab waxay ka mid ahaayeen dagaalyahannada Habar Magaadle ee dagaalladii Imaam Axmed, sida *Futuh al-Habasha* qoray ([Wikipedia, Arap, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap)). Eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). - **1916.** Waxay taxday saddex nin oo Carab ah oo lagu magacaabay liiska Geoffrey Archer ee hoggaamiyeyaasha Daraawiishta (isla ilaha). Eeg [Dervish movement (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). - **1980-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay Balligubadle waxay ahayd xarunta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM). Waxay leedahay Suldaan Maxamed Suldaan Faarax wuxuu ahaa suldaankii ugu horreeyay ee u ambabaxay Itoobiya oo la shaqeeyay SNM, 1983 (isla ilaha). Eeg [xasuuqii Isaaq (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/). - **1990-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay Carab waxay ahaayeen qabiilkii ugu horreeyay ee oggolaaday inay hubka dhigaan. Waxay sharraxday xaflad ka dhacday garoonka kubadda cagta Hargeysa horraantii 1994 (isla ilaha). - **Dad.** Wikipedia waxay dadka Carab ku taxday [Edna Aadan Ismaaciil (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/edna-adan-ismail/), Xasan Ciise Jaamac, qadiimiga Saado Mire iyo hoggaamiyihii Al-Shabaab [Axmed Cabdi Godane (Ingiriisi)](/en/people/ahmed-abdi-godane/) (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay Suldaan Maxamed Suldaan Faarax ayaa Carab ku hoggaamiyay hub-ka-dhigista 1990-meeyadii. Waxay leedahay wiilkiisa, Suldaan Cumar Suldaan Maxamed, ayaa xilka la wareegay 2003, wuxuuna hayay ilaa uu ka geeriyooday 2021 ([Wikipedia, Arap, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Carab ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Wuxuu Carab ku magacaabay oo keliya marka uu sharraxayo meesha qabiiladu ka degaan Hargeysa. Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Laamaha.** Abbink wuxuu taxay Celi, Cidmaan, Cabdalle iyo Ismaaciil. Wikipedia waxay magacawday Cabdalle Carab, Celi Carab iyo Muuse Celi. - **Arab Salah.** ACLED wuxuu Arab Salah ku calaamadeeyay Isaaq hoostiisa, balse wuxuu kaloo taxay magaca "Darood-Arab Salah". Labadu waxay noqon karaan laba koox oo kala duwan. - **Ilaha.** Maqaalka Wikipedia ee Carab ilo yar ayuu sheegtaa. ## Akhri wax badan - [Isaaq](/so/society/isaaq/) - [Geedka Isaaq](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-isaaq/) - [Habar Yoonis](/so/society/habar-yoonis/) - [Waqooyi Galbeed](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/) --- # Biimaal (Biyomaal, Bimal, Dir) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/biyomaal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Biimaal (Biyomaal) waa qabiil Dir ah oo deggan koonfurta Soomaaliya. EUAA waxay leedahay waxay degaan agagaarka Marka ee Shabeellaha Hoose, waxayna inta badan degaan Jamaame ee Jubbada Hoose. Wikipedia waxay laamahooda ku magacawday Sacad, Ismiin, Suleymaan iyo Cabdiraxmaan (Gaadsen), waxayna diiwaangelisay dagaalkii dheeraa ee ay la galeen Talyaaniga. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Biimaal waa qabiil ka tirsan [Dir](/so/society/dir/). Magaca waxaa kaloo loo qoraa Biyomaal, Bimaal iyo Bimal. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay magaca saxda ahi waa Jamaal ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Biimaal, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biimaal)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Dir > Bimaal, oo Daa'uud hoostiisa ah, iyo agtiisa Suleymaan, Yasmiin (Boras) iyo Sacad ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 17](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Dir > Biyamal; wuxuu Dir > Gadsan u calaamadeeyay koox gooni ah ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "the Biyomaal (Dir) clan around Marka" ([EUAA 2025, Shabeellaha Hoose](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Laan Dir ah; waxay laamaha ku magacawday Sacad, Daadow, Ismiin iyo Gaadsen ([Wikipedia, Bimaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaal)) | Eeg [geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/). ## Laamaha waaweyn | Il | Laamaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Daa'uud, Suleymaan, Yasmiin (iyo Boras) iyo Sacad (b. 17) | | Wikipedia, hordhaca | Sacad, Ismiin, Suleymaan iyo Cabdiraxmaan ([Wikipedia, Bimaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaal)) | | Wikipedia, sanduuqa | Gamaase Cali Geryaham, Sacad, Daadow, Ismiin iyo Cabdiraxmaan (Gaadsen) (isla ilaha) | **Gaadsen.** Wikipedia waxay Gaadsen (Cabdiraxmaan Eremage) ku tirisay laan Biimaal ah. Waxay inta badan dhigtay Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, Afdheer, Qoraxay iyo Liibaan. Waxay ku dartay Bakool, Gedo, labada Jubba iyo waqooyi-bari Kenya (isla ilaha). ACLED wuxuu Gadsan u calaamadeeyay koox gooni ah oo Dir hoos timaada (ACLED 2025). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Shabeellaha Hoose | EUAA waxay dhigtay agagaarka Marka ([EUAA 2025, Shabeellaha Hoose](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/22-south-west/223-lower-shabelle)). EASO waxay soo xigatay khabiir ku qiyaasay qiyaastii 10% gobolka ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Jubbada Hoose | EASO waxay leedahay Jamaame waxaa inta badan deggan Biimaal, oo haysta inta badan daaqa bariga webiga (EASO 2021) | | Kismaayo | EASO waxay Biimaal ku taxday kooxaha yaryar ee magaalada (EASO 2021) | | Meelo kale | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay kaloo magacawday Qoryooley, Janaale, Sablaale, Baraawe iyo Buulo Mareer, iyo meelo Itoobiya iyo Kenya ah ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biimaal)) | Eeg [Shabeellaha Hoose](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/), [Jubbada Hoose](/so/regions/lower-juba/) iyo [Jubbada Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-juba/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Dabayaaqadii 1600-meeyadii ilaa 1700-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay koox la oran jiray El Amir ayaa Ajuuraan ka saartay Marka. Waxay leedahay Biimaal ayaa markii dambe Marka ka qabsaday ([Wikipedia, Bimaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaal)). - **1800-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay waxay Marka ugu dagaallameen saldanadda Geledi. Waxay leedahay Suldaan Yuusuf Maxamuud ee Geledi waxaa lagu dilay dagaal Marka u dhow, 1848 (isla ilaha). Eeg [saldanadda Geledi (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/geledi-sultanate/). - **1800-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay beeraha Biimaal waxaa ka shaqeyn jiray Bantu la addoonsaday. Waxay leedahay addoonsigu weli halkaas wuu ka jiray markii guddoomiyaha Talyaanigu yimid 1923 (isla ilaha). Eeg [bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay (Ingiriisi)](/en/society/minority-communities/). - **1896 ilaa 1926.** Waxay leedahay Biimaal waxay qiyaastii soddon sano la dagaallameen xukunka Talyaaniga ee agagaarka Marka. Taas waxaa la yiraahdaa kacdoonkii Biimaal (isla ilaha). - **1990-meeyadii.** Abbink wuxuu SSNM (Southern Somali National Movement) ku taxay jabhad Biimaal iyo Dir koonfureed ah (Abbink 2009, b. 39). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay Talyaanigu wuxuu odayaasha u bixiyay *capo qabiil*, wuxuuna ku daray maamulkii gumeysiga ([Wikipedia, Bimaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaal)). EASO waxay leedahay odayaasha Habar Gidir iyo Biimaal waxay Marka ku saxiixeen heshiis nabadeed Maarso 2018. Waxay leedahay waxaa taageeray dowladda federaalka, Koonfur Galbeed iyo QM (EASO 2021). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday laba khilaaf oo Biimaal ah, Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Habar Gidir, degmada Marka. Waxay leedahay Biimaal, Digil, Banaadiri iyo Bantu waxay sheegtaan xuquuq taariikheed oo gobolka ah oo ka horreysa Habar Gidir. - khilaaf hurda oo ay la leeyihiin Ogaadeen, Jamaame, oo ku saabsan lahaanshaha dhulka, qaab-dhismeedka maamulka iyo awood qaybsiga. EASO waxay leedahay Biimaal waxay rabaan qayb cadaalad ah oo ka mid ah maamulka ciidamada amniga ee Marka (EASO 2021). Eeg [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/), [Ogaadeen](/so/society/ogaadeen/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Laamaha.** Abbink wuxuu magacaabay Daa'uud, Suleymaan, Yasmiin iyo Sacad. Wikipedia waxay isla boggeeda laba meelood ku bixisay liisas kala duwan. - **Meesha Dir.** Abbink wuxuu Bimaal ku taxay b. 17, mar kalena Biyamaal ku taxay Maahe > Xasan hoostiisa b. 18, oo ay la jiraan Bajimaal iyo Quranyow. - **Gaadsen.** Wikipedia waxay Gaadsen ku tirisay Biimaal. ACLED wuxuu u calaamadeeyay koox Dir ah oo gooni ah. - **Tirada.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay bixisay tirooyin dad oo dalal badan ah, iyadoon il sheegin. EASO waxay ku tilmaantay laga-tiro-badan Shabeellaha Hoose. Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ## Akhri wax badan - [Dir](/so/society/dir/) - [Geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/) - [Shabeellaha Hoose](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) - [Jubbada Hoose](/so/regions/lower-juba/) - [Surre](/so/society/surre/) --- # Surre (Qubeys iyo Cabdalle, Dir) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/surre/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Surre waa qabiil Dir ah oo deggan bartamaha Soomaaliya, kana kooban Qubeys iyo Cabdalle. Abbink wuxuu hoos geeyay Maahe ee Dir. Wikipedia waxay dhigtay Mudug iyo Galgaduud, agagaarka Bacadweyne, Gaalkacyo, Towfiiq iyo Xeraale, iyo Gedo iyo Itoobiya. EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyo Surre la leeyihiin Mareexaan iyo Sheekhaal. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Surre waa qabiil ka tirsan [Dir](/so/society/dir/). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan *Dirta Dhexe*. Waxay leedahay waxaa loo yaqaan Cabdalle iyo Qubeys ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Surre, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surre_(beel))). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Dir > Maahe > Suhure, oo Qubeys iyo Cabdalle hoostiisa yihiin ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 18](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Dir > Qubeys ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Saleban Abdalle (Surre/Dir)" iyo "Surre (Dir)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Dir > Mehe > Surre, oo leh Qubeys, Habardeel iyo Cabdalle ([Wikipedia, Surre, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surre_(clan))) | Eeg [geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu taxay kooxahan (Abbink 2009, b. 18): | Laan | Kooxaha uu magacaabay | |---|---| | Qubeys | Lafagaab | | Cabdalle | Cabdi, Nacdoor, Saleebaan iyo Goorad | Wikipedia waxay bixisay geedkan ([Wikipedia, Surre, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surre_(clan))): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Qubeys | Tolweyne, Axadoobe (Cabdalle Diidshe iyo Cismaan Diidshe), Reer Toonle (Fiqi Cumar iyo Fiqi Yaxye) iyo Yabadhaale (Midkasse iyo Wayaagle) | | Habardeel | lama sheegin | | Cabdalle | Maxamed Cabdalle (Nacdoor), Yuusuf Cabdalle (Goorod), Cabdi Cabdalle (Fiqi Maxamed iyo Aadan Faarax) iyo Saleebaan Cabdalle (Fiqi Khayre iyo Muuse Faarax) | Bogga gooniga ah ee Wikipedia ee Qubeys wuxuu bixiyaa liis dheer oo laamaha Qubeys ah ([Wikipedia, Qubeys, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubeys)). Labada bog ee Wikipedia waxay leeyihiin digniin ah inay u baahan yihiin ilo badan. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Koonfurta Mudug | EASO waxay leedahay qayb yar oo Qubeys ah, oo Dir ah, ayaa ku nool koonfurta gobolka ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Mudug iyo Nugaal | Wikipedia waxay Saleebaan Cabdalle dhigtay degmada Towfiiq, Gaalkacyo iyo Godobjiraan, iyo Boosaaso. Qubeys waxay dhigtay agagaarka Bacadweyne ([Wikipedia, Surre, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surre_(clan))) | | Galgaduud ilaa Gedo | Waxay Fiqi Maxamed dhigtay degmada Xeraale ilaa Boholgaras ee Gedo, iyo xuduudda dhinaceeda kale ee Doolow Addo iyo Cherti (isla ilaha) | | Muqdisho iyo Shabeellaha Hoose | Waxay magacawday Golweyn iyo Marka (isla ilaha) | | Sanaag | Waxay koox Surre ah, Cabaas Muuse, dhigtay degmada Badhan (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/), [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) iyo [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Qiyaastii 1316.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Surre waxay sannadkaas ka guureen waxa maanta Somaliland ah, waxayna u guureen bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. Il uma sheegin taariikhdaas ([Wikipedia, Surre, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surre_(clan))). - **Diinta.** Waxay leedahay Surre waxay xiriir la leeyihiin faafinta Islaamka iyo dariiqada Qaadiriya ee bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya (isla ilaha). Eeg [dariiqooyinka Suufiga (Ingiriisi)](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). - **Diiwaannada gumeysiga.** Waxay leedahay qorayaasha Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska inta badan waxay ugu yeeri jireen "Dirta" bartamaha iyo koonfurta oo keliya (isla ilaha). - **1990-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay 1996 Surre waxaa matalayay Southern Somali National Movement (isla ilaha). - **Dad kale.** Waxay taxday Mahad Cabdalle Cawad, oo ku-xigeen guddoomiye ka ah baarlamaanka federaalka, iyo Sakiya Xuseen, oo ku-xigeen taliyaha booliska ahayd (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). EUAA waxay leedahay Febraayo 2025 dhexdhexaadin ayaa socotay oo ku saabsan khilaafka Surre iyo Sheekhaal ee Mudug ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay Surre ku dhex magacawday laamo badan oo *fiqi* (culimo) ah ([Wikipedia, Surre, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surre_(clan))). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyadan Surre, Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Saleebaan Cabdalle iyo Loboge (Sheekhaal), degmooyinka Towfiiq iyo Afbarwaaqo, Mudug - Mareexaan, Caabudwaaq iyo Laandheer, Galgaduud - diidmada gobolka cusub ee Galwaaq, agagaarka Xeraale, Galgaduud - Sheekhaal, degmooyinka Jariiban iyo Hobyo, oo ay leedahay "si joogto ah ayay isugu dhaceen 2023-2024" Eeg [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Magaca.** Abbink wuxuu qoray Suhure. Wikipedia iyo EUAA waxay qoreen Surre. - **Laamaha.** Abbink wuxuu magacaabay Qubeys iyo Cabdalle. Wikipedia waxay ku dartay Habardeel oo ah laan saddexaad. - **Ilaha.** Labada bog ee Wikipedia ilo yar ayay sheegaan. Taariikhda 1316 il ma leh. ## Akhri wax badan - [Dir](/so/society/dir/) - [Biimaal](/so/society/biyomaal/) - [Geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/) - [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/) - [Sheekhaal](/so/society/sheekhaal/) --- # Sheekhaal (Sheikhal, Fiqi Cumar) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/sheekhaal/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sheekhaal waa reer Soomaaliyeed oo leh magac diimeed oo la dhaxlo, kana abtirsada Sheekh Fiqi Cumar. ACCORD waxay leedahay inta badan waxay hadda xiriir la leeyihiin Hiraab ee Hawiye. EUAA waxay laamahooda waaweyn ku magacawday Loobage, Jaziira iyo Aw Qudub. Waxay leedahay Aw Qudub waxay inta badan degaan Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, Jaziira iyo Loobagena Muqdisho iyo agagaarkeeda. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Sheekhaal waa reer Soomaaliyeed oo leh magac diimeed oo la dhaxlo. Magaca waxaa kaloo loo qoraa Sheykhaal iyo Sheekhaash. Waxaa loogu yeeraa Fiqi Cumar, oo ah odayga ay ka soo farcameen ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Sheekhaal, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheekhaal)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Sheekhaal oo Hawiye hoos yimaada, leh Loobage, Aw Qudub, Gandarshe, Aw Xasan, Martile iyo Reer Fiqi Cumar ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACCORD 2009 | Reero "dhammaantood si khuraafaad ah uga abtirsada isla awoowe, Sheekh Faqi Cumar", iyadoo la soo xigtay Virginia Luling ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 19](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Sheikhal > Awqudub ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Sheikhal (associated to Hawiye)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Waxay ka abtirsadaan Sheekh Abaadir Cumar ar-Rida (Fiqi Cumar), oo lagu abtiriyo khaliifkii Abuu Bakar ([Wikipedia, Sheekhaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheekhaal)) | Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn EUAA waxay leedahay Sheekhaal waxay u qaybsamaan laamaha waaweyn ee Loobage, Jaziira iyo Aw Qudub ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.4.4](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). | Il | Laamaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Wikipedia | Reer Aw Qudub (Qudub Fiqi Cumar), Reer Axmed Loobage, Reer Aw Xasan, Sheekhaal Jaziira (Maxamed Fiqi Cumar) iyo Sheekhaal Gandarshe (Cismaan Fiqi Cumar) ([Wikipedia, Sheekhaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheekhaal)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga | Siddeed iyo toban wiil oo Fiqi Cumar ah, oo ay ka mid yihiin Loobage, Aw Qudub, Gandarshe, Jaziira, Cali Cafii, Aw Xasan, Guudle iyo Duduble ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Sheekhaal, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheekhaal)) | | Abbink 2009 | Loobage, Aw Qudub, Gandarshe, Aw Xasan, Martile iyo Reer Fiqi Cumar (Reer Sheekh, Aw Qudub) (b. 27) | ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya | EUAA waxay leedahay Aw Qudub waxay inta badan degaan Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (EUAA 2025) | | Muqdisho | Waxay leedahay Jaziira iyo Loobage waxay inta badan degaan Muqdisho iyo agagaarkeeda (isla ilaha). EASO waxay Sheekhaal ku taxday qabiilada Hawiye ee magaalada si weyn u joogo ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Shabeellaha Hoose, Baay iyo Hiiraan | EASO waxay Sheekhaal ku magacawday qabiilada gobol kasta (EASO 2021) | | Mudug | EUAA waxay Loobage ku diiwaangelisay degmooyinka Towfiiq iyo Afbarwaaqo (EUAA 2025) | | Kenya | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay waqooyi-bari Kenya ([Wikipedia, Sheekhaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheekhaal)) | Eeg [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/), [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) iyo [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Asalka.** Wikipedia waxay awoowahooda ku magacawday Sheekh Abaadir Cumar ar-Rida, oo ay ku tilmaantay waliga Harar ([Wikipedia, Sheekhaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheekhaal)). Eeg [Harar, caasimaddii Adal (Ingiriisi)](/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/). - **1850-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay sahamiye Richard Burton wuxuu ku tilmaamay Soomaalida keliya ee abtirsiintoodu aysan ka iman Dir ama Daarood (isla ilaha). - **1982 ilaa 1991.** Waxay leedahay Jeneraal Maxamed Ibraahim Liiqliiqato, oo Sheekhaal ahaa, wuxuu ahaa guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka (isla ilaha). - **1991 kadib.** ACCORD waxay leedahay Sheekhaasha Muqdisho agteeda waxay dhiseen waxbarashada gaarka ah, inta badan iyagoo adeegsanaya ururka Al-Islaax iyo shabakadda FPENS. Waxay leedahay waxay kaloo raadsadeen xiriir Hawiye iyo USC-dii Jeneraal Caydiid (ACCORD 2009, b. 19). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). EUAA waxay leedahay Sheekhaal iyo Asharaaf qabiilada kale waxay u ixtiraami jireen inay yihiin "dad diimeed" ama "macallimiin diineed". Waxay leedahay labaduba waxay waayeen ilaalintii qabiilka colaaddii sokeeye ee 1990-meeyadii. Waxay ku dartay in xubnahoodu weli mararka qaarkood la kulmaan takoorid (EUAA 2025, qaybta 1.4.4). Eeg [Asharaaf](/so/society/asharaaf/) iyo [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday laba khilaaf oo Sheekhaal ah, Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Loobage iyo Saleebaan Cabdalle (Surre), degmooyinka Towfiiq iyo Afbarwaaqo, Mudug - Surre, degmooyinka Jariiban iyo Hobyo, halkaas oo dhexdhexaadin ka socotay Febraayo 2025 Eeg [Surre](/so/society/surre/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Hawiye mise maya.** Abbink iyo ACLED waxay ku taxeen Hawiye hoostiisa. ACCORD iyo EUAA waxay leeyihiin waxay "xiriir la leeyihiin" Hawiye. Wikipedia waxay leedahay Sheekhaal qaar, sida Aw Qudub, waxay diidaan in Hawiye lagu sheego. - **Laamaha.** EUAA waxay magacawday saddex laan oo waaweyn. Wikipedia waxay magacawday shan. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday siddeed iyo toban wiil oo Fiqi Cumar ah. - **Abtirsiinta.** Wikipedia waxay ku abtirisay khaliif Abuu Bakar. ACCORD waxay abtirsiinta wadajirka ah ku tilmaantay "khuraafaad". ## Akhri wax badan - [Asharaaf](/so/society/asharaaf/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/) - [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/) --- # Sacad (Sa'ad, Habar Gidir, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/sacad-habar-gidir/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sacad (Sa'ad, Saad) waa qabiil Habar Gidir ah oo Hawiye ka tirsan. Abbink wuxuu hoostooda ku taxay Reer Hiluwe, Reer Jalaf, Reer Nimale iyo Lugayare. EUAA waxay leedahay waa qabiilka ugu xoogga badan koonfurta Mudug, EASO-na waxay ku magacawday shanta qabiil ee waaweyn ee waqooyiga Galgaduud. Wikipedia waxay leedahay ra'iisul wasaarihii ugu horreeyay, Cabdullaahi Ciise, wuxuu ahaa Sacad. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Sacad waa qabiil ka tirsan [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/), oo ah qayb [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Sa'ad iyo Saad. Waa koox ka duwan [Sacad Muuse](/so/society/sacad-muuse/), oo Isaaq ah. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Hiraab > Habar Gidir > Sa'ad ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Habar Gedir > Sacad, oo leh kooxo hoose oo badan ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "the Hawiye (Habar Gidir Sa'ad sub-clan)" ([EUAA 2025, Mudug](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Wuxuu "Sa'ad Madarkicis" ku taxay laan Habar Gidir ah ([Wikipedia, Habar Gidir, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)) | Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu Sa'ad hoostiisa ku taxay afar koox: Reer Hiluwe, Reer Jalaf, Reer Nimale iyo Lugayare (Abbink 2009, b. 27). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay kooxahan Sacad ah (ACLED 2025): | Koox | Qoraallada kale ee ACLED | |---|---| | Reer Hilowle | Saad-Reer-Hilowle | | Reer Jalaf | Jalaaf, Saad-Reer-Jalaf | | Reer Nimcaale | Nimaale, Saad-Nimcaale | | Sacad Barkhadle, Sacad Faarale, Sacad Indhayar, Sacad Muuse | Saad-Barkhadle, Saad-Farale, Saad-Indhayar, Saad-Muse | Bogga Habar Gidir ee Wikipedia Soomaaliga wuxuu ka hadlaa meesha Sacad uga jiraan geedka. Doodaas waa dheer, ilona kuma xirna ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Habar Gidir, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). Bog Wikipedia ah oo Sacad u gaar ah lama helin markii boggan la qorayay. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Koonfurta Mudug | EASO waxay leedahay koonfurta Mudug "waxaa inta badan deggan Saad", oo ah "qabiilka ugu xoogga badan deegaanka" ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). EUAA waxay sheegtay si la mid ah ([EUAA 2025, Mudug](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)) | | Waqooyiga Galgaduud | EASO waxay Saad ku magacawday shanta qabiil ee waaweyn ee halkaas, iyagoo la jira Saleebaan, Cayr, Mareexaan iyo Dir (EASO 2021) | | Gaalkacyo | EASO waxay sharraxday xafiiltamada Sacad ee magaalada iyo agagaarkeeda. Magaaladu waxay u qaybsan tahay Galmudug iyo Puntland (EASO 2021) | Eeg [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/), [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) iyo [Galmudug](/so/states/galmudug/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1950-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay [Cabdullaahi Ciise](/so/people/abdullahi-issa/), oo Reer Nimcaale ah, wuxuu hoggaamiyay Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed. Waxay leedahay wuxuu noqday ra'iisul wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya xilligii wasaayadda ([Wikipedia, Habar Gidir, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). - **1991 ilaa 2021.** EASO waxay sharraxday xafiiltamka dheer ee waqooyiga Mudug, oo u dhexeeya Habar Gidir iyo Majeerteen iyo Leelkase. Waxay leedahay khilaafyadan miyiga "inta badan waxay u gudbaan Gaalkacyo" (EASO 2021). - **2021.** EASO waxay leedahay Saad ayaa ahaa qabiilka ugu weyn ee iska caabinayay fidista Al-Shabaab ee koonfurta Mudug. Waxay ku dartay in "mid mid loo jabinayo" (EASO 2021). - **2024 ilaa 2025.** EUAA waxay leedahay ciidamada dowladda iyo kuwa la shaqeeya waxay Al-Shabaab kula dagaallameen koonfurta Mudug. Waxay leedahay waxay dib u qabsadeen "meelo muhiim ah" ilaa Febraayo 2025 ([EUAA 2025, Mudug](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). EASO waxay diiwaangelisay in Sacad iyo Leelkase ay heshiiyeen ka dib isku dhac ka dhacay meel u dhow Gaalkacyo, Maajo 2020. Waxay leedahay heshiisku wuxuu yimid "iyadoo la is-weydaarsaday mag, lana saxiixay heshiis wada-noolaansho nabadeed" (EASO 2021). Bogga Habar Gidir ee Wikipedia wuxuu muujiyaa sawir oday Sa'ad ah ([Wikipedia, Habar Gidir, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habar_Gidir)). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyadan Sacad ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Mareexaan, galbeedka degmada Gaalkacyo, oo hurday ilaa Febraayo 2025 - Cumar Maxamuud (Majeerteen), degmooyinka Gaalkacyo iyo Jiriiban, oo hurday ilaa Febraayo 2025 EUAA waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay isku dhacyo Sacad iyo Leelkase ah oo daaqa ku saabsan, degmada Galdogob, Oktoobar 2023 iyo Juun iyo Diseembar 2024 ([EUAA 2025, Mudug](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/252-mudug)). Horaantii, EASO waxay taxday khilaafyo Sacad la leeyahay Wagardhac (Mareexaan) ee Galinsoor iyo Saaxo, iyo kooxo Dir ah ee Towfiiq (EASO 2021). Eeg [Mareexaan](/so/society/mareexaan/), [Surre](/so/society/surre/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Laamaha.** Abbink wuxuu magacaabay afar koox. ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay kuwo kale oo badan, sida Sacad Indhayar iyo Sacad Barkhadle. - **Meesha geedka.** Bogga Habar Gidir ee Wikipedia Soomaaliga wuxuu leeyahay Sacad waxay ka soo farcameen khad ka duwan kan Habar Gidir kale. Il kuma xirna. Ma jiro il kale oo halkan ku jirta oo taageerta ama beenisa. - **Dadka.** Wikipedia waxay Cabdullaahi Ciise dhigtay Sacad. Waxay Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid ku sheegtay Habar Gidir, iyadoon lafta magacaabin. ## Akhri wax badan - [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/) - [Saleebaan](/so/society/saleebaan-habar-gidir/) - [Cayr](/so/society/cayr/) - [Mudug](/so/regions/mudug/) --- # Duduble (Maxamuud Hiraab, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/duduble/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Duduble, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Maxamuud Hiraab, waa qabiil Hawiye ah oo ka tirsan Hiraab. Wikipedia waxay laamahooda waaweyn ku magacawday Aarsade, Maxamed Camal, Iijecle, Habar Awradeen, Maqlisame, Celi, Bisin, Qadhoob iyo Da'uud. EUAA waxay ku magacawday qabiilada waaweyn ee Galgaduud, waxayna kaloo degaan Muqdisho iyo Shabeellaha Hoose. Iluhu way ku kala duwan yihiin inay Habar Gidir ka mid yihiin iyo in kale. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Duduble waa qabiil [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) ah, oo ka tirsan Hiraab, iyagoo la jira [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/), [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) iyo [Sheekhaal](/so/society/sheekhaal/). Wikipedia waxay leedahay waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan Maxamuud Hiraab. Waxay leedahay magacu wuxuu ka yimid *dudub*, oo ah "xoog", naanays aabbahood la siiyay ([Wikipedia, Duduble, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duduble)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Hiraab > Duduble, oo lagu taxay Mudulood, Madarkicis iyo Habar Gidir agtooda ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Hawiye > Hiraab > Duduble, oo la jira Habar Gidir, Mudulood iyo Sheekhaal (Wikipedia, Duduble, kayd) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Habar Gedir > Duduble, oo leh Celi iyo Maxamed Camal ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Duduble (Habar Gedir/Hawiye)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 | Wuxuu Duduble ku daray kooxda Gorgaarte, oo ay la jiraan Abgaal, Habar Gidir, Sheekhaal iyo Udeejeen ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | Wikipedia waxay soo xigatay qoraal UNHCR oo leh Duduble waa "kuwa ugu yar qoyska Hiraab" (Wikipedia, Duduble, kayd). Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay taxday sagaal laamood (Wikipedia, Duduble, kayd): 1. Aarsade 2. Maxamed Camal 3. Iijecle 4. Habar Awradeen 5. Maqlisame 6. Celi 7. Bisin 8. Qadhoob 9. Da'uud Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay Duduble waxay ka kooban yihiin sideed laf oo waaweyn. Waxay taxday Maxamed Camal, oo hoostiisa ah Cabdi, Maxamuud (Kuulbayr) iyo Afrax Maxamed. Waxay kaloo taxday Maqlisame, oo hoostiisa ah Ugaas Wehliye iyo Reer Nuur. Lafaha kale ee ay magacawday waa Aarsade, Celi, Da'uud, Samadoor, Iijecle, Bisin, Qadhoob, Hantile iyo Awradeen ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Duduble, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duduble)). ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay laba koox, Celi iyo Maxamed Camal (ACLED 2025). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Galgaduud | EUAA waxay Duduble ku magacawday qabiilada waaweyn ee gobolka ([EUAA 2025, Galgaduud](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/25-galmudug/251-galgaduud)). EASO waxay dhigtay koonfur-bari, agagaarka Ceel Buur iyo Ceel Dheer ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Agagaarka Ceel Buur | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday Ceel Buur, Dooxa Duduble, Ceel Garas, Xiindheer, Galo iyo tuulooyin kale oo badan (Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Duduble, kayd) | | Muqdisho | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday degmooyinka Heliwaa iyo Daarusalaam, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Yaaqshiid iyo Hodan (isla ilaha) | | Shabeellaha Hoose | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay Shabeellaha Hoose. Waxay soo xigatay qoraal Talyaani ah oo 1909 ah, oo dhigay inta u dhexeysa Muqdisho iyo Marka (Wikipedia, Duduble, kayd) | Eeg [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/), [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/) iyo [Galmudug](/so/states/galmudug/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1600-meeyadii ilaa 1700-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay oday loo yaqaanay Caaqil Dheryodhoobe ayaa beesha ku hoggaamin jiray deegaanka Nugaal. Waxay leedahay abaar iyo colaad ayaa markii dambe qaybo beesha ka mid ah u guuriyay koonfurta (Wikipedia, Duduble, kayd). - **1921.** Wikipedia waxay soo xigatay Xuseen Cali Ducaale, oo hore u ahaa guddoomiyaha degmada Ceel Buur. Wuxuu qoray in ugaaska Duduble iyo hoggaamiyeyaal kale la siiyay qoryo meel u dhow Hobyo, si ay ula dagaallamaan Suldaan Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid ee Hobyo (isla ilaha). - **1991 ilaa 2000.** Waxay leedahay Duduble waxay inta badan ka shaqeeyeen USC, kadibna Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNA). Waxay diiwaangelisay dagaal ay la galeen Cayr, Muqdisho, 12 Sebtembar 1995, oo odayaashu joojiyeen (isla ilaha). - **2001.** Waxay leedahay Duduble waxay Cayr, Murusade iyo kooxo Mareexaan ah la aasaaseen Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba ([Juba Valley Alliance, Ingiriisi](/so/history/juba-valley-alliance/)) (isla ilaha). - **1990-meeyadii ilaa 2006.** Waxay leedahay dad Duduble ah ayaa Muqdisho ka dhisay maxkamado Islaami ah. Waxay leedahay beeshu waxay noqotay tiir ka mid ah [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/) (isla ilaha). - **2007 ilaa 2014.** Waxay leedahay Duduble waxay ahaayeen tiir ka mid ah iska caabintii hubeysnayd ee ciidamada Itoobiya ee Muqdisho, 2007. Waxay leedahay odayaal ku sugan Ceel Buur ayaa Diseembar 2011 heshiis la saxiixday Al-Shabaab. Waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay in xildhibaan Duduble ah, Cabdullaahi Ciise Abtidoon, la dilay Abriil 2009, waxaana looga shakiyay Al-Shabaab (isla ilaha). - **2020-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay Duduble hadda waxay ka qayb qaataan dagaalka ka dhanka ah Al-Shabaab (isla ilaha). Wikipedia waxay Duduble ku taxday orodyahanka [Cabdi Nageeye](/en/people/abdi-nageeye/) iyo u-dhaqdhaqaaqaha [Cilmaan Cali Axmed](/en/people/elman-ali-ahmed/). Waxay kaloo magacawday Maxamed Cabdulle Xalane, oo ka qayb galay [dagaalkii xuduudda 1964](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1964/) (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay soo xigatay suldaan Duduble ah, Faarax Foodey, oo ka hadlay dagaalkii 1921 ee Hobyo. Waxay leedahay maxkamadihii Duduble ee 1990-meeyadii waxay qoyska dhibanaha u daayeen inay doortaan mag ama dil (Wikipedia, Duduble, kayd). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Maqlisame hoostiisa ku magacawday khadka Ugaas Wehliye (Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Duduble, kayd). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyadan Duduble oo firfircoonaa ama suurtagal ahaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)): - Cayr, duleedka degmada Dhuusamarreeb - Saleebaan, tuulooyin u dhow degmada Cadaado - Murusade, tuulooyin u dhow Ceel Buur. EUAA waxay leedahay Al-Shabaab, oo deegaankaas maamusha, ayaa joojisay dagaalka. EUAA waxay kaloo diiwaangelisay in 3 Oktoobar 2024 maleeshiyo Duduble ah ay weerareen xoolo-dhaqato beel kale ah, tuulada Gaalo ee u dhow Dhuusamarreeb (isla ilaha). Horaantii, EASO waxay leedahay Duduble, Murusade iyo Waceysle ee koonfur-bari Galgaduud waxay u arkeen in Habar Gidir waqooyiga ay ku xoog badan yihiin Galmudug. Waxay soo xigatay khabiir amni oo Al-Shabaab ku tilmaamay "saaxiib ku habboon" kooxahaas (EASO 2021). Eeg [Saleebaan](/so/society/saleebaan-habar-gidir/), [Murusade](/so/society/murusade/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Meesha geedka.** Abbink iyo Wikipedia waxay Duduble dhigeen Habar Gidir agtooda, Hiraab hoostiisa. ACLED iyo EUAA waxay ku calaamadeeyeen Habar Gidir hoostiisa. - **Laamaha.** Wikipedia waxay taxday sagaal. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay sideed, kadibna waxay magacawday kuwo ka badan, sida Samadoor iyo Hantile. - **Taariikhda hore.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Duduble ku xirtay Punt iyo Macrobians-kii hore. Il kuma xirna, ilaha kale ee halkan ku jirana ma sheegin. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Habar Gidir](/so/society/habar-gidir/) - [Murusade](/so/society/murusade/) - [Galgaduud](/so/regions/galgaduud/) --- # Ajuuraan (Ajuran, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/ajuuraan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ajuuraan waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo inta badan lagu tiriyo Hawiye. Abbink wuxuu hoos dhigay Jambeele Hawiye, isagoo ku taxay laamaha Garen, Gelberis, Yibidalla, Gashe, Dulhata iyo Waqle. Dhaqanno kale waxay xagga aabbaha ku abtiriyaan Balcad. Waxay inta badan degaan waqooyi-bari Kenya iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, kooxo yaryarna Gedo iyo Jubbada Dhexe. Beesha waxaa lagu xiraa dawladdii Ajuuraan ee qarniyadii dhexe. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Ajuuraan waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo inta badan lagu tiriyo [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Ajuran iyo Ajuraan. Wikipedia waxay magac kale oo Soomaali ah u bixisay Moorshe ([Wikipedia, Ajuran clan, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_(clan))). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Jambeele > Ajuraan ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 28](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Ajuran, iyadoon kooxo hoose la calaamadeyn ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | ACCORD 2009 | "Ajuuraan inta badan waxaa loo arkaa qayb ka mid ah Hawiye" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 20](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)) | | EASO 2021 | "Ajuraan (proto-Hawiye)" ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 | Wuxuu Ajuuraan ku taxay "xulafada Hawiye" ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay dhaqan labaad. Dhaqankaas, Ajuuraan xagga aabbaha waxay ka soo farcameen Balcad ina Callaame. Hawiye waxay kaga xiran yihiin hooyadood Faadumo, oo ahayd gabar Jambeele. Waxay sheegtay in I. M. Lewis, Maxamed Xaaji Mukhtaar iyo Lee Cassanelli ay qoreen (Wikipedia, Ajuran clan, kayd). Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu Ajuraan hoostiisa ku taxay lix laamood (Abbink 2009, b. 28): 1. Garen 2. Gelberis 3. Yibidalla 4. Gashe 5. Dulhata 6. Waqle Jambeele hoostiisa, Abbink wuxuu kaloo Ajuraan agtiisa ku taxay Hintere, Garure, Arure iyo Olagir (isla ilaha). Wikipedia waxay ku celisay liiska Abbink. Waxay kaloo magacawday qayb la yiraahdo Wallemugge oo Kenya ku nool (Wikipedia, Ajuran clan, kayd). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob Soomaaliya qabiil ahaan dadka ku tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Kenya | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Ajuuraan badankoodu waxay ku nool yihiin waqooyi-bari Kenya (Wikipedia, Ajuran clan, kayd). Tirakoobka Kenya ee 2019 wuxuu Ajuuraan u tiriyay koox gooni ah. Shaxda KNBS waxay qortay 177,855 qof ([KNBS, Ethnic affiliation, 2019](https://new.knbs.or.ke/ethnic-affiliation/)) | | Itoobiya | Wikipedia waxay ku dartay Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya (Wikipedia, Ajuran clan, kayd) | | Gedo | EASO waxay bariga webiga Jubba iyo Baardheere ku sheegtay bulshooyin yaryar oo Ajuuraan ah (EASO 2021) | | Jubbada Dhexe | EASO waxay ku dhigtay bariga webiga, degmada Bu'aale (EASO 2021) | | Muqdisho | Wikipedia waxay leedahay qaar Muqdisho ayay deggan yihiin (Wikipedia, Ajuran clan, kayd) | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Ajuuraanka Soomaaliya waxay ku hadlaan Af-Soomaali caadi ah, kuwa webiyada Hirshabeelle degana waxay ku hadlaan Af-Maay. Waxay leedahay qaar Kenya ku nool waxay kaloo ku hadlaan Af-Boorana (isla ilaha). Eeg [Soomaalida Kenya (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/kenya/), [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/) iyo [Jubbada Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-juba/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Qarniyadii dhexe ilaa qiyaastii 1700.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay reer Gareen ee beeshan ayaa xukumi jiray [dawladdii Ajuuraan](/so/history/ajuran-state/) iyo Saldanadii Muqdisho (Wikipedia, Ajuran clan, kayd). Maktabadda Koongarasku waxay dawladda ku taariikheysay qiyaastii 1550 ilaa 1650 ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). - **Dabayaaqadii 1600-meeyadii ilaa horraantii 1700-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Ajuuraan waxay ka guureen dhulka hadda Hawiye leeyihiin, kadib colaado ka dhacay koonfurta-dhexe ee Soomaaliya (Wikipedia, Ajuran clan, kayd). - **1930-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Olol Diinle waxaa loogu yeeri jiray "Suldaanka Shabeelle iyo Hawiye". Waxay leedahay waxaa lagu eedeeyay inuu Talyaaniga kala shaqeeyay Itoobiya, waxaana la dilay 1960 (isla ilaha). Wikipedia waxay dadka Ajuuraan ku taxday Faadumo Sarjeelle iyo suldaan Rasuul ibn Cali (isla ilaha). Dhaqan ka mid ah wuxuu hooyada aabbaha [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) ku abtiriyaa reer Gareen. ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Ilaha boggan lagu isticmaalay midkoodna ma magacaabin suldaan ama ugaas Ajuuraan ah oo hadda jira. Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 kuma magacaabin Ajuuraan ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). ACLED wuxuu xogtiisa dhacdooyinka ugu calaamadeeyay koox Ajuran ah (ACLED 2025). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Khadka aabbaha.** Abbink wuxuu Ajuuraan hoos dhigay Jambeele Hawiye. Lewis, Mukhtaar iyo Cassanelli, sida Wikipedia u soo xigatay, waxay qoreen abtirsiin Balcad ah oo hooyo Hawiye ah leh. - **Calaamadda.** ACCORD iyo ACLED waxay ku tiriyaan Hawiye. EASO waxay ugu yeertay "proto-Hawiye", shaxda Bangiga Adduunkana "xulafada Hawiye". - **Tirada Kenya.** Nuqullo kale oo shaxaha tirakoobka 2019 ah waxay bixiyaan tiro yar oo ka duwan. Halkan waxaa lagu isticmaalay tirada KNBS. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Dawladdii Ajuuraan](/so/history/ajuran-state/) - [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) - [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/) --- # Gaaljecel (Gaalje'el, Galjeel, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/gaaljecel/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Gaaljecel waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo deggan Hiiraan, Shabeellaha Dhexe iyo Hoose, iyo dooxada Jubba. Abbink iyo ACLED waxay ku dhigeen Hawiye, Abbink-na wuxuu hoos dhigay Gugundhabe. Ilo kale waxay ugu yeeraan proto-Hawiye, ama waxay ku abtiriyaan Saransoor. EUAA waxay leedahay iyaga iyo Badi Cadde ayaa ku xoog badan Hiiraan koonfur-galbeedka webiga Shabeelle. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Gaaljecel waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo inta badan lagu tiriyo [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/). Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Gaalje'el, Galjeel iyo Gaaljaal. Wikipedia waxay bixisay qoraalka Talyaaniga, Galgial, iyo magac kale, Habar Tigaalle ([Wikipedia, Gaalje'el, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaalje%27el)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Gugundhabe > Gaaljecel ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 28](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Gaaljecel, oo leh Caafi, Caloofi, Hadame, Sogow iyo Wasuge ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Gaaljecel (or Gaalje'el)", laf Hawiye ah ([EUAA 2025, Hiiraan](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/coi/somalia/2025/security-situation/24-hirshabelle/241-hiraan)) | | EASO 2021 | Waxay dooxada Jubba ugu yeertay "Gaaljaal (proto-Hawiye)" ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 | Wuxuu Gaaljecel ku taxay "xulafada Hawiye" ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Samaale > Gardheere > Saransoor > Gaaljecel. Waxay leedahay "inta badan si khalad ah ayaa Hawiye loogu xiraa" (Wikipedia, Gaalje'el, kayd) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Waxay bixisay labada khad: Gugundhabe Hawiye, iyo Gardheere Samaale oo la jira Degoodi, Masarre iyo Ciise ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Gaaljecel, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaaljecel)) | Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/) iyo [Jijeele](/so/society/jijeele/), oo Abbink ku taxay Gugundhabe. ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu Gaaljecel hoostiisa ku taxay laamahan (Abbink 2009, b. 28): 1. Doqondiide 2. Aloofi 3. Barsame 4. Caafi 5. Sugow 6. Deemoow 7. Nooloow 8. Makaahiil Weynaha 9. Oda Cad 10. Abtisame 11. Dirsame ACLED wuxuu calaamadeeyay shan koox: Caafi, Caloofi, Hadame, Sogow iyo Wasuge (ACLED 2025). Hadamahaas waa koox ka duwan [Hadame](/en/society/hadame/) ee Mirifle. Wikipedia waxay leedahay Barsame, oo ah laanta curadka ah, ayaa ceelasha la wadaago ka hormara (Wikipedia, Gaalje'el, kayd). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Hiiraan | EUAA waxay leedahay Gaaljecel iyo Badi Cadde ayaa ku xoog badan dhulka koonfur-galbeed ee webiga Shabeelle (EUAA 2025, Hiiraan). EASO waxay ku dhigtay kaalinta labaad ee gobolka, Xawaadle kadib (EASO 2021) | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | EASO waxay ku taxday kooxaha Hawiye ee waaweyn ee gobolka (EASO 2021) | | Shabeellaha Hoose | EUAA waxay Gaaljecel ku sheegtay degmada Wanlaweyn, waddada Muqdisho iyo Baydhabo ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Dooxada Jubba | EASO waxay dhigtay inta u dhexeysa Kismaayo iyo Afmadow, iyo degmada Jilib (EASO 2021) | | Bakool | EASO waxay leedahay Bakool "joogitaan yar" ayay ku leeyihiin (EASO 2021) | | Muqdisho iyo Kenya | EASO waxay ku magacawday kooxaha Hawiye ee Muqdisho tirada fiican ku leh (EASO 2021). Wikipedia waxay ku dartay waqooyi-bari Kenya (Wikipedia, Gaalje'el, kayd) | Eeg [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/), [Shabeellaha Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-shabelle/), [Shabeellaha Hoose](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) iyo [Jubbada Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-juba/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Horraantii 1900-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay sheekooyin deegaan oo ku saabsan dagaallo Gaaljecel kula galeen ciidamo Itoobiyaan ah webiga Shabeelle agtiisa. Waxay leedahay sheekooyinkan weli waa in lagu hubiyaa kaydadka (Wikipedia, Gaalje'el, kayd). - **1920-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay [Sheekh Xasan Barsane](/en/people/sheikh-hassan-barsane/), oo Barsame ah, ayaa hoggaamiyay kacdoon dooxada Shabeelle, kadib markii uu diiday amarkii Talyaaniga ee hub ka dhigista. Waxay leedahay waxaa la qabtay 1924, wuxuuna ku dhintay xabsiga 1928 (isla ilaha). - **1 Abriil 1924.** Waxay leedahay qiyaastii 60 nin oo Gaaljecel ah ayaa weeraray goob shirkad beereed Talyaani-Soomaali ah oo u dhow Mahaday (isla ilaha). Eeg [iska caabintii gumeysiga](/so/history/resistance-1890s-1945/). - **1990-meeyadii.** Abbink wuxuu "laamo Gaaljecel ah" ku taxay USC/SNA, oo ay la jiraan Habar Gidir iyo Xawaadle ([Abbink 2009, b. 39](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)). - **2020 ilaa 2021.** EASO waxay leedahay maleeshiyo Gaaljecel ah ayaa taageertay Golaha Badbaadinta Hiiraan, oo ka soo horjeeday maamulka cusub ee Hirshabeelle (EASO 2021). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay sharraxday xeerka ceelasha Gaaljecel. Ceelasha qaar waxaa leh hal laan, qaarna dhammaan. Milkiilayaashu ayaa marka hore waraabiya, ceelka la wadaagana kan hore u yimaada ayaa hormara (Wikipedia, Gaalje'el, kayd). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaafyadan Gaaljecel oo firfircoonaa ama suurtagal ahaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 (EUAA 2025, qaybta 1.5.1): - Abgaal, inta u dhexeysa degmooyinka Afgooye iyo Wanlaweyn - Shanta Aleemod (Digil) iyo kooxo kale oo Mirifle ah, degmada Wanlaweyn. EUAA waxay leedahay Gaaljecel waxay isbaarooyin ka dhigeen Yaqbariweyne, waddada Muqdisho iyo Baydhabo. Waxay leedahay halkaas waxay ku dagaallameen kooxo Digil-Mirifle ah iyo ciidamada Koonfur Galbeed. Horaantii, EASO waxay taxday xafiiltan Hiiraan ah oo u dhexeeya Gaaljecel, Jijeele iyo Badi Cadde ee galbeedka webiga iyo Xawaadle ee bariga. Waxay kaloo taxday khilaafyo Gaaljecel la leeyihiin Geledle (Mirifle) agagaarka Burdho, Bakool, oo ku saabsan daaq iyo ceelal (EASO 2021). Eeg [Xawaadle](/so/society/xawaadle/), [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) iyo [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Beelweynta.** Abbink, ACLED iyo EUAA waxay Gaaljecel ku dhigeen Hawiye. EASO waxay ugu yeertay "proto-Hawiye", shaxda Bangiga Adduunkana "xulafada Hawiye". Wikipedia waxay ku abtirisay Saransoor iyo Gardheere. - **Magaca.** Wikipedia waxay bixisay laba asal. Mid wuxuu ku macneeyaa Af-Maay "kan geela jecel". Kan kalena wuxuu ku xiraa Jacaliin ee Suudaan (Wikipedia, Gaalje'el, kayd). - **Tayada ilaha.** Qaybo ka mid ah bogga Wikipedia waxay sitaan digniin Juun 2026 ah oo sheegaysa inay mashiin qoray. Sheegashooyinka tirada geela ee halkaas ku jira il kuma xirna, halkanna laguma isticmaalin. ## Akhri wax badan - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Jijeele](/so/society/jijeele/) - [Xawaadle](/so/society/xawaadle/) - [Degoodi](/so/society/degoodi/) - [Hiiraan](/so/regions/hiiraan/) --- # Degoodi (Degodia, Dagoodi) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/degoodi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Degoodi waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo deggan waqooyi-bari Kenya, Liibaan ee Itoobiya iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. Abbink wuxuu hoos dhigay Gugundhabe ee Hawiye. Wikipedia iyo Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku abtiriyaan Saransoor iyo Gardheere, iyagoo la jira Gaaljecel, Masarre iyo Ciise. Tirakoobka Kenya ee 2019 wuxuu tiriyay 515,948 Degoodi, Wikipedia-na waxay ku sheegtay beesha Soomaaliyeed ee ugu badan Wajeer. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Degoodi waa qabiil Soomaaliyeed oo ku nool Kenya, Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya. Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Degodia, Dagodia iyo Degodiye. Iluhu way ku kala duwan yihiin beelweynta ay ka tirsan yihiin, sida shaxdu muujinayso. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Gugundhabe > Degoodi ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 29](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 | Wuxuu Degoodi ku taxay "xulafada Hawiye" ([World Bank, 2005, Lifaaqa 2](https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b2109b26-2d10-5ac6-85c2-dbfa820c5f6e)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Samaale > Gardheere > Garjante > Adow > Saransoor > Degoodi, iyadoo soo xiganaysa daraasad Max Planck Institute 2004 ([Wikipedia, Degodia, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degoodi)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Gardheere Samaale > Saransoor, oo walaalahood yihiin Gaaljecel, Masarre iyo Ciise ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Dagoodi, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degoodi)) | | Tirakoobka Kenya 2019 | Wuxuu Degoodi u tiriyay koox gooni ah, Soomaalida Kenya dhexdooda ([KNBS, Ethnic affiliation, 2019](https://new.knbs.or.ke/ethnic-affiliation/)) | Liiska qabiilada ACLED ee 2025 kuma calaamadeyn koox Degoodi ah. Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/) iyo [Gaaljecel](/so/society/gaaljecel/), oo labada khadba ay Degoodi u dhow dhigaan. ## Laamaha waaweyn Abbink wuxuu Degoodi hoostiisa ku taxay laamahan (Abbink 2009, b. 29): 1. Masarre 2. Fardanow 3. Midhimaal 4. Gelible 5. Dumaal 6. Jibriil 7. Fau 8. Reer Maxamuud 9. Mau 10. Samatar Wikipedia iyo Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Masarre ka dhigeen laan walaal u ah Degoodi, ee kama dhigin laan ka mid ah. Midkoodna ma bixin liis laamaha Degoodi ah. ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob Soomaaliya qabiil ahaan dadka ku tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Kenya | Shaxda KNBS ee tirakoobka Kenya 2019 waxay qortay 515,948 Degoodi (KNBS 2019). Wikipedia waxay ku sheegtay beesha Soomaaliyeed ee ugu badan waqooyi-bari Kenya, iyo inta badan dadka degmada Wajeer. Waxay kaloo magacawday Mandheera Waqooyi (Wikipedia, Degodia, kayd) | | Itoobiya | Wikipedia waxay leedahay joogitaan aad u weyn ayay ku leeyihiin Liibaan ee Deegaanka Soomaalida (isla ilaha) | | Soomaaliya | Wikipedia waxay dhigtay koonfurta, xuduudaha Kenya iyo Itoobiya agtooda, oo ay ku jiraan Gedo iyo Jubbaland, iyo Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo (isla ilaha) | Saamiyada Wikipedia ee Wajeer, Mandheera iyo Liibaan waxay ka yimaadeen "qiyaasaha bulshada", ee kama iman tirakoob. Eeg [Soomaalida Kenya (Ingiriisi)](/en/diaspora/kenya/) iyo [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **Horraantii 1800-meeyadii.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Degoodi waxay u guureen dhinaca midig ee webiga Shabeelle. Waxay leedahay waxay dhulka Rahanweyn u degeen sidii kiraystayaal, iyagoo canshuur bixinayay qiyaastii qarni (Wikipedia, Degodia, kayd). - **1895.** Waxay leedahay dagaal canshuurta ku saabsan oo ay la galeen [Rahanweyn](/so/society/rahanweyn/) waxaa soo afjaray sarkaalka Talyaaniga Vittorio Bottego. Waxay leedahay Degoodi kadib waxay saxiixeen heshiis ay ku noqdeen dadka hoos yimaada Talyaaniga (isla ilaha). - **1895.** Waxay leedahay socdaalaha Arthur Donaldson Smith wuxuu ka helay Afgab agtooda, dhulkoodana wuxuu gaarayay bari ilaa webiyada Weyib iyo Daawa (isla ilaha). - **Febraayo 1984.** Ciidamada amniga Kenya waxay rag Degoodi ah ku hayeen garoonka Wagalla ee u dhow Wajeer ([Al Jazeera, 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/2/27/kenyas-wagalla-massacre-30-years-later)). Eeg [Wagalla, 1984](/so/history/wagalla-massacre-1984/). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Magaca hoggaamiyaha Degoodi waa *wabar*. Wikipedia waxay taxday laba iyo toban wabar, laga bilaabo Wabar Cuudow ilaa Wabar Cabdille, oo ay ku sheegtay kan hadda xilka haya (Wikipedia, Degodia, kayd). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Soomaaliya, Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, kuma magacaabin Degoodi ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Degoodi badankoodu waxay ku nool yihiin Kenya iyo Itoobiya, oo warbixintaasi aysan daboolin. Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Beelweynta.** Abbink wuxuu Degoodi hoos dhigay Gugundhabe ee Hawiye. Shaxda Bangiga Adduunka waxay ugu yeertay "xulafada Hawiye". Wikipedia iyo Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay ku abtiriyaan Saransoor iyo Gardheere. - **Masarre.** Abbink wuxuu Masarre ku taxay laan Degoodi ah. Wikipedia waxay ka dhigtay laan walaal ah. - **Tirada.** Tirakoobka Kenya wuxuu bixiyaa tiro qaran. Saamiyada gobollada ee Wikipedia waa qiyaas bulsho. ## Akhri wax badan - [Gaaljecel](/so/society/gaaljecel/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Wagalla, 1984](/so/history/wagalla-massacre-1984/) - [Gedo](/so/regions/gedo/) --- # Moobleen (Moobleen Cismaan, Mudulood, Hawiye) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/moobleen/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Moobleen waa koox Hawiye ah oo ka tirsan Mudulood. Abbink wuxuu ku taxay laamaha Abgaal, halka Wikipedia Soomaaliga ay ugu yeertay Moobleen Cismaan, oo walaal u ah Abgaal. Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay dhigtay Shabeellaha Dhexe iyo Banaadir, Qalimoow-na waa xaruntooda ugu weyn. EUAA waxay diiwaangelisay khilaaf Moobleen la leeyihiin Shiidle, degmada Jowhar. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Moobleen waa koox [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) ah oo ka tirsan Mudulood, iyagoo la jira [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) iyo [Udeejeen](/so/society/udeejeen/). Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Mobileen iyo Mobleen. | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Hawiye > Gorgaarte > Abgaal > Mobileen, oo ah laamaha Abgaal mid ka mid ah ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 27](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | ACLED 2025 | Hawiye > Mobleen, oo loo calaamadeeyay koox gooni ah ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)) | | EUAA 2025 | "Moobileen (Mudulod/Hawiye)" ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Waxay Moobleen ku magacawday Mudulood, iyagoo la jira Wacdaan, Hiilibi iyo Udeejeen ([Wikipedia, Abgaal, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgaal)) | | Wikipedia Soomaaliga (kayd) | Moobleen Cismaan ina Cismaan ina Dalandoole, Mudulood Hiraab ([Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Moobleen, kayd](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moobleen)) | Cinwaanka "Moobleen" ee Wikipedia Ingiriisiga wuxuu u gudbaa bogga Hawiye, mana jiro maqaal gooni ah. Eeg [geedka Hawiye](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-hawiye/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay magacawday laba laamood oo aasaas ah, Magacle iyo Abidig (Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Moobleen, kayd): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Magacle Moobleen | Yabar, Xayaale iyo Cool | | Abidig Moobleen | Tolweyne, Yabadhaale iyo Maqalsame | Waxay kaloo beesha ugu yeertay Reer Xaaji Cumar (isla ilaha). Abbink ma bixin laamo Mobileen hoostiisa ah (Abbink 2009, b. 27). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Shabeellaha Dhexe | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay leedahay waxay degaan in ka badan 54 meelood, Qalimoow-na waa xarunta ugu weyn. Waxay ka mid ah ku magacawday Saarsaare, Cadayga, Jadda, Raaxooy iyo Buulo Caano (Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Moobleen, kayd) | | Degmada Jowhar | EUAA waxay halkaas ku diiwaangelisay, khilaaf ay la leeyihiin Shiidle (EUAA 2025) | | Banaadir | Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay kaloo magacawday Banaadir (isla ilaha) | | Dibadda | Waxay magacawday Sacuudi Carabiya, Kenya, Itoobiya, Holland, Swiiserland iyo Ingiriiska (isla ilaha) | Eeg [Shabeellaha Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-shabelle/) iyo [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1905.** Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay sharraxday dagaal Moobleen kula galeen ciidamo Xabashi ah, oo ay ku taariikheysay 1905. Il ma bixin, tirada dhimashada ee ay sheegtayna laguma helin ilaha kale ee halkan ku jira (Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Moobleen, kayd). - **1960 ilaa 1991.** Waxay leedahay Moobleen waxay lahaayeen xildhibaanno, siyaasiyiin iyo saraakiil sare dowladihii ka horreeyay burburka (isla ilaha). - **1991 kadib.** Waxay leedahay Moobleen waxay saaxadda siyaasadda ka lumiyeen dagaalkii sokeeye, kadibna dib ayay u heleen (isla ilaha). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay taxday siyaasiyiin iyo saraakiil badan, oo ay ka mid yihiin Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Sheekh Cali iyo Prof. Maxamed Xasan Nuur (Jeesto) (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia Soomaaliga waxay Ugaas Cabdullaahi Ugaas Saalax Ugaas Cali ku magacawday ugaaska guud ee beesha. Waxay ku sheegtay ugaaskii 18-aad (Wikipedia Soomaaliga, Moobleen, kayd). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay EUAA waxay taxday khilaaf Moobleen la leeyihiin Shiidle, oo ah koox Bantu ah, degmada Jowhar ee Shabeellaha Dhexe. Wuxuu firfircoonaa ama suurtagal ahaa Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025 (EUAA 2025, qaybta 1.5.1). Horaantii, EASO waxay leedahay Abgaal Mudulood ayaa ku xoog badan Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shiidle-na waxay degaan galbeedka webiga agagaarka Jowhar ([EASO, 2021](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf)). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Meesha geedka.** Abbink wuxuu Mobileen ku taxay laan Abgaal ah. Wikipedia Soomaaliga, ACLED iyo EUAA waxay Moobleen u arkaan koox Mudulood ah oo gooni ah. - **Ilaha.** Faahfaahinta halkan inteeda badan waxay ka timid Wikipedia Soomaaliga, oo boggan ku jira wax tixraac ah ku dhowaad ma lahan. ## Akhri wax badan - [Abgaal](/so/society/abgaal/) - [Udeejeen](/so/society/udeejeen/) - [Hawiye](/so/society/hawiye/) - [Shabeellaha Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-shabelle/) --- # Gurgure (Gurgura, Dir) Source: https://calankii.com/so/society/gurgure/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Gurgure (Gurgura) waa qabiil Dir ah oo ka tirsan laanta Madaxweyne. Waxay inta badan degaan agagaarka Dire Dawa, Ererr iyo Afdem ee Itoobiya, iyo sidoo kale Harar, Somaliland iyo Jabuuti. Futuh al-Habasha waxay Gorgorah ku magacowday askartii Soomaaliyeed ee Imaam Axmed, 1500-meeyadii. Wikipedia waxay taxday toddoba laamood oo waaweyn, ugaaskana waxaa laga doortaa Gufaatile. ## Magaca iyo abtirsiinta Gurgure waa qabiil [Dir](/so/society/dir/) ah. Ilaha Ingiriisiga waxay u qoraan Gurgura, Futuh al-Habasha-na waxay u qortaa Gorgorah. Wikipedia waxay leedahay aabbahood magiciisu wuxuu ahaa Maxamed, Gurgurena waa naanays ([Wikipedia, Gurgura, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgura)). | Il | Abtirsiinta ay bixiso | |---|---| | Abbink 2009 | Dir > Madaxweyne > Gurgure, oo hoostiisa ah Akisho, Gariire, Layiile, Guure, Reer Awsad iyo Cali (Wardey) ([Abbink, *The Total Somali Clan Genealogy*, 2009, b. 17](https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007)) | | Wikipedia (kayd) | Dir > Madaxweyne > Gurgure (Maxamed) (Wikipedia, Gurgura, kayd) | | UK Home Office 2001 | Wuxuu Gurgure ku taxay koox Dir ah, sida Wikipedia soo xigatay ([Wikipedia, Akisho, kayd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akisho)) | | Bangiga Adduunka 2005 | Wuxuu Gurgure ku taxay Madaxweyne Dir, oo ay la jiraan Akisho, Layiile, Gurre, Gariire, Jaarso, Jiido iyo Wardey (isla ilaha) | Liiska qabiilada ACLED ee 2025 kuma calaamadeyn koox Gurgure ah ([ACLED, Sebtembar 2025](https://acleddata.com/system/files/2025-10/Somalia-clan-actor-old-to-new-list_16-September-2025.xlsx)). Eeg [geedka Dir](/so/society/somali-clan-tree-dir/). ## Laamaha waaweyn Wikipedia waxay taxday toddoba laamood oo waaweyn, Kundhuble-na waa curadka (Wikipedia, Gurgura, kayd): | Laan | Kooxaha ay magacawday | |---|---| | Kundhuble (Habar Daar) | Cabdulle iyo Cali | | Gufaatile (Dudub > Libaan) | Ismaaciil, Sabti iyo Awbare | | Sanjeele (Dudub > Libaan) | lama sheegin | | Sanaye (Dudub > Libaan) | Walasame iyo Walahashiir | | Nabidoor (Dudub > Quwaxade) | Aw Bare | | Biciide (Dudub > Quwaxade) | Foodnabi iyo Axmed Meel Gooble | | Gacalwaaq (Dudub > Quwaxade) | Cassa iyo Jibriil | Abbink wuxuu Gurgure hoostiisa ku taxay lix koox oo kale, oo ku qoran shaxda sare (Abbink 2009, b. 17). ## Meesha ay degaan Ma jiro tirakoob qabiil ahaan Soomaalida u tiriya. ACCORD waxay xustay in Soomaalidu inta badan sheegtaan tiro ka badan inta ay yihiin, "si ay xoog u muujiyaan" ([ACCORD, 2009, b. 11](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1193130/90_1261130976_accord-report-clans-in-somaliarevised-edition-20091215.pdf)). | Meel | Waxa iluhu qoreen | |---|---| | Dire Dawa | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Gurgure waxay degaan 24 ka mid ah 38-da *kebele* ee magaalada, kuwa kalena waxay la wadaagaan Oromo iyo Ciise (Wikipedia, Gurgura, kayd) | | Sitti, Itoobiya | Waxay leedahay waa inta badan dadka degmooyinka Afdem iyo Ererr (isla ilaha) | | Harar, Oromiya iyo Canfar | Waxay leedahay waxay kaloo degaan Harar, Deegaanka Canfarta iyo bariga Hararghe (isla ilaha) | | Somaliland iyo Jabuuti | Waxay magacawday Sheekh ee Somaliland, iyo Ceerigaabo iyo Xiis ee Sanaag, oo ay degaan Nabidoor iyo Biciide. Waxay kaloo magacawday Jabuuti (isla ilaha) | Wikipedia waxay leedahay Gurgure qaar ka mid ah oo agagaarka Dire Dawa deggan waxay hadda afka hooyo uga dhigteen Afka Oromada. Waxay leedahay hoggaamiyeyaasha Oromada iyo Soomaalidu way isku khilaafsan yihiin inay bulshooyinkaasi Oromo yihiin ama Soomaali (isla ilaha). Eeg [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/). ## Taariikhda la diiwaangeliyay - **1500-meeyadii.** *Futuh al-Habasha* waxay ciidamada Imaam Axmed ku magacawday "qabiilka Gorgorah", oo uu la socday "Garaad Cabdi, madaxooda, iyo 30 faras iyo 1,000 nin" (sida Wikipedia soo xigatay, Gurgura, kayd). Eeg [Futuh al-Habasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/) iyo [Imaam Axmed](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). - **1500-meeyadii, sida Gilkes u akhriyay.** Qoraaga Patrick Gilkes wuxuu leeyahay Soomaali, "gaar ahaan Gorgora, oo ah qabiil laga yaabo inuu ka soo jeeday agagaarka Saylac", ayaa ka dagaallamay ciidamada Imaam Axmed (sida Wikipedia soo xigatay, isla ilaha). - **1905.** Socdaalaha Arnold Henry Savage Landor wuxuu qoray inuu la kulmay xoolo-dhaqato Gurgure ah inta u dhexeysa Dire Dawa iyo Harar (isla ilaha). - **1977 ilaa 1991.** Wikipedia waxay leedahay Gurgure waxay ku biireen Jabhadda Xoreynta Ciise iyo Gurgure (IGLF). Waxay leedahay dowladdii Dergiga waxay qabsatay beeraha Gurgure ee Hurso iyo guryo Dire Dawa ku yaal, kadib [dagaalkii 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) (isla ilaha). - **1990-meeyadii.** Waxay leedahay Jabhadda Xoreynta Gurgure ayaa ka go'day IGLF. Waxay leedahay labaduba markii dambe waxay ka qayb qaateen aasaaska Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Shacabka Soomaalida Itoobiya (isla ilaha). ## Odayaasha iyo xeerka Hoggaamiyeyaasha sare ee qabiilada Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin magacyo sida *suldaan*, *ugaas* ama *issim*. Doorkoodu waa "inta badan garsoor iyo matalaad" ([UK Home Office, 2019](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2002542/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf)). Wikipedia waxay leedahay ugaaska Gurgure waxaa laga doortaa laanta Gufaatile. Waxay magacawday Ugaas Buux Gadiid oo ahaa kii 52-aad, Ugaas Gadiid Cabdullaahi Ugaas Buux oo ahaa kii 53-aad, iyo Ugaas Siyaad Daa'uud Cumar oo ah kii 54-aad ee hadda jira (Wikipedia, Gurgura, kayd). Eeg [xeer, Somali customary law](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Colaadaha dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay Liiska colaadaha EUAA ee Soomaaliya, Abriil 2023 ilaa Maarso 2025, kuma magacaabin Gurgure ([EUAA, 2025, qaybta 1.5.1](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf)). Gurgure badankoodu waxay ku nool yihiin Itoobiya, oo warbixintaasi aysan daboolin. Wikipedia waxay diiwaangelisay isku dhacyo hore oo u dhexeeyay jabhadaha Gurgure iyo Ciise iyo Jabhadda Xoreynta Oromada, oo ku saabsanaa Dire Dawa (Wikipedia, Gurgura, kayd). Eeg [colaadaha qabiilada](/en/society/clan-conflicts/). ## Meesha iluhu ku kala duwan yihiin - **Akisho.** Abbink wuxuu Akisho ku taxay Gurgure hoostiisa. Wikipedia iyo Bangiga Adduunka waxay ku dhigeen Gurgure agtiisa, Madaxweyne Dir. - **Laamaha.** Abbink iyo Wikipedia waxay Gurgure hoostiisa ku taxeen kooxo kala duwan. - **Da'da.** Wikipedia waxay Gurgure ku tilmaantay "curadka Dir". Ma jiro il kale oo halkan ku jirta oo laamaha Dir da' ahaan kala horraysiisa. - **Magaca.** Wikipedia waxay bixisay asallo dhowr ah oo magaca, sida *gorgortan* iyo *guur guur*. ## Akhri wax badan - [Dir](/so/society/dir/) - [Ciise](/so/society/ciise/) - [Gadabuursi](/so/society/gadabuursi/) - [Futuh al-Habasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/) --- # Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah, 1975 ilaa 2025 Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay tirisay 892,037 qaxooti iyo 236,271 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid, iyo 3,347,408 qof oo gudaha dalka ku barakacay. Tirada qaxootigu waxay gaartay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay 2012, oo ahayd 1,136,709. Qiyaastii 1.9 milyan oo qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay ayaa dibadda ku noolaa 2024. ## Immisa qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ayaa hadda jira? Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay tirisay **892,037 qaxooti** iyo **236,271 magangalyo-doon** oo dalkooda hooyo yahay Soomaaliya ([UNHCR Refugee Data Finder, API, asal Soomaaliya, 1975 ilaa 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1960&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM)). Isla sannadkaas waxay tirisay **3,347,408 qof oo gudaha Soomaaliya ku barakacay** (isla ilahaas). Sidaas darteed in ka badan afar milyan oo Soomaali ah ayaa ka fog guryahooda, sababo la xiriira dagaal, abaar ama fatahaad. Kuwani waa tirada qaxootiga, ma aha baaxadda qurbajoogta. Soomaali noqotay muwaadin Ingiriis, Iswiidhish ama Mareykan ah qaxooti looma sii tiriyo. Taasi waa sababta Ingiriiska, oo ay ku nool yihiin kumanaan badan oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay, uu 2024 u muujinayo 2,697 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed oo keliya ([UNHCR, dalalka martigeliya qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed, 2024](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2024&yearTo=2024&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Sidee ayay tiradu isu beddeshay tan iyo 1975? Taxanaha UNHCR wuxuu ka bilaabmaa tobannaan yar oo qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ah 1970-meeyadii. Kororka waaweyn waxay yimaadeen dagaallada iyo abaaraha dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, 1991, 2006 ilaa 2009 iyo 2011 ([UNHCR Refugee Data Finder](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1960&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM)). Qaxootiga la tiriyay dhammaadka sannad kasta: - **1975:** 110 - **1986:** 3,142 - **1987:** 60,162 - **1988:** 351,993 (sannadkii dagaalka waqooyiga; ku dhawaad dhammaan waxay aadeen Itoobiya) - **1990:** 470,174 - **1991:** 732,596 (dowladdii dhexe waxay burburtay Janaayo 1991) - **1992:** 812,196 (sannadkii macluusha 1992; tiradii ugu badnayd 1990-meeyadii) - **1995:** 638,695 - **2000:** 475,644 - **2005:** 395,544 (heerkii ugu hooseeyay tan iyo 1989) - **2008:** 561,145 - **2010:** 770,141 - **2011:** 1,077,038 (sannadkii macluusha 2011) - **2012:** 1,136,709 (tiradii ugu badnayd ee weligeed la diiwaangeliyay) - **2015:** 1,123,144 - **2018:** 949,637 - **2020:** 812,356 - **2022:** 786,794 - **2024:** 894,120 - **2025:** 892,037 Magangalyo-doonka, oo ah dadka aan codsigooda weli go'aan laga gaarin, si gaar ah ayaa loo tiriyaa. Tiradoodu waxay ka kacday 11,971 sannadkii 2000 ilaa 56,664 sannadkii 2015. Kadib waxay u boodday 179,224 sannadkii 2023 iyo 237,183 sannadkii 2024 (isla ilahaas). Kororka intiisa badan waa Kenya, halkaas oo 144,011 Soomaali ahi ahaayeen magangalyo-doon 2024 ([UNHCR, dalalka martigeliya 2024](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2024&yearTo=2024&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Dalalkee ayaa martigeliya qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed? 2024 dalalka ugu badan ee martigeliyay waxay ahaayeen dariska. Qaxooti, kadib magangalyo-doon, dal ahaan ([UNHCR, dalalka martigeliya 2024](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2024&yearTo=2024&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)): - **Kenya:** 324,496 qaxooti iyo 144,011 magangalyo-doon - **Itoobiya:** 317,973 iyo 43,961 - **Uganda:** 49,122 iyo 1,710 - **Yaman:** 38,231 iyo 141 - **Jarmalka:** 38,179 iyo 9,220 - **Koonfur Afrika:** 22,141 iyo 5,153 - **Faransiiska:** 15,287 iyo 1,214 - **Jabuuti:** 13,560 iyo 101 - **Awstariya:** 10,930 iyo 1,853 - **Talyaaniga:** 7,608 iyo 743 - **Iswiidhan:** 7,281 iyo 172 - **Masar:** 3,986 iyo 3,909 - **Saambiya:** 4,545 iyo 485 - **Swiiserlaand:** 4,167 iyo 420 - **Holland:** 3,968 iyo 2,416 - **Mareykanka:** 1,355 iyo 3,945 Khariidadda dalalka martigeliya way isbeddeshay waqtiga. Sannadkii **1988**, Itoobiya waxay haysay 350,067 ka mid ah 351,993-kii qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ([UNHCR, dalalka martigeliya 1988](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1988&yearTo=1988&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). Sannadkii **1992**, Itoobiya waxay haysay 406,147, Kenya 285,619, Yaman 56,204, Jabuutina 20,000 ([UNHCR, dalalka martigeliya 1992](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1992&yearTo=1992&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). Sannadkii **2011**, Kenya waxay haysay 517,666, Yaman 204,685, Itoobiyana 185,466. Ingiriiska wuxuu haystay 19,668, Iswiidhan 17,602, Hollandna 15,715 ([UNHCR, dalalka martigeliya 2011](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2011&yearTo=2011&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Immisa qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay ayaa dibadda ku nool? Kaydka Muhaajiriinta Caalamiga ah ee Qaramada Midoobay (International Migrant Stock) wuxuu tiriyaa qof kasta oo ku nool dal aan ahayn kii uu ku dhashay, qaxooti ha ahaado ama yuusan ahaanin. Daabacaaddiisa 2024 waxay tirisay **1,935,594** qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay oo dibadda ku nool, halka 1990 ay ahaayeen 599,233 ([UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024, shaxda asalka iyo meesha la degay](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx)). Istaraatiijiyadda Qaranka ee Socdaalka Soomaaliya (Maajo 2024) waxay sheegtay in xogtii ugu dambeysay ay muujinayso "in ka badan laba milyan oo Soomaali ah oo dalka ka tagay". Waxay sheegtay in in ka badan kala bar ay aadeen saddex dal: Kenya (425,284), Itoobiya (411,152) iyo Yaman (280,940) ([Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, Istaraatiijiyadda Qaranka ee Socdaalka, Maajo 2024, UN ESCWA](https://www.unescwa.org/sites/default/files/pubs/pdf/national-strategy-migration-somalia-english.pdf)). Tiradani kuma jiraan carruurta dibadda ku dhalatay ee waalidkood Soomaali yihiin. Iswiidhan oo keliya, Xafiiska Tirakoobka Iswiidhan wuxuu tiriyaa qiyaastii 31,761 qof oo Iswiidhan ku dhashay oo labada waalidba Soomaaliya ka yimaadeen (eeg [bogga Iswiidhan](/en/diaspora/sweden/), Ingiriisi). ## Immisa qof ayaa dalka ku soo laabtay? Soo laabashadu aad ayay uga yar tahay ka tagista, sannad kasta oo la diiwaangeliyay. - **Qaxootiga soo laabtay (tirada UNHCR):** sannadkii ugu badnaa wuxuu ahaa 1993, oo 66,608 soo laabtay. Intii u dhexeysay 2000 iyo 2002 waxay ahaayeen 32,000 ilaa 51,000 sannadkiiba. 2024 tiradu waxay ahayd 1,959 ([UNHCR Refugee Data Finder](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1960&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM)). - **Qaxootiga soo laabtay ee ay diiwaangelisay hay'adda qaxootiga Soomaaliya (NCRI):** 351 sannadkii 2020, 145 sannadkii 2021, 795 sannadkii 2022 iyo 1,225 sannadkii 2023. Intooda badan waxay ka yimaadeen Yaman (1,858 afartii sano), kadib Kenya (427), Liibiya (188) iyo Hindiya (31) ([Hay'adda Istaatistikada Qaranka Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Tirakoobka Socdaalka, daabacaaddii 1aad 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Migration-Statistics-Report-2024.pdf)). - **Muhaajiriinta soo laabtay** (dad ka soo laabtay shaqo ama safar dibadda ah, si ikhtiyaari ah iyo si kaleba): 1,287 sannadkii 2020, 1,127 sannadkii 2021, 3,616 sannadkii 2022 iyo 1,901 sannadkii 2023. Tirooyinka ugu badan waxay ka yimaadeen Sacuudi Carabiya (3,945 afartii sano) iyo Yaman (2,591), kadib Liibiya (410), Itoobiya (381), Suudaan (149) iyo Jarmalka (85). (Isla warbixinta NBS, oo soo xigatay Xafiiska Ergayga Gaarka ah ee Madaxweynaha u qaabilsan Socdaalka, Soo-celinta iyo Xuquuqda Carruurta.) - **Meesha ay degeen muhaajiriinta soo laabtay, 2020 ilaa 2023:** Banaadir 2,323, Soomaaliland 3,040, Puntland 1,631, Galmudug 454, Koonfur Galbeed 211, Jubbaland 225 iyo Hirshabeelle 47 (isla warbixinta, Shaxda 4.5). - **Barakacayaasha gudaha ee guryahooda ku laabtay:** UNHCR waxay tirisay 288,966 barakacayaal soo laabtay 2020, 544,249 sannadkii 2021, 607,256 sannadkii 2022 iyo 290,750 sannadkii 2024 ([UNHCR Refugee Data Finder](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1960&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM)). ## Yaa Soomaaliya ugu nool qaxooti ahaan? Soomaaliya sidoo kale waxay martigelisaa qaxooti. 2025 UNHCR waxay tirisay 20,967 qaxooti iyo 25,702 magangalyo-doon oo gudaha Soomaaliya jooga ([UNHCR, kuwa Soomaaliya ku martida ah, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=10&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coa=SOM)). Itoobiyaanku waa kooxda ugu badan: 4,177 qaxooti sannadkii 2023, sida ay NBS tirisay ([Warbixinta Tirakoobka Socdaalka NBS 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Migration-Statistics-Report-2024.pdf)). ## Sidee loo akhriyaa tirooyinkan? - **UNHCR waxay dib u saxdaa sannadihii hore** marka dowladuhu soo diraan xog cusub, sidaas darteed tiro way isbeddeli kartaa wax yar marba marka ka dambeysa. Tirooyinka boggan waxaa la soo dejiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. - **Tirooyinka barakacayaasha gudaha way boodaan** marka habka tirintu isbeddelo. Tirada UNHCR waxay ka kacday 2,967,500 sannadkii 2022 ilaa 3,860,099 sannadkii 2023. Qayb waxaa keenay barakac cusub oo abaar iyo fatahaad ah, qaybna sahamin cusub. - **Qurbajoogtu way ka badan yihiin tirada qaxootiga.** Muwaadiniinta, shaqaalaha, ardayda iyo carruurta dibadda ku dhalatay qaxooti ma aha. Baaxadda bulsho kasta, eeg bogagga dalalka ee hoose. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/) - [Waddooyinkee ayay Soomaalidu mareen?](/so/diaspora/migration-routes/) - [Xaggee ku yaallaan xeryaha qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed?](/so/diaspora/refugee-camps/) - [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/), [Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/), [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UNHCR. Refugee Data Finder, population API, asal Soomaaliya, 1975 ilaa 2025. [api.unhcr.org](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1960&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM). La soo dejiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 2. UNHCR. Refugee Data Finder, dalalka martigeliya dadka Soomaaliya ka yimid, 1988, 1992, 2011 iyo 2024. [1988](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1988&yearTo=1988&coo=SOM&coa_all=true) · [1992](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1992&yearTo=1992&coo=SOM&coa_all=true) · [2011](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2011&yearTo=2011&coo=SOM&coa_all=true) · [2024](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2024&yearTo=2024&coo=SOM&coa_all=true). La soo dejiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 3. UNHCR. Refugee Data Finder, dadka Soomaaliya lagu martigeliyay, 2025. [api.unhcr.org](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=10&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coa=SOM). La soo dejiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 4. Hay'adda Istaatistikada Qaranka Soomaaliya. Warbixinta Tirakoobka Socdaalka, daabacaaddii 1aad, Nofembar 2024. [nbs.gov.so](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Migration-Statistics-Report-2024.pdf). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 5. Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Istaraatiijiyadda Qaranka ee Socdaalka, Maajo 2024 (UN ESCWA). [unescwa.org](https://www.unescwa.org/sites/default/files/pubs/pdf/national-strategy-migration-somalia-english.pdf). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. 6. UN DESA Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2024. [un.org](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock). La hubiyay 12 Nofembar 2026. --- # Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse? Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaalidu waxay u tageen mowjado: badmaaxiin laga bilaabo 1880-meeyadii, arday iyo shaqaale Khaliijka aaday 1960 kadib, kadibna qaxooti ka cararay dagaalladii 1988 iyo 1991 iyo macaluusha iyo abaaraha tan iyo markaas. UNHCR waxay tirisay 805,917 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed oo ku sugan shan dal oo gobolka ah Oktoobar 2026, iyo qiyaastii 3.5 milyan oo qof oo gudaha Soomaaliya ku barakacay. Soomaalidu waxay u tageen mowjado, mid kastana sabab u gaar ah ayuu lahaa. Badmaaxiinta ayaa ugu horreeyay, kadib arday iyo shaqaale Khaliijka aaday, kadibna qaxooti ka cararay dagaal, macaluul iyo abaar. UNHCR waxay tirisay 805,917 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed oo ku sugan shanta dal ee ugu waaweyn ee gobolka martigeliya, 31 Oktoobar 2026 ([UNHCR Horn of Africa data portal, 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn)). Qiyaastii 3.5 milyan oo kale ayaa gudaha Soomaaliya ku barakacay ([UNHCR Somalia dashboard, Nofembar 2025](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf)). ## Mowjadaha oo kooban - **1880-meeyadii ilaa 1950-meeyadii:** badmaaxiin iyo ganacsato ka shaqeeya maraakiibta uumiga ee Ingiriiska, Faransiiska iyo Jarmalka ([Krozewski, IJAHS](https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/ijahs/publications/?pid=757)). - **1960-meeyadii ilaa 1970-meeyadii:** arday deeqo waxbarasho ugu tagay Midowgii Soofiyeeti, Talyaaniga iyo Mareykanka ([MNopedia](https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota)). - **1970-meeyadii ilaa 1980-meeyadii:** shaqaale u tagay dalalka saliidda Khaliijka ([Ahmed, Disasters, 2000](https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B8EC8ADE9-7250-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70%7D.pdf)). - **1977 ilaa 1983:** Soomaali iyo Oromo ka yimid Itoobiya ayaa u cararay Soomaaliya dagaalkii Ogaadeenya kadib ([Africa Watch, Evil Days, 1991](https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c5ogaden.pdf)). - **1988 ilaa 1991:** dagaalkii waqooyiga ayaa ku dhawaad nus milyan qof u diray dibadda, intooda badan Itoobiya ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). - **1991 ilaa 1992:** dowladdii dhexe waxay burburtay, macaluulna waa ka dambeysay ([HRW World Report 1993](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)). - **2007 ilaa 2009:** dagaal ka dhacay Muqdisho ([UN News, Maajo 2007](https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/05/217812)). - **2010 ilaa 2012:** macaluul dishay qiyaastii 258,000 qof ([FSNAU iyo FEWS NET, 2013](https://fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine-)). - **2016 ilaa 2017 iyo 2021 ilaa 2023:** abaaro barakiciyay in aad uga badan hal milyan oo qof ([OCHA, ReliefWeb, Nofembar 2022](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-and-famine-displacement-monitoring-dashboard-november-2022)). ## Goormay Soomaalidii ugu horreysay dibadda u baxeen? Kooxdii ugu horreysay ee waaweyn waxay ahaayeen badmaaxiin. Raggii Soomaaliyeed waxay ka shaqaynayeen qolalka mishiinnada ee maraakiibta uumiga ee Ingiriiska, Faransiiska iyo Jarmalka, laga bilaabo 1880-meeyadii ilaa Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ([Krozewski, IJAHS](https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/ijahs/publications/?pid=757)). Isla ilahaasi waxay sheegaysaa in ugu horrayn lagu yaqaanay shidista dabka maraakiibta xamuulka ee Ingiriiska (tramp ships). Kanaalka Suweys wuxuu furmay 1869, 1888-na Ingiriisku wuxuu dejiyay maxmiyad si uu u ilaaliyo waddada Cadan ([Mohamud iyo Whitburn, Our Migration Story](https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-travels-of-somali-seaman-ibrahim-ismaail)). Badmaaxiin badan waxay shaqada ka galeen Cadan ama Masar, waxaana inta badan loo qori jiray "Carab" ([Our Migration Story](https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-travels-of-somali-seaman-ibrahim-ismaail)). Bulshooyin Soomaaliyeed oo yaryar ayaa ku noolaa Cardiff iyo London dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad, sida ay qoreen isla taariikhyahannadaas. - **Cardiff:** Rag Soomaaliyeed ayaa difaacay guri hoyga ah oo ku yaal Millicent Street intii lagu jiray rabshadihii 1919, sida uu ku qoray badmaaxiyihii Ibraahin Ismaaciil (Ibrahim Ismaa'il) ([Our Migration Story](https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-travels-of-somali-seaman-ibrahim-ismaail)). - **Ingiriiska guud ahaan:** badmaaxiintii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreysay ee ka shaqeeya maraakiibta ganacsiga waxay degeen in ka badan qarni ka hor ([Ahmed, 2000](https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B8EC8ADE9-7250-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70%7D.pdf)). - **New York:** Soomaalidii ugu horreysay ee Mareykanka waxay ahaayeen badmaaxiin halkaas degay 1920-meeyadii ([MNopedia](https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota)). - **Marseille:** urur ay lahaayeen dadka ka yimid Xeebta Soomaalida Faransiiska ayaa halkaas ka jiray 1948 ilaa 1953 ([Cayla-Giraudeau, REAF 2018](https://reaf2018.sciencesconf.org/197108/197108.pdf)). Inta badmaaxiin ahayd way adag tahay in la sheego. Tirada yimid horraantii 1900-meeyadii "way adag tahay in la go'aamiyo" ([Our Migration Story](https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-travels-of-somali-seaman-ibrahim-ismaail)). ## Yaa u tagay waxbarasho xorriyadda 1960 kadib? Arday ayaa ku tagay deeqo waxbarasho. Ardayda Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabeen inay yimaadaan Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1961, iyagoo ku jira barnaamij cusub oo deeqo waxbarasho Soofiyeeti ah ([Ivanova, Kunstkamera, 2019](https://journal.kunstkamera.ru/files/journal_kunstkamera/2019_04/ivanova_kk_4_6-stranicy-185-192.pdf)). Intii u dhexeysay 1956 iyo 1969, kooxo arday Soomaaliyeed ah ayaa shahaadooyin ka bilaabay Muqdisho, kana dhammaystay Padova, Talyaaniga ([Urbano, Firenze University Press](https://books.fupress.com/doi/capitoli/979-12-215-0389-0_5)). Arday Soomaaliyeed ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay inay Mareykanka yimaadaan 1960-meeyadii ([MNopedia](https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota)). ## Maxaa dad badan u aaday Khaliijka 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii? Kororka saliidda ayaa shaqooyin abuuray. Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro waxay muhiim u ahaayeen dhaqaalaha waqooyi-galbeed "tan iyo kororkii saliidda ee Khaliijka 1970-meeyadii" ([Ahmed, 2000](https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B8EC8ADE9-7250-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70%7D.pdf)). Daraasad 1987 ah oo ay sameeyeen Green iyo Jamal ayaa shaqaalaha Soomaaliyeed ee dibadda ku qiyaastay ugu yaraan 375,000 ([Ahmed, 2000 ayaa soo xigtay](https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B8EC8ADE9-7250-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70%7D.pdf)). Waxay ku qiyaastay lacagaha ay sannadkii soo diraan US$478 milyan ilaa US$540 milyan. Ahmed wuxuu intaas ku darayaa in muhaajiriinta Khaliijka intooda badan ay ka yimaadeen waqooyi-galbeed, maxaa yeelay wuxuu u dhow yahay Khaliijka. ## Maxaa dhacay dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ee 1977-78 kadib? Dadku waxay u carareen Soomaaliya, kamana carareen. Jabkii Soomaaliya kadib, ciidamada Itoobiya waxay Ogaadeenya kula dagaallameen jabhado, waxayna weerareen tuulooyin iyo xoolo ([Africa Watch, Evil Days, 1991](https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c5ogaden.pdf)). Isla warbixintu waxay sheegaysaa in dad badan oo cararay ay ahaayeen Oromo, ee aysan ahayn Soomaali. Africa Watch waxay bixisay kororkan tirada xeryaha gudaha Soomaaliya ([Evil Days, 1991](https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c5ogaden.pdf)): - **Bartamihii 1978:** 80,000 ilaa 85,000. - **Bartamihii 1979:** 220,000. - **Dhammaadkii 1979:** 440,000 ilaa 470,000. - **Dhammaadkii 1980:** qiyaastii 800,000. Luulyo 1980, 725,000 qaxooti oo diiwaangashan ayaa ku noolaa 26 xero, intooda badan Gedo, Hiiraan iyo waqooyi-galbeed ([Christian Science Monitor, 1980](https://csmonitor.com/1980/0702/070243.html)). In ka badan 90 boqolkiiba waxay ahaayeen haween iyo carruur, sida uu wargeysku sheegay. Tirooyinka waa lagu murmay. 1983 dowladdu waxay sheegtay 1.3 milyan oo qaxooti, deeq-bixiyeyaashuse waxay tirada dhabta ah ku qiyaaseen 700,000 ilaa 800,000 ([Evil Days, 1991](https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c5ogaden.pdf)). 1980 saraakiishu waxay sheegeen in ka badan 2 milyan, halka sarkaal Qaramada Midoobay uu ku qiyaasay 1.5 milyan ([CS Monitor, 1980](https://csmonitor.com/1980/0702/070243.html)). ## Maxaa dhacay 1988 ilaa 1991? Dagaal ayaa waqooyiga ka qarxay Maajo 1988, Human Rights Watch-na waxay sheegtay in "ku dhawaad nus milyan" qof ay dalka ka carareen, intooda badan Itoobiya ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). Dowladdii dhexe waxay burburtay Janaayo 1991, macaluulna waa ka dambeysay ([HRW World Report 1993](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)). Diiwaanka buuxa, oo ay ku jiraan dilalkii shacabka ee 1987-89, xerada Hartasheekh iyo bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay, wuxuu ku jiraa [Dagaalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga iyo burburkii 1991](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1988-1991/). ## Maxaa dhacay 1992 ilaa hadda? Macaluushii 2011 waxay dishay qiyaastii 258,000 qof ([FSNAU iyo FEWS NET, 2013](https://fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine-)). UNHCR waxay tirisay 805,917 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed oo gobolka ku sugan Oktoobar 2026 ([UNHCR Horn of Africa data portal, 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn)). Macaluushii 1992, dagaalkii Muqdisho ee 2007, abaaraha iyo dadka soo laabtay waxay ku qoran yihiin [Macaluul, dagaal iyo abaar: Soomaalidii tagtay 1992 ilaa hadda](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1992-2026/). ## Maxaa kale oo laga soo sheegay mowjadahan? - **Shaqaalaha Khaliijka, 1980:** dhaqaaleyahan Vali Jamal ayaa ku qiyaasay in 150,000 ilaa 175,000 Soomaali ah ay Khaliijka ka shaqaynayeen 1980, iyagoo qaata shan ilaa lix jibbaar mushaharka celceliska ah ee Soomaaliya ([Jamal, "Somalia: The Gulf Link and Adjustment", 1992, soo koobid RePEc](https://ideas.repec.org/h/pal/palchp/978-1-349-12558-6_9.html)). - **Sharci 1894 ah:** Wikipedia waxay sheegtaa in sharci 1894 ahi uu Soomaalida Ingiriiska ku koobay shaqada maraakiibta ilaa 1950-meeyadii ([Wikipedia: "Somalis in the United Kingdom"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis_in_the_United_Kingdom)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Dagaalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga iyo burburkii 1991](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1988-1991/) - [Macaluul, dagaal iyo abaar: Soomaalidii tagtay 1992 ilaa hadda](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1992-2026/) - [Waddooyinkee ayay Soomaalidu mareen?](/so/diaspora/migration-routes/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi) - [Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) (Ingiriisi) - [Burburkii, 1991-2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/) (Ingiriisi) - [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969-1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/) (Ingiriisi) - [Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/) (Ingiriisi) - [Barakaca gudaha](/en/society/internal-displacement/) (Ingiriisi) - [Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro oo tirooyin ah](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/) (Ingiriisi) - [Dhaqdhaqaaqyada iyo dowladaha Soomaaliyeed tan iyo 1895](/so/history/carried-the-banner-since-1895/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UNHCR. "Refugees from Somalia", Horn of Africa situation data portal, xog ilaa 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. UNHCR Soomaaliya. "Population Dashboard, November 2025", ecoi.net. https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. Gerold Krozewski. "Hidden Seamen from East Africa: Somali Firemen, European Steamers, and Global Labor Markets, 1880s-1930s". International Journal of African Historical Studies. https://www.bu.edu/phpbin/ijahs/publications/?pid=757. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. Abdul Mohamud iyo Robin Whitburn. "Somali seafarer Ibrahim Ismaa'il: from Cardiff to the Cotswolds". Our Migration Story, 2016. https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-travels-of-somali-seaman-ibrahim-ismaail. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. Ismail I. Ahmed. "Remittances and Their Economic Impact in Post-war Somaliland". Disasters 24(4), 2000. https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B8EC8ADE9-7250-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70%7D.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. Minnesota Historical Society. "Somali and Somali American Experiences in Minnesota". MNopedia. https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. Clément Cayla-Giraudeau. Warqad ku saabsan ururka dadka Xeebta Soomaalida Faransiiska ee Marseille, 1948-1953. REAF 2018. https://reaf2018.sciencesconf.org/197108/197108.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. Ivanova. Maqaal ku saabsan ardayda Soomaaliyeed ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti. Kunstkamera, 2019 no. 4. https://journal.kunstkamera.ru/files/journal_kunstkamera/2019_04/ivanova_kk_4_6-stranicy-185-192.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Urbano. Cutub ku saabsan ardayda Soomaaliyeed ee Padova, 1956-1969. Firenze University Press. https://books.fupress.com/doi/capitoli/979-12-215-0389-0_5. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. Africa Watch. "Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia", cutubka Ogaadeenya. Human Rights Watch, 1991. https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/c5ogaden.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Edward Girardet. "Desert war refugees inundate Somalia". Christian Science Monitor, 2 Luulyo 1980. https://csmonitor.com/1980/0702/070243.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 1990: Somalia". HRW, 1991. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 1993: Somalia". HRW, 1993. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. UN News. Warbixin ku saabsan barakaca Muqdisho. 4 Maajo 2007. https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/05/217812. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. FSNAU (FAO) iyo FEWS NET. "Study suggests 258,000 Somalis died due to severe food insecurity and famine". 2 Maajo 2013. https://fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine-. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. OCHA. "Somalia: Drought and famine displacement monitoring dashboard, November 2022". ReliefWeb, 2022. https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-and-famine-displacement-monitoring-dashboard-november-2022. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. Vali Jamal. "Somalia: The Gulf Link and Adjustment". Gudaha Raffer iyo Salih (tifaftirayaal), The Least Developed and the Oil-Rich Arab Countries, Palgrave, 1992. Soo koobid RePEc. https://ideas.repec.org/h/pal/palchp/978-1-349-12558-6_9.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. Wikipedia. "Somalis in the United Kingdom". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis_in_the_United_Kingdom. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Dagaalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga iyo burburkii 1991: cidda carartay iyo meesha ay aadeen Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1988-1991/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dagaalkii waqooyiga ee Maajo 1988 ka bilaabmay wuxuu ku dhawaad nus milyan qof u diray dibadda, intooda badan Itoobiya, sida ay Human Rights Watch tirisay. Kadib burburkii dowladdii dhexe ee Janaayo 1991, qiyaastii hal milyan oo Soomaali ah ayaa qurbo joogay Oktoobar 1992, sida ay UNHCR sheegtay. Laga bilaabo Maajo 1988 ilaa 1992, dagaalkii waqooyiga iyo kadibna burburkii dowladdii dhexe ayaa keenay socdaalkii ugu weynaa ee Soomaalida dalka uga baxday. Boggani wuxuu hayaa faahfaahinta; guudmarka mowjad kasta wuxuu ku jiraa [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/). ## Maxaa dadku uga carareen waqooyiga 1988? Dagaal ayaa dhex maray dowladda iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) Maajo 1988 ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay in ciidanku aanu kala saarin shacabka iyo dagaalyahannada, oo uu burburiyay xoolo iyo kaydad biyood. Horraantii 1990, qiyaastii 50,000 ilaa 60,000 qof ayaa lagu dilay waqooyiga ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). "Ku dhawaad nus milyan" ayaa dalka ka cararay, intooda badan Itoobiya, qaarna Jabuuti iyo Yaman. Kooxo waaweyn ayaa gaaray England iyo Wales. Xafiiska Xisaabtanka Dowladda Mareykanka (GAO) ayaa daraaseeyay sababta qaxootigu ugu carareen Itoobiya iyo inta Hargeysa ka burburtay ([GAO, NSIAD-89-159, Maajo 1989](https://www.gao.gov/products/nsiad-89-159)). Machad cilmi-baaris oo Muqdisho ku yaal ayaa qoray in duqeyntu ay in ka badan 600,000 oo Soomaali ah u kaxaysay Itoobiya ([Heritage Institute, 2018, Af-Soomaali](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Labada tiro way kala duwan yihiin, labadaba halkan ayaa lagu bixiyay. Dagaalkii 1988 wuxuu ku qasbay "ku dhawaad dhammaan dadka waqooyiga" inay magangal ka raadsadaan dibadda ama koonfurta ([Ahmed, 2000](https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B8EC8ADE9-7250-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70%7D.pdf)). Ahmed wuxuu xusay in qaar badan ay ku biireen bulshada Soomaaliyeed ee hore ugu noolayd Ingiriiska. ## Maxaa laga diiwaangeliyay dilalkii shacabka ee waqooyiga, 1987-89? Baarayaal, maxkamado iyo cilmi-baarayaal ayaa diiwaangeliyay dilal loo geystay shacab aan hubeysnayn oo waqooyiga ku noolaa, intooda badan beesha Isaaq, intii uu socday dagaalka dowladda iyo SNM. Tirooyinkoodu aad bay u kala duwan yihiin, mid kastana halkan waxaa lagu bixiyay isha uu ka yimid. **Daraasaddii Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 1989.** Robert Gersony ayaa wareystay qaxooti iyo barakacayaal, isagoo u shaqaynayay Xafiiska Barnaamijyada Qaxootiga ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka; warbixintiisa "Why Somalis Flee" (Sababta Soomaalidu u Cararayso) waxay ku taariikhaysan tahay Agoosto 1989 ([Yale Genocide Studies Program](https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide)). Warbixinta xuquuqda aadanaha ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee 1989, oo ku tiirsanayd warbixintaas, waxay sheegtay in "ugu yaraan 5,000 shacab ah oo aan hubeysnayn si ula kac ah loo dilay" ciidamada qalabka sida intii u dhexeysay Maajo 1988 iyo Maarso 1989 ([US State Department, Country Report 1989, via ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/240775)). Isla warbixintu waxay sheegtay in qiyaastii 90 boqolkiiba guryaha, ganacsiyada iyo hantida Isaaq ee Hargeysa la burburiyay ama si xun loo waxyeeleeyay. Warbixinta Gersony waxay qortay in "muuqaalka ah in dhibbanayaasha loo doortay … dilal gaar ahaan aqoonsigooda qowmiyadeed awgii uusan la dafiri karin", sida uu Yale soo xigtay ([Yale Genocide Studies Program](https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide)). Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay sheegtaa 300 wareysi; soo koobidaha la xiriira Yale waxay sheegaan 252. **Africa Watch, Janaayo 1990.** Africa Watch, oo qayb ka ah Human Rights Watch, ayaa Janaayo 1990 daabacday "Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People" (Soomaaliya: Dowlad la dagaallamaysa dadkeeda) ([University of Halle open-data record](https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/108544)). Human Rights Watch waxay dadkii ku dhintay waqooyiga ku qiyaastay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 intii u dhexeysay Maajo 1988 iyo horraantii 1990 ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). **Baaritaan meydad oo Qaramada Midoobay codsatay, 1997.** Codsi Khabiirka Madaxa-bannaan ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Soomaaliya, hay'adda Physicians for Human Rights (Dhakhaatiirta Xuquuqda Aadanaha) ayaa 11 Abriil 1997 baartay in ka badan 100 goobood oo qabuuro ah oo la yaqaan ama la sheegay, agagaarka Hargeysa ([Center for Justice and Accountability](https://cja.org/what-we-do/transitional-justice-initiatives/somaliland/)). Waxay heshay laba qabuuro wadareed, mid ku taal dugsiga hoose ee Malko Durduro iyo mid ku taal Badhka, iyadoo lafaha la arkay inay u muuqdeen kuwo xarig ama maro lagu xiray, sida ay isla ishaasi sheegtay. **Baaritaan ay Qaramada Midoobay amartay, 2001.** Warbixin Qaramada Midoobay oo 2001 ah oo ku saabsan weerarrada ayaa ku soo gabagabeysay in "dembiga xasuuqa (genocide) ay maleegtay, qorshaysay oo fulisay Dowladda Soomaaliya, kana dhan tahay dadka Isaaq", sida uu soo xigtay wargeyska The Nation ([The Nation, 22 Oktoobar 2018](https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/in-the-valley-of-death-somalilands-forgotten-genocide/)). Warbixinta waxaa si wadajir ah u amray xafiiska xuquuqda aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay iyo unugga isku-duwidda Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya. **Qiyaasaha ka sarreeya.** Saraakiisha Somaliland iyo Guddigeeda Baaritaanka Dembiyada Dagaalka waxay sheegaan in ilaa 200,000 qof la dilay laguna aasay qabuuro wadareed, guddiguna wuxuu liis gareeyay 226 qabuuro wadareed oo la yaqaan ([Al Jazeera, 6 Febraayo 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/02/06/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland/)). Khabiir baaritaanka meydadka oo halkaas ka shaqaynayay ayaa Al Jazeera u sheegay in qiyaasuhu u dhexeeyaan 60,000 ilaa 200,000, iyo in "qofna si dhab ah uusan u aqoon". The Nation waxay sheegtay in ka badan 40,000 oo lagu dilay duqeyntii iyo weerarradii dhulka ee Hargeysa ([The Nation, 2018](https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/in-the-valley-of-death-somalilands-forgotten-genocide/)). **Diiwaanka maxkamadaha.** Maajo 2019 guddi xeerbeegti federaal ah oo Mareykan ah oo ku sugan Alexandria, Virginia, ayaa go'aamiyay in gaashaanle sare hore ee ciidanka, Yuusuf Cabdi Cali (Yusuf Abdi Ali), uu masuul ka ahaa jirdilkii nin dhallinyaro ah oo xoolo-raacay ahaa oo waqooyiga ku noolaa 1987 ([Center for Justice and Accountability](https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/warfaa-v-ali-col-tukeh/); [VOA, Maajo 2019](https://www.voanews.com/a/us-jury-former-somali-colonel-responsible-for-torture/4927432.html)). Waxay ku xukuntay US$400,000 oo magdhow ah iyo US$100,000 oo ganaax ciqaabeed ah (punitive damages), waxayna diiday eedda isku dayga dilka; maxkamadda racfaanka ayaa xukunka ansixisay 2021. Wasiirkii hore ee gaashaandhigga iyo ra'iisul wasaarihii hore Maxamed Cali Samatar (Mohamed Ali Samantar) ayaa aqbalay xukun maqnaansho (default judgment) oo ku saabsan dacwad madani ah oo Mareykan ah oo la xiriirtay, habeenkii ka horreeyay maxkamadaynta ([Center for Justice and Accountability](https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/warfaa-v-ali-col-tukeh/)). Aqoonyahanno iyo Barnaamijka Daraasaadka Xasuuqa ee Jaamacadda Yale ayaa dhacdooyinkan u adeegsada erayga xasuuq (genocide) ([Yale Genocide Studies Program](https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide)). Maxkamad caalami ah lama dhisin ([Al Jazeera, 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/02/06/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland/)). ## Muxuu ahaa Hartasheekh? Hartasheekh wuxuu ahaa xero ku taal bariga Itoobiya, oo markii ay ugu badnayd haysay in ka badan 250,000 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ([UN News, Luulyo 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). Intooda badan waxay ka yimaadeen Gabiley iyo Hargeysa. UNHCR waxay xirtay 2004 markii 719-kii qof ee ugu dambeeyay ay guryahooda ku laabteen; in ka badan 230,000 ayaa soo laabtay tan iyo Abriil 1997. ## Maxaa dadku u tageen markii dowladdii dhexe burburtay 1991? Dagaal iyo gaajo. Dagaalkii Muqdisho ka dhacay Nofembar 1991 ilaa Febraayo 1992 wuxuu dilay qiyaastii 14,000 qof, wuxuuna dhaawacay 27,000 ([HRW World Report 1993](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)). Macaluusha iyo cuduradu waxay keeneen ilaa 300,000 dhimasho bartamihii 1992, sida ay isla warbixintu sheegtay. Dadku jiho kasta ayay u kala tageen: - **Kenya:** UNHCR waxay dhistay saddexdii xero ee ugu horreysay ee Dhadhaab (Dadaab) intii u dhexeysay Oktoobar 1991 iyo Juun 1992, oo loogu talagalay ilaa 90,000 qof ([UNHCR, 2012](https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/unhcr-fn-s-flykting-kommissarie/news/dadaab-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-20-years-old-36270)). - **Itoobiya:** xero ku taal Hartasheekh, oo u dhow xadka, ayaa qaabilaysay dadka waqooyiga tan iyo 1988 ([UN News, 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). - **Yaman:** qiyaastii 60,000 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ayaa halkaas joogay Agoosto 1992 ([HRW World Report 1993](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)). - **Mareykanka:** fiisooyinka qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabmeen 1992 ([MNopedia](https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota)). ## Maxaa ku dhacay bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay? Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay iyaguna way carareen, inta badan iyagoon lahayn koox hubeysan oo ilaalisa. - **Soomaali Bantu (Jareer):** 1991 qoys ayaa beertoodii ka soo lugeeyay ilaa Kismaayo, kadibna 14 habeen xeebta ku socday ilaa Kenya ([Smithsonian, 2004](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/coming-to-america-107358405/)). Laga bilaabo 1992 waxay ku noolaayeen xerada Marafa oo u dhow Malindi, kadibna Kakuma. - **Dib u dejinta Soomaali Bantu:** Mareykanku wuxuu qorsheeyay inuu dib u dejiyo ilaa 12,000 Soomaali Bantu ah, qoysaskii ugu horreeyayna waxay yimaadeen Maajo 2003 ([Smithsonian, 2004](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/coming-to-america-107358405/)). - **Soomaali Bantu ee Tansaaniya:** qiyaastii 3,000 qaxooti oo asal ahaan Zigua ah ayaa la dejiyay Chogo, mar dambena waxaa la siiyay jinsiyadda ([UNHCR](https://www.unhcr.org/news/somali-bantus-gain-tanzanian-citizenship-their-ancestral-land)). - **Banaadiri (Reer Xamar):** qaar badan waxay ahaayeen ganacsato aan lahayn maleeshiyo ilaalisa, intooda badanna waxay u carareen Kenya ([Minority Rights Group, 2018](https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/64976)). - **Banaadiri ee Yaman:** 500 qoys oo Banaadiri ah oo ka yimid xeebta koonfureed ayaa Yaman ku noolaa tan iyo 1992 ([The New Humanitarian](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/node/236528)). - **Bajuun:** dadka jasiiradaha u dhow Kismaayo waxay 1991 u carareen xerada Jomvu oo u dhow Mombaasa, taas oo la xiray dabayaaqadii 1997 ([Nurse, dib u eegista warbixinta 2000](https://mun.ca/faculty/dnurse/Refugees/Review_2000_JFFM_Report.pdf)). ## Maxaa kale oo la soo sheegay? - **Qurbaha 1992:** madaxa UNHCR Sadako Ogata ayaa 12 Oktoobar 1992 shir ka dhacay Geneva u sheegay in qiyaastii hal milyan oo Soomaali ah, ku dhawaad 20% dadka, ay u carareen dalalka deriska ah, iyo in UNHCR ay caawinaysay ku dhawaad 700,000 oo ka mid ah ([UNHCR statement, via Refworld](https://www.refworld.org/policy/statements/unhcr/1992/en/68646)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse? (guudmar)](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/) - [Macaluul, dagaal iyo abaar: Soomaalidii tagtay 1992 ilaa hadda](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1992-2026/) - [Waddooyinkee ayay Soomaalidu mareen?](/so/diaspora/migration-routes/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi) - [Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) (Ingiriisi) - [Burburkii, 1991-2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/) (Ingiriisi) - [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969-1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/) (Ingiriisi) - [Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/) (Ingiriisi) - [Barakaca gudaha](/en/society/internal-displacement/) (Ingiriisi) - [Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro oo tirooyin ah](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/) (Ingiriisi) - [Dhaqdhaqaaqyada iyo dowladaha Soomaaliyeed tan iyo 1895](/so/history/carried-the-banner-since-1895/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. Ismail I. Ahmed. "Remittances and Their Economic Impact in Post-war Somaliland". Disasters 24(4), 2000. https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B8EC8ADE9-7250-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70%7D.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. Minnesota Historical Society. "Somali and Somali American Experiences in Minnesota". MNopedia. https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 1990: Somalia". HRW, 1991. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. US General Accounting Office. "Somalia: Observations Regarding the Northern Conflict and Resulting Conditions" (NSIAD-89-159). GAO, 4 Maajo 1989. https://www.gao.gov/products/nsiad-89-159. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. Mahad Wasuge. "Tahriibka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliya". Heritage Institute for Policy Studies, Muqdisho, 2018. https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. UN News. "Once world's largest refugee camp in Ethiopia now closed". 1 Luulyo 2004. https://news.un.org/en/node/108122. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 1993: Somalia". HRW, 1993. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. UNHCR. "Dadaab, world's biggest refugee camp, 20 years old". 2012. https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/unhcr-fn-s-flykting-kommissarie/news/dadaab-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-20-years-old-36270. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Smithsonian Magazine. "Coming to America". Janaayo 2004. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/coming-to-america-107358405/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. UNHCR. "Somali Bantus gain Tanzanian citizenship in their ancestral land". https://www.unhcr.org/news/somali-bantus-gain-tanzanian-citizenship-their-ancestral-land. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Minority Rights Group International. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Somalia, Benadiri". 2018. https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/64976. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. The New Humanitarian (IRIN). Warbixin ku saabsan qoysaska Banaadiri ee Yaman. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/node/236528. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. Derek Nurse. Dib u eegista warbixinta Joint Fact-Finding Mission 2000 ee Bajuunta. Memorial University. https://mun.ca/faculty/dnurse/Refugees/Review_2000_JFFM_Report.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. US Department of State. "Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1989: Somalia". ecoi.net, 1990. https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/240775. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. Genocide Studies Program, Yale University. "Somalia: Isaaq genocide". https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. Africa Watch. "Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People", Janaayo 1990. Diiwaanka open-data ee Jaamacadda Halle. https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/108544. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. Center for Justice and Accountability. "Somaliland: transitional justice". https://cja.org/what-we-do/transitional-justice-initiatives/somaliland/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. Ismail Einashe iyo Matt Kennard. "In the Valley of Death: Somaliland's Forgotten Genocide". The Nation, 22 Oktoobar 2018. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/in-the-valley-of-death-somalilands-forgotten-genocide/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. Al Jazeera. "Investigating genocide in Somaliland". 6 Febraayo 2014. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/02/06/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. Center for Justice and Accountability. Bogga dacwadda "Warfaa v. Ali". https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/warfaa-v-ali-col-tukeh/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Voice of America. "US jury: former Somali colonel responsible for torture". Maajo 2019. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-jury-former-somali-colonel-responsible-for-torture/4927432.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. Sadako Ogata. Hadal ay ka jeedisay Shirka Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya, Geneva, 12 Oktoobar 1992. UNHCR, Refworld. https://www.refworld.org/policy/statements/unhcr/1992/en/68646. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Macaluul, dagaal iyo abaar: Soomaalidii tagtay 1992 ilaa hadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1992-2026/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Tan iyo 1992, macaluul, dagaal Muqdisho ka dhacay iyo abaaro isdaba joog ah ayaa Soomaalida ka saaray guryahooda. Macaluushii 2011 waxay dishay qiyaastii 258,000 qof, UNHCR-na waxay tirisay 805,917 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed oo gobolka ku sugan Oktoobar 2026. Tan iyo 1992, macaluul, dagaal iyo abaar ayaa Soomaalida ku haysay dhaqdhaqaaq, gudaha dalka iyo xuduudaha ka gudubba. Guudmarka mowjad kasta wuxuu ku jiraa [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/). ## Intee ayay le'ekayd macaluushii 1992? Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay ilaa 300,000 dhimasho oo macaluul iyo cudur ay keeneen bartamihii 1992 ([HRW World Report 1993](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)). Iskuulka Caafimaadka iyo Daawada Kulaylaha ee London (LSHTM) wuxuu soo xigtay qiyaas ah 220,000 dhimasho 12 bilood gudahood ([LSHTM, 2013](https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2013/somalia_famine.html)). Barakacayaasha xeryaha Baydhabo waxay lahaayeen celcelis dhimasho maalinle ah oo ah 16.8 qof 10,000-kiiba ([CDC, MMWR](https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00018099.htm)). Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee shacab muddo dheer laga diiwaangeliyay. ## Maxaa dadku uga tageen Muqdisho 2007? Dagaal ayaa dhex maray dowladda ku-meelgaarka ah, oo ay taageerayeen ciidamada Itoobiya, iyo jabhado. Qiyaastii 394,000 qof ayaa Muqdisho ka cararay intii u dhexeysay horraantii Febraayo iyo horraantii Maajo 2007, in ka badan saddex meelood meel magaalada ([UN News, 4 Maajo 2007](https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/05/217812)). Afgooye waxay qaabishay 43,000, Baydhabo ku dhawaad 17,000, Gaalkacyona ku dhawaad 10,000. Kenya waxay xirtay xadkeeda Soomaaliya 3 Janaayo 2007, kadib markii ciidamada Itoobiya ay Soomaaliya soo galeen ([HRW, From Horror to Hopelessness, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/30/horror-hopelessness/kenyas-forgotten-somali-refugee-crisis)). Dadku weli way imanayeen: qiyaastii 60,000 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaali ah ayaa Kenya soo galay 2008. Febraayo 2009, Dhadhaab waxay haysay qiyaastii 255,000 qof, xeryo loo dhisay 90,000. Tallowga badda ee Yaman sidoo kale wuu kordhay, wuxuuna gaaray 50,000 oo soo gaaray 2008, taas oo ahayd tiradii ugu badnayd ([HRW, Hostile Shores, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/en/node/87224/section/9)). ## Immisa ayaa ku dhintay macaluushii 2011, xaggeese dadku u aadeen? Qiyaastii 258,000 qof ayaa u dhintay macaluul iyo gaajo daran koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya, Oktoobar 2010 ilaa Abriil 2012 ([FSNAU iyo FEWS NET, 2013](https://fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine-)). Qiyaastii 133,000 waxay ahaayeen carruur ka yar shan sano. - **Heerka ugu sarreeya:** qiyaastii 30,000 dhimasho dheeraad ah bishiiba, Maajo ilaa Agoosto 2011 ([FSNAU](https://fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine-)). - **Saamiga:** 4.6 boqolkiiba dadka iyo 10 boqolkiiba carruurta ka yar shan sano ee koonfurta iyo bartamaha ayaa dhintay. - **Meelaha ugu daran:** dhimashada carruurtu waxay ugu badnayd Shabeellaha Hoose, Muqdisho iyo Bay. Dadka imanayay Dhadhaab inta badan waxay ka badnaayeen 1,000 maalintii: qiyaastii 30,000 Juun, 40,000 Luulyo iyo 38,000 Agoosto 2011 ([UNHCR, 2012](https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/unhcr-fn-s-flykting-kommissarie/news/dadaab-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-20-years-old-36270)). Saddex meelood meel qiyaastii hal milyan ee qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ee gobolka ayaa Soomaaliya ka tagay 2011, sida ay UNHCR sheegtay. Oktoobar 2011, aagga Doolo Addo ee Itoobiya wuxuu lahaa shan xero: Bokolmanyo, Melkadida, Kobe, Hilaweyn iyo Buramino ([UNHCR Dollo Ado update, 9 Oktoobar 2011](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/31151)). Dhismaha Buramino wuxuu bilaabmay 7 Oktoobar 2011, 2,985 qofna waxay yimaadeen siddeedda maalmood ee ugu horreeyay bishaas. Agoosto 2012, qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ee gobolka waxay dhaafeen hal milyan, 1.3 milyan oo kalena gudaha Soomaaliya ayay ku barakaceen ([UNHCR, Agoosto 2012](https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/9802)). ## Maxay sameeyeen abaarihii 2017 iyo 2021-23? Waxay dadka ka saareen beeraha iyo xoolaha, una dhaqaajiyeen magaalooyinka iyo xeryaha, intooda badan gudaha Soomaaliya. - **2016-17:** shabakadda la socodka UNHCR waxay diiwaangelisay 761,000 barakac abaareed, 1 Nofembar 2016 ilaa 23 Juun 2017 ([UNHCR PRMN, 2017](https://data.unhcr.org/fr/documents/details/58292)). - **2021-22:** 1,355,797 qof ayaa abaartu barakicisay, Janaayo 2021 ilaa dhammaadka Nofembar 2022 ([OCHA, ReliefWeb](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-and-famine-displacement-monitoring-dashboard-november-2022)). - **Dhimashada 2022:** qiyaastii 43,000 dhimasho dheeraad ah, kala badhkood carruur ka yar shan sano ([WHO iyo UNICEF, Maarso 2023](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/press-releases/new-study-finds-43000-excess-deaths-may-have-occurred-2022-drought-somalia)). - **2022 ilaa bartamihii 2024:** daraasad dambe ayaa dhimashada dheeraadka ah ee abaarta la xiriirta ku qiyaastay 71,000 ama ka badan ([Citizen Digital](https://citizen.digital/news/drought-led-to-71000-excess-deaths-in-somalia-report-shows-n356481)). 2022 dhimashada dheeraadka ahi waxay ugu badnayd Bay, Bakool iyo Banaadir ([UNICEF, 2023](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/press-releases/new-study-finds-43000-excess-deaths-may-have-occurred-2022-drought-somalia)). ## Xaggee joogaan qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed hadda? UNHCR waxay bogeeda xogta gobolka ku tirisay qaxootigan Soomaaliyeed ([UNHCR, 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn)): - **Itoobiya:** 368,165 (31 Oktoobar 2026). - **Kenya:** 334,733 (31 Oktoobar 2026). - **Uganda:** 48,340 (31 Oktoobar 2026). - **Yaman:** 40,982 (31 Agoosto 2026). - **Jabuuti:** 13,697 (31 Agoosto 2026). Wadartu waa 805,917. Tirada Kenya waxay ahayd 468,507 dhammaadkii 2024, sida ku cad tiro hore oo UNHCR ([UNHCR infographic, Diseembar 2024](https://data.unhcr.org/es/documents/download/114055)). ## Dadku weli ma ku barakacayaan gudaha Soomaaliya? Haa. Shabakadda la socodka UNHCR waxay diiwaangelisay 553,000 barakac gudaha ah 2024 ([UNHCR Somalia dashboard, Janaayo 2025](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/114871)). Nofembar 2025 oo keliya waxay diiwaangelisay qiyaastii 146,000, 71 boqolkiiba waxaa sababtay abaar ([UNHCR dashboard, Nofembar 2025](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf)). Bishaas, Sanaag oo waqooyiga ku taal ayaa ugu barakac badnayd, oo ay ku jiraan 50,600 qof oo yimid Ceerigaabo ([UNHCR, Nofembar 2025](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf)). Diiwaanka buuxa ee barakaca gudaha dalka wuxuu ku jiraa bogga barakaca gudaha. ## Dadku ma soo laabtaan? Qaar way soo laabtaan. Tan iyo Diseembar 2014, 141,673 qaxooti ayaa Soomaaliya ku soo laabtay, UNHCR-na waxay caawisay 97,293 ka mid ah ([UNHCR dashboard, Nofembar 2025](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf)). Kooxaha ugu badan waxay ka yimaadeen Kenya (85,904) iyo Yaman (53,515). ## Maxaa kale oo la soo sheegay? - **Abaartii 2016-17:** shabakadda la socodka UNHCR waxay tirisay qiyaastii 893,000 barakac oo abaarta la xiriira, 1 Nofembar 2016 ilaa 31 Agoosto 2017, 804,000 oo ka mid ah 2017 ([UNHCR Somalia fact sheet, Agoosto 2017](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/60042)). Tiradani way ka badan tahay tirada Juun 2017 ee qaybta abaaraha ku jirta, maxaa yeelay waxay socotaa laba bilood oo dheeraad ah. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse? (guudmar)](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/) - [Dagaalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga iyo burburkii 1991](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1988-1991/) - [Waddooyinkee ayay Soomaalidu mareen?](/so/diaspora/migration-routes/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi) - [Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) (Ingiriisi) - [Burburkii, 1991-2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/) (Ingiriisi) - [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969-1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/) (Ingiriisi) - [Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/) (Ingiriisi) - [Barakaca gudaha](/en/society/internal-displacement/) (Ingiriisi) - [Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro oo tirooyin ah](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/) (Ingiriisi) - [Dhaqdhaqaaqyada iyo dowladaha Soomaaliyeed tan iyo 1895](/so/history/carried-the-banner-since-1895/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UNHCR. "Refugees from Somalia", Horn of Africa situation data portal, xog ilaa 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. UNHCR Soomaaliya. "Population Dashboard, November 2025", ecoi.net. https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. UNHCR Soomaaliya. "Population Dashboard, January 2025". https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/114871. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 1993: Somalia". HRW, 1993. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. UNHCR. "Dadaab, world's biggest refugee camp, 20 years old". 2012. https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/unhcr-fn-s-flykting-kommissarie/news/dadaab-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-20-years-old-36270. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. "Somalia famine worst in past 25 years". Maajo 2013. https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2013/somalia_famine.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. US Centers for Disease Control. Sahan dhimasho oo barakacayaasha Baydhabo, 1992. MMWR. https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00018099.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. UN News. Warbixin ku saabsan barakaca Muqdisho. 4 Maajo 2007. https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/05/217812. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Human Rights Watch. "From Horror to Hopelessness". 30 Maarso 2009. https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/30/horror-hopelessness/kenyas-forgotten-somali-refugee-crisis. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. Human Rights Watch. "Hostile Shores: Abuse and Refoulement of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Yemen". 20 Diseembar 2009. https://www.hrw.org/en/node/87224/section/9. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. FSNAU (FAO) iyo FEWS NET. "Study suggests 258,000 Somalis died due to severe food insecurity and famine". 2 Maajo 2013. https://fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine-. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. UNHCR Itoobiya. "Dollo Ado Bi-Weekly Update". 9 Oktoobar 2011. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/31151. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. UNHCR. "Somali refugee population in Horn of Africa passes one million, but exodus slows". 31 Agoosto 2012. https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/9802. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. UNHCR Protection and Return Monitoring Network. "Somalia drought related displacements to 23 June 2017". 2017. https://data.unhcr.org/fr/documents/details/58292. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. OCHA. "Somalia: Drought and famine displacement monitoring dashboard, November 2022". ReliefWeb, 2022. https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-drought-and-famine-displacement-monitoring-dashboard-november-2022. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. UNICEF iyo WHO. "New study finds that 43,000 excess deaths may have occurred in 2022 from the drought in Somalia". 20 Maarso 2023. https://www.unicef.org/somalia/press-releases/new-study-finds-43000-excess-deaths-may-have-occurred-2022-drought-somalia. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. Citizen Digital. "Drought led to 71,000 excess deaths in Somalia, report shows". https://citizen.digital/news/drought-led-to-71000-excess-deaths-in-somalia-report-shows-n356481. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. UNHCR. Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed dal ahaan, infographic, 31 Diseembar 2024. https://data.unhcr.org/es/documents/download/114055. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. UNHCR Soomaaliya. "Fact Sheet, 1-31 August 2017". https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/60042. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Waddooyinkee ayay Soomaalidu mareen markay dalka ka tagayeen? Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/migration-routes/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Inta badan Soomaalidii dalka ka tagtay waxay dhulka u mareen Kenya iyo Itoobiya, oo labaduba martigeliya in ka badan 700,000 oo qaxooti Soomaaliyeed. Qaar kale waxay Gacanka Cadmeed u gudbeen Yaman, waxay koonfur ugu dhaqaaqeen Koonfur Afrika, ama waxay galeen waddada tahriibka ee Liibiya ilaa Yurub, oo ku kacda US$10,000 ilaa US$20,000. Soomaalidu waxay dalka uga baxeen shan waddo oo waaweyn: dhulka ilaa Kenya iyo Itoobiya, doon ilaa Yaman, Liibiya ilaa Yurub, iyo koonfurta ilaa Koonfur Afrika. Tiro yar ayaa diyaarad ku baxday, iyagoo haysta fiise ama ku biiraya qoysaskooda. Kenya iyo Itoobiya ayaa maanta haysta inta ugu badan qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed: 334,733 iyo 368,165, 31 Oktoobar 2026 ([UNHCR data portal, 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn)). ## Waa maxay waddooyinka, si kooban? - **Dhulka ilaa Kenya:** xadka ayaa laga gudbaa meel u dhow Liibooy (Liboi) ama Mandheera (Mandera), ilaa xeryaha Dhadhaab (Dadaab) ([HRW, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/30/horror-hopelessness/kenyas-forgotten-somali-refugee-crisis)). - **Dhulka ilaa Itoobiya:** waqooyiga waxaa loo aadaa Hartasheekh iyo Jigjiga, koonfurtana Doolo Addo (Dollo Ado) ([UN News, 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). - **Jabuuti:** dadka waqooyiga ka yimid tan iyo 1988 ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). - **Badda ilaa Yaman:** xeebaha u dhow Boosaaso ayaa laga dhoofaa, waxaana laga gudbaa Gacanka Cadmeed ([HRW, Hostile Shores, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/en/node/87224/section/9)). - **Tahriibka ilaa Yurub:** Itoobiya, Suudaan iyo Liibiya ayaa la sii maraa, kadibna Badda Dhexe ([UNICEF iyo Rift Valley Institute, 2016](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/reports/going-tahriib)). - **Koonfurta ilaa Koonfur Afrika:** Kenya, Tansaaniya, Malaawi, Musambiig, Saambiya iyo Simbaabwe ayaa la sii maraa ([ENACT, 2018](https://issafrica.org/enactafrica/research/trend-reports/africas-southern-bound-migrants)). - **Diyaarad:** dib u dejinta qaxootiga, isku-keenidda qoysaska iyo fiisaha waxbarashada. ## Sidee dadku ku gaareen Kenya? Inta badan lug ama baabuur xamuul, iyagoo ka gudbaya xadka dhulka ee koonfurta. Qaar ayaa doon ku sii maray xeebta. UNHCR waxay dhistay saddexdii xero ee ugu horreeyay ee Dhadhaab intii u dhexeysay Oktoobar 1991 iyo Juun 1992 ([UNHCR, 2012](https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/unhcr-fn-s-flykting-kommissarie/news/dadaab-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-20-years-old-36270)). Waxaa loogu talagalay 90,000 qof. Sannadkii 2012 waxay haysteen in ka badan 463,000, oo ay ku jiraan qiyaastii 10,000 qaxooti jiilka saddexaad ah oo halkaas ku dhashay. Kenya waxay xiratay xadka Soomaaliya 3 Jannaayo 2007 ([HRW, From Horror to Hopelessness, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/30/horror-hopelessness/kenyas-forgotten-somali-refugee-crisis)). UNHCR waxay xirtay xaruntii ku-meelgaarka ahayd ee Liibooy, halkaas oo dadka cusub lagu diiwaangelin jiray laguna baari jiray. Dadku way sii gudbayeen: qiyaastii 60,000 magangalyo-doon Soomaaliyeed ayaa Kenya soo galay 2008, ku dhawaad 165 maalintii. - **Lacagta mukhalasiinta:** dadka tahriibiya (mukhalasiinta) ayaa lacag ku qaadan jiray inay dadka xadka ka qaadaan ilaa Dhadhaab; qaxooti ka mid ah ayaa bixiyay US$500 ([HRW, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/30/horror-hopelessness/kenyas-forgotten-somali-refugee-crisis)). - **Booliska:** booliska ayaa dadka cusub ka dalban jiray laaluush, qaarna way xireen, qaarna way garaaceen, sida ay isla warbixintaasi ogaatay. - **Meelaha laga galo hadda:** Soomaalidu waxay Kenya inta badan ka galaan Mandheera ama Liibooy, kadibna waxay u gudbaan Dhadhaab iyo Gaarisa (Garissa), sida ay IOM sheegtay ([Eastleigh Voice, warbixinta IOM](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/international%20organisation%20for%20migration/159759/more-ethiopians-than-somalis-migrating-irregularly-to-kenya-iom-report-reveals)). Qaar badda ayay ka yimaadeen. Dadka jasiiradaha Bajuunta ee u dhow Kismaayo waxay 1991 u carareen xerada Jomvu ee u dhow Mombaasa, taas oo la xiray dabayaaqadii 1997 ([Nurse, dib u eegista warbixinta 2000](https://mun.ca/faculty/dnurse/Refugees/Review_2000_JFFM_Report.pdf)). Qoys Soomaali Bantu ah ayaa 14 habeen xeebta lug ku maray, Kismaayo ilaa xadka Kenya ([Smithsonian, 2004](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/coming-to-america-107358405/)). ## Sidee dadku ku gaareen Itoobiya? Waxay ka gudbeen xadka dhulka ee dheer, waqooyiga iyo koonfurta. - **Waqooyiga, 1988 kadib:** qaxootigii Hartasheekh intooda badan waxay ka yimaadeen Gabiley iyo Hargeysa; xeradu markii ay ugu badnayd waxay haysatay in ka badan 250,000 ([UN News, 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). - **Agagaarka Jigjiga:** Febraayo 2020, Kabribayax (Kebribeyah) waxay haysatay 14,951 qof, Aw Barre 12,120, Sheder-na 11,994 ([UNHCR Ethiopia update, Febraayo 2020](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/74686)). - **Koonfurta, Doolo Addo:** Oktoobar 2011 waxaa jiray shan xero: Bokolmanyo, Melkadida, Kobe, Hilaweyn iyo Buramino ([UNHCR Dollo Ado update, Oktoobar 2011](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/31151)). Horraantii Oktoobar 2011, 2,985 qof ayaa Doolo Addo yimid siddeed maalmood gudahood ([UNHCR, 9 Oktoobar 2011](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/31151)). Febraayo 2020, shanta xero ee Doolo Addo waxay hoy siiyeen 159,342 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ([UNHCR Ethiopia update, Febraayo 2020](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/74686)). Itoobiya ayaa hadda ah dalka ugu qaxooti Soomaaliyeed badan ([UNHCR, 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn)). ## Soomaalidu ma aadeen Jabuuti? Haa, inta badan dadka waqooyiga. Markii dagaalkii 1988 sii socday, qaxootiga waqooyiga waxay u carareen Itoobiya, Jabuuti iyo Yaman ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). Jabuuti waxay martigelisay 13,697 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed 31 Agoosto 2026 ([UNHCR, 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn)). ## Sidee loo gudbaa badda ilaa Yaman? Doonyuhu waxay ka ambabaxaan xeebaha agagaarka Boosaaso, waxayna Gacanka Cadmeed ka gudbaan hal ilaa saddex maalmood ([HRW, Hostile Shores, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/en/node/87224/section/9)). Daraasad Soomaaliyeed ayaa sheegtay laba meelood oo waaweyn oo laga dhoofo: Mareero oo u dhow Boosaaso iyo Ceelaayo oo ku taal Sanaag ([Heritage Institute, 2018, Af-Soomaali](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Human Rights Watch ayaa 2009 sidan u qeexday xaaladda ([Hostile Shores](https://www.hrw.org/en/node/87224/section/9)): - **Qiimaha:** US$50 ilaa US$80 doonyaha ugu jaban, US$100 ilaa US$150 ama ka badan kuwa dhakhsaha badan. - **Ciriiriga:** doonyo loo sameeyay 70 ilaa 80 qof ayaa inta badan qaada 150, qaarna ilaa 250. - **Soo degista:** mukhalasiintu waxay inta badan rakaabka ku qasbaan inay ku dhacaan biyo qoto dheer, boqollaal mitir oo xeebta u jira; boqollaal ayaa ku hafay iyagoo xeebta arkaya. - **Dhimashada:** in ka badan 1,000 qof ayaa ku dhintay tallaabooyinka badda laga bilaabo horraantii 2008 ilaa dabayaaqadii 2009. Yaman waxay Soomaalida u aqoonsatay qaxooti si wadajir ah, iyadoo aan qof walba wareysi la gelin ([HRW, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/en/node/87224/section/9)). UNHCR waxay 2009 diiwaangelisay qiyaastii 150,000 Soomaali ah oo Yaman jooga, sida ay warbixintu sheegtay. ## Yaa hadda mara waddada Yaman? Inta badan waa Itoobiyaan, Soomaalidu waa qayb yar. 2019, in ka badan 138,000 qof ayaa u gudbay Yaman, qiyaastii 92 boqolkiiba waxay ahaayeen Itoobiyaan ([IOM, Febraayo 2020](https://www.iom.int/news/journey-africa-yemen-remains-worlds-busiest-maritime-migration-route)). Sannadkaas 62 boqolkiiba waxay ka ambabaxeen Soomaaliya, 38 boqolkiibana Jabuuti. Ku dhawaad 90 boqolkiiba waxay damacsanaayeen inay u sii gudbaan Sacuudi Carabiya. Dadka Yaman gaaray waxay ka kordheen qiyaastii 27,000 sannadkii 2021 ilaa in ka badan 90,000 sannadkii 2023 ([Al Jazeera, Juun 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/11/dozens-dead-missing-in-migrant-boat-sin-king-off-yemen-un)). Sahan Soomaaliyeed ah, dadka Baydhabo waxay safarka Sacuudiga ku tilmaameen "jaban, khatar yar, dhakhsana ah" ([Heritage Institute, 2018](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Qof ka mid ah ayaa qiimihiisa ku sheegay qiyaastii US$500. Baydhabo, 32 boqolkiiba waxay sheegeen in qoys ka mid ahi Sacuudiga aaday, halka Muqdisho ay ahayd 22 boqolkiiba, Beledweynena 19 boqolkiiba. ## Immisa ayaa ku dhintay waddada Yaman? Mashruuca Muhaajiriinta Maqan (Missing Migrants Project) ee IOM wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 1,860 dhimasho iyo la waayay oo ka dhacay Waddada Bari (Eastern Route) tan iyo 2014, oo ay ku jiraan 480 qof oo ku hafay biyaha ([IOM, 11 Juun 2024](https://www.iom.int/news/49-migrants-dead-140-missing-shipwreck-yemen-coast)). 10 Juun 2024, doon ka timid Boosaaso oo sidday 115 Soomaali ah iyo 145 Itoobiyaan ah ayaa ku degtay meel u dhow Shabwa ee Yaman ([IOM, 2024](https://www.iom.int/news/49-migrants-dead-140-missing-shipwreck-yemen-coast)). Ugu yaraan 49 qof ayaa dhintay, oo ay ku jiraan 31 haween ah iyo lix carruur ah, 140-na waa la waayay. ## Waa maxay tahriib? Tahriib waa eray Carabi ah oo hadda Af-Soomaaliga caan ku ah. Wuxuu ka dhigan yahay safarka khatarta ah ee Yurub loogu gudbo Saxaraha iyo Badda Dhexe ([Rift Valley Institute, 2018](https://riftvalley.net/news/horn-of-africa/peer-pressure-drives-somalis-risk-europe-odyssey/)). Daraasad Soomaaliyeed ayaa ku qeexday safar dheer, khatar badan oo aan sharci ahayn oo dalal badan mara ([Heritage Institute, 2018](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Daraasad UNICEF 2016 ayaa ogaatay in dhallinyarada Puntland iyo Somaliland si joogto ah ugu baxayeen Yurub, iyagoo sii maraya Itoobiya, Suudaan iyo Liibiya ([Nimo-Ilhan Ali, Going on Tahriib, 2016](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/reports/going-tahriib)). Mukhalasiintu waxay u bandhigeen "hadda soco, dambe bixi", taasoo ku dhiirri-gelisay inay baxaan, sida daraasaddu ogaatay. ## Xaggee martaa waddada tahriibku? Heritage Institute waxay sahan ku samaysay 2,685 qof oo ku nool Kismaayo, Baydhabo, Muqdisho, Gaalkacyo, Beledweyne, Boosaaso iyo Burco ([Heritage Institute, 2018](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Waxay sharraxday waddooyinkan: - **Itoobiya, Suudaan, Liibiya, Talyaaniga:** mid ka mid ah waddooyinkii ugu horreeyay, kana fudud dadka Somaliland, Puntland iyo gobollada dhexe. - **Kenya ilaa Suudaan:** waxaa inta badan isticmaala dadka Kismaayo iyo Muqdisho ee Yurub u socda. - **Yaman ilaa Suudaan:** waxaa la isticmaalay markii Itoobiya xadkeeda adkaysay; Suudaan waxaa ka baxda waddo Liibiya aadda iyo mid Masar aadda. - **Turkiga, kadib Giriigga:** tan iyo 2014, waddo ka qaalisan, khatarteeduna ka yar tahay, oo inta badan waraaqo safar lagu maro. Wareysiyo ay Mixed Migration Centre ku samaysay Liibiya waxay ogaadeen in 20 ka mid ah 21 Soomaali ah ay Suudaan soo mareen ([MMC 4Mi snapshot, Febraayo 2020](https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/091_snapshot_NA.pdf)). 20-kaas, 13 waxay soo mareen Khartuum, 7 Al-Faashir (El Fasher), 5-na Dongola. Waddo cusub ayaa ka bilaabata Dhadhaab, kadib Kambaala, Koonfur Suudaan, kadibna Liibiya ([ISS Today, Sebtembar 2025](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/young-somali-refugees-targeted-by-libyan-based-traffickers)). Dadka qorta ayaa qaxootiga dhallinyarada ah kala xiriira WhatsApp iyo TikTok, sida ay isla warbixintaasi sheegtay. ## Immisa ayuu ku kacaa tahriibku, waa maxayse magafe? Inta badan dadka sahanka Heritage waxay sheegeen in gaaridda Yurub ay ku kacdo US$10,000 ilaa US$20,000 ([Heritage Institute, 2018](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Shabakadaha muhaajiriinta Liibiya geeya, kadibna waalidiinta ka dalba madax-furasho, waxaa la yiraahdaa *magafe*. Madax-furashadoodu kama dooddo, sida daraasaddu sheegtay. Qoysasku waxay lacagta ku bixiyaan iibinta waxay haystaan: - **Burco, 2017-18:** hooyo ayaa iibisay dhulkeedii si ay u bixiso US$8,000 oo madax-furasho ah oo loo dalbaday gabadheeda 17 jirka ah ee Liibiya ku jirtay ([Radio Ergo, Nofembar 2018](https://radioergo.org/en/2018/11/20/stripped-of-the-last-coin-by-smugglers-affected-families-in-somaliland-now-reduced-to-beggars/)). - **Burco, 2017-18:** aabbe ayaa iibiyay gurigiisii si uu uga qayb qaato US$8,500 oo madax-furasho ah oo wiilkiisa loo dalbaday, kadibna waxaa laga dalbaday US$4,000 oo cusub. - **Sheeko sahanka ka mid ah:** aabbe ayaa laga dalbaday US$3,000, mar dambena US$5,000, iyadoo wiilkiisa la garaacayo ([Heritage Institute, 2018](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). - **Kenya, 2025:** qoys ayaa US$10,000 u bixiyay nin dhallinyaro ah, haddana lama sii dayn, sida uu sheegay sarkaal booliis ([ISS Today, 2025](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/young-somali-refugees-targeted-by-libyan-based-traffickers)). Kooxda Magafe ee Liibiya waxay shaqaynaysay tan iyo 2017, sida uu sheegay Institute for Security Studies ([ISS Today, 2025](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/young-somali-refugees-targeted-by-libyan-based-traffickers)). ## Yaa wada shabakadaha tahriibinta? Ilaha waxay sharraxaan shabakado leh doorar kala duwan, ee ma aha hal urur. Sharraxaad kasta oo hoos ku qoran waa tii isha lafteeda. - **Dallaaliin dalka gudihiisa jooga oo marka hore bixiya:** shabakaduhu waxay bixiyaan kharashka safarka ilaa qofku gaaro Suudaan ama Liibiya, kadibna lacagta ayay qoyska ka dalbadaan, inta badanna waxay socotada haystaan iyagoo madax-furasho dalbanaya ilaa la bixiyo, sida ay Heritage Institute sheegtay ([Heritage Institute, 2018, Af-Soomaali](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in xakamaynta xuduudaha oo daciif ah iyo xiriirka taleefan ee shabakadaha dibadda ay ka caawiyeen inay koraan. - **Bixin dib loo dhigay:** daraasaddii UNICEF ee 2016 waxay ogaatay in mukhalasiintu dhallinyarada Puntland iyo Somaliland u bandhigayeen qorshayaal "hadda soco, dambe bixi" ah ([Nimo-Ilhan Ali, Going on Tahriib, 2016](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/reports/going-tahriib)). - **Kuwa Liibiya madax-furasho ku haysta:** shabakadda la yiraahdo *magafe*, oo shaqaynaysay tan iyo 2017 sida uu sheegay Institute for Security Studies, waxay muhaajiriinta ku haysaa Liibiya, waxayna qaxootiga dhallinyarada ah ee Kenya ku soo xiraysaa WhatsApp iyo TikTok ([ISS Today, Sebtembar 2025](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/young-somali-refugees-targeted-by-libyan-based-traffickers)). - **Dallaaliinta dukumentiyada ee Nayroobi:** warbixin 2011 ah oo ay soo saartay Kooxda La-socodka Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya iyo Eritrea ayaa sharraxday *mukalas*, oo ah dallaaliin socdaal oo Islii (Eastleigh) jooga, kuwaas oo baasaboorro, dukumentiyo been abuur ah iyo fiisooyin u iibiya Soomaalida Yurub u socota ([UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea, S/2011/433, Luulyo 2011](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/708002/files/S_2011_433-EN.pdf)). Waxay sheegtay in dallaal ka mid ah uu qaatay US$19,000 oo dammaanad ah oo ay haysay shirkad xawaalad ah, lana bixiyo marka qofku Yurub gaaro, iyo in wakiillada dallaaliintu la xaajoon jireen saraakiisha socdaalka ee xadka Busia. - **Shaqaalaha doonyaha Gacanka Cadmeed:** 2012 Khabiirka Madaxa-bannaan ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Soomaaliya ayaa sheegay in mukhalasiin saarnaa doon Yaman u socotay la sheegay inay 22 rakaab ah badda ku tuureen kadib markii mishiinku xumaaday ([UN News, 14 Febraayo 2012](https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/02/403262)). **Xukunno.** Oktoobar 2017 maxkamad ku taal Milan ayaa xabsi daa'in ku xukuntay Osman Matammud, muwaadin Soomaaliyeed oo 22 jir ah, dil, afduub madax-furasho iyo xadgudub galmo oo uu u geystay muhaajiriin ku jiray xero ku taal Bani Walid, Liibiya ([Libyan Express, 10 Oktoobar 2017](https://www.libyanexpress.com/italian-court-sentences-to-life-somalian-human-trafficking-lord/)). 17 markhaati ayaa ka marag kacay. Abriil 2015 maxkamad ku taal Sicily ayaa xukuntay 20 Soomaali ah oo wadi jiray shabakad muhaajiriin ka keeni jirtay Kenya iyo Soomaaliya ilaa Talyaaniga, una sii gudbin jirtay waqooyiga Yurub, gaar ahaan Iswiidhan ([Maritime Executive, 30 Abriil 2015](https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/20-somalis-convicted-for-human-trafficking)). ## Xaggee ku dambeeyeen dadkii tahriibay? Sahanka Heritage, 54 boqolkiiba dadka qaraabadoodu tageen waxay sheegeen in qaraabadaasi Yurub aadeen ([Heritage Institute, 2018](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). 19 boqolkiiba kale waxay aadeen Sacuudi Carabiya, 15 boqolkiiba Koonfur Afrika, 7 boqolkiibana Mareykanka. Talyaanigu wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 6,698 Soomaali ah oo badda ka yimid Jannaayo ilaa Oktoobar 2016, waxayna ka yaraayeen 11,020-kii isla bilahaas 2015 ([IOM, Nofembar 2016](https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-reach-345440-deaths-sea-4655)). IOM waxay Badda Dhexe ku tirisay 4,655 dhimasho 2016 ilaa 20 Nofembar, dhammaan dalalka. ## Soomaaliya ma dib uga soo celisaa dadka Liibiya? Haa, iyadoo maalgelin ka helaysa Midowga Yurub (EU) iyo IOM. Sebtembar 2025, 184 Soomaali ah oo Liibiya ku xayirnaa ayaa diyaarad loogu soo celiyay dalka: 152 Muqdisho, 32-na Hargeysa ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-evacuates-184-citizens-stranded-in-libya-amid-difficult-conditions/)). 2 Luulyo 2026, 129 kale ayaa dalka soo gaaray, 19 ka mid ah Hargeysa ([Dawan Africa, Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-repatriates-129-citizens-from-libya)). Taasi waxay wadarta 2026 ka dhigtay ku dhawaad 500. Mid ka mid ah dadkii soo laabtay ayaa sheegay inuu shan bilood ku jiray dhowr xarumood oo dadka lagu xiro. ## Sidee bay u shaqaysaa waddada koonfureed ee Koonfur Afrika? Dadku dhulka ayay maraan, ama badda ayay ku tagaan Musambiig, kadibna waddada. Muhaajiriinta Itoobiyaanka iyo Soomaalida ah waxay sii maraan Kenya, Tansaaniya, Malaawi, Musambiig, Saambiya iyo Simbaabwe ([ENACT, Maajo 2018](https://issafrica.org/enactafrica/research/trend-reports/africas-southern-bound-migrants)). - **Tirada:** qiyaastii 13,400 ilaa 14,050 Itoobiyaan iyo Soomaali ah ayaa safarkan galay 2017 ([ENACT, 2018](https://issafrica.org/enactafrica/research/trend-reports/africas-southern-bound-migrants)). - **Qiimaha:** mukhalasiintu waxay safarkiiba qaadan jireen qiyaastii US$2,500 ilaa US$5,000, sida ay isla warbixintu sheegtay. - **Mukhalasiinta:** 97 boqolkiiba Itoobiyaanka iyo Soomaalida lagu wareystay Koonfur Afrika 2014-16 waxay isticmaaleen mukhalasiin. - **Dhimashada:** Desembar 2017, meydadka 13 muhaajiriin Soomaaliyeed ah oo u badan inay neef la'aan ugu dhinteen gaari xamuul oo konteenar ah ayaa laga helay Musambiig. Dhallinyaro badan oo Kismaayo ah ayaa aada Angola, Koonfur Afrika iyo Musambiig, qaarna waxay u sii gudbaan Mareykanka ama Yurub ([Heritage Institute, 2018](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Isla sahankaas wuxuu gaaridda Koonfur Afrika ku qiyaasay US$2,000 ilaa US$3,000. Magaalooyinka Kenya u dhow, sida Kismaayo, ayaa koonfurta u dira dad ka badan. ## Yaa diyaarad ku baxay? Dadka haysta fiise, deeq waxbarasho ama boos dib u dejin qaxooti. Mareykanku wuxuu bilaabay inuu fiise siiyo qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed 1992 ([MNopedia](https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota)). Qaar kale ayaa markii dambe ku biiray qaraabadooda, iyagoo qoysku ka dammaanad qaaday, sida ay isla ishaasi sheegtay. - **Soomaali Bantu:** qoysaskii ugu horreeyay waxay Kenya uga duuleen Mareykanka Maajo 2003; ilaa 12,000 ayaa la qorsheeyay ([Smithsonian, 2004](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/coming-to-america-107358405/)). - **Bartamihii 2000-meeyadii:** Mareykanku wuxuu sannadkii qaatay qiyaastii 10,000 Soomaali ah, qaar badan oo ku yimid barnaamijkiisa isku-keenidda qoysaska, oo loo yaqaan P-3 ([PBS Frontline, 2015](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/for-some-refugees-safe-haven-now-depends-on-a-dna-test)). - **Turkiga:** deeqaha waxbarasho ee Turkiga ayaa qaar u noqday waddo Yurub loo maro, sida ay daraasadda Heritage sheegtay ([Heritage Institute, 2018](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). ## Maxaa ku dhacay isku-keenidda qoysaska 2008 kadib? Horraantii 2008, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka waxay Nayroobi baaritaan DNA ku samaysay 476 codsade oo isku-keenidda qoysaska ah ([PBS Frontline, 2015](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/for-some-refugees-safe-haven-now-depends-on-a-dna-test)). 16 boqolkiiba oo keliya ayaa la mid noqday qaraabada ay qoreen oo dhan; 39 boqolkiiba ugu yaraan hal qof kuma aysan beegmin; 45 boqolkiibana way diideen ama ma iman. Mas'uuliyiintu barnaamijka waxay hakiyeen in ka badan afar sannadood. Wuxuu dib u furmay 2012, iyadoo baaritaanka DNA lagu xiray xiriirka waalidka iyo ilmaha ([Frontline, 2015](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/for-some-refugees-safe-haven-now-depends-on-a-dna-test)). Dadka dhaleeceeyay waxay sheegeen in hal natiijo khaldan ay calaamadin karto qoys dhan, iyo in diidmadu aysan caddayn khiyaano. ## Yaa dib loo celiyay? - **Sacuudi Carabiya, 2014:** mas'uuliyiinta Sacuudiga waxay Muqdisho u tarxiileen 12,332 Soomaali ah intii u dhexeysay 1 Jannaayo iyo 3 Febraayo 2014 ([HRW, 18 Febraayo 2014](https://hrw.org/news/2014/02/18/saudi-arabia-12000-somalis-expelled)). Midkoodna ma codsan karin magangalyo, dadkii la tarxiilayna waxay sheegeen garaac ka dhacay meelihii lagu hayay. - **Mareykanka:** qiyaastii 275 Soomaali ah ayaa la tarxiilay 2017, 84 kalena waxay ku yimaadeen laba duulimaad Juun 2018 ([VOA, 29 Juun 2018](https://www.voanews.com/a/us-deports-somalis-to-home-country/4460771.html)). - **Kenya, 2007-09:** Human Rights Watch waxay aaminsanayd in boqollaal, laga yaabo kumanaan, dib loo celiyay markii xadka la xiray kadib ([HRW, 2009](https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/30/horror-hopelessness/kenyas-forgotten-somali-refugee-crisis)). ## Immisa ayaa iskood u soo laabtay? Kenya, Soomaaliya iyo UNHCR waxay 10 Nofembar 2013 saxiixeen heshiis ku saabsan soo laabashada mutadawacnimada ah ([The Star, Kenya, 2019](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-11-23-300000-somali-refugees-repatriated-from-kenya-since-2014-ruto/)). Tirooyinku way kala duwan yihiin: - **Dowladda Kenya:** qiyaastii 300,000 Soomaali ah ayaa Kenya ka soo laabtay tan iyo Desembar 2014, sida uu sheegay Ku-xigeenka Madaxweynaha William Ruto ([The Star](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-11-23-300000-somali-refugees-repatriated-from-kenya-since-2014-ruto/)). - **UNHCR:** 85,904 qof oo Kenya ka soo laabtay, iyo 141,673 qaxooti oo soo laabtay guud ahaan tan iyo Desembar 2014 ([UNHCR dashboard, Nofembar 2025](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf)). Itoobiya, in ka badan 230,000 qof ayaa ka soo laabtay waqooyi-galbeed intii u dhexeysay Abriil 1997 iyo Luulyo 2004 ([UN News, 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). Yaman, 53,515 ayaa ka soo laabtay tan iyo Desembar 2014 ([UNHCR, Nofembar 2025](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi) - [Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) (Ingiriisi) - [Jabuuti](/en/diaspora/djibouti/) (Ingiriisi) - [Sacuudi Carabiya](/en/diaspora/saudi-arabia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Koonfur Afrika](/en/diaspora/south-africa/) (Ingiriisi) - [Turkiga](/en/diaspora/turkiye/) (Ingiriisi) - [Calanka la siday tan iyo 1895](/so/history/carried-the-banner-since-1895/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UNHCR. "Refugees from Somalia", Horn of Africa situation data portal, xog ilaa 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. Human Rights Watch. "From Horror to Hopelessness". HRW, 30 Maarso 2009. https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/30/horror-hopelessness/kenyas-forgotten-somali-refugee-crisis. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. UN News. "Once world's largest refugee camp in Ethiopia now closed". Qaramada Midoobay, 1 Luulyo 2004. https://news.un.org/en/node/108122. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 1990: Somalia". HRW, 1991. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. Human Rights Watch. "Hostile Shores: Abuse and Refoulement of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Yemen". HRW, 20 Desembar 2009. https://www.hrw.org/en/node/87224/section/9. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. Nimo-Ilhan Ali (Rift Valley Institute). "Going on Tahriib: The causes and consequences of Somali youth migration to Europe". UNICEF Soomaaliya, Juun 2016. https://www.unicef.org/somalia/reports/going-tahriib. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. Ciara Aucoin iyo Edwin Hlase. "Africa's southern-bound migrants". ENACT, Institute for Security Studies, 31 Maajo 2018. https://issafrica.org/enactafrica/research/trend-reports/africas-southern-bound-migrants. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. UNHCR. "Dadaab, world's biggest refugee camp, 20 years old". War-saxaafadeed UNHCR, 2012. https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/unhcr-fn-s-flykting-kommissarie/news/dadaab-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-20-years-old-36270. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Eastleigh Voice. "More Ethiopians than Somalis migrating irregularly to Kenya, IOM report reveals". https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/international%20organisation%20for%20migration/159759/more-ethiopians-than-somalis-migrating-irregularly-to-kenya-iom-report-reveals. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. Derek Nurse. Dib u eegista warbixinta Joint Fact-Finding Mission 2000 ee Bajuunta. Memorial University. https://mun.ca/faculty/dnurse/Refugees/Review_2000_JFFM_Report.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Smithsonian Magazine. "Coming to America". Smithsonian, Jannaayo 2004. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/coming-to-america-107358405/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. UNHCR Itoobiya. "Somali Refugees in Ethiopia: Melkadida and Jijiga, Situational Update". UNHCR, Febraayo 2020. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/74686. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. UNHCR Itoobiya. "Dollo Ado Bi-Weekly Update". UNHCR, 9 Oktoobar 2011. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/31151. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. Mahad Wasuge. "Tahriibka Dhalinyarada Soomaaliya". Heritage Institute for Policy Studies, Muqdisho, 2018. https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. IOM. "Journey from Africa to Yemen remains world's busiest maritime migration route". IOM, 14 Febraayo 2020. https://www.iom.int/news/journey-africa-yemen-remains-worlds-busiest-maritime-migration-route. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. Al Jazeera. "At least 49 dead, 140 missing in migrant boat sinking off Yemen: UN". Al Jazeera, 11 Juun 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/11/dozens-dead-missing-in-migrant-boat-sin-king-off-yemen-un. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. IOM. "49 migrants dead, 140 missing in shipwreck off Yemen coast". IOM, 11 Juun 2024. https://www.iom.int/news/49-migrants-dead-140-missing-shipwreck-yemen-coast. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. Rift Valley Institute. "Peer pressure drives Somalis to risk Europe odyssey". RVI, 21 Juun 2018. https://riftvalley.net/news/horn-of-africa/peer-pressure-drives-somalis-risk-europe-odyssey/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. Mixed Migration Centre. "The Role of Smugglers in East Africans' Mixed Migration to Libya via Sudan", 4Mi snapshot. MMC, Febraayo 2020. https://mixedmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/091_snapshot_NA.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. Valtino Omolo iyo Willis Okumu. "Young Somali refugees targeted by Libyan-based traffickers". ISS Today, 3 Sebtembar 2025. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/young-somali-refugees-targeted-by-libyan-based-traffickers. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Radio Ergo. "Stripped of the last coin by smugglers, affected families in Somaliland now reduced to beggars". Radio Ergo, 20 Nofembar 2018. https://radioergo.org/en/2018/11/20/stripped-of-the-last-coin-by-smugglers-affected-families-in-somaliland-now-reduced-to-beggars/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. IOM. "Mediterranean migrant arrivals reach 345,440; deaths at sea: 4,655". IOM, 22 Nofembar 2016. https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-reach-345440-deaths-sea-4655. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga, Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. "Somalia evacuates 184 citizens stranded in Libya amid difficult conditions". 2025. https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-evacuates-184-citizens-stranded-in-libya-amid-difficult-conditions/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. Dawan Africa. "Somalia repatriates 129 citizens from Libya". Dawan, 2 Luulyo 2026. https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-repatriates-129-citizens-from-libya. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. Minnesota Historical Society. "Somali and Somali American Experiences in Minnesota". MNopedia. https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 26. Katie Worth. "For some refugees, safe haven now depends on a DNA test". PBS Frontline, 19 Oktoobar 2015. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/for-some-refugees-safe-haven-now-depends-on-a-dna-test. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 27. Human Rights Watch. "Saudi Arabia: 12,000 Somalis Expelled". HRW, 18 Febraayo 2014. https://hrw.org/news/2014/02/18/saudi-arabia-12000-somalis-expelled. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 28. Voice of America. "US Deports 84 Somalis to Home Country". VOA, 29 Juun 2018. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-deports-somalis-to-home-country/4460771.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 29. The Star (Kenya). "300,000 Somali refugees repatriated from Kenya since 2014, Ruto". The Star, 2019. https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-11-23-300000-somali-refugees-repatriated-from-kenya-since-2014-ruto/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 30. UNHCR Soomaaliya. "Population Dashboard, November 2025", ecoi.net. https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2135144/UNHCR+Somalia+Population+Dashboard+-+Nov+2025.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 31. UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea. Warbixinta S/2011/433, 18 Luulyo 2011. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/708002/files/S_2011_433-EN.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 32. UN News. "Smuggling and trafficking of Somalis must stop, UN human rights expert says". 14 Febraayo 2012. https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/02/403262. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 33. Libyan Express. "Italian court sentences to life Somalian human trafficking lord". 10 Oktoobar 2017. https://www.libyanexpress.com/italian-court-sentences-to-life-somalian-human-trafficking-lord/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 34. Maritime Executive. "20 Somalis Convicted for Human Trafficking". 30 Abriil 2015. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/20-somalis-convicted-for-human-trafficking. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Xeryaha qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed: meesha ay ku yaallaan iyo sida nolosha loogu nool yahay Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/refugee-camps/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qiyaastii 438,964 qof ayaa ku noolaa xeryaha Dhadhaab ee Kenya 31 Oktoobar 2026, 96.8% iyaga ka mid ahna waxay ka yimaadeen Soomaaliya. Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya wuxuu haystay 367,369 qaxooti oo kale oo ku jira sagaal xero iyo goob, xero yaryarna waxay ku yaallaan Jabuuti, Yaman iyo Uganda. Xeryaha qaar waxay jiraan in ka badan 35 sano, carruurta iyo carruurtooda carruurna halkaas ayay ku dhasheen. ## Xeryaha Kenya: Dhadhaab iyo Kakuma Kenya ayaa leh tirada ugu badan ee Soomaalida ku nool xeryaha. Xeryaha Dhadhaab, oo u dhow xuduudda Soomaaliya, waxaa la furay 1991, waxayna haysteen 438,964 qof 31 Oktoobar 2026 ([UNHCR Operational Data Portal, Garissa, 31 Okt 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/794)). Kakuma, oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeedka Kenya, waxaa ku nool koox Soomaali ah oo ka yar ([UNHCR Operational Data Portal, Turkana, 31 Okt 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/796)). Taariikhda xero kasta, xeryihii xeebta, waxbarashada, xeerarka shaqada, Qorshaha Shirika iyo kiisaska maxkamadda waxay ku jiraan [Dhadhaab iyo xeryaha qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ee Kenya](/so/diaspora/dadaab-and-kenya-camps/). ## Xaggee ku yaallaan xeryaha qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed maanta? Inta badan qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ee xeryaha jooga waxay ku nool yihiin Kenya iyo Itoobiya. Xeryaha Dhadhaab (Dadaab) ee Kenya waxay haysteen 438,964 qof 31 Oktoobar 2026, 425,008 ka mid ahna waxay ka yimaadeen Soomaaliya ([UNHCR Operational Data Portal, Garissa, 31 Oktoobar 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/794)). Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya wuxuu isla taariikhdaas haystay 367,369 qaxooti ([UNHCR Operational Data Portal, Ethiopia, 31 Oktoobar 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/eth)). Kooxo yaryar ayaa ku nool xeryo ama magaalooyin ku yaal Jabuuti, Yaman iyo Uganda. Jabuuti waxay tirisay 13,905 qaxooti iyo magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid, 31 Agoosto 2026 ([UNHCR ODP, Djibouti](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/dji)). Yaman waxay tirisay 41,171 ([UNHCR ODP, Yemen, 31 Agoosto 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/yem)), Uganda-na 55,048 ([UNHCR ODP, Uganda, 31 Oktoobar 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/uga)). ## Waa maxay Hartasheekh? Hartasheekh (Hartisheikh) waxay ku tiil bariga Itoobiya, meel u dhow Kabribayax ([ODI iyo DRC, Oktoobar 2020](https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/somali_regional_report_2018-2019_refugee_and_host_community_context_analysis.pdf)). Qaxootigu waxay yimaadeen 1988, kadib burburkii Hargeysa (isla ishaas). Baaxaddeeda si kala duwan ayaa loo sheegay: - **ODI, oo soo xigtay Van Brabant (1994):** 400,000 qof sannadkii 1988, muddo ayayna ahayd xerada qaxooti ee ugu weyn adduunka ([ODI, 2020](https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/somali_regional_report_2018-2019_refugee_and_host_community_context_analysis.pdf)). - **UN News, 2004:** in ka badan 250,000 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed markii ay ugu badnayd ([UN News, 1 Luulyo 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). Inta badan waxay ka yimaadeen agagaarka Gabiley iyo Hargeysa ([UN News, 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). In ka badan 230,000 ayaa gurigooda ku laabtay iyagoo raacaya kolonyada UNHCR laga bilaabo Abriil 1997 (isla ishaas). Kolonyadii ugu dambeysay waxay ka ambabaxday 30 Juun 2004, waxayna sidday 719 qof ([UN News, 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). UNHCR waxay biyo-xireenkeeda, iskuulladeeda iyo xarumaha caafimaadka ku wareejisay degmada deegaanka (isla ishaas). ## Xeryaha Doolo Addo ee Itoobiya: goormay furmeen? Aagga Melkadida, oo ku yaal Deegaanka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, wuxuu leeyahay shan xero oo loogu talagalay qaxootiga koonfurta Soomaaliya ([UNHCR, Melkadida and Jijiga update, 2020](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/74686)). Dadkii ugu badnaa waxay yimaadeen 2011, xilli abaar daran iyo amni darro ay jirtay (isla ishaas). Dadka 31 Oktoobar 2026, sida ku cad [UNHCR ODP, Ethiopia](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/eth): - **Bokolmanyo:** 33,636. Waxay furantay horraantii 2009 ([Refugee Economies, Oxford](https://www.refugee-economies.org/assets/downloads/Report_Refugee_Economies_in_Dollo_Ado.pdf)). - **Melkadida:** 44,688. Waxay furantay 2010 (isla ishaas). - **Kobe:** 37,163. Waxay furantay 2011 (isla ishaas). - **Hilaweyn:** 53,160. Waxay furantay 2011 (isla ishaas). - **Buramino:** 50,004. Waxay furantay 2011 (isla ishaas). Shanta xero waxay haysteen 206,300 qaxooti 31 Maajo 2015 ([UNHCR Dollo Ado infographic, 31 Maajo 2015](https://data.unhcr.org/fr/documents/download/32074)). Inta badan waxay ka yimaadeen Gedo, Bay, Bakool iyo Banaadir (isla ishaas). 2019, 23,638 carruur ah ayaa dhiganayay dugsiga hoose ee Melkadida, 2,878 arday-na dugsiga sare ([UNHCR, 2020](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/74686)). Celceliska heerka diiwaangelinta guud wuxuu ahaa 59% Juun 2019 (isla ishaas). ## Waa maxay Bokh, goobta ugu cusub? Laga bilaabo 6 Febraayo 2023, qaxooti ka cararaya dagaalka Laascaanood ayaa u gudbay aagga Doolo ee Itoobiya ([UN News, Abriil 2023](https://news.un.org/en/node/1135507)). Hay'adda Qaxootiga iyo Dadka Soo Laabtay ee Itoobiya iyo UNHCR waxay degmada Bokh ka fureen degsiimada Mirqaan (isla ishaas). 31 Oktoobar 2026, Bokh waxay haysatay 91,448 qaxooti ([UNHCR ODP, Ethiopia](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/eth)). ## Xeryaha Jigjiga ee Itoobiya: Kabribayax, Sheder iyo Aw Barre In ka badan 600,000 qaxooti oo Soomaaliya ka yimid ayaa yimid agagaarka Jigjiga 1989 iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii ([UNHCR, 2020](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/74686)). Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, halkaas waxaa ku yiillay sagaal xero ([ODI, 2020](https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/somali_regional_report_2018-2019_refugee_and_host_community_context_analysis.pdf)). Dadka 31 Oktoobar 2026, sida ku cad [UNHCR ODP, Ethiopia](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/eth): - **Kabribayax (Kebribeyah):** 22,814. Waa tan keliya ee weli furan sagaalkii xero ee hore ([ODI, 2020](https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/somali_regional_report_2018-2019_refugee_and_host_community_context_analysis.pdf)). - **Aw Barre:** 18,569. Waxay taal meeshii ay xerada Teferi Ber ku tiil ilaa 2001 (isla ishaas). - **Sheder:** 15,887. ODI waxay ku tilmaantay tan ugu miyiga badan saddexda (isla ishaas). ## Qaxootiga Itoobiya ma shaqayn karaan? Xeerka Qaxootiga Itoobiya Lr. 1110/2019 (Refugee Proclamation) wuxuu qaxootiga siinayaa xaq ay ku shaqeeyaan, sida ajaanibta kale ([Abyssinia Law](https://abyssinialaw.com/blog/refugee-proclamation-no-1110-2019-the-right-to-work-of-refugees-is-it-possible-to-implement)). Shaqooyin badan waxaa loo xilay muwaadiniinta, taasoo xaqaas ku xaddidaysa dhaqan ahaan (isla ishaas). ## Jabuuti: Cali Adde iyo Xol-Xol Cali Adde (Ali Addeh) waxay furantay 1991, waxaana loogu talagalay qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed, iyadoo loo qorsheeyay wax ka yar 7,000 qof ([UNHCR ODP news, 2012](https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/9813)). 2012 waxay haysatay 17,060 qaxooti, 16,396 ka mid ah Soomaali (isla ishaas). Biyaha la helayay waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii 5 litir qofkiiba maalintii (isla ishaas). 1999, qiyaastii 11,000 qaxooti ayaa ku noolaa Cali Adde, 10,000-na Xol-Xol (Holl-Holl) ([UNHCR Global Appeal 1999, Djibouti](https://www.unhcr.org/node/2103)). Xol-Xol waxaa la xiray bartamihii 2000-meeyadii, waxayna dib u furantay 4 Juun 2012 ([UNHCR ODP news, 2012](https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/9813)). Sannad-dugsiyeedkeedii ugu horreeyay wuxuu bilowday 11 Sebtembar 2012, iyadoo ay joogeen qiyaastii 310 arday (isla ishaas). Sharciga qaxootiga Jabuuti iyo laba wareegto oo 2017 ah waxay dhaqan galeen Desembar 2017 ([UNHCR, Desembar 2017](https://www.unhcr.org/au/node/17363)). Waxay khuseeyaan shaqada, waxbarashada iyo caafimaadka. 31 Agoosto 2026, gobolka Cali Sabiix, oo Xol-Xol ku taal, wuxuu martigeliyay 25,502 qaxooti iyo magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR ODP, Djibouti](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/dji)). ## Yaman: xerada Kharaz Kharaz waxay furantay 2001, waxayna ku taal gobolka Laxij (Lahj), waana xerada qaxooti ee keliya ee Yaman ([UNHCR Yemen, Kharaz, 2024](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/109072)). 2024 waxay haysatay ku dhawaad 10,000 qof oo ka yimid Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya (isla ishaas). Agoosto 2010 waxay haysatay qiyaastii 14,000 ([IRIN via GlobalSecurity, Sebtembar 2010](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2010/09/mil-100921-irin02.htm)). 31 Agoosto 2026, gobolka Laxij wuxuu martigeliyay 10,680 qaxooti iyo magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR ODP, Yemen](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/yem)). Inta badan 41,171-ka Soomaali ee Yaman waxay ku noolaayeen magaalooyin sida Cadan iyo Sanca (isla ishaas). ## Uganda: Nakivale iyo Kambaala Uganda qaxootiga kuma hayso xeryo xiran. Sharcigeeda Qaxootiga ee 2006 wuxuu bixiyaa xorriyadda socodka, xaqa shaqada iyo dhul yaryar oo degsiimooyinka ku yaal ([UNHCR Uganda briefing kit, Agoosto 2026](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/124868)). Nakivale waxay furantay 1958, waana degsiimada qaxooti ee ugu da'da weyn Afrika ([Omata, Forced Migration Review](https://www.fmreview.org/sites/default/files/FMRdownloads/en/omata.pdf)). Inta badan qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ee Uganda waxay ku nool yihiin Kisenyi, Kambaala, oo loo yaqaan "Muqdisho Yar" (isla ishaas). Ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ee Nakivale alaab ayay ka soo dalbadaan ganacsato Soomaali-Ugandan ah oo Kambaala jooga (isla ishaas). Sahan ay samaysay Oxford, 29% Soomaalida Nakivale waxay sheegeen inay degsiimada ka baxeen sannadkii hore ([Refugee Economies brief, Uganda](https://www.refugee-economies.org/assets/downloads/Brief_Uganda_Self_Reliance.pdf)). ## Maxay aqoonyahannadu ka qoreen nolosha xeryaha? - **Cindy Horst,** *Transnational Nomads* (Berghahn, 2006), oo ku saabsan sida Soomaalida Dhadhaab u isticmaalaan shabakadaha, xawaaladaha iyo rajada dib u dejinta ([PRIO](https://www.prio.org/publications/324)). - **Ben Rawlence,** *City of Thorns* (Picador, 2016), oo raacaya sagaal qof oo Dhadhaab deggan ([Kirkus](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-rawlence/city-of-thorns/)). - **Jennifer Hyndman,** *Managing Displacement* (University of Minnesota Press, 2000), oo ka dhashay shaqo ay la qabatay hay'adaha Kenya iyo Soomaaliya ([York University](https://jhyndman.info.yorku.ca/managing-displacement-refugees-and-the-politics-of-humanitarianism/)). - **Catherine-Lune Grayson,** *Children of the Camp* (Berghahn, 2017), oo ku saabsan dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee ku koray Kakuma ([Berghahn](https://berghahnbooks.com/title/GraysonChildren)). ## Maxaa kale oo la soo sheegay? - **Baaxadda Hartasheekh:** VOA waxay Oktoobar 2003 sheegtay in Hartasheekh mar ay ku noolaayeen 600,000 Soomaali ah ([VOA, 24 Oktoobar 2003](https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-10-24-19-unhcr-66834857/374964.html)). Qoraallo UNHCR ayaa sheegaya in qiyaastii 600,000 Soomaali ah ay guud ahaan gaareen Itoobiya, qiyaastii 220,000 oo ka mid ahna ay degeen Hartasheekh ([UNHCR Refugees Magazine 105](https://www.unhcr.org/node/1938)), halka war-saxaafadeed UNHCR oo xiritaanka ku saabsan uu sheegay in markii ugu badnayd ay ahaayeen in ka badan 250,000. Tirooyinka dhinac dhinac ayaa loo dhigay. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Dhadhaab iyo xeryaha qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ee Kenya](/so/diaspora/dadaab-and-kenya-camps/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi) - [Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Jabuuti](/en/diaspora/djibouti/) (Ingiriisi) - [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) (Ingiriisi) - [Barakaca gudaha](/en/society/internal-displacement/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Garissa (Dadaab), 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/794. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Kenya, 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Turkana (Kakuma, Kalobeyei), 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/796. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Ethiopia, 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/eth. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Djibouti, 31 Agoosto 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/dji. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Yemen, 31 Agoosto 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/yem. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Uganda, 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/uga. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. UNHCR Ethiopia. Somali refugees in Ethiopia: Melkadida and Jijiga situational update, 2020. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/74686. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. UNHCR Ethiopia. Dollo Ado refugee camps population, 31 Maajo 2015. https://data.unhcr.org/fr/documents/download/32074. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. Carver, F., Gedi, A. A. and Naish, D. Somali regional report 2018–2019. ODI and DRC, Oktoobar 2020. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/somali_regional_report_2018-2019_refugee_and_host_community_context_analysis.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. UN News. Once world's largest refugee camp in Ethiopia now closed, 1 Luulyo 2004. https://news.un.org/en/node/108122. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. UN News. New settlement opens for latest Somali refugees in Ethiopia, Abriil 2023. https://news.un.org/en/node/1135507. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. Betts, A. et al. Refugee Economies in Dollo Ado. University of Oxford. https://www.refugee-economies.org/assets/downloads/Report_Refugee_Economies_in_Dollo_Ado.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. Abyssinia Law. Refugee Proclamation No. 1110/2019: the right to work of refugees. https://abyssinialaw.com/blog/refugee-proclamation-no-1110-2019-the-right-to-work-of-refugees-is-it-possible-to-implement. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. UNHCR. Holl-Holl: a new camp intended for Somali refugees, 2012. https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/9813. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. UNHCR. Global Appeal 1999: Djibouti. https://www.unhcr.org/node/2103. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. UNHCR. UNHCR welcomes Djibouti's new refugee laws, Desembar 2017. https://www.unhcr.org/au/node/17363. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. UNHCR Yemen. Kharaz refugee camp, 2 Juun 2024. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/109072. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. IRIN, via GlobalSecurity. Yemen: Kharaz camp, Sebtembar 2010. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2010/09/mil-100921-irin02.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. UNHCR Uganda. Uganda Refugee Response inter-agency coordination briefing kit, Agoosto 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/124868. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Omata, N. Forced Migration Review article on Somali refugees in Uganda. https://www.fmreview.org/sites/default/files/FMRdownloads/en/omata.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. Refugee Economies Programme. Uganda self-reliance brief. University of Oxford. https://www.refugee-economies.org/assets/downloads/Brief_Uganda_Self_Reliance.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. Horst, C. Transnational Nomads. Berghahn, 2006. PRIO record. https://www.prio.org/publications/324. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. Rawlence, B. City of Thorns. Picador, 2016. Kirkus review. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-rawlence/city-of-thorns/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. Hyndman, J. Managing Displacement. University of Minnesota Press, 2000. https://jhyndman.info.yorku.ca/managing-displacement-refugees-and-the-politics-of-humanitarianism/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 26. Grayson, C.-L. Children of the Camp. Berghahn, 2017. https://berghahnbooks.com/title/GraysonChildren. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 27. Voice of America. UNHCR oo xiraysa xerada Hartasheekh. 24 Oktoobar 2003. https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-10-24-19-unhcr-66834857/374964.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 28. UNHCR. Refugees Magazine, cadadka 105, "A camp is born". https://www.unhcr.org/node/1938. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Dhadhaab iyo xeryaha qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ee Kenya Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/dadaab-and-kenya-camps/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Xeryaha Dhadhaab ee Kenya waxay haysteen 438,964 qof 31 Oktoobar 2026, 425,008 iyaga ka mid ahna waxay ka yimaadeen Soomaaliya. Dhadhaab waxaa la furay 1991, dad badan oo ku nool halkaas ayaana ku dhashay. Kenya waxay sidoo kale Soomaali ku haysataa Kakuma iyo Nairobi. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool xeryaha iyo magaalooyinka Kenya? 31 Oktoobar 2026, Kenya waxay martigelisay 334,733 qaxooti iyo 156,636 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid ([UNHCR ODP, Kenya](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken)). Soomaalidu waxay ahaayeen 51.5% dhammaan qaxootiga Kenya iyo 65.9% dhammaan magangalyo-doonka (isla ishaas). Inta badan waxay ku nool yihiin Dhadhaab, oo ku taal Degmada (County) Gaarisa. 41,080 Soomaali ah oo kale ayaa ku noolaa Degmada Turkana, halkaas oo Kakuma ku taal ([UNHCR ODP, Turkana](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/796)). Nayroobi, 25,281 qaxooti iyo magangalyo-doon ayaa Soomaaliya ka yimid ([UNHCR ODP, Nairobi](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/187)). ## Dhadhaab: goormay furantay, intee bayse le'ekaatay? Dhadhaab waxay xadka Soomaaliya u jirtaa qiyaastii 100 km ([UNFPA, 4 Oktoobar 2011](https://unfpa.org/news/no-direction-home-generation-shaped-life-dadaab)). Waxaa la sameeyay 1991, waxaana loogu talagalay dadka ka cararaya dagaalka Soomaaliya ([Al Jazeera Liberties, 18 Maajo 2026](https://liberties.aljazeera.com/en/a-city-born-of-crisis-how-dadaab-one-of-the-largest-and-oldest-refugee-settlements-on-earth-faces-an-uncertain-future-amid-funding-collapse-political-ambition-and-fragile-hope/)). Buugga Ben Rawlence wuxuu dadka joogtada ah ee xerada ka bilaabay 1992 ([Kirkus, dib u eegista City of Thorns, 2016](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-rawlence/city-of-thorns/)). Dhadhaab waxaa loo qorsheeyay 90,000 qof ([Ikanda, bpb, 10 Nofembar 2020](https://www.bpb.de/themen/migration-integration/laenderprofile/english-version-country-profiles/318374/the-snake-s-head-mistrust-of-somali-refugees-and-the-encampment-policy-in-kenya)). 2011, qiyaastii 130,000 qof ayaa yimid, iyagoo ka cararaya abaar iyo macaluul ([Al Jazeera Liberties, 2026](https://liberties.aljazeera.com/en/a-city-born-of-crisis-how-dadaab-one-of-the-largest-and-oldest-refugee-settlements-on-earth-faces-an-uncertain-future-amid-funding-collapse-political-ambition-and-fragile-hope/)). Tirada ugu badnayd si kala duwan ayaa loo sheegay: - **UNFPA, Oktoobar 2011:** in ka badan 470,000 qof, xerada qaxooti ee ugu weyneyd adduunka ([UNFPA](https://unfpa.org/news/no-direction-home-generation-shaped-life-dadaab)). - **Al Jazeera, 2026:** in ka badan 500,000 sannadkii 2011 ([Al Jazeera Liberties](https://liberties.aljazeera.com/en/a-city-born-of-crisis-how-dadaab-one-of-the-largest-and-oldest-refugee-settlements-on-earth-faces-an-uncertain-future-amid-funding-collapse-political-ambition-and-fragile-hope/)). - **Ikanda, 2020:** qiyaastii 450,000 bartamihii 2010-meeyadii ([bpb](https://www.bpb.de/themen/migration-integration/laenderprofile/english-version-country-profiles/318374/the-snake-s-head-mistrust-of-somali-refugees-and-the-encampment-policy-in-kenya)). Tirada ugu yarayd ee dhowaan waxay timid markii dad badan iskood u laabteen. Dhammaadkii Maarso 2020, Dhadhaab waxay haysatay 217,511 qaxooti ([bpb, 2020](https://www.bpb.de/themen/migration-integration/laenderprofile/english-version-country-profiles/318374/the-snake-s-head-mistrust-of-somali-refugees-and-the-encampment-policy-in-kenya)). ## Waa maxay xeryaha Dhadhaab, mid mid? Dadka 31 Oktoobar 2026, sida ku cad [UNHCR ODP, Garissa](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/794): - **Hagardheer (Hagadera):** 145,449 qof (33.1% Dhadhaab). - **Dagaxaley (Dagahaley):** 109,154 qof (24.9%). - **Ifo:** 95,398 qof (21.7%). - **Ifo 2:** 88,963 qof (20.3%). - **Kambioos:** tiro gaar ah laguma daabacin bogga. Ifo 2 iyo Kambioos waxaa la sameeyay 2011 si loo qaabilo dadka cusub ([The Star, 10 Jannaayo 2023](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2023-01-10-cs-kindiki-designates-two-more-refugee-camps-in-garissa)). Kambioos waxaa la xiray 2017, Ifo 2-na 2018 ([bpb, 2020](https://www.bpb.de/themen/migration-integration/laenderprofile/english-version-country-profiles/318374/the-snake-s-head-mistrust-of-somali-refugees-and-the-encampment-policy-in-kenya)). UNHCR waxay labada xero ee madhan ku wareejisay dowladda Kenya Juun 2019 ([VOA, 21 Juun 2019](https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_kenya-retakes-control-two-emptied-refugee-camps/6170429.html)). Jannaayo 2023, Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha Kithure Kindiki ayaa Ifo 2 iyo Kambioos mar kale u magacaabay xeryo qaxooti ([The Star, 10 Jannaayo 2023](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2023-01-10-cs-kindiki-designates-two-more-refugee-camps-in-garissa)). Sababta la sheegay waxay ahayd qiyaastii 24,000 qof oo Soomaaliya ka cusub oo ku noolaa hoyal ku-meelgaar ah (isla ishaas). ## Immisa qof ayaa ku dhashay kuna koray Dhadhaab? Xogta da'da ayaa muujinaysa sida ay xeryuhu u yihiin dhallinyaro. 425,008 Soomaali ah oo Dhadhaab joogay 31 Oktoobar 2026, 244,119 waxay ahaayeen carruur ka yar 18 sano ([UNHCR ODP, Garissa, kala qaybinta da'da](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/794)). Carruurtaas, 70,354 waxay ka yaraayeen shan sano (isla ishaas). 2011, UNFPA waxay sheegtay in qiyaastii 60% dadka Dhadhaab ay dhallinyaro ahaayeen ([UNFPA, 2011](https://unfpa.org/news/no-direction-home-generation-shaped-life-dadaab)). Warbixinaha jiilka saddexaad way kala duwan yihiin: - **Nation (Kenya), oo soo xigtay UNHCR:** in ka badan 100,000 qaxooti jiilka labaad ah, iyo qiyaastii 15,000 jiilka saddexaad ah ([Daily Nation](https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/dn2/i-m-not-really-a-somali-yet-i-m-not-kenyan-either-i-think-i-am-more-of-a-dadaabian-1028402)). - **Devex, 2011:** qiyaastii 10,000 qaxooti jiilka saddexaad ah oo waalidkoodna xeryaha ku dhasheen ([Devex](https://www.devex.com/news/dadaab-turns-20-77563)). Gabadh dhallinyaro ah oo ku dhalatay Dagaxaley ayaa 2021 u sheegtay MSF: "Noloshayda oo dhan, Dagaxaley oo keliya ayaan aqaan." Saddexdeeda carruur ahna xerada ayay ku dhasheen ([MSF, 18 Juun 2021](https://www.msf.org.za/news-and-resources/latest-news/return-not-solution-say-refugees-dadaab-after-camp-closure)). Nin dhallinyaro ah oo Ifo ku dhashay qiyaastii 1991 ayaa UNFPA u sheegay in markuu 20 jirsaday uusan weli haysan kaarka aqoonsiga Kenya. "Mararka qaar waxaan is weydiiyaa inaan Soomaali ahay, ama muwaadin Kenyan ah maadaama aan halkan ku dhashay," ayuu yiri ([UNFPA, 2011](https://unfpa.org/news/no-direction-home-generation-shaped-life-dadaab)). ## Carruurtu ma dhigan karaan iskuul Dhadhaab? Febraayo 2024, UNHCR waxay taageertay 45,651 arday oo Dhadhaab ah, 20,042 ka mid ah gabdho ([UNHCR Kenya Operational Update, Febraayo 2024](https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2024-05/UNHCR%20Kenya%20Operational%20Update%20February%202024.pdf)). Waxay wax ku baranayeen 23 dugsi hoose iyo lix dugsi sare (isla ishaas). 2011, qiyaastii 48% carruurta ayaa iskuul ku jiray, Dhadhaabna waxay lahayd hal dugsi sare oo keliya ([UNFPA, 2011](https://unfpa.org/news/no-direction-home-generation-shaped-life-dadaab)). UNHCR waxay qiyaastaa in qiyaastii kala bar qaxootiga Kenya ee da'da iskuulka ay weli iskuul la'yihiin ([UNHCR Kenya, education](https://www.unhcr.org/ke/what-we-do/education)). ## Qaxootiga Kenya ma shaqayn karaan, ma ka bixi karaanse xeryaha? Qaxootigu waxay u baahan yihiin ogolaansho gaar ah si ay xeryaha uga baxaan, shaqaduna way yar tahay ([Al Jazeera Liberties, 2026](https://liberties.aljazeera.com/en/a-city-born-of-crisis-how-dadaab-one-of-the-largest-and-oldest-refugee-settlements-on-earth-faces-an-uncertain-future-amid-funding-collapse-political-ambition-and-fragile-hope/)). Gargaarka cuntadu wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 28% qaybta buuxda bartamihii 2025, gargaarka lacagta caddaanka ahna waa la joojiyay (isla ishaas). Sharciga Qaxootiga Kenya ee 2021 (Refugees Act 2021) waxaa la saxiixay 17 Nofembar 2021, wuxuuna dhaqan galay 21 Febraayo 2022 ([Refugees Act 2021, Judy Legal](https://www.judy.legal/legislation/akn/ke/act/2021/10)). Qodobka 28(5) wuxuu qaxootiga siinayaa xaqa ay u leeyihiin inay shaqeeyaan, ganacsi furtaan ama xirfad ku shaqeeyaan ([HIAS analysis](https://hias.org/wp-content/uploads/kenyas_refugee_act_2021-_opportunities_for_refugee_livelihoods_and_self-reliance_-final_draft31.pdf)). Isla sharcigaas wuxuu sii hayaa "meelo loo qoondeeyay" oo ay qaxootigu ku qasban yihiin inay ku noolaadaan ([Refugees Act 2021, qodobbada 30 ilaa 33](https://www.judy.legal/legislation/akn/ke/act/2021/10)). HIAS waxay xustay in sharcigu uusan waxba ka odhan xorriyadda socodka, uuna sii wado siyaasadda xeryaha ([HIAS](https://hias.org/wp-content/uploads/kenyas_refugee_act_2021-_opportunities_for_refugee_livelihoods_and_self-reliance_-final_draft31.pdf)). ## Waa maxay Qorshaha Shirika ee Kenya? Qorshaha Shirika waxaa la bilaabay Maarso 2025, waana qorshe kow iyo toban sano ah ([Al Jazeera Liberties, 2026](https://liberties.aljazeera.com/en/a-city-born-of-crisis-how-dadaab-one-of-the-largest-and-oldest-refugee-settlements-on-earth-faces-an-uncertain-future-amid-funding-collapse-political-ambition-and-fragile-hope/)). Wuxuu doonayaa in Dhadhaab iyo Kakuma laga dhigo dowladaha hoose (municipalities) oo ay wadaagaan qaxootiga iyo bulshada Kenyanka ee martigelisa (isla ishaas). Miisaaniyaddiisa la qiyaasay waa $943 milyan (isla ishaas). Qorshuhu wuxuu qaxootiga u ballanqaadayaa aqoonsi, ruqsad ganacsi, bangi iyo adeegyo ([AllAfrica, Luulyo 2025](https://allafrica.com/stories/202507080002.html)). Qaxootiga aan ku biirin waxay dooran karaan inay iskood u laabtaan, ama haddii ay nugul yihiin, dib u dejin (isla ishaas). ## Goormay Kenya isku dayday inay xiro xeryaha, maxayse maxkamaduhu yiraahdeen? - **6 Maajo 2016:** Xoghayaha Joogtada ah ee Arrimaha Gudaha Karanja Kibicho ayaa sheegay in Kenya joojinayso martigelinta qaxootiga, ayna kala diraysa Waaxdeeda Arrimaha Qaxootiga ([Human Rights Watch, 6 Maajo 2016](https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/05/06/kenya-ending-refugee-hosting-closing-camps)). Kenya xilligaas waxay martigelisay in ka badan 463,000 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed (isla ishaas). - **9 Febraayo 2017:** Garsooraha Maxkamadda Sare John Mativo ayaa amarka xiritaanka ku xukumay mid aan sharci ahayn oo buray ([Amnesty International, 9 Febraayo 2017](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/kenya-historic-ruling-blocks-closure-of-dadaab-refugee-camp-2/)). Dacwadda waxaa keenay Guddiga Qaranka ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha Kenya iyo Kituo Cha Sheria (isla ishaas). - **Maarso 2021:** Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha Fred Matiang'i ayaa UNHCR siiyay laba toddobaad si ay u keento qorshe xiritaan ([Al Jazeera, 29 Abriil 2021](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2021/4/29/kenya-says-dadaab-kakuma-refugee-camps-to-close-next-year)). - **Abriil 2021:** Maxkamadda Sare waxay soo saartay amar ku-meelgaar ah oo 30 maalmood ah oo hakinaya xiritaanka degdegga ah (isla ishaas). - **29 Abriil 2021:** Kenya waxay sheegtay in Dhadhaab iyo Kakuma labaduba la xiri doono 30 Juun 2022 (isla ishaas). Taariikhdaas lama xirin ([Al Jazeera opinion, 28 Maajo 2022](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/opinions/2022/5/28/refugees-in-kenyas-kakuma-and-dadaab-camps-are-still-in-limbo)). ## Waa maxay xeryihii xeebta Kenya horraantii 1990-meeyadii? Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, Kenya waxay sameysay 17 xero qaxooti; inta badan waxaa la xiray bartamihii 1990-meeyadii ([bpb, 2020](https://www.bpb.de/themen/migration-integration/laenderprofile/english-version-country-profiles/318374/the-snake-s-head-mistrust-of-somali-refugees-and-the-encampment-policy-in-kenya)). Maajo 1994, UNHCR waxay liis gareysay 13 xero, oo ay ku jiraan Utange, Marafa, Jomvu, Hatimy iyo Swaleh Nguru ([Guddiga Socdaalka iyo Qaxootiga Kanada, ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/194780)). - **Swaleh Nguru ("xerada Banaadir"), Mombaasa:** 4,542 qaxooti Banaadiri ah Maajo 1994 (isla ishaas). Weli way shaqaynaysay 1997, kadib markii xiritaannadii 1995 ay keeneen kooxo kale oo Soomaaliyeed (isla ishaas). - **Utange iyo Marafa:** waxaa la xiray 1995, sida ay UNHCR sheegtay (isla ishaas). - **Jomvu iyo Hatimy:** waxaa lagu magacaabay codsigii Kenya ee Juun 1994 ee xiritaanka xeryaha xeebta (isla ishaas). Juun 1994, UNHCR waxaa la sheegay inay xeebta ka raraysay 7,394 qaxooti oo loo qaaday Kakuma, 1,483-na Dhadhaab (isla ishaas). Maarso 1997, waxay bilowday inay 16,704 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed u rarto Kakuma iyo Dhadhaab (AFP, oo isla ishaasi soo xigatay). ## Waa maxay Liibooy? Liibooy (Liboi) waa magaalo Kenya ah oo xadka ku taal. Laga bilaabo dabayaaqadii 1991, qaxootigu halkaas ayay ka gudbi jireen, ama doon ayay ku iman jireen xeebta ([UNHCR evaluation, CORE](https://core.ac.uk/download/46721357.pdf)). Dadka Liibooy ka gudba waa la baari jiray markay yimaadaan, kadibna waxaa loo gudbin jiray xeryaha Dhadhaab (isla ishaas). ## Kakuma: immisa Soomaali ah ayaa halkaas ku nool? Kakuma, oo ku taal Degmada Turkana, waxay furantay 1992 kadib markii ay yimaadeen "Wiilashii Lumay ee Suudaan" (Lost Boys of Sudan) ([UNHCR Kenya, Kakuma](https://www.unhcr.org/ke/node/296)). Degsiimada Isku-dhafan ee Kalobeyei waxaa lagu daray 2016 (isla ishaas). 31 Oktoobar 2026, Kakuma waxay haysatay 240,551 qof, Kalobeyei-na 89,101 ([UNHCR ODP, Turkana](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/796)). Dadka xeryaha degmadaas, 41,080 waxay ka yimaadeen Soomaaliya, oo ah 12.5% wadarta (isla ishaas). Cilmi-yaqaanka bulshada (anthropologist) Catherine-Lune Grayson ayaa daraasad ku samaysay dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee halkaas ku koray ([Berghahn Books, Children of the Camp, 2017](https://berghahnbooks.com/title/GraysonChildren)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Xeryaha qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed](/so/diaspora/refugee-camps/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Garissa (Dadaab), 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/794. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Kenya, 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Turkana (Kakuma, Kalobeyei), 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/796. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. UNHCR. Operational Data Portal: Nairobi, 31 Oktoobar 2026. https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/ken/187. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. The "Benadir" refugee camp, via ecoi.net. https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/194780. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. Ikanda, F. N. The Snake's Head? Mistrust of Somali Refugees and the Encampment Policy in Kenya. bpb, 10 Nofembar 2020. https://www.bpb.de/themen/migration-integration/laenderprofile/english-version-country-profiles/318374/the-snake-s-head-mistrust-of-somali-refugees-and-the-encampment-policy-in-kenya. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. UNHCR. Review of UNHCR's programme in Kenya, via CORE. https://core.ac.uk/download/46721357.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. Amnesty International. Kenya: Historic ruling blocks closure of Dadaab refugee camp, 9 Febraayo 2017. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/kenya-historic-ruling-blocks-closure-of-dadaab-refugee-camp-2/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Human Rights Watch. Kenya: Ending refugee hosting, closing camps, 6 Maajo 2016. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/05/06/kenya-ending-refugee-hosting-closing-camps. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. Al Jazeera. Kenya says Dadaab, Kakuma refugee camps to close next year, 29 Abriil 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2021/4/29/kenya-says-dadaab-kakuma-refugee-camps-to-close-next-year. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Al Jazeera. Refugees in Kenya's Kakuma and Dadaab camps are still in limbo, 28 Maajo 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/opinions/2022/5/28/refugees-in-kenyas-kakuma-and-dadaab-camps-are-still-in-limbo. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. MSF. Return not a solution, say refugees in Dadaab after camp closure announcement, 18 Juun 2021. https://www.msf.org.za/news-and-resources/latest-news/return-not-solution-say-refugees-dadaab-after-camp-closure. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. VOA. Kenya retakes control of two emptied refugee camps, 21 Juun 2019. https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_kenya-retakes-control-two-emptied-refugee-camps/6170429.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. The Star (Kenya). CS Kindiki designates two more refugee camps in Garissa, 10 Jannaayo 2023. https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2023-01-10-cs-kindiki-designates-two-more-refugee-camps-in-garissa. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. Republic of Kenya. Refugees Act, 2021 (No. 10 of 2021), via Judy Legal. https://www.judy.legal/legislation/akn/ke/act/2021/10. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. HIAS. Kenya's Refugee Act 2021: opportunities for refugee livelihoods and self-reliance. https://hias.org/wp-content/uploads/kenyas_refugee_act_2021-_opportunities_for_refugee_livelihoods_and_self-reliance_-final_draft31.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. Al Jazeera Liberties. A city born of crisis: Dadaab, 18 Maajo 2026. https://liberties.aljazeera.com/en/a-city-born-of-crisis-how-dadaab-one-of-the-largest-and-oldest-refugee-settlements-on-earth-faces-an-uncertain-future-amid-funding-collapse-political-ambition-and-fragile-hope/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. AllAfrica. Kenya's Shirika Plan: a new dawn for refugee rights and integration, Luulyo 2025. https://allafrica.com/stories/202507080002.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. Odiwuor, K. No direction home: a generation shaped by life in Dadaab. UNFPA, 4 Oktoobar 2011. https://unfpa.org/news/no-direction-home-generation-shaped-life-dadaab. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. Daily Nation. "I'm not really a Somali, yet I'm not Kenyan either." https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/dn2/i-m-not-really-a-somali-yet-i-m-not-kenyan-either-i-think-i-am-more-of-a-dadaabian-1028402. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Devex. Dadaab turns 20, 2011. https://www.devex.com/news/dadaab-turns-20-77563. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. UNHCR Kenya. Operational Update, February 2024. https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2024-05/UNHCR%20Kenya%20Operational%20Update%20February%202024.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. UNHCR Kenya. Education. https://www.unhcr.org/ke/what-we-do/education. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. UNHCR Kenya. Kakuma refugee camp and Kalobeyei settlement. https://www.unhcr.org/ke/node/296. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. Rawlence, B. City of Thorns. Picador, 2016. Kirkus review. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-rawlence/city-of-thorns/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 26. Grayson, C.-L. Children of the Camp. Berghahn, 2017. https://berghahnbooks.com/title/GraysonChildren. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Maxaa Soomaali badan dhalashadoodu 1da Janaayo u tahay? Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/why-1-january-birthdays/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dhalasho Soomaaliyeed oo yar ayaa weligeed la diiwaangeliyay: 2020 kaliya 3% carruurta ka yar shan sano ayaa dhalashadooda la diiwaangeliyay. Markii qaxooti ama muhaajir uu sannadka oo keliya yaqaanay, saraakiisha Mareykanka, Australia, Norway iyo meelo kale waxay qoreen 1da Janaayo (mararka qaarna 1da Luulyo). ## Maxaa Soomaali badan u wadaagaan 1da Janaayo dhalasho ahaan? Dhalasho Soomaaliyeed oo yar ayaa weligeed la diiwaangeliyay, sidaas darteed dad badan waxay yaqaaneen sannad ama xilli oo keliya. Markii ay carareen oo ay la kulmeen saraakiisha socdaalka, maalinta iyo bisha maqan waxaa lagu buuxiyay 1da Janaayo ([MPR News, 2009](https://www.mprnews.org/2009/12/29/january-1-birthdays/)). Sida ay MPR News qortay, dadku "waxay doorteen ama waxaa loo qoray 1da Janaayo dhalashadooda" foomamka qaxootiga iyo dejinta ([MPR News, 2025](https://www.mprnews.org/episode/2025/01/02/why-so-many-somali-americans-celebrate-their-birthdays-on-new-years-day)). Afhayeen socdaalka Mareykanka ah ayaa 2009 u sheegtay MPR News: "Taariikhda dhalashada 1da Janaayo waa taariikhda caadiga ah ee aan qorno" ([MPR News, 2009](https://www.mprnews.org/2009/12/29/january-1-birthdays/)). Maalin kasta oo sannad cusub ah, raadiyaha Soomaaliyeed ee Minneapolis wuxuu bulshada oo dhan u shidaa heesaha dhalashada ([MPR News, 2025](https://www.mprnews.org/episode/2025/01/02/why-so-many-somali-americans-celebrate-their-birthdays-on-new-years-day)). ## Immisa dhalasho Soomaaliyeed ayaa weligeed la diiwaangeliyay? Aad u yar. Sahanka Caafimaadka iyo Tirakoobka Soomaaliya 2020 wuxuu ogaaday in 3% carruurta ka yar shan sano dhalashadooda la diiwaangeliyay, kaliya 0.3%-na ay haysteen shahaado dhalasho ([UNICEF Soomaaliya, 2025](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity)). Barnaamijka dalka ee UNICEF 2021 wuxuu bixiyay tiro u dhow oo ah 3.5% ([Guddiga Fulinta UNICEF, 2021](https://www.unicef.org/executiveboard/media/2911/file/2021-PL3-Somalia_CPD-EN-ODS.pdf)). Xitaa magaalooyinka, diiwaangelintu waxay ahayd 3% ilaa 7% oo keliya ([UNICEF Soomaaliya, 2025](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity)). Soomaaliya sannadkiiba waxaa ku dhasha qiyaastii 700,000 ilaa 800,000 ilmo, sidaas darteed carruurta intooda badan weli waxay nolosha ku bilaabaan iyagoon warqad lahayn (isla ilahaas). Nidaam diiwaangelin madani ah oo dhijitaal ah ayaa tijaabo ahaan ka bilaabmay 19 degmo, wuxuuna gaaray 48 degmo 2025 ([UNICEF Soomaaliya, 2025](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity)). Qiyaastii 70% dadkii dhowaan la diiwaangeliyay waxay ka weynaayeen shan sano, taas oo muujinaysa diiwaangelin badan oo dib u dhacday (isla ilahaas). Gudaha Soomaaliya, Hay'adda Aqoonsiga iyo Diiwaangelinta Qaranka hadda waxay bixisaa lambarada aqoonsiga qaranka ([NIRA](https://nira.gov.so)). Sheekada buuxda ee diiwaanka dhalashada Soomaaliyeed waxay ku jirtaa [hagahayaga diiwaanka dhalashada](/so/states/birth-records/). ## Soomaaliya ma qori jirtay taariikhda dhalashada 1991 ka hor? Qayb ahaan. Mahamed Cali, agaasimaha raadiyaha Soomaaliyeed ee KALY 101.7 ee Minneapolis, wuxuu sheegay in waraaqaha rasmiga ah ee 1969 ilaa 1991 ay inta badan qoreen sannadka oo keliya ([MPR News, 2025](https://www.mprnews.org/episode/2025/01/02/why-so-many-somali-americans-celebrate-their-birthdays-on-new-years-day)). Wuxuu sheegay in qoysasku dhalashada ilmaha ay la xusi jireen qaraabada iyo deriskooda, ee aysan sannad walba u samayn xaflad dhalasho (isla ilahaas). Diiwaanka madaniga ahi wuu istaagay markii dowladdii dhexe burburtay 1991 ([Garowe Online, 2023](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-set-to-introduce-national-id-cards-after-over-three-decades)). Sannadkii 2004 Xafiiska Arrimaha Gudaha ee Ingiriiska (UK Home Office) wuxuu sheegay in diiwaannadii 1991 ka horreeyay la burburiyay, oo aysan jirin hay'ad dhexe oo haysa diiwaanka dadka ([IRB Kanada, ecoi.net, 2004](https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1214116.html)). ## Sidee Soomaalidu u xusuusan jirtay goorta ay dhasheen? Qoysas badan waxay waqtiga ku tirin jireen xilliyada iyo dhacdooyinka waaweyn. Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba xilli roobaad, Gu (Abriil ilaa Juun) iyo Dayr (Oktoobar ilaa Diseembar), iyo laba xilli oo engegan, Jiilaal (Janaayo ilaa Maarso) iyo Xagaa ama Hagaa (Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar) ([FSNAU](https://fsnau.org/analytical-approach/methodology/climate); [FAO GIEWS](https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM&lang=en)). Abaaraha magacyo ayaa loo bixin jiray. Abaartii 1974 ilaa 1975 ee waqooyiga waxaa lagu xusuustaa Abaartii Dabadheer ([Hiiraan Online, 2016](https://hiiraan.com/op4/2016/july/106343/from_drought_to_floods.aspx)). ICRC waxay sharraxday in abaarta Soomaaliya loogu magac daro inta ay socotay iyo sida ay u daran tahay ([ICRC](https://icrc.org/en/document/somalia-conflict-drought-so-severe-it-has-names)). Sidaas darteed qof ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ogaa inuu dhashay "Gugii Dabadheer ka dambeeyay". Taasi waxay bixinaysaa sannad iyo xilli, laakiin ma bixinayso maalin uu foomka socdaalku aqbalo. ## Yaa Mareykanka ku qoray 1da Janaayo? Saraakiisha socdaalka Mareykanka. Buugga hagaha ee Hay'adda Social Security ee Mareykanka (SSA) (SSA) wuxuu qorayaa in "INS ay si aan sabab lahayn ugu qorto 1da Janaayo bisha iyo maalinta dhalashada qofka sannadka dhalashadiisa oo keliya yaqaan" ([SSA POMS GN 00302.960](https://secure.ssa.gov/poms.NSF/lnx/0200302960)). Isla xeerkaas wuxuu shaqaalaha SSA u sheegayaa inay iska indha tiraan 1da Jannaayadaas marka ay qiimeynayaan da'da dhabta ah ee qofka (isla ilahaas). Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda iyo Wasaaradda Amniga Gudaha waxay 2009 u sheegeen MPR News in aysan haysan xog ku saabsan inta jeer ee ay tani dhacdo ([MPR News, 2009](https://www.mprnews.org/2009/12/29/january-1-birthdays/)). Qaxooti ayaa MPR u sheegtay in qofkii ku wareystay Kenya uu ka codsaday inay qorto 1/1 maxaa yeelay way fududahay in la xusuusto (isla ilahaas). Faylasha qaxootiga waxay ka bilaabmaan Foomka I-590, kaas oo weydiiya taariikhda dhalashada oo buuxda: bisha, maalinta iyo sannadka ([Foomka USCIS I-590](https://USCIS.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-590.pdf)). Saraakiishu mar dambe waa inay isku waafajiyaan wixii kala duwanaansho ah ee xogta dhalashada marka qaxootigu codsado green card ([Hagaha Siyaasadda USCIS, kayd](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20201218071712/https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-7-part-l-chapter-5)). ## UNHCR ma ku qortay 1da Janaayo xeryaha? Warbixinno warbaahineed ayaa sheegaya in shaqaalaha gargaarka ee xeryaha ay inta badan bixin jireen taariikh dhalasho oo cusub, badanaa 1da Janaayo ([KUOW, 2016](https://kuow.org/stories/why-so-many-refugees-have-jan-1-birthday); [Star Tribune, 2020](https://www.startribune.com/for-many-somali-americans-happy-new-year-means-happy-birthday/566639041)). Hagaha diiwaangelinta UNHCR wuxuu taariikhda dhalashada ku qoraa xogta aasaasiga ah ee kaydkeeda proGres ([Hagaha Diiwaangelinta UNHCR](https://www.unhcr.org/registration-guidance/chapter8/continuous-registration-in-unhcr-operations/)). UNHCR waxay sheegtaa in dhalasho lagu diiwaangeliyay proGres aysan beddelayn diiwaanka dhalashada ee dowladda ([Hagaha Diiwaangelinta UNHCR](https://www.unhcr.org/registration-guidance/chapter8/continuous-registration-in-unhcr-operations/)). ## Maxay sameeyeen Australia, Kanada iyo dalalka Waqooyiga Yurub? - **Australia:** Ka hor 5 Abriil 2004, dadka aan caddayn karin taariikhda dhalashadooda waxaa loo qori jiray 1/1 sannadkooda. Tan iyo markaas, carruurta bini'aadannimo ee aan qof weyn la socon waxaa la siiyaa 31 Diseembar ([Hagaha Bulshada DSS 2.2.2](https://guides.dss.gov.au/social-security-guide/2/2/2)). Isbitaalka Carruurta ee Melbourne (RCH) wuxuu sheegay in ilmaha taariikhdiisu tahay 1/1 uu "ku dhawaad hubaal ka yar yahay" ([RCH](https://www.rch.org.au/immigranthealth/clinical/Birth_date_issues/)). - **Kanada:** Saraakiishu waxay hore u qiyaasi jireen sannadka, maalinta iyo bishana waxay ka dhigi jireen maalinta wareysiga. Tan iyo 16 Janaayo 2015, qaybaha aan la aqoon ee taariikhda waxay ku calaamadiyaan xiddig (*) ([Globe and Mail, 2016](https://arc-dev.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/hold-the-cake-for-refugees-a-january-1-birthday-is-no-reason-to-celebrate/article33452885)). - **Norway:** Ilaa bartamihii 1970-meeyadii, saraakiishu waxay 1da Janaayo u isticmaali jireen muhaajiriinta aan haysan shahaado dhalasho oo sax ah ([Dagbladet, 2007](https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/yifeng-matte-bli-yngre/66306942)). Maanta diiwaanka dadweynuhu wuxuu isticmaalaa taariikhda ay go'aamiyaan hay'adaha socdaalka ([Skatteetaten, Folkeregisterhåndboken § 3-3](https://www.skatteetaten.no/rettskilder/type/handboker/folkeregisterhandboken/gjeldende/kapittel3-hvilke-opplysninger-som-registreres/ID-3-3.001/)). - **Iswiidhan:** Sharci-hindise dowladeed ayaa sheegaya in dalal qaar ay qori jireen taariikho aan dhab ahayn, badanaa 1da Janaayo ama 1da Luulyo. Tan iyo 1996, muhaajiriinta bixiya taariikhahan waa inay ku caddeeyaan baasaboor dalkoodii hooyo ([Prop. 2008/09:111](https://lagen.nu/prop/2008/09:111)). ## Maxaa dadka qaar loo siiyay taariikh ka duwan qoyskooda inta kale? Norway iyo Iswiidhan waxaa ka dhammaaday lambarada aqoonsiga shakhsiga ah ee 1da Janaayo. Yaraanta Iswiidhan waxay ku dhacday 1da Janaayo iyo 1da Luulyo sannado qaar oo 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii ah ([Prop. 2008/09:111](https://lagen.nu/prop/2008/09:111)). Norway, dadka ku dhashay taariikh buuxsantay waxaa la siiyaa maalintii ay is diiwaangeliyeen. Haweeney ku dhalatay 1da Janaayo 1971 ayaa loo qoray inay dhalatay 22 Diseembar ([Dagbladet, 2007](https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/yifeng-matte-bli-yngre/66306942)). Bangiyada iyo shirkadaha telefoonka ayaa markaas su'aal ka keenay aqoonsigeeda (isla ilahaas). ## Ma sheeko Soomaali oo keliya ah baa? Maya. Qaxootiga Suuriya, Ciraaq, Suudaan, Itoobiya iyo Fiitnaam ayaa iyana la siiyay 1da Janaayo ([MPR News, 2009](https://www.mprnews.org/2009/12/29/january-1-birthdays/); [KUOW, 2016](https://kuow.org/stories/why-so-many-refugees-have-jan-1-birthday)). Afgaanistaan, malaayiin ayaa xusa 1da Janaayo maxaa yeelay dhalasho yar ayaa la diiwaangeliyay ([Smithsonian](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-so-many-afghanis-celebrate-their-birthdays-on-january-1-180948233/); [The Diplomat, 2015](https://thediplomat.com/2015/01/afghanistan-birthdays-and-war)). ## Intee ayay ku badan tahay dhalashada 1da Janaayo Soomaalida dibadda? Ma jiro tiro rasmi ah. MPR News waxay soo xigatay warbixin 2013 oo Minnesota Law Review ah oo sheegaysa in ka badan 200,000 muhaajiriin iyo qaxooti ah oo Mareykanka jooga ay taariikhda dhalashadoodu tahay 1da Janaayo ([MPR News, 2025](https://www.mprnews.org/episode/2025/01/02/why-so-many-somali-americans-celebrate-their-birthdays-on-new-years-day)). Warbixintaasi waa [Pearson, "What's My Age Again?", 98 Minn. L. Rev. 745 (2013)](https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/296). Wasaaradda socdaalka Kanada ma tirso inta qof ee taariikhdoodu tahay 1da Janaayo ([Globe and Mail, 2016](https://arc-dev.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/hold-the-cake-for-refugees-a-january-1-birthday-is-no-reason-to-celebrate/article33452885)). Shaqaalaha dejinta ee halkaas waxay ku qiyaasaan kumanaan (isla ilahaas). ## Dhibaatooyinkee ayay keentaa taariikh dhalasho oo la qiyaasay? - **Dugsiga:** Taariikh khaldan waxay ilmaha gelin kartaa fasal aan isaga ku habboonayn, waxayna khaldi kartaa imtixaannada koritaanka ([RCH](https://www.rch.org.au/immigranthealth/clinical/Birth_date_issues/)). - **Ilmo ama qof weyn:** Dhallinyarada aan qof weyn la socon waxay u baahan yihiin taariikh dhalasho si ay u helaan adeegyada carruurta. Intooda badan waxay Ingiriiska yimaadaan iyagoon haysan waraaqo caddeeya ([Warbixinta AESAC ee UK Home Office](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1127181/14.169_HO_AESAC_report_V6_FINAL_WEB.pdf)). Home Office waxay daabacdaa xeerarka lagu qiimeeyo da'da ([Home Office, "Assessing age", 2025](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6a3e74a74c7605ab56723bd8/Assessing_age.pdf)). - **Baaritaannada caafimaad ee da'da ma saxna:** Raajada da'da lafaha waxay leedahay qalad dhan qiyaastii 3 ilaa 4 sano ([RCH](https://www.rch.org.au/immigranthealth/clinical/Birth_date_issues/)). - **Hawlgabka:** SSA waxay shaqaalaha u sheegtaa inaysan ku tiirsanaan 1da Janaayo la qoray marka la bixinayo gunnooyinka da'da ku xiran, haddii aan caddayn kale jirin ([SSA POMS GN 00302.960](https://secure.ssa.gov/poms.NSF/lnx/0200302960)). - **Maxkamadaha:** Da'da aan la hubin waxay saameysaa in qofka loo maxkamadeeyo sidii ilmo ama qof weyn ([Pearson, Minn. L. Rev., 2013](https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/296)). - **Hubinta aqoonsiga:** Magacyada Soomaaliyeed ee caadiga ah iyo taariikh dhalasho oo la wadaago waxay keeni karaan isku qaldanaan marka la baarayo taariikhda qofka ([MPR News, 2009](https://www.mprnews.org/2009/12/29/january-1-birthdays/)). - **Ciyaaraha:** Ciyaaraha dhallinyaradu waxay taariikhda dhalashada u isticmaalaan kooxaynta da'da. Diiwaannada aan la hubin karin waxay kordhiyaan shakiga been-abuurka da'da ee kubbadda cagta Afrika ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_fraud_in_association_football)). ## Soomaali ma saxi kartaa taariikh dhalasho oo ah 1da Janaayo? Mararka qaarkood, waana adag tahay. Dal kasta waddo u gaar ah ayuu leeyahay: - **Mareykanka:** USCIS ma beddesho taariikhda ku qoran shahaadada jinsiyadda haddii aysan USCIS lafteedu khalad qoraal ah samayn ([8 CFR 338.5, Cornell LII](https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/8/338.5); [Hagaha Siyaasadda USCIS Vol. 12 Part K Ch. 4](https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-12-part-k-chapter-4)). Maxkamad federaal ah ayaa 2024 amartay hal sixid, iyadoo ku saleysan caddayn cad oo lagu qanci karo ([Mangriotis v. USCIS, M.D. Ala. 2024](https://syfert.com/caselaw/case.php?id=9522098)). - **Kanada:** Dadka cusub ee haysta aqoonsi shaqeeya oo caddeeya khaladka waxay IRCC ka codsan karaan inay diiwaankooda online ku saxdo ([Globe and Mail, 2016](https://arc-dev.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/hold-the-cake-for-refugees-a-january-1-birthday-is-no-reason-to-celebrate/article33452885)). - **Australia:** Waaxda Arrimaha Gudaha (Department of Home Affairs) oo keliya ayaa beddeli karta taariikhda rasmiga ah. Tan iyo 2022, dadka u yimid sababo bini'aadannimo waxay isticmaalaan codsi online ah oo lagu saxo xogta shakhsiga, waana inay caddeeyaan in diiwaanku khaldan yahay ([RCH](https://www.rch.org.au/immigranthealth/clinical/Birth_date_issues/)). Shahaadooyinka dhalashada ee sannado kadib la bixiyay culays yar ayay leeyihiin (isla ilahaas). - **Norway:** Taariikhda loo qoray qof haysta ogolaansho deganaansho waxaa la beddeli karaa oo keliya marka hay'adaha socdaalku soo ogeysiiyaan ([Skatteetaten, Folkeregisterhåndboken](https://www.skatteetaten.no/rettskilder/type/handboker/folkeregisterhandboken/gjeldende/kapittel3-hvilke-opplysninger-som-registreres/ID-3-3.001/)). - **Iswiidhan:** Tan iyo 1996, taariikh 1da Janaayo ama 1da Luulyo ah waa in lagu taageero baasaboor dalka hooyo ah ([Prop. 2008/09:111](https://lagen.nu/prop/2008/09:111)). Raadiyaha Iswiidhan wuxuu sheegay in Hay'adda Socdaalka aysan aqbalin baasaboorada Soomaaliyeed, taas oo arrintan sii adkeysay ([Sveriges Radio](https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/3830441)). ## Maxaa kale oo la soo sheegay? - **Saamiga 2009:** warbixin Associated Press oo soo baxday 1 Janaayo 2009 ayaa sheegtay in qiyaastii 15% qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ee dhowaan yimid Mareykanka ay wadaageen dhalasho 1da Janaayo ah ([AP, via Newser, Janaayo 2009](https://www.newser.com/story/46788/for-refugees-new-year-means-new-way-of-life.html)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Waraaqaha ay u baahan yihiin qaxootiga iyo muhaajiriinta Soomaaliyeed](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/) - [Diiwaanka dhalashada Soomaaliyeed](/so/states/birth-records/) - [Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA)](/so/states/national-id-nira/) - [Baasaboorka Soomaaliya](/so/states/somali-passport/) - [Soomaalida Norway](/en/diaspora/norway/) (Ingiriisi) - [Soomaalida Iswiidhan](/en/diaspora/sweden/) (Ingiriisi) - [Soomaalida Australia](/en/diaspora/australia/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UNICEF Soomaaliya, "Giving Every Child a Legal Identity", 10 Agoosto 2025, https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. Guddiga Fulinta UNICEF, Dukumentiga Barnaamijka Dalka Soomaaliya, 2021, https://www.unicef.org/executiveboard/media/2911/file/2021-PL3-Somalia_CPD-EN-ODS.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. Hay'adda Social Security ee Mareykanka (SSA) (SSA), POMS GN 00302.960, https://secure.ssa.gov/poms.NSF/lnx/0200302960. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. USCIS, Form I-590 Registration for Classification as Refugee, https://USCIS.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-590.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. Hagaha Siyaasadda USCIS Vol. 7 Part L Ch. 5 (kayd 2020), https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20201218071712/https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-7-part-l-chapter-5. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. Hagaha Siyaasadda USCIS Vol. 12 Part K Ch. 4, https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual/volume-12-part-k-chapter-4. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. 8 CFR 338.5, Cornell Legal Information Institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/8/338.5. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. Mangriotis v. USCIS (M.D. Ala. 2024), https://syfert.com/caselaw/case.php?id=9522098. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Annie Baxter, "Jan. 1 a common birth date for many immigrants", MPR News, 29 Diseembar 2009, https://www.mprnews.org/2009/12/29/january-1-birthdays/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. MPR News, "Why so many Somali Americans celebrate their birthdays on New Year's Day", 2 Janaayo 2025, https://www.mprnews.org/episode/2025/01/02/why-so-many-somali-americans-celebrate-their-birthdays-on-new-years-day. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Star Tribune, "For many Somali-Americans, Happy New Year means happy birthday", 1 Janaayo 2020, https://www.startribune.com/for-many-somali-americans-happy-new-year-means-happy-birthday/566639041. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. Liz Jones, "Why so many refugees have a Jan. 1 birthday", KUOW, 30 Diseembar 2016, https://kuow.org/stories/why-so-many-refugees-have-jan-1-birthday. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. Dakshana Bascaramurty, "Hold the cake: for refugees, a January 1 birthday is no reason to celebrate", Globe and Mail, 29 Diseembar 2016, https://arc-dev.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/hold-the-cake-for-refugees-a-january-1-birthday-is-no-reason-to-celebrate/article33452885. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. Ross Pearson, "What's My Age Again? The Immigrant Age Problem in the Criminal Justice System", 98 Minnesota Law Review 745, 2013, https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/296. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. UNHCR, Registration Guidance, Chapter 8, https://www.unhcr.org/registration-guidance/chapter8/continuous-registration-in-unhcr-operations/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. Dowladda Australia DSS, Social Security Guide 2.2.2 "Verifying personal details", https://guides.dss.gov.au/social-security-guide/2/2/2. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, "Birth date issues", https://www.rch.org.au/immigranthealth/clinical/Birth_date_issues/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. Cornelia Wilberg, "Yifeng måtte bli yngre", Dagbladet, 12 Febraayo 2007, https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/yifeng-matte-bli-yngre/66306942. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. Skatteetaten, Folkeregisterhåndboken § 3-3, https://www.skatteetaten.no/rettskilder/type/handboker/folkeregisterhandboken/gjeldende/kapittel3-hvilke-opplysninger-som-registreres/ID-3-3.001/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. Dowladda Iswiidhan, Prop. 2008/09:111, https://lagen.nu/prop/2008/09:111. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Sveriges Radio, "Tough Rules for Somali Refugee Families", https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/3830441. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. UK Home Office, Interim Age Estimation Science Advisory Committee report, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1127181/14.169_HO_AESAC_report_V6_FINAL_WEB.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. UK Home Office, "Assessing age", 2025, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6a3e74a74c7605ab56723bd8/Assessing_age.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. FSNAU, "Climate", https://fsnau.org/analytical-approach/methodology/climate. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. FAO GIEWS, warbixinta dalka Soomaaliya, https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SOM&lang=en. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 26. Hiiraan Online, "From drought to floods", Luulyo 2016, https://hiiraan.com/op4/2016/july/106343/from_drought_to_floods.aspx. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 27. ICRC, "Somalia: a drought so severe it has names", https://icrc.org/en/document/somalia-conflict-drought-so-severe-it-has-names. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 28. Garowe Online, "Somalia set to introduce National ID cards after over three decades", 2023, https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-set-to-introduce-national-id-cards-after-over-three-decades. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 29. IRB Kanada, "Somalia: Identity documents and travel documents (January 2000 - June 2004)", ecoi.net, https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1214116.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 30. Smithsonian, "Why So Many Afghanis Celebrate Their Birthdays on January 1", https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-so-many-afghanis-celebrate-their-birthdays-on-january-1-180948233/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 31. The Diplomat, "Afghanistan: Birthdays and War", Janaayo 2015, https://thediplomat.com/2015/01/afghanistan-birthdays-and-war. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 32. Wikipedia, "Age fraud in association football", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_fraud_in_association_football. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 33. Associated Press, via Newser. "For refugees, New Year means new way of life". Janaayo 2009. https://www.newser.com/story/46788/for-refugees-new-year-means-new-way-of-life.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Waraaqaha ay u baahan yihiin qaxootiga iyo muhaajiriinta Soomaaliyeed, maxayse u adag yihiin? Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Soomaaliga qaxa wuxuu u baahan yahay caddayn qaxootinimo oo ka timid dal martigeliya ama UNHCR, kadibna waraaqo safar, deganaansho iyo qoys. Qiyaastii 805,900 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ayaa ku noolaa dalalka deriska dabayaaqadii 2026, qaar badanna ma haystaan diiwaanno ay dalal kale aqbalaan. ## Waa maxay waraaqaha uu u baahan yahay qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed? Soomaaliga qaxa wuxuu u baahan yahay, sidan u kala horreeya: diiwaangelin qaxootinimo, caddayn qaxootinimo, dukumenti safar, kadibna waraaqo deganaansho ama jinsiyad oo dalka cusub ah. Tallaabo kastaa waxay ku xiran tahay caddaynta aqoonsiga, taasoo adag markii diiwaannada dhalashada iyo diiwaannada dowladda ay lumeen 1991 kadib ([Guddiga Socdaalka iyo Qaxootiga Kanada, ecoi.net, 2004](https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1214116.html)). UNHCR waxay gobolka ku tirisay 805,917 qaxooti oo Soomaaliya ka yimid, 31 Oktoobar 2026 ([UNHCR Operational Data Portal](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn)): - Itoobiya: 368,165 - Kenya: 334,733 - Uganda: 48,340 - Yaman: 40,982 (31 Agoosto 2026) - Jabuuti: 13,697 (31 Agoosto 2026) ## Sharciyadee ayaa Soomaaliga ka dhiga qaxooti? Laba heshiis ayaa xeerarka dejiya. Heshiiska Qaxootiga 1951 wuxuu khuseeyaa dadka leh cabsi sal leh oo ah in loo silciyo jinsigooda, diintooda, dalnimadooda, kooxdooda bulsho ama ra'yigooda siyaasadeed ([Heshiiska 1951, Refworld](https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/1951/en/39821?lang=so)). Heshiiska OAU ee 1969 wuxuu ku darayaa dadka ka carara "duullaan dibadeed, qabsasho, gumeysi shisheeye ama dhacdooyin si weyn u carqaladeeya nidaamka guud" ([Heshiiska OAU 1969, AfricanLII](https://africanlii.org/en/akn/aa-au/act/convention/1969/specific-aspects-of-refugee-problems-in-africa/eng@1969-09-10/publication)). Qeexitaankan ballaaran wuxuu ku habboon yahay dad badan oo ka cararay dagaallada Soomaaliya. Soomaaliya lafteedu waxay xubin ka ahayd Heshiiska 1951 iyo Borotokoolka 1967 tan iyo 1978 ([UNHCR RIMAP, Somalia](https://rimap.unhcr.org/countries/somalia); [UN Treaty Series vol. 1108](https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201108/volume-1108-A-8791-English_French.pdf)). Diiwaan ka mid ah University of Minnesota kuma muujinayo wax xog ah oo ku saabsan in Soomaaliya ansixisay Heshiiska OAU ([UMN Human Rights Library](https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/ratification-somalia.html)). ## Waa maxay qaxootinimada kooxda (prima facie)? Waxay ka dhigan tahay in koox dhan loo aqoonsado qaxooti, iyadoo aan qof walba wareysi gaar ah la gelin. Waxaa la isticmaalaa marka dad badan isla mar qaxaan. - **Kenya:** Sharciga Qaxootiga 2021 wuxuu dhaqan galay 22 Febraayo 2022, wuxuuna buriyay sharcigii 2006 ([UNHCR RIMAP, Kenya](https://rimap.unhcr.org/node/348)). Xoghayaha Golaha Wasiirrada ayaa koox dad ah ku dhawaaqi kara inay yihiin qaxooti prima facie ah, kadib talo guddi ka yimaada (isla ishaas). Sharcigu wuxuu isticmaalaa labada qeexitaan ee 1951 iyo OAU (isla ishaas). - **Aqoonsiga Kenya:** Qodobka 15 ee sharciga wuxuu dhigayaa in qaxootiga la siiyo kaar aqoonsi ([HIAS, 2022](https://hias.org/wp-content/uploads/kenyas_refugee_act_2021-_opportunities_for_refugee_livelihoods_and_self-reliance_-final_draft31.pdf)). - **Itoobiya:** Xeerka Qaxootiga Lr. 1110/2019 wuxuu dowladda u oggolaanayaa inay kooxo u aqoonsato qaxooti ([FAOLEX, Proclamation 1110/2019](https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth216792.pdf)). Hay'adda Qaxootiga iyo Dadka Soo Laabtay ee Itoobiya ayaa go'aamisa codsiyada magangalyada, UNHCR-na way kormeertaa ([UNHCR Help Ethiopia](https://help.unhcr.org/ethiopia/asylum/rsd-processs/)). ## Waa maxay "qaxooti uu UNHCR aqoonsaday" (mandate refugee)? Meesha aysan dowladdu go'aamin codsiyada qaxootinimada, UNHCR ayaa iyadu go'aamin karta iyadoo raacaysa Xeerkeeda (Statute). Dadka sidan loo aqoonsado waxaa la yiraahdaa qaxooti mandate ah ([UNHCR Resettlement Handbook 1.2](https://www.unhcr.org/resettlement-handbook/1-refugee-status-and-resettlement/1-2-determining-refugee-status-under-unhcrs-mandate/)). UNHCR had iyo jeer marka hore waxay eegtaa qeexitaanka Heshiiska 1951, kadibna awoodeeda ballaaran (isla ishaas). ## Maxay diiwaangelinta UNHCR siisaa qaxootiga? Diiwaangelintu waxay diiwaan ka samaysaa kaydka xogta proGres ee UNHCR, oo ay ku jiraan magaca, jinsiga (lab ama dheddig), taariikhda dhalashada, dalka laga yimid iyo dalnimada ([UNHCR Registration Guidance](https://www.unhcr.org/registration-guidance/chapter8/continuous-registration-in-unhcr-operations/)). Shaqaaluhu waa inay dadaal macquul ah u galaan xaqiijinta aqoonsiga ka hor inta aysan diiwaanka samayn (isla ishaas). Soomaali badan taariikhda dhalashadooda waxaa la buuxiyay heerkan; eeg [maxaa Soomaali badan dhalashadoodu 1da Jannaayo u tahay](/so/diaspora/why-1-january-birthdays/). ## Waa maxay dukumentiga safarka ee Heshiiska? Qodobka 28 ee Heshiiska 1951 wuxuu dalalka ku waajibinayaa inay qaxootiga si sharci ah dhulkooda u jooga siiyaan dukumenti safar. Qaabkiisa waxaa lagu sharraxay Jadwal iyo tusaale ku lifaaqan Heshiiska ([UNHCR, Refugee travel documents](https://www.unhcr.org/complementary-pathways-guidance/7-travel-documents/)). UNHCR iyo Ururka Duulista Rayidka ee Caalamiga (ICAO) waxay daabacaan hage wadajir ah oo ku saabsan sida dukumentiyadan looga dhigo kuwo mashiin akhriyi karo ([UNHCR and ICAO Guide, Refworld](https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20151216213518if_/http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52b166a34.pdf)). Dukumentigan, qaxootigu wuu socdaali karaa isagoo aan isticmaalin baasaboor Soomaaliyeed. ## Sidee Mareykanku dib ugu dejiyay Soomaali Bantuuga? Soomaali Bantuugu waa koox laga tirada badan yahay oo sannado ku noolayd xeryaha Kenya. Kooxihii ugu horreeyay waxay Kenya uga ambabaxeen Mareykanka Maajo 2003 ([NPR, 2003](https://www.npr.org/2003/05/23/1272465/somali-refugees-begin-relocation-to-u-s)). Qorshuhu wuxuu ahaa in dib loo dejiyo qiyaastii 12,000 qof ([Van Lehman iyo McKee, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, 2019](https://www.law.georgetown.edu/immigration-law-journal/in-print/volume-33-number-3-spring-2019/removals-to-somalia-in-light-of-the-convention-against-torture-recent-evidence-from-somali-bantu-deportees/)). Warbixin IPS 2006 ayaa kooxda ku qiyaastay qiyaastii 13,000 ([IPS](https://www.ipsnews.net/?p=21748)). Isla maqaalkaas wuxuu sheegay in tobannaan rag Soomaali Bantu ah dib loogu celiyay Soomaaliya 2016 kadib ([Van Lehman iyo McKee, 2019](https://www.law.georgetown.edu/immigration-law-journal/in-print/volume-33-number-3-spring-2019/removals-to-somalia-in-light-of-the-convention-against-torture-recent-evidence-from-somali-bantu-deportees/)). ## Waa maxay Ilaalinta Ku-meelgaarka ah ee Mareykanka (TPS) ee Soomaaliya? TPS waxay Soomaalida horay Mareykanka u joogtay u oggolaatay inay sii joogaan oo shaqeeyaan inta laabashadu ammaan ahayn. Mareykanku wuxuu markii ugu horreysay Soomaaliya u magacaabay 16 Sebtembar 1991 ([Federal Register, 14 Jannaayo 2026](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-01-14/html/2026-00596.htm)). Marar badan ayaa la kordhiyay ama dib loo magacaabay: sagaal kordhin 1992 ilaa 2001, dib u magacaabis 2001, mid kale 2012, iyo saddex wareeg oo kale laga bilaabo 2021 ([Federal Register, 2026](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-01-14/html/2026-00596.htm)). Ogeysiiskii 2024 wuxuu gaarsiiyay 17 Maarso 2026 ([Federal Register, 22 Luulyo 2024](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/22/2024-15829/extension-and-redesignation-of-somalia-for-temporary-protected-status)). ## Sidee ayuu ku dhammaaday TPS-ka Soomaaliya? 14 Jannaayo 2026, Wasaaradda Amniga Gudaha Mareykanka (DHS) waxay ku dhawaaqday joojin dhaqan galaysa 17 Maarso 2026 ([Federal Register, 2026](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-01-14/html/2026-00596.htm)). DHS waxay tirisay 1,082 qof oo la oggolaaday iyo 1,383 codsi oo sugaya, ilaa 8 Desembar 2025 (isla ishaas). - **Hakinta maxkamadda:** Afar Soomaali ah iyo laba urur ayaa dacwad gudbiyay. Garsoore federaal ah oo Boston jooga ayaa hakiyay joojinta Maarso 2026 ([NAACP LDF](https://naacpldf.org/press-release/federal-court-grants-temporary-emergency-stay-of-tps-termination-for-somalia/); [Muslim Advocates, Maajo 2026](https://muslimadvocates.org/2026/05/court-extends-pause-on-tps-for-somalia/)). - **Maxkamadda Sare:** Juun 2026, Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka waxay xaddiday awoodda garsoorayaasha ee dib u eegista joojinta TPS, cod 6 iyo 3 ah ([GV Wire/Reuters, 14 Agoosto 2026](https://gvwire.com/2026/08/14/us-judge-clears-way-for-trump-to-end-somalis-deportation-protections/)). - **Dhammaadka:** 14 Agoosto 2026, Garsoore Allison Burroughs ayaa qaaday hakinteedii, taasoo saameysay ku dhawaad 1,100 Soomaali ah ([GV Wire/Reuters, 2026](https://gvwire.com/2026/08/14/us-judge-clears-way-for-trump-to-end-somalis-deportation-protections/)). Dacwadda lafteedu way sii socotay. ## Xeerar kale oo Mareykan ah oo hadda saameeya waraaqaha Soomaalida? Wareegtada 10949 (Proclamation 10949) waxay hakisay soo gelitaanka muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed laga bilaabo 9 Juun 2025 ([Aqalka Cad, fact sheet, Juun 2025](https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/06/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-restricts-the-entry-of-foreign-nationals); [qoraalka wareegtada, GovInfo](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-202500658/html/DCPD-202500658.htm)). Soomaaliya waxay ku sii jirtay liiska buuxa ee wareegtadii Desembar 2025, oo dhaqan gashay 1 Jannaayo 2026 ([Stony Brook University](https://stonybrook.edu/__admin-units/visa/resources/news-and-events/immigration-policy-updates/presidential-proclamation-expanding-us-entry-restrictions-12-16-2025.html)). Desembar 2025, qoraalka USCIS ee PM-602-0192 wuxuu hakiyay codsiyada kaarka cagaaran (green card), dukumentiga safarka iyo codsiyo kale oo ka yimid muwaadiniinta dalalka liiska ku jira ([Jackson Walker](https://www.jw.com/news/insights-uscis-pauses-asylum-hold-benefits-high-risk-countries/)). Wuxuu kaloo amray in dib loo eego faa'iidooyinka la oggolaaday tan iyo 20 Jannaayo 2021 ee dadka soo galay muddadaas kadib ([EIG Law](https://eiglaw.com/uscis-issues-policy-to-hold-and-review-pending-applications-from-high-risk-countries/)). ## Maxay Mareykanku u joojiyay isku-keenidda qoysaska, una bilaabay baaritaanka DNA? Barnaamijka P-3 ee Mareykanka wuxuu qaxootiga u oggolaa inay keenaan waalidkood, xaasaskooda iyo carruurtooda. Horraantii 2008, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda waxay Nayroobi ku baartay 476 codsade, intooda badan Soomaali iyo Itoobiyaan ([PBS Frontline, 2015](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/for-some-refugees-safe-haven-now-depends-on-a-dna-test)). - 16% waxay la mid noqdeen qaraabada ay qoreen oo dhan. - 39% ugu yaraan hal qaraabo kuma aysan beegmin. - 45% way diideen ama ma iman (isla ishaas). Shaqadu waxay ku joogsatay Kenya iyo Itoobiya Maarso 2008, meelaha kalena Maajo ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, su'aalo iyo jawaabo la kaydiyay](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090506232108/http://www.state.gov/g/prm/rls/115891.htm)). Dadka dhaleeceeyay waxay sheegeen in hal natiijo khaldan ay qoys dhan ku calaamadin karto khiyaano ([PBS Frontline, 2015](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/for-some-refugees-safe-haven-now-depends-on-a-dna-test); [American Immigration Council](https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/blog/underrepresented-african-refugees-and-potential-problems-with-dna-testing/)). P-3 wuxuu dib u furmay 2012, iyadoo laga doonayo DNA ama caddayn korsasho oo waalid iyo ilmo kasta ah. Taas kadib, wax ka yar 100 qof sannadkii ayaa ku yimid ([PBS Frontline, 2015](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/for-some-refugees-safe-haven-now-depends-on-a-dna-test)). ## Sidee Noorweey iyo dalal kale u baaraan xiriirka qoyska? Hay'adda socdaalka Noorweey (UDI) waxay baaritaan DNA u yeeri kartaa codsadayaasha ka yimid Afrikada ka hooseysa Saxaraha, Afgaanistaan, Suuriya, Ciraaq iyo Yaman ([UDI](https://www.udi.no/en/have-applied/family-immigration/who-can-be-summoned-for-a-dna-test-/)). Baaritaanku waa bilaash, laakiin codsaduhu wuxuu bixiyaa safarka, diidmo aan sabab wanaagsan lahaynna waxay u badan tahay inay keento in codsiga la diido (isla ishaas). Warqad 2000 lagu daabacay joornaalka caafimaadka Noorweey ayaa ka hadashay baaritaanka DNA ee qoysaska Soomaaliyeed ([Tidsskriftet, 2000](https://tidsskriftet.no/2000/01/korrespondanser/dna-test-somaliere-og-norske-adoptivfamilier)). Warbixin Noorweeji ah oo 2012 loo qoray European Migration Network ayaa sheegtay in DNA la bixiyo marka waraaqaha loo arko kuwo aan ku filnayn ([UDI/EMN](https://www.udi.no/globalassets/global/forskning-fou_i/arbeid-og-opphold/misuse-of-the-right-to-family-reunification.pdf)). ## Maxay baasaboorrada Soomaaliyeed ugu adkaayeen in dibadda lagu isticmaalo? 1991 kadib, baasaboorrada Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu iibin jiray suuqyada, lamana hubin karin. Luulyo 2003, Ingiriisku wuu joojiyay aqbalaaddooda, inta badan dalalka Midowga Yurubna sidaas oo kale ayay yeeleen ([Guddiga Socdaalka iyo Qaxootiga Kanada, ecoi.net, 2004](https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1214116.html)). 2025, madaxweynaha ayaa sheegay in in ka badan 10 milyan oo qof ay haystaan baasaboorro Soomaaliyeed, qaar badan oo la bixiyay iyadoo aan si sax ah loo hubin ([Garowe Online, Sebtembar 2025](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somali-president-vows-to-overhaul-passport-system-after-10-million-issued-without-clear-records)). Taariikhda buuxda waxay ku jirtaa [hagahayaga baasaboorka Soomaaliya](/so/states/somali-passport/). ## Sidee Soomaaliya hadda u bixisaa waraaqaha aqoonsiga? Sharciga Aqoonsiga iyo Diiwaangelinta ee Soomaaliya (Xeerka Lr. 9 ee Maarso 2023) wuxuu aasaasay Hay'adda Diiwaangelinta iyo Aqoonsiga Qaranka, NIRA ([NIRA](https://nira.gov.so/)). Qiyaastii 500,000 qof ayaa is diiwaangeliyay ilaa Sebtembar 2025, kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka ayaana noqday shardi lagama maarmaan u ah codsiga baasaboorka ([Garowe Online, Sebtembar 2025](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somali-president-vows-to-overhaul-passport-system-after-10-million-issued-without-clear-records)). Eeg [hagahayaga kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka](/so/states/national-id-nira/) iyo [hagaha shahaadada dhalashada](/so/states/birth-records/). ## Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed ma waayi karaa dalnimo kasta? Khatartaasi way jirtaa. Sharciga jinsiyadda Soomaaliya waa Xeerka Lr. 28 ee 22 Desembar 1962 ([Refworld](https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1963/en/123382)). Qodobkiisa 2 wuxuu sharci ahaan jinsiyadda siinayaa qofka aabbihiis yahay muwaadin Soomaaliyeed. Sharcigii 1962 ma oggolayn laba jinsiyadood, inkastoo Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012 uu oggol yahay ([Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/law-no-28-of-22-december-1962-on-somali-citizenship/)). Soomaaliya ma saxiixin heshiisyada 1954 iyo 1961 ee dadka aan dal lahayn (statelessness) ([UMN Human Rights Library](https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/ratification-somalia.html)). Carruurta xeryaha ugu dhalata waalid aan waraaqo haysan way ku adkaan kartaa inay caddeeyaan dalnimadooda Soomaaliyeed, maadaama dhalasho yar oo keliya la diiwaangeliyo ([UNICEF Somalia, 2025](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity)). ## Yaa dib loogu celiyaa Soomaaliya, sidee? - **Mareykanka:** ICE waxay tarxiishay 229 muwaadin Soomaaliyeed 2018, sida ay muujinayso xog FOIA ah oo uu falanqeeyay Center for Immigration Studies ([CIS](https://cis.org/Vaughan/ICE-Resists-Politicization-Deportations-Returns-Planeload-Somali-Citizens)). Garowe Online waxay sheegtay 4,090 Soomaali ah oo loo calaamadeeyay tarxiil ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/world/u-s-intensifies-deportation-drive-somalia-tops-african-deportation-list)). - **Ingiriiska:** Barnaamij Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha Ingiriiska (Home Office) oo ay IRARA Muqdisho ka wado ayaa caawiya Soomaalida laga soo celiyo Ingiriiska. Waa inay codsadaan 3 bilood gudahood, caawimaduna waxay socotaa ilaa 12 bilood ([GOV.UK, 15 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/returning-to-somalia/returning-to-somalia-english-accessible)). - **Noorweey:** 2016, Noorweey iyo Soomaaliya waxay diyaariyeen heshiis celin oo saameyn kara qiyaastii 500 Soomaali ah oo laga diiday deganaansho ([PRIO, 2016](https://www.prio.org/comments/218)). Hay'adda socdaalka Noorweey waxay sheegtay 163 celin qasab ah oo Soomaaliya loo sameeyay tan iyo 2018 ([Full Fact](https://fullfact.org/online/norway-somalia-refugee-deportations/)). Booliska Noorweey waxay bil kasta daabacaan tirooyinka ([Politiet](https://www.politiet.no/globalassets/tall-og-fakta/uttransporteringer/engelsk/2026/june-2026-forced-returns-from-norway.pdf)). - **Iswiidhan:** Raadiyaha Iswiidhan wuxuu sheegay heshiis qarsoodi ah oo Desembar 2023 ah oo lacagaha gargaarka lala xiriiriyay; labada dowladba way beeniyeen heshiis noocaas ah ([Hiiraan Online, Desembar 2025](https://hiiraan.org/politics4/2025/Dec/203952/somali_president_meets_swedish_minister_as_deportations_face_scrutiny.aspx); [AllAfrica, Desembar 2025](https://allafrica.com/stories/202512150145.html); [Goobjoog](https://en.goobjoog.com/somali-government-denies-reports-of-secret-deal-with-sweden)). Wasiirka socdaalka Iswiidhan ayaa sheegay inay IOM oo keliya la shaqaynayeen ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/somali%20immigrants/222567/somalia-denies-secret-deportation-deal-with-sweden)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Maxaa Soomaali badan dhalashadoodu 1da Jannaayo u tahay?](/so/diaspora/why-1-january-birthdays/) - [Baasaboorka Soomaaliya](/so/states/somali-passport/) - [Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA)](/so/states/national-id-nira/) - [Shahaadada dhalashada Soomaaliya](/so/states/birth-records/) - [Soomaalida Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi) - [Soomaalida Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Soomaalida Noorweey](/en/diaspora/norway/) (Ingiriisi) - [Soomaalida Iswiidhan](/en/diaspora/sweden/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UNHCR Operational Data Portal, "Horn of Africa Somalia situation", data to 31 Oktoobar 2026, https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. UN General Assembly, Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Refworld, https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/1951/en/39821?lang=so. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. OAU, Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, 1969, AfricanLII, https://africanlii.org/en/akn/aa-au/act/convention/1969/specific-aspects-of-refugee-problems-in-africa/eng@1969-09-10/publication. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. UNHCR RIMAP, Somalia, https://rimap.unhcr.org/countries/somalia. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. United Nations Treaty Series vol. 1108, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201108/volume-1108-A-8791-English_French.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. University of Minnesota Human Rights Library, "Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties: Somalia", https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/ratification-somalia.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. UNHCR RIMAP, Kenya Refugees Act 2021, https://rimap.unhcr.org/node/348. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. HIAS, "Kenya's Refugee Act 2021: opportunities for refugee livelihoods and self-reliance", https://hias.org/wp-content/uploads/kenyas_refugee_act_2021-_opportunities_for_refugee_livelihoods_and_self-reliance_-final_draft31.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Ethiopia, Refugees Proclamation No. 1110/2019, FAOLEX, https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eth216792.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. UNHCR Help Ethiopia, "Refugee status determination", https://help.unhcr.org/ethiopia/asylum/rsd-processs/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. UNHCR Resettlement Handbook 1.2, https://www.unhcr.org/resettlement-handbook/1-refugee-status-and-resettlement/1-2-determining-refugee-status-under-unhcrs-mandate/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. UNHCR Registration Guidance, Chapter 8, https://www.unhcr.org/registration-guidance/chapter8/continuous-registration-in-unhcr-operations/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. UNHCR, "Refugee travel documents", Complementary Pathways Guidance, https://www.unhcr.org/complementary-pathways-guidance/7-travel-documents/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. UNHCR and ICAO, Guide for Issuing Machine Readable Convention Travel Documents, Refworld (archived), https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20151216213518if_/http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52b166a34.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. NPR, "Somali refugees begin relocation to U.S.", 23 Maajo 2003, https://www.npr.org/2003/05/23/1272465/somali-refugees-begin-relocation-to-u-s. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. Daniel J. Van Lehman and Estelle M. McKee, "Removals to Somalia in Light of the Convention Against Torture", Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 33(3), 2019, https://www.law.georgetown.edu/immigration-law-journal/in-print/volume-33-number-3-spring-2019/removals-to-somalia-in-light-of-the-convention-against-torture-recent-evidence-from-somali-bantu-deportees/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. IPS News, report on Somali Bantu resettlement, 2006, https://www.ipsnews.net/?p=21748. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. US DHS, "Termination of the Designation of Somalia for TPS", Federal Register 91 FR, 14 Jannaayo 2026, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-01-14/html/2026-00596.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. US DHS, "Extension and Redesignation of Somalia for TPS", Federal Register, 22 Luulyo 2024, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/22/2024-15829/extension-and-redesignation-of-somalia-for-temporary-protected-status. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. NAACP Legal Defense Fund, "Federal court grants temporary emergency stay of TPS termination for Somalia", 2026, https://naacpldf.org/press-release/federal-court-grants-temporary-emergency-stay-of-tps-termination-for-somalia/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Muslim Advocates, "Court extends pause on TPS for Somalia", Maajo 2026, https://muslimadvocates.org/2026/05/court-extends-pause-on-tps-for-somalia/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. GV Wire (Reuters), "US judge clears way for Trump to end Somalis' deportation protections", 14 Agoosto 2026, https://gvwire.com/2026/08/14/us-judge-clears-way-for-trump-to-end-somalis-deportation-protections/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. The White House, Fact sheet on Proclamation restricting entry, June 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/06/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-restricts-the-entry-of-foreign-nationals. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. Proclamation 10949, Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents, GovInfo, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-202500658/html/DCPD-202500658.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. Stony Brook University, "Presidential Proclamation: Expanding U.S. Entry Restrictions", 16 Desembar 2025, https://stonybrook.edu/__admin-units/visa/resources/news-and-events/immigration-policy-updates/presidential-proclamation-expanding-us-entry-restrictions-12-16-2025.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 26. Jackson Walker, "USCIS Pauses Asylum Adjudications and Places Hold on Benefits for Nationals of 19 High Risk Countries", Desembar 2025, https://www.jw.com/news/insights-uscis-pauses-asylum-hold-benefits-high-risk-countries/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 27. EIG Law, "USCIS Issues Policy to Hold and Review Pending Applications from High-Risk Countries", Desembar 2025, https://eiglaw.com/uscis-issues-policy-to-hold-and-review-pending-applications-from-high-risk-countries/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 28. Katie Worth, "For Some Refugees, Safe Haven Now Depends on a DNA Test", PBS Frontline, 19 Oktoobar 2015, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/for-some-refugees-safe-haven-now-depends-on-a-dna-test. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 29. US State Department, P-3 programme Q&A (archived 2008), https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090506232108/http://www.state.gov/g/prm/rls/115891.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 30. American Immigration Council, "Underrepresented African Refugees and Potential Problems with DNA Testing", https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/blog/underrepresented-african-refugees-and-potential-problems-with-dna-testing/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 31. UDI, "Who can be summoned for a DNA test", https://www.udi.no/en/have-applied/family-immigration/who-can-be-summoned-for-a-dna-test-/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 32. Tidsskriftet for Den norske legeforening, "DNA-test, somaliere og norske adoptivfamilier", 2000, https://tidsskriftet.no/2000/01/korrespondanser/dna-test-somaliere-og-norske-adoptivfamilier. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 33. UDI / European Migration Network, "Misuse of the right to family reunification", 2012, https://www.udi.no/globalassets/global/forskning-fou_i/arbeid-og-opphold/misuse-of-the-right-to-family-reunification.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 34. IRB Canada, "Somalia: Identity documents and travel documents (January 2000 - June 2004)", via ecoi.net, https://www.ecoi.net/de/dokument/1214116.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 35. Garowe Online, "Somali president vows to overhaul passport system after 10 million issued without clear records", 19 Sebtembar 2025, https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somali-president-vows-to-overhaul-passport-system-after-10-million-issued-without-clear-records. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 36. National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA), https://nira.gov.so/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 37. Somalia, Law No. 28 of 22 December 1962 on Somali Citizenship, Refworld, https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1963/en/123382. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 38. Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative, "Law No. 28 of 22 December 1962 on Somali Citizenship", https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/law-no-28-of-22-december-1962-on-somali-citizenship/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 39. UNICEF Somalia, "Giving Every Child a Legal Identity", 10 Agoosto 2025, https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 40. Center for Immigration Studies, "ICE Resists Politicization of Deportations, Returns Planeload of Somali Citizens", https://cis.org/Vaughan/ICE-Resists-Politicization-Deportations-Returns-Planeload-Somali-Citizens. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 41. Garowe Online, "U.S. Intensifies Deportation Drive, Somalia Tops African Deportation List", https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/world/u-s-intensifies-deportation-drive-somalia-tops-african-deportation-list. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 42. UK Home Office, "Returning to Somalia" (English), 15 Sebtembar 2026, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/returning-to-somalia/returning-to-somalia-english-accessible. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 43. PRIO, "Norway and Kenya Prepare for Forceful Returns of Somalis", 2016, https://www.prio.org/comments/218. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 44. Full Fact, "Review of Somalian refugee status did not lead to 1,600 people being deported from Norway", https://fullfact.org/online/norway-somalia-refugee-deportations/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 45. Norwegian Police, "Forced returns from Norway, June 2026", https://www.politiet.no/globalassets/tall-og-fakta/uttransporteringer/engelsk/2026/june-2026-forced-returns-from-norway.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 46. Hiiraan Online, "Somali president meets Swedish minister as deportations face scrutiny", Desembar 2025, https://hiiraan.org/politics4/2025/Dec/203952/somali_president_meets_swedish_minister_as_deportations_face_scrutiny.aspx. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 47. AllAfrica, "Somali PM's Office Accused of Facilitating Deportations of Somalis From Sweden", Desembar 2025, https://allafrica.com/stories/202512150145.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 48. Goobjoog News, "Somali government denies reports of secret deal with Sweden", https://en.goobjoog.com/somali-government-denies-reports-of-secret-deal-with-sweden. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 49. Eastleigh Voice, "Somalia denies secret deportation deal with Sweden", https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/somali%20immigrants/222567/somalia-denies-secret-deportation-deal-with-sweden. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Yaa dib loogu celiyaa Soomaaliya, immisase? Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/deportations-and-returns/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka Soomaaliya waxay diiwaangelisay 9,621 muhaajiriin soo laabtay iyo 4,681 qaxooti soo laabtay 2020 ilaa 2024, intooda badan Sacuudi Carabiya iyo Yaman. Tarxiilka qasabka ah ee dalalka reer galbeedka aad buu uga yar yahay: Mareykanku wuxuu tarxiilay qiyaastii 520 Soomaali ah 2017 iyo 20 2023, Ingiriisku 13 2025, Jarmalkuna 46 2025. Dadku waxay Soomaaliya ugu soo laabtaan laba siyaabood: tarxiil qasab ah, ama soo laabasho loo yaqaan mutadawacnimo. Inta badan soo laabashada sannadihii dambe waxay ka timid Sacuudi Carabiya, Yaman iyo Liibiya, ee kama aysan iman Yurub ama Waqooyiga Ameerika. Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka Soomaaliya (NBS) waxay diiwaangelisay 9,621 muhaajiriin soo laabtay 2020 ilaa 2024 ([NBS Migration Statistics Report, daabacaadda 2aad, 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Migration-Statistics-Report-2025.pdf)). Waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay 4,681 qaxooti oo soo laabtay isla shantaas sano (isla ishaas). Xeerarka waraaqaha qaxootiga iyo tarxiilka waxay ku jiraan [Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/). ## Maxay ku kala duwan yihiin qofka la tarxiilay iyo qofka soo laabtay? Muhaajirka soo laabtay waa qof dalkiisa ku laabta kadib muddo uu dibadda joogay, "ha ahaato mutadawacnimo ama qasab, mid la caawiyay ama mid iskiis ah" ([NBS Migration Statistics Report, daabacaadda 1aad, 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Migration-Statistics-Report-2024.pdf)). NBS waxay isticmaashaa qeexitaanka European Migration Network. Qaxootiga soo laabtay waa qof dibadda qaxooti ku ahaa oo dalka ku soo laabtay, inta badan UNHCR oo caawisay. Celinta qasabka ah waxaa diiwaangeliya Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda ee Soomaaliya, laakiin NBS ma helin xogtaas warbixinteedii koowaad ([NBS, 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Migration-Statistics-Report-2024.pdf)). Sidaas darteed jadwallada Soomaaliya inta badan waxay tiriyaan dadka la caawiyay inay dalka yimaadaan. ## Immisa ayaa sannad walba soo laabta, sida ay Soomaaliya tirisay? Muhaajiriinta soo laabtay, oo uu tiriyay Xafiiska Ergayga Gaarka ah ee Madaxweynaha u qaabilsan Socdaalka, Soo-celinta iyo Xuquuqda Carruurta ([NBS, 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Migration-Statistics-Report-2025.pdf)): - **2020:** 1,287. - **2021:** 1,127. - **2022:** 3,616. - **2023:** 1,901. - **2024:** 1,690. Qaxootiga soo laabtay, oo ay tirisay Guddiga Qaranka ee Qaxootiga iyo Barakacayaasha ([NBS, 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Migration-Statistics-Report-2025.pdf)): - **2020:** 351. **2021:** 145. **2022:** 795. - **2023:** 1,225. **2024:** 2,165. Ragga da'da shaqada ayaa labada kooxba u badan. 2024, 1,288 ka mid ah 1,690 muhaajiriin soo laabtay waxay ahaayeen rag (isla ishaas). ## Dalalkee ayaa dib u celiya dadka ugu badan? Muhaajiriinta soo laabtay 2020 ilaa 2024, dal ahaan ([NBS, 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Migration-Statistics-Report-2025.pdf)): - **Sacuudi Carabiya:** 4,708. - **Yaman:** 2,752. - **Liibiya:** 906. - **Itoobiya:** 390. - **Suudaan:** 239. - **Jarmalka:** 88. **Beljiyam iyo Turkiga:** 42 midkiiba. **Swiiserlaand:** 34. **Holland:** 27. **Finland:** 21. Qaxootiga soo laabtay waxay inta badan ka yimaadeen Yaman (3,793), Kenya (427) iyo Liibiya (389) isla sannadahaas (isla ishaas). Jadwallada NBS kuma qorna wax soo laabasho ah oo ka timid Mareykanka, Ingiriiska ama Koonfur Afrika 2020 ilaa 2024. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayuu Mareykanku tarxiilay? Wasaaradda Amniga Gudaha Mareykanka (DHS) tirooyinkeeda waxay ku soo koobtaa tobanka ugu dhow ([DHS Yearbook 2023, Table 42](https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/yearbook/2023/table42)): - **2014:** 60. **2015:** 120. **2016:** 200. - **2017:** 520. **2018:** 230. **2019:** 150. - **2020:** 110. **2021:** 50. **2022:** 10. **2023:** 20. Tarxiilka Soomaaliya maxkamad ayaa lagu tijaabiyay. Kiiska *Jama v. ICE* (2005), Maxkamadda Sare waxay go'aamisay in Mareykanku dadka u tarxiili karo Soomaaliya iyadoo aan horay loo helin oggolaanshaha dowladdeeda ([CaseMine commentary](https://www.casemine.com/commentary/us/removal-of-aliens-without-advance-government-consent-under-8-u.s.c.-§1231(b)(2):-comprehensive-analysis-of-jama-v.-ice/view)). ICE waxay sheegtay in duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee la isku dayay uu ku kacay US$197,680, mas'uuliyiinta Puntland-na way diideen inay ninka qaataan ([MPR News, 23 Juun 2006](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2006/06/23/jamaflight)). 7 Desembar 2017, diyaarad sidday 92 Soomaali ah ayaa dib u laabatay kadib joogsi dheer oo ay ku sameysay Dakar ([ACLU, Ibrahim v. Acosta](https://aclu.org/cases/ibrahim-v-acosta)). Dadkii la hayay waxay sheegeen in la silsileeyay muddadii 48-ka saacadood oo dhan, dacwad wadareedna (class action) waxaa laga furay Florida. 2025 dowladda Mareykanku waxay 4,090 Soomaali ah u calaamadeysay tarxiil ([Al Jazeera, 12 Maarso 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/3/12/somalia-is-dangerous-former-us-deportees-struggle-with-fear-uncertainty)). Sebtembar 2026, siddeed nin oo Soomaali ah ayaa Muqdisho loo duuliyay, kadib qiyaastii bil ay ku xirnaayeen Guantánamo Bay ([MPR News, 25 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/09/25/adam-abdullah-is-among-8-deported-to-somalia-from-guantanamo-bay)). Dhammaadka Ilaalinta Ku-meelgaarka ah (TPS) waxaa lagu sharxay [Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/). ## Immisa ayuu Ingiriisku u celiyaa Soomaaliya? Tiro yar. Dadka Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha Ingiriiska (Home Office) u celisay Soomaaliya ([Home Office returns dataset, sannadka ku dhammaaday Juun 2026](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6a85c4f754bcee010d514572/returns-datasets-jun-2026.xlsx)): - **2014:** 35 qasab, 1 mutadawac. - **2018:** 41 qasab, 16 mutadawac. - **2019:** 43 qasab, 6 mutadawac. - **2022:** 6 qasab, 7 mutadawac. - **2024:** 12 qasab, 1 mutadawac. - **2025:** 13 qasab, 3 mutadawac. Muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed ee Ingiriiska ka baxa ee u socda dalalka Midowga Yurub ayaa hadda ka badan kuwa Soomaaliya aada. Kala badhkii hore ee 2026, 58 ayaa loo celiyay dalal xubin ka ah Midowga Yurub, 7-na Soomaaliya (isla xogtaas). Maxkamadaha Ingiriiska ayaa xadka dejiyay. Kiiska *Sufi and Elmi v. United Kingdom* (28 Juun 2011), Maxkamadda Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Yurub waxay go'aamisay in laba nin oo Muqdisho loo celiyo ay jebinayso Qodobka 3 ([EIN summary](https://www.ein.org.uk/node/262284)). Waxay ogaatay in xaaladaha xeryaha jidka Afgooye iyo Dhadhaab ay gaareen heerkaas. Tilmaamihii Ingiriiska ee dambe jiho kale ayay qaateen. *MOJ* (2014) wuxuu go'aamiyay in qof rayid ah oo caadi ah oo Muqdisho ku laabta aysan guud ahaan khatar dhab ah ku jirin, *OA* (2022)-na wuu sii hayay go'aankaas ([Upper Tribunal, OA (Somalia) CG [2022] UKUT 33](https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukut/iac/2022/33)). *OA* wuxuu ogaaday in dadka aan lahayn taageero beel ama qoys, lacag dibadda ka timaadda iyo nolol-maalmeed oo keliya ay la kulmaan xaalado ka hooseeya heerka sharciga. ## Ka warran Jarmalka iyo Holland? Jarmalku wuxuu Soomaaliya u tarxiilay 19 qof 2023, 12 qof 2024 iyo 46 qof 2025 ([Bundestag, Drucksache 21/8469, 8 Oktoobar 2026](https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/21/084/2108469.pdf)). Duulimaadyadu waxay maraan Nayroobi, halkaas oo booliska Jarmalku dadka ku wareejiyaan ilaalada shirkadda diyaaradda ee qaybta ugu dambeysa ([Bundestag, Drucksache 21/4496](https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/21/044/2104496.pdf)). Dowladda Jarmalku waxay liis gareysay afar duulimaad oo kiro ah iyo kharashkooda (isla ishaas): - **15 Oktoobar 2024:** €137,585. - **6 Maarso 2025:** €293,855. - **10 Luulyo 2025:** €387,280. - **8 Desembar 2025:** €356,800. Holland waxay ahayd dowladdii ugu horreysay ee joojisa hakintii ay ku haysay celinta Soomaaliya, Desembar 2012 ([Amnesty International, 23 Oktoobar 2014](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/10/netherlands-forced-returns-somalis-al-shabaab-areas-can-amount-death-sente/)). Nofembar 2013 waxay Muqdisho u celisay nin 26 jir ah, kaasoo saddex maalmood kadib ku dhaawacmay weerar is-miidaamin ah (isla ishaas). ## Ka warran dalalka Waqooyiga Yurub (Nordic)? Celintu way yar tahay, inta badanna waxaa lagu fuliyaa heshiisyo qarsoodi ah. Denmark waxay Soomaaliya la leedahay heshiis aan la shaacin, oo la sheegay inuu oggol yahay ilaa 12 celin sannadkii ([The Local Denmark, 14 Juun 2018](https://www.thelocal.dk/20180614/mps-call-for-explanation-over-confidential-denmark-somalia-deal-after-extortion-allegation)). Wasaaraddu waxay sheegtay inuu qarsoodi yahay "codsiga Soomaaliya awgeed". Celinta Noorweey iyo Iswiidhan waxaa lagu sharxay [Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/). Jadwallada Soomaaliya waxay diiwaangeliyeen 21 muhaajiriin oo Finland ka soo laabtay iyo 2 Noorweey ka yimid 2020 ilaa 2024 ([NBS, 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Migration-Statistics-Report-2025.pdf)). ## Immisa ayay Sacuudi Carabiya tarxiishay? Aad uga badan dal kasta oo reer galbeed ah. Desembar 2013 ilaa Agoosto 2014, mas'uuliyiinta Sacuudiga waxay Muqdisho u fuliyeen tarxiil ballaaran, kadib markii dadka lagu hayay xarumaha tarxiilka ([Landinfo, 1 Sebtembar 2021](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2060174/Saudi-Arabia-Somalia-respons-Somaliske-borgeres-adgang-til-opphold-i-Saudi-Arabia-og-deportasjoner-til-Somalia-01092021.pdf)). Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka waxay wadarta tan iyo 2013 ku qiyaastay qiyaastii 85,000 ilaa 2016, sida ay Landinfo sheegtay. Safaaradda Noorweey ee Nayroobi ayaa Landinfo u sheegtay in xawaaruhu ahaa qiyaastii 4,000 sannadkii 2016 ilaa 2019, iyo qiyaastii 2,000 sannadkii 2020 ([Landinfo, 2021](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2060174/Saudi-Arabia-Somalia-respons-Somaliske-borgeres-adgang-til-opphold-i-Saudi-Arabia-og-deportasjoner-til-Somalia-01092021.pdf)). Dadka la tarxiilo waxaa diyaarad kiro ah loogu qaadaa Muqdisho, meel kasta oo Soomaaliya ka mid ah ha ka yimaadeene. Mowjaddii horraantii 2014 waxay ku jirtaa [Waddooyinkee ayay Soomaalidu mareen?](/so/diaspora/migration-routes/). ## Sidee bay u shaqaysay soo laabashada Kenya? Waxay ku dhacday heshiis soo laabasho mutadawacnimo ah oo Kenya, Soomaaliya iyo UNHCR saxiixeen 10 Nofembar 2013 ([The Star, Kenya](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-11-23-300000-somali-refugees-repatriated-from-kenya-since-2014-ruto/)). Soo laabashadu waxay bilaabatay Desembar 2014, sida ay isla warbixintu sheegtay. Tirada sannadlaha ah ee UNHCR ee qaxootiga Soomaaliya loogu celiyay dalalka oo dhan ayaa muujinaysa heerka ugu sarreeyay ([UNHCR Refugee Data Finder](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM)): - **2015:** 32,343. **2016:** 36,136. **2017:** 41,476. - **2018:** 13,081. **2019:** 6,241. **2020:** 1,560. - **2023:** 1,876. **2024:** 1,959. **2025:** 1,187. Dadkii soo laabtay marka hore waxay helayeen US$80 qofkiiba, ama US$100 haddii ay baahi gaar ah qabaan, waxayna aadeen Luuq, Baydhabo iyo Kismaayo ([UNHCR, pilot returns story](https://unhcr.org/node/16755)). Ururrada xuquuqda ayaa su'aal ka keenay inta ay mutadawacnimo ahayd. Human Rights Watch waxay 2016 sheegtay in Kenya aysan qaxootiga Dhadhaab siin doorasho dhab ah ([Africanews, 15 Sebtembar 2016](https://www.africanews.com/2016/09/15/kenya-accused-of-intimidating-somali-refugees-to-repatriate-voluntarily)). Amnesty waxay 2017 ogaatay in dadkii Baydhabo ku soo laabtay ay la kulmeen biyo qaali ah oo aan nadiif ahayn, gaajo iyo barakac cusub ([Amnesty International, 21 Desembar 2017](https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2017/12/somalia-refugees-pressured-to-leave-dadaab-return-to-insecurity-drought-and-hunger/)). ## Ka warran Yaman, Jabuuti iyo Koonfur Afrika? - **Yaman:** 1,935 qaxooti ayaa Yaman ka soo laabtay 2024 oo keliya, kuwa ugu badan dal kasta ([NBS, 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Migration-Statistics-Report-2025.pdf)). - **Jabuuti:** 2003 dowladdu waxay ajaanibta aan waraaqaha haysan ku amartay inay baxaan ilaa 15 Sebtembar; qiyaastii 100,000, oo intooda badan Soomaali, Itoobiyaan iyo Yamani ahaa, ayaa baxay ([USCR World Refugee Survey 2004, Refworld](https://www.refworld.org/node/27008)). - **Koonfur Afrika:** jadwallada Soomaaliya kuma qorna wax soo laabtay oo Koonfur Afrika ka yimid 2020 ilaa 2024 ([NBS, 2025](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Migration-Statistics-Report-2025.pdf)). Eeg [Koonfur Afrika](/en/diaspora/south-africa/) (Ingiriisi). ## Maxay dadku helaan markay yimaadaan? Xafiiska ergayga Soomaaliya iyo IOM ayaa bixiya taageero soo dhaweyn. 2022 waxay caawimo soo dhaweyn siiyeen 3,616 qof, gaadiid sii socodna 3,627 ([NBS, daabacaadda 1aad, 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Migration-Statistics-Report-2024.pdf)). Tiro ka yar ayaa helay caawimo qoto dheer: 246 ayaa helay caawimo dib u dhexgal, 68-na tababar ganacsi sannadkaas. Meelaha ay muhaajiriinta soo laabtay degeen, 2020 ilaa 2023 (isla ishaas): - **Banaadir (Muqdisho):** 2,323. - **Somaliland:** 3,040. - **Puntland:** 1,631. - **Galmudug:** 454. **Jubbaland:** 225. **Koonfur Galbeed:** 211. **Hirshabeelle:** 47. Dadka Mareykanka laga tarxiilay ee Muqdisho lagu wareystay waxay sheegeen inay lumiyeen Af-Soomaaligoodii, shaqo yari, ceeb iyo inaysan lahayn qaraabo ay u tagaan ([Al Jazeera, 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/3/12/somalia-is-dangerous-former-us-deportees-struggle-with-fear-uncertainty)). Maxkamad Ingiriis ah ayaa ogaatay in qol hoteel uu ku kaco qiyaastii US$25 habeenkii, qolalka kirada ahna qiyaastii US$40 ilaa US$150 bishii ([OA (Somalia) [2022] UKUT 33](https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukut/iac/2022/33)). ## Maxaa kale oo la soo sheegay? - **Amarrada maxkamadaha Mareykanka, 2026:** falanqayn uu wargeyska Star Tribune ku sameeyay xogta maxkamadaha socdaalka ayaa lagu ogaaday in ka badan 500 Soomaali ah oo Minnesota jooga lagu amray tarxiil 2026, iyo qiyaastii 1,000 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaali ah oo la siiyay amarro tarxiil tan iyo Febraayo, sida uu soo sheegay Gateway Pundit ([Gateway Pundit, Oktoobar 2026, isagoo soo xiganaya Star Tribune](https://thegatewaypundit.com/2026/10/trump-immigration-crackdown-drives-tenfold-surge-somali-deportation)). NPR waxay Febraayo 2026 sheegtay in maxkamadaha socdaalku dacwadaha magangalyada Soomaalida u wareejiyeen jadwal ka dhakhso badan ([NPR, 9 Febraayo 2026](https://www.npr.org/2026/02/09/nx-s1-5707217/somali-asylum-cases-rescheduled)). - **Amarrada kama dambaysta ah, 2017:** ICE waxay sheegtay 4,801 muwaadin Soomaaliyeed oo haystay amar tarxiil oo kama dambays ah 1 Abriil 2017, sida lagu soo sheegay xilligaas ([Horn Diplomat, Abriil 2017](https://www.horndiplomat.com/2017/04/18/nearly-4000-somalis-set-to-be-deported-from-us/)). [Akhri baaqa](/so/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/) - [Waddooyinkee ayay Soomaalidu mareen?](/so/diaspora/migration-routes/) - [Xeryaha qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed](/so/diaspora/refugee-camps/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Sacuudi Carabiya](/en/diaspora/saudi-arabia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi) - [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) (Ingiriisi) - [Jarmalka](/en/diaspora/germany/) (Ingiriisi) - [Barakaca gudaha](/en/society/internal-displacement/) (Ingiriisi) - [Calanka la siday tan iyo 1895](/so/history/carried-the-banner-since-1895/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. Somalia National Bureau of Statistics. "Migration Statistics Report, Second Edition 2025". NBS, 2026. https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Migration-Statistics-Report-2025.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. Somalia National Bureau of Statistics. "Migration Statistics Report, First Edition 2024" (tables 4.1 to 4.6). NBS, November 2024. https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Migration-Statistics-Report-2024.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. US Department of Homeland Security, Office of Homeland Security Statistics. "Yearbook 2023, Table 42: Removals by country of nationality, FY2014-2023". https://ohss.dhs.gov/topics/immigration/yearbook/2023/table42. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. CaseMine. "Removal of Aliens Without Advance Government Consent under 8 U.S.C. §1231(b)(2): Comprehensive Analysis of Jama v. ICE". https://www.casemine.com/commentary/us/removal-of-aliens-without-advance-government-consent-under-8-u.s.c.-§1231(b)(2):-comprehensive-analysis-of-jama-v.-ice/view. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. MPR News. "U.S. Immigration spent $200K on Keyse Jama deportation", 23 Juun 2006. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2006/06/23/jamaflight. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. The Star (Kenya). "300,000 Somali refugees repatriated from Kenya since 2014 - Ruto", 23 Nofembar 2018. https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-11-23-300000-somali-refugees-repatriated-from-kenya-since-2014-ruto/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. ACLU. "Ibrahim v. Acosta". https://aclu.org/cases/ibrahim-v-acosta. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. Mohamed Gabobe. "'Somalia is dangerous': Former US deportees struggle with fear, uncertainty". Al Jazeera, 12 Maarso 2025. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/3/12/somalia-is-dangerous-former-us-deportees-struggle-with-fear-uncertainty. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. MPR News. "8 deported to Somalia from Guantanamo Bay", 25 Sebtembar 2026. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2026/09/25/adam-abdullah-is-among-8-deported-to-somalia-from-guantanamo-bay. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. UK Home Office. "Immigration system statistics, year ending June 2026: Returns detailed datasets" (Ret_D01, Ret_D02). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6a85c4f754bcee010d514572/returns-datasets-jun-2026.xlsx. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Electronic Immigration Network. Summary of Sufi and Elmi v. United Kingdom (ECtHR, 8319/07 and 11449/07), 28 Juun 2011. https://www.ein.org.uk/node/262284. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber). OA (Somalia) Country Guidance [2022] UKUT 33 (IAC). https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukut/iac/2022/33. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. Deutscher Bundestag. Drucksache 21/4496, answer on deportations to Somalia. https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/21/044/2104496.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. Deutscher Bundestag. Drucksache 21/8469, "Abschiebungen nach Somalia im bisherigen Jahr 2026", 8 Oktoobar 2026. https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/21/084/2108469.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. Amnesty International. "Netherlands: Forced returns of Somalis to al-Shabaab areas can amount to 'death sentences'", 23 Oktoobar 2014. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/10/netherlands-forced-returns-somalis-al-shabaab-areas-can-amount-death-sente/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. The Local Denmark. "MPs call for explanation over confidential Denmark-Somalia deal", 14 Juun 2018. https://www.thelocal.dk/20180614/mps-call-for-explanation-over-confidential-denmark-somalia-deal-after-extortion-allegation. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. Landinfo (Norway). "Saudi-Arabia/Somalia: Somaliske borgeres adgang til opphold i Saudi-Arabia og deportasjoner til Somalia", 1 Sebtembar 2021. Via ecoi.net. https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2060174/Saudi-Arabia-Somalia-respons-Somaliske-borgeres-adgang-til-opphold-i-Saudi-Arabia-og-deportasjoner-til-Somalia-01092021.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. UNHCR. Refugee Data Finder API, refugees and returned refugees of Somali origin, 1990-2025. https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. UNHCR. Story on the first returns from Kenya under the pilot project. https://unhcr.org/node/16755. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. Africanews. "Kenya accused of intimidating Somali refugees to repatriate voluntarily", 15 Sebtembar 2016. https://www.africanews.com/2016/09/15/kenya-accused-of-intimidating-somali-refugees-to-repatriate-voluntarily. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Amnesty International. "Somalia: Refugees pressured to leave Dadaab return to insecurity, drought and hunger", 21 Desembar 2017. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2017/12/somalia-refugees-pressured-to-leave-dadaab-return-to-insecurity-drought-and-hunger/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. US Committee for Refugees. "World Refugee Survey 2004 - Djibouti". Via Refworld. https://www.refworld.org/node/27008. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. The Gateway Pundit. "Trump immigration crackdown drives tenfold surge in Somali deportation orders in Minnesota". Oktoobar 2026. https://thegatewaypundit.com/2026/10/trump-immigration-crackdown-drives-tenfold-surge-somali-deportation. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. NPR. "Somali asylum cases rescheduled". 9 Febraayo 2026. https://www.npr.org/2026/02/09/nx-s1-5707217/somali-asylum-cases-rescheduled. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. Horn Diplomat. "Nearly 4,000 Somalis set to be deported from US". 18 Abriil 2017. https://www.horndiplomat.com/2017/04/18/nearly-4000-somalis-set-to-be-deported-from-us/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Maxay Soomaalidu ka tageen markay carareen? Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/what-somalis-left-behind/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dadkii cararay 1991 laga bilaabo waxay ka tageen guryo, beero, kayd lacageed, waraaqo iyo qabuuro, qaar badanna markay soo laabteen waxay gurigooda ku arkeen dad aysan aqoon. 2014 qiyaastii 80% kiisaska Maxkamadda Sare ee Muqdisho waxay ku saabsanaayeen dhul, weli ma jiro sharci qaran oo hantida dib loogu celiyo. Dadkii cararay 1991 laga bilaabo waxay ka tageen guryo, beero, kayd lacageed, waraaqo iyo qabuuro, qaar badanna markay soo laabteen waxay gurigooda ku arkeen dad aysan aqoon. 2014 qiyaastii 80% kiisaska Maxkamadda Sare ee Muqdisho waxay ku saabsanaayeen dhul, weli ma jiro sharci qaran oo hantida dib loogu celiyo ([RVI iyo HIPS, Land Matters in Mogadishu, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/publication/land-matters-mogadishu/); [HIPS, 2023](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Land-Governance-Review-.pdf)). Boggan wuxuu sharxayaa waxa laga tagay, waxa ku dhacay, iyo waxa soo noqday. Cidna eed kuma magacaabayo. Wuxuu bixinayaa ereyada iyo tirooyinka il kasta. ## Intee dhakhso ah ayay dadku ku qasbanaadeen inay baxaan? Dagaalku wuxuu gaaray Muqdisho maalmihii ugu dambeeyay ee 1990, qoysaskuna waxay xirxirteen wixii ay qaadi karaan, wayna carareen ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 54](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Sharciyadda dhulka (title deeds) inta badan waa laga tagay ama waddada ayay ku lumeen, sida ay isla daraasaddu sheegtay ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Milkiilayaasha qaar ayaa guryahooda u daayay qaraabo ama saaxiibbo si ay u ilaaliyaan ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in qaxii horraantii 1991 uu "saameeyay dhammaan beelaha", iyo in malaayiin Soomaali ah ay guryahooda ka tageen ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 42](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Waxay sheegtay in Muqdisho ay ahayd meesha ugu dad badan ee laga qaxay, iyadoo saameynta ugu culus ay ku dhacday qoyska beelaha Daarood, Reer Xamar iyo kooxo kale oo laga tirada badan yahay ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Dadkii miyiga ka yimid ayaa kadib galay dhismayaashii dowladda iyo guryihii madhnaa, sida ay daraasaddu diiwaangelisay ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Waddooyinka, xeryaha iyo mowjadaha qaxa, eeg [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/). ## Maxaa ku dhacay guryihii dadku ka tageen? Guryo badan waxaa qabsaday dad cusub, qaarkood kadib way iibiyeen ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 54](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Marka milkiiluhu soo laabto, qofka halkaas deggan wuxuu inta badan ka doodaa sheegashada, waxaana daba yimaada hawl dheer oo qaali ah ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Daraasaddu waxay xustay in sharciga Soomaaliyeed uusan lahayn tusaale hore oo xuquuq siinaya dadka si sharci darro ah hanti u deggan, inkastoo deganayaashu ay inta badan sheegtaan ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 55](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Deganayaashu sababo kala duwan ayay keenaan, sida ay daraasaddu diiwaangelisay. Qaar waxay sheegaan inay halkaas ku noolaayeen 25 sano iyadoo aan cidi ka doodin ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Qaar kale waxay sheegaan in dayactirkooda uu ka qiimo badnaa guriga laftiisa ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Milkiilayaasha qaar ayaa heshiisyo galay laga bilaabo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii. Iyagoo odayaal la jira, waxay deganayaasha siiyeen lacag "ilaalinta iyo dayactirka hantida" ah, si guriga loogu celiyo ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 52](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in arrintani u shaqaysay tiro yar oo keliya, qaar badan oo guryahoodii dib u helayna ay kadib iibiyeen ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). ## Immisa khilaaf hanti ah ayaa jira? Qiyaastii 80% kiisaskii Maxkamadda Sare ee Muqdisho dhegeysatay 2014 waxay ku saabsanaayeen dhul ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Guddi Banaadir oo khilaafaadka dhulka qaabilsan ayaa saddexdii bilood ee ugu horreysay diiwaangeliyay qiyaastii 200 khilaaf oo cusub, kadibna wuu joojiyay qaadashada kiisaska si uu u dhammeeyo kuwii u yaallay ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 71](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Aqoonyahan Kenneth Menkhaus ayaa 2017 u sheegay Reuters in ay jiraan "tobannaan kun" oo khilaaf dhul ah, qaarkood 1970-meeyadii ka soo bilaabmay ([Reuters, Arab News, 12 Oktoobar 2017](https://www.arabnews.com/world/back-to-the-land-friction-as-somali-exiles-return-home-1176641)). Daraasad IIED 2019 ayaa sheegtay afar sababood oo kordhiya qiimaha dhulka Muqdisho, kaas oo ay sheegtay inuu laga yaabo inuu toban laab kordhay tan iyo 2012 ([IIED, 2019](https://iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10869IIED.pdf)): - lahaansho iyo xeerar aan caddayn; - dhulka dadweynaha oo shakhsiyaad qabsadeen; - qoysaska barakacayaasha ah oo imanaya; - dadka soo laabtay, oo ay ku jiraan qurbajoog, oo hantidooda dib u sheeganaya. Isla daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in xeerka dhaqanku uu u janjeero beelaha waaweyn, taasoo ku adkeysa beelaha laga tirada badan yahay iyo kooxaha kale inay xuquuqdooda sheegtaan ([IIED, 2019](https://iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10869IIED.pdf)). ## Maxaa ku dhacay waraaqihii hantida? 1960-meeyadii ilaa 1991, Muqdisho waxay lahayd diiwaan dhul oo daboolaya ilaa 70% dhulka magaalada ([IIED, 2019](https://iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10869IIED.pdf)). Markii magaaladu dagaal gashay, shaqaalihii hore ee Waaxda Dhulka ayaa diiwaannada iyo khariidadaha la qaatay ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 59](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Diiwaanka ugu weyn hadda waxaa haya Soomaali ku nool Iswiidhan, kaasoo lacag ku xaqiijiya sharciyadda, isagoo xafiis Muqdisho ku leh ([IIED, 2019](https://iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10869IIED.pdf); [RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Sharciyado been abuur ah ayaa badan. Qayb ka mid ah Suuqa Bakaaraha oo loo yaqaan Cabdalla Shideeye ayaa sameyn jirtay dukumentiyo been abuur ah, oo ay ku jiraan sharciyadda dhulka, ilaa maamulka gobolku mamnuucay 2016 ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 59](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Maxkamadda Gobolka Banaadir waxay dhegeysatay kiisas dad dibadda jooga oo nuqullo hal sharciyad ah ka iibiyay dhowr iibsade ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Dowladihii dambe lakab cusub ayay ku dareen. Sharciyado laga bixiyay degmada Hodan 2001, oo loo yaqaan "sharciyadda Carta", ayaa la isku khilaafay markii milkiile haystay sharciyad ka da' weyn soo laabtay ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 60](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Odayaal ayaa xalliyay, iyadoo deganayaashu milkiilaha siiyeen lacag u dhow qiimihii asalka ahaa ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). ## Diiwaanno kale oo lumay? Nidaamka diiwaangelinta madaniga ah ee Soomaaliya wuxuu "burburay 1991", taasoo keentay "burbur ballaaran oo diiwaannada ah", sida ay sheegtay hay'adda aqoonsiga qaranka ([NIRA, ID4Africa 2026](https://id4africa.com/2026/files/T1-3-3-Somalia-FINAL.pdf)). Maanta 3% oo keliya carruurta ka yar shan sano ayaa dhalashadooda la diiwaangeliyay, sida ay UNICEF sheegtay ([UNICEF Somalia, 10 Agoosto 2025](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity)). Eeg [Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA)](/so/states/national-id-nira/) iyo [Shahaadada dhalashada](/so/states/birth-records/). Taariikhyahan Dr Safia Aidid (Saafiya Caydiid) waxay ka hadashaa "xumaanshaha, lumitaanka iyo dhaca kaydadka taariikhda iyo agabka dhaqanka Soomaaliya" ([Geeska, 5 Agoosto 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/why-we-need-collect-and-archive-somali-history)). Kaydiye Cabdimaalik Cali Warsame wuxuu burburka kaydka qaranka ugu yeeraa "bibliocaust" (gubidda buugaagta) ([Geeska, 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/why-we-need-collect-and-archive-somali-history)). - **Matxafka Qaranka:** wuxuu xirnaa ku dhawaad 30 sano; inta badan alaabtii hore waa "la burburiyay ama la dhacay"; wuxuu dib u furmay Luulyo 2020 ([UNSOM, 31 Oktoobar 2023](https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/node/53226)). Wuxuu haystay qiyaastii 3,500 shay markii uu dhismo kale u guuray 1985 ([UNSOM, 2023](https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/node/53226)). - **Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed:** dagaalka ayaa xiray; golaha wasiirradu wuxuu oggolaaday dib u furisteeda 26 Nofembar 2013, waxayna dib u furantay 16 Agoosto 2014 ([Somali National University](https://snu.edu.so/about/history/)). Xaruntii ugu weyneyd waxaa saldhig ahaan u isticmaalayay AMISOM, waxaana dib loo celiyay 2017 ([Africanews, 12 Luulyo 2017](https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/12/somalia-gets-back-university-used-as-amisom-military-base-for-10-years/)). ## Maxaa ku dhacay kaydka iyo lacagta? Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya lacag ma soo saarin tan iyo 1991, dalkuna wuxuu noqday "dhaqaale dhab ahaan doolar ku shaqeeya" ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2024](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBS-Annual-Report_2024_-28-July-2025-1.pdf)). Inta badan shilinka la isticmaalo waxaa la daabacay 1991 kadib, iyadoo aysan jirin hal cid soo saarta, sida uu 2026 sheegay Ururka Bangiyada Soomaaliyeed ([Dawan Africa, 15 Abriil 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somali-bankers-most-shilling-printed-after-1991-collapse-no-central-issuer)). Dowladdu iyaduna hanti ayay waysay. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegay inuu weli leeyahay dhul iyo dhismayaal uusan dib u helin tan iyo 1991 ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 2024](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBS-Annual-Report_2024_-28-July-2025-1.pdf)). Isagoo kaashanaya Hindisaha Soo Celinta Hantida La Xaday (Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative) ee Bangiga Adduunka, wuxuu dib u helay US$6,984,451 oo ku jiray Intesa Sanpaolo tan iyo 1991 ka hor ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 2024](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBS-Annual-Report_2024_-28-July-2025-1.pdf)). **Bangiga dowladda.** Bangiga Ganacsiga iyo Kaydka Soomaaliyeed (Commercial and Savings Bank of Somalia) waxaa la sameeyay 1975, iyadoo la isku daray Bangiga Ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed iyo Bangiga Kaydka iyo Deynta Soomaaliyeed, wuxuuna markaas ahaa bangiga ganacsi ee keliya ee dalka ([Wikipedia: "Central Bank of Somalia"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia)). Maxamed Dalmar (Mohamed Dalmar), oo hore u ahaa Agaasimaha Guud ee Bangiga Dhexe, wuxuu qoray in 1989 nidaamka bangiyadu "burburay ama uu qarka u saarnaa burbur", iyo in Bangiga Ganacsiga iyo Kaydka "lagu dhawaaqay inuu musalafay" ([Dalmar, WardheerNews, 2 Janaayo 2015](https://wardheernews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Somalia-Monetary-policy-By-Dalmar.pdf)). Dalmar wuxuu sheegay in bangigu bixiyay amaah aan dammaanad lahayn oo khiyaano ah oo qiyaastii ah 60 bilyan oo shilin, iyo in 1989 lacagta suuqa wareegaysa ay korortay 96 bilyan oo shilin, sicir-bararku gaaray 110%, shilinkuna lumiyay 278%, isagoo soo xiganaya tirakoobka IMF ([Dalmar, 2015](https://wardheernews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Somalia-Monetary-policy-By-Dalmar.pdf)). Burburkii dowladda 1991 kadib, lacagta caddaanka ah iyo alaabta qiimaha leh ee Bangiga Dhexe iyo bangiyada kale ee dowladda waa la boobay, dhismayaashoodii waa la burburiyay, diiwaannadooduna waa baaba'een, sida uu qoray. **Lacag been abuur ah.** 2017 madaxa IMF ee Soomaaliya ayaa sheegay in ilaa 98% warqadaha shilinka ee suuqa ku wareegaya ay ahaayeen been abuur, inta kalena ay ahaayeen warqado duugoobay oo la daabacay 1990-91 ([Africanews, 9 Maarso 2017](https://www.africanews.com/2017/03/09/somali-to-print-new-bank-notes-buoyed-by-imf)). ## Ka warran beeraha dooxooyinka webiyada? Sharciga Dhulka 1975 wuxuu dhulka oo dhan ka dhigay dhul dowladeed, wuxuuna waajibiyay diiwaangelin, taasoo ugu firfircoonayd dooxooyinka Shabeelle iyo Jubba ([IGAD Land Governance Portal](https://land.igad.int/index.php/countries/39-countries/somalia/40-somalia-profile?start=2)). Cilmi-yaqaanka bulshada Catherine Besteman waxay ogaatay in sharciyadda "si aan sinnayn loo siiyay dad cusub" halkii beeralayda deggan ([HIPS, 2023, oo soo xigtay Besteman 1994](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Land-Governance-Review-.pdf)). 1988, 0.6% oo keliya dhulka Soomaaliya ayaa diiwaangashanaa ([HIPS, 2023, oo soo xigtay UN-Habitat 2008](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Land-Governance-Review-.pdf)). Golaha Qaxootiga Noorweey (NRC) wuxuu sheegay sheegashooyin is khilaafsan iyo dhul boob ka dhaca webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle, oo inta badan la xiriira dukumentiyo maqan ([NRC, minority access to land](https://nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/access-to-land-and-tenure-documents-a-situational-analysis-of-minority-groups-in-southwest-jubaland-and-puntland-states-somalia/minority-access-to-land-and-tenure-documents-in-puntland-jubaland-and-southwest-states-somalia.pdf)). Kooxaha beeralayda ah ee laga tirada badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan Soomaali Bantu, waxay ka mid ahaayeen dadkii u guuray Muqdisho kadib macluushii 1991 ilaa 1992 ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 43](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). ## Maxaa ku dhacay qabuuraha? 2024 mas'uuliyiintu waxay amreen in qabuuro laga qodo xabaalaha akadeemiyada booliska ee Xamar Jajab, si loogu dhiso xarun loo qorsheeyay oo ciidanka badda iyo ilaalada xeebaha ah, sida ay Geeska sheegtay ([Geeska, 6 Nofembar 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/mogadishus-land-reclamation-drive-exposes-deep-corruption-scandal)). Qoysasku waxay bixiyeen US$20 ilaa 25 si ay u helaan ogolaansho qodis, sida ay isla warbixintu sheegtay ([Geeska, 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/mogadishus-land-reclamation-drive-exposes-deep-corruption-scandal)). Heritage Institute waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay in "meydadka laga soo qoday xabaalaha" intii dhulka la iibinayay ([HIPS, Sebtembar 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Preventing-Chaos-in-Mogadishu-Why-Dialogue-Must-Replace-Force.pdf)). ## Yaa hadda guryaha waaya? Guri ka saaristu way sii socotaa, inta badan qoysaska barakacayaasha ah. Golaha Qaxootiga Noorweey wuxuu tiriyay in ka badan 2 milyan oo qof oo guryo looga saaray Soomaaliya oo dhan 2017 ilaa 2025, in ka badan 1 milyan oo ka mid ah Muqdisho ([EUAA, Juun 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/22-evictions-drivers-and-latest-trends)). 2025, 143,548 guri ka saaris ayaa Muqdisho laga diiwaangeliyay, 63,132 ka mid ah hanti dowladeed ([EUAA, Juun 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/23-recent-instances-evictions-mogadishu)). Sahan NRC 2024, 89% qoysaska laga tirada badan yahay iyo kuwa la iska indho tiray ayaa la saaray ama khatar saarid ku jiray ([EUAA, oo soo xigtay NRC](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/22-evictions-drivers-and-latest-trends)). Luulyo 2025, 120 qoys ayaa laga saaray aagga xerada Danyar iyadoo aan la ogeysiin, sida ay u sheegeen Radio Ergo ([Radio Ergo, 13 Oktoobar 2025](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/10/cruel-evictions-leave-thousands-of-people-pushed-back-into-poverty-in-mogadishu/)). Dhismayaasha dadweynaha ayaa la bannaynayaa oo la iibinayaa. Heritage Institute waxay sheegtay in hantida "la sheegay in la iibiyay" tan iyo 2024 ay ka mid yihiin xarunta Jaamacadda Ummadda, saldhigga Dab-damiska iyo xarunta Telefishinka Qaranka ([HIPS, 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Preventing-Chaos-in-Mogadishu-Why-Dialogue-Must-Replace-Force.pdf)). In ka badan 90 xildhibaan ayaa cambaareeyay hawshan, saddex madaxweyne oo hore ayaana sheegay in la iska indho tiray ilaalinta sharciga iyo maaliyadda, sida ay hay'addu diiwaangelisay ([HIPS, 2025](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Preventing-Chaos-in-Mogadishu-Why-Dialogue-Must-Replace-Force.pdf)). Febraayo 2026, wasiirka waxbarashada ayaa dadka deggan ku amray inay ka baxaan dhulka jaamacadda si dib loogu dhiso xarunta ([SONNA, 9 Febraayo 2026](https://sonna.so/en/education-minister-orders-evacuation-of-somali-national-university-land-for-redevelopment/)). ## Xeerar maxay jiraan oo hantida dib loogu helo? Heshiisyo nabadeed oo dhowr ah ayaa dhibaatada magacaabay. Axdigii Federaalka ee Ku-meelgaarka ahaa ee 2004 wuxuu dowladda faray inay hantida gaarka ah u celiso "milkiilayaasha xaqa u leh", iyo inay sameyso guddi soo celinta hantida ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 49](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in ballanqaadyadaas aan la fulin ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). - **Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah 2012:** Qodobka 43 wuxuu sheegayaa in dowladda federaalku dejin doonto siyaasad dhul qaran ([IIED, 2019](https://iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10869IIED.pdf)). Heritage Institute waxay sheegtay in aan la samayn siyaasad dhul qaran ama dib u habeyn dhul tan iyo 1991 ([HIPS, 2023](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Land-Governance-Review-.pdf)). - **Qaab-dhismeedka Banaadir 2013:** qaab-dhismeed la saxiixay Sebtembar 2013 ayaa Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir door ku siiyay khilaafaadka dhulka iyo diiwaangelinta ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017, b. 69](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). - **Siyaasadda qaranka 2019:** 2019 dowladdu waxay qaadatay siyaasad ku saabsan dadka soo laabtay iyo barakacayaasha, tilmaamo guri ka saarid, iyo borotokool ku-meelgaar ah oo dhulka guryaha ku saabsan ([IDLO, 17 Desembar 2019](https://www.idlo.int/news/somalia-launches-first-policy-displaced-persons-refugee-returnees)). EUAA waxay sheegtay in dhaqangelintoodu "weli adag tahay" ([EUAA, 2026](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/21-policy-framework)). - **Sharciyada dowlad goboleedyada:** sharciga dhulka magaalooyinka ee Koonfur Galbeed ee 2022 wuxuu caddayn lahaansho u aqbalaa diiwaannada canshuurta, maadaama diiwaanno dhul badan ay lumeen ([HIPS, 2023](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Land-Governance-Review-.pdf)). Galmudug waxay meelmarisay sharci dhulka magaalooyinka Febraayo 2022, Puntland-na waxay leedahay maxkamad khilaafaadka dhulka ([HIPS, 2023](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Land-Governance-Review-.pdf)). ## Sidee qoysaskii tagay ula xiriiraan dalka? Sahan 2012 lagu sameeyay Puntland iyo Somaliland, 48% qoysaska waxay qaraabo ama saaxiibbo ku lahaayeen dibadda ([FSNAU iyo FAO, Family Ties, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). Kuwa la xiriira dadka lacagta soo dira, 96% waxay isticmaali jireen telefoonka ([FSNAU, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). Sagaashan boqolkiiba waxay sheegeen inay dareemaan waajib ah inay qaraabadooda caawiyaan, iyagoo xusaya diinta, xiriirka qoyska iyo sharafta qoyska ([FSNAU, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro iyo nolosha dibadda, eeg [Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?](/so/diaspora/life-after-leaving/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/) - [Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?](/so/diaspora/life-after-leaving/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/) - [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/) · [Shabeellaha Hoose](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/) · [Jubbada Dhexe](/so/regions/middle-juba/) - [Kaarka aqoonsiga qaranka (NIRA)](/so/states/national-id-nira/) · [Shahaadada dhalashada](/so/states/birth-records/) ## Ilaha 1. Mahad Wasuge and others. "Land Matters in Mogadishu: Settlement, ownership and displacement in a contested city." Rift Valley Institute and Heritage Institute for Policy Studies, 2017. [riftvalley.net](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf) · [publication page](https://riftvalley.net/publication/land-matters-mogadishu/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. Surer Qassim Mohamed. "Land Governance Review." Heritage Institute for Policy Studies, December 2023. [heritageinstitute.org](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Land-Governance-Review-.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. Heritage Institute. "Why Dialogue Must Replace Force" (Mogadishu evictions and politics brief). September 2025. [heritageinstitute.org](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Preventing-Chaos-in-Mogadishu-Why-Dialogue-Must-Replace-Force.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. Christine Kamau, Charlotte Bonnet, Mohamed A. Mohamoud, Erik Bryld. "Accessing land and shelter in Mogadishu." IIED and Tana, January 2019. [iied.org](https://iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10869IIED.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. EUAA. "Somalia: Displacement in Mogadishu", section 2.1 Policy framework. June 2026. [euaa.europa.eu](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/21-policy-framework). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. EUAA. Same report, section 2.2 Evictions, drivers and latest trends. June 2026. [euaa.europa.eu](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/22-evictions-drivers-and-latest-trends). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. EUAA. Same report, section 2.3 Recent instances of evictions in Mogadishu. June 2026. [euaa.europa.eu](https://www.euaa.europa.eu/somalia-displacement-mogadishu/23-recent-instances-evictions-mogadishu). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. IDLO. "Somalia launches first policy on displaced persons, refugee-returnees." 17 December 2019. [idlo.int](https://www.idlo.int/news/somalia-launches-first-policy-displaced-persons-refugee-returnees). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Reuters (Thomson Reuters Foundation), via Arab News. "Back to the land: Friction as Somali exiles return home." 12 October 2017. [arabnews.com](https://www.arabnews.com/world/back-to-the-land-friction-as-somali-exiles-return-home-1176641). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. Radio Ergo. "Cruel evictions leave thousands of people pushed back into poverty in Mogadishu." 13 October 2025. [radioergo.org](https://radioergo.org/en/2025/10/cruel-evictions-leave-thousands-of-people-pushed-back-into-poverty-in-mogadishu/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Ahmed Mahmoud Geesood. "Mogadishu's land reclamation drive exposes a deep corruption scandal." Geeska, 6 November 2025. [geeska.com](https://www.geeska.com/en/mogadishus-land-reclamation-drive-exposes-deep-corruption-scandal). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. Mahad Weli. "Why we need to collect and archive Somali history." Geeska, 5 August 2025. [geeska.com](https://www.geeska.com/en/why-we-need-collect-and-archive-somali-history). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. UNSOM. "National Museum: Preserving Somali heritage against all odds." 31 October 2023. [unsom.unmissions.org](https://unsom.unmissions.org/en/node/53226). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. Somali National University. "History." Undated. [snu.edu.so](https://snu.edu.so/about/history/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. Africanews. "Somalia gets back university used as AMISOM military base for 10 years." 12 July 2017. [africanews.com](https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/12/somalia-gets-back-university-used-as-amisom-military-base-for-10-years/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. SONNA. "Education minister orders evacuation of Somali National University land for redevelopment." 9 February 2026. [sonna.so](https://sonna.so/en/education-minister-orders-evacuation-of-somali-national-university-land-for-redevelopment/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA) and partners. "Somali Digital Identity Playbook." ID4Africa 2026. [id4africa.com](https://id4africa.com/2026/files/T1-3-3-Somalia-FINAL.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. UNICEF Somalia. "Giving Every Child a Legal Identity." 10 August 2025. [unicef.org](https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/legal-identity). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. Central Bank of Somalia. "Annual Report 2024." July 2025. [centralbank.gov.so](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBS-Annual-Report_2024_-28-July-2025-1.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. Dawan Africa. "Somali bankers: most shilling printed after 1991 collapse, no central issuer." 15 April 2026. [dawan.africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somali-bankers-most-shilling-printed-after-1991-collapse-no-central-issuer). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. IGAD Land Governance Portal. "Somalia profile." Undated. [land.igad.int](https://land.igad.int/index.php/countries/39-countries/somalia/40-somalia-profile?start=2). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. Norwegian Refugee Council. "Access to land and tenure documents: a situational analysis of minority groups in South West, Jubaland and Puntland states." Undated. [nrc.no](https://nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/access-to-land-and-tenure-documents-a-situational-analysis-of-minority-groups-in-southwest-jubaland-and-puntland-states-somalia/minority-access-to-land-and-tenure-documents-in-puntland-jubaland-and-southwest-states-somalia.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. Laura Hammond and others. "Family Ties: Remittances and Livelihoods Support in Puntland and Somaliland." FSNAU and FAO, 5 June 2013. [fsnau.org](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. Mohamed Dalmar. "Somalia: The long road to currency reform". WardheerNews, 2 Janaayo 2015. https://wardheernews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Somalia-Monetary-policy-By-Dalmar.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. Wikipedia. "Central Bank of Somalia". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 26. Africanews. "Somalia to print new bank notes buoyed by IMF". 9 Maarso 2017. https://www.africanews.com/2017/03/09/somali-to-print-new-bank-notes-buoyed-by-imf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib? Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/life-after-leaving/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Qaramada Midoobay waxay tirisay 1,935,594 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay oo dibadda ku noolaa 2024, qiyaasaha kale intooda badanna waxay leeyihiin qiyaastii 2 milyan. Inta badan waxay ku nool yihiin dalalka u dhow, qaar kalena waxay bulshooyin ka dhiseen Minneapolis ilaa London. 2025 shakhsiyaad ayaa dalka u soo diray US$3.13 bilyan, qiyaastii 24% dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya. Qaramada Midoobay waxay tirisay 1,935,594 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay oo dibadda ku noolaa 2024, qiyaasaha kale intooda badanna waxay leeyihiin qiyaastii 2 milyan ([UN DESA, International Migrant Stock 2024](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock); [Rift Valley Institute, 2022](https://riftvalley.net/publication/current-trends-and-future-scenarios-somali-diaspora-engagement/)). Inta badan waxay ku nool yihiin dalalka u dhow. 2025, shakhsiyaad dibadda jooga ayaa dalka u soo diray US$3.13 bilyan, qiyaastii 24% dhaqaalaha ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa dibadda ku nool? UN DESA waxay dadka ku tirisaa dalka ay ku dhasheen. Tiradeeda 2024 ee dadka Soomaaliya ku dhashay oo dibadda jooga waa 1,935,594, waxayna ka kordhay 599,233-kii 1990 ([UN DESA, 2024 origin and destination table](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx)). Jadwalkaas 2024 kuma jirto tirada dadka Soomaaliya ku dhashay ee Mareykanka ama Jarmalka, sidaas darteed wadarta dhabta ahi way ka badan tahay ([UN DESA, 2024](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx)). Tirooyin kale, mid kastaa hab u gaar ah: - **Pew Research Center (2016):** qiyaastii 2 milyan oo qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay oo dibadda joogay 2015, waxayna ka kordheen qiyaastii 850,000 sannadkii 1990 ([Pew, 1 Juun 2016](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/06/01/5-facts-about-the-global-somali-diaspora/)). - **Rift Valley Institute (2022):** "laba milyan oo qof" oo ku nool meel ka baxsan deegaannada Soomaalida ee Geeska ([RVI, 2022](https://riftvalley.net/publication/current-trends-and-future-scenarios-somali-diaspora-engagement/)). - **IOM iyo DEMAC:** "qiyaastii 2 milyan oo qof adduunka oo dhan" ([DEMAC, Jannaayo 2024](https://www.demac.org/community-news/2024/01/filling-key-gaps-in-emergency-response-strengths-and-challenges-of-somali-diaspora)). Tirooyinkan kuma jiraan carruurta waalid Soomaaliyeed u dhashay dibadda. Tirooyinka lagu salaynayo asalka ama qowmiyadda ayaa ka badan kuwa lagu salaynayo meesha lagu dhashay ee isla dalka (eeg Ingiriiska iyo Mareykanka hoos). ## Xaggee ku nool yihiin? Inta badan muhaajiriinta Soomaaliya ku dhashay waxay ku nool yihiin Afrika iyo Bariga Dhexe. Tirooyinka UN DESA 2024 ee dalalka ugu badan ee martigeliya waa ([UN DESA, 2024](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx)): - Kenya: 401,953 - Itoobiya: 389,246 - Yaman: 285,211 - Ingiriiska: 119,728 - Liibiya: 117,956 - Jabuuti: 99,940 - Iswiidhan: 74,146 - Uganda: 65,070 - Masar: 50,036 - Sacuudi Carabiya: 48,099 - Koonfur Afrika: 42,516 - Kanada: 34,668 - Noorweey: 32,285 - Turkiga: 27,594 - Holland: 25,826 Bulshooyin yaryar oo isla jadwalka ku jira waxaa ka mid ah Finland (14,208), Beljiyam (12,989), Talyaaniga (12,642), Denmark (10,486), Awstariya (9,719), Australia (9,578) iyo Imaaraadka (9,109) ([UN DESA, 2024](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx)). Turkiga ayaa ugu koritaan dhakhso badnaa, 3,382 sannadkii 2015 ilaa 27,594 sannadkii 2024 ([UN DESA, 2024](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx)). Tirooyin ka baxsan jadwalka Qaramada Midoobay: - **Mareykanka:** 193,061 qof ayaa sheegay asal Soomaaliyeed 2024, 76,320 ka mid ah Minnesota, sida Bloomberg ka soo xigatay xogta Tirakoobka ([Bloomberg, 29 Jannaayo 2026](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2026-01-29/the-somali-immigration-crackdown-was-bogus-from-the-start)). Minnesota Compass waxay tirisay 79,449 Soomaali Minnesota ah 2019 ilaa 2023 ([MN Compass](https://www.mncompass.org/cultural-communities)). Tiradeeda 2020 ilaa 2024 waa 85,533 ([MN Compass](https://www.mncompass.org/cultural-communities)). - **Jarmalka:** ku dhawaad 67,000 muwaadin Soomaaliyeed ayaa ku jiray Diiwaanka Dhexe ee Ajaanibta dhammaadkii Maajo 2025 ([German Bundestag, hib 303/2025](https://www.bundestag.de/presse/hib/kurzmeldungen-1101740)). - **England iyo Wales:** 176,645 qof ayaa isku sheegay Soomaali tirakoobkii 2021 ([ONS, 4 Oktoobar 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). ## Immisa ayaa weli qaxooti ah? UNHCR waxay gobolka ku tirisay 805,917 qaxooti oo Soomaaliya ka yimid dhammaadkii Oktoobar 2026 ([UNHCR Somalia situation](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn)): - Itoobiya: 368,165 - Kenya: 334,733 - Uganda: 48,340 - Yaman: 40,982 (Agoosto 2026) - Jabuuti: 13,697 (Agoosto 2026) Kenya gudaheeda, 276,986 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ayaa jooga Degmada Gaarisa, halkaas oo xeryaha Dhadhaab ku yaallaan ([UNHCR, Kenya](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn/location/9922)). Pew waxay ogaatay in qaxootigu ahaayeen qiyaastii 55% qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed 1990 iyo 2015 labadaba ([Pew, 2016](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/06/01/5-facts-about-the-global-somali-diaspora/)). Waraaqaha qaxootiga, eeg [Waraaqaha iyo xaaladda qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-papers-and-status/). ## Sidee yahay jiilka labaad? England iyo Wales, 43.5% dadkii isku sheegay Soomaali 2021 waxay ku dhasheen England, 43.1%-na Soomaaliya ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). Ku dhawaad kala bar (48.2%) waxay ka yaraayeen 21 sano, halka dhammaan dadka deggan ay ahaayeen 24.2% ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). Ingiriisigu wuxuu luqadda koowaad u ahaa 67.8%, Af-Soomaaliguna 28.6% ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). Iswiidhan, Af-Soomaaligu wuxuu ka mid ahaa tobanka luqadood ee ugu badan ee loo dhigo sidii luqadda hooyo 2017/18. Wuxuu ahaa kan ugu dad badan ee ka qayb gala tobankaas, iyadoo ku dhawaad afar ka mid ah shantii arday ee xaqa u lahaa ay ka qayb qaateen ([Swedish Government Official Reports, SOU 2019:18](https://lagen.nu/sou/2019:18)). Qoysaska qaar waxay dhallinyarada u diraan qaraabo ama xarumo ku yaal Soomaaliya ama Kenya, waxaana loo yaqaan *dhaqan celis*. Warbixin 2025 ah oo ay samaysay dowladda Denmark ayaa xadgudub ka heshay xarumaha qaar, halka dhallinyaro qaar ay sheegeen waayo-aragnimo wanaagsan oo ay la qaateen qaraabo ([Danish Immigration Service, Juun 2025](https://us.dk/publikationer/2025/juni/re-education-trips-of-somali-children-and-youth/)). ## Sidee bay Soomaalida dibaddu ugu socotaa waxbarashada iyo shaqada? Xogta rasmiga ah ee ugu buuxda waxay ka timid tirakoobkii 2021 ee England iyo Wales ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)): - **Shaqada:** 34.1% waa shaqeeyaan (dhammaan dadka deggan: 59.6%); 10.3% shaqo la'aan (4.4%); 47.1% kama qayb qaataan suuqa shaqada (24.7%), kuwaas oo 21.7% ay arday yihiin. - **Shahaadooyinka:** 23.9% waxay haysteen shahaado heer jaamacadeed (Level 4) ah (33.8%); 26.9% waxba ma haysan (18.2%). - **Guryaha:** 72.0% waxay ku noolaayeen guryo kiro bulsho ah (16.6%), 58.8%-na guryo ciriiri ah (8.4%). - **Meesha:** 62.4% waxay ku noolaayeen London. Soomaali-Mareykan ayaa xilal dowladeed galay. Ilhan Omar (Ilhaan Cumar) waxay 2016 noqotay Soomaali-Mareykankii ugu horreeyay ee loo doorto golaha sharci dejinta gobol Mareykan ah, 2018-na Koongareeska Mareykanka ([Star Tribune, Nofembar 2018](https://www.startribune.com/ilhan-omar-becomes-first-somali-american-elected-u-s-house/499708271)). ## Immisa lacag ah ayay Soomaalida dibaddu dalka u soo diraan? Tirooyinka Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya ([Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2024](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBS-Annual-Report_2024_-28-July-2025-1.pdf); [Warbixinta Sannadlaha 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)): - **Lacagta shakhsiyaadku soo diraan:** US$1,339.3 milyan 2019; US$2,719.1 milyan 2024 (22% wax-soo-saarka guud, GDP); US$3,134 milyan 2025 (24% GDP). - **Dhammaan lacagaha soo gala:** US$6,786 milyan 2025, oo ay ku jiraan lacagaha ganacsiga, hay'adaha samafalka (NGO) iyo kuwo kale. Wadarta 2024 markii hore waxaa lagu sheegay US$6,230 milyan, kadibna US$6,434 milyan warbixinta 2025. - **Kanaallada:** shirkadaha xawaaladaha ayaa maareeyay US$3,077 milyan 2025, US$2,141 milyan ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen lacagta shakhsiyaadka. Qiyaasihii hore way ka yaraayeen. Daraasad FAO 2013 ayaa ku qiyaastay ugu yaraan US$1.2 bilyan sannadkii ([FSNAU iyo FAO, Family Ties, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). Atlantic Council waxay 2015 soo xigatay US$1.3 bilyan sannadkii ([Atlantic Council, 11 Febraayo 2015](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/anti-terror-financing-rules-choke-somali-remittances/)). Lacagta inta badan waxay bixisaa cuntada, kirada, khidmadda iskuulka iyo daawada, sida ay daraasadda FAO ogaatay ([FSNAU, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). Qoysaska hela, in ka badan 80% waxay ku tiirsanaayeen hal qaraabo oo keliya oo dibadda jooga ([FSNAU, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). Isbeddelka, eeg [Lacagta ugu badan ee dalka soo gasha](/en/forces/record-money-coming-home/) (Ingiriisi). ## Waa maxay xawaalad, maxayse bangiyadu u xireen xisaabaadkeeda? Xawaalad (sidoo kale xawilaad ama hawala) waa nidaamka Soomaalida ee lacagta lagu diro. Cilmi-baare Anna Lindley waxay ugu yeertaa "kaabe horumarsan" oo qaada dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaalaha meel aan nidaam bangi gudaha ah lahayn ([Lindley, SOAS](https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/414191)). Warbixin kooban oo Rift Valley Institute ah ayaa sheegtay in nidaamku ku shaqeeyo kalsooni, sidaas darteed lacagta saacado gudahood ayaa la bixiyaa ([RVI, Maarso 2014](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). Bangiyada reer galbeedka waxay bilaabeen inay xiraan xisaabaadka shirkadaha xawaaladaha, iyagoo daliil ka dhigaya xeerarka lacag dhaqidda iyo maalgelinta argagixisada: - **Barclays, Ingiriiska, 2013:** wuxuu doonay inuu xiro xisaabaadka xawaaladaha, oo uu ku jiro kan Dahabshiil. Maxkamadda Sare waxay Dahabshiil siisay amar ku-meelgaar ah 5 Nofembar 2013 ([Dahabshiil v Barclays, [2013] EWHC 3379 (Ch)](https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ewhc/ch/2013/3379)). - **Merchants Bank of California, 2015:** wuxuu joojiyay xawaaladaha Soomaaliya 6 Febraayo 2015, kadib markii uu qaabilsanaa ilaa 80% lacagta Mareykanka laga diro Soomaaliya ([Atlantic Council, 2015](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/anti-terror-financing-rules-choke-somali-remittances/)). ## Immisa ayaa soo laabtay? Kenya, Soomaaliya iyo UNHCR waxay Nofembar 2013 saxiixeen Heshiis Saddex-geesood ah oo ku saabsan ka soo laabashada mutadawacnimada ah ee Kenya ([UNHCR, 5 Agoosto 2015](https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/10067)). Soo laabashada la caawiyo waxay bilaabatay Desembar 2014, 2,969 qaxooti ayaana soo laabtay ilaa horraantii Agoosto 2015 ([UNHCR, 2015](https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/10067)). Qorshaha 2015 wuxuu filayay qiyaastii 425,000 soo laabasho shan sano gudahood ([UNHCR, 2015](https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/10067)). Ilaa Maajo 2025, UNHCR waxay caawisay 96,625 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed oo soo laabtay tan iyo Desembar 2014, dalal kasta ha ka yimaadeene ([UNHCR Somalia returnees dashboard, Maajo 2025](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2126469/UNHCR%20Somalia%20Refugee%20Returnees%20Dashboard%20-%20May%202025.pdf)). 44,324 kale ayaa la diiwaangeliyay iyagoo iskood u soo laabtay, wadartuna waa 140,949 ([UNHCR, Maajo 2025](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2126469/UNHCR%20Somalia%20Refugee%20Returnees%20Dashboard%20-%20May%202025.pdf)). Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed sidoo kale way soo laabtaan, inta badan reer galbeedka. Xog ku saabsan inta ay yihiin ma jirto, sida ay Heritage Institute sheegtay ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Daraasaddeeda dadka ku soo laabtay Muqdisho, Garoowe iyo Hargeysa waxay ogaatay in soo laabashadu "dhif tahay inay joogto noqoto, balse inta badan ay tahay tag iyo imaad" ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). - **Yaa soo laaban kara:** inta badan dadka haysta jinsiyad reer galbeed, lacag iyo xiriir shaqo oo Soomaaliya ku yaal, sida ay isla daraasaddu sheegtay ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). - **Xafiisyo loogu talagalay:** Somaliland iyo Puntland mid walba wuxuu sameeyay xafiis qurbajoog 2010. Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee federaalku waxay furtay Waaxda Arrimaha Qurbajoogta Oktoobar 2013 ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). - **Ganacsiga:** 2013, qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed ayaa diiwaangeliyay 35% 260 shirkadood oo cusub oo Muqdisho laga furay afar bilood gudahood ([RVI iyo HIPS, 2017](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf)). Qaar badan oo soo laabtay ayaa isku daya inay dib u helaan guryihii ay ka tageen. Eeg [Maxay Soomaalidu ka tageen markay carareen?](/so/diaspora/what-somalis-left-behind/). ## Sidee Soomaalida dibaddu ula xiriiraan dalka? - **Telefoonka:** sahan Puntland iyo Somaliland ah, 76% waxay si joogto ah ula xiriiri jireen qaraabadooda dibadda jooga, 96% iyaga ka mid ahna telefoon ([FSNAU, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). - **Waajibka caawimada:** 90% waxay sheegeen inay dareemaan waajib ah inay qaraabadooda taageeraan, sababo diin, xiriir qoys iyo sharaf awgood ([FSNAU, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). - **Arooska iyo xaaladaha degdegga ah:** lacagta dibadda ka timaadda waxay sidoo kale bixisaa arooska, xaaladaha degdegga ah ee qoyska iyo mashaariicda bulshada ([FSNAU, 2013](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf)). - **Luqadda:** Af-Soomaaliga waxaa luqadda hooyo ahaan loogu dhigaa iskuullada Iswiidhan, dad badanna way ka qayb galaan ([SOU 2019:18](https://lagen.nu/sou/2019:18)). - **Warbaahinta:** Laanta Af-Soomaaliga ee BBC waxay baahinaysay tan iyo 18 Luulyo 1957 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Somali_Service)). ## Bogag la xiriira Bogagga dalalka iyo magaalooyinka (Ingiriisi): [Australia](/en/diaspora/australia/) · [Bristol](/en/diaspora/bristol/) · [Calgary](/en/diaspora/calgary/) · [Denmark](/en/diaspora/denmark/) · [Jabuuti](/en/diaspora/djibouti/) · [Edmonton](/en/diaspora/edmonton/) · [Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) · [Finland](/en/diaspora/finland/) · [Jarmalka](/en/diaspora/germany/) · [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) · [Holland](/en/diaspora/netherlands/) · [Noorweey](/en/diaspora/norway/) · [Ottawa](/en/diaspora/ottawa/) · [Sacuudi Carabiya](/en/diaspora/saudi-arabia/) · [Koonfur Afrika](/en/diaspora/south-africa/) · [Iswiidhan](/en/diaspora/sweden/) · [Toronto](/en/diaspora/toronto/) · [Turkiga](/en/diaspora/turkiye/) · [Imaaraadka iyo Dubay](/en/diaspora/uae-dubai/) · [Mareykanka](/en/diaspora/us-other/) · [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) Qaybta oo dhan: - [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Maxay Soomaalidu ka tageen markay carareen?](/so/diaspora/what-somalis-left-behind/) - [Lacagta ugu badan ee dalka soo gasha](/en/forces/record-money-coming-home/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. UN DESA Population Division. "International Migrant Stock 2024" (origin and destination table). 2025. [un.org](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx) · [overview](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. Phillip Connor and Jens Manuel Krogstad. "5 facts about the global Somali diaspora." Pew Research Center, 1 June 2016. [pewresearch.org](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/06/01/5-facts-about-the-global-somali-diaspora/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. Rift Valley Institute. "Current trends and future scenarios of Somali diaspora engagement." 2022. [riftvalley.net](https://riftvalley.net/publication/current-trends-and-future-scenarios-somali-diaspora-engagement/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. DEMAC. "Filling key gaps in emergency response: strengths and challenges of Somali diaspora." January 2024. [demac.org](https://www.demac.org/community-news/2024/01/filling-key-gaps-in-emergency-response-strengths-and-challenges-of-somali-diaspora). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. Office for National Statistics. "Somali populations, England and Wales: Census 2021." 4 October 2023. [ons.gov.uk](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. Justin Fox. "The Somali immigration crackdown was bogus from the start." Bloomberg Opinion, 29 January 2026. [bloomberg.com](https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2026-01-29/the-somali-immigration-crackdown-was-bogus-from-the-start). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. Minnesota Compass. "Cultural communities." Undated. [mncompass.org](https://www.mncompass.org/cultural-communities). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. German Bundestag. "hib 303/2025: Inneres, Antwort." 15 July 2025. [bundestag.de](https://www.bundestag.de/presse/hib/kurzmeldungen-1101740). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. UNHCR. "Horn of Africa Somalia situation" data portal. Updated 31 October 2026. [data.unhcr.org](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. UNHCR. Same portal, Kenya view. Updated 31 October 2026. [data.unhcr.org](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/horn/location/9922). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Statens offentliga utredningar (Swedish Government Official Reports). "SOU 2019:18." 2019. [lagen.nu](https://lagen.nu/sou/2019:18). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. Danish Immigration Service. "Re-education Trips of Somali Children and Youth." June 2025. [us.dk](https://us.dk/publikationer/2025/juni/re-education-trips-of-somali-children-and-youth/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. Star Tribune. "Ilhan Omar again makes history, becoming 1st Somali-American elected to U.S. House." November 2018. [startribune.com](https://www.startribune.com/ilhan-omar-becomes-first-somali-american-elected-u-s-house/499708271). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. Central Bank of Somalia. "Annual Report 2024." July 2025. [centralbank.gov.so](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CBS-Annual-Report_2024_-28-July-2025-1.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. Central Bank of Somalia. "Annual Report 2025." 2026. [centralbank.gov.so](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. Laura Hammond and others. "Family Ties: Remittances and Livelihoods Support in Puntland and Somaliland." FSNAU and FAO, 5 June 2013. [fsnau.org](https://fsnau.org/downloads/Remittances-and-Livelihoods-Support-in-Puntland-and-Somaliland.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. Kelsey Lilley. "Anti-terror financing rules choke Somali remittances." Atlantic Council, 11 February 2015. [atlanticcouncil.org](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/anti-terror-financing-rules-choke-somali-remittances/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. Anna Lindley. Research on the Somali money transfer system. SOAS Research Online. [soas-repository.worktribe.com](https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/414191). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. Rift Valley Institute. "Challenges for the Somali Money Transfer Sector." March 2014. [riftvalley.net](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. High Court of England and Wales. Dahabshiil Transfer Services Ltd v Barclays Bank plc, [2013] EWHC 3379 (Ch). 5 November 2013. [caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk](https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ewhc/ch/2013/3379). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. UNHCR. "116 Somali refugees return from Dadaab camps to Mogadishu, spearheading new phase of voluntary repatriation." 5 August 2015. [data.unhcr.org](https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/10067). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. UNHCR. "Somalia Refugee Returnees Dashboard, Maajo 2025." Via ecoi.net. [ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2126469/UNHCR%20Somalia%20Refugee%20Returnees%20Dashboard%20-%20May%202025.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. Heritage Institute for Policy Studies. "Diaspora Return to Somalia: Perceptions and Implications." Policy Brief 07, June 2014. [heritageinstitute.org](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. Mahad Wasuge and others. "Land Matters in Mogadishu." Rift Valley Institute and HIPS, 2017. [riftvalley.net](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Land-Matters-in-Mogadishu-RVI-Rift-Valley-Forum-and-HIPS-2017.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. Wikipedia. "BBC Somali Service." [en.wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Somali_Service). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee qurbaha: tirada, waxbarashada, shaqada iyo xiriirka dalka Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/young-somalis-abroad/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bulshooyinka Soomaaliyeed ee dibaddu aad bay u da' yar yihiin: England iyo Wales, 48.2% dadka isku sheega Soomaali waxay ka yaraayeen 21 sano 2021. Tirooyinka rasmiga ah waxay muujinayaan in ka badan 180,000 qof oo asal Soomaaliyeed leh oo ku dhashay Ingiriiska, Iswiidhan, Holland, Kanada, Noorweey iyo Denmark oo keliya. Minnesota, 27,518 arday ayaa guriga Af-Soomaali ku hadla. Bulshooyinka Soomaaliyeed ee dibaddu aad bay u da' yar yihiin: England iyo Wales, 48.2% dadka isku sheega Soomaali waxay ka yaraayeen 21 sano 2021 ([ONS, Somali populations, Census 2021](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). Tirooyinka rasmiga ah waxay muujinayaan in ka badan 180,000 qof oo asal Soomaaliyeed leh oo ku dhashay lix dal oo martigeliya oo keliya, intooda badanna waa carruur ama dhallinyaro. **Ma adigaa?** - Waxaad ku dhalatay London, Oslo ama Toronto, waalidkaana waxay ka yimaadeen Soomaaliya. Boggan wuxuu ku saabsan yahay jiilkaaga. - Waxaad ku kortay Minneapolis, gurigana Af-Soomaali ayaad ku hadashaa. Eeg [Minneapolis iyo St Paul](/en/diaspora/minneapolis-st-paul/) (Ingiriisi). - Waxaad doonaysaa sawirka buuxa ee Soomaalida dibadda. Ka bilow [Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?](/so/diaspora/life-after-leaving/). ## Immisa dhallinyaro Soomaaliyeed ah ayaa dibadda ku nool? Ma jirto cid jiilka oo dhan hal meel ku tirisa. Xafiisyada tirakoobka qaranku dadka si kala duwan ayay u tiriyaan: qowmiyad ahaan, dalka waalidku ku dhasheen, ama luqadda. Tirooyinkii rasmiga ahaa ee ugu dambeeyay ee dadka asal Soomaaliyeed leh ee ku dhashay dalkooda cusub waa: - **England:** 43.5% 176,645-ta qof ee isku sheegay Soomaali 2021 waxay ku dhasheen England, qiyaastii 77,000 qof, 43.1%-na Soomaaliya ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). - **Iswiidhan:** 30,849 qof oo Iswiidhan ku dhashay oo labada waalidba Soomaaliya ku dhasheen, 2025 ([SCB, FolkmForUrspCKMv2](https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101Q/FolkmForUrspCKMv2/)). - **Kanada:** 26,930 qof oo jiilka labaad ah oo asal Soomaaliyeed leh, 2021 ([Statistics Canada, table 98-10-0338](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033801)). - **Holland:** 18,806 qof oo asal Soomaaliyeed leh oo Holland ku dhashay, 1 Jannaayo 2026 ([CBS, table 85384NED](https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/85384NED/table)). - **Noorweey:** 16,975 qof oo Noorweey ku dhashay oo waalidkood Soomaaliya ku dhasheen, 1 Jannaayo 2026 ([SSB, table 09817](https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/09817)). - **Denmark:** 10,873 farac oo asal Soomaaliyeed leh, dabayaaqadii 2026 ([Statistics Denmark, FOLK1C](https://www.statbank.dk/FOLK1C)). Wadar ahaan waa in ka badan 180,000 qof. Kuma jiro Mareykanka. Halkaas, 166,157 qof ayaa sheegay asal Soomaaliyeed, 93,405-na waxay ku dhasheen Soomaaliya ([US Census Bureau ACS 2020-2024, via Census Reporter](https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_5yr?table_ids=B04006,B05006&geo_ids=01000US)). ## Intee bay da' yar yihiin? Aad bay u da' yar yihiin, dal kasta oo leh jadwal da'eed. Qaab-dhismeedka da'da ee xogta rasmiga ah: - **England iyo Wales:** 21.3% dadka isku sheega Soomaali waxay ka yaraayeen 11 sano, 48.2%-na 21 sano, halka dadka oo dhan ay ahaayeen 12.6% iyo 24.2% ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). - **Kanada:** 65,555 qof oo asal Soomaaliyeed leh, 17,805 waxay ka yaraayeen 15 sano, 14,135-na waxay ahaayeen 15 ilaa 24 sano ([Statistics Canada, table 98-10-0356](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601)). Taasi waa ku dhawaad kala bar oo ka yar 25. - **Holland:** 18,698 ka mid ah 49,453 qof oo asal Soomaaliyeed leh ayaa ka yaraa 20 sano 2026 ([CBS, 85384NED](https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/85384NED/table)). - **Denmark:** 10,181 ka mid ah 10,873-ka farac ee Denmark ku dhashay ayaa ka yaraa 30 sano ([Statistics Denmark, FOLK1C](https://www.statbank.dk/FOLK1C)). - **Finland:** 12,057 ka mid ah 28,167 qof oo Af-Soomaali ku hadla ayaa ka yaraa 20 sano dhammaadkii 2025 ([Statistics Finland, table 11rl](https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/)). Jiilka Denmark ku dhashay wuxuu ku dhawaaday inuu la mid noqdo jiilkii yimid. 2026 waxaa jiray 11,012 muhaajiriin Soomaaliyeed iyo 10,873 farac ([Statistics Denmark, FOLK1C](https://www.statbank.dk/FOLK1C)). ## Sidee bay ardayda Soomaaliyeed iskuulka ugu fiican yihiin? Dalalka intooda badan ma daabacaan natiijooyinka ardayda Soomaaliyeed si gaar ah. Tirooyinka qaranka ee England waxay ku daraan "Madow Afrikaan" (Black African). Qaybta cilmi-baarista ee golaha degmada Lambeth ayaa Jannaayo 2024 daabacday tirooyin qaran iyo deegaan oo asal Soomaaliyeed ah ([Lambeth, Achievement of Somali Pupils 2023](https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-02/Somali_Report_Empirical_Evidence_2023.pdf)). - **Attainment 8, England, 2023:** ardayda Soomaaliyeed waxay heleen 45.4 heer qaran, una dhow ardayda Ingiriis-cad (44.8), kana hooseeya ardayda Madow Afrikaan (48.6) ([Lambeth, 2024](https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-02/Somali_Report_Empirical_Evidence_2023.pdf)). - **Progress 8, England, 2023:** ardayda Soomaaliyeed waxay heleen +0.25, taasoo macnaheedu yahay inay horumar ka badan sameeyeen ardayda heer isku mid ah ka bilaabay ([Lambeth, 2024](https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-02/Somali_Report_Empirical_Evidence_2023.pdf)). - **Lambeth, 2023:** 67% ardayda Soomaaliyeed waxay ku gudbeen Ingiriisiga iyo xisaabta darajada 4, kana sarreeya 61% heer qaran ([Lambeth, 2024](https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-02/Somali_Report_Empirical_Evidence_2023.pdf)). Ardaydan qaar badan waxay ku koraan lacag yar. Lambeth, 46% ardayda Soomaaliyeed ee GCSE waxay xaq u lahaayeen cunto iskuul oo bilaash ah 2023 ([Lambeth, 2024](https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-02/Somali_Report_Empirical_Evidence_2023.pdf)). Minnesota, ardayda Soomaaliyeed waxay ka kordheen 0.7% dadka dugsiga sare ka qalinjabiya 2006 ilaa 4% 2022 ([Minnesota DEED, Maarso 2026](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp)). 26,344 arday Soomaaliyeed oo dugsiga sare ka baxay 2006 ilaa 2022, 97.2% waxay ka yimaadeen qoysas dakhli yar ([DEED, 2026](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp)). ## Immisa ayaa jaamacad gala? Tirooyinku way ku kala duwan yihiin dal iyo sida loo cabbiro. Minnesota, 27% ardayda Soomaaliyeed ee dugsiga sare ka baxday ayaa dhammaystay shahaado kulliyadeed, halka asxaabtooda cad ay ahaayeen 42% ([DEED, 2026](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp)). Shan iyo toban boqolkiiba waxay qaateen shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda (bachelor), caafimaadkuna wuxuu ahaa 30% shahaadooyinkooda ([DEED, 2026](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp)). England iyo Wales, 21.7% dadka isku sheega Soomaali waxay ahaayeen arday aan suuqa shaqada ku jirin, halka dadka oo dhan ay ahaayeen 7.3% ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). Dadka waaweyn ee Soomaaliyeed, 23.9% waxay haysteen shahaado heer jaamacadeed, halka dadka oo dhan ay ahaayeen 33.8% ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). ## Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee dibaddu shaqo ma haystaan? Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed si adag ayay u shaqeeyaan, laakiin inta badan shaqooyin aan sugnayn. Minnesota, 85% ardayda Soomaaliyeed ee dugsiga sare ka baxday ayaa gobolka ka shaqaynayay 8 ilaa 11 sano kadib, kana badan asxaabtooda cad oo ahaa 80% ([DEED, 2026](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp)). Haddana waxay shaqo waqti buuxa ah qabteen 50% waqtiga, halka kuwa kale ay ahaayeen 65%, waxayna shaqo beddeleen ku dhawaad laba jeer ka badan ([DEED, 2026](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp)). Waxay gaareen mushahar nololeed (living wage) celcelis ahaan 27 jir; asxaabtooda cad waxay gaareen 25 jir ka hor ([DEED, 2026](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp)). 2023 ilaa 2025, 30% waxay ka shaqaynayeen caafimaadka, 21% kaalmada bulshada, 9%-na gaadiidka ([DEED, 2026](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp)). Noorweey, 65% dadka Noorweey ku dhashay ee 25 ilaa 39 jirka ah ee waalid Soomaaliyeed leh ayaa shaqaynayay dabayaaqadii 2023 ([SSB, 16 Sebtembar 2024](https://www.ssb.no/arbeid-og-lonn/sysselsetting/artikler/nesten-8-av-10-av-norskfodte-med-innvandrerforeldre-er-sysselsatt)). Heerka dhammaan carruurta muhaajiriinta ee Noorweey ku dhashay wuxuu ahaa 79%, 85%-na dadka badankiisa ah ([SSB, 2024](https://www.ssb.no/arbeid-og-lonn/sysselsetting/artikler/nesten-8-av-10-av-norskfodte-med-innvandrerforeldre-er-sysselsatt)). Qiyaastii 40% dadka Noorweey ku dhashay ee waalid Soomaaliyeed leh waxay ku jiraan shanta meelood meel ee ugu hooseysa dakhliga qoysaska ([SSB, Monitor 2024](https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/innvandrere/artikler/monitor-for-norwegian-born-with-immigrant-parents)). ## Weli ma ku hadlaan Af-Soomaali? Qaar badan way ku hadlaan, laakiin luqaddu way ka sii yaraanaysaa jiilka labaad. England iyo Wales, 28.6% dadka isku sheega Soomaali waxay sheegeen in Af-Soomaaligu yahay luqaddooda koowaad, 67.8%-na Ingiriisi ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). Kanada, 44,935 qof ayaa sheegay in Af-Soomaaligu yahay afkooda hooyo 2021 ([Statistics Canada, 2024](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2024005-eng.htm)). Minnesota, 27,518 arday ayaa Af-Soomaaligu u ahaa luqadda ugu weyn ee guriga 2024-25 ([Minnesota Department of Education, English Learners report 2024-25](https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/other/261381.pdf)). Af-Soomaaligu waa luqadda labaad ee guryaha gobolka kadib Isbaanishka, ardaydaas 16,212 ka mid ahna waxay baranayeen Ingiriisi ([MDE, 2025](https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/other/261381.pdf)). ## Xaggee carruurtu ku bartaan Af-Soomaaliga iyo Qur'aanka? Inta badan waxay ku bartaan guriga, masaajidka iyo dugsiga, oo ah iskuulka Qur'aanka ee la dhigto iskuulka kadib ama dhammaadka toddobaadka. Noorweey, qiyaastii saddex meelood meel Muslimiinta waxay dhigteen dugsi masaajid oo dhammaadka toddobaadka ah, sida ay sheegtay cilmi-baaris Volda University College ([Science Norway, 8 Maarso 2026](https://www.sciencenorway.no/children-and-adolescents-islam-religion/what-do-kids-actually-learn-in-quran-schools/2629434)). Casharrada halkaas waxay ka kooban yihiin xarfaha Carabiga, Qur'aanka iyo taariikhda Islaamka, inta badanna waxaa lagu dhigaa Noorweeji ([Science Norway, 2026](https://www.sciencenorway.no/children-and-adolescents-islam-religion/what-do-kids-actually-learn-in-quran-schools/2629434)). Iskuullada dowladda ayaa iyaguna bilaabay inay Af-Soomaali dhigaan. Iskuullada Dowladda ee Minneapolis waxay 2021 furteen Barnaamijka Luqadda Dhaxalka Soomaaliyeed, oo loogu talagalay qiyaastii 4,000-ka arday ee Soomaaliyeed ee ay leeyihiin ([MPR News, 2021](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/05/21/minneapolis-schools-are-launching-a-somali-heritage-language-program)). 2024 wuxuu lahaa qiyaastii 162 arday, iskuullada St. Cloud iyo University of Minnesota-na Af-Soomaali ayay dhigaan ([Sahan Journal, 19 Febraayo 2024](https://sahanjournal.com/immigration/somali-culture-programs-address-second-generation-language-loss/)). ## Maxay dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee dibaddu hadda la kulmaan? Ilo rasmi ah iyo daraasado ay aqoonyahanno hubiyeen ayaa magacaabay saddex caqabadood oo waaweyn: - **Shaqo la'aanta:** England iyo Wales 2021, 10.3% dadka isku sheega Soomaali ee 16 ilaa 64 jirka ah ayaa shaqo la'aa, halka dadka oo dhan ay ahaayeen 4.4% ([ONS, 2023](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). - **Booliska:** daraasad 2020 lagu sameeyay saddex bulsho Soomaaliyeed oo Mareykanka iyo Kanada ah ayaa ogaatay in dadku dareemayeen "booliis ka adag oo ka badan" maadaama ay yihiin muhaajiriin Muslim ah oo madow ([Ellis et al., Race and Justice, 2020](https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/we-all-have-stories-black-muslim-immigrants-experience-with-the-p/)). - **Caafimaadka maskaxda:** daraasad lagu sameeyay 135 dhallinyaro Soomaaliyeed oo 11 ilaa 20 jir ah oo Mareykanka jooga ayaa ogaatay in takoorku badnaa, laguna xiriiriyay caafimaad maskaxeed oo ka liita ([Ellis et al., American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2010](https://resolvenet.org/research/publications/discrimination-and-mental-health-among-somali-refugee-adolescents-role)). Gabdhaha aqoonsigooda Soomaalinimo xooggan yahay ayaa ka fiicnaa ([Ellis et al., 2010](https://resolvenet.org/research/publications/discrimination-and-mental-health-among-somali-refugee-adolescents-role)). Carruurta qaar ayaa qoysaskoodu u diraan dibadda "dhaqan celis". 2024, Noorweey waxay diiwaangelisay 100 kiis oo Soomaali ah oo dibadda lagu hayay iyagoo aan raalli ka ahayn, sida ay sheegtay Hay'adda Socdaalka Denmark ([Danish Immigration Service, Juun 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/denmark/PLib/re-education-trips-of-somali-children-and-youth.pdf)). Mas'uuliyiinta Noorweey waxay sheegeen in kiisasku u muuqdaan inay yaraanayaan kadib wacyigelin la sameeyo fasaxa xagaaga ka hor ([DIS, 2025](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/denmark/PLib/re-education-trips-of-somali-children-and-youth.pdf)). ## Yaa u hadla dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee dibadda? Dhallinyaradu waxay dhiseen ururro badan oo iyaga u gaar ah. Ka Joog oo Minneapolis ku taal waxaa aasaasay 2007 dhallinyaro Soomaali-Mareykan ah, 2012-na waxay u adeegtay qiyaastii 2,500 dhallinyaro ah ([MPR News, 2 Nofembar 2012](https://www.mprnews.org/2012/11/02/ka-joog-building-bridges/?refid=0)). Magaceedu wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "ka fogow", waxayna isticmaashaa farshaxanka, la-talinta iyo casharrada gaarka ah ([MPR News, 2012](https://www.mprnews.org/2012/11/02/ka-joog-building-bridges/?refid=0)). Ingiriiska, Somali Youth for Integrity (SYFI), oo la aasaasay 2015, ayaa la shaqaysay ururrada Soomaalida ee jaamacadaha si ay u ururiyaan in ka badan £50,000 Febraayo 2017 ([Amaliah, 19 Maarso 2018](https://www.amaliah.com/post/42807/somali-youth-in-the-uk-raised-59000-this-is-what-unity-can-achieve)). Baaqeedii xigay, oo ay la wadaagtay African Relief Fund, wuxuu ururiyay in ka badan £59,000 si iskuul looga dhiso Soomaaliya ([Amaliah, 2018](https://www.amaliah.com/post/42807/somali-youth-in-the-uk-raised-59000-this-is-what-unity-can-achieve)). ## Sidee dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee dibaddu ugu xiran yihiin dalka? Inta badan waalidkood ayay ku xiran yihiin, telefoon, lacag iyo booqasho. Daraasad lagu sameeyay jiilka labaad ee Soomaali-Kanadiyaanka ah ayaa ogaatay in dhaqamadan qoysku ay xiriirka sii noolaynayaan ([Tiilikainen, Migration Letters, 2017](https://ideas.repec.org/a/mig/journl/v14y2017i1p63-74.html)). In yar ayaa isku aqoonsaday qaraabada Soomaaliya joogta wax ka baxsan dhaqamadan, laakiin waxay isku dareen hadba meel ay ka mid yihiin siyaabo "isbeddela oo adag" ([Tiilikainen, 2017](https://ideas.repec.org/a/mig/journl/v14y2017i1p63-74.html)). Dhallinyaradu sidoo kale wax bay bixiyaan. Baaqa iskuulka Ingiriiska ee kor ku xusan waa tusaale jiil dibadda ku dhashay oo dalka wax ka dhisaya ([Amaliah, 2018](https://www.amaliah.com/post/42807/somali-youth-in-the-uk-raised-59000-this-is-what-unity-can-achieve)). Lacagta ay Soomaalida dibadda oo dhan dalka u soo diraan, eeg [Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?](/so/diaspora/life-after-leaving/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?](/so/diaspora/life-after-leaving/) - [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/) - [Ingiriiska](/en/diaspora/united-kingdom/) (Ingiriisi) - [Minneapolis iyo St Paul](/en/diaspora/minneapolis-st-paul/) (Ingiriisi) - [Noorweey](/en/diaspora/norway/) (Ingiriisi) - [Af-Soomaaliga](/en/society/the-somali-language/) (Ingiriisi) ## Ilaha 1. Office for National Statistics. "Somali populations, England and Wales: Census 2021." 4 October 2023 (corrected 4 November 2023). [ons.gov.uk](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. Statistics Sweden (SCB). "Foreign-born persons and persons with at least one foreign-born parent by country of birth," table FolkmForUrspCKMv2, 2025. [statistikdatabasen.scb.se](https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101Q/FolkmForUrspCKMv2/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. Statistics Canada. Table 98-10-0338-01, generation status by ethnic or cultural origin, Census 2021. [statcan.gc.ca](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033801). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. Statistics Canada. Table 98-10-0356-01, ethnic or cultural origin by age and gender, Census 2021. [statcan.gc.ca](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. Statistics Canada. "The Diversity of the Black Populations in Canada, 2021: A Sociodemographic Portrait." 89-657-X2024005, October 2024. [statcan.gc.ca](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2024005-eng.htm). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. Statistics Netherlands (CBS). Table 85384NED, population by sex, age, origin and parents' country of birth, 1 January 2026. [opendata.cbs.nl](https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/85384NED/table). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. Statistics Norway (SSB). Table 09817, immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by country background, 2026. [ssb.no](https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/09817). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. Statistics Norway (SSB). "Nesten 8 av 10 av norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre er sysselsatt." 16 September 2024. [ssb.no](https://www.ssb.no/arbeid-og-lonn/sysselsetting/artikler/nesten-8-av-10-av-norskfodte-med-innvandrerforeldre-er-sysselsatt). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Statistics Norway (SSB). "Monitor for Norwegian-born with immigrant parents." Reports 2024/43, 3 December 2024. [ssb.no](https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/innvandrere/artikler/monitor-for-norwegian-born-with-immigrant-parents). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. Statistics Denmark. StatBank table FOLK1C, population by origin and country of origin, 2026 Q4. [statbank.dk](https://www.statbank.dk/FOLK1C). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. Statistics Finland. Table 11rl, language by age and sex, 2025. [stat.fi](https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. US Census Bureau. American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year, tables B04006 and B05006, via Census Reporter. [censusreporter.org](https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_5yr?table_ids=B04006,B05006&geo_ids=01000US). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. Lambeth Research and Statistics Unit. "The Achievement of Somali Pupils in Lambeth Schools: Empirical Evidence 2023." RS 342/24, January 2024. [lambeth.gov.uk](https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-02/Somali_Report_Empirical_Evidence_2023.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development. "The Experience of Somali Youth in Minnesota: Educational Attainment, Workforce Outcomes, and Economic Opportunity." Economic Trends, March 2026. [mn.gov](https://mn.gov/deed/newscenter/publications/trends/march-2026/somali.jsp). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. Minnesota Department of Education. "English Learners in Minnesota Report 2024-25." 2026. [lrl.mn.gov](https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/other/261381.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. Science Norway. "What do kids actually learn in Quran schools?" 8 March 2026. [sciencenorway.no](https://www.sciencenorway.no/children-and-adolescents-islam-religion/what-do-kids-actually-learn-in-quran-schools/2629434). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. MPR News. "Minneapolis schools are launching a Somali Heritage Language Program." 2021. [mprnews.org](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/05/21/minneapolis-schools-are-launching-a-somali-heritage-language-program). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. Sahan Journal. "Growth in Somali culture programs aims to address second-generation language loss." 19 February 2024. [sahanjournal.com](https://sahanjournal.com/immigration/somali-culture-programs-address-second-generation-language-loss/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. Ellis, B. H. et al. "'We All Have Stories': Black Muslim Immigrants' Experience With the Police." Race and Justice 10(3), 2020. [experts.umn.edu](https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/we-all-have-stories-black-muslim-immigrants-experience-with-the-p/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. Ellis, B. H. et al. "Discrimination and mental health among Somali refugee adolescents: The role of acculturation and gender." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 80(4), 2010. [resolvenet.org](https://resolvenet.org/research/publications/discrimination-and-mental-health-among-somali-refugee-adolescents-role). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Danish Immigration Service. "Re-education Trips of Somali Children and Youth." June 2025. Via EUAA COI portal. [coi.euaa.europa.eu](https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/denmark/PLib/re-education-trips-of-somali-children-and-youth.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. MPR News. "Minn. Somali youth group Ka Joog builds bridges." 2 November 2012. [mprnews.org](https://www.mprnews.org/2012/11/02/ka-joog-building-bridges/?refid=0). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. Amaliah. "Somali youth in the UK raised £59,000: this is what unity can achieve." 19 March 2018. [amaliah.com](https://www.amaliah.com/post/42807/somali-youth-in-the-uk-raised-59000-this-is-what-unity-can-achieve). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. Tiilikainen, M. "'Whenever mom hands over the phone, then we talk': Transnational ties to the country of descent among Canadian Somali youth." Migration Letters 14(1), 2017. [ideas.repec.org](https://ideas.repec.org/a/mig/journl/v14y2017i1p63-74.html). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Qurbajoogta dalka ku soo laabtay: waa kuwee, maxayse dhiseen? Source: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/diaspora-who-came-home/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Ma jiro tiro rasmi ah oo qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed ee soo laabtay, cilmi-baarayaashuna waxay sheegaan in soo laabashada intooda badani tahay tag iyo imaad, ee aysan ahayn mid joogto ah. Waxa la tiriyay: barnaamijka MIDA ee IOM wuxuu 20 sano gudahood soo celiyay in ka badan 400 xirfadle Soomaaliyeed oo ka yimid 17 dal, 2017-na 105 ka mid ah 275 xildhibaan federaal ah ayaa haystay jinsiyad labaad. Ma jiro tiro rasmi ah oo qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed ee dalka ku soo laabtay si ay u noolaadaan ama u shaqeeyaan. Xogta baaxadda soo laabashadu "way maqan tahay", sida ay Heritage Institute sheegtay ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Waxa la tiriyay: barnaamijka MIDA ee IOM wuxuu 20 sano gudahood soo celiyay in ka badan 400 xirfadle Soomaaliyeed oo ka yimid 17 dal ([UN News, 15 Agoosto 2025](https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/08/1165666)). Boggan wuxuu ku saabsan yahay Soomaalidii dibadda ku noolayd, oo inta badan muwaadiniin dalal kale ah, kuna soo laabtay doorasho. Dadka dib loogu celiyo iyagoo aan raalli ka ahayn waxay ku jiraan [Yaa dib loogu celiyaa Soomaaliya, immisase?](/so/diaspora/deportations-and-returns/). Qaxootiga xeryaha ka soo laabanaya waxaa lagu tiriyay [Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?](/so/diaspora/life-after-leaving/). ## Immisa qurbajoog Soomaaliyeed ah ayaa dalka ku soo laabtay? Ma jirto dowlad ama hay'ad Qaramada Midoobay oo daabacda wadar. Heritage Institute for Policy Studies (HIPS) waxay daraasaddeeda Muqdisho, Garoowe iyo Hargeysa ku ogaatay in soo laabashadu "dhif tahay inay joogto noqoto, balse inta badan ay tahay tag iyo imaad" ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Daraasaddaas waxay ku salaysnayd 29 wareysi oo dad soo laabtay ah iyo saddex kooxood oo dadkii joogay ah (isla ishaas). Waxa daraasaduhu cabbiraan: - **Hargeysa:** sahan 2010 lagu sameeyay 40 maalgeliye oo gaar ah oo Somaliland jooga, 53% waxay sheegeen inay dibadda ka soo laabteen ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Hay'adaha samafalka ee deegaanka, 33% waxay lahaayeen shaqaale qurbajoog ah (isla ishaas). - **Minneapolis ilaa Muqdisho:** daraasad University of Minnesota oo ku salaysan 80 wareysi oo dad soo laabtay ah ayaa ogaatay in inta badan Soomaalida Twin Cities ay joogeen wax ka yar hal sano ([University of Minnesota, EurekAlert, 4 Maarso 2015](https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/603855)). Hansen wuxuu qaabkan ugu magac daray "dadka soo laabta ee wareegaya" (revolving returnees) daraasaddiisii 2007 ee Somaliland ([Hansen, University of Copenhagen, 2007](https://research.diis.dk/en/publications/revolving-returnees-meanings-and-practices-of-transnational-retur/)). Hammond waxay ugu yeertaa "qurbajoogta waqtiga dhiman" (part-time diaspora) ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). ## Goormay soo laabteen? Soo laabashadu waxay timid mowjado, waxayna ka bilaabatay waqooyiga. - **Dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii, Hargeysa iyo Burco:** soo laabashada Yurub iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa bilowday inay korodho, marka hore booqasho gaaban oo hantida lagu eegayo ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Xaafad Hargeysa ka mid ah ayaa loo bixiyay "Half London" (Nus London) dadka Ingiriiska ka soo laabtay awgood (isla ishaas). - **2011 laga bilaabo, Muqdisho:** qurbajoog ayaa u soo laabtay inay furaan isbitaallo, iskuullo, hoteello iyo makhaayado, markii Al-Shabaab dib loo riixay ([VOA, 29 Abriil 2015](https://voanews.com/a/somali-hotel-chain-owner-strives-to-make-a-difference/2741899.html)). Dowladdu waxay 2012 ku dhawaaqday in Muqdisho "u furan tahay ganacsiga" ([The National, 4 Sebtembar 2014](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/back-to-the-future-the-challenges-facing-somalias-returning-diaspora-1.237191)). - **2012 kadib:** soo laabashadu waxay noqotay "mid sii muuqata", sida ay HIPS sheegtay 2014 ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). 2015, duulimaadyada maalinlaha ah ee Turkish Airlines ee Muqdisho waxay ahaayeen calaamad muujinaysa korodhka soo laabashada ([PRIO, 18 Juun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)). Jinsiyadda reer galbeedka ayaa suurtagelisay soo laabashada, sida ay HIPS ogaatay, maxaa yeelay waxay oggolaataa tag iyo imaad iyo in laga daad gureeyo xilli dhibaato ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Soo laabashadu waxay inta badan suurtagal u ahayd dadka haysta lacag iyo xiriir shaqo oo Soomaaliya ku yaal (isla ishaas). ## Barnaamijyadee ayaa dhakhaatiir, macallimiin iyo shaqaale dowladeed dalka soo celiyay? Barnaamijyada intooda badan waxay khubarada qurbajoogta ah u bixiyaan mushahar si ay muddo gaaban uga shaqeeyaan hay'adaha dowladda, si ay u tababaraan shaqaalaha deegaanka. - **QUESTS-MIDA (IOM iyo UNDP):** wuxuu khubaro qurbajoog ah geeyay hay'adaha dowladda; 126 ayaa la geeyay ilaa Febraayo 2013 ([IOM, ReliefWeb, 22 Febraayo 2013](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/iom-somalia-quests-mida-expert-presents-guidelines-%E2%80%98new-deal-process%E2%80%99-aid)). Shaqooyinku waxay socdeen dhowr bilood ilaa 18 bilood ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Taageerayaasha waxaa ka mid ahaa Mareykanka, Jabbaan, Holland, Finland iyo Iswiidhan ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). - **MIDA FINNSOM (IOM, oo Finland maalgelisay):** wejigii koowaad, Luulyo 2008 ilaa Desembar 2009, wuxuu sameeyay 22 hawlood oo caafimaad oo Puntland iyo Somaliland ah ([IOM, 7 Luulyo 2011](https://www.iom.int/news/somali-diaspora-finland-helps-revitalize-northern-somalias-health-sector)). Ilaa Jannaayo 2019, 159 khabiir Soomaaliyeed oo Finland ka yimid ayaa Soomaaliya ka shaqeeyay, qiyaastii 4,000 shaqaale deegaan ah ayaana la tababaray ([Finnish Somali League, 24 Jannaayo 2019](https://somaliliitto.fi/en/2019/01/24/finland-and-iom-are-celebrating-their-co-operation-in-health-care-in-somalia/)). - **MIDA FINNSOM Caafimaadka iyo Waxbarashada, wejiga 3 (2023 ilaa 2025):** wuxuu qorsheeyay 40 khabiir oo qurbajoog ah iyo tababar ugu yaraan 40 xirfadle deegaan ah iyo 40 qalinjabiye ([EU Global Diaspora Facility](https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/?p=20711)). - **Connecting Diaspora for Development (CD4D), IOM Holland:** 87 hawlood oo Soomaaliya ah tan iyo 2016, wasaaradaha, Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed iyo Maamulka Gobolka Banaadir ([CD4D](https://connectingdiaspora.org/countries-cd4d2/somalia/)). - **Dhammaan shaqada MIDA ee Soomaaliya:** in ka badan 400 Soomaali ah oo ka yimid 17 dal, 20 sano gudahood, iskuullada, isbitaallada iyo wasaaradaha ([UN News, 15 Agoosto 2025](https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/08/1165666)). IOM waxay sidoo kale liis garaysaa mashaariic MIDA oo lagu maalgeliyay Talyaaniga, JICA, Sida iyo Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika ([IOM Somalia](https://somalia.iom.int/mida-projects)). 2015, Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu qoray in hababka xirfadaha qurbajoogta looga faa'iideysto dowladda ay "weli daciif yihiin", isagoo inta badan xusay QUESTS-MIDA ([World Bank, Project Appraisal Document 97861-SO, 2015](https://cip.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/PROJECT-APPRAISAL-DOCUMENT-PAD-JUL-2015.pdf)). ## Maxay shaqadu ka gaartay isbitaallada? Natiijooyinka isbitaallada ee barnaamijka Finland waxaa magaalo magaalo loo sheegay 2019 ([Finnish Somali League, 24 Jannaayo 2019](https://somaliliitto.fi/en/2019/01/24/finland-and-iom-are-celebrating-their-co-operation-in-health-care-in-somalia/)): - **Hargeysa:** dhimashada ilmaha dhashay ee Isbitaalka Guud ee Hargeysa waxay ka dhacday 24% ilaa 5%. Waxaa la furay qaybaha kelyaha (dialysis), xaaladaha daran iyo ilkaha. - **Garoowe:** qayb ilmaha dhashay oo laga furay Isbitaalka Guud ee Garoowe ayaa dhimashada bishii ka dhimay 70 ilaa 3 dabayaaqadii 2016. - **Muqdisho:** bukaannada Isbitaalka Yardimel waxay ka kordheen 800 ilaa 4,000, 2017 ilaa 2018. ## Ganacsiyo iyo hay'ado maxay dhiseen dadkii soo laabtay? Somaliland, dadka soo laabtay ayaa leh inta badan hoteellada iyo makhaayadaha waaweyn, sida ay daraasad 2015 ogaatay ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Waxay saami weyn ku leeyihiin shirkadaha xawaaladaha iyo telefoonnada, mid ka mid ahna wuxuu furay laan Coca-Cola (isla ishaas). Tusaalooyin la diiwaangeliyay, hay'ad hay'ad: - **Makhaayadaha The Village, Muqdisho:** waxaa furay cunto kariye ka soo laabtay London; 2015 silsiladdu waxay Muqdisho ka shaqaysiisay in ka badan 100 qof ([VOA, 29 Abriil 2015](https://voanews.com/a/somali-hotel-chain-owner-strives-to-make-a-difference/2741899.html)). - **First Somali Bank, Muqdisho:** wuxuu furmay Maajo 2012, qiyaastii US$2 milyan, waxaana furay ganacsade ka soo laabtay 24 sano oo Mareykanka ah ([How We Made It In Africa, 18 Juun 2012](https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/p/opening-a-bank-in-somalia-not-a-crazy-idea-says-businessman)). Faahfaahinta bangiyada waxay ku jirtaa [Bangiyada](/so/economy/banks/) (Ingiriisi). - **Bandhigga Buugaagta Caalamiga ah ee Hargeysa:** sannad walba tan iyo 2008, waxaa qabanqaabiya dad dibadda jooga, iyadoo ay ka qayb galaan tobannaan mutadawacin qurbajoog ah ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). - **Isbitaalka Jaamacadda Edna Aadan, Hargeysa:** waxaa furtay 1998 umulisadii ugu horreysay ee Somaliland la tababaray; wuxuu martigeliyaa shaqaale caafimaad oo qurbajoog ah oo mutadawacin iyo tababarte ah (isla ishaas). - **Iftiin Foundation, Muqdisho:** waxaa aasaasay 2012 dad soo laabtay, si ay dhallinyarada hoggaamin u baraan oo ganacsatada cusub ugu xiriiriyaan maalgeliyeyaal ([The National, 4 Sebtembar 2014](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/back-to-the-future-the-challenges-facing-somalias-returning-diaspora-1.237191)). Ganacsiyo yaryar oo Muqdisho ah waxaa ka mid ahaa shirkadaha tagsiyada, jimicsiga, dillaallada guryaha, ubaxa iyo dhar-dhaqidda ([PRIO, 18 Juun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)). Hase yeeshee, inta badan dadka soo laabtay waxay ka shaqeeyaan dowladda iyo hay'adaha aan faa'iido doonka ahayn, sida ay HIPS ogaatay ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Xeerarka maalgelinta guud waxay ku jiraan [Maalgelinta Soomaaliya](/so/economy/investing-in-somalia/) (Ingiriisi). ## Immisa qof oo soo laabtay ayaa dowladda ka shaqeeya? - **Baarlamaanka federaalka:** 105 ka mid ah 275 xildhibaan ee Baarlamaanka 10aad ayaa haystay jinsiyad labaad, waxayna ka yaraadeen 198-kii Baarlamaanka 9aad ([Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative, 19 Jannaayo 2017](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/somalia-number-of-mps-with-dual-citizenship-falls-from-198-to-105/)). Kooxaha ugu badnaa waxay ahaayeen Ingiriis (29), Mareykan (22) iyo Kenyan (10), sida uu tiriyay kaydka xogta Wakiil (isla ishaas). - **Golaha Aqalka Sare:** 20 ka mid ah 54 senator waa qurbajoog soo laabtay, sida ay sheegtay falanqayn 2026 ah ([African Arguments, 11 Agoosto 2026](https://africanarguments.org/?p=48185)). - **Ra'iisul wasaarayaasha:** ra'iisul wasaare kasta oo jiray 2000 ilaa 2022 waxaa la sheegay inuu haystay jinsiyad labaad oo reer galbeed ah (isla ishaas). - **Somaliland:** 2011, dadka Hargeysa waxay qiyaaseen in 20% ilaa 30% xildhibaannada ay ka yimaadeen qurbaha ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Kala bar golihii wasiirrada ee ugu horreeyay ee la sameeyay doorashadii 2010 kadib waxay ahaayeen dad soo laabtay (isla ishaas). Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee federaalku waxay Oktoobar 2013 sameysay Waaxda Arrimaha Qurbajoogta ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Hay'adda Qurbajoogta Somaliland iyo Waaxda Qurbajoogta Puntland labaduba waxay ka bilaabmeen 2010 (isla ishaas). Waaxda federaalku hadda waxay bixisaa caawimo maalgelin iyo taageero muhaajiriinta soo laabtay ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/diaspora-overview/)). ## Soomaaligu ma haysan karaa jinsiyad labaad? Haa, sida uu dhigayo Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah ee 2012. Qodobka 8(3) wuxuu leeyahay muwaadin Soomaaliyeed "lagama qaadi karo jinsiyadda Soomaaliyeed, xataa haddii uu noqdo muwaadin dal kale" ([Dastuurka Ku-meelgaarka ah, 2012](https://hrlibrary.law.umn.edu/research/Somalia-Constitution2012.pdf)). Dastuurka la ansixiyay 4 Maarso 2026 wuxuu u diidayaa madaxweynaha, ra'iisul wasaaraha, guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka iyo guddoomiyaha maxkamadda sare inay haystaan jinsiyad kale ([Anadolu Agency, 4 Maarso 2026](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/somali-parliament-approves-new-constitution/3850086)). Xildhibaannada caadiga ah weli waxay haysan karaan laba ([African Arguments, 11 Agoosto 2026](https://africanarguments.org/?p=48185)). Luulyo 2026, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu wasiirrada ku amray inay iska dhiibaan baasaboorrada shisheeye ama is casilaan, sida ay isla falanqayntaasi sheegtay. Somaliland, Sharciga Jinsiyadda Lr. 22 ee 2002 wuxuu u oggolaanayaa muwaadinka dhalasho ku ah inuu qaato jinsiyad kale isagoo aan waayin jinsiyadda Somaliland ([Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/somaliland-citizenship-law-2002/)). Xeerarka baasaboorka waxay ku jiraan [Baasaboorka Soomaaliya](/so/states/somali-passport/). ## Sidee isula noolyihiin dadka soo laabtay iyo kuwii joogay? Dadkii joogay inta badan way soo dhaweeyaan dadka soo laabtay, waxayna qiimeeyaan sannadihii lacagta loo soo dirayay, sida ay HIPS ogaatay ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Waxay magacawday saddex sababood oo xiisad keena: dareen la moodo isla weyni, faa'iido dheeraad ah oo shaqada, iyo inay si gaar ah ugu noolaadaan meelo ammaan badan (isla ishaas). - **Shaqada iyo mushaharka:** ardayda Hargeysa ayaa 2012 u sheegay cilmi-baare in dadka soo laabtay "shaqadeenna qaataan", kirada guryahana kordhiyaan ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Isla ardaydaas waxay sheegeen in dadka soo laabtay ay keenaan xirfado iyo maalgelin (isla ishaas). - **Qiimaha:** soo laabashadu waxay kor u qaadday qiimaha iyo mushaharka, ganacsiyada qaarna waxay inta badan u adeegaan macaamiil qurbajoog ah ([PRIO, 18 Juun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)). Cunto US$10 ilaa US$15 ah ma awoodaan inta badan dadka deggan ([The National, 4 Sebtembar 2014](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/back-to-the-future-the-challenges-facing-somalias-returning-diaspora-1.237191)). - **Go'aanka:** dadkii joogay waxay tag iyo imaadka u arkaan go'aan la'aan ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Dadka soo laabtay, dhankooda, waxay sheegeen in dadka deegaanku aysan qiimayn dadaalkooda ([World Bank, 2015](https://cip.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/PROJECT-APPRAISAL-DOCUMENT-PAD-JUL-2015.pdf)). Dadka soo laabtay inta badan waxaa loogu yeeraa "dadka deegaanka" dhowr bilood gudahood, sida ay HIPS xustay ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Dhallinyarada qurbajoogta ah ee waalidkood dib ugu soo diraan si ay dhaqanka u bartaan waxaa la yiraahdaa *dhaqan ceelis* ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). ## Khatarahee ayay la kulmaan dadka soo laabtay? Al-Shabaab waxay hanjabaad gaar ah u dirtay qurbajoogta soo laabtay, sida ay HIPS sheegtay 2014 ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Ganacsiyada qurbajoogta, sida makhaayadda Village, ayaa si ula kac ah loo bartilmaameedsaday ([PRIO, 18 Juun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)). - **Muqdisho, Sebtembar 2012:** qarax ka dhacay makhaayadda Village ayaa dilay 15 qof, oo ay ku jiraan saddex suxufi; qurbajoog badan oo soo laabtay ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii dhintay iyo kuwii dhaawacmay ([Al Jazeera, 21 Sebtembar 2012](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2012/9/21/blast-cripples-somalias-lively-spot)). - **Kismaayo, 12 Luulyo 2019:** weerar Al-Shabaab ku qaaday Hotel Asasey ayaa dilay 26 qof, oo ay ku jiraan suxufiyad Soomaali-Kanadiyaan ah iyo laba Mareykan ah ([PBS NewsHour/AP, 13 Luulyo 2019](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/world/somali-forces-end-extremist-siege-of-kismayo-hotel-26-dead)). Khataraha kale waa ilaalin sharci oo daciif ah, amaah bangi oo yar iyo caymis ku dhawaad aan jirin ([PRIO, 18 Juun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)). Khubaro badan oo barnaamijyada ka mid ahaa ayaa tagay shaqadooda kadib, maxaa yeelay ma awoodin inay qoysaskooda soo celiyaan ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). ## Maxaa kale oo la soo sheegay? - **Shaqo-gelinta IOM:** bogga mashaariicda IOM Soomaaliya wuxuu sheegaa in 186 la-taliye oo qurbajoog ah la geeyay 31 hay'adood oo Soomaaliyeed, mid kasta 3 ilaa 18 bilood; boggu taariikh ma leh ([IOM Somalia, projects](https://somalia.iom.int/projects)). Warbixin IOM oo 2016 ah ayaa sheegtay 415 khabiir oo qurbajoog ah oo ka shaqeeyay in ka badan 80 hay'adood oo dowladeed oo ku yaal Puntland, Somaliland iyo koonfurta iyo bartamaha Soomaaliya ([Hiiraan Online, Oktoobar 2016](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2016/Oct/118359/iom_reaches_out_to_somali_diaspora_through_outreach_program.aspx)). Labada tiro waxay u muuqdaan inay cabbirayaan laba shay oo kala duwan. - **Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Qurbajoogta:** warqad xog ah oo ay soo saartay EU Global Diaspora Facility (EUDiF) ayaa sheegtay in Soomaaliya ay ansixisay Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Qurbajoogta 2023 ([EUDiF, Somalia factsheet, 2024](https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/CF_Somalia-v.1.pdf)). Wakaaladda Wararka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SONNA) ayaa markii dambe sheegtay in wasaaradda arrimaha dibaddu weli dhammaystiraysay la-tashiyada, ka hor inta aan siyaasadda loo gudbin Golaha Wasiirrada ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/state-minister-for-foreign-affairs-gives-directions-on-finalizing-the-national-diaspora-policy-consultation)). Labada warbixin way is khilaafsan yihiin. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Maxaa ku dhacay Soomaalida markay dalka ka tageen kadib?](/so/diaspora/life-after-leaving/) - [Yaa dib loogu celiyaa Soomaaliya, immisase?](/so/diaspora/deportations-and-returns/) - [Maxay Soomaalidu ka tageen markay carareen?](/so/diaspora/what-somalis-left-behind/) - [Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro oo tirooyin ah](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/) (Ingiriisi) - [Maalgelinta Soomaaliya](/so/economy/investing-in-somalia/) (Ingiriisi) - [Bangiyada](/so/economy/banks/) (Ingiriisi) - [Baasaboorka Soomaaliya](/so/states/somali-passport/) ## Ilaha 1. Heritage Institute for Policy Studies. "Diaspora Return to Somalia: Perceptions and Implications." Policy Brief 07, June 2014. [heritageinstitute.org](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 2. Laura Hammond. "Diaspora returnees to Somaliland: heroes of development or job-stealing scoundrels?" In *Africa's Return Migrants*, Zed Books, 2015. [ceris.be](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 3. Peter Hansen. "Revolving Returnees: Meanings and Practices of Transnational Return among Somalilanders." PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen, 2007. [research.diis.dk](https://research.diis.dk/en/publications/revolving-returnees-meanings-and-practices-of-transnational-retur/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 4. UN News. "A two-way street: Reversing brain drain in Somalia." 15 August 2025. [news.un.org](https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/08/1165666). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 5. IOM via ReliefWeb. "IOM Somalia QUESTS-MIDA Expert presents Guidelines on 'New Deal Process' for aid effectiveness." 22 February 2013. [reliefweb.int](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/iom-somalia-quests-mida-expert-presents-guidelines-%E2%80%98new-deal-process%E2%80%99-aid). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 6. IOM. "Somali diaspora in Finland helps revitalize northern Somalia's health sector." 7 July 2011. [iom.int](https://www.iom.int/news/somali-diaspora-finland-helps-revitalize-northern-somalias-health-sector). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 7. Finnish Somali League. "Finland and IOM are celebrating their co-operation in health care in Somalia." 24 January 2019. [somaliliitto.fi](https://somaliliitto.fi/en/2019/01/24/finland-and-iom-are-celebrating-their-co-operation-in-health-care-in-somalia/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 8. EU Global Diaspora Facility. "MIDA FINNSOM Health and Education Project, Phase 3." [diasporafordevelopment.eu](https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/?p=20711). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 9. Connecting Diaspora for Development (IOM Netherlands). "Somalia." [connectingdiaspora.org](https://connectingdiaspora.org/countries-cd4d2/somalia/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 10. IOM Somalia. "MIDA projects." [somalia.iom.int](https://somalia.iom.int/mida-projects). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 11. World Bank. "Project Appraisal Document: Somalia Capacity Injection Project." Report No. 97861-SO, 2015. [cip.gov.so](https://cip.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/PROJECT-APPRAISAL-DOCUMENT-PAD-JUL-2015.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 12. University of Minnesota via EurekAlert. "U of M researchers call for US government to expand role in helping rebuild Somalia." 4 March 2015. [eurekalert.org](https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/603855). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 13. Cindy Horst. "Back in Business? Diaspora Return to Somalia." PRIO, 18 June 2015. [prio.org](https://www.prio.org/comments/328). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 14. Samira Shackle. "Back to the future: the challenges facing Somalia's returning diaspora." The National, 4 September 2014. [thenationalnews.com](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/back-to-the-future-the-challenges-facing-somalias-returning-diaspora-1.237191). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 15. VOA. "Somali Hotel Chain Owner Strives to Make a Difference." 29 April 2015. [voanews.com](https://voanews.com/a/somali-hotel-chain-owner-strives-to-make-a-difference/2741899.html). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 16. How We Made It In Africa. "Opening a bank in Somalia not a crazy idea, says businessman." 18 June 2012. [howwemadeitinafrica.com](https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/p/opening-a-bank-in-somalia-not-a-crazy-idea-says-businessman). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 17. Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative (from Radio Dalsan and Wakiil). "Somalia: Number of MPs with dual citizenship falls from 198 to 105." 19 January 2017. [citizenshiprightsafrica.org](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/somalia-number-of-mps-with-dual-citizenship-falls-from-198-to-105/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 18. Ismail Abukar. "Somalia: A Government With One Foot Out the Door." African Arguments, 11 August 2026. [africanarguments.org](https://africanarguments.org/?p=48185). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 19. Federal Republic of Somalia. "Provisional Constitution," adopted 1 August 2012. Via University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. [hrlibrary.law.umn.edu](https://hrlibrary.law.umn.edu/research/Somalia-Constitution2012.pdf). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 20. Anadolu Agency. "Somali parliament approves new constitution." 4 March 2026. [aa.com.tr](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/somali-parliament-approves-new-constitution/3850086). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 21. Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative. "Somaliland Citizenship Law No 22 of 2002." [citizenshiprightsafrica.org](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/somaliland-citizenship-law-2002/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 22. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Somalia. "Department of Diaspora Affairs: overview." [web.mfa.gov.so](https://web.mfa.gov.so/diaspora-overview/). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 23. Al Jazeera. "Blast cripples Somalia's lively spot." 21 September 2012. [aljazeera.com](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2012/9/21/blast-cripples-somalias-lively-spot). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 24. PBS NewsHour / Associated Press. "Somali forces end extremist siege of Kismayo hotel; 26 dead." 13 July 2019. [pbs.org](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/world/somali-forces-end-extremist-siege-of-kismayo-hotel-26-dead). La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 25. IOM Soomaaliya. Bogga mashaariicda. https://somalia.iom.int/projects. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 26. Hiiraan Online. "IOM reaches out to Somali diaspora through outreach program". Oktoobar 2016. https://hiiraan.com/news4/2016/Oct/118359/iom_reaches_out_to_somali_diaspora_through_outreach_program.aspx. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 27. EU Global Diaspora Facility (EUDiF). Warqadda xogta ka-qaybgalka qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed. 2024. https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/CF_Somalia-v.1.pdf. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. 28. Wakaaladda Wararka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SONNA). "State Minister for Foreign Affairs gives directions on finalizing the National Diaspora Policy consultation". https://sonna.so/en/state-minister-for-foreign-affairs-gives-directions-on-finalizing-the-national-diaspora-policy-consultation. La hubiyay 2026-11-12. --- # Ganacsiyada Soomaaliya: tirakoobkii goobaha ganacsiga ee 2024 Source: https://calankii.com/so/data/business-establishments-2024/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Tirakoobka Goobaha Ganacsiga Soomaaliya (SIBEC 2024) wuxuu 16 magaalo ku tiriyay 174,149 goob ganacsi. 47,934 waxay ahaayeen kuwo rasmi ah, 43,207 kuwo aan rasmi ahayn, 83,008-na waxay ahaayeen goobo yaryar ama kabaro. Ganacsiga jumlada iyo tafaariiqda ayaa ahaa 78.5 boqolkiiba. Muqdisho waxay lahayd 48,387 goob, Hargeysa 29,560, Boosaasona 19,308. Tirakoobku wuxuu tiriyay 275,439 shaqaale, 46 boqolkiiba haween ah, haweenkuna waxay ahaayeen 70 boqolkiiba shaqaalaha goobaha yaryar. ## Halka tirooyinkan ka yimaadeen Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNBS) ayaa 2024 samaysay Tirakoobka Goobaha Ganacsiga Soomaaliya (SIBEC), warbixintiisana waxay soo saartay December 2024 ([SNBS, warbixinta SIBEC 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Business-Establishment-Census-Report-SIBEC-2024-29-12-2024.pdf); [SNBS, bogga tirakoobka](https://nbs.gov.so/somalia-integrated-business-establishment-censussibec-2024/)). Jadwalada ugu muhiimsan waxay sidoo kale ku jiraan *Somalia Facts and Figures 2024*, jadwalada 2.9 ilaa 2.11 ([SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Facts-and-figures-2024.pdf)). - **Meesha:** 16 magaalo oo ku yaal 14 gobol, laga tiriyay saddex weji, laga bilaabo Banaadir. - **Waxa la tiriyay:** ganacsiyada leh goob shaqo oo go'an, oo saddex nooc loo kala saaray: - goobo rasmi ah, oo haysta ruqsad sida ruqsadda dowladda hoose; - goobo aan rasmi ahayn, oo leh goob go'an laakiin aan ruqsad haysan; - goobo yaryar oo loo yaqaan kabaro, sida tukaamo iyo daasado yaryar. - **Waxa laga reebay:** beeraha (marka laga reebo kabarada), maamulka dowladda, hawlaha guryaha iyo iibiyeyaasha socda. Tiro kasta waxay ku jirtaa faylka xogta `somalia-business-establishments-2024.csv`, oo leh lambarka jadwalka SNBS. Eeg sidoo kale [Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka](/en/institutions/national-bureau-of-statistics/) iyo [Wax-soo-saarka guud, 2018 ilaa 2024](/en/data/gdp-national-accounts-2018-2024/). ## Goobaha ganacsiga nooc ahaan | Nooca | Goobaha | Saamiga | |---|---:|---:| | Rasmi | 47,934 | 27.5% | | Aan rasmi ahayn | 43,207 | 24.8% | | Kabar (goob yar) | 83,008 | 47.7% | | **Dhammaan** | **174,149** | **100%** | Isha: SIBEC 2024, jadwalka 2.1. ## Goobaha ganacsiga shaqada ay qabtaan | Shaqada | Goobaha | Saamiga | |---|---:|---:| | Ganacsiga jumlada iyo tafaariiqda, iyo dayactirka gaadiidka | 136,626 | 78.5% | | Hoyga iyo cuntada (hudheelo iyo makhaayado) | 16,894 | 9.7% | | Adeegyo kale | 8,470 | 4.9% | | Warshadaha iyo samaynta alaabta | 5,821 | 3.3% | | Waxbarashada | 1,655 | 1.0% | | Caafimaadka iyo daryeelka bulshada | 1,205 | 0.7% | | Beeraha, kaymaha iyo kalluumaysiga (kabaro keliya) | 1,124 | 0.6% | | Adeegyada maamulka iyo taageerada | 841 | 0.5% | | Adeegyada xirfadeed, sayniska iyo farsamada | 504 | 0.3% | | Isgaarsiinta iyo warfaafinta | 492 | 0.3% | | Fanka iyo madadaalada | 311 | 0.2% | | Korontada | 128 | 0.1% | | Biyaha iyo qashinka | 41 | ka yar 0.1% | | Guryaha iyo dhulka | 37 | ka yar 0.1% | Isha: SIBEC 2024, jadwalka 2.2. Kabarada dhexdooda, ganacsigu waa 82.7 boqolkiiba (68,657), hoyga iyo cuntaduna 9.8 boqolkiiba (8,132) (jadwalka 4.1). ## Goobaha ganacsiga magaalo ahaan | Gobolka | Magaalada | Dhammaan | Rasmi | Aan rasmi ahayn | Kabar | |---|---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Banaadir | Muqdisho | 48,387 | 15,069 | 13,621 | 19,697 | | Waqooyi Galbeed | Hargeysa | 29,560 | 7,696 | 7,734 | 14,130 | | Bari | Boosaaso | 19,308 | 5,561 | 4,806 | 8,941 | | Mudug | Gaalkacyo | 18,176 | 3,930 | 1,685 | 12,561 | | Togdheer | Burco | 11,785 | 2,356 | 2,326 | 7,103 | | Bay | Baydhabo | 10,687 | 1,668 | 3,584 | 5,435 | | Jubbada Hoose | Kismaayo | 9,151 | 2,084 | 3,361 | 3,706 | | Hiiraan | Beledweyne | 7,830 | 2,279 | 1,362 | 4,189 | | Nugaal | Garoowe | 7,399 | 3,479 | 1,374 | 2,546 | | Gedo | Beled Xaawo | 2,353 | 1,287 | 942 | 124 | | Waqooyi Galbeed | Berbera | 1,931 | 220 | 773 | 938 | | Galgaduud | Cadaado | 1,841 | 631 | 170 | 633 | | Galgaduud | Dhuusamareeb | 1,744 | 643 | 468 | 1,040 | | Shabeellaha Hoose | Baraawe | 1,504 | 457 | 346 | 701 | | Bakool | Xuddur | 1,285 | 227 | 263 | 795 | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | Jowhar | 1,208 | 347 | 392 | 469 | Isha: SIBEC 2024, jadwalada 2.3, 3.4 iyo 4.2. Muqdisho waxay leedahay 27.8 boqolkiiba dhammaan goobaha, Hargeysa 17.0, Boosaasona 11.1 boqolkiiba. ## Xaaladda sharci iyo cabbirka Labadan jadwal waxay ku saabsan yihiin 91,141-ka goob ee rasmiga ah iyo kuwa aan rasmiga ahayn. Tirakoobku kama bixiyo xaaladda sharci ama cabbirka kabarada. | Xaaladda sharci | Goobaha | Saamiga | |---|---:|---:| | Hal milkiile | 82,842 | 90.9% | | Shuraako | 5,414 | 5.9% | | Hay'ad aan faa'iido doon ahayn | 2,270 | 2.5% | | Shirkad gaar ah oo xaddidan | 461 | 0.5% | | Iskaashato | 106 | 0.1% | | Shirkad dadweyne | 48 | ka yar 0.1% | | Cabbirka | Goobaha | Rasmi | Aan rasmi ahayn | |---|---:|---:|---:| | 1 ilaa 9 shaqaale | 89,815 | 46,665 | 43,150 | | 10 ilaa 49 shaqaale | 1,231 | 1,175 | 56 | | 50 ilaa 249 shaqaale | 85 | 84 | 1 | | 250 shaqaale ama ka badan | 10 | 10 | 0 | Isha: SIBEC 2024, jadwalada 3.2 iyo 3.5. Qoraalka warbixintu wuxuu bixiyaa tirooyin ka duwan kuwa jadwalka 3.5 ee ganacsiyada yaryar iyo kuwa dhexe (1,215 iyo 101). Tirooyinka jadwalka ayaa halkan lagu isticmaalay. ## Cidda leh 81,584-ta goob ee rasmiga ah iyo kuwa aan rasmiga ahayn ee leh hal milkiile: - **Da'da:** milkiilayaasha 35 ilaa 55 jirka ahi waxay leeyihiin 48,650 (59.6 boqolkiiba), 26 ilaa 34 jirka 25,116 (30.8 boqolkiiba), 56 jir iyo ka weyn 5,776 (7.1 boqolkiiba), kuwa ka yar 26-na 1,806 (2.2 boqolkiiba) (jadwalka 3.7). - **Dhalashada:** milkiilayaasha Soomaaliyeed waxay leeyihiin 81,325, ama 99.7 boqolkiiba. Kuwa ka yimid Bariga Afrika inteeda kale waxay leeyihiin 148, dalal kale oo Afrikaan ah 40, Bariga Dhexe 32, Aasiya 26, Yurubna 3 (jadwalka 3.6). ## Shaqaalaha gobol iyo jinsi ahaan | Gobolka | Rasmi: haween | Rasmi: rag | Aan rasmi: haween | Aan rasmi: rag | Kabar: haween | Kabar: rag | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Banaadir | 9,879 | 34,311 | 7,979 | 12,855 | 13,408 | 8,410 | | Waqooyi Galbeed | 6,463 | 16,302 | 5,473 | 8,187 | 10,470 | 7,380 | | Bari | 4,185 | 9,125 | 3,669 | 4,044 | 6,651 | 2,759 | | Mudug | 2,903 | 4,697 | 1,489 | 809 | 10,968 | 1,864 | | Togdheer | 1,919 | 4,558 | 1,475 | 2,598 | 5,337 | 2,689 | | Nugaal | 3,025 | 5,849 | 1,055 | 988 | 1,949 | 680 | | Bay | 886 | 2,491 | 2,235 | 2,581 | 4,457 | 1,134 | | Jubbada Hoose | 1,362 | 2,804 | 2,999 | 1,347 | 3,259 | 662 | | Hiiraan | 1,307 | 2,212 | 1,129 | 523 | 3,730 | 534 | | Galgaduud | 962 | 1,391 | 583 | 242 | 1,568 | 147 | | Gedo | 898 | 891 | 768 | 405 | 119 | 37 | | Shabeellaha Hoose | 134 | 833 | 172 | 297 | 536 | 177 | | Bakool | 177 | 167 | 214 | 177 | 709 | 93 | | Shabeellaha Dhexe | 148 | 596 | 218 | 234 | 353 | 139 | | **Dhammaan** | **34,248** | **86,227** | **29,458** | **35,287** | **63,514** | **26,705** | Isha: SIBEC 2024, jadwalada 3.8 iyo 4.3. - **Dhammaan shaqaalaha:** 275,439, kuwaas oo 127,220 (46 boqolkiiba) ay haween yihiin. - **Nooc ahaan:** haweenku waa 28 boqolkiiba shaqaalaha goobaha rasmiga ah, 45 boqolkiiba kuwa aan rasmiga ahayn, iyo 70 boqolkiiba kabarada. ## Shaqaalaha shaqo ahaan Goobaha rasmiga ah iyo kuwa aan rasmiga ahayn marka la isku daro, ganacsigu wuxuu shaqaaleeyaa 110,865 qof, ama 59.9 boqolkiiba 185,220-ka shaqaale. Hoyga iyo cuntadu waxay shaqaaleeyaan 23,617, warshaduhu 11,897, waxbarashaduna 11,564. Haweenku waa 62 boqolkiiba shaqaalaha hoyga iyo cuntada ee aan rasmiga ahayn, iyo 47 boqolkiiba ganacsiga aan rasmiga ahayn. Warshadaha rasmiga ah waxay ku yihiin 12 boqolkiiba (SIBEC 2024, jadwalka 3.9). Jadwalka oo dhammaystiran wuxuu ku jiraa faylka xogta. ## Sida loo isticmaalo - **Soo deji xogta:** faylka CSV-gu wuxuu leeyahay saf walba hal shay iyo hal cabbir, oo leh lambarka jadwalka SIBEC. - **Eeg asalka:** warbixinta iyo buug-yare falanqayn ah ([SNBS, Business Establishment Analysis Booklet](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Somalia-Business-Establishment-Analysis-Bookle.pdf)) waxaa lacag la'aan looga heli karaa nbs.gov.so. - **Si taxaddar leh u barbar dhig:** tirakoobku wuxuu daboolaa 16 magaalo oo keliya, sidaas darteed ma aha tirada dhammaan ganacsiyada dalka. - **Isticmaalo kale:** Bangiga Adduunku wuxuu shirkadaha sahankiisa ganacsiga Soomaaliya ee 2025 ka soo xushay SIBEC-2024 ([World Bank Microdata Library, Somalia Enterprise Survey 2025](https://microdata.worldbank.org/catalog/8119)). --- # Safarka iyo badbaadada waddooyinka Soomaaliya: dadka soo gala iyo ka baxa dalka iyo shilalka gaadiidka Source: https://calankii.com/so/data/travel-and-road-safety-numbers/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 2024, 296,078 qof ayaa Soomaaliya ku soo galay xuduudaha ay tiriso Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda, 316,890-na way ka baxeen. Ku dhowaad dhammaantood waxay ku safreen diyaarad. Muqdisho, booliisku wuxuu 2024 diiwaangeliyay 1,126 qof oo shilalka gaadiidka ku dhaawacmay ama ku dhintay, oo ay ku jiraan 84 dhimasho, tirada ugu badan tan iyo markii diiwaangelinta la bilaabay 2013. WHO waxay ku qiyaastay heerka dhimashada waddooyinka Soomaaliya 15.1 qof 100,000 kasta 2023, halka uu ahaa qiyaastii 29 intii u dhaxaysay 2016 iyo 2019. ## Halka tirooyinkan ka yimaadeen - **Xuduudaha:** Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda (ICA) ayaa tirisa dadka ka gudba xuduudaha ay shaqaalaha ku leedahay. - **Shilalka waddooyinka:** Qaybta Badbaadada Waddooyinka ee Ciidanka Booliska Soomaaliyeed ayaa tirisa shilalka gaadiidka Muqdisho. - **Halka labadaba lagu daabaco:** Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ayaa labadaba ku daabacda *Somalia Facts and Figures* sannad walba. Daabacaadda 2024 waxay bixisaa dadka soo gala iyo ka baxa 2020 ilaa 2024, iyo shilalka 2013 ilaa 2024 ([SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024, jadwalada 1.16 ilaa 1.19](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Facts-and-figures-2024.pdf)). - **Dhimashada waddooyinka dalka oo dhan:** Hay'adda Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) ayaa sannad walba samaysa qiyaas ([WHO Global Health Observatory, dhimashada waddooyinka](https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/estimated-road-traffic-death-rate-(per-100-000-population))). Tiro kasta waxay ku jirtaa faylka xogta `somalia-travel-and-road-safety-2013-2024.csv`. Eeg sidoo kale [Hay'adda Socdaalka iyo Jinsiyadda](/en/institutions/immigration-and-citizenship-agency/), [Ciidanka Booliska Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-police-force/) iyo [Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka](/en/institutions/national-bureau-of-statistics/). ## Dadka soo gala iyo ka baxa, 2020 ilaa 2024 | Sannadka | Soo galay: diyaarad | bad | dhul | **Dhammaan soo galay** | Ka baxay: diyaarad | bad | dhul | **Dhammaan ka baxay** | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| | 2020 | 132,787 | 16,771 | 26,418 | **175,976** | 133,183 | 14,475 | 22,692 | **170,350** | | 2021 | 148,115 | lama bixin | 18,522 | **166,637** | 171,454 | lama bixin | 15,954 | **187,408** | | 2022 | 26,672 | 222 | 63,820 | **90,714** | 112,332 | 222 | 6,776 | **119,330** | | 2023 | 276,601 | 3,406 | 12,231 | **292,238** | 302,041 | 2,052 | 16,359 | **320,452** | | 2024 | 291,648 | 4,430 | lama bixin | **296,078** | 312,530 | 4,360 | lama bixin | **316,890** | Isha: SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024, jadwalada 1.16 iyo 1.17, oo laga soo xigtay diiwaannada ICA. - **Tirooyinka SNBS sida loo daabacay:** dadka diyaaradda ku soo galay 2022 (26,672) aad ayay uga yar yihiin kuwa diyaaradda ku baxay 2022 (112,332). Dhulka waa bannaan yahay 2024, baddana 2021. Tirooyinka halkan sidii loo daabacay ayaa loo bixiyay, sidaas darteed isbeddelka sannad ilaa sannad wuxuu muujin karaa waxa la tiriyay halkii uu ka muujin lahaa inta qof ee safartay. ## Shilalka gaadiidka Muqdisho, 2013 ilaa 2024 | Sannadka | Dhammaan dhibbanayaasha | Dhaawac fudud | Dhaawac culus | Dhimasho | Gaadiidka ku lugta leh | Baabuur | Bajaaj | Gaadiidka ciidamada | Mooto | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| | 2013 | 561 | 279 | 203 | 79 | 2,388 | 2,051 | 146 | 191 | lama tirin | | 2014 | 761 | 371 | 268 | 122 | 2,740 | 2,407 | 217 | 116 | lama tirin | | 2015 | 742 | 420 | 257 | 65 | 2,778 | 2,286 | 377 | 115 | lama tirin | | 2016 | 881 | 470 | 328 | 83 | 2,870 | 2,291 | 468 | 111 | lama tirin | | 2017 | 1,060 | 477 | 497 | 86 | 3,279 | 2,459 | 706 | 114 | lama tirin | | 2018 | 1,036 | 533 | 426 | 77 | 3,036 | 2,124 | 803 | 109 | lama tirin | | 2019 | 945 | 491 | 360 | 94 | 2,860 | 1,945 | 844 | 71 | lama tirin | | 2020 | 849 | 454 | 327 | 68 | 2,236 | 1,511 | 691 | 34 | lama tirin | | 2021 | 1,078 | 522 | 470 | 86 | 2,741 | 1,711 | 979 | 51 | lama tirin | | 2022 | 1,033 | 563 | 401 | 69 | 2,646 | 1,578 | 1,028 | 40 | lama tirin | | 2023 | 1,002 | 502 | 419 | 81 | 2,041 | 1,178 | 804 | 59 | 85 | | 2024 | 1,126 | 715 | 327 | 84 | 2,532 | 1,672 | 808 | 52 | 263 | Isha: SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024, jadwalada 1.18 iyo 1.19, oo laga soo xigtay Qaybta Badbaadada Waddooyinka ee Ciidanka Booliska Soomaaliyeed. - **Dhimashada:** waxay u dhaxaysay 65 (2015) iyo 122 (2014). - **Bajaajta:** bajaajta shilalka ku lugta lahayd waxay ka kacday 146 sannadkii 2013 ilaa in ka badan 1,000 sannadkii 2022. - **Mootooyinka:** waxaa la tirinayay tan iyo 2023 oo keliya. - **Waxa la tiriyay:** tirooyinku waxay daboolaan shilalka booliska loo soo sheegay ee Muqdisho oo keliya. ## Dhimashada waddooyinka Soomaaliya oo dhan: qiyaasaha WHO | Sannadka | Dhimashada la qiyaasay 100,000 qof kasta | |---|---:| | 2000 | 31.0 | | 2016 | 28.1 | | 2019 | 28.9 | | 2020 | 20.2 | | 2021 | 20.2 | | 2022 | 17.4 | | 2023 | 15.1 | Isha: [WHO Global Health Observatory, tilmaamaha RS_198](https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/RS_198). 2021, WHO waxay ku qiyaastay 3,440 dhimasho waddooyinka Soomaaliya, oo u dhaxaysa 2,811 iyo 4,068 (tilmaamaha RS_196). Kuwani waa qiyaasaha moodeel, kala duwanaanshaha 2023-na waa ballaaran yahay, 6.4 ilaa 27 qof 100,000 kasta. Taxanaha oo dhammaystiran ee tan iyo 2000 wuxuu ku jiraa faylka xogta. ## Sida loo isticmaalo - **Soo deji xogta:** faylka CSV-gu wuxuu leeyahay saf walba hal cabbir iyo hal sannad, oo leh ishiisa. - **Eeg asalka:** SNBS waxay *Facts and Figures* ku daabacdaa nbs.gov.so sannad walba, xogta WHO-na waa u furan tahay qof walba Global Health Observatory. --- # Waxa Soomaaliya iibsato iyo waxa ay iibiso: alaabta la soo dejiyo iyo tan la dhoofiyo, 2022 ilaa 2024 Source: https://calankii.com/so/data/imports-and-exports-by-product-2022-2024/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > 2024, alaabta Soomaaliya soo dejisay ee la diiwaangeliyay waxay qiimahoodu ahaa $9.18 bilyan, tan la dhoofiyayna $1.56 bilyan, sida ay muujinayaan tirooyinka Bangiga Dhexe ee ay daabacday hay'adda tirakoobka qaranka. Cuntada ayaa ahayd alaabta ugu badan ee la soo dejiyo, $2.52 bilyan, waxaana ku xigay alaabta caafimaadka $1.43 bilyan iyo alaabta dhismaha $1.19 bilyan. Khaadka la soo dejiyay wuxuu ahaa $400 milyan. Xoolaha nool waxay ahaayeen $970 milyan oo dhoofinta ah, ama 62 boqolkiiba, dalagga iyo saliidda khudraduna $344 milyan. ## Halka tirooyinkan ka yimaadeen Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya ayaa diiwaangeliya qiimaha alaabta dalka soo gasha iyo tan ka baxda, koox alaabeed iyo rubuc kasta. Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNBS) ayaa jadwaladan ku daabacda *Somalia Facts and Figures* sannad walba ([SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024, jadwalada 2.12 ilaa 2.14](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Facts-and-figures-2024.pdf); [SNBS, bogga warbixinnada](https://nbs.gov.so/category/reports/)). Boggani wuxuu isku keenayaa daabacaadaha 2022, 2023 iyo 2024. Qiime kasta waa malaayiin doollar oo Mareykan ah. Tiro kasta waxay ku jirtaa faylka xogta `somalia-imports-exports-by-product-2022-2024.csv`, oo leh rubuc kasta iyo daabacaadda laga soo qaatay. Sawirka guud, eeg [Ganacsiga Soomaaliya](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/), [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/), [Ganacsiga khaadka](/so/economy/khat-trade/) iyo [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](/so/economy/central-bank-of-somalia/). ## Alaabta la soo dejiyo, koox ahaan | Kooxda alaabta | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Saamiga 2024 | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Cunto | 2,162.7 | 2,002.5 | 2,517.7 | 27.4% | | Alaabta caafimaadka | 479.3 | 797.9 | 1,433.2 | 15.6% | | Dhismaha | 1,171.3 | 1,340.2 | 1,192.3 | 13.0% | | Dhar iyo kabo | 570.5 | 460.3 | 907.9 | 9.9% | | Shidaal iyo gaas | 624.4 | 560.0 | 658.5 | 7.2% | | Gaadiid iyo qalabkooda | 431.2 | 467.4 | 643.1 | 7.0% | | Daryeelka shakhsiga | 145.0 | 202.5 | 340.0 | 3.7% | | Elektaroonig iyo mashiinno koronto | 121.8 | 158.7 | 212.3 | 2.3% | | Alaab guri iyo weelal | 56.5 | 143.7 | 174.4 | 1.9% | | Cabbitaan iyo tubaako | 87.4 | 105.5 | 162.8 | 1.8% | | Qurxinta | 138.0 | 106.3 | 146.6 | 1.6% | | Wakiillada dowladda | lama sheegin | lama sheegin | 132.4 | 1.4% | | Warshadaha dhirta | 34.5 | 62.2 | 115.6 | 1.3% | | Qalabka qoraalka | 35.3 | 31.0 | 55.9 | 0.6% | | Qaybta gaarka ah | lama sheegin | lama sheegin | 4.6 | 0.1% | | Kuwo kale | 321.6 | 517.1 | 482.5 | 5.3% | | *kuwaas oo khaad ah* | *100.8* | *454.5* | *400.1* | *4.4%* | | **Dhammaan** | **6,379.5** | **6,955.5** | **9,179.7** | **100%** | Ilaha: SNBS, Facts and Figures 2022 iyo 2023, jadwalka 2.7, iyo 2024, jadwalka 2.12, oo laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe. Khaadka waxaa lagu tiriyaa "Kuwo kale". - **Kororka:** alaabta la soo dejiyay ee la diiwaangeliyay waxay kordhay 44 boqolkiiba 2022 ilaa 2024. - **Alaabta caafimaadka:** waxay ku dhowaatay saddex jibbaar, $479 milyan ilaa $1.43 bilyan. - **Cuntada:** waxay ahayd kooxda ugu weyn sannad kasta, 27 ilaa 34 boqolkiiba wadarta. - **Rubucyada:** rubucii ugu mashquulsanaa 2024 wuxuu ahaa kii afraad, $2,594.9 milyan. Rubucaas ayaa sidoo kale ugu badnaa dharka iyo kabaha ($335.7 milyan) iyo alaabta dhismaha ($342.6 milyan). ## Alaabta la dhoofiyo, koox ahaan | Kooxda alaabta | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Saamiga 2024 | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Xoolo nool | 558.4 | 860.9 | 969.9 | 62.3% | | Dalag iyo saliid khudradeed | 46.0 | 63.5 | 343.7 | 22.1% | | Kalluun | 51.3 | 15.0 | 76.8 | 4.9% | | Alaabta kaymaha | 12.2 | 11.3 | 58.9 | 3.8% | | Haragga xoolaha | 7.0 | 7.3 | 48.0 | 3.1% | | Hilib | 16.1 | 16.0 | 15.5 | 1.0% | | Kuwo kale | 13.0 | 35.5 | 43.1 | 2.8% | | **Dhammaan** | **704.0** | **1,009.5** | **1,556.0** | **100%** | Ilaha: SNBS, Facts and Figures 2022 iyo 2023, jadwalka 2.8, iyo 2024, jadwalka 2.13, oo laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe. - **Xoolaha rubuc ahaan:** dhoofinta xooluhu waxay ugu badan tahay rubuca labaad. Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu xilliyadan ku xiraa baahida Xajka iyo Ciidul Adxa (Warbixinta Sannadlaha ah 2025, hoos ka eeg). 2023, rubuca labaad wuxuu keenay $453.6 milyan, in ka badan kala bar dhoofinta xoolaha sannadkaas. - **Suuqyada Khaliijka:** Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu sheegaa in Imaaraadka Carabta, Cumaan iyo Sacuudi Carabiya ay yihiin iibsadayaasha ugu waaweyn ee alaabta Soomaaliya, Shiinaha, Hindiya iyo Imaaraadkuna ay yihiin meelaha ugu badan ee alaabta laga keeno ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta Sannadlaha ah 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). - **Ilaha way ku kala duwan yihiin xoolaha 2024:** warbixinta sannadlaha ah ee Bangiga Dhexe ee 2025 waxay dhoofinta xoolaha 2024 ku sheegtay $950.9 milyan, halka jadwalka SNBS uu yahay $969.9 milyan. ## Ganacsiga alaabta ee dheelitirka lacag-bixinta | Sannadka | Dhoofinta alaabta (FOB) | Soo dejinta alaabta (FOB) | Dheelitirka alaabta | |---|---:|---:|---:| | 2018 | 571 | 3,144 | -2,573 | | 2019 | 662 | 3,437 | -2,775 | | 2020 | 549 | 3,412 | -2,863 | | 2021 | 717 | 4,216 | -3,499 | | 2022 | 704 | 5,614 | -4,910 | | 2023 | 1,009 | 6,121 | -5,112 | | 2024 | 1,556 | 7,718 | -6,162 | Isha: SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024, jadwalka 2.14. Dheelitirka alaabta waa soo dejinta oo laga jaray dhoofinta. Safka "Goods" ee jadwalka laftiisa wuu ka duwan yahay tan sannadaha badankood, labaduba waxay ku jiraan faylka xogta. Wadarta dhoofintu waxay la mid tahay jadwalada alaabta ee kor ku xusan. Wadarta soo dejinta ee dheelitirka lacag-bixinta, oo alaabta ku qiimeeya FOB, way ka yar tahay wadarta jadwalada alaabta. ## Sida loo akhriyo jadwalada - **Sida loo daabacay:** cinwaannada tiirarka jadwalada asalka ah mararka qaarkood waxay sitaan sannado kale. Jadwalada 2022 waxaa lagu qoray "2020Q1" ilaa "2020Q4", jadwalka dhoofinta 2024-na "2023Q1" ilaa "2023Q4". Magacyada jadwalada iyo wadarta ayaa muujinaya sannadka mid walba. - **Kooxo cusub 2024:** "Wakiillada dowladda" iyo "Qaybta gaarka ah" waxay ku jiraan jadwalka soo dejinta 2024 oo keliya. - **Khaadka:** khaadku wuxuu ka kacay $100.8 milyan 2022 ilaa $454.5 milyan 2023, sida loo daabacay. - **Soo deji xogta:** faylka CSV-gu wuxuu leeyahay saf walba hal socod, hal alaab, hal sannad iyo hal rubuc. --- # Garsoorka, dembiyada iyo dowladda Soomaaliya: tirooyinka rasmiga ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/data/justice-and-governance-numbers/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed waxay sheegtay 2,645 kiis oo loo gudbiyay xafiiska Xeer Ilaalinta Guud ee federaalka. Kuwaas, 28 boqolkiiba waxaa xalliyay xafiiska, 35 boqolkiiba maxkamadaha, 37 boqolkiibana way sugnaayeen. Xeer Ilaalinta Guud ee Somaliland waxay diiwaangelisay 28,563 kiis, tan Puntlandna 4,440. Haweenku waxay haystaan 14 ka mid ah 54-ta kursi ee Aqalka Sare, 54 ka mid ah 275-ta kursi ee Golaha Shacabka iyo 2 ka mid ah 25 wasaaradood oo federaal ah. Dowladda federaalku waxay leedahay 5,751 shaqaale dowladeed oo joogto ah, 26 boqolkiiba haween ah. ## Halka tirooyinkan ka yimaadeen Dhammaan tirooyinku waxay ka yimaadeen *Somalia Facts and Figures*, oo ay daabacday Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNBS), daabacaaddii 7aad, October 2024 ([SNBS, Facts and Figures 2024, jadwalada 2.19 ilaa 2.25](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Facts-and-figures-2024.pdf)). Daabacaadda 2022 waxay ku dartaa tirada sannadlaha ah ee shaqaalaha dowladda federaalka ([SNBS, Facts and Figures 2022](https://nbs.gov.so/)). SNBS waxay tirooyinkan ka ururisaa xafiisyada Xeer Ilaalinta Guud, baarlamaanka, guddiyada shaqaalaha dowladda iyo booliska dowlad kasta. Had iyo jeer ma sheegto sannadka uu jadwal kastaa daboolayo. Tiro kasta waxay ku jirtaa faylka xogta `somalia-justice-and-governance-2024.csv`. Hay'adaha laftooda, eeg [Xeer Ilaalinta Guud](/en/institutions/attorney-general/), [Maxkamadaha Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/courts-and-judiciary/) iyo [Hay'adda Tirakoobka Qaranka](/en/institutions/national-bureau-of-statistics/). ## Kiisaska xafiiska Xeer Ilaalinta Guud ee federaalka | Nooca kiiska | Kiisas | Xafiisku xalliyay | Maxkamadaha xalliyeen | Sugaya | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Hanti iyo maal | 860 | 290 | 310 | 260 | | Dil iyo weerar | 570 | 235 | 160 | 175 | | Isticmaalka maandooriyaha | 333 | 69 | 135 | 129 | | Rabshadaha ku saleysan jinsiga | 297 | 55 | 145 | 97 | | Shilalka gaadiidka | 253 | 80 | 98 | 75 | | Dembiyada maaliyadda | 212 | 7 | 20 | 185 | | Ka ganacsiga dadka | 79 | 9 | 24 | 46 | | Dembiyada badda | 41 | 0 | 36 | 5 | | **Dhammaan kiisaska** | **2,645** | **28%** | **35%** | **37%** | Isha: SNBS, jadwalka 2.19. SNBS waxay sidoo kale sheegtay in 63.4 boqolkiiba khilaafaadka loo gudbiyay nidaamka garsoorka federaalka la dhammeeyay, 36.6 boqolkiibana ay sugnaayeen. ## Kiisaska xafiisyada Xeer Ilaalinta Guud ee dowlad-goboleedyada | Dowladda | Kiisas | La dhammeeyay | Sugaya | Saamiga la dhammeeyay | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Somaliland | 28,563 | 27,310 | 1,253 | 97% | | Puntland | 4,440 | 3,991 | 449 | 90% | | Koonfur Galbeed | 967 | 765 | 202 | 79% | | Galmudug | 410 | 345 | 65 | 84% | | Jubbaland | 183 | 136 | 47 | 74% | | Hirshabeelle | 63 | 42 | 21 | 67% | Isha: SNBS, jadwalka 2.20. SNBS ma sheegin sannadaha ay kiisaskani daboolayaan. ## Dembiyada la soo sheegay iyo dilalka dowlad-goboleed ahaan | Dowladda | Saamiga dilalka | Saamiga dembiyada la soo sheegay | |---|---:|---:| | Puntland | 25% | 12% | | Somaliland | 14% | 77% | | Galmudug | 12% | 1.2% | | Koonfur Galbeed | 10% | 2.6% | | Hirshabeelle | 2% | 0.2% | | Jubbaland | 1% | 0.5% | Isha: SNBS, jadwalka 2.24. SNBS waxay bixisaa saamiyo keliya, ma bixiso tirada dembiyada. Saamiyada dilalku waxay isku yihiin 64 boqolkiiba, sidaas darteed inta kale jadwalka kuma qorna lixdan dowladood. ## Haweenka baarlamaanka iyo golaha wasiirrada | Golaha | Kuraasta | Haween | Saamiga | |---|---:|---:|---:| | Aqalka Sare | 54 | 14 | 26% | | Golaha Shacabka | 275 | 54 | 20% | | Wasiirrada federaalka | 25 | 2 | 8% | Isha: SNBS, jadwalada 2.21 iyo 2.22. Bartilmaameedka la isku raacay ee haweenka baarlamaanka waa 30 boqolkiiba ([UN Somalia](https://somalia.un.org/en/node/172528)). Eeg [Baarlamaanka Federaalka](/en/institutions/federal-parliament/). ## Shaqaalaha dowladda, dowlad iyo jinsi ahaan | Dowladda | Rag | Haween | Dhammaan | Saamiga haweenka | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Dowladda Federaalka | 4,263 | 1,488 | 5,751 | 26% | | Puntland | 2,973 | 1,157 | 4,130 | 28% | | Jubbaland | 575 | 124 | 699 | 18% | | Galmudug | 132 | 43 | 175 | 25% | | Koonfur Galbeed | 143 | 23 | 166 | 14% | | Hirshabeelle | 124 | 28 | 152 | 18% | Isha: SNBS, jadwalka 2.23. Daabacaadda 2022 waxay taxdaa shaqaalaha joogtada ah ee federaalka sannad kasta 2006 ilaa 2022, iyadoo tirada ugu badan, 1,386, ay ahayd 2013. Waxay sidoo kale tirisaa 1,508 shaqaale ku-meelgaar ah, 935 macallin oo federaal ah iyo 222 shaqaale caafimaad oo haween ah. Tirooyinkan sannadlaha ahi waxay ku jiraan faylka xogta. ## Xadgudubyada ka dhanka ah saxafiyiinta | Nooca | Saamiga kiisaska la diiwaangeliyay | |---|---:| | Xarig | 71.4% | | Dil | 10.7% | | Weerarro ku ah xarumaha warbaahinta | 7.1% | | Jirdil | 3.6% | | Afduub | 3.6% | | Barakicin qasab ah | 3.6% | Isha: SNBS, jadwalka 2.25. Wariyeyaasha Aan Xuduudda Lahayn (RSF) waxay Soomaaliya ka dhigeen 126aad 180 dal Tusmada Xorriyadda Saxaafadda Adduunka 2026 ([RSF](https://rsf.org/en/somalia)). Eeg [Wasaaradda Warfaafinta](/en/institutions/ministry-of-information/). ## Sida loo isticmaalo - **Soo deji xogta:** faylka CSV-gu wuxuu leeyahay saf walba hal shay iyo hal cabbir, oo leh lambarka jadwalka SNBS. - **Eeg asalka:** warbixinnada *Facts and Figures* waxaa lacag la'aan looga heli karaa nbs.gov.so. --- # Heerkulka gobollada Soomaaliya, 1991 ilaa 2023: 18 magaalo Source: https://calankii.com/so/data/temperature-by-region-1991-2023/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Celceliska heerkulka magaalooyinka gobollada Soomaaliya wuxuu u dhexeeyaa qiyaastii 21°C buuraleyda waqooyiga (Ceerigaabo iyo Hargeysa) iyo 29°C Garbahaarrey ee Gedo. 16 ka mid ah 18-ka magaalo, 2014 ilaa 2023 waxay ahayd 0.3°C ilaa 0.8°C ka kulayl badan 1991 ilaa 2000. 18-ka magaalo marka la isku celceliyo, 2019 ayaa ahayd sannadkii ugu kululaa muddadaas, 1993-na kii ugu qaboobaa. Akhrisyada keli ah ee ugu sarreeyay, in ka badan 43°C, waxay ahaayeen Gedo iyo Jubbada Dhexe. ## Halka tirooyinkan ka yimaadeen Tirooyinku waxay ka yimaadeen **NASA POWER**, adeegga bilaashka ah ee NASA ee xogta cimilada iyo hawada, kaas oo heerkulka ka qaata dib-u-dhiska MERRA-2 ([NASA POWER](https://power.larc.nasa.gov/); [NASA GMAO, MERRA-2](https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/)). Heerkulka hawada ee bil kasta, 2 mitir dhulka ka sarreeya, ayaa loo soo dejiyay magaalada ugu weyn gobol kasta, isla barta lagu isticmaalay [Roobka gobollada, 1991 ilaa 2023](/en/data/rain-by-region-1991-2023/). "Caadi" waxaa loola jeedaa celceliska 1991 ilaa 2020 ee magaaladaas. Sannad kasta oo magaalo kasta wuxuu ku jiraa faylka xogta `somalia-temperature-by-region-1991-2023.csv`. **Waxa tiro kastaa daboolayso.** - **Labajibbaaranaha shabakadda:** tiro kasta waxay ku saabsan tahay hal labajibbaarane oo MERRA-2 ah, qiyaastii 50 x 70 km. Ma aha akhris heerkulbeeg oo magaalada laga qaaday. - **Muqdisho iyo Marka:** waxay ku jiraan isla labajibbaarane, sidaas darteed tirooyinkoodu waa isku mid. - **Ugu sarreeya iyo ugu hooseeya:** waa akhriska keliya ee ugu sarreeyay iyo kan ugu hooseeyay sannad kasta. Celceliska dalka oo dhan tan iyo 1901, eeg [Roobka iyo heerkulka, 1901 ilaa 2023](/en/data/rainfall-and-temperature-1901-2023/). ## Celceliska heerkulka magaalo ahaan | Magaalada | Gobolka | Celceliska 1991 ilaa 2020 (°C) | 2014 ilaa 2023 marka loo eego 1991 ilaa 2000 (°C) | Akhriska ugu sarreeya (°C) | Akhriska ugu hooseeya (°C) | |---|---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | Boorama | Awdal | 22.3 | +0.8 | 37.7 | 4.9 | | Hargeysa | Waqooyi Galbeed | 21.4 | +0.6 | 36.5 | 4.3 | | Burco | Togdheer | 24.2 | +0.6 | 37.9 | 7.3 | | Ceerigaabo | Sanaag | 20.9 | +0.8 | 35.4 | 3.1 | | Laascaanood | Sool | 26.1 | +0.6 | 38.7 | 8.5 | | Boosaaso | Bari | 27.8 | +0.5 | 36.1 | 18.9 | | Garoowe | Nugaal | 26.6 | +0.7 | 39.8 | 10.3 | | Gaalkacyo | Mudug | 27.6 | +0.6 | 40.3 | 13.4 | | Dhuusamareeb | Galgaduud | 28.1 | +0.5 | 40.4 | 15.0 | | Beledweyne | Hiiraan | 28.3 | +0.3 | 41.3 | 15.2 | | Jowhar | Shabeellaha Dhexe | 27.6 | +0.4 | 40.9 | 17.9 | | Muqdisho | Banaadir | 27.3 | +0.4 | 37.5 | 20.3 | | Marka | Shabeellaha Hoose | 27.3 | +0.4 | 37.5 | 20.3 | | Baydhabo | Bay | 26.8 | +0.3 | 41.1 | 15.7 | | Xuddur | Bakool | 26.3 | +0.2 | 40.7 | 14.3 | | Garbahaarrey | Gedo | 29.1 | 0.0 | 43.3 | 14.9 | | Bu'aale | Jubbada Dhexe | 28.5 | +0.5 | 43.0 | 17.7 | | Kismaayo | Jubbada Hoose | 27.8 | +0.6 | 38.6 | 21.5 | Akhrisyada ugu sarreeya iyo ugu hooseeya waa kuwa ugu daran 1991 ilaa 2023. Isha: waxaa laga xisaabiyay xogta bilaha ee NASA POWER. ## Bilaha ugu kulul iyo kuwa ugu qabow - **Waqooyiga (Awdal, Waqooyi Galbeed, Sanaag, Bari, Nugaal):** bisha ugu kulul waa May ama June, ta ugu qabowna waa December ama January. Boosaaso, celceliska June waa 31.6°C, kan January-na 23.6°C. - **Togdheer, Sool, Mudug:** bisha ugu kulul waa September. - **Koonfurta (Hiiraan ilaa Jubbada Hoose):** March, dhammaadka xilliga engegan ee Jiilaalka, ayaa ah bisha ugu kulul. July ama August, xilliga qabow ee dabaysha leh ee Xagaaga, ayaa ah kuwa ugu qabow. Garbahaarrey, celceliska March waa 32.1°C. Xilliyada, eeg [Roobabka Gu' iyo Dayr](/en/data/gu-and-deyr-rains-1950-2023/). ## Sannadaha kulul iyo kuwa qabow Tirooyinkani waa celceliska 18-ka magaalo, iyadoo magaalo kasta lala barbar dhigayo caadigeeda: | Sannadka | Farqiga 1991 ilaa 2020 (°C) | |---|---:| | 2019 | +0.7 | | 2017 | +0.5 | | 2009 | +0.5 | | 2002 | +0.4 | | 1996 | -0.5 | | 1994 | -0.7 | | 1993 | -0.8 | 2019, dhammaan 18-ka magaalo waxay ka kululaayeen caadiga, 0.5 ilaa 1.0°C. Waxay ahayd sannadkii ugu kululaa muddadaas 9 ka mid ah 18-ka magaalo. Roobabkii Dayrta 2019 sidoo kale way ka badnaayeen caadiga dhammaan 18-ka magaalo, 112 ilaa 341 boqolkiiba caadiga; eeg [Roobka gobollada](/en/data/rain-by-region-1991-2023/). ## Sida tirooyinkani isu barbar yaallaan - **NASA POWER iyo ERA5:** labaduba waa dib-u-dhis, oo hawadii hore ka dhisa dayax-gacmeedyo, saldhigyo iyo moodeel hawo. Tirooyinkooda isla magaalada way kala duwanaan karaan, sidaas darteed isku nooc isbarbar dhig. - **Diiwaannada saldhigyada:** diiwaannada saldhigyada hawada Soomaaliya waxay leeyihiin daldaloolo dhaadheer tan iyo 1991. Mashruuca Maareynta Macluumaadka Biyaha iyo Dhulka Soomaaliya ee FAO (SWALIM) ayaa haya oo daabaca xogta saldhigyada iyo cimilada ([FAO SWALIM](https://www.faoswalim.org/)). ## Sida loo isticmaalo - **Soo deji xogta:** faylku wuxuu leeyahay saf walba hal magaalo iyo hal sannad. - **Barbar dhig roobka:** saf kasta la mid dhig isla magaalada iyo sannadka ee bogga roobka. - **Eeg isha:** NASA POWER waxay qof kasta u oggolaataa inuu soo dejiyo isla xogtan meel kasta. --- # Black Hawk Down (1999), buugga Mark Bowden: dagaalkii Muqdisho ee 1993 Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/black-hawk-down-bowden/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Black Hawk Down waa buug uu qoray weriyaha Mareykanka ah Mark Bowden 1999, kana warramaya dagaalkii Muqdisho ka dhacay 3 iyo 4 Oktoobar 1993, markii ciidamada Mareykanku, oo doonayay inay qabtaan saraakiisha Maxamed Faarax Caydiid, laga soo riday laba diyaaradood oo helikobtar ah. Wuxuu ka soo baxay taxane wargeys oo 29 qaybood ah, waxaana laga sameeyay filim 2001. ## Buugga **Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War** ("Black Hawk Down: Sheekada Dagaal Casri ah") waxaa qoray weriyaha Mareykanka ah **Mark Bowden**, waxaana Mareykanka lagu daabacay Febraayo 1999 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). Wuxuu ka soo baxay taxane 29 qaybood ah oo Bowden u qoray wargeyska The Philadelphia Inquirer, kaas oo bilaabmay 16 Nofembar 1997 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). ## Waxa uu ka hadlayo Buuggu wuxuu ka sheekeynayaa weerar ay ciidamada Mareykanka ee Task Force Ranger 3 Oktoobar 1993 ku qaadeen bartamaha Muqdisho, si ay u qabtaan hoggaamiyeyaasha kooxda [Maxamed Faarax Caydiid](/so/people/mohamed-farrah-aidid/). Laba helikobtar oo nooca MH-60 Black Hawk ah ayaa la soo riday, dagaalkii lagu gaarayay meelihii ay ku dhaceenna wuxuu socday habeenkii oo dhan ilaa 4 Oktoobar ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). Wuxuu sharxayaa dhicitaankii dowladdii Siyaad Barre 1991, faragelintii Qaramada Midoobay, iyo weerarkii Juun 1993 oo lagu dilay 24 askari oo Pakistani ah. Wuxuu ku dhammaanayaa sida loo joojiyay raadintii Caydiid, ciidamada Mareykankuna uga baxeen Soomaaliya, hawlgalkii QM-na uu ka daba baxay dhowr bilood kadib ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). Sheekada guud waxay ku jirtaa [Faragelintii QM, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/). ## Sida loo baaray Bowden wuxuu isticmaalay diiwaannada ciidanka Mareykanka, wareysiyo uu la yeeshay dad labada dhinac ka qayb galay, oo ay ku jiraan dad reer Muqdisho ah iyo dagaalyahanno, muuqaallo diyaaradaha ilaalada laga duubay iyo duubista raadiyaha ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). ## Sida loo qaabilay Buuggu wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu dambeeyay ee loo tartamiyay abaalmarinta National Book Award 1999 ee qaybta xaqiiqada ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). Dib-u-eegis New York Times ah ayaa ku tilmaantay "xisaab daqiiqad-daqiiqad ah" oo dagaalka ah, waxayna xustay inuu muujinayo go'doominta ay dareemayeen shacabka iyo askartaba ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). Sannadkii 2001 Ridley Scott ayaa ka sameeyay filimka Black Hawk Down ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Down_(book))). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/blackhawkdownsto00bowd_1) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Black+Hawk+Down+Bowden) --- # Feedh Qalloocan (From a Crooked Rib, 1970): sheekadii ugu horreysay ee Nuuradiin Faarax Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/from-a-crooked-rib-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > From a Crooked Rib (Feedh Qalloocan) waa sheeko-faneedkii ugu horreeyay ee qoraaga Soomaaliga ah Nuuradiin Faarax, waxaana daabacay Heinemann 1970. Waxay ka sheekeysaa Ebla, gabar reer guuraa ah oo Ogaadeen ka timid, oo ka carartay guur loogu beddelay geel. Dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa mamnuucday 1972. Af Soomaali waxaa loogu tarjumay 2016. ## Buugga **From a Crooked Rib** (Af Soomaali: **Feedh Qalloocan**) waa sheeko-faneedkii ugu horreeyay ee [Nuuradiin Faarax](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/). Waxaa daabacay Heinemann Nofembar 1970, isagoo ah buugga 80aad ee taxanaha African Writers Series ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Crooked_Rib)). Faarax wuxuu qoray qiyaastii lix toddobaad gudahood 1968 isagoo arday ku ah Hindiya ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Crooked_Rib)). ## Sheekada **Ebla** waa gabar ku dhex nool qoys reer guuraa ah oo Ogaadeen jooga. Waxay cararaysaa markii awoowgeed u ballanqaaday nin waayeel ah oo geel lagu bixinayo. Waxay u guurtaa ina-adeerkeed magaalo ku nool, kaas oo doonaya inuu u guuriyo dillaal, markaas ayay mar kale u carartaa Muqdisho iyadoo la socota nin dhallinyaro ah oo la yiraahdo Cawil. Markay ogaato inuusan daacad u ahayn, waxay guursataa nin labaad oo u dhaqma si xun. Waxay gabagabo ka gaartaa in haweenka loola dhaqmo sida xoolaha, miyiga iyo magaaladaba, waxayna go'aansataa inay naftooda u shaqeyso. Sheekadu waxay ku dhammaataa Ebla oo uur leh ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Crooked_Rib)). ## Sida loo akhriyay Faarax wuxuu sheegay in sheekadu ka hadlayso "dulmiga ragga ee haweenka iyo halganka haweenka" ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Crooked_Rib)). Dhaleeceeyayaal qaar waxay u akhriyeen sheekada Ebla inay tusaale u tahay taariikhda gumeysiga iyo siyaasadda wadaniyadda Soomaaliyeed. Qoraaga Nayjeeriya Buchi Emecheta ayaa la yaabtay sida nin u qori karo aragtida haweeney, halka Elsa Dixler (New York Times, 2006) ay ku tilmaantay "buug qoraa da' yar" ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Crooked_Rib)). ## Mamnuucid iyo tarjumaad Sannadkii 1972 dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa mamnuucday buugga, kaddib khilaaf ka dhex dhacay guddiga faafreebka, mamnuucidduna sannado badan ayay socotay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Crooked_Rib)). Waxaa loo tarjumay Islofeeni (1978), Faransiis (1987), Jarmal (1994), Iswiidhish (2009) iyo Af Soomaali, **Feedh Qalloocan**, oo uu tarjumay Cabdisalaan Hereri (2016) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_a_Crooked_Rib)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/fromcrookedrib0000fara) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=From+a+Crooked+Rib+Farah) --- # City of Thorns (2016), Ben Rawlence: sagaal nolosha ee xeryaha Dhadhaab Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/city-of-thorns-rawlence/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > City of Thorns (Magaalada Qodxanta) waa buug 2016 uu qoray qoraaga Ingiriiska ah Ben Rawlence, kuna saabsan Dhadhaab oo ku taal waqooyi-bari Kenya, oo la aasaasay 1992 si loogu hoyiyo Soomaalidii ka carartay dagaalka sokeeye. Wuxuu la socdaa sagaal qof oo deggan, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin Guuleed oo Muqdisho ka yimid, Nisho oo dhashay 1991 iyo Muna oo arday ah. ## Buugga **City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the World's Largest Refugee Camp** ("Magaalada Qodxanta: Sagaal Nolosha ee Xerada Qaxootiga ugu Weyn Adduunka") waa buug xaqiiqo ah oo uu qoray qoraaga Ingiriiska ah **Ben Rawlence**, waxaana Ingiriiska ku daabacay Picador 2016 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Thorns)). ## Goobta Buuggu wuxuu ku saabsan yahay **Dhadhaab**, koox xeryo qaxooti ah oo ku yaal waqooyi-bari Kenya, xuduudda Soomaaliya agteeda. Dhadhaab waxaa la aasaasay 1992 si loogu hoyiyo qiyaastii 90,000 oo qaxooti ah oo ka cararay dagaalka sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; tirada dadka deggan waligeed waa la isku khilaafay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Thorns)). Nolosha xeryaha waxaa lagu sharxay [Xeryaha qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-camps/). ## Dadka uu la socdo Rawlence wuxuu sheekada xerada ku tebiyaa sagaal qof oo deggan. Waxaa ka mid ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Thorns)): - **Guuleed**, oo ku koray Muqdisho xilliga dagaalka, al-Shabaab qabsatay, kana baxsaday. - **Nisho**, oo dhashay 1991 markii waalidkiis ka cararayeen Soomaaliya, kuna koray xerada. - **Muna**, arday ka faa'iideysatay waxbarashada bilaashka ah ee xerada. ## Fikradda ugu weyn Buuggu wuxuu sheegayaa in waaya-aragnimada qaxootiga ee caadiga ah aysan ahayn socdaal, balse ay tahay "in meel lagu xayirmo": qaxootiga intooda badan waxay sannado ku qaataan xeryo u dhow dalkooda, mana gaaraan Yurub ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Thorns)). ## Sida loo qaabilay - The Guardian ayaa ku tilmaantay "xasuusin waqtigeeda ku timid" oo muujinaysa in qaxootiga adduunka intooda badan aysan waligood arki doonin xeebaha Yurub ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Thorns)). - New York Times (Caroline Moorehead) waxay ku tilmaantay sawir "aad u murugo badan" oo ah rabshadda, saboolnimada, cabsida iyo quus ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Thorns)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/cityofthornsnine0000rawl_e5z4) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=City+of+Thorns+Rawlence) --- # The Fortune Men (2021), Naadifa Maxamed: sheekada Maxmuud Mataan Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/the-fortune-men-mohamed/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > The Fortune Men waa sheeko-faneed 2021 ay qortay qoraaga Soomaali-Ingiriis ah Naadifa Maxamed, kana warramaysa Maxmuud Xuseen Mataan, badmaax Soomaali ah oo si khalad ah loogu xukumay dil ka dhacay Cardiff 1952 lana deldelay; xukunkiisa waxaa la buriyay 1998. Waxay gaartay liiska kama dambaysta ah ee Booker Prize 2021, waxayna ku guulaysatay Wales Book of the Year 2022. ## Buugga **The Fortune Men** ("Ragga Nasiibka") waa sheeko-faneedka saddexaad ee [Naadifa Maxamed](/en/people/nadifa-mohamed/). Waxaa Ingiriiska ku daabacay Viking (Penguin) 27 Maajo 2021 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortune_Men)). ## Sheekada dhabta ah Sheekadu waxay ku dhisan tahay kiiska **Maxmuud Xuseen Mataan**, badmaax hore oo Soomaali ah oo ku noolaa xaafadda Butetown (Tiger Bay) ee Cardiff. Waxaa lagu xukumay dilkii dukaanlayad la oran jiray Lily Volpert 6 Maarso 1952, waana la deldelay; wuxuu ahaa qofkii ugu dambeeyay ee lagu deldelo xabsiga Cardiff. Sannadkii 1998 Maxkamadda Rafcaanka ayaa buriysay xukunkiisa, kaddib markii la muujiyay in caddaymaha la been-abuuray ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortune_Men)). Aabbaha Naadifa, oo isna Soomaaliland ka yimid, wuxuu Mataan ku bartay magaalada Hull ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortune_Men)). Taariikhda badmaaxiinta Soomaalida ee Wales waxay ku jirtaa [Badmaaxiinta Soomaalida iyo muhaajiriintii hore](/en/diaspora/somali-seamen-and-early-migrants/). ## Sida loo qaabilay - Waxay gaartay liiska kama dambaysta ah ee **Booker Prize 2021** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortune_Men)). - Waxay ku guulaysatay **Wales Book of the Year** 2022 iyo laba abaalmarin kale ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortune_Men)). - The Guardian ayaa qortay inay "ka dhigtay xiddig suugaaneed oo jiilkeeda ah", Financial Times-na waxay ku tilmaantay "sheeko dab ah, oo caddaalad ku soo celisa tiraab" ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fortune_Men)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Fortune+Men+Nadifa+Mohamed) --- # Black Mamba Boy (2010), Naadifa Maxamed: socdaalkii wiil Soomaali ah, 1935 ilaa 1947 Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/black-mamba-boy-mohamed/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Black Mamba Boy waa sheeko-faneedkii ugu horreeyay ee Naadifa Maxamed, waxaana daabacay HarperCollins 2010. Waxay ku saleysan tahay noloshii aabbaheed: Jaamac, wiil ka ambabaxay Cadan 1935 kaddib geerida hooyadiis, oo maray Suudaan, Masar, Falastiin iyo Badda Dhexe ilaa uu gaaro Wales 1947. Waxay ku guulaysatay abaalmarinta Betty Trask. ## Buugga **Black Mamba Boy** ("Wiilkii Masaska Madow") waa sheeko-faneedkii ugu horreeyay ee [Naadifa Maxamed](/en/people/nadifa-mohamed/). Waxaa Ingiriiska ku daabacay HarperCollins 2010, Mareykankana Farrar, Straus and Giroux ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mamba_Boy)). Waa sheeko taariikhi ah oo ku saleysan noloshii aabbaheed sannadihii 1930-yadii iyo 1940-yadii ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mamba_Boy)). ## Sheekada Halyeeyga sheekada, **Jaamac**, waa wiil ku nool Cadan (Yaman) 1935. Markay hooyadiis Ambaro dhimato, wuxuu u ambabaxaa inuu raadiyo aabbihiis. Socdaalkiisu wuxuu maraa Suudaan, Masar iyo Falastiin, wuxuu ka gudbaa Badda Dhexe, wuxuuna 1947 gaaraa Port Talbot ee Wales, halkaas oo uu ku dego ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mamba_Boy)). ## Magaca buugga Magacu wuxuu ka yimid sheeko qoyska ah: ayeeyadeed oo uur leh ayaa ka go'day safarkeedii, mas madow (black mamba) ayaa calooshooda ka gudbay isagoon waxyeelayn, waxayna u qaadatay calaamad muujinaysa in ilmaha la ilaaliyay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mamba_Boy)). ## Sida loo qaabilay - Waxay ku guulaysatay **Betty Trask Award 2010**, oo la siiyo buugga ugu horreeya ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mamba_Boy)). - Waxay gaartay liisaska kama dambaysta ah ee Guardian First Book Award, Dylan Thomas Prize iyo John Llewellyn Rhys Prize 2010 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mamba_Boy)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/blackmambaboy00moha) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Black+Mamba+Boy+Nadifa+Mohamed) --- # Maps (1986), Nuruddin Faarax: sheeko ku saabsan dagaalkii Ogaadeen Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/maps-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Maps (Khariidado) waa sheeko-faneed 1986 uu qoray Nuuradiin Faarax, waana qaybta koowaad ee saddexdiisa buug ee Blood in the Sun. Waxay ka sheekeysaa Askar, agoon ku dhashay Ogaadeen oo ay korisay haweeney la yiraahdo Misra, iyadoo uu socdo dagaalkii 1977 ilaa 1978 ee Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya. Waxaa lagu sheegaa buugga ugu caansan ee Faarax. ## Buugga **Maps** ("Khariidado") waa sheeko-faneed uu [Nuuradiin Faarax](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/) daabacay 1986. Waa qaybta koowaad ee saddexdiisa buug ee **Blood in the Sun** ("Dhiig Qorraxda ku Jira"), oo ay ku xigaan Gifts iyo Secrets (1998) ([Encyclopedia.com](https://encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/farah-nuruddin-1945); [Kirkus Reviews](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/nuruddin-farah/maps/)). Encyclopedia.com waxay ku tilmaantay "sheekadiisa ugu caansan" ([Encyclopedia.com](https://encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/farah-nuruddin-1945)). ## Sheekada **Askar** waa agoon ku dhashay Ogaadeen. Aabbihiis wuxuu ku dhintay xabsi bilo ka hor dhalashadiisa, hooyadiisna waxay dhimatay iyadoo kaligeed umulaysa. Waxaa helay oo koriyay **Misra**, adeegto u noqotay hooyo, oo aqoonsigeeda qowmiyadeed uu buugga oo dhan su'aal ku yahay ([The Modern Novel](https://www.themodernnovel.org/africa/other-africa/somalia/farah/maps/)). Askar wuxuu dagaalkii Ogaadeen ka arkaa Qalaafe, kaddibna wuxuu u guuraa Muqdisho si uu ula noolaado adeerkiis Hilaal iyo xaaskiisa Salaado, halkaas oo uu ku barto khariidadaha gobolka iyo taariikhda Soomaalida. Qaxootiga dagaalka ayaa Muqdisho yimaada, Misra-na way ku jirtaa. Dhammaadka, Askar waa inuu kala doortaa jaamacadda iyo inuu ku biiro jabhadda xoreynta ([The Modern Novel](https://www.themodernnovel.org/africa/other-africa/somalia/farah/maps/)). Dagaalka laftiisa waxaa lagu sharxay [Dagaalkii Ogaadeen, 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). ## Sida loo tebiyay Sheekada waxaa loo tebiyay qofka koowaad, labaad iyo saddexaad oo isbeddelaya ([Hilarie Kelly, Ufahamu](https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ufahamu/article/55806/galley/42193/download)). ## Sida loo akhriyay Dhaleeceeyayaashu waxay u akhriyaan buug ku saabsan aqoonsiga: cidda Soomaali ah, sida xuduudaha iyo khariidaduhu dadka u qeexaan, iyo xiriirka u dhexeeya qofka iyo sheegashada qaranka ([The Modern Novel](https://www.themodernnovel.org/africa/other-africa/somalia/farah/maps/)). Waxaa loo tarjumay Jarmal ([Suhrkamp](https://res.cloudinary.com/suhrkamp/images/v1742121586/55532/maps_9783518456309_leseprobe.pdf)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Maps+Nuruddin+Farah) --- # Desert Flower (1998), Waris Diiriye: gabar reer guuraa ah oo noqotay moodeel iyo u-doode Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/desert-flower-dirie/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Desert Flower (Ubaxa Lamadegaanka) waa taariikh-nololeedkii Waris Diiriye, oo ay la qortay Cathleen Miller, waxaana daabacay William Morrow 1998. Wuxuu ka sheekeynayaa carruurnimadeedii reer guuraa, sida ay uga carartay guur loo qoorgeliyay, sannadihii London, shaqadeedii moodeelka, iyo go'aankeedii ahaa inay si cad uga hadasho gudniinka gabdhaha. Filim isla magacaas ah ayaa la sameeyay 2009. ## Buugga **Desert Flower** ("Ubaxa Lamadegaanka") waa taariikh-nololeedka [Waris Diiriye](/en/people/waris-dirie/), oo ay la qortay qoraaga Mareykanka ah Cathleen Miller. Waxaa markii ugu horreysay daabacay William Morrow, New York, 1998 ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780688158231)). ## Waxa uu ka sheekeynayo - **Carruurnimada.** Waxay ku dhalatay 1965 agagaarka Gaalkacyo, iyadoo ka mid ah laba iyo toban carruur ah oo qoys reer guuraa ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Dirie)). - **Gudniinka.** Waxay ka warrantaa gudniinkii lagu sameeyay iyadoo yar, kaas oo noqday udub-dhexaadka shaqadeeda dambe. Arrintan Soomaaliya waxaa lagu sharxay [Gudniinka gabdhaha](/en/society/female-genital-cutting/). - **Cararka.** Iyadoo qiyaastii 13 jir ah ayay lamadegaanka ka gudubtay ilaa Muqdisho si ay uga baxsato guur loogu qabtay nin qiyaastii 60 jir ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Dirie)). - **London.** Adeerkeed, oo ahaa safiirka Soomaaliya ee Ingiriiska, ayaa London u geeyay iyadoo shaqaale guri ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Dirie)). - **Moodeelnimada iyo ololaha.** Sawir-qaade la yiraahdo Mike Goss ayaa helay iyadoo 18 jir ah; waxay noqotay moodeel caalami ah, 1997-na waxay si cad uga hadashay gudniinkeeda, waxayna noqotay safiirad gaar ah oo QM u ah oo ka dhan ah gudniinka ilaa 2003 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Dirie)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Wikipedia waxay sheegtay in buuggu ka iibsamay in ka badan 11 milyan oo nuqul adduunka, oo 3 milyan ka mid ah Jarmalka ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Dirie)). Waxaa ku xigay buugaag kale, sida Desert Dawn (2002) iyo Desert Children (2005). ## Filimka Filimka Jarmalka ah ee **Desert Flower**, oo uu agaasimay Sherry Hormann, Liya Kebede-na ay ku jilaysay Waris, ayaa lagu soo bandhigay Venice 5 Sebtembar 2009 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Flower_(film))). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9845705M); [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Desert+Flower+Waris+Dirie) --- # Infidel (2006), Ayaan Xirsi Cali: buugga taariikh-nololeedka iyo sida loo qaabilay Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/infidel-hirsi-ali/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Infidel (Gaal) waa taariikh-nololeedka siyaasiga iyo qoraaga Holland ee Soomaaliya ku dhashay, Ayaan Xirsi Cali. Waxaa lagu daabacay af Holland 2006 (Mijn Vrijheid) iyo Ingiriis 2007. Wuxuu ka warramayaa carruurnimadeedii Soomaaliya, Sacuudiga, Itoobiya iyo Kenya, magangalyadeedii Holland, waqtigeedii baarlamaanka iyo dilkii Theo van Gogh 2004. Wuxuu noqday buug aad loo iibsaday, wuxuuna dhaliyay ammaan iyo muran labadaba. ## Buugga **Infidel** (af Holland: **Mijn Vrijheid**, "Xorriyaddayda") waa taariikh-nololeedka [Ayaan Xirsi Cali](/en/people/ayaan-hirsi-ali/). Waxaa af Holland lagu daabacay 2006, Ingiriisna 2007, waxaana Mareykanka ku daabacay Free Press ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidel:_My_Life)). ## Waxa uu ka sheekeynayo Buuggu wuxuu raacayaa nolosheeda si isku xigta ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidel:_My_Life)): - Carruurnimadeedii Soomaaliya, Sacuudi Carabiya, Itoobiya iyo Kenya. - Sidii ay u timid Holland iyo codsigeedii magangalyo. - Waxbarashadeedii Jaamacadda Leiden. - Shaqadeedii xisbiga Labour, u-wareegiddeedii xisbiga VVD, iyo doorashadeedii baarlamaanka. - Dilkii 2004 ee filim-sameeyaha Theo van Gogh, oo ay wada sameeyeen filimka gaaban ee Submission. - Muranka ku saabsan codsigeedii magangalyo iyo dhalashadeeda Holland, oo buuggu ku dhammaado. ## Iibka iyo sida loo qaabilay Daabacaaddii ugu horreysay ee af Holland waxay ku dhammaatay laba maalmood, daabacaadda Jarmalkuna waxay gashay 20-ka buug ee ugu iibka badan ee Der Spiegel ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidel:_My_Life)). Dib-u-eegisyo badan oo Yurub iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika ah ayaa ammaanay: New York Times waxay ku tilmaantay "taariikh-nololeed geesinimo leh, dhiirrigelin leh oo si qurux badan loo qoray" ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidel:_My_Life)). Buugga iyo qoraaguba waxay ahaayeen kuwo muran dhaliyay, waxaana iyada loo diray hanjabaado dil 2000-yadii ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidel:_My_Life)). ## Ka hor iyo kaddib Waxaa ka horreeyay The Caged Virgin (2004), waxaana ku xigay Nomad (2010), Heretic (2015) iyo buugaag kale ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidel:_My_Life)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Infidel+Ayaan+Hirsi+Ali) --- # The Orchard of Lost Souls (2013), Naadifa Maxamed: saddex haweenood oo Hargeysa ku sugan, 1987 Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/the-orchard-of-lost-souls-mohamed/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > The Orchard of Lost Souls (Beerta Nafaha Lumay) waa sheeko-faneedka labaad ee Naadifa Maxamed, oo la daabacay 2013. Waxay la socotaa saddex haweenood oo Hargeysa ku sugan 1987 iyo 1988, markuu dagaalka waqooyigu bilaabanayo: Deeqo, gabar sagaal jir ah oo xero qaxooti ka timid; Kawsar, carmal; iyo Filsan, askari dumar ah oo da' yar. Noloshoodu waxay isku gaartaa dabaaldegga 21 Oktoobar. ## Buugga **The Orchard of Lost Souls** ("Beerta Nafaha Lumay") waa sheeko-faneedka labaad ee [Naadifa Maxamed](/en/people/nadifa-mohamed/), oo la daabacay 2013 ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780374209148)). Isla sannadkaas majaladda suugaanta ee Granta ayaa ku dartay liiska qorayaasha sheeko-faneedka Ingiriiska ee da'da yar ugu wanaagsan ([Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/general/the-orchard-of-lost-souls-review-1.1252288)). ## Sheekada Sheekadu waxay ka bilaabmaysaa Hargeysa 21 Oktoobar 1987, maalinta sannadkasta loo dabaaldego inqilaabkii 1969 ([Maclean's](https://macleans.ca/culture/books/a-lead-up-to-somalias-civil-war)). Maalintaas saddex haweenood ayaa noloshoodu isku gaartaa ([Gulf News](https://gulfnews.com/general/the-orchard-of-lost-souls-review-1.1252288)): - **Deeqo**, gabar sagaal jir ah oo xero qaxooti ka timid. - **Kawsar**, carmal isku dayday inay Deeqo ka badbaadiso garaacis, kaddibna iyada laftigeeda si xun loo garaacay. - **Filsan**, askari dumar ah oo da' yar oo ka tirsan ciidanka dowladda. Buuggu wuxuu la socdaa saddexdooda bilihii ka horreeyay dagaalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga. Taariikhda ka dambaysa waxay ku jirtaa [Xasuuqii Isaaq, 1987 ilaa 1989](/so/history/isaaq-genocide-1987-1989/) iyo [Xilligii Siyaad Barre](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegisyadu way kala duwanaayeen. Publishers Weekly iyo Booklist waxay siiyeen dib-u-eegis xiddig leh, mid ka mid ahna wuxuu ammaanay "luuqad nool oo sawir leh"; Financial Times-na waxay qortay in haweenku ku lumeen socodka aan caadiga ahayn ee sheekada ([BookBrowse](https://www.bookbrowse.com/reviews/index.cfm/book_number/3009)). Wargeysyada Soomaaliyeed sida Somaliland Current ayaa iyaguna dib-u-eegis ku sameeyay ([Somaliland Current](https://somalilandcurrent.com/somalilandthe-orchard-lost-souls-nadifa-mohamed-review)). Waxay u dhexeysaa sheekadeedii ugu horreysay, [Black Mamba Boy](/so/books/black-mamba-boy-mohamed/) (2010), iyo [The Fortune Men](/so/books/the-fortune-men-mohamed/) (2021). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/orchardoflostsou0000moha) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Orchard+of+Lost+Souls+Nadifa+Mohamed) --- # Getting Somalia Wrong? (2012), Mary Harper: iimaan, dagaal iyo rajo dowlad burburtay Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/getting-somalia-wrong-harper/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Getting Somalia Wrong? (Soomaaliya Ma Si Khaldan Ayaa Loo Fahmay?) waa buug 2012 ay qortay tifaftiraha Afrika ee BBC, Mary Harper, waxaana daabacay Zed Books. Waxay ku doodaysaa in summadda 'dowlad fashilantay' ay qariso sida Soomaalidu u sii wadeen ganacsiga, isgaarsiinta iyo siyaasadda maxalliga ah iyagoon dowlad dhexe lahayn, iyo in Soomaaliya loo eego argagixiso oo keliya ay xaaladda ka sii dari karto. ## Buugga **Getting Somalia Wrong? Faith, War and Hope in a Shattered State** waxaa qortay **Mary Harper**, weriye iyo tifaftiraha Afrika ee BBC, waxaana daabacay Zed Books 2012 iyadoo qayb ka ah taxanaha African Arguments ([Powell's](https://www.powells.com/book/getting-somalia-wrong-9781842779330)). Ma aha taariikh isku xigta, balse waa cutubyo ku saabsan mawduucyo sharxaya Soomaaliya xilligaas ([African Arguments](https://africanarguments.org/2012/01/getting-somalia-wrong-faith-war-and-hope-in-a-shattered-state-a-review-by-magnus-taylor/)). ## Dooddeeda - **Ka baxsan "dowlad fashilantay".** Harper waxay ku doodaysaa in summaddani aysan muujin waxa dhulka ka jira: dowlad dhexe la'aanteed, ganacsiga iyo siyaasadda maxalliga ah ee Soomaalidu way shaqeeyeen, xitaa way koreen ([How We Made It in Africa](https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/challenging-perceptions-about-somalia/19612/)). - **Isgaarsiinta.** Waxay tusaale u soo qaadataa isgaarsiinta, oo Soomaaliya ay ka mid ahayd dalalkii hore u qaatay taleefannada gacanta ([How We Made It in Africa](https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/challenging-perceptions-about-somalia/19612/)). Eeg [Lacagta moobaylka](/so/economy/mobile-money/). - **Soomaaliland.** Dib-u-eegisyadu waxay xuseen sharaxaaddeeda dib-u-heshiisiinta beelaha iyo hay'adaha la doortay ee Soomaaliland ([African Arguments](https://africanarguments.org/2012/02/getting-somalia-wrong-signs-of-hope-in-a-shattered-state-a-realistic-but-empathetic-analysis-review-by-keith-somerville/)). - **Amniga.** Daabacaha ayaa sheegay inay ku doodayso in Soomaaliya loo eego al-Qaacida oo keliya ay sii xasillooni-darro gelin karto Soomaaliya iyo Geeska Afrika ([Powell's](https://www.powells.com/book/getting-somalia-wrong-9781842779330)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Keith Somerville (African Arguments) wuxuu ku tilmaamay "falanqayn xaqiiqo ah oo naxariis leh" ([African Arguments](https://africanarguments.org/2012/02/getting-somalia-wrong-signs-of-hope-in-a-shattered-state-a-realistic-but-empathetic-analysis-review-by-keith-somerville/)). Dib-u-eegis Peace News ah ayaa sheegtay in Harper aysan ka hadlin taageeradii Mareykanku siiyay dowladdii Siyaad Barre 1980-yadii ([Peace News](https://peacenews.info/node/7076)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/gettingsomaliawr0000harp) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Getting+Somalia+Wrong+Harper) --- # Becoming Somaliland (2008), Mark Bradbury: sida Soomaaliland dowlad u dhisatay 1991 kaddib Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/becoming-somaliland-bradbury/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Becoming Somaliland (Dhismaha Soomaaliland) waa buug 2008 uu qoray Mark Bradbury, waxaana daabacay James Currey iyo Progressio. Wuxuu weydiinayaa sababta Soomaaliland, kuna ka duwan koonfurta Soomaaliya, aysan ugu dhicin burbur dowladeed oo joogto ah 1991 kaddib, sida hay'adaheeda iyo doorashooyinkeeda loo dhisay, iyo sababta aan weli loo aqoonsan. ## Buugga **Becoming Somaliland** waxaa qoray **Mark Bradbury**, cilmi-baare sannado badan ka shaqeeyay arrimaha Soomaalida. Waxaa 2008 daabacay James Currey (Oxford) iyo Progressio (London), iyadoo qayb ka ah taxanaha African Issues ([Boydell and Brewer](https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781847013101)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlayo Buuggu wuxuu weydiinayaa sababta Soomaaliland, kuna ka duwan inta kale ee Soomaaliya, aysan ugu dhicin burbur dowladeed oo joogto ah 1991 kaddib, iyo sababta aan weli caalamka looga aqoonsan ([Boydell and Brewer](https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781847013101)). Cutubyadiisu waxay ka bilaabmaan dadka iyo dhaqanka Soomaalida iyo kor u kaca iyo burburka dowladda Soomaaliyeed, kaddibna aasaaska siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliland, dhismaha dowladda iyo marxalad ku-meel-gaar ah oo dheer, waxayna ku dhammaadaan cutub mustaqbalka ku saabsan iyo lifaaqyo ku saabsan abtirsiinta iyo qabaa'ilka ([Readings](https://www.readings.com.au/product/9781847013101/becoming-somaliland--mark-bradbury--2008--9781847013101)). Daabacuhu wuxuu xusay doorashooyinkii Soomaaliland ee 2000-yadii, oo uu ku tilmaamay kuwo si xor ah u dhacay marka la barbardhigo, iyo sida ay uga duwan yihiin sawirka caadiga ah ee dagaalka iyo masiibada gobolka ([Boydell and Brewer](https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781847013101)). Soomaaliland waxaa lagu sharxay [Soomaaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Sida loo qaabilay - Waxaa dib-u-eegis ku sameeyay Markus Hoehne (Journal of Modern African Studies) iyo Bulletin of SOAS ([Cambridge](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/becoming-somaliland-by-mark-bradbury-oxford-james-currey-2008-pp-244-1295-pb/B3E92B38EF04EFA15C32722E39877D81)). - Lionel Cliffe (Jaamacadda Leeds) wuxuu qoray in Bradbury uusan Soomaaliland ka dhigin wax qurxoon, mana u qaadan in xasilloonideedu ay iskeed u sii jiri doonto ([LUCAS](https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/somalia-somaliland/)). - Dib-u-eegayaasha qaar waxay qoraaga ku tilmaameen inuu u janjeero dooda madax-bannaanida Soomaaliland; akhriste wax ku qoray Somaliland Current ayaa qaybo buugga ka mid ah ku diiday ([Somaliland Current](https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/book-review-becoming-somaliland)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/becomingsomalila0000brad) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Becoming+Somaliland+Bradbury) --- # The Pirates of Somalia (2011), Jay Bahadur: gudaha burcad-badeedda Puntland Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/the-pirates-of-somalia-bahadur/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > The Pirates of Somalia (Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya) waa buug 2011 uu qoray weriyaha Kanadiyaanka ah Jay Bahadur, kaas oo dhowr bilood ku qaatay Puntland qiyaastii 2009, isagoo wareysanaya burcad-badeed, dadkii maalgelinayay iyo saraakiil. Inta badan buuggu wuxuu ku wareegsan yahay Boyah, hoggaamiye burcad-badeed oo Eyl ka yimid. Dib-u-eegayaashu waxay ammaaneen sida uu u gaaray, qaarna waxay dhaleeceeyeen khaladaadkiisa. ## Buugga **The Pirates of Somalia: Inside Their Hidden World** ("Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya: Gudaha Adduunkooda Qarsoon") waxaa qoray weriyaha Kanadiyaanka ah **Jay Bahadur**, waxaana la daabacay 2011. Daabacaadda Ingiriiska waxaa la yiraahdaa **Deadly Waters** ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/deadly-waters-meet-somalia-s-pirates-1.475580)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlayo Bahadur wuxuu dhowr bilood ku noolaa **Puntland**, halkaas oo kooxo badan oo burcad-badeed ah ay saldhig ka dhigteen dabayaaqadii 2000-yadii ([NPR](https://www.npr.org/transcripts/138514116)). Wuxuu wareystay burcad-badeed, maalgeliyeyaal, saraakiil iyo dadka magaalooyinka xeebta, si uu u ogaado sida afduubyada loo abaabulo, loo maalgeliyo, iyo sida madax-furasho ugu dhammaadaan ([NPR](https://www.npr.org/transcripts/138514116)). Qofka ugu muhiimsan buugga waa **Boyah**, hoggaamiye burcad-badeed oo ka yimid magaalada xeebta ee **Eyl**, kaas oo u sheegay Bahadur inuu ka tagay burcad-badeednimada; wareysi NPR 2011 waqtigiisii Boyah xabsi ayuu ku jiray ([The New Republic](https://newrepublic.com/article/94939/jay-bahadur-the-pirates-of-somalia); [NPR](https://www.npr.org/transcripts/138514116)). Bahadur wuxuu soo sheegay in Eyl ay ahayd meel sabool ah oo aan lahayn "guryaha waaweyn ee burcad-badeedda" ee warbixinnada qaar sheegeen ([Going Sub-Saharan](https://goingsubsaharan.blogspot.com/2014/08/book-review-pirates-of-somalia.html)). Puntland waxaa lagu sharxay [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/). ## Sida loo qaabilay - Joshua Hammer (New York Times Book Review) wuxuu qoray in Bahadur uu beeniyay khuraafaadka ku saabsan asalka iyo dhaqanka burcad-badeedda Soomaaliyeed ([Barnes and Noble](https://valsec.barnesandnoble.com/w/pirates-of-somalia/jay-bahadur/1100401877)). - The New Republic waxay ku tilmaantay mid xiiso leh balse cillado leh, waxayna tilmaantay khaladaad xaqiiqo ah ([The New Republic](https://newrepublic.com/article/94939/jay-bahadur-the-pirates-of-somalia)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Pirates+of+Somalia+Bahadur) --- # Inside Al-Shabaab (2018), Harun Maruf iyo Dan Joseph: taariikhda dhaqdhaqaaqa Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/inside-al-shabaab-maruf/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Inside Al-Shabaab (Gudaha Al-Shabaab) waa buug 2018 ay qoreen Harun Maruf (Xaaruun Macruuf), tifaftire sare oo ka tirsan Laanta Soomaaliga ee VOA, iyo Dan Joseph, madaxa qaybta Afrika ee VOA. Waxaa daabacay Indiana University Press. Wuxuu raadraacaa kicitaanka, hoos u dhaca iyo soo laabashada al-Shabaab, isagoo adeegsanaya fariimo diblomaasiyadeed oo Mareykan ah, warqado laga helay xeradii Usaama bin Laadin, faylasha maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo wareysiyo. ## Buugga **Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally** waxaa daabacay Indiana University Press bishii Oktoobar 2018 ([Abbey's](https://www.abbeys.com.au/book/inside-al-shabaab-the-secret-history-of-al-qaedas-most-powerful-ally.do)). Qorayaashu waa **Harun Maruf**, weriye Soomaali ah oo tifaftire sare ka ah Laanta Soomaaliga ee Codka Ameerika (VOA), iyo **Dan Joseph**, madaxa qaybta Afrika ee VOA. ## Qorayaasha Harun Maruf wuxuu ku dhashay Soomaaliya, wuxuuna halkaas uga soo warameyay Associated Press iyo BBC Soomaali ka hor intuusan ku biirin VOA ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Maruf)). Wuxuu shahaado mastar ah oo saxaafadda caalamiga ah ka qaatay City, University of London. ## Waxa uu ka hadlo Buuggu wuxuu raadraacaa al-Shabaab laga bilaabo aasaaskeedii, kor u kaceeda, hoos u dhaceeda iyo soo laabashadeeda, wuxuuna eegaa xiriirka ay la leedahay al-Qaacida. Wuxuu ka hadlaa duullaankii Itoobiya ee 2006, oo Mareykanku taageeray ([Akademika](https://www.akademika.no/inside-al-shabaab/9780253037510)). Eeg [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) iyo [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). ## Ilaha Qorayaashu waxay adeegsadeen fariimo diblomaasiyadeed oo Mareykan ah, warqado laga qaaday xeradii Usaama bin Laadin ee Abbottabad, faylasha dacwadaha Mareykanka ee ka dhanka ahaa dad ku biiray kooxda, iyo wareysiyo saraakiil iyo dagaalyahanno hore ([Everand](https://www.everand.com/book/390453533/Inside-Al-Shabaab-The-Secret-History-of-Al-Qaeda-s-Most-Powerful-Ally)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Markus Hoehne (Africa Spectrum, 2018) wuxuu ku tilmaamay sheeko aqoon leh oo si fudud loo akhriyo, oo al-Shabaab dhex dhigta taariikhda ballaaran ee Islaamka siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliya; wuxuuna qoray in la xiriirinta qoraallada cilmiyeed ee hore ay culays dheeraad ah siin lahayd ([SSOAR](https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/61198/ssoar-afrspe-2018-3-rez-hohne.pdf?sequence=1)). Dib-u-eegis African Affairs ah ayaa sheegtay inuu ka kooban yahay faahfaahin cusub xitaa khubarada Soomaaliya. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Inside+Al-Shabaab+Maruf) --- # Al-Shabaab in Somalia (2013), Stig Jarle Hansen: taariikhda iyo fikirka, 2005 ilaa 2012 Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/al-shabaab-in-somalia-hansen/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Al-Shabaab in Somalia (Al-Shabaab ee Soomaaliya) waa buug uu qoray aqoonyahan reer Norway ah oo la yiraahdo Stig Jarle Hansen. Waxaa daabacay Hurst 2013, waxaana la cusbooneysiiyay 2016. Wuxuu ku doodaa in al-Shabaab tahay urur isku dhafan oo ka kooban waddaniyad Soomaaliyeed iyo luuqadda jihaadka caalamiga ah, wuxuuna raadraacaa marxaladaheeda ilaa 2012. ## Buugga **Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005 to 2012** waxaa qoray **Stig Jarle Hansen**, aqoonyahan reer Norway ah oo ku takhasusay xiriirka caalamiga ah, kana shaqeynayay Soomaaliya tan iyo 2005, Muqdisho iyo gobollo kale ([CRASC](https://arb.crasc.dz/index.php/ar/الأرقام/243-from-a-small-to-a-long-war-somalia-coping-with-al-shabaab)). Waxaa London ku daabacay Hurst 2013 (195 bog), daabacaad jeldi jilicsan oo 2016 ahna waxaa sidoo kale iibiyay Oxford University Press ([Bokus](https://www.bokus.com/bok/9781849042505/al-shabaab-in-somalia)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlo Buuggu wuxuu raadraacaa al-Shabaab laga bilaabo aasaaskeedii iyo marxaladihii ay soo martay 2005 ilaa 2012, oo ay ku jiraan xilligii Maxkamadaha Islaamiga iyo sannadihii ay kooxdu maamulaysay inta badan koonfurta Soomaaliya. Dooddiisa ugu weyn waa in al-Shabaab tahay urur **isku dhafan**: waddaniyad Soomaaliyeed oo xooggan iyo hadallada iyo waajibaadka jihaadka caalamiga ah ([London Review Bookshop](https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/stock/al-shabaab-in-somalia-the-history-and-ideology-of-a-militant-islamist-group-stig-jarle-hansen)). Eeg [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). ## Qoraaga Hansen wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa Jaamacadda Sayniska Nolosha ee Norway, halkaas oo uu 2010 ilaa 2016 hoggaaminayay barnaamijka mastarka ee xiriirka caalamiga ah. Wuxuu markii dambe qoray **Horn, Sahel and Rift** (Hurst, 2019), oo al-Shabaab barbar dhigaya kooxo sida Boko Haram ([Hurst](https://hurstpublishers.com/?p=8798)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Joornaalka The Economist ayaa ku tilmaamay "taariikh kooban oo dhammaystiran", sida uu daabacuhu sheegay ([Better Read](https://betterread.com.au/book/al-shabaab-in-somalia-the-history-and-ideology-of-a-militant-islamist-group-2005-2012.do)). Dib-u-eegis uu daabacay xarunta cilmi-baarista ee CRASC (Aljeeriya) ayaa ammaantay waqtiga dheer ee uu goobta ku jiray, waxayna xustay daciifnimo, sida in aan si ku filan looga hadlin sida Salafiyadu ugu xididaysatay bulshada Soomaaliyeed ([CRASC](https://arb.crasc.dz/index.php/ar/الأرقام/243-from-a-small-to-a-long-war-somalia-coping-with-al-shabaab)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Al-Shabaab+in+Somalia+Hansen) --- # The Invention of Somalia (1995), Cali Jimcaale Axmed: maqaallo su'aal ka keenaya sheekada caadiga ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/the-invention-of-somalia-ahmed/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > The Invention of Somalia (Hindisaha Soomaaliya) waa ururin maqaallo ah oo 1995 uu tifaftiray gabayaa iyo aqoonyahan Soomaaliyeed, Cali Jimcaale Axmed (Ali Jimale Ahmed), waxaana daabacay Red Sea Press. Qorayaashu waxay su'aal ka keenaan sawirkii muddada dheer la isticmaalayay ee ahaa in Soomaaliya tahay hal dad, hal luuqad, hal diin iyo hal dhaqan, waxayna eegaan sida dabaqadda, gobolka, jinsiga iyo qoridda taariikhdu u qaabeeyeen dalkii burburay 1991. ## Buugga **The Invention of Somalia** waa ururin maqaallo ah oo uu tifaftiray **Cali Jimcaale Axmed**, gabayaa, qoraa sheekooyin gaagaaban iyo aqoonyahan Soomaaliyeed oo suugaanta isbarbardhigga ah ka dhiga Queens College, City University of New York ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Jimale_Ahmed)). Waxaa daabacay Red Sea Press 1995, waxaana sidoo kale iibiya Africa World Press ([Africa World Press](https://africaworldpressbooks.com/the-invention-of-somalia-edited-by-ali-jimale-ahmed)). Cinwaanku wuxuu ku dayday buug hore oo la yiraahdo *The Invention of Ethiopia*. Buuggu wuxuu soo baxay afar sano kadib dhicistii dowladdii Siyaad Barre 1991. Eeg [Burburkii, 1991 ilaa 2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## Dooddiisa Qarnigii labaatanaad inta badan qoraallada Soomaaliya waxay ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah dalalka yar ee Afrika oo dadkoodu wadaagaan hal qowmiyad, hal luuqad iyo hal diin. Qorayaasha buuggan waxay su'aal ka keenaan sawirkaas. Waxay ku doodaan inuu ka tagay kala duwanaansho dhab ah oo dhanka dabaqadda, gobolka, darajada iyo jinsiga ah, iyo in qorayaashii gumaysiga iyo kuwii xorriyadda kadibba ay gacan ka geysteen dhisiddiisa ([Africa World Press](https://africaworldpressbooks.com/the-invention-of-somalia-edited-by-ali-jimale-ahmed)). ## Maqaallo la xushay - **Axmed Qaasim Cali**, "The Predicament of the Somali Studies", oo ku saabsan sida cilmiga Soomaali-barashadu u samaysmay. - **Christine Choi Ahmed**, "Finely Etched Chattel", oo ku saabsan sida sawirka haweenayda Soomaaliyeed loo dhisay. - **Maxamed Xaaji Mukhtaar**, "Islam in Somali History: Fact and Fiction", oo ku saabsan sida loo sheegay imaatinka Islaamka. Eeg [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Invention+of+Somalia+Ali+Jimale+Ahmed) - Daabacaha: [Africa World Press](https://africaworldpressbooks.com/the-invention-of-somalia-edited-by-ali-jimale-ahmed) --- # Unraveling Somalia (1999), Catherine Besteman: jinsiyad, dabaqad iyo dooxada Jubba Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/unraveling-somalia-besteman/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Unraveling Somalia (Kala Furfurka Soomaaliya) waa buug 1999 ay qortay aqoonyahanad Mareykan ah oo cilmiga bulshada (anthropology) ku takhasustay, Catherine Besteman, waxaana daabacay University of Pennsylvania Press. Iyadoo ku saleysan cilmi-baaris ay ku samaysay bulshooyinka beeralayda ee dooxada Jubba ka hor burburkii dowladda, waxay ku doodaysaa in burburka aan lagu sharixi karin beelaha oo keliya, iyo in kala sarreynta jinsiyadda, darajada, dabaqadda, gobolka iyo luuqadduna ay saameeyeen cidda la weeraray. ## Buugga **Unraveling Somalia: Race, Violence, and the Legacy of Slavery** waxaa qortay **Catherine Besteman**, borofisar ka tirsan Colby College ee gobolka Maine, Mareykanka. Waxaa daabacay University of Pennsylvania Press 1999 iyadoo qayb ka ah taxane ku saabsan rabshadaha siyaasadeed ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/28629)). Daabacaadaha dambe cinwaankoodu waa *Race, Class, and the Legacy of Slavery*. ## Halka cilmi-baarista lagu sameeyay Besteman waxay cilmi-baaristeeda ku samaysay bulshooyinka beeralayda ah ee dooxada Jubba, koonfurta Soomaaliya, ka hor dagaalkii sokeeye. Waxay diiradda saartay dadka **Gosha**, oo ah dadka tuulooyinka webiga, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ahi ka soo jeedaan dad Bariga Afrika ah oo addoon ahaan loo keenay xeebta Soomaaliyeed qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. Cutubyada buugga waxaa ka mid ah "Addoonsiga iyo xadka dooxada Jubba" iyo "Degitaanka Gosha Sare, 1895 ilaa 1988" ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/28629)). Eeg [Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/). ## Dooddeeda Besteman waxay ku doodaysaa in qarni iyo bar ka hor ilaa burburka, Soomaaliya ay ka samaysantay nidaam bulsho oo ku kala sarreeya jinsiyad, darajo, dabaqad, gobol iyo luuqad. Soomaaliya waxaa inta badan lagu tilmaami jiray qaranka keliya ee dhab ah ee Afrika, laakiin sida ay qabto, qaabka rabshadaha 1991 kadib kuma habboona sawirkaas: waxay si gaar ah ugu dhaceen dadka miyiga koonfurta, oo ay ku jiraan beeralayda dooxooyinka webiyada ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/28629)). Eeg [Burburkii, 1991 ilaa 2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegis Project MUSE ku jirta ayaa ku tilmaantay guul sharaxaadda dooxada Jubba, laakiin waxay shaki ka muujisay in dhibaatooyinka Soomaaliya ee 1990-yadii lagu raadin karo kala sarreyn jinsiyadeed oo waara ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/2985/pdf)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/unravelingsomali0000best) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Unraveling+Somalia+Besteman) --- # Keeping Hope Alive (2013), Xaawo Cabdi: xusuusqorka dhakhtarad sannadihii dagaalka Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/keeping-hope-alive-abdi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Keeping Hope Alive (Rajada oo la Nooleeyo) waa xusuusqor 2013 ay qortay dhakhtarad Soomaaliyeed, Xaawo Cabdi (Hawa Abdi), iyadoo kaashanaysa weriyaha Sarah J. Robbins, waxaana New York ku daabacay Grand Central Publishing. Wuxuu sheegayaa sida ay dhakhtarnimada u baratay, sida ay 1983 rug caafimaad ugu furtay dhulka qoyskeeda ee duleedka Muqdisho, iyo sida ay u sii shaqeysiisay intii dagaalka sokeeye socday iyadoo noqotay isbitaal iyo xero ay ku noolaayeen kumanaan barakac ah. ## Buugga **Keeping Hope Alive: One Woman, 90,000 Lives Changed** waxaa New York ku daabacay Grand Central Publishing 2 Abriil 2013 ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/hawa-abdi/keeping-hope-alive)). Waa xusuusqorka **[Xaawo Cabdi](/en/people/hawa-abdi/)** (1947 ilaa 2020), dhakhtarad iyo qareen Soomaaliyeed, oo ay la qortay weriyad Mareykan ah, **Sarah J. Robbins**. ## Qoraagii Xaawo Cabdi waxay ku dhalatay Muqdisho 1947. 1964 waxay heshay deeq waxbarasho oo ay dhakhtarnimo ku baranayso Midowgii Soofiyeeti, waxayna 1971 ka qalinjabisay Machadka Caafimaadka ee Kiev. Markii ay dalka ku soo laabatay waxay sharci ka baratay Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, iyadoo dhammaysay 1979. 1983 waxay rug caafimaad oo hal qol ah oo haweenka loogu talagalay ka furtay dhulka qoyskeeda ee Shabeellaha Hoose, taas oo markii dambe noqotay isbitaal qiyaastii 400 sariirood leh ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_Abdi)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlo - **Carruurnimada iyo waxbarashada.** Buuggu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa carruurnimadeeda xilligii xorriyadda 1960, markay 13 jir ahayd. Markay soo laabatay waxay ka mid ahayd qiyaastii 60 dhakhtar oo dalka joogay ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/hawa-abdi/keeping-hope-alive)). - **Rugta iyo xerada.** Beerta qoysku waxay noqotay il cunto iyo magangal dadkii dagaalka ka barakacay 1991 kadib. Abaartii 2011, xerada oo ku fidsanayd qiyaastii 1,300 acre waxaa ku noolaa ilaa 90,000 qof ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_Abdi)). Eeg [Barakaca gudaha](/en/society/internal-displacement/). - **Weerarkii 2010.** 2010 kooxo hubeysan ayaa qabsaday xarunta, iyagoo isku dayay inay xiraan. Way diiday, waxayna ka baxeen toddobaad gudihiis, iyadoo dadka deegaanka, UN-ka iyo ururro kale ay cadaadis saareen ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_Abdi)). - **Gabdhaheeda.** Gabdhaheeda Deeqa iyo Aamina, oo labaduba dhakhaatiir ah, ayaa la shaqeeyay, markii dambena maamulay hay'adda magaceeda sidata. ## Sida loo qaabilay Kirkus Reviews waxay ku tilmaantay "xisaab xanuun badan oo geesinimo shakhsi ah, jacayl iyo luminba ka sheekaysa". BookPage waxay siisay dib-u-eegis xiddig leh ([BookPage](https://bookpage.com/?p=106902)). Buuggu wuxuu soo baxay sannad kadib markii Xaawo Cabdi loo magacaabay Abaalmarinta Nabadda ee Nobel 2012. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/keepinghopealive0000hawa) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Keeping+Hope+Alive+Hawa+Abdi) --- # Sweet and Sour Milk (1979), Nuuradiin Faarax: sheeko Muqdisho xilligii kaligii-taliska Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/sweet-and-sour-milk-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Sweet and Sour Milk (Caano Macaan iyo Caano Dhanaan) waa sheeko-faneed 1979 uu qoray qoraaga Soomaaliyeed Nuuradiin Faarax (Nuruddin Farah), waxaana London ku daabacay Allison & Busby. Waxay ka dhacdaa Muqdisho iyo agagaarkeeda 1975, waxayna raacdaa Looyaan oo raadinaya sababta uu u dhintay mataankiisa Sooyaan. Waa sheekada ugu horreysa ee saddexdii buug ee Faarax ee Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship, waxayna ku guulaysatay abaalmarinta English-Speaking Union 1980. ## Buugga **Sweet and Sour Milk** waa sheeko-faneed uu qoray **[Nuuradiin Faarax](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/)**, oo ku dhashay Baydhabo 1945 kuna guulaystay Abaalmarinta Caalamiga ah ee Suugaanta Neustadt 1998 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuruddin_Farah)). Waxaa markii ugu horreysay London ku daabacay Allison & Busby bishii Nofeembar 1979, markii dambena Mareykanka waxaa ku daabacay Graywolf Press. Waa sheekadiisii saddexaad, kadib *From a Crooked Rib* (1970) iyo *A Naked Needle* (1976). ## Sheekada Sheekadu waxay ka dhacdaa Muqdisho 1975, xilligii dowladdii militariga ee Siyaad Barre. Sooyaan, oo ah shaqaale dowladeed, ayaa jiraday oo ku dhintay cutubka koowaad. Mataankiisa **Looyaan**, oo ah dhakhtar ilkood, ayaa ogaaday inuusan wax badan ka aqoon nolosha walaalkiis, wuxuuna bilaabay inuu raadiyo sababta dhimashadiisa. Qoysku wuxuu diiday baaritaan meydka, Looyaanna wuxuu ogaaday in Sooyaan si qarsoodi ah wax uga qori jiray dowladda. Dhimashadiisa kadib dowladdu waxay si cad u ammaantay Sooyaan, waddo ayay ku magacawday, waxayna sheegtay in ereyadiisii ugu dambeeyay ahaayeen "Shaqo waa sharaf", halka Looyaan ogaaday in ereyadii ugu dambeeyay ahaayeen magaciisa oo saddex jeer la soo celiyay ([The Modern Novel](https://www.themodernnovel.org/?p=6007)). Eeg [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Saddexleyda *Sweet and Sour Milk* waa sheekada ugu horreysa ee saddexleyda **Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship**. Labada kale waa *Sardines* (1981) iyo *Close Sesame* (1983). Faarax saddexdaba wuxuu qoray isagoo dibadda ku jira; waxaa loo digay inuusan dalka ku soo laaban kadib markii *A Naked Needle* la daabacay 1976, kumana noqon ilaa 1996 ([Encyclopedia.com](https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/farah-nuruddin)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Sheekadu waxay ku guulaysatay **Abaalmarinta Suugaanta ee English-Speaking Union** 1980. Publishers Weekly waxay ku tilmaantay "sheeko si qurux badan loo dhisay oo ku saabsan nin baaraya dhimashada qarsoon ee mataankiisa kacaanka ahaa" ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781555971595)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Daabacaadaha: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18697W) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Sweet+and+Sour+Milk+Nuruddin+Farah) --- # A Pastoral Democracy (1961), I. M. Lewis: siyaasadda reer guuraaga waqooyiga Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/a-pastoral-democracy-lewis/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > A Pastoral Democracy (Dimuqraadiyadda Reer Guuraaga) waa buug 1961 uu qoray cilmi-yaqaanka bulshada ee Ingiriiska ah I. M. Lewis, waxaana daabacay Oxford University Press oo u daabacay International African Institute. Wuxuu ku saleysan yahay cilmi-baaris uu ku sameeyay Maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland 1955 ilaa 1957, wuxuuna sharxayaa sida nolosha siyaasadeed ee xoolo-dhaqatada waqooyiga loogu habeeyay abtirsiinyada, beelaha iyo jilibka magta wada bixiya. ## Buugga **A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa** waxaa qoray **Ioan M. Lewis** (1930 ilaa 2014), cilmi-yaqaan bulsheed oo Ingiriis ah. Waxaa London ku daabacay Oxford University Press 1961, isagoo 320 bog ah oo leh sawirro iyo khariidado ([Cambridge Core](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/pastoralism-and-politics-among-the-somali-a-pastoral-democracy-and-study-of-pastoralism-and-politics-among-the-northern-somali-of-the-horn-of-africa-by-i-m-lewis-london-oxford-university-press-for-the-international-african-institute-1961-pp-xii-320-illus-maps-45s/9CE3DE5B6299E6C64E19DA2483D8D69B)). Lewis wuxuu cilmi-baaristiisa Somaliland ka bilaabay isagoo 25 jir ah ([British Academy](https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/938/Memoirs_18-09-Lewis.pdf)). ## Halka cilmi-baarista lagu sameeyay Lewis wuxuu cilmi-baaristiisa sameeyay 1955 ilaa 1957, inta badan Maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland, oo maanta ah [Somaliland](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). Wuxuu doortay waqooyiga maxaa yeelay xoolo-dhaqashadu halkaas ayay nolosha udub dhexaad uga ahayd, halka koonfurta beeraha badarka sidoo kale laga falan jiray. Buuggu wuxuu daboolayaa qiyaastii 1930 ilaa 1955 ([HRAF](https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/mo04/documents/018)). ## Waxa uu sharxayo - **Abtirsiinyada iyo beelaha.** Lewis wuxuu sharxayaa in nolosha siyaasadeed ee xoolo-dhaqatada ay inta badan ku dhisan tahay abtirsiinyada iyo beelaha, oo laga raaco dhinaca aabbaha. Eeg [Beelaha iyo abtirsiinyada](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/). - **Jilibka magta.** Unugga ugu muhiimsan ee buugga waa **jilibka magta wada bixiya**: rag isku dhow oo heshiis ku galay inay si wadajir ah u bixiyaan oo u qaataan magta marka mid ka mid ahi qof dilo ama dhaawaco, ama la dilo ama la dhaawaco. Lewis wuxuu heshiiskan, oo qayb ka ah xeerka, u arkaa unugga siyaasadeed ee ugu muhiimsan nolosha maalinlaha ah. Eeg [Xeerka Soomaaliyeed](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). - **Xisbiyada siyaasadda.** Xisbiyadii 1950-yadii waxay ku dhisnaayeen kooxahan, inkastoo barnaamijyadoodu ay xoogga saareen midnimada qaranka. - **Dariiqooyinka suufiyada.** Dariiqooyinka diintu aragti ahaan waxay ka sarreeyeen abtirsiinyada iyo beelaha, iyagoo doorbiday walaaltinimada mu'miniinta, laakiin Lewis wuxuu ogaaday in arrintaasi aysan si buuxda u shaqeyn ([HRAF](https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/mo04/documents/018)). ## Sida loo qaabilay B. W. Andrzejewski ayaa dib-u-eegis ku sameeyay Journal of African History. Buugga waxaa 1998 dib u daabacay LIT Verlag, iyadoo uu hordhac u qoray taariikhyahanka Soomaaliyeed Siciid S. Samatar, Lewis-na uu qoray gabagabo ([LIT Verlag](https://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/978-3-8258-3084-5)). Shaqooyin dambe, sida *Unraveling Somalia* (1999) ee Catherine Besteman, waxay ku doodeen in siyaasadda Soomaalida aan lagu sharixi karin beelaha iyo abtirsiinyada oo keliya ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/28629)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/pastoraldemocrac0000imle) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+Pastoral+Democracy+Lewis) --- # Links (2003), Nuuradiin Faarax: ku soo laabasho Muqdisho sannadihii colaadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/links-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Links (Xiriirro) waa sheeko-faneed uu qoray Nuuradiin Faarax, oo markii ugu horreysay Koonfur Afrika ku daabacay Kwela Books 2003, Mareykankana Riverhead 2004. Waxay raacdaa Jiibleh, aqoonyahan Soomaaliyeed oo New York ku nool, kaas oo Muqdisho ku soo laabtay kadib dhicistii dowladdii militariga iyo faragelintii Mareykanka iyo UN-ka, si uu u booqdo qabriga hooyadiis una helo gabadha walaalka ah ee saaxiibkiisii hore Bile oo maqan. Waa sheekada koowaad ee saddexleyda Past Imperfect. ## Buugga **Links** waa sheeko-faneed uu qoray **[Nuuradiin Faarax](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/)**. Waxaa markii ugu horreysay Cape Town ku daabacay Kwela Books 2003, Mareykankana Riverhead 1 Abriil 2004, isagoo 352 bog ah ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/nuruddin-farah/links)). ## Sheekada Sheekadu waxay ka dhacdaa Muqdisho kadib dhicistii dowladdii militariga 1991 iyo faragelintii Mareykanka iyo UN-ka horraantii 1990-yadii, markii magaalada ay u qaybsanayd kooxo hubeysan oo is-hayay. **Jiibleh**, aqoonyahan Soomaaliyeed oo mar xabsi siyaasadeed ku jiray, haddana New York la deggan xaaskiisa Mareykanka ah, ayaa magaalada ku soo laabtay si uu u booqdo qabriga hooyadiis. Wuxuu raadiyay saaxiibkiisii hore **Bile**, oo isna xabsiga la soo galay, haddana maamula xarun lagu xannaaneeyo carruurta qoysaskooda waayay. Markii gabadha walaalka ah ee Bile, **Raasta**, iyo saaxiibaddeed **Makka** ay lumeen, Jiibleh wuxuu ka shakiyay walaalka Bile ee aabbaha ka wadaaga, **Calooshe**, oo xilligii dowladdii hore ahaa ilaaliyihii xabsiga ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/nuruddin-farah/links); [Rain Taxi](https://raintaxi.com/links-farah/)). Eeg [Burburkii, 1991 ilaa 2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/) iyo [Faragelintii UN-ka, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/). Cutubyo badan waxay ku bilaabmaan xigashooyin laga soo qaatay *Divine Comedy* ee Dante. ## Saddexleyda *Links* waa sheekada koowaad ee saddexleyda **Past Imperfect**, waxaana ku xiga *Knots* (2007) iyo *Crossbones* (2011). Saddexduba waxay raacaan Soomaali ka soo laabtay qurbaha oo ku soo noqday dal uu dagaal beddelay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuruddin_Farah)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Kirkus Reviews waxay ku tilmaantay "sheeko heer sare ah". BookPage waxay siisay dib-u-eegis xiddig leh ([BookPage](https://bookpage.com/?p=111282)). Dib-u-eegis Rain Taxi ah ayaa sheegtay inay tahay buug tartiib ah oo ku tiirsan muujinta xaqiiqooyinka in ka badan dhacdooyinka, kuna mudan dadaalka. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/links00fara) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Links+Nuruddin+Farah) --- # Madre piccola (2007), Ubax Cristina Cali Faarax: Habaryar, sheeko ku saabsan Soomaalida Talyaaniga Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/madre-piccola-ali-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Madre piccola waa sheeko-faneed af Talyaani ah oo 2007 ay qortay qoraaga Talyaani-Soomaaliyeed Ubax Cristina Cali Faarax (Ubah Cristina Ali Farah), waxaana daabacay Frassinelli. Waxaa Ingiriis loogu turjumay Little Mother, waxaana daabacay Indiana University Press 2011. Waxay raacdaa laba ina-adeer ah, Domenica Axad iyo Barni, oo kala tagay markii dagaalku gaaray Muqdisho 1991, sannado kadibna ku kulmay Talyaaniga. Cinwaanku wuxuu turjumayaa erayga Soomaaliga ah ee 'habaryar'. ## Buugga **Madre piccola** ("Habaryar") waa sheeko-faneedkii ugu horreeyay ee **[Ubax Cristina Cali Faarax](/en/people/cristina-ali-farah/)**, oo 1973 ku dhalatay Verona, aabbe Soomaali ah iyo hooyo Talyaani ah, kuna barbaartay Muqdisho ilaa dagaalkii 1991 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Ali_Farah)). Waxaa af Talyaani ku daabacay Frassinelli 2007. Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ah, **Little Mother**, oo ay sameeyeen Giovanna Bellesia Contuzzi iyo Victoria Offredi Poletto, waxaa daabacay Indiana University Press 2011 ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/little-mother-a-book-review/)). ## Sheekada Markii dagaalka sokeeye gaaray Muqdisho 1991, labada ina-adeer **Domenica Axad** iyo **Barni** way kala tageen oo qaxeen. Domenica Axad, oo aabbeheed Soomaali yahay hooyadeedna Talyaani, waxay isku dayaysaa inay dhisato aqoonsi buuxa oo Soomaali iyo Talyaaniba ah. Barni waxay Rome ka shaqaysaa umulisonimo. Qiyaastii toban sano kadib labada haween way kulmeen, markii Domenica wiil dhashayna Barni ayaa ag joogtay; sheekadu waxay ku dhammaanaysaa iyagoo go'aansaday inay wiilka si wadajir ah u koriyaan ([Powell's](https://www.powells.com/book/little-mother-9780253222961); [WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/little-mother-a-book-review/)). Sheekadu waxay leedahay sagaal cutub oo ay sheegaan saddex qof: Domenica Axad, Barni iyo **Taageere**, nin furiin kadib guursaday Domenica. Waxay u dhex socotaa Muqdisho 1991 iyo xilliga hadda, in ka badan shan iyo toban sano. ## Mawduucyadeeda Taariikhyahannada Lidwien Kapteijns waxay sheegtay in sheekadu ka hadasho nolosha qaxootiga Soomaalida ee Talyaaniga shan iyo tobankii sano ee 1991 ka dambeeyay, aqoonsiga isku dhafan iyo dal la'aanta, rabshadaha beelaha iyo eedda guud ee la saaray kooxo dhan, iyo isbeddelka doorka haweenka iyo ragga qurbaha ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/little-mother-a-book-review/)). Eeg [Soomaalida Talyaaniga](/en/diaspora/italy/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Kapteijns (Canadian Journal of African Studies, 2012) waxay ammaantay qaabka sheekada, waxayna Cali Faarax ku tilmaantay "mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu fikirka qoto dheer uguna weyn ee qorayaasha" qurbaha Soomaalida. David Shook (World Literature Today) wuxuu ku tilmaamay buug adag laakiin mudan ([World Literature Today](https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2011/july/little-mother-cristina-ali-farah)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Little+Mother+Cristina+Ali+Farah) --- # Adua (2015), Igiaba Scego: aabbe, gabadh iyo taariikhda gumaysiga Talyaaniga Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/adua-scego/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Adua waa sheeko-faneed af Talyaani ah oo 2015 ay qortay Igiaba Scego, qoraa Soomaaliyeed oo ku dhalatay Rome, waxaana daabacay Giunti; Jamie Richards ayaa Ingiriis u turjumay 2017 (New Vessel Press). Waxay u dhex socotaa Adua, haweeney Soomaaliyeed oo 1970-yadii Rome u timid iyadoo rajaynaysa inay filimaan ka jilto, iyo aabbeheed Soomaaliyeed Zoppe, oo 1930-yadii u turjumaan ahaa Talyaaniga, iyadoo isku xiraysa gumaysigii Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya iyo socdaalka maanta. ## Buugga **Adua** waxaa qortay **Igiaba Scego**, oo 1974 ku dhalatay Rome, waalid Soomaali ah oo Soomaaliya ka tegay kadib inqilaabkii 1969; aabbeheed, Cali Cumar Scego, wuxuu ahaa siyaasi Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiaba_Scego)). Waxaa af Talyaani ku daabacay Giunti 2015, Ingiriisna New Vessel Press 2017, oo uu turjumay Jamie Richards ([Powell's](https://www.powells.com/book/-9781939931450)). ## Sheekada **Adua** waa haweeney Soomaaliyeed oo Rome ku nool. Markay gabadh yarayd, filimaanta ay jeclayd ayay ku sawirtay in Talyaanigu yahay meel xorriyadeed, 1970-yadiina waxay u tagtay iyadoo rajaynaysa inay xiddig filim noqoto. Taa beddelkeeda waxaa ka faa'iidaystay soo saarayaal filim ku dhisnaa fikrado khaldan oo laga qabo haweenka Afrikaanka ah. Tobanaan sano kadib, iyadoo weli aan hubin halka ay ka tirsan tahay, waxay la hadashaa taallada maroodiga ee Bernini ee Rome ([The Literary Review](https://theliteraryreview.org/book-review/a-review-of-adua-by-igiaba-scego/)). Aabbeheed, **Zoppe**, waa nin adag oo ka fog. Markuu dhallinyarada ahaa 1930-yadii, Talyaanigii Mussolini, wuxuu u shaqeeyay turjumaan ahaan. Askar ayaa garaacay maxaa yeelay wuxuu ahaa madow, wuuna diidaa inuu ka hadlo waayihiisaas. Eeg [Xukunkii faashiistaha iyo dagaalka, 1923 ilaa 1941](/so/history/fascist-rule-and-the-war-1923-1941/). Xilliga hadda Adua waxay la kulantaa qaxooti dhallinyaro ah oo la yiraahdo Axmed, kaas oo siiya kamarad fiidiyow kuna dhiirrigeliya inay sheekadeeda sheegto. ## Qaabkeeda Sheekadu waxay u dhex socotaa saddex cod: Adua, qaybo uu Zoppe gabadhiisa la hadlayo, iyo sheekada Zoppe ee 1930-yadii. Scego waxay sheegtay in buuggu daboolayo saddex xilli: gumaysigii Talyaaniga, Soomaaliya 1970-yadii iyo xilligan ([Cleaver Magazine](https://cleavermagazine.com/adua-a-novel-by-igiaba-scego-reviewed-by-jodi-monster)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegis The Literary Review ah ayaa ku tilmaantay sheeko "gabay u eg", waxayna ammaantay turjumaadda. Scego hore waxay u heshay Premio Mondello 2011 buugeeda *La mia casa è dove sono* ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiaba_Scego)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Adua+Igiaba+Scego) --- # Saints and Somalis (1998), I. M. Lewis: Islaamka dadweynaha ee bulsho beelo ku dhisan Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/saints-and-somalis-lewis/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Saints and Somalis (Awliyada iyo Soomaalida) waa ururin maqaallo ah oo 1998 uu qoray cilmi-yaqaanka bulshada ee Ingiriiska ah I. M. Lewis, waxaana London ku daabacay Haan Associates, Mareykankana Red Sea Press. Iyadoo ku saleysan cilmi-baaris sannado badan socotay, waxay eegaysaa sida Soomaalidu u xurmeeyaan awliyada iyo culimada, dariiqooyinka suufiyada iyo kuwa dhaleeceeya, iyo dhaqammada jinni-ku-dhaca ee ku yaal cirifka diinta. ## Buugga **Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society** waxaa qoray **Ioan M. Lewis** (1930 ilaa 2014), cilmi-yaqaanka bulshada ee Ingiriiska ah ee qoray *A Pastoral Democracy* (1961). Waxaa 1998 London ku daabacay Haan Associates (174 bog), Mareykankana Red Sea Press ([Cambridge Core](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/africa-i-m-lewis-saints-and-somalis-popular-islam-in-a-clanbased-society-xvii-174-pp-london-haan-associates-1998-1295-paper/8AD14C2E39D237C6BD54754C7DB468F7)). Waa maqaallo uu qoray tobanaan sano, kuna saleysan cilmi-baaristiisa goobta ([Africa World Press](https://africaworldpressbooks.com/saints-and-somalis-popular-islam-in-a-clan-based-society-by-i-m-lewis)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlo - **Islaamka suufiyada iyo kan cibaadada.** Maqaalladu waxay eegaan kala duwanaanta u dhaxaysa fahamka suufiyada ee xiriirka qofka iyo Ilaahay iyo akhrinta fiqhiga iyo cibaadada, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa dhaleeceeya suufiyada. Eeg [Dariiqooyinka suufiyada ee Soomaaliya](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). - **Awliyada iyo culimada.** Lewis wuxuu sharxayaa noocyada dadka Soomaalidu xurmeeyaan: awoowayaasha beelaha ee awliyada loo arko, culimo deegaan oo diintooda lagu yaqaan, iyo shakhsiyaad caalamka Islaamka oo dhan laga yaqaan. Eeg [Awliyada, xabaalaha iyo siyaarada](/so/society/saints-shrines-and-siyaaro/). - **Jinni-ku-dhaca.** Buuggu wuxuu sidoo kale ka hadlaa dhaqammo ku yaal cirifka diinta, sida xafladaha jinni-ku-dhaca ee inta badan haweenku sameeyaan ([Africa World Press](https://africaworldpressbooks.com/saints-and-somalis-popular-islam-in-a-clan-based-society-by-i-m-lewis)). ## Dooddiisa Maqaalka hordhaca ah Lewis wuxuu kaga soo horjeedaa aragtiyaha xurmaynta awliyada ku sharxa hal sabab oo keliya. Maadaama awliyada qaarkood ay yihiin awoowayaasha aasaasay beelaha, buuggu wuxuu si wadajir ah u eegaa xurmaynta diinta iyo abtirsiinyada beelaha. ## Sida loo qaabilay Buugga dib-u-eegis ayaa lagu sameeyay Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 2000. Eeg sidoo kale [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/) iyo [Sida Islaamku u gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/saintssomalispop00lewi) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Saints+and+Somalis+Lewis) --- # Secrets (1998), Nuuradiin Faarax: sir qoys oo ka dhacda habeenadii dagaalka ka horreeyay Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/secrets-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Secrets (Siro) waa sheeko-faneed 1998 uu qoray qoraaga Soomaaliyeed Nuuradiin Faarax, waxaana New York ku daabacay Arcade. Waxay ka dhacdaa Muqdisho maalmihii ka horreeyay dagaalka sokeeye, waxayna raacdaa Kalaman, ganacsade 33 jir ah, oo noloshiisu isbeddeshay markii Sholoongo, haweeney carruurnimadiisa ka mid ahayd, ka soo laabatay Mareykanka una sheegtay inay rabto inuu ilmo u dhalo. Waa sheekada saddexaad ee saddexleyda Blood in the Sun. ## Buugga **Secrets** waa sheeko-faneed uu qoray **[Nuuradiin Faarax](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/)**, oo ku dhashay Baydhabo 1945. Waxaa New York ku daabacay Arcade 1 May 1998 ([Kirkus Reviews](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/nuruddin-farah/secrets-4/)). Isla sannadkaas Faarax wuxuu helay Abaalmarinta Caalamiga ah ee Suugaanta Neustadt ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuruddin_Farah)). ## Sheekada Sheekadu waxay ka dhacdaa Muqdisho toddobaadkii ka horreeyay dagaalka sokeeye, waxayna ku bilaabantaa muuqaallo qiyaastii shan iyo labaatan sano ka horreeyay oo tuulo ka dhacay ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781559704854)). Qofka ugu muhiimsan waa **Kalaman**, oo 33 jir ah, leh shirkad kombiyuutar, kana gaabinaya inuu guursado gabadha uu saaxiibka la yahay. Waxaa si gaar ah u koriyay awoowihiis **Nonno**, halka hooyadiis carmalka ah, **Damac**, ay ku boorrinayso inuu guursado. Noloshiisu waxay isbeddeshay markii **Sholoongo**, gabadh ka weyn oo carruurnimadiisa saaxiib iyo dhibba u ahayd, ka soo laabatay Mareykanka, halkaas oo lagu yaqaannay "qof isbeddela" oo sixir leh, oo ay ka codsatay inuu ilmo u dhalo ([Kirkus Reviews](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/nuruddin-farah/secrets-4/)). Imaatinkeedu wuxuu soo bandhigay siro qoys oo muddo dheer qarsoonaa, sida shahaado dhalasho la xaday iyo guur qarsoodi ah, kuwaas oo lagu muujiyay cutubyo ay sheegaan Nonno, Damac iyo Sholoongo. Sheekadu waxay leedahay sheekooyin xayawaan, hal-xiraalayaal iyo maahmaahyo. Eeg [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Saddexleyda *Secrets* waa sheekada saddexaad ee saddexleyda **Blood in the Sun**, kadib *Maps* (1986) iyo *Gifts* (1992). ## Sida loo qaabilay Kirkus Reviews waxay ku tilmaantay "sheeko maskaxeed soo jiidasho leh" iyo "sir dhab ah oo dhab ahaan qalqal leh". Barnaamijka NPR, dhaleeceeyaha Alan Cheuse wuxuu sheegay in jilayaashu si fiican u sawiran yihiin ([NPR](https://www.npr.org/1998/06/24/1034724/secrets)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Daabacaadaha: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8858192W) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Secrets+Nuruddin+Farah) --- # The Shaping of Somali Society (1982), Lee V. Cassanelli: taariikhda Soomaalida 1600 ilaa 1900 Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/the-shaping-of-somali-society-cassanelli/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > The Shaping of Somali Society (Qaabaynta Bulshada Soomaaliyeed) waa buug 1982 uu qoray taariikhyahanka Mareykanka ah Lee V. Cassanelli, waxaana daabacay University of Pennsylvania Press. Iyadoo ku saleysan cilmi-baaris uu koonfurta Soomaaliya ku sameeyay 1970-71 iyo 1977 iyo dhaqanka afka lagu xafido, wuxuu dib u dhisayaa saddex qarni oo taariikhda Soomaalida ah ka hor gumaysiga: awoodda reer guuraaga, Islaamka, ganacsiga iyo ka jawaab celinta gumaysiga. ## Buugga **The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900** waxaa qoray **Lee V. Cassanelli**, taariikhyahan Mareykan ah oo ku takhasusay Afrika. Waxaa Philadelphia ku daabacay University of Pennsylvania Press 1982, isagoo 311 bog ah ([HRAF](https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/mo04/documents/033)). Daabacuhu wuxuu ku tilmaamay buuggii ugu horreeyay ee dhammaystiran ee ka hadla taariikhda Soomaaliya ka hor gumaysiga ([Bokus](https://www.bokus.com/bok/9780812278323/shaping-of-somali-society)). ## Ilihiisa Cassanelli wuxuu cilmi-baaris Soomaaliya ku sameeyay Diseembar 1970 ilaa Nofeembar 1971, iyo mar kale Sebtembar ilaa Diseembar 1977 ([HRAF](https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/mo04/documents/033)). Qoraallo yar ayaa ka badbaaday gudaha Soomaaliya xilligaas, buuggana wuxuu adeegsadaa dhaqanka taariikheed ee Soomaalida iyo ilo qoran. ## Waxa uu ka hadlo Buuggu wuxuu marka hore sharxayaa bulshada Soomaaliyeed bilowgii qarnigii labaatanaad: kala duwanaanta gobollada, hababka nolosha iyo qaabka bulshada iyo siyaasadda. Kadibna wuxuu dib u eegayaa sida taariikhda Soomaalida loo qoray. Inta kale waxay raacdaa hababkii qaabeeyay bulshada ([HRAF](https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/mo04/documents/033)): - **Awoodda reer guuraaga.** Cutub cinwaankiisu yahay "Pastoral Power: The Ajuraan in History and Tradition" ayaa daraaseeya Ajuuraan. Eeg [Dowladdii Ajuuraan](/so/history/ajuran-state/). - **Islaamka taariikhda.** Doorka awliyada suufiyada iyo culimada. Eeg [Dariiqooyinka suufiyada](/so/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/). - **Ganacsiga iyo dhaqaalaha.** Saldanadaha gobollada iyo ganacsiga safarrada fog ee gudaha ku xiray dekedaha Banaadir. Eeg [Saldanadda Geledi](/so/history/geledi-sultanate/). - **Gumaysiga.** Sida bulshooyinka Soomaalidu uga jawaabeen imaatinka gumaysiga Yurub dhammaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. ## Sida loo qaabilay Taariikhyahanka Edward A. Alpers ayaa 1984 dib-u-eegis ku sameeyay Journal of African History, isagoo la socodsiiyay buugga Siciid S. Samatar ee *Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism*; cilmi-yaqaanka Herbert S. Lewis-na wuxuu ku sameeyay joornaalka Africa. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/shapingofsomalis0000cass) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Shaping+of+Somali+Society+Cassanelli) --- # A House in the Sky (2013), Amanda Lindhout iyo Sara Corbett: xusuusqor maxbuusnimo Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/a-house-in-the-sky-lindhout/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > A House in the Sky (Guri Cirka Ku Yaal) waa xusuusqor 2013 ay qortay weriyadda Kanadiyaanka ah Amanda Lindhout, iyadoo la kaashanaysa weriyadda Sara Corbett, waxaana daabacay Scribner. Wuxuu ka sheekeynayaa safarradeedii hore iyo 460 maalmood oo iyada iyo sawir-qaade Australiyaan ah, Nigel Brennan, la haystay kadib markii la afduubay agagaarka Muqdisho bishii Ogost 2008, ilaa madax-furasho la bixiyay oo la sii daayay Nofeembar 2009. ## Buugga **A House in the Sky** waxaa New York ku daabacay Scribner 2013. Waa xusuusqorka **Amanda Lindhout**, weriyad xor ah oo Kanadiyaan ah oo dhalatay 1981, oo ay la qortay weriyadda Mareykanka ah **Sara Corbett** ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Lindhout)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlo - **Noloshii hore.** Buuggu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa carruurnimadeeda iyo safarradeedii, ka hor intaysan 2007 Afgaanistaan, 2008-na Ciraaq ka bilaabin weriyenimo. - **Afduubka.** 23 Ogost 2008, laba maalmood kadib markay timid Muqdisho, Lindhout iyo sawir-qaadaha Australiyaanka ah Nigel Brennan waa la afduubay, iyagoo ay la socdeen turjumaankoodii iyo darawallo Soomaali ah. Afduubayaashu waxay ahaayeen kooxo hubeysan oo la xiriiray Xizbul Islaam ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Lindhout)). Eeg [Xizbul Islaam](/en/institutions/hizbul-islam/). - **Maxbuusnimada.** Afduubayaashu waxay Oktoobar 2008 dalbadeen 2.5 milyan oo doollar, markii dambena way dhimeen. Turjumaankii iyo darawalladii waxaa la sii daayay Janaayo 2009. Lindhout waxaa laga kala qaaday Brennan, buuggana waxay ku sheegtay in la xadgudbay laguna jirdilay. Waxaa la sii daayay 25 Nofeembar 2009, 460 maalmood kadib, markii qoysaskoodu madax-furasho bixiyeen ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Lindhout)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Buuggu wuxuu ka mid noqday kuwa ugu iibka badan ee New York Times, wuxuuna 2014 ku guulaystay abaalmarinta CBC Bookie ee buugga xaqiiqada ah ee Kanada. Weriyayaal qaar ayaa dhaleeceeyay, qaybo ka mid ahna way ka duwan yihiin xusuusqorka Nigel Brennan, *The Price of Life* (2011) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Lindhout)). ## Buugga kadib 2010 Lindhout waxay aasaastay Global Enrichment Foundation, oo deeqo waxbarasho jaamacadeed siisa haweenka Soomaaliyeed. 2015 booliska Kanada waxay xireen nin Soomaali ah oo lagu eedeeyay inuu afduubayaasha u ahaa wada-xaajoodaha; 2018 waa lagu xukumay 15 sano oo xabsi ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Lindhout)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/houseinskymemoir0000lind) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+House+in+the+Sky+Lindhout) --- # Gifts (1992), Nuuradiin Faarax: kalkaaliso Muqdisho, ilmo la helay iyo siyaasadda gargaarka Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/gifts-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Gifts (Hadiyado) waa sheeko-faneed uu qoray Nuuradiin Faarax, oo markii ugu horreysay soo baxday 1992, waana sheekada labaad ee saddexleyda Blood in the Sun. Waxay raacdaa Dunya, kalkaaliso carmal ah oo ka shaqaysa isbitaal dhalmo oo Muqdisho ku yaal, kuna koriso saddex carruur ah, markay xiriir la yeelatay Bosaaso, nin xaaskiisu dhimatay, iyo markuu qoyskeedu qaatay ilmo la helay. Agagaarka sheekadooda waxaa ku jira warbixinno wargeys oo ku saabsan abaarta, macaluusha iyo gargaarka shisheeye. ## Buugga **Gifts** waa sheeko-faneed uu qoray **[Nuuradiin Faarax](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/)**. Markii ugu horreysay waxay soo baxday 1992; daabacaadda Ingiriiska waxaa London ku daabacay Serif 1993, tan Mareykankana Arcade 1999 ([Kirkus Reviews](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/nuruddin-farah/gifts/); [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuruddin_Farah)). Waxaa loo turjumay Faransiis, Jarmal, Talyaani, Holland, Carabi iyo Burtuqiiska Baraasiil ([RCW](https://www.rcwlitagency.com/books/gifts)). ## Sheekada **Dunya** waa kalkaaliso ka shaqaysa isbitaal dhalmo oo Muqdisho ku yaal. Waxay ku dhowdahay 35 jir, waa carmal, waxayna koriso saddex carruur ah. Markay yarayd, aabbeheed oo dhimanaya ayaa ka codsaday saaxiibkiis **Subeer**, oday indha la', inuu guursado; ma diidi karin, guurkaasna wuxuu dhalay mataano ka hor intuusan dhiman ([Publishers Weekly](https://publishersweekly.com/9781559704847)). Nolosheeda degganayd waxay isbeddeshay markay gaadiid ka raacday **Bosaaso**, nin xaaskiisu dhimatay oo ay isbitaalka ku barteen, iyo markay gabadheedu guriga keentay ilmo la helay. Bosaaso wuxuu noqday saaxiib daacad ah, xiriirkooduna wuxuu ka caawiyay dhibaatooyin isku xiga ([Publishers Weekly](https://publishersweekly.com/9781559704847)). Agagaarka sheekadan gaarka ah, sheekadu waxay muujinaysaa isbitaal ay culays ku hayaan dagaal, abaar, cudur iyo macaluul, iyo xiisadaha gargaarka shisheeye. Waxay isku dartaa riyooyin, xusuus, sheekooyin qoys, sheeko-xariir iyo warbixinno wargeys ([RCW](https://www.rcwlitagency.com/books/gifts)). Eeg [Gargaarka iyo maalgelinta bani'aadannimada](/so/economy/aid-and-humanitarian-funding/). ## Saddexleyda *Gifts* waa sheekada labaad ee saddexleyda **Blood in the Sun**, oo u dhaxaysa *Maps* (1986) iyo *Secrets* (1998). ## Sida loo qaabilay Waxay ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Sheekada ugu Wanaagsan ee Zimbabwe 1993, daabacaaddeeda Faransiiskuna abaalmarinta bandhigga suugaanta St Malo 1998. Kirkus Reviews waxay Dunya ku tilmaantay "jile qurux badan". Publishers Weekly waxay ammaantay "xoogga iyo geesinimada" Dunya. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/giftsnovel0000fara) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Gifts+Nuruddin+Farah) --- # This Is What America Looks Like (2020), Ilhaan Cumar: qaxooti ilaa Golaha Congress-ka Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/this-is-what-america-looks-like-omar/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > This Is What America Looks Like (Sidan Ayay Ameerika u Egtahay) waa xusuusqor 2020 ay qortay Ilhaan Cumar (Ilhan Omar), xildhibaanadda Mareykanka ee Minnesota oo ku dhalatay Muqdisho, iyadoo la kaashanaysa Rebecca Paley, waxaana daabacay Dey Street Books. Wuxuu raacaa carruurnimadeedii Muqdisho, dagaalka sokeeye, afar sano oo ay ku jirtay xeryaha qaxootiga Kenya, koriddeeda Mareykanka iyo sannadkeedii ugu horreeyay ee Congress-ka. ## Buugga **This Is What America Looks Like: My Journey from Refugee to Congresswoman** waa xusuusqorka **[Ilhaan Cumar](/en/people/ilhan-omar/)**, oo ay la qortay qoraaga Mareykanka ah **Rebecca Paley**. Waxaa 2020 daabacay Dey Street Books, oo ka tirsan HarperCollins, isagoo 288 bog ah ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-06-295421-3)). Ilhaan waxay ku dhalatay Muqdisho 1982, 2019-na waxay noqotay Soomaalidii ugu horreysay ee loo doorto Golaha Congress-ka Mareykanka. ## Waxa uu ka hadlo - **Carruurnimada Muqdisho.** Buuggu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Muqdisho, halkaas oo ay la koraysay aabbeheed, lix walaalo ah, awoowgeed oo ay ugu yeeri jirtay Baba, iyo qaraabo kale. Hooyadeed waxay dhimatay markay laba jir ahayd ([Mail & Guardian](https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-06-24-review-america-through-ilhan-omars-eyes)). - **Dagaalka iyo qaxa.** Waxay sharxaysaa bilowgii dagaalka sokeeye iyo rabshadihii deriska iyo saaxiibbada. Qoysku wuxuu u qaxay Kenya, wuxuuna afar sano ku jiray xeryaha qaxootiga, oo ay ku jirto Utange oo u dhow Mombasa, ka hor intaysan helin fiisooyin Mareykan. Eeg [Dhadhaab iyo xeryaha Kenya](/so/diaspora/dadaab-and-kenya-camps/). - **Bilow cusub Mareykanka.** Waxay ka sheekaysaa sida ay ula yaabtay dadka guri la'aanta ah ee New York, dugsiga dhexe iyo sare, jaamacadda North Dakota iyo nolosha qoyska. - **Siyaasadda.** Waxay aragtideeda siyaasadeed ku xiraysaa shaqadeedii barista nafaqada ee bulshooyinka saboolka ah ee Minneapolis, waxayna raacaysaa ololayaasheeda iyo sannadkeedii ugu horreeyay ee Congress-ka. Waxay sidoo kale raalli-gelin ka bixisay inay adeegsatay erey nacayb Yuhuud ah markay dhaleeceynaysay siyaasadda Mareykanka ee Israa'iil ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-06-295421-3)). Eeg [Minneapolis iyo St Paul](/en/diaspora/minneapolis-st-paul/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegisyadu way kala duwanaayeen. Publishers Weekly waxay ku tilmaantay "degdeg oo cad". Ifrah Udgoon, oo Mail & Guardian wax ku qortay, waxay ku tilmaantay "daacadnimo adag oo si buuxda loola xiriiri karo". Majaladda Jacobin si wanaagsan ayay u qiimeysay, halka Washington Free Beacon iyo The Spectator ay dhaleeceeyeen ([Jacobin](https://jacobin.com/2020/06/ilhan-omar-memoir-this-is-what-america-looks-like-review); [The Spectator](https://thespectator.com/?p=4265)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=This+Is+What+America+Looks+Like+Ilhan+Omar) --- # Aqoondarro Waa U Nacab Jacayl (1974), Faarax M. J. Cawl Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/ignorance-is-the-enemy-of-love-cawl/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Aqoondarro Waa U Nacab Jacayl waa sheeko-faneed Soomaali ah oo uu qoray Faarax Maxamed Jaamac Cawl, waxaana 1974 daabacay Wasaaradda Dhaqanka iyo Tacliinta Sare, laba sano kadib markii af Soomaaliga si rasmi ah loo qoray. Inta badan waxaa lagu tilmaamaa sheekadii ugu horreysay ee dhammaystiran ee af Soomaali lagu daabaco. Waxay ka sheekaysaa jacaylka Calimaax, dagaalyahan Daraawiish ah, iyo gabayaa Cawrala horraantii qarnigii labaatanaad. B. W. Andrzejewski ayaa Ingiriis u turjumay, waxaana daabacay Zed Press 1982. ## Buugga **Aqoondarro Waa U Nacab Jacayl** waxaa qoray **Faarax Maxamed Jaamac Cawl**. Waxaa af Soomaali markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacay 1974, waxaana dhakhso u la wareegtay Wasaaradda Dhaqanka iyo Tacliinta Sare ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/ignorance-is-the-enemy-of-love-a-book-review)). Waxay soo baxday wax yar kadib markii dowladdu Oktoobar 1972 u dooratay far Laatiin ah af Soomaaliga, waxaana inta badan lagu tilmaamaa sheekadii ugu horreysay ee dhammaystiran ee lagu daabaco luuqadda ([Britannica](https://britannica.com/topic/Agoondarro-waa-u-nacab-jacayl)). Eeg [Qoridda af Soomaaliga, 1972](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/). Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ah, **Ignorance is the Enemy of Love**, oo uu sameeyay aqoonyahanka af Soomaaliga B. W. Andrzejewski, kana qoray hordhaca, waxaa London ku daabacay Zed Press 1982. Daabacaad labaad oo Ingiriis ah ayaa soo baxday 2012. ## Sheekada Sheekadu waxay ka dhacdaa bilowgii qarnigii labaatanaad, waxayna ku saleysan tahay sheeko dhab ah oo afka lagu soo gudbiyay. **Calimaax** iyo **Cawrala**, oo labaduba gabayaa ah, waxay ku kulmeen markab u socday Cadan. Markii markabku duufaan la kulmay, Calimaax ayaa badbaadiyay Cawrala, wayna is jeclaadeen ([The Modern Novel](https://www.themodernnovel.org/?p=6000)). Calimaax wuxuu go'aansaday inuu dalka ka saaro ciidamada gumaysiga Ingiriiska iyo Talyaaniga, wuxuuna ku biiray Daraawiishta. Weerar ay Daraawiishtu ku qaadeen Ingiriiska 1916, Calimaax si xun ayaa loo dhaawacay, waxaana loo maleeyay inuu dhintay. Aabbaha Cawrala ayaa nin kale u guuriyay. Calimaax wuu bogsaday, laakiin markuu u degdegay, waqtigii wuu dhaafay. Eeg [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta, 1899 ilaa 1920](/so/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). Gabaygu wuxuu ku jiraa buugga oo dhan, gaar ahaan kan Cawrala. Eeg [Gabayga Soomaaliga](/en/society/somali-poetry/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Qiyaastii toban kun oo nuqul ayaa si degdeg ah Muqdisho looga iibiyay, wasaaraddana waxay la wareegtay daabacaadda maadaama ay qiimo u lahayd ololihii akhris-qoraalka. Ismaaciil Cali Ismaaciil (WardheerNews, 2013) wuxuu ku tilmaamay qoraal "cad, si qurux badan loo dhisay oo si fudud loo akhrin karo". ## Qoraaga Faarax Cawl wuxuu wax ku bartay Dugsiga Farsamada ee Hargeysa iyo, 1959 ilaa 1962, kulliyad injineernimo oo London ku taal. Wuxuu ahaa korneyl ka tirsan Booliska Soomaaliyeed, isagoo hoggaaminayay qaybta gaadiidka, 1979-na wuxuu noqday maareeyaha guud ee Hay'adda Gaadiidka Qaranka. Wuxuu qoray laba sheeko oo kale, oo ay ku jirto *Dhibbanaha aan dhalan*. Wuxuu ku dhintay Muqdisho 1991, bilowgii dagaalka sokeeye ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/ignorance-is-the-enemy-of-love-a-book-review)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Daabacaadda Ingiriisiga: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/ignoranceisenemy0000faar) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Aqoondarro+Waa+U+Nacab+Jacayl+Faarax+Cawl) --- # Shabeelnaagood, Xasan Sheekh Muumin: riwaayad Soomaaliyeed Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/shabeelnaagood-mumin/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Shabeelnaagood waa riwaayad Soomaaliyeed oo uu qoray gabayaa iyo riwaayad-yahan Xasan Sheekh Muumin 1960-yadii, kana sheekaysa nin magaalada haweenka ku khiyaaneeya. Waxay ka hadashaa kaalinta haweenka, nolosha magaalooyinka sii koraya, isbeddelka dhaqanka iyo qiimaha waxbarashada. Waxaa Ingiriis ugu turjumay B. W. Andrzejewski, waxaana daabacay Oxford University Press 1974. Waxaa lagu dhigaa dugsiyada Soomaalida. ## Riwaayadda **Shabeelnaagood** waxaa qoray **[Xasan Sheekh Muumin](/en/people/hassan-sheikh-mumin/)** (1931 ilaa 2008), gabayaa, riwaayad-yahan, weriye iyo laxamiste Soomaaliyeed oo ku dhashay Saylac kuna barbaaray Boorama ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mumin)). Wikipedia waxay riwaayadda u taariikhaysaa 1965, sannadkii uu ku biiray Radio Muqdisho isagoo ah gabayaaga, riwaayad-yahanka iyo macallinka idaacadda. Muumin wuxuu qoray qoraalka iyo laxankaba. Af Soomaaliga ma lahayn far rasmi ah ilaa 1972, dhowr sano kadib markii riwaayadda la qoray. Eeg [Qoridda af Soomaaliga, 1972](/so/history/somali-language-written-1972/). ## Sheekada iyo mawduucyadeeda "Shabeelka" cinwaanka ku jira waa nin haweenka ugaarsada. Gabadha sheekada, **Shallaayo**, waxay ka cabanaysaa inuu ku khiyaameeyay guur been ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mumin)). Sheekadeeda waxay riwaayaddu ku eegaysaa kaalinta bulsho ee haweenka, nolosha magaalooyinka sii koraya, isbeddelka dhaqammada iyo muhiimadda waxbarashada sannadihii xorriyadda. Qoraaga Ubax Cristina Cali Faarax ayaa daraasad cilmiyeed ka qortay sida riwaayaddu u eegto doorka haweenka ([Roma Tre](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/handle/2307/5733?locale=so)). Eeg [Haweenka bulshada Soomaaliyeed](/en/society/women-in-somali-society/). ## Daabacaaddii 1974 **Leopard Among the Women: Shabeelnaagood, a Somali Play** waxaa London iyo New York ku daabacay Oxford University Press 1974, isagoo 230 bog ah. Turjumaadda iyo hordhaca waxaa qoray B. W. Andrzejewski, aqoonyahanka af Soomaaliga ee SOAS ([Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/leopardamongwome00hass)). ## Kaalinteeda suugaanta Soomaalida Riwaayadda waxaa loo arkaa tiir ka mid ah suugaanta Soomaalida, waxaana si joogto ah loogu dhigaa manhajka dugsiyada. Inqilaabkii 1969 kadib gabayadii Muumin waa la mamnuucay, wuxuuna u guuray Jabuuti, markii dambena wuxuu dego Boorama. 1997 wuxuu qoray kana laxamiyay "Samo Ku Waar", oo noqday heesta calanka Somaliland. Wuxuu ku dhintay Oslo 2008, waxaana lagu aasay Boorama ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mumin)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Daabacaaddii Oxford 1974: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/leopardamongwome00hass) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Shabeelnaagood+Hassan+Sheikh+Mumin) --- # Bless the Daughter Raised by a Voice in Her Head (2022), Warsan Shire: gabayo Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/bless-the-daughter-shire/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Bless the Daughter Raised by a Voice in Her Head waa ururinta gabayada ee ugu horreysa ee dhammaystiran ee Warsan Shire, gabayaa Soomaali-Ingiriis ah oo ku dhalatay Kenya. Waxaa daabacay Random House 1 Maarso 2022, Ingiriiskana Chatto & Windus. Gabayadeedu waxay ka hadlaan gabdhanimada, qoyska, hooyooyinka iyo gabdhaha, haajiridda, dhaawaca maskaxda iyo badbaadada, waxayna adeegsadaan erayo Soomaali ah sida hooyo. Waxay u soo baxday liisaska ugu dambeeya ee abaalmarinnada Felix Dennis iyo Dylan Thomas. ## Buugga **Bless the Daughter Raised by a Voice in Her Head** waa ururinta ugu horreysa ee dhammaystiran ee **[Warsan Shire](/en/people/warsan-shire/)**, gabayaa ku dhalatay Kenya 1988, waalid Soomaali ah, una guurtay Ingiriiska markay ilmo yar ahayd ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsan_Shire)). Waxaa New York ku daabacay Random House 1 Maarso 2022 (96 bog), Ingiriiskana Chatto & Windus ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780593134351)). Ka hor waxay daabacday laba buug-yare: *Teaching My Mother How to Give Birth* (2011) iyo *Her Blue Body* (2015). ## Waxa uu ka kooban yahay Ururintu waxay ku furantaa gabayga "Extreme Girlhood". Gabayada kale waxaa ka mid ah "Lullaby for Father", "Home", "Assimilation", "Hooyo Isn't Home", "Bless the Qumayo" iyo "Hooyo Full of Grace" ([PRISM international](https://prismmagazine.ca/2022/07/07/ill-rewrite-this-whole-life-a-review-of-warsan-shires-bless-the-daughter-raised-by-a-voice-in-her-head/)). Dib-u-eegayaashu waxay sheegeen mawduucyadan: - **Gabdhanimada iyo ceebta.** Ceebta u dhaxaysa aabbayaasha, gabdhaha iyo hablaha, iyo xadgudubka galmada. - **Hooyooyinka iyo gabdhaha.** Xiriir isku jira faham iyo caro; erayga *hooyo* ayaa buugga oo dhan ku soo noqnoqda. - **Haajiridda iyo guriga.** Qaxootiga iyo soo-galootiga, guriga oo noqda meel khatar ah, iyo taleefannada qoyska dibadda ku jira. - **Caafimaadka maskaxda iyo badbaadada.** Gabaygeedii hore ee "Home", oo tuducyadiisu yihiin "qofna gurigiisa kama tago / ilaa gurigu noqdo afka libaaxa badda", waxaa si weyn u soo xigtay qaxootiga iyo kuwa taageera ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsan_Shire)). Eeg [Soomaalida London](/en/diaspora/london/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Ururintu waxay u soo baxday liiska ugu dambeeya ee Abaalmarinta Felix Dennis 2022 iyo Abaalmarinta Dylan Thomas 2023, iyo liiska dheer ee Abaalmarinta Griffin 2023. Stella Cali (PRISM international) waxay ku tilmaantay "si heer sare ah loo farsameeyay oo aad muhiim u ah". ## Gabayaagii 2013 Shire waxay ku guulaysatay abaalmarintii ugu horreysay ee Brunel University African Poetry Prize, waxayna noqotay Gabayaagii Dhallinyarada ee ugu horreeyay ee London. Gabayadeeda waxaa la adeegsaday albamyada muuqaalka ah ee Beyoncé, *Lemonade* (2016) iyo *Black Is King* (2020) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsan_Shire)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Bless+the+Daughter+Raised+by+a+Voice+in+Her+Head) --- # A Man of Good Hope (2015), Jonny Steinberg: safarka qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ilaa Koonfur Afrika Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/a-man-of-good-hope-steinberg/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > A Man of Good Hope (Nin Rajo Wanaagsan) waa buug 2015 uu qoray qoraaga Koonfur Afrikaanka ah Jonny Steinberg, waxaana daabacay Jonathan Cape (London) iyo Knopf (New York). Wuxuu ka sheekeynayaa nolosha Asad Cabdullaahi, oo siddeed jir ahaa markuu Muqdisho ka qaxay kadib markii hooyadiis la dilay 1991, ku koray Kenya iyo Itoobiya, una safray Koonfur Afrika, halkaas oo uu dukaamo yaryar ku lahaa xilli rabshado lagu hayay ganacsatada ajnabiga ah. ## Buugga **A Man of Good Hope** waxaa qoray **Jonny Steinberg**, qoraa iyo aqoonyahan Koonfur Afrikaan ah. Waxaa Janaayo 2015 daabacay Jonathan Cape (London) iyo Knopf (New York), isla sannadkaasna Vintage ayaa daabacay nuqul jeldi jilicsan ([Penguin Random House](https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/236876/a-man-of-good-hope-by-jonny-steinberg/9780385352734)). ## Sheekada Buuggu wuxuu raacaa **Asad Cabdullaahi**, nin Soomaali ah oo Steinberg kula kulmay Koonfur Afrika. 1991, markuu Asad siddeed jir ahaa, hooyadiis waxaa lagu toogtay Muqdisho xilligii dagaalka sokeeye, wuuna ka qaxay magaalada. Waxaa la isku dhiib-dhiibay qaraabo iyo dad kale oo aan ilaalin karin, wuxuuna ku koray magaalooyin Bariga Afrika ah, oo uu ka mid yahay xilli uu Addis Ababa ku ahaa dhallinyaro waddooyinka ku nool ([Penguin Random House](https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/236876/a-man-of-good-hope-by-jonny-steinberg/9780385352734)). Wuxuu Kenya iyo Itoobiya u soo maray Koonfur Afrika, isagoo ku tiirsan xariifnimadiisa iyo shabakadaha beelaha Soomaalida ee qurbaha. Koonfur Afrika wuxuu ka furtay dukaan yar oo xaafadaha madowga ah ku yaal, laakiin rabshadaha ka dhanka ah ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo ajnabiga kale ayaa khatar geliyay ([Irish Examiner](https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20307215.html)). Eeg [Soomaalida Koonfur Afrika](/en/diaspora/south-africa/), [Soomaalida Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) iyo [Soomaalida Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/). ## Sida loo qoray Steinberg wuxuu buugga ka dhisay boqollaal saacadood oo wareysi ah, wuxuuna booqday meelihii Asad ku noolaa. Wuxuu Asad lacag u siiyay sheekada noloshiisa. Steinberg wuxuu ku doodayaa in nacaybka shisheeyaha ee Asad kala kulmay Koonfur Afrika uu yahay "natiijada muwaadinnimada, sheegashada xaq dhalasho cusub" ([Irish Examiner](https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20307215.html)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Buuggu wuxuu u soo baxay liiska ugu dambeeya ee Abaalmarinta Alan Paton iyo Abaalmarinta Buugga Johannesburg 2015 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Steinberg)). The Guardian waxay ku tilmaantay "markhaati xooggan oo ku saabsan adkeysiga aadanaha". Dan Brotzel (Irish Examiner) wuxuu ku tilmaamay "dadaal badan oo bini'aadannimo leh". ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=A+Man+of+Good+Hope+Steinberg) --- # The Girl with Three Legs (2011), Soraya Miré: xusuusqor ka dhan ah gudniinka fircooniga Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/the-girl-with-three-legs-mire/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > The Girl with Three Legs (Gabadha Saddexda Lug Leh) waa xusuusqor 2011 ay qortay filim-sameeyaha iyo u-ololeeyaha Soomaaliyeed Soraya Miré, waxaana daabacay Lawrence Hill Books (Chicago Review Press). Wuxuu sheegayaa sida ay ugu koretay qoys Soomaaliyeed oo xiriir ballaaran leh, sida loo gudday markay gabar yarayd, guur khasab ah oo ay la gashay ina-adeer xumeeyay, u ambabaxday Yurub iyo Mareykanka, iyo sida ay u samaysay filimka dokumentariga ah ee Fire Eyes (1994). ## Buugga **The Girl with Three Legs: A Memoir** waxaa qortay **Soraya Miré**, qoraa, filim-sameeye iyo u-ololeeye ka dhan ah gudniinka fircooniga, oo ku dhalatay Beledweyne 1961 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraya_Mir%C3%A9)). Waxaa Oktoobar 2011 daabacay Lawrence Hill Books, oo ka tirsan Chicago Review Press, isagoo 384 bog ah ([Publishers Weekly](https://publishersweekly.com/978-1-56976-713-9)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlo - **Carruurnimada.** Miré waxay ku koratay qoys Soomaaliyeed oo dhaqameed ah oo ka mid ahaa dadka sare ee dalka; aabbeheed wuxuu jeneraal ka ahaa dowladdii Siyaad Barre ([Chicago Review Press](https://www.chicagoreviewpress.com/the-girl-with-three-legs-products-9781569767139.php)). - **Gudniinka.** Markay 13 jir ahayd waxaa lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraya_Mir%C3%A9)). Waxay ku tilmaantaa xadgudub carruureed oo hooyo u gudbiso gabadheeda, laguna difaaco "dhaqan". Eeg [Gudniinka gabdhaha](/en/society/female-genital-cutting/). - **Guurka.** Waxaa loo guuriyay qaraabo, guur ay sheegtay in loo sameeyay "iyadoo qoyskeygu ducaynayo, aniguna aanan ogeyn kana raalli ahayn", waxayna sharxaysaa xadgudubkii ay guurkaas kala kulantay ([Publishers Weekly](https://publishersweekly.com/978-1-56976-713-9)). - **Ka bixitaanka.** Buuggu wuxuu raacaa safarkeedii Soomaaliya ilaa Mareykanka, isagoo sii maray Talyaaniga, Jarmalka, Swiiserland iyo Faransiiska. - **Fire Eyes.** Wuxuu sharxayaa samaynta filimkeeda dokumentariga ah *Fire Eyes: Female Circumcision* (1994), oo lagu soo bandhigay bandhigga Sundance iyo Qaramada Midoobay ee Geneva. ## Sida loo qaabilay Publishers Weekly waxay ammaantay "diidmadeeda shakhsi ah, xamaasadda leh oo qancinaysa" ee difaacyada dhaqanka ee gudniinka, laakiin waxay sheegtay in qaybaha safarka iyo filim-samaynta ay dheer yihiin. Booklist waxay qortay in akhristayaasha ay soo jiidan doonto "degdegga arrinta, oo ku saleysan xanuunka haweeney geesi ah" ([Chicago Review Press](https://www.chicagoreviewpress.com/the-girl-with-three-legs-products-9781569767139.php)). Miré waxay heshay abaalmarin bani'aadannimo oo Qaramada Midoobay ah, waxayna ku nooshahay Los Angeles. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Girl+with+Three+Legs+Soraya+Mire) --- # The World's Most Dangerous Place (2013), James Fergusson: warbixin Soomaaliya iyo qurbaha Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/the-worlds-most-dangerous-place-fergusson/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > The World's Most Dangerous Place (Meesha Adduunka ugu Khatarta Badan) waa buug 2013 uu qoray weriyaha Ingiriiska ah James Fergusson, waxaana Mareykanka ku daabacay Da Capo. Iyadoo ku saleysan warbixintiisii Muqdisho, Puntland iyo bulshooyinka Soomaalida ee Minneapolis iyo London, wuxuu ka hadlaa dagaalka u dhaxeeyay ciidamada Midowga Afrika iyo al-Shabaab, abaartii 2011, burcad-badeedda iyo qurbajoogta. Wuxuu u soo baxay liiska ugu dambeeya ee Abaalmarinta Orwell 2014. ## Buugga **The World's Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia** waxaa qoray **James Fergusson**, weriye Ingiriis ah. Waxaa Ingiriiska lagu daabacay 2013, Mareykankana Da Capo 28 May 2013, isagoo 432 bog ah ([Publishers Weekly](https://publishersweekly.com/978-0-306-82117-2)). ## Halka uu wax ka soo tebiyay Fergusson wuxuu wax ka soo tebiyay Muqdisho, Puntland, oo uu muddo dheer la joogay dowladdeeda, iyo bulshooyinka Soomaalida ee Minneapolis (Mareykanka) iyo London (Ingiriiska). Ma uusan gaari karin Kismaayo amni darro awgeed ([African Arguments](https://africanarguments.org/?p=13103)). ## Waxa uu ka hadlo - **Muqdisho.** Dagaalka u dhaxeeyay ciidamada Midowga Afrika (AMISOM) iyo al-Shabaab ee caasimadda. Eeg [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). - **Al-Shabaab.** Dhallinyarada la qorto iyo kuwa ka goosta, iyo sidii kooxdu u diiday baaxadda abaartii 2011. - **Puntland iyo burcad-badeedda.** Burcad-badeedda, sii deynta la-haystayaasha, madax-furashada iyo caymiska. Eeg [The Pirates of Somalia](/so/books/the-pirates-of-somalia-bahadur/). - **Qurbajoogta.** Qorista dhallinyarada Soomaali-Mareykanka ee Minneapolis, iyo is-dhexgalka iyo rabshadaha dhallinyarada Soomaalida ee London. Eeg [Minneapolis iyo St Paul](/en/diaspora/minneapolis-st-paul/) iyo [Soomaalida London](/en/diaspora/london/). - **Haweenka.** Fergusson wuxuu dhaleeceeyaa sida haweenka loola dhaqmo iyo gudniinka ([African Arguments](https://africanarguments.org/?p=13103)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Daabacaadda Ingiriisiga waxay u soo baxday liiska ugu dambeeya ee Abaalmarinta Orwell 2014. Magnus Taylor (African Arguments) wuxuu ku tilmaamay "buug wanaagsan oo cinwaan xun leh": wuxuu ku doodayaa in sida ay Soomaaliya u khatar tahay ay "ku xiran tahay qaybta aad taagan tahay". Michael Maren (Reason) wuxuu ku tilmaamay taariikh si buuxda loo soo baaray ([Reason](https://reason.com/?p=195109)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/worldsmostdanger0000ferg_z9a1) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=The+World%27s+Most+Dangerous+Place+Fergusson) --- # Me Against My Brother (2000), Scott Peterson: weriye ku sugan Soomaaliya, Suudaan iyo Ruwaanda Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/me-against-my-brother-peterson/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Me Against My Brother (Aniga iyo Walaalkay) waa buug 2000 uu qoray weriyaha Mareykanka ah Scott Peterson, waxaana daabacay Routledge. Wuxuu ku saleysan yahay warbixintiisii 1990-yadii ee saddexdaas dal, oo ay ku jirto Soomaaliya xilligii faragelinta UN-ka, markii isaga lagu dhaawacay Muqdisho 12 Luulyo 1993 kadib weerar helikobtar Mareykan ah oo lagu qaaday guri ay odayaal Soomaaliyeed ku shirayeen. ## Buugga **Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda** waxaa qoray **Scott Peterson**, weriye Mareykan ah oo 1990-yadii ka soo tebiyay dagaallada Afrika, markii dambena noqday weriye iyo madaxa xafiis ee Christian Science Monitor. Waxaa daabacay Routledge May 2000 (357 bog) ([Christian Science Monitor](https://csmonitor.com/2000/0504/p17s2.html)). ## Qaybta Soomaaliya Peterson wuxuu joogay Muqdisho xilliyadii faragelinta Mareykanka iyo UN-ka ee 1992 ilaa 1995. 12 Luulyo 1993, xilligii UN-ku raadinayay Jeneraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid, helikobtarro Mareykan ah ayaa weeraray guri Muqdisho ku yaal oo, sida ay sheegeen Peterson iyo ilo Soomaaliyeed, ay ku shirayeen koox odayaal ah oo ka wada hadlayay sidii nabad loo gaari lahaa ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi_House_raid)). Markii weriyayaashu goobta tageen, dad careysan ayaa weeraray. Afar weriye ayaa la dilay, oo uu ku jiro sawir-qaade Dan Eldon. Peterson waa la dhaawacay: "Dadkii ayaa i hareereeyay, seef ayaana madaxa iga dhacday," ayuu qoray ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/scott-peterson/me-against-my-brother)). Eeg [UNOSOM I, 1992 ilaa 1993](/en/history/unosom-i-1992-1993/), [Faragelintii UN-ka, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) iyo [Dagaalkii Muqdisho, 1993](/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-1993/). ## Dooddiisa guud Buuggu wuxuu ka hadlaa Soomaaliya, dagaalkii koonfurta Suudaan iyo xasuuqii Ruwaanda 1994. Peterson wuxuu eegaa xiriirka dowladaha, UN-ka iyo hay'adaha gargaarka, wuxuuna ku doodaa in siyaasadda Mareykanka ee Afrika ay u dhaxaysay dayac, xad-dhaaf iyo ka tegid ([Christian Science Monitor](https://csmonitor.com/2000/0504/p17s2.html)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Peter I. Rose, aqoonyahan ka tirsan Smith College, wuxuu Christian Science Monitor ku qoray: "Buuggani ma aha mid qurxoon. Laakiin waa mid aad muhiim u ah." Kirkus Reviews waxay ammaantay qoraalkiisa "firfircoon". ## Halka laga akhriyo - Daabacaadaha: [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1981834W) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Me+Against+My+Brother+Peterson) --- # Yesterday, Tomorrow (2000), Nuuradiin Faarax: codadka qurbajoogta Soomaalida Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/yesterday-tomorrow-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Yesterday, Tomorrow (Shalay, Berri) waa buug xaqiiqo ah oo 2000 uu qoray qoraaga Soomaaliyeed Nuuradiin Faarax, waxaana London ku daabacay Cassell. Wuxuu ku saleysan yahay wareysiyo uu 1991 ilaa 1998 la yeeshay qaxooti Soomaaliyeed oo ku nool Afrika iyo Yurub, wuxuuna eegaa sida qaxootigu isu arkaan, sida dalalka marti-gelinaya ula dhaqmaan, iyo sida ay ula qabsadaan nolol cusub. Waa buuggiisii ugu horreeyay ee xaqiiqada ah. ## Buugga **Yesterday, Tomorrow: Voices from the Somali Diaspora** waa buug xaqiiqo ah oo uu qoray **[Nuuradiin Faarax](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/)**, qoraaga Soomaaliyeed ee ku dhashay Baydhabo 1945, kuna guulaystay Abaalmarinta Neustadt 1998. Waxaa London ku daabacay Cassell Febraayo 2000, qiyaastii 200 bog, waana buuggiisii ugu horreeyay ee xaqiiqada ah ([Schweitzer](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Farah/Yesterday-Tomorrow/9780304707027/A28040245/)). Waxaa lagu daabacay Faransiis (*Hier, demain*) iyo Jarmal. ## Waxa uu ka kooban yahay Buuggu wuxuu ka dhisan yahay wareysiyo Faarax 1991 ilaa 1998 la yeeshay Soomaali ka qaxday burburka dowladda, kuna nool Afrika iyo Yurub, oo ay ku jiraan bulshooyinka Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska, Iswiidhan iyo Swiiserland ([Goodreads](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/825071)). Daabacuhu wuxuu ku tilmaamay daraasad ku saabsan qaxootiga uu abuuray cabudhinta siyaasadeed ee Soomaaliya kadib gumaysiga, oo eegaysa: - sida qaxootigu isu arkaan; - sida dalalka marti-gelinaya u arkaan una dhaqmaan; - sida ay ula qabsadaan, ama ula qabsan waayaan, marka siyaasadda iyo dhaqaaluhu noloshooda burburiyaan oo dib u dhisaan ([Schweitzer](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Farah/Yesterday-Tomorrow/9780304707027/A28040245/)). Faarax laftiisu wuxuu qurbaha ku noolaa 1976 ilaa 1996, markii uu markii ugu horreysay dib u booqan karay Soomaaliya ([Encyclopedia.com](https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/farah-nuruddin)). Eeg [Soomaalidu waa tageen, 1988 ilaa 1991](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1988-1991/) iyo [Qaxootiga Soomaalida tirooyin ahaan](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/). ## Sida loo akhriyay Buugga dib-u-eegis ayaa lagu sameeyay joornaalka Faransiiska ah ee Études littéraires africaines 2000. Providence Phoenix waxay sheekooyinkiisa ku tilmaantay "kuwo qalbiga jiidaya". Daraasad suugaaneed ayaa u aragta isbeddel ku yimid shaqada Faarax, oo ka guuray xiisaha Soomaaliya una wareegay walaac cad oo uu u qabo qaxootiga Soomaalida ([Tydskrif vir Letterkunde](https://letterkunde.africa/article/view/8077/9964)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Yesterday+Tomorrow+Voices+from+the+Somali+Diaspora) --- # Clan Cleansing in Somalia (2013), Lidwien Kapteijns: rabshadihii 1991 iyo raadkoodii Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/clan-cleansing-in-somalia-kapteijns/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Clan Cleansing in Somalia (Sifaynta Beelaha ee Soomaaliya) waa buug 2013 ay qortay taariikhyahannada Lidwien Kapteijns, waxaana daabacay University of Pennsylvania Press. Waxay ku doodaysaa in rabshadihii bulsheed ee 1991 iyo 1992 ee Muqdisho ay ahaayeen isbeddel cusub oo ku yimid sida magacyada beelaha loogu kala saaro saaxiib iyo cadow, waxayna mas'uuliyadda saaraysaa hoggaamiyeyaasha siyaasadda halkii ay ka saari lahayd beelaha oo dhan, waxayna ku baaqaysaa xusuus daacad ah oo ah aasaaska dib-u-heshiisiinta. Soomaalida dhexdeeda aragtiyo aad u kala duwan ayuu ka dhaliyay. ## Buugga **Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991** waxaa qortay **Lidwien Kapteijns**, taariikhyahan Afrika iyo Bariga Dhexe ka dhigta Wellesley College ee Mareykanka, oo wax badan ka qortay taariikhda, suugaanta iyo haweenka Soomaalida. Waxaa 2013 daabacay University of Pennsylvania Press, taxanaha xuquuqda aadanaha, qiyaastii 308 bog; nuqul jeldi jilicsan ayaa 2014 soo baxay ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/book-review-clan-cleansing-somalia-ruinous-legacy-1991)). ## Qaabka buugga Sida uu sheegay dib-u-eegaha Faysal C. Roble, buuggu wuxuu leeyahay afar cutub: sida gabayaaga, fanaaniinta iyo riwaayad-yahannadu u fasireen rabshadihii 1991; cabashooyinkii siyaasadeed ee 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii; rabshadihii Muqdisho 1991; iyo baahida dib-u-heshiisiin dhab ah. Ilaheeda waxaa ka mid ah gabayo iyo heeso Soomaaliyeed, markhaatiyada dadkii ka badbaaday, iyo warbixinnada weriyayaal, shaqaale gargaar iyo diblomaasiyiin ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/book-review-clan-cleansing-somalia-ruinous-legacy-1991)). ## Dooddeeda Kapteijns waxay ku doodaysaa in baaxadda iyo dabeecadda rabshadihii bulsheed ee 1991 iyo 1992 ay ahaayeen "isbeddel muhiim ah" oo ku yimid adeegsiga magacyada beelaha ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/536452)). Waxay qortay in rabshado baaxad leh ay hore u adeegsatay dowladdii Siyaad Barre, baaxad yarna jabhadihii mucaaradka. Sida ay qabto, isbeddelka go'aanka ah wuxuu yimid Muqdisho 1991, markii ciidamadii USC ay weerareen shacab lagu aqoonsaday beesha Daarood iyagoo loo arkay dad aan magaalada u dhalan ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/book-review-clan-cleansing-somalia-ruinous-legacy-1991)). Eeg [Burburkii, 1991 ilaa 2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/) iyo [USC](/en/institutions/united-somali-congress/). Mas'uuliyadda waxay saaraysaa "hoggaamiyeyaasha siyaasadda ee dadka caadiga ah u abaabulay inay rabshad ku galaan magaca beesha", ee ma saarayso beelaha oo dhan. Waxay adeegsataa ereyga "sifaynta beelaha" maxaa yeelay, sida ay qabto, dhacdooyinku kuma habboona qeexidda sharci ee xasuuqa iyo sifaynta qowmiyadeed, maadaama Soomaalidu ay hal qowmiyad yihiin. ## Sida loo qaabilay Faysal C. Roble wuxuu ku tilmaamay mid si fiican loo tixraacay, wuxuuna ku taliyay in Af Soomaali loo turjumo. Ubax Cristina Cali Faarax waxay sheegtay in buuggu Soomaalida dhexdeeda ka dhaliyay falcelin aad u kala duwan ([Warscapes](https://www.warscapes.com/node/1860)). Taariikhyahanka Maxamed Xaaji Ingiriis ayaa qoray dib-u-eegis dhaleeceyn ah oo dhacdooyinka u arkay colaad beeleed dhinacyo badan leh; qorayaal kale ayaa ku jawaabay in beelaha oo loo arko hal jile ay iyadu qayb ka tahay dhibaatada buuggu sharxayo ([Africa Review of Books](https://journals.codesria.org/index.php/arb/article/download/5003/5303/7688)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/clancleansingins0000kapt) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Clan+Cleansing+in+Somalia+Kapteijns) --- # Somalia: Economy Without State (2003), Peter D. Little: ganacsiga iyo xoolaha 1991 kadib Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/somalia-economy-without-state-little/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somalia: Economy Without State (Soomaaliya: Dhaqaale Dowlad La'aan ah) waa buug 2003 uu qoray cilmi-yaqaanka Mareykanka ah Peter D. Little, waxaana daabacay James Currey (Oxford) iyo Indiana University Press. Isagoo diiradda saaraya gobolka Jubbada Hoose, wuxuu muujinayaa sida ganacsiga xoolaha iyo ganacsiga xuduudaha uu u sii shaqeeyay kadib burburkii dowladda 1991, wuxuuna weydiinayaa in dowlad la'aantu ay qasab tahay inay noqoto fowdo. ## Buugga **Somalia: Economy Without State** waxaa qoray **Peter D. Little**, cilmi-yaqaan Mareykan ah. Waxaa 2003 daabacay James Currey (Oxford) iyo Indiana University Press, taxanaha African Issues ([Schweitzer](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Little/Somalia/9780253216489/A1358355/)). ## Dooddiisa Little wuxuu eegayaa sida dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya u sii shaqeeyay kadib burburkii dowladda 1991. Wuxuu sharxayaa dhaqaale "labaad" ama aan rasmi ahayn oo ku dhisan ganacsiga xuduudaha dhaafa iyo tahriibinta, oo udub dhexaad u ah suuqyada xoolaha iyo dalagga, wuxuuna ku doodayaa in Soomaalidu si xariifnimo leh ula qabsadeen dowlad la'aanta. Wuxuu weydiinayaa in dowlad la'aantu qasab tahay inay noqoto fowdo, iyo in ganacsiga, lacagta iyo maalgashigu ay sii jiri karaan dowlad la'aan ([Schweitzer](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Little/Somalia/9780253216489/A1358355/)). Dib-u-eegaha Tobias Hagmann (African Affairs) wuxuu qoray in Little isku xiray dhacdooyin taariikheed, deegaan, bulsho iyo siyaasadeed markuu sharxayay dhaqaalaha xoolo-dhaqatada ee Jubbada Hoose. Eeg [Jubbada Hoose](/so/regions/lower-juba/). ## Cutubyada 1. Hordhac: dhaqaale dowlad la'aan ah 2. Dhulka xoolaha 3. Burburka xiriirka miyiga iyo magaalada 4. Doorashooyin adag 5. Waqti barwaaqo ah oo ka dhacay dowlad burburtay 6. Noloshu way socotaa 7. Gabagabo: Soomaaliya iyo duruufaha ballaaran - Gunaanad: kadib 11-kii Sebtembar Gunaanadku wuxuu dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya dhex dhigayaa ololihii ka dhanka ahaa argagixisada caalamiga ah ee Sebtembar 2001 kadib. Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/) iyo [Xawaaladaha](/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Joornaalka Choice wuxuu ku tilmaamay buug dhammaystiran, si cad loo qoray oo si fiican u habaysan, wuxuuna ku daray liiska buugaagta tacliineed ee heerka sare ah. Anna Lindley ayaa dib-u-eegis ku sameysay Journal of Refugee Studies 2004. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/somaliaeconomywi0000litt) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Somalia+Economy+Without+State+Little) --- # Understanding the Somalia Conflagration (2010), Afyare Cabdi Cilmi: aqoonsiga, Islaamka siyaasadeed iyo nabad-dhisidda Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/understanding-the-somalia-conflagration-elmi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Understanding the Somalia Conflagration (Fahamka Holaca Soomaaliya) waa buug 2010 uu qoray aqoonyahanka siyaasadda ee Soomaaliyeed Afyare Cabdi Cilmi, waxaana daabacay Pluto Press. Wuxuu ku doodayaa in beeshu aysan iyadu ahayn xididka colaadda balse siyaasiyiintu u adeegsadaan awood iyo khayraad, wuxuu eegayaa kor u kaca Islaamka siyaasadeed iyo doorka dalalka deriska iyo Mareykanka, wuxuuna soo jeedinayaa habab nabad lagu dhiso, oo ay ku jirto waxbarasho dhisaysa aqoonsi qaran oo la wadaago. ## Buugga **Understanding the Somalia Conflagration: Identity, Political Islam and Peacebuilding** waxaa qoray **Afyare Cabdi Cilmi**, aqoonyahan siyaasadda ah oo Soomaali ah. Waxaa London ku daabacay Pluto Press 2010, qiyaastii 200 bog. Daabacuhu wuxuu ku tilmaamay sharraxaad ku saabsan dhinacyada badan ee colaadda, isagoo ku doodaya in nabaddu ay ku bilaaban karto oo keliya xallinta dowlad la'aanta ([Kenny's](https://kennys.ie/politics/understanding-the-somalia-conflagration-elmi-afyare-abdi-9780745329758)). ## Doodihiisa ugu muhiimsan Dib-u-eegaha Cabdiraxmaan C. Ciise wuxuu u soo koobay sidan ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/understanding-the-somalia-conflagration-identity-political-islam-and-peacebuilding-a-book-review)): - **Aqoonsiga beelaha.** Beeshu iyadu ma aha dhibaatada asalka ah; siyaasiyiinta ayaa u adeegsada awood iyo khayraad. Maadaama iska indha-tirkeedu aanu shaqeyn, waa in si cad looga hadlo. Cilmi wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in kuraasta baarlamaanka beelaha loo qaybiyo, xilalka golaha wasiirrada iyo shaqaalaha dowladdana lagu buuxiyo karti. Eeg [Beelaha iyo abtirsiinyada](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/). - **Islaamka siyaasadeed.** Islaamka iyo beeshu waa labadii il ee aqoonsiga ee is-hayay tan iyo 1991. Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah waxay xoogaysteen burburkii dowladda kadib, Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiguna wuxuu muddo kooban nidaam ka dhaliyay inta badan koonfurta 2006. Eeg [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). - **Federaalka iyo deriska.** Cilmi wuxuu ku doodayaa in nidaamka federaalka la keenay dood qaran ama afti la'aan, iyo in Itoobiya iyo, heer yar, Kenya ay wiiqeen shirarkii dib-u-heshiisiinta. - **Siyaasadda Mareykanka.** Wuxuu dhaleeceeyaa siyaasadda Mareykanka, laga bilaabo taageeradii dowladdii militariga ilaa xilligii Sebtembar 2001 kadib iyo taageeradii duullaankii Itoobiya 2006. - **Nabad-dhisidda.** Wuxuu soo jeedinayaa waxbarasho dhisaysa aqoonsi qaran, manhaj loo dhan yahay, waxbarasho nabadeed, adeegsiga gabayaaga, iyo muddo gaaban ciidan caalami ah. ## Sida loo qaabilay Cabdiraxmaan C. Ciise wuxuu ku tilmaamay "si fiican loo qoray oo si fiican loo baaray", laakiin wuxuu ku doodayaa inuu iska indha-tiray baahida dhabta ah ee federaalka ee qaybo dalka ka mid ah, ayna wax yar ka sheegayso Somaliland iyo Puntland. Dhaqaalayahanka Masri ah Samir Amin (Africa Review of Books) wuxuu ammaanay sida uu u diiwaangeliyay jilayaasha colaadda ([Africa Review of Books](https://journals.codesria.org/index.php/arb/article/download/4943/5244)). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/understandingsom0000elmi) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Understanding+the+Somalia+Conflagration+Elmi) --- # Women's Voices in a Man's World (1999), Lidwien Kapteijns: haweenka suugaanta afka ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/womens-voices-in-a-mans-world-kapteijns/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Women's Voices in a Man's World (Codadka Haweenka ee Adduun Rag) waa buug 1999 ay qortay taariikhyahannada Lidwien Kapteijns, iyadoo la kaashanaysa Maryan Cumar Cali, waxaana daabacay Heinemann. Iyadoo adeegsanaysa qarni gabayo iyo heeso caan ah oo waqooyiga Soomaaliya ah, waxay weydiinaysaa waxa qoraalladani ka muujinayaan haweenka iyo xiriirka haweenka iyo ragga, iyo sida ay u soo bandhigaan 'dhaqanka', marka hore xilligii gumaysiga kadibna heesaha jacaylka ee casriga ah. ## Buugga **Women's Voices in a Man's World: Women and the Pastoral Tradition in Northern Somali Orature, c. 1899-1980** waxaa qortay **Lidwien Kapteijns**, borofisarka taariikhda ee Wellesley College, iyadoo la kaashanaysa **Maryan Cumar Cali**. Waxaa Sebtembar 1999 daabacay Heinemann, isagoo 224 bog ah ([Harvard Book Store](https://www.harvard.com/book/9780325001364)). ## Waxa uu daraaseeyo Buuggu wuxuu bulshada Soomaaliyeed ku daraaseeyaa suugaanteeda afka: gabayo, maahmaahyo iyo heeso codka lagu tiriyo laguna gudbiyo. Wuxuu weydiinayaa laba su'aalood ([Harvard Book Store](https://www.harvard.com/book/9780325001364)): - Maxay qoraallada afka ee Soomaalidu ka muujinayaan haweenka iyo xiriirka haweenka iyo ragga? - Sidee ayay u soo bandhigaan "dhaqanka" iyo asalnimada, gaar ahaan marka ay saameynayaan haweenka? Suugaanta Soomaalida ee ballaaran dhexdeeda, Kapteijns waxay soo xulatay qoraallo ay haween leeyihiin oo qiyaastii qarni ah. Eeg [Gabayga Soomaaliga](/en/society/somali-poetry/). ## Labadiisa qaybood 1. **Xilligii gumaysiga.** Qaybta koowaad waxay adeegsataa qoraallo afka ah oo xilligii gumaysiga ah si ay u sawirto nolosha haweenka iyo jinsiga ee bulshada xoolo-dhaqatada waqooyiga. 2. **Heesaha jacaylka casriga ah.** Qaybta labaad waxay heesaha jacaylka ee tobannaan sano ee xorriyadda ka dambeeyay u aragtaa goobo Soomaalidu ku dooddo haweenka iyo "dhaqanka". Eeg [Muusikada Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-music/). Daabacuhu wuxuu qoray in buuggu u bandhigi doono akhristayaasha aan aqoon dhaqanka Soomaalida "xariifnimadiisa iyo ruuxiisa", akhristayaasha Soomaalidana uu ka caawin doono inay dib u qiimeeyaan aragtiyada laga dhaxlay taariikhdooda. Eeg [Haweenka bulshada Soomaaliyeed](/en/society/women-in-somali-society/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Buugga dib-u-eegis ayaa lagu sameeyay Journal of African History, Research in African Literatures (2002), iyo International Journal of African Historical Studies (1999), oo ay qortay cilmi-yaqaanka Dorothy L. Hodgson. ## Halka laga akhriyo - Nuqul la amaahdo: [Internet Archive](https://archive.org/details/womensvoicesinma00kapt) - Maktabadaha: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Women%27s+Voices+in+a+Man%27s+World+Kapteijns) --- # Between Somaliland and Puntland (2015), Markus Virgil Hoehne: dhulka la isku haysto ee Sool, Sanaag iyo Cayn Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/between-somaliland-and-puntland-hoehne/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Between Somaliland and Puntland (Inta u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Puntland) waa buug 2015 uu qoray cilmi-baaraha bulshada Markus Virgil Hoehne, waxaana daabacay Rift Valley Institute, lacag la'aanna waa la soo dejisan karaa. Wuxuu ku salaysan yahay cilmi-baaris goobeed 2002 ilaa 2013, wuxuuna raadraacayaa sida gobollada ay Somaliland iyo Puntland isku haystaan loo hubeeyay, iyo sida bulshooyinka halkaas ku nool u wateen mashruucyo siyaasadeed oo u gaar ah, laga bilaabo dhaqdhaqaaqa SSC ilaa Khaatumo iyo colaadda Buuraha Golis. ## Buugga **Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Visions** (Inta u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Puntland: Hayb-tirid, Hubayn iyo Aragtiyo Siyaasadeed oo Iska Hor Imanaya) waxaa qoray **Markus Virgil Hoehne**, cilmi-baare bulshada oo wax ka dhiga Jaamacadda Leipzig, cilmi-baaristana sameeyay markuu joogay Machadka Max Planck ee Cilmiga Bulshada ee Halle. Waxaa 2015 London iyo Nairobi ka daabacay Rift Valley Institute, taxanaha Contested Borderlands, qiyaastii 180 bog. Qoraalka iyo khariidadaha waxaa lagu daabacay shatiga Creative Commons, bilaashna waa la soo dejisan karaa ([Rift Valley Institute, qoraalka oo dhan](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Between-Somaliland-and-Puntland-by-Markus-Hoehne-RVI-Contested-Borderlands-2015.pdf)). ## Sida cilmi-baarista loo sameeyay Hoehne wuxuu 2002 ilaa 2004 sameeyay siddeed iyo toban bilood oo cilmi-baaris goobeed ah, kaddibna safarro gaagaaban 2008 ilaa 2013. Goobaha ugu muhiimsan waxay ahaayeen Hargeysa, Laascaanood iyo Ceerigaabo, wuxuuna waqtiyo dheer joogay Garoowe, Gaalkacyo, Buuhoodle, Badhan iyo Ceelbuuh ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Between-Somaliland-and-Puntland-by-Markus-Hoehne-RVI-Contested-Borderlands-2015.pdf)). Arar buugga wuxuu si furan ugu sheegay meesha uu taagan yahay. Wuxuu qoray in sannadihii la soo dhaafay uu isku aqoonsaday, loona aqoonsaday, bulshooyinka Dhulbahante ee uu dhex degganaa, iyo in 2004 mar lagu xiray Garoowe iyo Hargeysaba isagoo looga shakiyay basaasnimo. Buugga wuxuu u soo bandhigay aragti kale oo ka duwan waxa uu ugu yeeray "aragtida Hargeysa" ee qoraallada waqooyiga Soomaaliya ka dib 1991, oo la akhriyo ayna la socdaan qoraallo kale; wuxuuna sheegay inuu la dhacsan yahay waxa dadka Somaliland iyo Puntland gaareen ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Between-Somaliland-and-Puntland-by-Markus-Hoehne-RVI-Contested-Borderlands-2015.pdf)). ## Cutubyada 1. Hordhac 2. Juqraafiga siyaasadeed ee dhulka xadka 3. Sida uu dhulkani u noqday mid la isku haysto 4. Hubaynta dhulka Dhulbahante (2002 ilaa 2009) 5. Is-maamulka Dhulbahante: SSC ilaa Khaatumo (2009 ilaa 2014) 6. Waddada gaarka ah ee Warsangeli: colaadda kheyraadka iyo Islaamiyiinta hubaysan ee Buuraha Golis (2006 ilaa 2014) 7. Gunaanad 8. Talooyin siyaasadeed Buuggu wuxuu leeyahay khariidado degaannada beelaha iyo goobaha colaadda, jaantusyo abtirsiinyo, liiska shakhsiyaadka muhiimka ah iyo qaamuus ([Rift Valley Institute](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Between-Somaliland-and-Puntland-by-Markus-Hoehne-RVI-Contested-Borderlands-2015.pdf)). ## Dooddiisa Hoehne wuxuu sharxayaa dadaallada dadka ku nool inta u dhaxaysa labada maamul ay ku doonayeen inay dhisaan nidaamyo siyaasadeed oo iskood u madax-bannaan, wuxuuna ku doodayaa in dhulkan xadka ah uu yahay meesha lagu go'aamin doono nidaamka siyaasadeed ee mustaqbalka waqooyiga Soomaalida ([WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/976483444)). Sida uu qoray dib-u-eege, Hoehne wuxuu ogaaday in Somaliland iyo Puntland labaduba bilowgii 2000-yadii ay Sool iyo bariga Sanaag ka dhiseen maamullo is-barbar socda iyagoon awoodin inay sheegashadooda dhaqan geliyaan, iyo in dagaal ka dhacay Laascaanood uu soo afjaray xaaladdaas, uuna bilaabay hubaynta muuqata ee gobolka ([WardheerNews](https://wardheernews.com/between-somaliland-and-puntland-marginalization-militarization-and-conflicting-political-vision-a-book-review)). Gobollada waxaa lagu sharxay [Sool](/so/regions/sool/) iyo [Sanaag](/so/regions/sanaag/). Dhacdooyinka dambe waxaa ku jira [North Eastern State](/so/states/north-eastern-state/), [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/) iyo [Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/). ## Halka laga akhriyo - Qoraalka oo dhan, bilaash: [Rift Valley Institute (PDF)](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Between-Somaliland-and-Puntland-by-Markus-Hoehne-RVI-Contested-Borderlands-2015.pdf) - Maktabad: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/976483444) --- # Transnational Nomads (2006), Cindy Horst: sida Soomaalidu ula qabsatay nolosha xeryaha Dhadhaab Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/transnational-nomads-horst/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Transnational Nomads (Reer-guuraa Xuduudaha Ka Gudba) waa buug 2006 ay qortay cilmi-baaraha bulshada Cindy Horst, waxaana daabacay Berghahn Books. Wuxuu ku salaysan yahay cilmi-baaris goobeed oo 1995 ilaa 2001 lagu sameeyay Soomaalida ku nool xeryaha iyo magaalooyinka Kenya. Wuxuu diidayaa sawirka qaxootiga oo loo arko dhibbanayaal aan waxba qaban karin, wuxuuna muujinayaa sida Soomaalidu ugu tiirsanaatay dhaxalka reer-guuraanimada, socdaalka iyo xiriirro bulsheed oo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan lacagta qaraabada dibadda joogtaa soo dirto, si ay ula qabsadaan nolosha xeryaha. ## Buugga **Transnational Nomads: How Somalis Cope with Refugee Life in the Dadaab Camps of Kenya** (Reer-guuraa Xuduudaha Ka Gudba: Sida Soomaalidu ula Qabsato Nolosha Qaxootinimo ee Xeryaha Dhadhaab ee Kenya) waxaa qortay **Cindy Horst**, cilmi-baare bulshada oo wax ku baratay Xarunta Daraasaadka Qaxootiga ee Oxford, ka shaqaysay hay'ad caawisa qaxootiga, kaddibna noqotay cilmi-baare sare oo ka tirsan Machadka Cilmi-baarista Nabadda ee Oslo (PRIO). Waxaa daabacay Berghahn Books, mug 19 ee taxanaha Forced Migration, jeldi adag May 2006 iyo jeldi jilicsan December 2007, 252 bog ([Berghahn Books](https://berghahnbooks.com/title/HorstTransnational); [PRIO](https://www.prio.org/publications/324)). ## Sida cilmi-baarista loo sameeyay Horst waxay 1995 ilaa 2001 cilmi-baaris goobeed ku samaysay Soomaalida ku nool xeryaha qaxootiga ee Dhadhaab iyo magaalooyinka Kenya, iyo Soomaalida Yurub ku nool ([Berghahn Books](https://berghahnbooks.com/title/HorstTransnational)). Xeryaha waxaa lagu sharxay [Dhadhaab iyo xeryaha Kenya](/so/diaspora/dadaab-and-kenya-camps/). ## Dooddeeda Buuggu wuxuu ka bilaabmayaa caadada guud ee qaxootiga oo dhan loo arko "dhibbanayaal nugul", sawir ay sii xoojiyaan muuqaallada dadka ku nool xaalado adag. Horst waxay taas ka hor imanaysaa iyadoo eegaysa taariikhda shakhsiyeed iyo tan bulsheed ee qaxootigu wataan. Waxay muujinaysaa sida Soomaalida Dhadhaab ugu tiirsanaatay dhaxalka reer-guuraanimada, socdaalka iyo xiriirro bulsheed oo ballaaran oo gaaraya Yurub iyo Mareykanka, si ay u maareeyaan amni-darrada nolosha xeryaha ([Berghahn Books](https://berghahnbooks.com/title/HorstTransnational)). ## Cutubyada 1. Meel fog? Hordhac 2. Dhaxal reer-guuraa: sidii Soomaalidu hore ula qabsan jirtay amni-darrada 3. Nolosha xeryaha: amni la siinayo mise ku-tiirsanaan la sii wado? 4. Nolol-maalmeed xuduudaha ka gudubta: doorka taarka iyo xawilaadda 5. Buufis: ku riyoodka ama gaaridda u haajiridda reer galbeedka 6. Habab taariikheed iyo kuwo xuduud-dhaaf ah ee daraasaadka qaxootiga Cutubka 4 wuxuu eegayaa *taarka* (fariimaha raadiyaha iyo taleefanka lagu diro) iyo *xawilaadda* (lacagaha lagu diro nidaamka xawaaladda), kuwaas oo qaraabada dibadda joogtaa ku taageeri jirtay dadka xeryaha ku jira. Cutubka 5 wuxuu ku saabsan yahay *buufiska*, ereyga Soomaaliga ah ee loogu yeero hilowga u haajiridda reer galbeedka ([Berghahn Books](https://berghahnbooks.com/title/HorstTransnational)). Eeg [Xawaaladda iyo shirkadaha lacagta](/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/) iyo [Xawaaladda oo tirooyin ah](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/). ## Sida loo qaabilay - Jeff Crisp oo ka tirsan hay'adda qaxootiga ee QM (UNHCR) wuxuu ku tilmaamay "sharraxaadda ugu fiican" ee waxa loo yaqaan xaaladda qaxootinimo ee muddada dheer ([Berghahn Books](https://berghahnbooks.com/title/HorstTransnational)). - Dib-u-eegis ku soo baxday joornaalka African Affairs ayaa sheegtay in ay tahay in uu akhriyo qof kasta oo la shaqeeya ama doonaya inuu la shaqeeyo qaxootiga. - Laura Hammond, joornaalka Journal of Refugee Studies, waxay ammaantay sida furan ee Horst uga warrantay hababka cilmi-baaristeeda. - Bogga Forced Migration Current Awareness wuxuu u doortay "Buugga Tobanka Sano". ## Halka laga akhriyo - Maktabad: [WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=Transnational+Nomads+Horst) - Akhris kale: [City of Thorns (2016), Ben Rawlence](/so/books/city-of-thorns-rawlence/) iyo [Xeryaha qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-camps/) --- # We Do Not Have Borders (2017), Keren Weitzberg: Soomaalida iyo ka-mid-ahaanshaha Kenya Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/we-do-not-have-borders-weitzberg/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > We Do Not Have Borders (Xuduud Ma Lihin) waa buug taariikheed 2017 ay qortay Keren Weitzberg, waxaana daabacay Ohio University Press, taxanaha New African Histories. Wuxuu weydiinayaa sababta Soomaalida jiilal badan ku noolaa Kenya, kuwo badanna ka horreeyay jiritaanka dowladda Kenya, inta badan loola dhaqmay sidii dad ajnabi ah, wuxuuna raadraacayaa sida xukunkii gumeysiga, wadaniyadda Kenya iyo fikradda Soomaali Weyn ay u qaabeeyeen aqoonsiga Soomaalida Kenya. ## Buugga **We Do Not Have Borders: Greater Somalia and the Predicaments of Belonging in Kenya** (Xuduud Ma Lihin: Soomaali Weyn iyo Dhibaatooyinka Ka-mid-ahaanshaha Kenya) waa buug taariikheed ay qortay **Keren Weitzberg**. Waxaa July 2017 daabacay Ohio University Press, taxanaha New African Histories, jeldi adag (ISBN 9780821422588) iyo jeldi jilicsan (ISBN 9780821422595), qiyaastii 274 bog oo qoraal ah ([Schweitzer Fachinformationen](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Weitzberg/We-not-Have-Borders/9780821422588/A38540849/)). Markii la daabacay, Weitzberg waxay ahayd macallin booqasho ah oo ka tirsan qaybta Africana Studies ee Jaamacadda Pennsylvania. ## Su'aasha uu weydiinayo Soomaalidu waxay jiilal badan ku noolaayeen dhulka hadda loo yaqaan Kenya, qoysas badanna waxay halkaas joogeen intaan dowladda Kenya la aasaasin. Haddana inta badan waxaa loola dhaqmay sidii dad dibadda ka yimid. Buuggu wuxuu weydiinayaa sida taasi ku timid, iyo waxa ay ka dhigan tahay in Soomaaligu isku mar noqdo muwaadin Kenyan ah iyo qayb ka mid ah shacab ku kala nool dowlado badan ([New Books Network](https://newbooksnetwork.com/keren-weitzberg-we-do-not-have-borders-greater-somalia-and-the-predicaments-of-belonging-in-kenya-ohio-up-2017)). Sheekada guud ee Soomaalida dalkaas waxay ku jirtaa [Soomaalida Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/). ## Ilaha iyo habka Weitzberg waxay isku dartay cilmi-baaris kayd-taariikheed, taariikh af-ka-sheeg ah iyo cilmi-baaris goobeed oo lagu sameeyay Soomaalida Kenya, iyadoo raadraacaysa sida fikradaha aqoonsiga Soomaalinimo ugu beddelmeen jiil ilaa jiil. Mukerrem Miftah, dib-u-eegistiisii joornaalka African Studies Quarterly, wuxuu xoogga buugga ku tilmaamay isku-darka ilaha kaydka iyo kuwa goobta iyo sida qoraagu isu-eegay ([African Studies Quarterly, 2019](https://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v18/v18i2a7.pdf)). ## Dooddeeda Buuggu wuxuu is-barbar dhigayaa laba xoog. Dhinac waxaa ka taagan waxa Weitzberg ugu yeertay "wadaniyad ka-reebid ah" iyo "gumeysi degid": xukunkii Ingiriiska, kaddibna Kenya xorowday, waxay ku shaqaynayeen kala-qaybinta "dad asal ah" iyo "ajaanib". Saraakiisha Ingiriisku waxay Soomaalida u arkeen dad muuqaal iyo dhaqan ahaanba ka duwan, oo diinta ku jirto, Soomaali qaarkoodna waxay xoogga saareen asal Carbeed oo la sheegto si ay u helaan maqaam sharci oo ka wanaagsan. Dhinaca kale waxaa taagan habka bulsheed ee Soomaalida iyo xiriirradooda xuduudaha ka gudba, ee isku xira Kenya, Jabuuti, Itoobiya, Somaliland, Soomaaliya iyo qurbaha ([African Studies Quarterly, 2019](https://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v18/v18i2a7.pdf)). Weitzberg waxay muujinaysaa sida firfircoonayaal siyaasadeed ugu adeegsadeen nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada, walaalnimada Islaamka, abtirsiinyada guud iyo daacadnimooyin kale oo aan dhul ku xirnayn mashruuca dhuleed ee Soomaali Weyn, kaas oo doonayay in dhulka Soomaalidu degto oo dhan la mideeyo. Buuggu wuxuu kale oo raadraacayaa sida dowladaha deriska ah, oo Itoobiya ku jirto, ugu arkeen mashruucaas khatar. Xilligii Soomaalida Waqooyiga Bari ee Kenya (NFD) ay doonayeen inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu sharxay [Gobolka Waqooyiga Bari ee Kenya 1962 ilaa 1967](/so/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/), aasaaskii jamhuuriyaddaasna [Xorriyadda iyo midowga, 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegisyo waxay ku soo baxeen Journal of African History, Journal of Modern African Studies, African Studies Review iyo African Studies Quarterly. Journal of Modern African Studies wuxuu ku tilmaamay kaalin aan laga maarmin oo ku saabsan muwaadinnimada, wadaniyadda iyo aqoonsiga Soomaalida Kenya ([Journal of Modern African Studies](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/we-do-not-have-borders-greater-somalia-and-the-predicaments-of-belonging-in-kenya-by-keren-weitzberg-athens-oh-ohio-university-press-2017-pp-290-26-pbk-64-hbk/617B25A469AAA4D899E52B7C3CED9857)). Miftah wuxuu ku tilmaamay kaalin muhiim ah oo asal ah oo ku saabsan daraasadda waqooyi-bari Afrika, wuxuuna xusay in macluumaadka badan awgood uu akhriskiisu waqti qaato, iyo in qiyaastii saddex meelood meel buugga ay tahay agab loogu talagalay akhris iyo cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah ([African Studies Quarterly, 2019](https://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v18/v18i2a7.pdf)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Buugga waxaa jeldi jilicsan iyo nuqul elektaroonig ah ku iibiya Ohio University Press, waxaana haya maktabado badan oo jaamacadeed. Akhris la xiriira: [Transnational Nomads](/so/books/transnational-nomads-horst/) ee Cindy Horst, oo ku saabsan qaxootiga Soomaalida ee xeryaha Dhadhaab. --- # Captured at Sea (2019), Jatin Dua: burcadbadeedda iyo ilaalinta Badweynta Hindiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/captured-at-sea-dua/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Captured at Sea (Badda Lagu Qabtay) waa buug cilmi-bulsho 2019 uu qoray Jatin Dua, waxaana daabacay University of California Press. Wuxuu ku salaysan yahay cilmi-baaris goobeed oo lagu sameeyay bulshooyinka xeebaha Soomaalida, maraakiibta ganacsiga iyo xafiisyada caymiska London, wuxuuna burcadbadeeddii Soomaalida qiyaastii 2007 ilaa 2012 u arkaa hal xilli oo ka mid ah taariikh dheer oo nidaamyo ilaalin oo is-hor-taagan. Wuxuu ku guulaystay abaalmarinta Elliott P. Skinner ee 2020. ## Buugga **Captured at Sea: Piracy and Protection in the Indian Ocean** (Badda Lagu Qabtay: Burcadbadeedda iyo Ilaalinta Badweynta Hindiya) waxaa qoray **Jatin Dua**, cilmi-baare bulshada oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Michigan. Waxaa December 2019 daabacay University of California Press, taxanaha Atelier ee cilmi-baarista bulshada. Wuxuu leeyahay 264 bog, sawirro, khariidado iyo jaantusyo ([University of California Press](https://www.ucpress.edu/books/captured-at-sea/paper)). ## Sida cilmi-baarista loo sameeyay Buuggu wuxuu raacayaa sida lix nin u qabsadeen markab shidaal oo calanka Liberia sita, uguna gorgortameen madaxfurasho weyn. Si uu sheekadaas u sheego, Dua wuxuu ka shaqeeyay meelo badan: bulshooyinka xeebaha Soomaalida ee burcadbadeedda la xiriira, maraakiibta xamuulka ee caalamiga ah, iyo xafiisyada London ee lagu diyaariyo caymiska badda ([University of California Press](https://www.ucpress.edu/books/captured-at-sea/paper)). Taariikhda sannadihii burcadbadeedda waxay ku jirtaa [Burcadbadeedda xeebaha Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/). ## Waxa ku jira Hordhaca ka dib, oo cinwaankiisu yahay "Cilmiga bulshada ee ilaalinta", cutubyadu waa: - **Ilaaliyeyaasha badda**, kor u kaca burcadbadeedda xeebaha Soomaalida - **Barroosinta burcadbadeedda**, sida "dhaqaalaha ilaalinta" loogu xididaystay berriga - **Nidaaminta badweynta**, maamulka caalamiga ah ee la-dagaallanka burcadbadeedda - **Suuqyada gorgortanka**, sida madaxfurasho loo sameeyo - **Maxaabiisnimo badda**, burcadbadeedda iyo badmaaxyada doonyaha alwaaxa Gabagabada waxaa cinwaan looga dhigay "Hadiyadaha badda" ([University of California Press](https://www.ucpress.edu/books/captured-at-sea/paper)). ## Dooddiisa Dua wuxuu ku doodayaa in baduhu yihiin meelo lagu nidaamiyo, lagu xiriiro, laguna ganacsado, oon ku habboonayn kala-qaybin fudud oo sharci iyo sharci-darro ah. Burcadbadeedda qiyaastii 2007 ilaa 2012 wuxuu u arkaa hal xilli oo ka mid ah taariikh dheer oo "nidaamyo is-barbar socda oo is-hor-taagan" oo ilaalin ah ee galbeedka Badweynta Hindiya. Dib-u-eegisteeda Society and Space, Nidhi Mahajan waxay sharraxday sida buuggu ugu xiro qabashada badda sheegashooyinka "dhul guud oo xoolo-dhaqatada" ee berriga, kooxaha qaraabada ee mag bixiya iyo dhaqaalaha qaadka, iyo sida uu maxaabiisnimada ugu akhriyo nooc wada-noolaansho ah oo ay ku jiri karaan cunto iyo salaad la wadaago ([Society and Space](https://www.societyandspace.org/articles/captured-at-sea-review)). Laleh Khalili oo ka tirsan SOAS waxay qortay in uu muujinayo sida shirkadaha caymiska, shirkadaha maraakiibta iyo ciidamada badduba ay qayb uga yihiin dhaqaalaha siyaasadeed ee ilaalinta ([University of California Press](https://www.ucpress.edu/books/captured-at-sea/paper)). Ganacsiga qaadka waxaa lagu sharxay [Ganacsiga qaadka](/so/economy/khat-trade/), nolosha xeebahana [Kalluumaysiga iyo badda](/so/economy/fishing-and-the-sea/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Buuggu wuxuu ku guulaystay abaalmarinta buugaagta Elliott P. Skinner ee 2020 ee ururka Association for Africanist Anthropology ([Jaamacadda Michigan](https://prod.lsa.umich.edu/content/ii-directory/asc/en/news-events/news/search-news/dua-skinner-prize.html)), wuxuuna 2024 helay xus sharafeed abaalmarinta Monsoon Book Prize ee dhaqaalaha siyaasadeed. Society and Space waxay 2021 u qabatay fadhi dib-u-eegis, oo uu dib-u-eege ku tilmaamay mid aragti ahaan adag, cilmi-baaris goobeed ahaanna dareen leh ([Society and Space](https://www.societyandspace.org/book-review-forums/captured-at-sea-review)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Waxaa jeldi adag, jeldi jilicsan iyo nuqul elektaroonig ah ku iibiya University of California Press, waxaana haya maktabadaha jaamacadaha. Sheeko weriye oo isla sannadahaas ku saabsan: [The Pirates of Somalia](/so/books/the-pirates-of-somalia-bahadur/) ee Jay Bahadur. --- # The Prophet's Camel Bell (1963), Margaret Laurence: qoraa Kanadiyaan ah oo joogtay Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/the-prophets-camel-bell-laurence/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > The Prophet's Camel Bell (Koorta Geela Nebiga) waa xusuus-qor 1963 ay qortay qoraaga Kanadiyaanka ah Margaret Laurence, kuna saabsan sannad iyo badh ay ku noolayd maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland, bilowgii 1951 ilaa badhtamihii 1952, intii ninkeedu dhulka gudaha ka dhisayay barkado biyaha roobka lagu keydiyo. Mareykanka waxaa 1964 lagu daabacay magaca New Wind in a Dry Land. Waxay ka warramaysaa abaarta iyo roobka, Soomaalidii ay la shaqaysay, gabayga Soomaalida, iyo sida ay u garatay kaalinta ay iyadu ku lahayd nidaamkii gumeysiga. ## Buugga **The Prophet's Camel Bell** (Koorta Geela Nebiga) waa xusuus-qor ay qortay **Margaret Laurence** (1926 ilaa 1987), oo markii dambe noqotay mid ka mid ah qorayaasha sheekooyinka ugu caansan Kanada. Waxaa la daabacay 1963, Mareykankana waxaa 1964 ku daabacay Alfred A. Knopf magaca **New Wind in a Dry Land** (Dabayl Cusub oo Dhul Engegan ka Dhacday) ([ECU Libraries](https://lib.ecu.edu/catalog-preview/catalog/497219); [Kirkus Reviews](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/margaret-laurence-2/new-wind-in-a-dry-land)). Kanada weli waa lagu daabacaa, mararka qaarna waxaa lagu daray gabagabo uu qoray dhaleeceeyaha Clara Thomas. ## Meesha uu ka yimid Laurence waxay ku noolayd maxmiyaddii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland bilowgii 1951 ilaa badhtamihii 1952. Ninkeeda Jack Laurence, injineer Kanadiyaan ah, waxaa dowladdii gumeysigu u shaqaalaysiisay inuu lamadegaanka ka dhiso barkado lagu qabto biyaha roobka, iyaduna waxay la socotay xeryaha shaqada. Muddo gaaban waxay xoghayn u ahayd maamulihii gumeysiga. Isla muddadaas waxay Ingiriisi u rogaysay gabayo iyo sheekooyin Soomaaliyeed, kuwaas oo 1954 lagu daabacay [A Tree for Poverty](/so/history/a-tree-for-poverty/). Xusuus-qorka waxay qortay qiyaastii toban sano kaddib ([Wendy Roy, Canadian Literature, 2001](https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/canlit/article/download/193132/189592/223644)). Gumeysiga waxaa lagu sharxay [Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska, 1884 ilaa 1960](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/). ## Waxa uu ka hadlo Buuggu wuxuu sharxayaa dhulka, caadooyinka, luqadda, gabayga iyo duurjoogta maxmiyadda. Kirkus Reviews waxay soo koobtay sheekadiisa gobol sannad roob la'aan ahaa oo dad iyo xoolo biyo u socdaan, roobkii oo si xoog leh u soo noqday, kulan cabsi leh oo ay la kulmeen niman hubaysan, xiriirka Soomaalida ay la kulantay, iyo magaalooyin burburay iyo ajaanib ay aragtay ([Kirkus Reviews](https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/margaret-laurence-2/new-wind-in-a-dry-land)). Cutubyo dhowr ah waa sawirro nimankii Soomaalida ahaa ee la shaqeeyay lammaanaha, oo uu ku jiro darawalkoodii. Cutub ku saabsan suugaanta afka Soomaalida waxaa ku dhowaad sidiisa looga soo qaatay A Tree for Poverty, iyadoo erayga "God" lagu beddelay "Allah" ([Wendy Roy](https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/canlit/article/download/193132/189592/223644)). Eeg [Gabayga Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-poetry/). Laurence waxay kale oo dibadda ka eegtay nolosha haweenka Soomaalida: guurka iyo yarada, guur-badnida iyo barbaarinta carruurta. Maadaama ay waqtigeeda badan ku qaadatay xeryo rag shaqaale ah, haween yar ayay la kulantay ([Wendy Roy](https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/canlit/article/download/193132/189592/223644)). ## Jawaab loo celiyay Burton Dhaleeceeyaha Wendy Roy waxay ku doodaysaa in mid ka mid ah ujeeddooyinka buuggu ahaa inuu ka jawaabo qoraallo hore sida [First Footsteps in East Africa](/so/history/first-footsteps-in-east-africa/) ee Richard Burton (1856). Laurence waxay raacday waddadii Burton, waxay muujisay in bulsho dhammaystiran ay jirtay muddo dheer ka hor booqashadiisa, waxayna qortay in masjid uu Burton ku faanay inuu ka khudbeeyay aysan "cidna halkan ka maqlin Burton" ([Wendy Roy](https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/canlit/article/download/193132/189592/223644)). ## Sida loo akhriyay Kirkus wuxuu ku tilmaamay "hal-abuur, macluumaad leh, iyo cashar fahmid". Joy Kuropatwa, oo 1977 wax ku qortay Border Crossings, waxay u aragtay wax ka badan buug safar, waxayna ku xirtay sheekooyinkii dambe ee Laurence ([Border Crossings](https://bordercrossingsmag.com/article/laurence-of-somali)). Culimadii dambe aragtiyo kala duwan ayay ka qabeen. Wendy Roy waxay ammaantay in Laurence garatay inay timid iyadoo "si xaq ah u diidan dhisayaasha boqortooyada" balse ay ogaatay in "aniguna aan ka mid ahaa kooxdaas", hase yeeshee waxay xustay in buuggu weli Soomaalida ku sifeeyo ereyo sida "aan la fahmi karin", iyo inuu ku tiirsan yahay aragtida "ku-tiirsanaanta" ee Octave Mannoni, oo Frantz Fanon iyo kuwo kale ay diideen ([Wendy Roy](https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/canlit/article/download/193132/189592/223644)). --- # Warriors (1971), Gerald Hanley: sarkaal Ingiriis ah oo ku dhex noolaa xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida Dagaalkii Labaad Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/warriors-hanley/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Warriors (Dagaalyahannada), oo markii ugu horraysay 1971 lagu daabacay Warriors and Strangers, kaddibna Eland dib ugu daabacay Warriors: Life and Death Among the Somalis, waa xusuus-qor uu qoray qoraaga sheekooyinka ee Irish-ka ah Gerald Hanley. Wuxuu xusuusanayaa shaqadiisii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, isagoo ka mid ahaa koox yar oo saraakiil Ingiriis ah oo loo diray meelo fog oo Soomaaliya ah si ay nabadda ugu ilaaliyaan beelaha, iyo soo noqoshadiisii qiyaastii soddon sano kaddib, markii uu rajo ka qoray Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed ee da'da yar. ## Buugga **Warriors** (Dagaalyahannada) waa xusuus-qor uu qoray **Gerald Hanley** (1916 ilaa 1992), qoraa sheekooyin oo Irish ah oo caan ku ah *The Consul at Sunset*, *The Year of the Lion* iyo *Gilligan's Last Elephant*. Markii ugu horraysay waxaa 1971 lagu daabacay **Warriors and Strangers**. Daabacaha buugaagta safarka ee Eland ayaa markii dambe dib ugu daabacay **Warriors: Life and Death Among the Somalis** (Dagaalyahannada: Nolol iyo Geeri Soomaalida Dhexdeeda) (ISBN 9780907871835) ([Irish Catholic, 2013](https://irishcatholic.com/a-critque-of-imperialism)). ## Sannadihii dagaalka Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Hanley wuxuu Soomaaliya ka shaqeeyay ciidanka Ingiriiska, kaddib markii Ingiriisku 1941 qabsaday gumeysigii Talyaaniga. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa koox yar oo saraakiil ah oo loo diray degmooyin fog oo gudaha ah si ay u joojiyaan dagaallada beelaha ee biyaha iyo daaqa. Xusuus-qorka wuxuu ku sharxayaa kulaylka iyo cidlada goobahaas, dadaalka uu ugu jiray inuu lacag iyo cunto u helo askartiisa maxalliga ah, iyo culayskii saarnaa saraakiisha laftooda: wuxuu qoray in toddoba ka mid ah saraakiishii la shaqaynaysay ay naftooda qaateen ([Frontline Club](https://www.frontlineclub.com/?p=3839); [Irish Catholic](https://irishcatholic.com/a-critque-of-imperialism)). Xilligaas waxaa lagu sharxay [Maamulkii Militariga Ingiriiska, 1941 ilaa 1950](/so/history/british-military-administration-1941-1950/), dagaalkii ka horreeyayna [Xukunkii Faashiistaha iyo dagaalka, 1923 ilaa 1941](/so/history/fascist-rule-and-the-war-1923-1941/). Inta badan buuggu waxay ku saabsan tahay xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida ee uu bartay iyo sida ay u arkaan nolosha iyo geerida. Hanley wuxuu wax u qorayaa sidii askari saaxiibbo la noqday reer-guuraa, ee uma qorayo sidii wacdiye ama shaqaale gargaar ([Frontline Club](https://www.frontlineclub.com/?p=3839)). Nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada waxaa lagu sharxay [Beelaha iyo abtirsiinyada](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/) iyo [Xeerka](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). ## Soo noqoshadii Xusuus-qorku wuxuu kale oo ka warramayaa soo noqoshadii Hanley ee Soomaaliya qiyaastii soddon sano dagaalka kaddib, markii uu Muqdisho ka helay maqaayado qaab Talyaani ah iyo kaniisad uu ku tukaday. Wuxuu rajo ka qoray dareen qaran oo cusub oo uu Soomaalida ku arkay, oo ah in qofku marka hore Soomaali yahay, wuxuuna qoray in aanay Afrika meel kale ka jiri karin dad sidaas u diyaar ah, u harraadsan, maskax dhaqsana leh ([Frontline Club](https://www.frontlineclub.com/?p=3839)). Dhaqdhaqaaqa qaran ee xilligaas waxaa lagu sharxay [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/), dowladdii da'da yarayna [Xorriyadda iyo midowga, 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/). ## Sida loo akhriyay Taariikhyahanka iyo qoraaga safarka Justin Marozzi wuxuu ku tilmaamay shaqada ugu wanaagsan ee Hanley, wuxuuna ammaanay qoraalkiisa ([Justin Marozzi](https://www.justinmarozzi.com/?p=281)). Dib-u-eegis Frontline Club ah ayaa ku tilmaantay "mid si fudud loo akhriyo", waxayna ammaantay inuu muujiyo jacayl dhulka iyo dadka uu u qabo isagoon sheeko-xariir ka dhigin, waxayna ku dartay in rajadii Hanley ka qabay mustaqbalka dalka aanay rumoobin tobannaankii sano ee xigay ([Frontline Club](https://www.frontlineclub.com/?p=3839)). Peter Costello, oo 2013 wax ku qoray Irish Catholic, wuxuu ku tilmaamay "dhaleeceyn culus oo lagu dhaleeceeyay imbaraadooriyadda", wuxuuna xusay in Hanley ixtiraamayay dagaalyahannadii uu la noolaa iyo sida ay u arkaan nolosha iyo geerida ([Irish Catholic](https://irishcatholic.com/a-critque-of-imperialism)). Akhristayaal qaar ayaa tilmaamay in sawirka uu ka bixiyo ragga Soomaalida uu ka yimid aragtida sarkaal ciidanka Ingiriiska ah. ## Halka laga akhriyo Daabacaadda Eland waa la helayaa, maktabado badanna way hayaan. Akhris la xiriira oo isla xilligii gumeysiga ah: [The Prophet's Camel Bell](/so/books/the-prophets-camel-bell-laurence/) ee Margaret Laurence, oo 1951 iyo 1952 ku noolayd Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska. --- # Africa's First Democrats (2016), Cabdi Ismaaciil Samatar: Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan iyo Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/africas-first-democrats-samatar/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Africa's First Democrats (Dimuqraadiyiintii Ugu Horreeyay Afrika) waa buug 2016 oo taariikh-nololeed siyaasadeed iyo taariikh ah, uu qoray juqraafiyahan Cabdi Ismaaciil Samatar, waxaana daabacay Indiana University Press. Wuxuu ku doodayaa in madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya iyo ra'iisul wasaarihiisii labaad ay 1960-yadii dhiseen hay'ado dimuqraadi ah oo ay aqbaleen guuldarro doorasho, xilli dowlado badan oo Afrika ah ay u socdeen xukun hal xisbi. Dib-u-eegayaashu aad ayay isugu khilaafeen. ## Buugga **Africa's First Democrats: Somalia's Aden A. Osman and Abdirazak H. Hussen** (Dimuqraadiyiintii Ugu Horreeyay Afrika: Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan iyo Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen ee Soomaaliya) waxaa qoray **[Cabdi Ismaaciil Samatar](/en/people/abdi-samatar/)**, borofisar juqraafiga ka dhiga Jaamacadda Minnesota oo wax badan ka qoray dowladda Soomaaliyeed. Waxaa 2016 daabacay Indiana University Press, qiyaastii 300 bog ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/49081)). Waa taariikh-nololeed siyaasadeed oo laba nin ah: [Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan](/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/), madaxweynihii Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed 1960 ilaa 1967, iyo [Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen](/en/people/abdirizak-haji-hussein/), ra'iisul wasaarihiisii 1964 ilaa 1967. ## Waxa ku jira Cutub hordhac ah oo ku saabsan hoggaanka Afrika kaddib, buuggu wuxuu raacayaa nolosha hore ee labada nin: Aadan "agoon ilaa hoggaamiye qaran" iyo Cabdirisaaq "wiil geel-jire ilaa halgame xorriyadeed". Kaddib wuxuu daboolayaa [Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/somali-youth-league/) iyo mashruuca qaran 1943 ilaa 1960, "Jamhuuriyaddii Koowaad" 1960 ilaa 1964, "Jamhuuriyaddii Labaad" 1964 ilaa 1967, iyo waxa Samatar ugu yeeray "socodkii loo galay kalitalisnimada" 1967 ilaa 1974 ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/49081)). Tobankaas sano waxaa lagu sharxay [Xilligii rayidka, 1960 ilaa 1969](/so/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/), wixii ka dambeeyayna [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Dooddiisa Dowlado badan oo Afrika ah waxay xorriyadda ku bilaabeen xukun kalitalisnimo ah, culimaduna inta badan arrintaas waxay u arkeen caadi. Samatar wuxuu ku doodayaa in Soomaaliya sannadaheedii hore ay lahayd hoggaan dhab ahaan dimuqraadi ah, kaas oo hay'ado dimuqraadi ah dhisay sannadihii xukunka faashiistaha Talyaaniga kaddib. Inkastoo xilligaasi uusan sii jirin, wuxuu u arkaa dhaxalkiisa tusaale suurtagal ah oo dowlad wanaag ah ([Project MUSE](https://muse.jhu.edu/book/49081)). Buuggu wuxuu indhaha ka leexinayaa aqoonsiga beelaha, oo qoraallo badan ku sharxaan siyaasadda Soomaalida, wuxuuna u leexinayaa hoggaanka iyo hay'adaha. Samatar wuxuu is-barbar dhigayaa hoggaamiyeyaal hay'ado dhisa iyo kalitaliyeyaal ([Horn Diplomat](https://www.horndiplomat.com/?p=5975)). Tusaalooyinka uu bixiyo, sida uu soo koobay dib-u-eegaha Bashiir Goth, waxaa ka mid ah: - Isku day afgambi oo saraakiil ciidan sameeyeen 1961 kaddib, dowladda Aadan Cadde waxay kiiska u dirtay maxkamad caadi ah, saraakiishana waxaa loo oggolaaday qareenno ajnabi ah, waxaana la sii daayay markii maxkamaddu kiiska tuurtay. - 1967 Aadan Cadde wuxuu cod dhow kaga guuldarraystay [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/), natiijadana wuu aqbalay oo xilka ayuu wareejiyay. - Ra'iisul wasaare ahaan, Cabdirisaaq wuxuu ku dadaalay in shaqaalaha dowladda lagu magacaabo karti, wuxuuna la dagaallamay saraakiisha xilka dowladda u adeegsada dan gaar ah. ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegayaashu way kala aragti duwanaayeen. Bashiir Goth, Horn Diplomat 2017, wuxuu ku tilmaamay "si fiican loo dooday, si fiican loo diiwaangeliyay, si fiican loo qoray", isagoo xusay in xusuus-qorka siyaasiga Cabdullaahi Qablan uu isla dowladdaas ku eedeeyay musuqmaasuq iyo qaraabo-kiil ([Horn Diplomat](https://www.horndiplomat.com/?p=5975)). Dib-u-eegis ku soo baxday Pambazuka ayaa ku doodday in buuggu leeyahay khaladaad iyo is-burinno, in cinwaankiisa hoose uu marin-habaabinayo maadaama uusan inta badan ku saabsanayn labada nin, inuu iska indhatiray culimo hore oo badan, iyo in hoggaamiyeyaal Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska iyo Dhulkii Wakaaladda ay hore xilka u wareejiyeen ([Pambazuka](https://pambazuka.org/node/96915)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Indiana University Press ayaa ku iibisa jeldi adag, jeldi jilicsan iyo nuqul elektaroonig ah, waxaana laga heli karaa Project MUSE iyadoo loo marayo maktabadaha. Xusuus-qorka Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen laftiisa, [My Role in the Foundation of the Somali Nation-State](/so/books/my-role-in-the-foundation-of-the-somali-nation-state-hussein/), wuxuu soo baxay 2017. --- # My Role in the Foundation of the Somali Nation-State (2017): xusuus-qorka Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/my-role-in-the-foundation-of-the-somali-nation-state-hussein/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > My Role in the Foundation of the Somali Nation-State (Doorkaygii Aasaaska Dowladda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed) waa taariikh-nololeedka Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen, ra'iisul wasaarihii Soomaaliya 1964 ilaa 1967. Waxaa tifaftiray Cabdisalaam Ciise-Salwe, waxaana 2017 daabacay The Red Sea Press, saddex sano geeridiisa kaddib. Qiyaastii 412 bog, wuxuu raacayaa noloshiisa laga soo bilaabo carruurnimo xoolo-dhaqato, dhaqdhaqaaqii xorriyadda, dowladihii rayidka ee 1960-yadii, xariggiisii afgambigii 1969 kaddib, iyo sannadihiisii Qaramada Midoobay iyo qurbaha. ## Buugga **Abdirazak Haji Hussein: My Role in the Foundation of the Somali Nation-State, A Political Memoir** waa sheekada nolosha **[Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen](/en/people/abdirizak-haji-hussein/)**, oo ka shaqeeyay dowladihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed, ra'iisul wasaarena ahaa 1964 ilaa 1967 xilligii Madaxweyne [Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan](/so/people/aden-abdulle-osman/). Wuxuu dhintay 31 January 2014, waxaana lagu aasay Soomaaliya, Aadan Cadde agtiisa, sidii uu codsaday. Xusuus-qorka waxaa tifaftiray, araarna u qoray, aqoonyahanka Cabdisalaam Ciise-Salwe, waxaana 2017 daabacay The Red Sea Press; diiwaannada maktabadaha iyo qaybiyeyaashuna waxay ku qoraan Africa World Press ee Trenton, New Jersey. Qiyaastii 412 bog ([WardheerNews, 2017](https://wardheernews.com/?p=49805); [Africa World Press](https://africaworldpressbooks.com/abdirazak-haji-hussein-my-role-in-the-foundation-of-the-somali-nation-state-a-political-memoir-by-abdirazak-haji-hussein-edited-by-abdisalam-issa-salwe)). ## Waxa uu daboolo Sida lagu sheegay soo-koobiddii la daabacay markii buuggu soo baxay, cutubyadu waxay u kala horreeyaan sidan ([WardheerNews, 2017](https://wardheernews.com/?p=49805)): - carruurnimadiisii bulsho xoolo-dhaqato ah iyo wadajirka tuulooyinkooda yaryar - 1940-yadii, iyo 1950-yadii xilligii wakaaladda Talyaaniga, oo ay ku jirto arrinta dhulka Soomaalida ee ka baxsan dowladda cusub - xorriyadda 1960 iyo dowladdii ugu horraysay, oo uu ahaa wasiirka arrimaha gudaha 1960 ilaa 1962 iyo wasiirka hawlaha guud iyo isgaarsiinta 1962 ilaa 1964 - doorashooyinkii March 1964 iyo xilligiisii ra'iisul wasaaraha - siyaasadda dibadda ee Afrika, Bari iyo Galbeed, oo arrinta xuduuddu qaabaysay - isbeddelkii madaxweynaha 1967 iyo u gudubkiisii mucaaradka - afgambigii 21 October 1969 iyo xariggiisii ilaa April 1973 - noloshiisii dambe, oo ay ku jiraan sannadihii uu safiirka Soomaaliya u ahaa Qaramada Midoobay, is-casilaaddiisii 1979, iyo noloshiisii kaddib markii uu magangalyo ka helay Mareykanka, halkaas oo uu ka qabtay shaqooyin caadi ah, oo ay ku jirto ilaalin New York Taariikhda guud waxaa lagu sharxay [Wakaaladdii QM, 1950 ilaa 1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/), [Xilligii rayidka, 1960 ilaa 1969](/so/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/) iyo [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Dowladdii uu hoggaaminayay Ra'iisul wasaare ahaan waxaa ugu badan loogu xusuustaa dadaal dib-u-habayn ah oo loo yaqaanay *Karti iyo Hufnaan*, kaas oo shaqada ka saaray shaqaale dowladeed badan oo lagu magacaabay qaraabo-kiil. Falanqeeyaha Xasan M. Abuukar, oo wax qoray markii xusuus-qorku soo baxay, wuxuu ku tilmaamay "siyaasi aan la musuqmaasuqin oo dib-u-habeeye ah", isagoo diiwaangeliyay in kuwo kale, sida sarkaalkii hore Ismaaciil Cali Ismaaciil, ay ku arkeen "xoogaa kalitalisnimo ah". Abuukar wuxuu kale oo qoray inuu diiday inuu taageero la wareegiddii militariga ee 1969, la xiray, kaddibna iska casilay xilkiisii Qaramada Midoobay khilaafaad uu dowladda la qabay awgood ([WardheerNews, 2017](https://wardheernews.com/abdirizak-h-hussein-a-reflection)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Taariikhyahanad Lidwien Kapteijns oo ka tirsan Wellesley College waxay ku tilmaamtay diiwaan aan la mid lahayn oo taariikhda casriga ah ee Soomaalida, sida daabacuhu soo xigtay ([Africa World Press](https://africaworldpressbooks.com/abdirazak-haji-hussein-my-role-in-the-foundation-of-the-somali-nation-state-a-political-memoir-by-abdirazak-haji-hussein-edited-by-abdisalam-issa-salwe)). Xasan M. Abuukar wuxuu isaga iyo buugga Cabdi Ismaaciil Samatar [Africa's First Democrats](/so/books/africas-first-democrats-samatar/), oo sannad ka hor soo baxay, ku tilmaamay "kaalmo muhiim ah oo loo kordhiyay daraasaadka Soomaalida", maadaama labaduba daboolaan noloshiisii hore iyo sannadihiisii ra'iisul wasaaraha ([WardheerNews, 2017](https://wardheernews.com/abdirizak-h-hussein-a-reflection)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Africa World Press iyo The Red Sea Press ayaa ku iibiya jeldi jilicsan, waxaana haya maktabadaha cilmi-baarista ([WorldCat](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/980302551)). --- # Elusive Jannah (2015), Cawo M. Cabdi: Soomaalida Dubai, Koonfur Afrika iyo Mareykanka Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/elusive-jannah-abdi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Elusive Jannah (Jannada Gacanta Ka Baxsan) waa buug 2015 ay qortay cilmi-bulshada Cawo M. Cabdi, waxaana daabacay University of Minnesota Press. Wuxuu ku salaysan yahay cilmi-baaris goobeed oo lagu sameeyay Soomaalida Imaaraadka Carabta, Koonfur Afrika iyo Mareykanka, wuxuuna ku doodayaa in barakaca uu raad joogto ah reebo: meel kasta oo Soomaalidu degto, raadinta ka-mid-ahaansho dhaqan, diin iyo bulsho way sii socotaa, iyadoo ay weheliso raadinta amni sharci, dhaqaale iyo jireed. ## Buugga **Elusive Jannah: The Somali Diaspora and a Borderless Muslim Identity** (Jannada Gacanta Ka Baxsan: Qurbaha Soomaalida iyo Aqoonsi Muslim oo Aan Xuduud Lahayn) waxaa qortay **Cawo M. Cabdi**, cilmi-bulshada ka dhigta Jaamacadda Minnesota. Waxaa 2015 daabacay University of Minnesota Press, jeldi adag (ISBN 9780816697380) iyo jeldi jilicsan (ISBN 9780816697397), qiyaastii 290 bog ([Africa, 2017](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972017000808)). *Jannah* waa ereyga Carabiga iyo Soomaaliga ee jannada, kaas oo si dhow ugu xiran Islaamka. ## Su'aashiisa Buuggu wuxuu weydiinayaa sida nolosha qurbuhu u saamayso Soomaalida adduunka ku kala nool. Cawo Cabdi waxay ku doodaysaa in barakacu uu reebo raad joogto ah, maxaa yeelay dadka qurbaha ku nool weli guri ayay raadinayaan, iyo in "meeshu muhiim tahay": waxa Soomaalida walwal geliya aad ayuu u kala duwan yahay iyadoo ku xiran meesha ay ku nool yihiin. Meel kasta, hase yeeshee, raadinta ka-mid-ahaansho dhaqan, diin iyo bulsho way sii socotaa, inta badanna waxaa la socota raadinta amni sharci, dhaqaale iyo jireed ([Africa, 2017](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972017000808)). ## Waxa ku jira Hordhacu wuxuu sharxayaa meesha qoraagu kaga jirto cilmi-baarista iyo hababkeeda, wuxuuna xusayaa in sheekooyinka nolosha dadka iyo sababaha ay u guuraan ay ka murugsan yihiin qaybaha sharciga sida "qaxooti". Cutubka koowaad wuxuu bixinayaa sawir guud oo ku saabsan socdaalka Soomaalida maanta, sababihiisa iyo waddooyinkiisa. Saddex cutub ayaa kaddib sharxaya saddex dal ([Africa, 2017](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972017000808)): - **Imaaraadka Carabta**, halka ay Cawo waqtiga ugu yar joogtay, xaddidaadda ugu badanna ay kala kulantay cilmi-baarista. Waxay sharraxaysaa nolol ka-mid-ahaansho qayb ah iyo fiisooyin ku-meel-gaar ah, halkaas oo diin la wadaago aysan keenin ka-mid-ahaansho buuxa haddii xuquuq la'aan jirto, waxayna muujinaysaa farqiga u dhexeeya Soomaalidii dagaalka ka hor timid, kuwa soo noqday iyo ganacsato galbeedka cag ku leh, iyo shaqaale cusub oo aan xirfad lahayn iyo shaqaalaha guryaha. Eeg [Soomaalida Imaaraadka iyo Dubai](/en/diaspora/uae-dubai/). - **Koonfur Afrika**, oo ku salaysan dhowr mar oo cilmi-baaris goobeed ah 2007 ilaa 2013. Waxay sharraxaysaa amni-darro ka jirta bulsho aad u kala soocan, sida Soomaalida iyo Muslimiinta kale ay lacag isugu geeyaan oo sadaqo u bixiyaan si dad badan oo dheeraad ah u noolaadaan, iyo dukaamada iyo ganacsiyada nolosha u ah, iyadoo ay jiraan nacaybka ajaanibta iyo weerarro rabshad leh. Eeg [Soomaalida Koonfur Afrika](/en/diaspora/south-africa/). - **Mareykanka**, halka Soomaali badan oo Imaaraadka iyo Koonfur Afrika jooga ay rajaynayaan inay tagaan. Cawo waxay ugu yeertay "jannada siibanaysa" caqabadaha nolosha Mareykanku keento awgood, gaar ahaan xiriirka ragga iyo haweenka iyo saboolnimada. Qaar baa ka dhoofa marka ay jinsiyadda helaan; qaar kale xiriir dhow ayay la leeyihiin dalka hooyo, waxayna ku riyoodaan soo noqosho. Eeg [Soomaalida Mareykanka](/en/diaspora/united-states/) iyo [Minneapolis iyo St Paul](/en/diaspora/minneapolis-st-paul/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegis ku soo baxday joornaalka Africa, cilmi-baaraha bulshada Cindy Horst, oo qortay [Transnational Nomads](/so/books/transnational-nomads-horst/), waxay ku tilmaamtay "si fiican loo qoray" iyo "cilmi-baaris goobeed awood leh". Waxay ammaantay faahfaahinta badan, xigashooyinka badan ee dadka ay Cawo la kulantay, iyo sida ay u muujisay inay yihiin dad xeelad leh xataa xaalado aad u cidhiidhi ah. Dhaleeceynteeda ugu weyn waxay ahayd in aragti ahaan wax badan laga sii qaban lahaa, sida fikradda qaxootiga oo ku nool "safar aan dhammaad lahayn", iyo qoraallada muwaadinnimada iyo hubaal-la'aanta ([Africa, 2017](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972017000808)). Dib-u-eegisyo kale waxay ku soo baxeen Journal of African History iyo joornaalka daraasaadka qaxootiga ee Refuge. ## Halka laga akhriyo University of Minnesota Press ayaa ku iibisa jeldi jilicsan iyo nuqul elektaroonig ah, waxaana haya maktabado jaamacadeed oo badan. Macluumaad la xiriira meelaha badan ee Soomaalidu maanta ku nool yihiin: [Qaxootiga Soomaalida oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/). --- # Somali, Muslim, British (2017), Giulia Liberatore: haweenka Soomaalida ee London Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/somali-muslim-british-liberatore/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Somali, Muslim, British (Soomaali, Muslim, Ingiriis) waa buug cilmi-baaris bulsheed 2017 ay qortay Giulia Liberatore, waxaana daabacay Bloomsbury Academic. Wuxuu ku salaysan yahay siddeed iyo toban bilood oo cilmi-baaris goobeed ah oo lala sameeyay qoysas Soomaaliyeed oo London ku nool, wuxuuna raacayaa laba jiil oo haween ah, hooyooyin qaxooti ahaan yimid iyo gabdho Ingiriiska ku koray, wuxuuna muujinayaa sida ay u maareeyaan diintooda, dhaqankooda, labiskooda, guurkooda iyo shaqadooda xilli Muslimiinta Ingiriisku ay la kulmaan indho-indhayn culus oo dowladeed iyo mid bulsheed. ## Buugga **Somali, Muslim, British: Striving in Securitized Britain** (Soomaali, Muslim, Ingiriis: Dadaal Ingiriis Amni Lagu Hareereeyay Dhexdiisa) waxaa qortay **Giulia Liberatore**, cilmi-baare bulshada oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Edinburgh ([University of Edinburgh](https://edwebprofiles.ed.ac.uk/profile/giulialiberatore)). Waxaa London 2017 ku daabacay Bloomsbury Academic, mug 81 ee taxanaha Monographs on Social Anthropology, qiyaastii 305 bog ([relbib](https://relbib.de/Record/888019149); [Anthropology Matters](https://www.anthropologymatters.com/index.php/anth_matters/article/download/530/652/2132)). ## Sida cilmi-baarista loo sameeyay Buuggu wuxuu ku salaysan yahay siddeed iyo toban bilood oo cilmi-baaris goobeed ah oo London ah. Sida daabacuhu sheegay, wuxuu ka faa'iidaystay cilmi-baaris lala sameeyay 21 qoys oo Soomaaliyeed ([Routledge](https://www.routledge.com/Somali-Muslim-British-Striving-in-Securitized-Britain/Liberatore/p/book/9781350094628)). Cutub ku saabsan habka cilmi-baarista ayaa sharxaya sida qoraagu magaalada u dhex marayay, xiriir ula yeelatay haweenkii ay daraasaynaysay, iyo inay sannad joojisay khudradda-cunnimada ([Anthropology Matters](https://www.anthropologymatters.com/index.php/anth_matters/article/download/530/652/2132)). Nolosha Soomaalida magaalada waxaa lagu sharxay [Soomaalida London](/en/diaspora/london/). ## Waxa uu daboolo Barta laga bilaabo waa sida Soomaalida Ingiriiska loogu calaamadeeyay "kuwo go'doonsan, aan wax gaarin, oo khatar ku ah wadajirka iyo amniga", xilli ay qaabeeyeen siyaasadaha amniga ee 2001 kaddib iyo qaraxyadii London ee 2005. Liberatore waxay soo jeedinaysaa fikradda "hammiga" ama dadaalka, si ay u sharxdo sida haweenku ugu raadiyaan nolol macno leh xaaladahaas ([Anthropology Matters](https://www.anthropologymatters.com/index.php/anth_matters/article/download/530/652/2132)). - **Cutubyada 2 ilaa 4** waxay ku saabsan yihiin jiilka koowaad. Waxay sheekooyinka nolosha ku xiraan taariikhda Soomaalida: xorriyadda, dowladdii Siyaad Barre, dagaalkii sokeeye iyo degitaanka Ingiriiska. Haween badan waxay lumiyeen maqaam iyo xirfado dalka hooyo lagu qiimayn jiray, cibaadaduna aad bay ugu muhiimsanaatay. Xijaabku wuxuu noqday calaamad aqoonsi. Hooyooyin qaar waxay dareemeen is-khilaaf u dhexeeya rabitaanka in gabdhahoodu ku guulaystaan waxbarashada iyo rabitaanka in ay u koriyaan Soomaali Muslimiin ah oo diinta ku adag. - **Cutubyada 5 ilaa 8** waxay ku saabsan yihiin gabdhaha Ingiriiska ku koray. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah waxay dhaqanka Soomaalida u arkaan wax la beddelo ama laga tago, oo ay ku jiraan dhaqamada sida [gudniinka gabdhaha](/en/society/female-genital-cutting/), halka qaar ay diinta ka hormariyaan "Soomaalinimada". Qaar waxay masaajid ilaa masaajid u wareegaan si ay aqoon diimeed u raadsadaan, iyagoo ay saamayn ku leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaqyada soo noolaynta ee doonaya inay Islaamka ka sifeeyaan caadooyinka maxalliga ah. Gabdhuhu inta badan waxay xijaabkooda ku tilmaamaan doorasho xor ah, taas oo ay ka soocaan cadaadiska bulsheed ee ay u arkaan inuu saarnaa hooyooyinkood. Cutub ayaa raacaya gabadh isku darta qaabab labis oo kala duwan, kana diidaysa in xijaab la'aantu ay tahay diinta oo laga tagay. - **Gunaanadku** wuxuu u leexanayaa Sharciga La-dagaallanka Argagixisada iyo Amniga 2015 iyo waajibaadka Prevent, kaas oo ku waajibinaya shaqaalaha hore inay soo sheegaan dadka loo arko khatar suurtagal ah, iyo khatarta in cilmi-baaristu laftedeedu ay quudiso indho-indhayntaas. Buugga oo dhan, jacaylka, moodada, guurka iyo shaqada waxaa loola dhaqmaa sida diinta oo kale muhiimad ahaan ([Anthropology Matters](https://www.anthropologymatters.com/index.php/anth_matters/article/download/530/652/2132)). Eeg [Haweenka bulshada Soomaalida](/en/society/women-in-somali-society/) iyo [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/so/society/islam-in-somalia/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Qudra Goodall oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda East Anglia, dib-u-eegisteedii Anthropology Matters, waxay ku tilmaamtay "jawaab waqtigeeda ku habboon" oo loo celiyay indho-indhaynta haweenka Muslimiinta ah ee Ingiriiska, iyo "il aad u wanaagsan" oo ardayda cilmiga bulshada, siyaasadda iyo jinsiga, oo "saamayn muhiim ah ku leh siyaasadaha iyo doodaha guud". Waxay xustay is-khilaaf u dhexeeya sharraxaadda siyaabaha badan ee dadku macno u helaan iyo siyaabaha ay u iska caabiyaan, iyo in buuggu si ula kac ah uusan si toos ah u galin doodaha Prevent ([Anthropology Matters](https://www.anthropologymatters.com/index.php/anth_matters/article/download/530/652/2132)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Bloomsbury ayaa ku iibisa jeldi adag, jeldi jilicsan iyo nuqul elektaroonig ah, waxaana haya maktabadaha jaamacadaha. --- # A Naked Needle (1976), Nuruddin Faarax: hal maalin oo Muqdisho kacaanka ah Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/a-naked-needle-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > A Naked Needle (Irbad Qaawan) waa sheekadii labaad ee Ingiriisiga ah ee Nuruddin Faarax, waxaana 1976 daabacay Heinemann, lambarka 184 ee taxanaha African Writers Series. Waxay ka dhacdaa hal maalin Muqdisho afgambigii 1969 kaddib, waxayna raacaysaa Koschin, macallin jaamacadeed oo si adag u taageersan kacaanka, isagoo sugaya haweeney uu London ku bartay oo ogolaatay inay guursadaan. Shakiga ay ka qabto kacaanka awgeed, Faarax waxaa loo digay in la xiri doono haddii uu soo noqdo, wuxuuna qurbaha joogay ilaa 1996. ## Buugga **A Naked Needle** (Irbad Qaawan) waa sheekadii labaad ee Ingiriisiga ah ee **[Nuruddin Faarax](/en/people/nuruddin-farah/)**, kaddib [From a Crooked Rib](/so/books/from-a-crooked-rib-farah/). Waxaa Heinemann daabacay July 1976, lambarka 184 ee taxanaha African Writers Series, waxaana lagu soo bandhigay Africa Centre ee London ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Naked_Needle)). Waa sheekada keliya ee uu qoray isagoo Soomaaliya ku nool. ## Sida loo qoray Faarax wuxuu 1969 Soomaaliya kaga soo laabtay Hindiya, halkaas oo uu ku bartay falsafadda iyo suugaanta Jaamacadda Panjab. Afgambigii October 1969 wuxuu xukunka keenay Maxamed Siyaad Barre oo madax u ahaa dowlad militari oo isku magacawday hantiwadaag. Faarax markii hore wuu taageeray, laakiin 1971 wuxuu bilaabay inuu su'aal ka keeno in kacaanku guulaystay. James Currey ayaa 1972 qoraalka u aqbalay taxanaha. Akhristayaashii daabacaha waxay qabyo-qoraalkii koowaad u arkeen mid aad u qarsoon, wuxuuna soo maray dhowr dib-u-qoris saddex sano gudahood ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Naked_Needle)). Xilligaas waxaa lagu sharxay [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). ## Sheekada Sheekadu waxay ka dhacdaa hal maalin Muqdisho. Koschin, macallin wax ku soo bartay Ingiriiska oo si xamaasad leh u rumaysan kacaankii 1969, wuxuu sugayaa imaatinka Nancy, haweeney uu London ku bartay oo ogolaatay inay is guursadaan. Madaxdiisa jaamacaddu ma wadaagaan rumaysadkiisa kacaanka, halkii uu tanaasul samayn lahaana wuu iska casilay. Isagoo la sheekaysanaya saaxiibbo hore u guursaday haween ajnabi ah, wuxuu ka fikirayaa sida Nancy ugu habboonaan doonto bulshada Soomaalida. Magaalada ayuu dhex wareegayaa, buugguna wuxuu magacaabayaa oo sharxayaa xaafado iyo waddooyin badan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Naked_Needle)). Koschin wuxuu isku dayaa inuu ka xor ahaado waajibaadka bulsheed, siyaasadeed iyo kuwa shakhsiyeed ([Encyclopedia.com](https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/farah-nuruddin-1945)). Eeg [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/). ## Mawduucyada iyo dhaleeceeyayaasha Sida lagu sheegay xogta ku saabsan sida loo sameeyay, Faarax wuxuu u qoray jawaab loo celiyay xad-gudubka awoodda ee uu arkayay iyo baahida midnimada qaranka. Faarax kacaanka su'aal ayuu ka keenaa isagoon cambaarayn: Koschin wuxuu miisaamayaa dhinacyadiisa wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun, wuxuuna qaataa mowqif "aan sugno oo aragno", taas oo ka soocda sheekooyinkii dambe ee Faarax oo si toos ah uga soo horjeeda dowladdii Barre. Dhaleeceeyayaashu waxay Koschin la barbar dhigeen Stephen Dedalus, geesiga sheekadii hore ee James Joyce, doodaha aqooneed ee dheer awgood; Faarax wuxuu hore u qoray tiir ku saabsan Joyce ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Naked_Needle)). Aqoonyahanka suugaanta Simon Gikandi wuxuu cidlada iyo go'doonka Koschin u akhriyaa nooc mucaarad ah. Wuxuu tilmaamayaa magangalka uu Koschin ka helo buugaagta iyo farshaxanka, tixraacyada sheekada ee qoraaga Gaana Ayi Kwei Armah, iyo sheekooyin ku dhex jira buugga oo ku saabsan rabshadaha dowladda oo dhibbanayaashu ka sheekaynayaan ([Encyclopedia.com](https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/farah-nuruddin-1945)). The Guardian, July 1976, Jonty Driver wuxuu ku tilmaamay "dabaaldeg kaftan iyo erey badan oo qosol leh oo ku saabsan dhibaato Afrikaan ah oo casri ah". Faarax wuxuu wareysi 2019 ku sheegay in sheekadu ay kaydisay Muqdishadii xilligeeda, si akhristuhu u arko waddo kasta magaceeda iyo muuqaalkeeda ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Naked_Needle)). ## Waxa ay u keentay qoraaga 1976 Faarax wuxuu wax ku baranayay masraxa Ingiriiska. Markii uu Rome ka soo wacay walaalkiis isagoo guriga u socda, waxaa loo sheegay in aysan ammaan ahayn inuu soo noqdo sheekada awgeed. Waxaa loo digay in la xiri doono, wuxuuna Soomaaliya ka maqnaa ilaa 1996 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Naked_Needle); [Encyclopedia.com](https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/farah-nuruddin-1945)). Sheekadiisii xigtay, [Sweet and Sour Milk](/so/books/sweet-and-sour-milk-farah/), waxaa uu ku qoray qurbaha. --- # America Made Me a Black Man (2022), Boyah J. Farah: xusuus-qor qaxooti Soomaali ah oo ku saabsan midabka Mareykanka Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/america-made-me-a-black-man-farah/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > America Made Me a Black Man (Mareykanku Wuxuu Iga Dhigay Nin Madow) waa xusuus-qor 2022 uu qoray Boyah J. Farah, waxaana Mareykanka ku daabacay Harper, Ingiriiskana Scribner 2023. Farah wuxuu Soomaaliya ka tagay xilligii dagaalka sokeeye, wuxuu soo maray xero qaxooti oo Kenya ah, wuxuuna dhalinyaranimadiisii yimid agagaarka Boston. Buuggu wuxuu sharxayaa sida jacaylkiisii hore ee Mareykanka ugu beddelmay waayo-aragnimo midab-takoor ah oo dugsiga, shaqada iyo booliiska ah. Waxaa loo doortay buugaagta ugu fiican ee NPR ee 2022, dib-u-eegayaashuna way ku kala aragti duwanaayeen. ## Buugga **America Made Me a Black Man: A Memoir** (Mareykanku Wuxuu Iga Dhigay Nin Madow: Xusuus-qor) waa buugga ugu horreeya ee **Boyah J. Farah**. Harper, oo ka tirsan HarperCollins, ayaa Mareykanka ku daabacay September 2022, Scribner-na wuxuu Ingiriiska ku daabacay May 2023 ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/boyah-j-farah/america-made-me-a-black-man); [Simon & Schuster UK](https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/books/America-Made-Me-a-Black-Man/Boyah-J-Farah/9781398504844)). Waxaa loo magacaabay abaalmarinta NAACP Image Award, waxaana NPR u doortay mid ka mid ah buugaagta 2022 ee ay ku tilmaantay kuwa ugu fiican ([Harper](https://www.harperlibrarybookclub.com/9780063073357/america-made-me-a-black-man)). ## Safarkiisii Farah carruurnimadiisii hore wuxuu ku qaatay Soomaaliya, halkaas oo uu xusuusto inuu xor ahaa. Markii dagaalku yimid, hooyadiis waxay carruurteeda lugta ku gaarsiisay xero qaxooti oo Kenya ku taal, halkaasna qoysku wuxuu u guuray xaafad ka baxsan Boston ([MPR News](https://www.mprnews.org/episode/2022/09/30/boyah-j-farah-on-how-america-made-him-a-black-man)). Sida uu qoray Publishers Weekly, wuxuu jiray qiyaastii shan iyo toban sano markii uu yimid bilowgii 1990-yadii, wuxuuna la yimid jacayl weyn oo uu Mareykanka u qabo ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063073357)). Wuxuu yimid isagoon haysan shahaadad dhalasho, oon si hubaal ah u aqoon maalinta uu dhashay, laakiin madaxa ku sita taariikh qoys oo faahfaahsan ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/boyah-j-farah/america-made-me-a-black-man)). Eeg [Soomaalida dalka ka tagtay, 1988 ilaa 1991](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1988-1991/), [Xeryaha qaxootiga](/so/diaspora/refugee-camps/) iyo [Soomaalida Mareykanka](/en/diaspora/united-states/). ## Waxa uu sharxayo Dooddiisa waxay ku jirtaa cinwaanka: Farah wuxuu qorayaa inuusan fahmin waxa ay ka dhigan tahay inuu nin madow yahay ilaa uu noqday Mareykan ([MPR News](https://www.mprnews.org/episode/2022/09/30/boyah-j-farah-on-how-america-made-him-a-black-man)). Wuxuu ka warramayaa la-taliye dugsi sare oo u jiheeyay shaqo gacan inkastoo darajooyinkiisu fiicnaayeen, halka walaalkiis lagu yiri baro wadista baabuurta xamuulka, walaashiisna lagu yiri hooyo noqo. Haddana kulliyad ayuu galay, kaddibna toban sano wax ka badan ayuu ka shaqeeyay xafiis, isagoo arkaya shaqaale uu u arkay inay ka aqoon yar yihiin oo laga dallacsiinayo. Markii uu kormeere ku tilmaamay midab-takoore waa la hakiyay kaddibna waa la eryay, waxaana xigay heshiis sharci. Wuxuu kale oo ka warramayaa kulamo uu la yeeshay booliiska, joojin taraafig iyo cabasho been ah, iyo sarkaal soo jeediyay in walaalkiis yar dib loogu celiyo Soomaaliya ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/boyah-j-farah/america-made-me-a-black-man); [Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063073357)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegayaashu way kala qaybsanaayeen. Kirkus Reviews waxay ku tilmaantay "liis indhaha furaya oo murugo leh oo ah sharaf-dhac aan qofna ku habboonayn inuu ku dhaco dal la sheego inuu xor yahay" ([Kirkus Reviews](https://kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/boyah-j-farah/america-made-me-a-black-man)). Publishers Weekly waxay ku tilmaantay "xusuus-qor cadho leh", waxay qoraalka mararka qaar u aragtay mid la buunbuuniyay, waxayna xustay in qoraagu adeegsaday jilayaal la isku daray, waqtiyo la soo koobay iyo wada-hadallo dib loo sameeyay; waxayna ku soo gabagabaysay in buuggu uu "ka yar yahay sharraxaad dhab ah oo ku saabsan kala qaybsanaanta midabka, kana badan yahay sawir cad oo ah walwalka ay dhaliyaan" ([Publishers Weekly](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063073357)). Farah wuxuu buugga kaga hadlay Raadiyaha Dadweynaha Minnesota 2022, halkaas oo uu ka sheegay inuu dalka uu qaatay jecel yahay, haddana uu ka xun yahay ([MPR News](https://www.mprnews.org/episode/2022/09/30/boyah-j-farah-on-how-america-made-him-a-black-man)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Waxaa lagu heli karaa jeldi adag, jeldi jilicsan, nuqul elektaroonig ah iyo cod. Xusuus-qorro kale oo nolosha Soomaalida qurbaha ku saabsan: [This Is What America Looks Like](/so/books/this-is-what-america-looks-like-omar/) ee Ilhan Cumar iyo [A Man of Good Hope](/so/books/a-man-of-good-hope-steinberg/) ee Jonny Steinberg. --- # Lontano da Mogadiscio (1994), Shirin Ramzanali Fazel: Muqdisho Meel Ka Fog Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/lontano-da-mogadiscio-fazel/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Lontano da Mogadiscio (Muqdisho Meel Ka Fog) waa buug taariikh-nololeed ah oo Talyaani ku qoran, waxaana qortay Shirin Ramzanali Fazel, qoraa ku dhalatay Muqdisho 1953. Markii ugu horraysay waxaa Rome lagu daabacay 1994. Wuxuu xusuusanayaa waxbarashadeedii Talyaaniga ahayd ee Soomaaliya, noloshii haweeney madow ah oo waqooyiga Talyaaniga ku nool laga soo bilaabo 1970-yadii, iyo murugadeedii burburkii Muqdisho ee dagaalka sokeeye. Culimadu waxay ku tiriyaan shaqooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee taariikhda gumeysiga Talyaaniga ka sheekeeya dhinaca kuwii la gumeystay. ## Buugga **Lontano da Mogadiscio** (Talyaani: "Muqdisho Meel Ka Fog") waa buug taariikh-nololeed ah oo ay qortay **Shirin Ramzanali Fazel**. Markii ugu horraysay waxaa Rome ku daabacay daabacaha yar ee Datanews 1994, waxaana dib loo daabacay 1999. 2013 daabacaha Milan ee Laurana wuxuu soo saaray daabacaad la ballaariyay oo dib loo eegay, Talyaani iyo Ingiriisiba ah, oo uu hordhac u qoray aqoonyahanka Simone Brioni; 2016-na waxaa soo baxay daabacaad Ingiriisi ah, *Far from Mogadishu* ([Simone Brioni, 2013](https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/5708/1/Brioni_-_Forword_%28Italian%29.pdf); [Geeska, 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/xamar-was-different-world-shirin-ramzanali-exile-memory-and-writing)). ## Qoraaga Fazel waxay ku dhalatay Muqdisho 1953, hooyo Soomaali ah iyo aabbe Baakistaani ah, xilligii Talyaanigu Soomaaliya u maamulayay wakaalad Qaramada Midoobay. Waxay dhigatay dugsiyo dhexe iyo sare oo si toos ah looga maamulayay Rome, waxbarashada Talyaaniga, Talyaaniguna wuxuu ahaa luqaddii ugu horraysay ee ay dugsiga ku baratay. 1970 waxay guursatay nin Talyaani ah, 1971-na waxay u guurtay Novara oo waqooyiga Talyaaniga ah. Brioni wuxuu xusay in afgambigii 1969 kaddib dowladda cusub ay amartay in dadka aan haysan baasaboor Soomaaliyeed ay dalka ka baxaan, Fazel-na, maadaama aabbeheed Baakistaani ahaa, aysan haysan. Markii dambe waxay maamushay maqaayad Kenya ku taal 1996 ilaa 2004, 2010-na waxay u guurtay Birmingham oo Ingiriiska ah, halkaas oo ay ka bilowday inay Ingiriisi wax ku qorto ([Simone Brioni](https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/5708/1/Brioni_-_Forword_%28Italian%29.pdf); [Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/xamar-was-different-world-shirin-ramzanali-exile-memory-and-writing)). Sannadihii wakaaladda waxaa lagu sharxay [Wakaaladdii QM, 1950 ilaa 1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/). ## Waxa uu xusuusto Buuggu wuxuu xusuusanayaa Muqdisho dhaqammo badan ay is-garab ku noolaayeen. Fazel waxay xusuusataa inay dugsiga ku baratay Garibaldi iyo Mazzini, oo ay ku kortay filimada, heesaha, cuntada iyo suugaanta Talyaaniga. Wuxuu sharxayaa nolosheedii haweeney madow ah oo ku nool magaalooyin yaryar oo waqooyiga Talyaaniga ah, Novara 1971 ilaa 1976 iyo markii dambe agagaarka Vicenza, ka hor socdaalka ballaaran ee Afrikaanka ee meelahaas. Wuxuu ku dhammaanayaa murugo: Fazel waxay joogtay Talyaaniga markii dagaalku qarxay 1991, waxayna qortay in arkidda magaaladeeda oo la duqeeyay oo burbur noqotay ay la mid ahayd in aqoonsigeeda laga qaaday ([Simone Brioni](https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/5708/1/Brioni_-_Forword_%28Italian%29.pdf)). Fazel waxay sheegtay inay qayb ahaan u qortay maxaa yeelay ma aqbali karin sida warbaahintu dagaalka u soo bandhigaysay, waxayna doonaysay inay diiwaangeliso noloshii hore ee magaalada ([Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/xamar-was-different-world-shirin-ramzanali-exile-memory-and-writing)). Eeg [Muqdisho](/so/regions/mogadishu/) iyo [Soomaalida Talyaaniga](/en/diaspora/italy/). ## Kaalintiisa suugaanta Talyaaniga Brioni wuxuu ku tiriyaa, iyo laba shaqo oo 1992 iyo 1993 ay qoreen haween asal ahaan Eritrean iyo Itoobiyaan ah, buugaagtii ugu horreeyay ee taariikhda gumeysiga Talyaaniga ka sheekeeya aragtida kuwii la gumeystay, iyo sheekooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee socdaalka ee Talyaaniga lagu qoro iyadoon lahayn qoraa-wehel Talyaani ah. Wuxuu ku tilmaamay "door aasaasi ah" oo uu ka qaatay sida Talyaanigu u sawirto taariikhdiisa gumeysi. Qorayaal Talyaani ah oo dambe ayaa isla taariikhdaas qaaday, oo ay ka mid yihiin [Cristina Ali Farah](/en/people/cristina-ali-farah/) iyo Igiaba Scego, oo Fazel ku tilmaantay tusaale dhiirri-geliyay jiil cusub oo qorayaal soo-galooti ah ([Simone Brioni](https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/5708/1/Brioni_-_Forword_%28Italian%29.pdf)). Sheekooyinka labadooduba waxay ku jiraan boggan: [Madre piccola](/so/books/madre-piccola-ali-farah/) iyo [Adua](/so/books/adua-scego/). Nuruddin Faarax wuxuu buugga ku ammaanay sheekadiisa [Links](/so/books/links-farah/), halkaas oo jilaha ugu muhiimsan, Jeebleh, uu akhriyo una aqoonsado Fazel inay tahay qofkii ugu horreeyay ee buug ka qora dagaalka sokeeye aragti Soomaaliyeed ([Simone Brioni](https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/5708/1/Brioni_-_Forword_%28Italian%29.pdf); [Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/xamar-was-different-world-shirin-ramzanali-exile-memory-and-writing)). --- # Le pays sans ombre (1994), Cabdiraxmaan Waberi: Dalka Aan Hoos Lahayn Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/le-pays-sans-ombre-waberi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Le pays sans ombre (Dalka Aan Hoos Lahayn) waa ururin 1994 oo toddoba iyo toban sheeko gaagaaban ah oo Faransiis ku qoran, uu qoray qoraaga Jabuuti Cabdiraxmaan A. Waberi, waxaana Paris ku daabacay Le Serpent à Plumes. Waxay u dhexeeyaan waqtigii gumeysiga ka horreeyay, xukunkii gumeysiga Faransiiska iyo sannadihii ka dambeeyay xorriyadda Jabuuti ee 1977, daabacaha Ingiriisiguna wuxuu ku tilmaamay mid ka mid ah shaqooyinkii suugaaneed ee ugu horreeyay ee dadka Jabuuti ka muujiya aragtidooda. Turjumaad Ingiriisi ah oo ay samaysay Jeanne Garane, hordhacna uu u qoray Nuruddin Faarax, ayaa soo baxday 2005. ## Buugga **Le pays sans ombre** (Faransiis: "Dalka Aan Hoos Lahayn") waa ururin sheekooyin ah oo uu qoray **[Cabdiraxmaan A. Waberi](/en/people/abdourahman-waberi/)**, qoraa ku dhashay Jabuuti oo Faransiis wax ku qora. Waxaa Paris 1994 ku daabacay Le Serpent à Plumes, taxanaha Motifs, 177 bog ([Talking About Books, 2023](https://talking-about-books.com/2023/10/28/le-pays-sans-ombre-abdourahman-a-waberi/)). Turjumaad Ingiriisi ah oo ay samaysay Jeanne Garane, hordhacna uu u qoray Nuruddin Faarax, ayaa University of Virginia Press ku daabacday November 2005, taxanaha CARAF ee suugaanta Kariibiyaanka iyo Afrika ee Faransiiska laga turjumay ([University of Virginia Press](https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/2917)). Ereyga Faransiiska *ombre* wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "hoos" iyo "hadh" labadaba. Garane waxay dooratay "shadow", sida ay sharraxday, maxaa yeelay si fiican ayuu u gudbiyaa hoy la'aanta qorraxda iyo halganka jiritaanka ee dhul engegan ([Talking About Books](https://talking-about-books.com/2023/10/28/le-pays-sans-ombre-abdourahman-a-waberi/)). ## Waxa ku jira Buuggu wuxuu leeyahay toddoba iyo toban sheeko gaagaaban oo laba qaybood ah: "Bogag laga jeexay sheekada male-awaalka" iyo "Bogag laga jeexay dalka aan hoos lahayn". Waxay u dhexeeyaan waqtigii gumeysiga ka horreeyay iyo kii gumeysiga iyo waqtiga xorriyadda ka dambeeya, jilayaashooduna waxaa ka mid ah gabayaa, gumeystayaal, qaxooti, reer-guuraa iyo dad ku nool Balbala, degaanka ku yaal cidhifka magaalada Jabuuti ([University of Virginia Press](https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/2917)). Jabuuti iyo dadkeeda Soomaalida waxaa lagu sharxay [Jabuuti](/en/diaspora/djibouti/). Sheekooyinka waxaa ka mid ah ([Talking About Books](https://talking-about-books.com/2023/10/28/le-pays-sans-ombre-abdourahman-a-waberi/)): - **"Bahashii Asalka"** ("The Primal Ogress"), sheeko asal ah oo magaca dalka ku xirta bahal dumar ah oo la jebiyay - **"Sheeko Bir ah"** ("A Ferrous Tale"), oo ku saabsan dhismihii jidka tareenka ee 784 kiiloomitir, oo lagu qoray ku celcelin iyo laxan u eg socodka tareenka - **"Haweeney iyo Badh"** ("A Woman and a Half"), oo gabadh la yiraahdo Marwo ay ka carartay guur aabbeheed kula ballamay oday, una magangashay adeerkeed - **"Sawir-qaadaha Badda iyo Cabbaha Dabaysha"** ("The Seascape Painter and the Wind Drinker"), oo ku saabsan saddex saaxiib oo shaqo la'aan ah oo adduun u gaar ah ku nool inta dagaal ku socdo hareerahooda - **"Bandhigga Waalida"** ("The Gallery of the Insane") iyo laba sheeko oo kale oo ku saabsan dadka qaadka cuna, kaas oo, sida dib-u-eegaha xusay, galab kasta hakiya nolosha magaalada Isticmaalka qaadka waxaa lagu sharxay [Qaadka](/en/society/khat/). ## Qaabka iyo ilaha Waberi wuxuu ka faa'iidaystaa suugaanta afka ee Soomaalida iyo Jabuuti, oo ay ku jiraan sheekooyin-xariireedyo, maahmaahyo iyo gabayo, wuxuuna tixraacaa qorayaal meelo kale ah sida Wole Soyinka, Léopold Sédar Senghor iyo Shakespeare ([University of Virginia Press](https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/2917)). Akhristayaashu waxay natiijada ku tilmaameen isku-dar suugaanta afka, kaftan qoto dheer iyo xaqiiqo cad, qaarna waxay xuseen in qaybuhu u akhrismaan sidii sawirro gaagaaban oo aan ahayn sheekooyin caadi ah. Dib-u-eege ayaa sheekada tareenka u aqoonsaday tan ugu qurux badan qoraal ahaan, wuxuuna xusay in Waberi uu si adag u sawiro dadka qaadka cuna ([Talking About Books](https://talking-about-books.com/2023/10/28/le-pays-sans-ombre-abdourahman-a-waberi/)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga waxaa jeldi jilicsan ku daabacda University of Virginia Press. Akhris la xiriira oo ku saabsan gabayga iyo suugaanta afka Soomaalida: [Gabayga Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-poetry/). --- # Piracy in Somalia (2019), Awet Tewelde Weldemichael: kalluumaysiga sharci-darrada ah, madaxfurashada iyo la-dagaallanka burcadbadeedda Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/piracy-in-somalia-weldemichael/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Piracy in Somalia (Burcadbadeedda Soomaaliya) waa buug taariikheed 2019 uu qoray Awet Tewelde Weldemichael, waxaana daabacay Cambridge University Press. Wuxuu ku salaysan yahay lix sano oo cilmi-baaris ah iyo in ka badan 100 wareysi, wuxuuna ku doodayaa in burburka dowladda Soomaaliyeed uu ahaa sabab labaad oo burcadbadeedda ah, iyo in sababaha koowaad ay ahaayeen kalluumaysiga sharci-darrada ah ee shisheeyaha iyo qashinka lagu daadiyay biyaha Soomaalida, saboolnimada dhallinyarada, fududaanta qaadashada madaxfurashada iyo maqnaanshaha sharci-fulin Soomaaliyeed oo badda ah. ## Buugga **Piracy in Somalia: Violence and Development in the Horn of Africa** (Burcadbadeedda Soomaaliya: Rabshadda iyo Horumarka Geeska Afrika) waxaa qoray **Awet Tewelde Weldemichael**, taariikhyahan ka tirsan Jaamacadda Queen's ee Ontario, oo shahaadad ku haysta sharciga caalamiga ah, isuna tilmaama riyo-jire hore oo qaxooti ahaa. Waxaa January 2019 daabacay Cambridge University Press, qiyaastii 256 bog ([Schweitzer Fachinformationen](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Weldemichael/Piracy-Somalia/9781108739283/A46516936/)). ## Sida cilmi-baarista loo sameeyay Buuggu wuxuu ku salaysan yahay in ka badan 100 wareysi, toban kooxood oo dood, indha-indhayn iyo ilo qoraal ah oo lix sano la soo ururiyay ([African Studies Review, 2020](https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/4C53BE500E319C1878C58A735DDAF3CA/core-reader)). Daabacuhu wuxuu ku tilmaamay inuu xudun ka dhigayo codadka dadka bulshooyinka xeebaha ee ay saamaysay kalluumaysiga sharci-darrada ah, burcadbadeedda iyo la-dagaallankeeda, iyo shabakadaha dillaaliinta, gorgortamayaasha iyo maraakiibta kalluumaysiga shisheeyaha ee ku lug lahaa ([Schweitzer Fachinformationen](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Weldemichael/Piracy-Somalia/9781108739283/A46516936/)). ## Waxa ku jira Hordhac ku saabsan meesha burcadbadeedda Soomaalida laga dhigay "goob iyo hadal" kaddib, cutubyadu waa ([Schweitzer Fachinformationen](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Weldemichael/Piracy-Somalia/9781108739283/A46516936/)): 1. Sababaha asalka ah ee caalamiga ah iyo xaaladaha maxalliga ah ee burcadbadeeddii hore ee Soomaaliya 2. Laga bilaabo dhibaatooyinka kalluumaysiga Soomaalida ilaa bilowga burcadbadeedda dhaca ah 3. Kor u kaca burcadbadeedda madaxfurashada 4. Cawaaqibta maxalliga ah ee burcadbadeedda iyo jawaabaha laga bixiyay 5. La-dagaallanka caalamiga ah ee burcadbadeedda oo ah hab iyo ujeeddo Gabagabada waxaa cinwaan looga dhigay "Kalluumaysigii sharci-darrada ahaa waa soo noqday! Goormuu burcadbadeeddu soo noqonayaa?" ## Dooddiisa Aragti caan ah ayaa qabtay in burburka dowladda Soomaaliyeed uu keenay burcadbadeedda, iyo in dib-u-dhiska dowladdu soo afjari doono. Weldemichael wuxuu ku doodayaa in burburka dowladdu uu ahaa sabab "heer labaad" ah. Haddii uu sabab ugu weyn ahaan lahaa, ayuu leeyahay, burcadbadeeddu waxay kor u kici lahayd 1990-yadii. Taa beddelkeeda, 1991 kaddib kalluumaysiga sharci-darrada ah ee shisheeyaha iyo daadinta qashinku waxay ku bateen biyo aysan ilaalin wax maamul Soomaaliyeed ah, iyadoo ay caawinayeen ugu yaraan dhowr sarkaal Soomaaliyeed. Kalluunka oo yaraaday iyo dhaqanka xun ee loola dhaqmay shaqaalaha Soomaalida ee doonyaha shisheeyaha ayaa keenay in kalluumaysato qaar ay sameeyaan waxa uu ugu yeeray kooxo is-difaac, kuwaas oo ganaax saaray ama weeraray maraakiibta shisheeyaha. Waqti ka dib arrintaasi waxay isu beddeshay dhac iyo afduub madaxfurasho ([African Studies Review](https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/4C53BE500E319C1878C58A735DDAF3CA/core-reader); [Journal of African History](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/piracy-in-somalia-piracy-in-somalia-violence-and-development-in-the-horn-of-africa-by-awet-tewelde-weldemichael-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-2019-pp-xix-238-2999-paperback-isbn-9781108739283-8999-hardcover-isbn-9781108496964-2400-ebook-isbn-9781108759069/C25D186CFBB2A6CF6CA4750B61A18F6C)). Wuxuu ogaaday in lacag badan oo madaxfurasho ah ay ka baxday Soomaaliya ama la gelisay ganacsi sharci ah, oo ay ku jiraan guryo xaafadda Islii ee Nairobi. Wuxuu helay caddayn yar oo xiriir dhow oo u dhexeeya burcadbadeedda iyo al-Shabaab, marka laga reebo "guur dan" oo kooxdu ay canshuur ka qaadi jirtay burcadbadeedda deegaannada ay maamusho, sida ay uga qaadi jirtay dadka kale. Wuxuu ku doodayaa in jawaabta caalamiga ah ee inta badan ciidan badeed ahayd ay kalluumaysatada maxalliga ah dhex dhigtay rasaasta iyadoon wax ka qaban sababaha, wuxuuna ku baaqayaa tallaabo laga qaado kalluumaysiga sharci-darrada ah ee shisheeyaha iyo daadinta qashinka, ilaalinta kheyraadka badda iyo shaqooyin cusub oo xeebta ah ([African Studies Review](https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/4C53BE500E319C1878C58A735DDAF3CA/core-reader)). Eeg [Burcadbadeedda xeebaha Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/), [Kalluumaysiga iyo badda](/so/economy/fishing-and-the-sea/) iyo [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Kris Inman, joornaalka African Studies Review, ayaa ku tilmaamay "kaalin qiimo leh", laakiin wuxuu dhaleeceeyay inuusan sharxin sida wareysiyada loo doortay, waxa la weydiiyay iyo sida xogta loo falanqeeyay, taas oo adkaysa in natiijooyinkiisa la hubiyo ([African Studies Review](https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/4C53BE500E319C1878C58A735DDAF3CA/core-reader)). Waxaa kale oo dib-u-eegis loogu sameeyay Journal of African History ([Journal of African History](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/piracy-in-somalia-piracy-in-somalia-violence-and-development-in-the-horn-of-africa-by-awet-tewelde-weldemichael-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-2019-pp-xix-238-2999-paperback-isbn-9781108739283-8999-hardcover-isbn-9781108496964-2400-ebook-isbn-9781108759069/C25D186CFBB2A6CF6CA4750B61A18F6C)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Cambridge University Press ayaa ku iibisa jeldi adag, jeldi jilicsan iyo nuqul elektaroonig ah. Buugaag kale oo boggan ku jira oo isla sannadahaas ku saabsan: [Captured at Sea](/so/books/captured-at-sea-dua/) ee Jatin Dua iyo [The Pirates of Somalia](/so/books/the-pirates-of-somalia-bahadur/) ee Jay Bahadur. --- # Understanding Somalia and Somaliland (2008), I. M. Lewis: hordhac gaaban oo dhaqanka, taariikhda iyo bulshada Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/understanding-somalia-and-somaliland-lewis/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Understanding Somalia and Somaliland (Fahamka Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland) waa buug 2008 uu qoray cilmi-baaraha bulshada I. M. Lewis, waxaana London ku daabacay Hurst. Qiyaastii 140 bog gudahood wuxuu ku soo bandhigayaa dadka Soomaalida, beelahooda, diintooda, gabaygooda iyo hababka ay ku noolaadaan, wuxuuna raadraacayaa taariikhdooda laga bilaabo qaybintii gumeysiga ilaa burburkii dowladda 1991, wuxuuna daboolayaa Somaliland, Puntland, dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa iyo Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ee 2006. ## Buugga **Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society** (Fahamka Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland: Dhaqanka, Taariikhda, Bulshada) waxaa qoray **Ioan M. Lewis** (1930 ilaa 2014), borofisar hawlgab ah oo cilmiga bulshada ka dhigi jiray London School of Economics, xubinna ka ahaa British Academy, kana shaqeeyay bulshada Soomaalida in ka badan konton sano. Hurst ayaa London ku daabacay August 2008. Jeldiga jilicsan wuxuu leeyahay 176 bog guud ahaan, qiyaastii 139 bog oo qoraalka ugu muhiimsan ah ([Hurst](https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/understanding-somalia-and-somaliland); [Leeds African Studies Bulletin](https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/somalia-somaliland/)). Buugaagtiisii hore ee boggan ku jira waa [A Pastoral Democracy](/so/books/a-pastoral-democracy-lewis/) iyo [Saints and Somalis](/so/books/saints-and-somalis-lewis/). ## Waxa ku jira Buuggu wuxuu leeyahay saddex qaybood ([Schweitzer Fachinformationen](https://www.schweitzer-online.de/en/buch/Lewis/Understanding-Somalia-Somaliland/9781850658986/A16134362/)): - **Dhaqanka**: meelaha Soomaalidu ku nool yihiin, socdaalka iyo imaatinka Islaamka, qaybaha beelaha ee dhaqameed, qoyska iyo guurka, diinta, dhaxalka afka ee gabayga, iyo sida Soomaalidu isu arkaan qaran ahaan. Eeg [Beelaha iyo abtirsiinyada](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/), [Sida Islaamku u soo gaaray Soomaalida](/so/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/) iyo [Gabayga Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-poetry/). - **Taariikhda**: laga bilaabo qaybintii gumeysiga, xorriyadda iyo ololihii lagu midaynayay dhulka Soomaalidu degto oo dhan, ilaa dowladdii militariga iyo hantiwadaagga iyo xiriirkeedii Soofiyeetiga. Eeg [Qaybintii, 1884 ilaa 1926](/so/history/partition-1884-1926/) iyo [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969 ilaa 1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/). - **Bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha**: hay'adaha miyiga, degitaanka, ganacsiga xoolaha, iyo bulshooyinka beeraleyda ah ee waqooyiga iyo koonfurta. Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). Cutubyada dambe waxay daboolaan dib-u-dhalashadii Somaliland, faragelintii caalamiga ahayd, dowladihii ku-meel-gaarka ahaa ee lagu dhisay Carta 2000 iyo Mbagathi 2004, kor u kicii maxkamadaha Islaamiga ee Muqdisho, dimuqraadiyadda Somaliland, iyo Puntland. Buuggu wuxuu ku dhammaanayaa dhaqdhaqaaqii Islaamiga ahaa ee, sida Lewis qoray, keenay "muddo gaaban oo xasillooni la yaab leh ah" inta badan koonfurta Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii 2006 ([Hurst](https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/understanding-somalia-and-somaliland)). Eeg [Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/), [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/) iyo [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/). ## Aragtidiisa Somaliland Lewis wuxuu si gaar ah u eegay Somaliland. Wuxuu ku tilmaamay xallinta colaadaha ee odayaasha beelaha halkaas "guul dhab ahaan la yaab leh", wuxuuna ku doodayaa in habkan gudaha ka yimid uu ka shaqeeyay si ka wanaagsan nabadeyntii dibadda laga hoggaaminayay ee koonfurta ([Leeds African Studies Bulletin](https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/somalia-somaliland/)). Dib-u-eegayaal qaar ayaa xusay in mowqifkiisu u guuray taageero adag oo dowlad-dhisidda Somaliland ah, iyo in culimo qaar ay u arkaan in habkiisu uu xiriirka qaraabanimada uga dhigo mid ka go'aamin badan nolol maalmeedka sida uu dhab ahaan yahay ([BSOAS](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/ioan-lewis-understanding-somalia-and-somaliland-culture-history-society-xii-139-pp-london-hurst-company-2008-1699-isbn-978-1-85065-898-6/4336BAAE8A313D37D5DB0CC13C38FA05)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies wuxuu ku tilmaamay "hordhac kooban, sugan, aragti leh oo si fudud loo akhriyo oo ku saabsan mawduuc aad u murugsan". Journal of Modern African Studies wuxuu qoray in Lewis "uu weli ku baaqayo mucaaradkiisa aqoonta inay keenaan falanqeyn kale oo sidaas oo kale loo akhrin karo, ayna sugan tahay" ([Hurst](https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/understanding-somalia-and-somaliland)). Lionel Cliffe, Leeds African Studies Bulletin, wuxuu ku tilmaamay "buug-gacmeed yar" oo bixiya "macluumaad asal ah oo faa'iido u leh dadka dibadda ka yimid" ([Leeds African Studies Bulletin](https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/somalia-somaliland/)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Jeldiga jilicsan waxaa daabaca Hurst, maktabado badanna way hayaan. Sharraxaad dheer oo isla dhulkaas ku saabsan waa [Becoming Somaliland](/so/books/becoming-somaliland-bradbury/) ee Mark Bradbury, oo Cliffe ay isla dib-u-eegis ku wada qortay. --- # Politics, Language, and Thought (1977), David Laitin: far-qorista Soomaaliga iyo sida luqaddu u qaabeyso siyaasadda Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/politics-language-and-thought-laitin/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Politics, Language, and Thought (Siyaasadda, Luqadda iyo Fekerka) waa buug 1977 uu qoray aqoonyahanka siyaasadda David D. Laitin, waxaana daabacay University of Chicago Press. Qaybtiisa koowaad waxay weydiinaysaa sababta dowladihii la doortay ee Soomaaliya ay xorriyadda kaddib ugu heshiin waayeen far lagu qoro af Soomaaliga, iyo waxa go'aan la'aantaas dheeri ku kacday. Qaybta labaad waxay ka warramaysaa tijaabooyin lagu sameeyay arday Soomaali ah oo laba luqadood yaqaan, kuwaas oo muujiyay in dadku su'aalaha siyaasadda si kale ugu jawaabaan marka Soomaali iyo marka Ingiriisi la weydiiyo. ## Buugga **Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience** (Siyaasadda, Luqadda iyo Fekerka: Waayo-aragnimada Soomaalida) waxaa qoray **David D. Laitin**, aqoonyahan siyaasadeed oo Mareykan ah oo markii dambe wax ka dhigay Jaamacadda Chicago iyo Jaamacadda Stanford. Waxaa 1977 daabacay University of Chicago Press, 268 bog ([Swarthmore College](https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/1339); [American Political Science Review](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/politics-language-and-thought-the-somali-experience-by-laitin-david-d-chicago-university-of-chicago-press-1977-pp-xii-268-1900/EA885011959E609FCBF2DFDB88314B0F)). Laitin wuxuu 1960-yadii Soomaaliya uga shaqeeyay Peace Corps, sannadahaasna waxay qaabeeyeen tiirkiisii dhakhtarnimada iyo buuggan; waraaqihii uu halkaas ka soo ururiyay, oo hadda yaal Machadka Hoover, ayaa ahaa il muhiim u ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._Laitin); [Hoover Institution](https://www.hoover.org/node/90723)). ## Qaybta koowaad: arrinta farta Markii Soomaaliya xorowday 1960, af Soomaaligu wuxuu ahaa af lagu hadlo oo leh gabayo badan oo afka lagu tiriyo, laakiin aan lahayn far lagu heshiiyay. Dowladdu waxay shaqada rasmiga ah u dooratay saddex luqadood oo shisheeye ah, soo jeedinno kala duwan oo far Soomaaliyeed ah, far Laatiin, far Carabi ama far cusub, ayaana ra'yiga kala qaybiyay. Qaybta koowaad ee buuggu waxay isku dayaysaa inay sharraxdo sababta dowladihii baarlamaanka ee 1960-yadii aysan go'aan u gaarin, waxayna miisaamaysaa saamaynta bulsheed iyo siyaasadeed ee sannado badan oo go'aan la'aan ah. Waxay ku dhammaanaysaa dowladdii militariga, oo 1972 af Soomaaliga ka dhigtay luqadda rasmiga ah, kuna qortay far Laatiin ah ([Language Log](https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=968)). Sheekada waxaa lagu sharxay [Qorista af Soomaaliga, 1972](/en/history/somali-language-written-1972/), tobankaas sanana [Xilligii rayidka, 1960 ilaa 1969](/en/history/civilian-era-1960-1969/). ## Qaybta labaad: luqaddu ma beddeshaa fekerka siyaasadeed? Qaybta labaad waxay luqadda ku xiraysaa fekerka siyaasadeed. Laitin wuxuu qoray in intii uu Peace Corps ku jiray uu dareemay "dhaqdhaqaaq bulsheed" kale marka dadku Ingiriisi ku hadlaan halkii ay Soomaali ku hadli lahaayeen, wuxuuna is-weydiiyay in luqaddu noqon karto hay'ad bulsheed oo saamayn u gaar ah leh. 1972 wuxuu arrintaas ku tijaabiyay dugsiyo ku yaal Waajeer, oo ah degaan Soomaali ku hadasho oo waqooyi-bari Kenya ah. Lixdan iyo afar (64) arday dugsi sare ah ayaa ka qayb galay wareysiyo iyo jilitaan, badh Ingiriisi badhna Soomaali, ardayda yaryarna waxay jumlado ku buuxiyeen mid ka mid ah labada luqadood ([Language Log](https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=968)). Nolosha Soomaalida gobolkaas waxaa lagu sharxay [Gobolka Waqooyiga Bari ee Kenya 1962 ilaa 1967](/en/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/). Natiijooyin qaar ayaa aad ugu kala duwanaa luqadda. Markii Ingiriisi lagu weydiiyay inay guriga ama dugsiga doorbidaan, 68 boqolkiiba waxay doorteen guriga; markii Soomaali lagu weydiiyay, 75 boqolkiiba waxay doorteen dugsiga. Laitin wuxuu bixiyay dhowr sharraxaad, oo ay ka mid yihiin taariikhda ereyga Soomaaliga ah *dugsi*, oo markii hore loola jeeday dugsi Qur'aan, iyo in ardaydu ay qiyaastii saddex miis ku wada fadhiyeen oo laga yaabo inay jawaabaha ku heshiiyeen ([Language Log](https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=968)). Eeg [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/en/society/islam-in-somalia/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegis ayaa loogu sameeyay American Political Science Review, iyo, aqoonyahanka Soomaaliga ah Cabdi Sheekh-Cabdi, Journal of Modern African Studies ([Journal of Modern African Studies](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/politics-languages-and-thought-the-somali-experience-by-laitindavid-dthe-university-of-chicago-press-1977-pp-268-1900/8ACF9555617E0255926C4BF2EF69E251); [American Political Science Review](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/politics-language-and-thought-the-somali-experience-by-laitin-david-d-chicago-university-of-chicago-press-1977-pp-xii-268-1900/EA885011959E609FCBF2DFDB88314B0F)). Tobannaan sano kaddib, aqoonyahanka luqadaha Mark Liberman wuxuu natiijooyinkiisa doorashada luqadda ku tilmaamay saamayn weyn oo aan si fiican loo daraasayn, oo ka timaadda xiriirka dhaqan iyo dareen ee luqad kasta ee ma aha naxwaha, daraasado cusub oo luqadda iyo siyaasadda ku saabsanna weli waxay tijaabadan u tixraacaan mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu horreeyay ([Language Log](https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=968)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Buugga hadda lama daabaco, laakiin maktabado jaamacadeed oo badan ayaa haya. Laitin wuxuu markii dambe la qoray taariikhyahanka Saciid S. Samatar buugga Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (1987); labadaba waxay ku jiraan [Buugaagta Soomaalida ku saabsan, 1960 ilaa 1990](/en/history/books-about-somalis-1960-1990/). --- # Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism (1982), Saciid S. Samatar: gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/oral-poetry-and-somali-nationalism-samatar/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism (Gabayga Afka iyo Wadaniyadda Soomaalida) waa daraasad 1982 uu qoray taariikhyahanka Soomaaliga ah Saciid S. Samatar, waxaana daabacay Cambridge University Press. Wuxuu sharxayaa sida xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalidu ugu adeegsan jireen hadalka iyo gabayga nolosha guud, kaddibna wuxuu dib u dhisayaa halgankii Daraawiishta 1899 ilaa 1920 isagoo inta badan ku tiirsan gabayadii siyaasadeed ee hoggaamiyahooda, Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, wuxuuna muujinayaa sida labada dhinacba gabayga ugu adeegsadeen inay daacadnimada Soomaalida ku helaan. ## Buugga **Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayyid Mahammad 'Abdille Hasan** (Gabayga Afka iyo Wadaniyadda Soomaalida: Kiiska Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan) waxaa qoray **[Saciid S. Samatar](/en/people/said-samatar/)** (1943 ilaa 2015), taariikhyahan Soomaali ah oo ku dhashay qoys xoolo-dhaqato ah oo Ogaadeen ah, taariikhda Afrikana ka dhigi jiray Jaamacadda Rutgers ee Newark laga bilaabo 1981. Cambridge University Press ayaa daabacay November 1982, lambarka 32 ee taxanaha African Studies Series, xii iyo 232 bog, waxaana dib loogu daabacay jeldi jilicsan 2009 ([Rutgers University–Newark](https://www.newark.rutgers.edu/news/rutgers-mourns-loss-dr-said-samatar-longtime-history-professor-scholar-authority-somalia); [Bulletin of SOAS](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/said-s-samatar-oral-poetry-and-somali-nationalism-the-case-of-sayyid-mahammad-abdille-hasan-african-studies-series-32-xii-232-pp-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1982-1950/1EDD09D2515499D10329E02F8E965A44)). ## Waxa ku jira Hordhaca kaddib, cutubyadu waa ([Cambridge Core](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oral-poetry-and-somali-nationalism/poetic-oratory-and-the-dervish-movement/F19C40175E2CF92DC78C8C7F227B05C9)): 1. Qaybaha hadal-jeedinta xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida: tiraab 2. Qaybaha hadal-jeedinta xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida: gabay 3. Qabsashada iyo iska caabinta: kor u kicii Daraawiishta Soomaalida 4. Hadal-jeedinta gabayga iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta 5. Khuraafaadka iyo Wadaadka Labada cutub ee hore waxay sharxayaan sida hadalka tiraabta ah iyo gabaygu ugu shaqeeyeen nolosha guud ee xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida. Cutubka saddexaad wuxuu sheegayaa sheekada kacdoonkii Daraawiishta ee ka dhanka ahaa xukunkii Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya. Kan ugu dambeeya wuxuu eegayaa khuraafaadkii ku koray Sayidka, oo qorayaasha Ingiriisku ugu yeeri jireen "Wadaadka Waalan". Eeg [Gabayga Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-poetry/) iyo [Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta, 1899 ilaa 1920](/en/history/dervish-movement-1899-1920/). ## Gabayaaga iyo dagaalka Cutubka afraad waa wadnaha buugga. Wuxuu ka hadlayaa [Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan](/en/people/sayid-maxamed-cabdulle-xasan/), oo gabayadiisii labaatanka sano ee halganka Daraawiishta ay dad badan u arkaan inuu yahay gabayaagii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu weynaa. Samatar wuxuu xusayaa xujo: Sayidku wuxuu ahaa gabayaa afka ah, haddana gabay siyaasadeed oo uu tiriyay lama diiwaangelin ilaa uu si fiican u dhaafay afartan sano. Ilaha Soomaalidu waxay gabayadiisii ugu horreeyay ku taariikheeyaan 1904, qiyaastii lix sano dhaqdhaqaaqa bilowgiisa kaddib, gabayo badan oo waaweynna waxay dhigaan 1905 ilaa 1909, markii Daraawiishtu degganaayeen xeebta bari ee u dhaxaysa saldanadaha Majeerteen iyo Hobyo. Samatar wuxuu ku doodayaa in sannadihii hore ee colaadda, gabayga siyaasaddu uu ahaa hub muhiim ah oo qancin, kaas oo ay adeegsadeen Daraawiishta iyo cadowgoodii Soomaaliga ahaa labaduba si ay daacadnimada dadka u helaan ([Cambridge Core](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oral-poetry-and-somali-nationalism/poetic-oratory-and-the-dervish-movement/F19C40175E2CF92DC78C8C7F227B05C9)). Saldanadaha xeebta waxaa lagu sharxay [Saldanadaha Majeerteen iyo Hobyo](/en/history/majeerteen-and-hobyo-sultanates/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegis ayaa loogu sameeyay Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 1983, iyo Journal of African History oo lala eegay buugga Lee Cassanelli [The Shaping of Somali Society](/en/books/the-shaping-of-somali-society-cassanelli/), oo isla sannadkaas soo baxay ([Bulletin of SOAS](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/said-s-samatar-oral-poetry-and-somali-nationalism-the-case-of-sayyid-mahammad-abdille-hasan-african-studies-series-32-xii-232-pp-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1982-1950/1EDD09D2515499D10329E02F8E965A44); [Journal of African History](https://cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/somali-history-and-poetry-the-shaping-of-somali-society-reconstructing-the-history-of-a-pastoral-people-16001900-by-lee-v-cassanelli-philadelphia-university-of-pennsylvania-press-1982-pp-xvi-311-no-price-stated-oral-poetry-and-somali-nationalism-the-case-of-sayyid-mohammad-abdille-hasan-by-said-s-samatar-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1982-pp-xii-232-1950/0C9164C6539004C2F3D251A0E29E1C0F)). Xuskii Jaamacadda Rutgers ee geeridiisa 2015 kaddib wuxuu ku daray shaqooyinkiisa ugu muhiimsan ([Rutgers University–Newark](https://www.newark.rutgers.edu/news/rutgers-mourns-loss-dr-said-samatar-longtime-history-professor-scholar-authority-somalia)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Jeldiga jilicsan waxaa daabaca Cambridge University Press, buuggana waxaa laga heli karaa Cambridge Core iyadoo loo marayo maktabadaha. Gabayadii Sayidka ee af Soomaaliga ah waxaa ururiyay Jaamac Cumar Ciise buuggiisa Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (1974). Akhris la xiriira: [A Tree for Poverty](/en/history/a-tree-for-poverty/), ururin hore oo Ingiriisi ah oo gabayo Soomaaliyeed. --- # Renewers of the Age (2008), Scott S. Reese: culimada Suufiyada ee xeebta Banaadir Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/renewers-of-the-age-reese/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Renewers of the Age (Mujaddidiinta Waqtiga) waa daraasad 2008 uu qoray taariikhyahanka Scott S. Reese, waxaana daabacay Brill, taxanaha Islam in Africa. Isagoo adeegsanaya qoraallo Carabi ah oo ay qoreen culimada diinta ee xeebta Banaadir, laga bilaabo waqooyiga Muqdisho ilaa koonfurta Baraawe, qiyaastii 1800 ilaa 1920, wuxuu muujinayaa sida culimadaasi u ahaayeen aqoonyahanno maxalli ah oo magaalooyinkooda ku hoggaamiyay abaaro, cudurro, qabsasho gumeysi iyo isbeddel bulsheed, iyo sababta dariiqooyinka Suufiyadu ay dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad u noqdeen hay'ado dadweyne. ## Buugga **Renewers of the Age: Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir** (Mujaddidiinta Waqtiga: Awliyada iyo Hadalka Bulsheed ee Banaadir Xilligii Gumeysiga) waxaa qoray **Scott S. Reese**, taariikhyahan Islaamka Afrika ah oo shahaadada dhakhtarnimada ka qaatay Jaamacadda Pennsylvania 1996, taariikhda Islaamkana ka dhigay Jaamacadda Northern Arizona. Brill ayaa Leiden iyo Boston ku daabacay 2008, mug 9 ee taxanaha Islam in Africa, 246 bog ([Tabsir, 2008](https://tabsir.net/?p=630); [relbib](https://relbib.de/Record/1655556304)). ## Ilaha Buuggu wuxuu ku salaysan yahay qoraallo Carabi ah oo ay qoreen culimada diinta ee Banaadir, xeebta koonfurta Soomaaliya ee laga bilaabo waqooyiga Muqdisho ilaa koonfurta Baraawe, qiyaastii 1800 ilaa 1920. Reese wuxuu adeegsadaa manaaqibta awliyada ee gudaha lagu ururiyay, qasaa'id diimeed, buugaag Suufi, abtirsiinyada culimada iyo sheekooyinka asalka magaalooyinka xeebta. Sheekooyin badan oo kuwaas ka mid ah waxaa la qoray oo keliya xilligii gumeysiga Talyaaniga ([Tabsir](https://tabsir.net/?p=630); [Journal of the American Oriental Society, 2008](https://law-journals-books.vlex.com/vid/renewers-discourse-colonial-benaadir-67411419)). Eeg [Banaadir](/en/states/banadir/) iyo [Culimada iyo awliyada Suufiyada Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/). ## Cutubyada 1. Hordhac: culimada oo ah "aqoonyahanno maxalli ah" 2. Taariikhda diinta oo ah taariikh bulsheed 3. Awliyada, culimada iyo helitaanka awoodda hadalka 4. Dhibaatooyinka magaalada iyo daawooyinka cibaadada: Suufiyada, dadka magaalada iyo maaraynta dhibaatooyinka bulsheed qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad 5. Hoggaanka Suufiyada, awoodda diinta iyo su'aalaha sinnaan la'aanta bulsheed 6. Qasaa'idda Suufiyada, qoraallada caqiidada iyo caannimada Qaadiriyada bilowgii qarnigii labaatanaad ([Tabsir](https://tabsir.net/?p=630)) ## Dooddiisa Reese wuxuu qoraalka diinta u arkaa nooc faallo bulsheed ah. Culimada xeebtu waxay yaqaaneen shaqada culimo waaweyn oo meelo kale oo adduunka Islaamka ah jooga, waxayna lahaayeen awood ay ku hoggaamiyaan doodaha akhlaaqda ee gudaha. Markii ay xilliyo adag la kulmeen, waxay ku baaqeen cibaado badan, waxayna mu'miniinta ku dhiirri-geliyeen inay naftooda is-xisaabiyaan si bulshadu ugu dhowaato fikraddooda bulsho Islaami ah oo habboon ([Tabsir](https://tabsir.net/?p=630)). Wuxuu ku doodayaa in dariiqooyinka Suufiyadu ay Soomaaliya, iyo Bariga Afrika guud ahaan, ku noqdeen hay'ado bulsheed oo habaysan oo dadweyne oo keliya dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. Taas wuxuu ku xiraa abaaraha, macaluusha iyo cudurka xoolaha ee rinderpest, fidida awoodda Zanzibar iyo Yurub, iyo saamaynta sii kordhaysa ee ganacsatada Carabta iyo ganacsatada iyo deyn-bixiyeyaasha Hindida. Cutubka labaad wuxuu taariikhda 1800 ilaa 1850 u dhigayaa tartan u dhexeeya kooxo sida [Saldanadda Geledi](/en/history/geledi-sultanate/), magaalada Baardheere, ganacsatada iyo bulshooyinka beeraleyda, halka qoraallada Carabigu ay isla dhacdooyinka ku qiimeeyaan mudnaanta diinta, aragti uu Reese ku adkaysanayo in si dhab ah loo qaato ([Journal of the American Oriental Society](https://law-journals-books.vlex.com/vid/renewers-discourse-colonial-benaadir-67411419)). Eeg kale [Dariiqooyinka Suufiyada Soomaaliya](/en/society/sufi-orders-in-somalia/) iyo [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/en/society/islam-in-somalia/). ## Sida loo qaabilay Taariikhyahanad Lidwien Kapteijns ayaa dib-u-eegis ku qortay Journal of the American Oriental Society 2008. Waxay sharraxday sida Reese shaqadiisa u dhigo qoraallada cusub ee Suufiyada, isagoo la qaba culimada u arka waxa loogu yeeray "Suufiyada Cusub" inaysan aad u cusbayn, marka laga reebo dareenka dib-u-habaynta akhlaaqda iyo bulshada. Waxay dhaleeceysay inuusan buuggu sharxin sida ilaha loo doortay, taas oo ay sheegtay inay "adkaynayso qiimaynta natiijooyinkiisa", waxayna weydiisay sababta cutubka labaad uusan u falanqayn waxa uu ka dhigan yahay qiimaynta diimeed ee dhacdooyinka ([Journal of the American Oriental Society](https://law-journals-books.vlex.com/vid/renewers-discourse-colonial-benaadir-67411419)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Brill ayaa ku iibisa jeldi adag iyo nuqul elektaroonig ah, maktabadaha cilmi-baaristuna way hayaan. Sheekada guud ee sida Islaamku ugu faafay Soomaalida, eeg [Sida Islaamku u soo gaaray Soomaalida](/en/society/how-islam-reached-the-somalis/) iyo [Saints and Somalis](/en/books/saints-and-somalis-lewis/) ee I. M. Lewis. --- # Culture and Customs of Somalia (2001), Maxamed Diriye Cabdullaahi: hage nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Soomaalida Source: https://calankii.com/so/books/culture-and-customs-of-somalia-abdullahi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Culture and Customs of Somalia (Dhaqanka iyo Caadooyinka Soomaalida) waa buug tixraac 2001 uu qoray aqoonyahanka luqadaha ee Soomaali-Kanadiyaanka ah Maxamed Diriye Cabdullaahi, waxaana daabacay Greenwood Press, taxanaha Culture and Customs of Africa. Qiyaastii 200 bog gudahood wuxuu ku sharxayaa diinta iyo fekerka Soomaalida, suugaanta iyo warbaahinta, farshaxanka iyo guryaha, cuntada iyo dharka, guurka iyo qoyska, caadooyinka bulshada, iyo muusikada iyo cayaaraha, isagoo wata taariikh kooban oo dadka Soomaalida ah. ## Buugga **Culture and Customs of Somalia** (Dhaqanka iyo Caadooyinka Soomaalida) waxaa qoray **Maxamed Diriye Cabdullaahi** (dhashay 1958), aqoonyahan luqadaha oo Soomaali-Kanadiyaan ah, kaas oo Soomaaliya ka ahaa weriye intaanu Kanada u guurin, shahaadada dhakhtarnimada luqadaha ka qaatay Jaamacadda Montréal, halkaasna wax ka dhigay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Diriye_Abdullahi)). Greenwood Press ayaa daabacay 2001, taxanaha Culture and Customs of Africa, oo ah hordhacyo ku saabsan dalalka Afrika oo loogu talagalay ardayda iyo akhristaha guud. Qoraalka ugu muhiimsani wuxuu gaarayaa qiyaastii 200 bog, wuxuuna leeyahay qaamuus ereyo, liis ilo iyo tusmo ([Maktabadda University of Southern Indiana](https://library.usi.edu/record/309628/export/btex)). Buugaagtiisa kale waxaa ka mid ah *Fiasco in Somalia: US-UN Intervention* (1995), casharrada Faransiiska ee *Parlons somali* (1996) iyo tiirkiisii lahjadaha iyo taariikhda Soomaalida, *Le somali, dialectes et histoire* (2010) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Diriye_Abdullahi)). ## Waxa ku jira Hordhac ku saabsan dhulka, dadka iyo taariikhda Soomaalida kaddib, buuggu wuxuu leeyahay toddoba cutub ([Library Supply](https://librarysupply.co.nz/shop/history-and-archaeology/history/african-history/culture-and-customs-of-somalia_441305)): 1. **Diinta iyo fekerka**. Eeg [Islaamka Soomaaliya](/en/society/islam-in-somalia/). 2. **Suugaanta, riwaayadaha iyo warbaahinta**. Eeg [Gabayga Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-poetry/) iyo [Buugaagta af Soomaaliga](/en/society/books-in-the-somali-language/). 3. **Farshaxanka, naqshadeynta dhismaha iyo guryaha**. 4. **Cuntada iyo dharka dhaqameed**. Eeg [Cuntada Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-food/). 5. **Doorka ragga iyo haweenka, guurka iyo qoyska**. Eeg [Qoyska iyo guurka](/en/society/family-and-marriage/) iyo [Haweenka bulshada Soomaalida](/en/society/women-in-somali-society/). 6. **Caadooyinka bulshada iyo hab-nololeedka**. Eeg [Beelaha iyo abtirsiinyada](/en/society/clans-and-lineage/) iyo [Xeerka](/en/society/xeer-customary-law/). 7. **Muusikada iyo cayaaraha**. Eeg [Muusikada Soomaalida](/en/society/somali-music/). Sharraxaadda daabacuhu waxay xoogga saartay sida uu uga hadlo farsamada gacanta, naqshadeynta dhismaha iyo guryaha reer-guuraaga, dhaqanka geela, cuntada iyo caadooyinka cunidda, xafladaha marxaladaha nolosha, madadaalada iyo nolosha dhaqaalaha, waxbarashada iyo noocyada muusikada Soomaalida ([Library Supply](https://librarysupply.co.nz/shop/history-and-archaeology/history/african-history/culture-and-customs-of-somalia_441305)). Hordhacu wuxuu kale oo ka hadlayaa su'aasha aadka loogu dooday ee ah meesha ay dadka Soomaalidu ka yimaadeen ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Diriye_Abdullahi)). ## Sida loo qaabilay Dib-u-eegis ku soo baxday International Journal of African Historical Studies ayaa buugga ku tilmaantay "asal cusub oo farxad leh" marka uu sharxayo dhaqanka Soomaalida, laakiin "si la yaab leh u cidhiidhi ah" marka uu soo koobayo taariikhda siyaasadda Soomaalida ([Library Supply](https://librarysupply.co.nz/shop/history-and-archaeology/history/african-history/culture-and-customs-of-somalia_441305)). ## Halka laga akhriyo Waxaa lagu heli karaa jeldi adag iyo nuqul elektaroonig ah oo Greenwood, oo hadda ka tirsan Bloomsbury, maktabado badanna way hayaan. Sahan aqooneed oo ka dheer oo isla mawduucyada ah waa [Understanding Somalia and Somaliland](/en/books/understanding-somalia-and-somaliland-lewis/) ee I. M. Lewis. --- # Soomaaliya iyo Australia Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/australia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Australia iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed rasmi ah yeesheen 20 Abriil 2010. Australia safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya; xiriirka ugu weyn waa gargaar, nabad-ilaalintii 1990-meeyadii iyo bulsho Soomaaliyeed oo 2021 gaadhay 18,401 qof. Gargaarka Australia wuxuu ugu sarreeyay 63.1 milyan oo doollar sannadkii abaarta 2011, wuxuuna 2024 ahaa 1.5 milyan. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Australia maanta u xiriiraan? Labada dal waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed rasmi ah lahaayeen tan iyo 20 Abriil 2010, sida ay sheegtay warbixin baarlamaanka Australia oo Wikipedia tixraacday ([Wikipedia, Xiriirka dibadda Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kan kale. Xiriirka maanta badankiisu waa dad iyo gargaar. Tirakoobkii 2021 wuxuu tiriyay 18,401 qof oo asal ahaan Soomaali ah oo Australia jooga, iyo 8,101 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Australia, 2021](https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/9224_AUS)). Gargaarka rasmiga ah ee Australia siisay Soomaaliya wuxuu 2024 ahaa 1.5 milyan oo doollar ([OECD, xogta gargaarka](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/AUS+KOR+BRA+IDN.SOM.206.USD.V?startPeriod=2000&endPeriod=2024)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirka dowladeed ee ugu horreeya ee la diiwaangeliyay waa kalluumaysi. Soomaaliya waxay 1975 Eyl, Cadale iyo Baraawe ka aasaastay iskaashatooyin kalluumaysi oo leh doonyo Soofiyeed ([Maktabadda Koongareeska Maraykanka, Somalia: A Country Study, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/59.htm)). Markii shaqaalihii Soofiyeedku 1978 ka baxeen Soomaaliya, Australia iyo Talyaanigu ayaa taageeray mashaariicdaas. Australia waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelatay dhoofinta xoolaha Soomaaliya. 1980-meeyadii Sacuudigu wuxuu mamnuucay lo'da Soomaaliya isagoo sheegay cudurka shabakada (rinderpest); daraasadda Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustay sheegashooyin ah in ganacsato Sacuudi ah ay maalgashi ku lahaayeen xeryo xoolaad oo Australia ah ([Maktabadda Koongareeska, 1992](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/61.htm)). Mamnuucistu waxay Soomaaliya u keentay dhimis weyn oo miisaaniyadda ah. ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiir deggan midkoodna kuma laha caasimadda kan kale. Liiska madaxda ergooyinka Australia ee u fadhiyay Soomaaliya kuma jiro ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Guutada 1aad ee Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR)** ayaa 1993 ka hawlgashay Baydhabo iyadoo hoos timaadda Hawlgalka Midaysan ee Maraykanku hoggaaminayay ([Australian War Memorial](https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C268729)). - **Cabdullaahi Caalim**, oo Australia yimid isagoo qaxooti ah oo shan jir ah, ayaa 2017 noqday Dhallinyarada Sannadka ee Galbeedka Australia ([Auspire, 9 Luulyo 2020](https://auspire.org.au/news/was-2017-young-australian-of-the-year-joins-royal-family/)). Wuxuu aasaasay MYHACK, tartan lagu dhisayo qalab looga hortago dacaayadda xagjirnimada. - **Ben Murphy**, oo u hadlayay Oxfam, ayaa ka hadlay xiritaankii xawaaladaha 2015 ([SBS News, 19 Febraayo 2015](https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/somalis-hit-hard-by-money-transfer-cuts/rkzodz2l7)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? - **20 Abriil 2010:** aasaasidda xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Heshiis kale kuma jiro ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? Booqasho madaxweyne ama wasiir oo dhinac kasta ah kuma jirto ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay alaabta Australia u dhoofisay Soomaaliya: - 1.2 milyan oo doollar 2019 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=36&partnerCode=706&period=2019&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 1.0 milyan 2021 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=36&partnerCode=706&period=2021&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 0.5 milyan 2022 iyo 2023 ([UN Comtrade, 2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=36&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=36&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 0.3 milyan 2024 iyo 0.8 milyan 2025 ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=36&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2025](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=36&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) Waxa Soomaaliya laga keenay sannad walba wuu ka yaraa 130,000 doollar. Qalabka korontada ayaa ahaa inta badan alaabta 2024 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=36&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa yimid? Tirooyinka OECD ee gargaarka rasmiga ah ee Australia, doollarka Maraykanka ([OECD](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/AUS+KOR+BRA+IDN.SOM.206.USD.V?startPeriod=2000&endPeriod=2024)): - 2006: 2.4 milyan; 2007: 3.1 milyan - 2010: 5.1 milyan - 2011: 63.1 milyan, sannadkii abaarta - 2012: 16.3 milyan - 2013 ilaa 2016: inta u dhexeysa 5.2 iyo 13.1 milyan sannadkii - 2017: 14.3 milyan - 2018 ilaa 2020: 6.9, 9.2 iyo 3.1 milyan - 2021 iyo 2022: 0.7 iyo 1.4 milyan - 2023: 6.9 milyan - 2024: 1.5 milyan Lacagtu waxay sidoo kale ku socotaa dhinaca kale iyadoo maraysa qoysaska. Febraayo 2015 bangiga Westpac, bangigii ugu dambeeyay ee waaweyn ee Australia ee u adeegayay shirkadaha xawaaladaha, wuxuu qorsheeyay inuu xisaabaadkooda xiro dhammaadka Maarso ([SBS News, 19 Febraayo 2015](https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/somalis-hit-hard-by-money-transfer-cuts/rkzodz2l7)). Xiritaanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa tallaabooyinka la-dagaallanka argagixisada, warbixin Oxfam Australia ahna waxay ka digtay inay dad Soomaaliya ku nool sii saboolayso. ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Australia waxay ciidamo u dirtay labadii howlgal ee QM ee Soomaaliya, UNOSOM I (1992–1993) iyo UNOSOM II (1993–1995) ([Nabad-ilaalinta QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1facts.html); [UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Guutada 1 RAR waxay 1993 roondo ku samaynaysay Baydhabo ([Australian War Memorial](https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C268729)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Australia ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Ciidamadii Australia ee 1993 waxay joogeen Baydhabo, oo maanta ka tirsan Koonfur Galbeed ([Australian War Memorial](https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C268729)). Xafiis, heshiis ama mowqif Australia ka qabto Somaliland kuma jiro ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood kuma diiwaangashna ilaha la helay. Xiritaankii bangiyada 2015 waxay hay'adaha gargaarku ka dhigeen digniin ([SBS News, 2015](https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/somalis-hit-hard-by-money-transfer-cuts/rkzodz2l7)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa Australia ku nool? Tirakoobkii 2021 wuxuu tiriyay 18,401 qof oo asal Soomaali ah iyo 8,101 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay, in ka badan badhkoodna waxay ku nool yihiin Victoria ([ABS, 2021](https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/9224_AUS)). Eeg [Soomaalida Australia](/en/diaspora/australia/). ## Halkee bay Australia ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Australia waxay ciidamo ku biirisay UNOSOM I iyo UNOSOM II ([Nabad-ilaalinta QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1facts.html)). Codadka iyo bayaannada Australia ee Golaha Ammaanka kuma jiraan ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Australia](/en/diaspora/australia/) - [Faragelintii QM 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Barasiil Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/brazil/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Barasiil iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 1987, Barasiilna Soomaaliya waxay ka daboosha safaaraddeeda Nairobi. Xiriirku badankiisu waa ganacsi: Barasiil waxay 2025 Soomaaliya u iib geysay alaab dhan 125.9 milyan oo doollar, ku dhowaad dhammaan sonkor, waxna kama soo iibsan. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Barasiil maanta u xiriiraan? Barasiil safaarad kuma laha Muqdisho, Soomaaliyana kuma laha Brasília. Barasiil waxay Soomaaliya ka daboosha safaaraddeeda Nairobi ee Kenya, sida ay Wikipedia ku sheegtay iyadoo tixraacaysa bogga safaaradda ([Wikipedia, Xiriirka dibadda Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Ganacsigu waa xiriirka ugu weyn. Alaabta Barasiil Soomaaliya u dhoofisay waxay 2025 ahayd 125.9 milyan oo doollar, halka waxa Soomaaliya laga keenay ay ahaayeen 12,700 doollar ([UN Comtrade, 2025](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Labada dowladood waxay xiriir yeesheen 1987. Ilahu laba taariikhood ayay bixiyaan: - **2 Febraayo 1987**, liiska Wikipedia ee xiriirrada Barasiil, oo tixraacaya diiwaannada QM ([Wikipedia, Xiriirka dibadda Barasiil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil)). - **2 Abriil 1987**, liiska Wikipedia ee xiriirrada Soomaaliya, oo aan il lahayn ([Wikipedia, Xiriirka dibadda Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirka Barasiil ee Nairobi ayaa u fadhiya Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Soomaaliya ergo uma fadhiyo Barasiil, sida isla boggaasi sheegay. Magacyada safiirrada Barasiil kuma jiraan ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? Saraakiil ama ganacsato la magacaabay oo ka dambeeyay xiriirka Barasiil iyo Soomaaliya kuma jiraan ilaha boggan loo helay. Bogga Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Barasiil, oo diiwaankan haysa, lama gaadhi karin markii boggan la qorayay. ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? - **1987:** aasaasidda xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed ([Wikipedia, Xiriirka dibadda Barasiil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil)). Heshiis kale kuma jiro ilaha la helay. ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? Booqasho madaxweyne ama wasiir oo dhinac kasta ah kuma jirto ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay alaabta Barasiil u dhoofisay Soomaaliya: - 63.5 milyan oo doollar 2010 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2010&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 11.8 milyan 2012 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2012&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 24.6 milyan 2014 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2014&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 81.4 milyan 2016 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2016&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 60.7 milyan 2018 iyo 20.5 milyan 2019 ([UN Comtrade, 2018](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2018&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2019](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2019&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 75.0 milyan 2020 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2020&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 42.1 milyan 2022 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 174.6 milyan 2023 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 154.1 milyan 2024 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 125.9 milyan 2025 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) Sonkorta ayaa ugu badan. 2024 Barasiil waxay Soomaaliya u iibisay sonkor qasab ah oo 143.5 milyan doollar ah iyo hilib digaag 9.2 milyan ah ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=1701,0207,0202)). Sonkortu sidoo kale waxay ahayd alaabta ugu weyn 2023 (168.9 milyan) iyo 2025 (120.1 milyan) ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2); [2025](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). Waxa Soomaaliya laga keenay waa yaraayeen: 73,700 doollar 2022, 52,600 doollar 2023 iyo 15,100 doollar 2024 ([UN Comtrade, 2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=76&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa yimid? Barasiil gargaarkeeda uma sheegto OECD, tirooyin gargaar oo Barasiil Soomaaliya siisayna kuma jiraan ilaha la helay ([OECD](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/AUS+KOR+BRA+IDN.SOM.206.USD.V?startPeriod=2000&endPeriod=2024)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Barasiil kuma jirto liisaska dalalka ciidamada ku biiriyay UNOSOM I ama UNOSOM II ([Nabad-ilaalinta QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1facts.html); [UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Ciidan Barasiil ah oo Soomaaliya jooga lama helin. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Barasiil ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xafiis, heshiis ama mowqif Barasiil ka qabto Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleed kuma jiro ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood kuma jiro ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Halkee bay Barasiil ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Codadka iyo bayaannada Barasiil ee Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jiraan xilliyadii ay xubinta ka ahayd Golaha Ammaanka, kuma jiraan ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Kuuba](/so/relations/cuba/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Kuuba Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/cuba/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Kuuba iyo Soomaaliya waxay ahaayeen saaxiibbo dhow horraantii iyo badhtamihii 1970-meeyadii, markii la-taliyayaal Kuuban ah ay caawiyeen tababarka jabhadaha Soomaaliyeed. 1977 Fidel Castro wuu ku guuldareystay inuu Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya heshiisiiyo, Kuubana kumanaan askari ayay u dirtay inay Itoobiya la dagaallamaan dagaalkii Ogaadeenya. 13 Nofembar 1977 Soomaaliya waxay jartay xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed ee Kuuba. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Kuuba maanta u xiriiraan? Xiriirka labada dowladood ee maanta kuma qorna ilaha boggan loo helay. Diiwaanku wuxuu daboolayaa 1970-meeyadii, markii ay dhow ahaayeen, iyo jaridda xiriirka Nofembar 1977 ([Wikipedia, Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Soomaaliya iyo Kuuba waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 19 Luulyo 1972, sida ay sheegtay taariikh-xusuus siyaasadda dibadda Kuuba oo Wikipedia tixraacday ([Wikipedia, Xiriirka dibadda Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Ganacsigu ka hor ayuu bilaabmay. Kaddib inqilaabkii Oktoobar 1969, Maraykanku wuxuu joojiyay gargaarkii Soomaaliya sababtoo ah maraakiib calanka Soomaaliya sitay ayaa la ganacsanayay Waqooyiga Fiyetnaam iyo Kuuba, taas oo sharciga Maraykanku mamnuucay ([Daraasad Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka, 6 Luulyo 1973, FRUS dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91)). Juun 1973 safiirka Soomaaliya ee Washington, Cabdullaahi Addow, wuxuu sheegay in "arrimaha Fiyetnaam iyo Kuuba" la xallin karo si gargaarku u soo laabto ([Wada-hadal, 11 Juun 1973, FRUS dukumenti 90](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d90)). ## Maxay Kuuba ka qabatay Soomaaliya 1970-meeyadii? - **Tababarka jabhadaha, 1973:** wafdi Kuuban ah ayaa Soomaaliya yimid badhtamihii Abriil 1973, wuxuuna ogolaaday inuu la-taliyayaal dhexdhexaad-milateri u diro marxaladda ugu dambaysa ee tababarka xeryaha Soomaaliya ([FRUS dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91)). Ku dhowaad 1,600 tababarte ayaa hal goob la isugu keenayay si ay u sugaan. - **Horumarin, 1975:** safaaradda Maraykanka ee Muqdisho waxay sheegtay in Kuubaan, Jarmal Bari, Waqooyi Kuuriyaan, Jeeg iyo Bulgaariyaan ay Midowga Soofiyeeti ka caawinayeen "isbeddelka hantiwadaagga" Soomaaliya ([Taar safaaradda Maraykanka, 3 Sebtembar 1975, FRUS dukumenti 145](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d145)). - **Hay'adaha amniga, 1976:** safaaraddu waxay qortay in Soofiyeedka, Kuubaanka iyo Jarmalka Bari ay caawiyeen abaabulka booliska sirdoonka iyo maleeshiyada ([Warqad safaaradda Maraykanka, 25 Nofembar 1976, FRUS dukumenti 168](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d168)). - **Hawlgallada Ogaadeenya, horraantii 1977:** warqad Aqalka Cad ah ayaa xustay in Kuubaan Soomaaliya joogay qaarkood ay "Soomaalida ka caawinayeen hawlgallo jabhadeed oo Itoobiya gudaheeda ah" ([Warqad Brzezinski, 1977, FRUS 1977–1980, dukumenti 7](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d7)). Deeqo waxbarasho oo Kuuba siisay ardayda Soomaaliyeed xilligaas kuma qorna ilaha la helay. ## Maxaa isbeddelay 1977? Horraantii 1977 Fidel Castro wuxuu isku dayay inuu isu keeno hoggaamiyeyaasha Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ([FRUS dukumenti 7](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d7)). Diiwaanka Maraykanku wuxuu sheegay in dadaalkaasi "u muuqdo inuu fashilmay" iyo in Castro u arkay dhinaca Soomaaliga mid ka xiiso badan dhulka intii hantiwadaagga. Agoosto 1977 ciidamada Soomaaliyeed iyo jabhaduhu waxay haysteen ku dhowaad saddex meelood laba meel Ogaadeenya, Kuubana waxay taageertay Itoobiya ([Diiwaanka Maraykanka, 3 Agoosto 1977, FRUS dukumenti 25](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d25)). Nofembar 1977 dowladaha reer galbeedku waxay tiriyeen ku dhowaad 400 la-taliye milateri oo Kuuban ah oo Itoobiya jooga ([Warqad Vance, 12 Nofembar 1977, FRUS dukumenti 34](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d34)). 13 Nofembar 1977 Soomaaliya waxay joojisay heshiiskii Midowga Soofiyeeti, waxayna amartay in la-taliyayaasha Soofiyeedku baxaan ([FRUS dukumenti 45](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d45)). Isla maalintaas waxay jartay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed ee Kuuba ([Wikipedia, Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War)). 23 Febraayo 1978 ku dhowaad 10,000 Kuubaan ah ayaa Itoobiya joogay, oo ay ku jiraan guuto lugta farsamaysan iyo ilaa 40 duuliye ([Shirka Golaha Amniga Qaranka Maraykanka, FRUS dukumenti 62](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d62)). Raúl Castro wuxuu Moscow u sheegay in ciidamada Kuubaanku aysan geli doonin dhulka Soomaaliya, sida uu safiirka Soofiyeedka Anatoly Dobrynin sheegay 14 Febraayo 1978 ([FRUS dukumenti 56](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d56)). ## Yaa dhisay, yaase jaray xiriirka? - **Siyaad Barre**, Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, wuxuu hoggaaminayay dowladdii qaadatay caawimaadda Kuuba, kaddibna xiriirka jartay ([FRUS dukumenti 7](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d7)). - **Fidel Castro**, Madaxweynaha Kuuba, wuxuu 1977 isku dayay inuu Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya heshiisiiyo ([FRUS dukumenti 7](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d7)). - **Raúl Castro**, ku-xigeenka koowaad ee madaxweynaha Kuuba, ayaa 1978 Moscow siiyay ballanqaadka dhulka Soomaaliya ([FRUS dukumenti 56](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d56)). - **Cabdullaahi Addow**, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Maraykanka, ayaa 1973 arrinta maraakiibta Kuuba kala hadlay saraakiisha Maraykanka ([FRUS dukumenti 90](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d90)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? - **19 Luulyo 1972:** xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). - **Abriil 1973:** ballanqaad Kuuba ah oo la-taliyayaal dhexdhexaad-milateri ah ([FRUS dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? UN Comtrade kuma hayo ganacsi labada dal ah sannadihii u dambeeyay; Kuuba iyo Soomaaliya xogtooda uma gudbiyaan ([UN Comtrade, 2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=706&partnerCode=192&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Doorka milateri ee Kuuba wuxuu ahaa 1970-meeyadii: la-taliyayaal Soomaaliya jooga ilaa 1977, kaddibna ciidamo dagaal oo Itoobiya la jira 1977 iyo 1978 ([FRUS dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91); [FRUS dukumenti 62](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d62)). Janaayo 1980 warbixin CIA ah ayaa sheegtay in Kuuba go'aansatay inay ciidamadeeda Itoobiya ku haysato sababtoo ah waxay filaysay in Maraykanku saldhig ka helo Berbera ([CIA, 24 Janaayo 1980, FRUS dukumenti 100](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d100)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ayaa ahaa khilaafka ugu weyn. Abriil 1978, kaddib isku day inqilaab, Siyaad Barre wuxuu eedeeyay Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Kuuba, wuxuuna ugu yeeray "gumeystayaal cusub" ([Wikipedia, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) - [Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya](/so/history/somali-democratic-republic-1969-1991/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Waqooyiga Kuuriya](/so/relations/north-korea/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Indunisiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/indonesia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Indunisiya iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed lahaayeen tan iyo 21 Disembar 1960. Indunisiya waxay Soomaaliya ka daboosha safaaraddeeda Nairobi, safiirkeeduna tan iyo 2025 waa Tyas Baskoro Her Witjaksono Adji. Ganacsigu hal dhinac ayuu u socdaa wuuna korayaa: alaabta Indunisiya Soomaaliya u dhoofisay, oo badankeed saliid timireed iyo dhar ah, waxay 2025 gaadhay 163.2 milyan oo doollar. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Indunisiya maanta u xiriiraan? Indunisiya safaarad kuma laha Muqdisho. Safaaraddeeda Nairobi ee Kenya ayaa Soomaaliya qaabilsan. 24 Maarso 2025 Madaxweyne Prabowo Subianto wuxuu dhaariyay Tyas Baskoro Her Witjaksono Adji oo safiir u ah Kenya, una fadhiya "Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya" ([Xoghaynta Golaha Wasiirrada Indunisiya, 24 Maarso 2025](https://setkab.go.id/en/president-prabowo-inaugurates-31-indonesian-ambassadors-extraordinary-and-plenipotentiary/)). Ganacsigu waa qaybta ugu weyn ee xiriirka. Alaabta Indunisiya Soomaaliya u dhoofisay waxay 2025 ahayd 163.2 milyan oo doollar, halka waxa Soomaaliya laga keenay ay ahaayeen qiyaastii 31,000 doollar ([UN Comtrade, 2025](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya waxay 21 Disembar 1960 u qortay maalinta xiriirka Indunisiya bilaabmay, sida uu muujinayo shaxda Wikipedia ee xiriirrada Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, Xiriirka dibadda Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Tyas Baskoro Her Witjaksono Adji**, safiirka Indunisiya ee Nairobi, oo u fadhiya Soomaaliya, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo iyo Uganda, waxaa la dhaariyay 24 Maarso 2025 ([Xoghaynta Golaha Wasiirrada, 2025](https://setkab.go.id/en/president-prabowo-inaugurates-31-indonesian-ambassadors-extraordinary-and-plenipotentiary/)). Safiirro hore oo Indunisiya ah iyo safiirro Soomaaliyeed oo Jakarta joogay kuma jiraan ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Prabowo Subianto**, Madaxweynaha Indunisiya, ayaa Maarso 2025 magacaabay safiirka hadda u fadhiya Soomaaliya ([Xoghaynta Golaha Wasiirrada, 2025](https://setkab.go.id/en/president-prabowo-inaugurates-31-indonesian-ambassadors-extraordinary-and-plenipotentiary/)). - **Tyas Baskoro Her Witjaksono Adji**, safiirka, ayaa xiriirka ka maamula Nairobi. Ganacsatada ka dambeysa ganacsiga saliidda iyo dharka kuma magacaabna ilaha la helay. ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? - **21 Disembar 1960:** aasaasidda xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Heshiis kale kuma jiro ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? Booqasho madaxweyne ama wasiir oo dhinac kasta ah kuma jirto ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay alaabta Indunisiya u dhoofisay Soomaaliya: - 10.9 milyan oo doollar 2012 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2012&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 36.6 milyan 2014 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2014&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 42.4 milyan 2016 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2016&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 68.1 milyan 2018 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2018&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 73.1 milyan 2020 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2020&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 100.4 milyan 2022 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 97.1 milyan 2023 iyo 98.5 milyan 2024 ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 163.2 milyan 2025 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) Alaabta ugu waaweyn 2025 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)): - saliidaha xoolaha iyo dhirta: 98.2 milyan, oo saliidda timireed (palm oil) ahayd 97.2 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X&cmdCode=1511,1513,1516,1517)) - dhar (aan la tidcin): 25.8 milyan - saabuun iyo alaabta nadaafadda: 14.7 milyan - dun iyo maro dabiici ahayn: 4.3 milyan - caag: 3.8 milyan Indunisiya wax yar ayay Soomaaliya ka iibsatay: 68,800 doollar 2023 iyo 31,500 doollar 2024 ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=360&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa yimid? Indunisiya gargaarkeeda uma sheegto OECD, tirooyin gargaar oo Indunisiya Soomaaliya siisayna kuma jiraan ilaha la helay ([OECD](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/AUS+KOR+BRA+IDN.SOM.206.USD.V?startPeriod=2000&endPeriod=2024)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Indunisiya waxay ciidamo u dirtay labadii howlgal ee QM ee Soomaaliya: UNOSOM I (1992–1993) iyo UNOSOM II (1993–1995) ([Nabad-ilaalinta QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1facts.html); [UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Indunisiya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Safiirka Indunisiya wuxuu u fadhiyaa Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya ([Xoghaynta Golaha Wasiirrada, 2025](https://setkab.go.id/en/president-prabowo-inaugurates-31-indonesian-ambassadors-extraordinary-and-plenipotentiary/)). Xafiis ama heshiis Indunisiya la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleed kuma jiro ilaha la helay. ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood kuma jiro ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Halkee bay Indunisiya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Indunisiya waxay ciidamo ku biirisay UNOSOM I iyo UNOSOM II ([Nabad-ilaalinta QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Bayaannada Indunisiya ee Soomaaliya ee xilliyadii ay xubinta ka ahayd Golaha Ammaanka kuma jiraan ilaha boggan loo helay. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Faragelintii QM 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Australia](/so/relations/australia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Waqooyiga Kuuriya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/north-korea/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Waqooyiga Kuuriya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 13 Abriil 1967, xiriirkaas weli waa la diiwaangeliyaa. Waqooyiga Kuuriya safaarad ayay Muqdisho ku lahayd ilaa shaqaalaheedu Janaayo 1991 la baxsadeen diblomaasiyiin Koonfur Kuuriya ah. Tan iyo markaas xiriirku waa yar yahay: guddi QM ah ayaa 2020 hoobiye lagu ganay garoonka Muqdisho ku xiray nashqad Waqooyiga Kuuriya. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Waqooyiga Kuuriya maanta u xiriiraan? Xiriirku warqad ahaan wuu jiraa. Hay'adda Maraykan ee National Committee on North Korea waxay Soomaaliya ku qortaa dalalka xiriirka la leh Waqooyiga Kuuriya tan iyo 13 Abriil 1967 ([NCNK](https://www.ncnk.org/resources/briefing-papers/all-briefing-papers/dprk-diplomatic-relations)). Midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kan kale maanta; diblomaasiyiinta Waqooyiga Kuuriya waxay Muqdisho ka baxeen Janaayo 1991 ([Korea Herald, 12 Agoosto 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). Soomaaliya waxaa saaran cunaqabateynta Golaha Ammaanka ee Waqooyiga Kuuriya. Guddiga QM ee la socda cunaqabateyntaas wuxuu Soomaaliya ku daray dalalka aan soo gudbin warbixinnada fulinta ([Guddiga Khubarada QM, S/2017/150](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/150&l=en&t=pdf); [S/2024/215](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2024/215&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Waqooyiga Kuuriya iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir yeesheen 13 Abriil 1967, xilligii dowladdii rayidka ([NCNK](https://www.ncnk.org/resources/briefing-papers/all-briefing-papers/dprk-diplomatic-relations)). Wuxuu ka mid ahaa mowjad xiriiro ah oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya 1960-meeyadii la yeelatay dalal Afrikaan iyo Aasiyaan ah oo cusub ([NCNK](https://www.ncnk.org/resources/briefing-papers/all-briefing-papers/dprk-diplomatic-relations)). Kaddib inqilaabkii 1969, Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre wuxuu booqday Pyongyang. Daraasad dowladda Maraykanka ee Luulyo 1973 waxay booqashada u dhigtay Maajo 1972, waxayna sheegtay in xiriir dhow ka dambeeyay ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka, FRUS 1969–1976, qayb E-6, dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91)). Wikipedia, oo tixraacaysa buugaag taariikheed, waxay ku qortaa 1971, waxayna sheegtaa in Barre iyo Kim Il Sung saxeexeen heshiis caawimaad farsamo iyo dhaqaale ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Daraasaddii 1973 waxay diiwaangelisay in Waqooyiga Kuuriya dalkeeda ku tababartay jabhado Soomaaliyeed, xitaa booqashada ka hor ([FRUS, dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91)). Luulyo 1972 wasiirka gaashaandhigga Soomaaliya wuxuu Pyongyang ku heshiiyay in tababarka laga dhigo afar bilood halkii lix si dad badan loo tababaro. Juun 1973 ugu yaraan 175 Soomaali ah ayaa tababarkaas ka soo laabtay, waxayna kuwo kale ku tababarayeen xeryo Soomaaliya gudaheeda ah ([FRUS, dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91)). Isla daraasaddu waxay sheegtay in Waqooyiga Kuuriya bayaanno wadajir ah ku taageertay "midaynta" dhulalka Soomaalida. Sebtembar 1975 safaaradda Maraykanka ee Muqdisho waxay Waqooyi Kuuriyaanka ku dartay Jarmalka Bari, Kuubaanka, Jeegga iyo Bulgaariyaanka caawinayay barnaamijyada hantiwadaagga Soomaaliya ([Taar safaaradda Maraykanka, 3 Sebtembar 1975, FRUS dukumenti 145](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d145)). Markii dalalka Soofiyeedka ay 1977 dagaalkii Ogaadeenya taageereen Dergiga Itoobiya, Waqooyiga Kuuriya sidoo kale gargaar milateri ayay Itoobiya u dirtay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Kim Ryong-su** wuxuu ahaa safiirka Waqooyiga Kuuriya ee Muqdisho markii dagaalku magaalada galay dhammaadkii 1990 ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). Safiir Waqooyiga Kuuriya ah oo Soomaaliya deggan oo kaddib yimid kuma jiro ilaha la helay. Soomaaliya safaarad kuma laha Pyongyang. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Siyaad Barre**, Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, wuxuu booqday Pyongyang, Maajo 1972 sida diiwaanka Maraykanku sheegay, ama 1971 sida Wikipedia ku qortay ([FRUS, dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91); [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Wasiirka gaashaandhigga Soomaaliya** (diiwaanka kuma magacaabin) ayaa Luulyo 1972 ogolaaday in la dedejiyo tababarka Waqooyiga Kuuriya ([FRUS, dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91)). - **Cabdullaahi Addow**, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Washington, ayaa Nofembar 1975 u sheegay saraakiisha Maraykanka in codkii Soomaaliya ee go'aanka Kuuriya uu ka dhashay ballanqaadyo hore ([Taar Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Maraykanka, 22 Nofembar 1975, FRUS dukumenti 152](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d152)). - **Kim Il Sung**, hoggaamiyaha Waqooyiga Kuuriya, wuxuu Barre la saxeexay heshiiskii 1971 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Kim Ryong-su**, safiirka Waqooyiga Kuuriya, wuxuu shaqaalihiisa Muqdisho kala baxay diblomaasiyiin Koonfur Kuuriya ah Janaayo 1991 ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). - **Kang Shin-sung**, safiirka Koonfur Kuuriya, ayaa gurigiisa ku soo hoyiyay Waqooyi Kuuriyaanka, wuxuuna diyaariyay baxsashadooda ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? - **1971 ama 1972:** heshiis caawimaad farsamo iyo dhaqaale, Pyongyang ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Luulyo 1972:** qorshe lagu gaabinayo tababarka jabhadaha Soomaaliyeed ee Waqooyiga Kuuriya ([FRUS, dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91)). Heshiis kale kuma jiro ilaha la helay. ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **Maajo 1972 (diiwaanka Maraykanka) ama 1971 (Wikipedia):** Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre, Pyongyang ([FRUS, dukumenti 91](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d91); [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Sidee bay safaaradda Waqooyiga Kuuriya uga baxday Muqdisho? Markii dagaalku Muqdisho soo gaadhay dhammaadkii 1990, diblomaasiyiinta Waqooyiga Kuuriya way go'doomeen. Afar iyo toban qof oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya ah, afar ka mid ahi carruur, ayaa u guuray guriga safiirka Koonfur Kuuriya ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). Diblomaasi Waqooyiga Kuuriya ah ayaa ciidamada dowladdu toogteen, wuxuuna ku dhintay safaaradda Talyaaniga. 12 Janaayo 1991, 13 Waqooyi Kuuriyaan ah iyo lix Koonfur Kuuriyaan ah ayaa ku baxay diyaarad Laanqayr Cas iyo diyaarado milateri oo Talyaani ah ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). Mombasa, Kenya, safiirka Waqooyiga Kuuriya ayaa codsaday inay kala tagaan. Filimka Koonfur Kuuriya ee 2021 "Escape from Mogadishu" ayaa sheekadan ka warramaya. ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? UN Comtrade kuma hayo diiwaan ganacsi oo labada dal ah 2019 ilaa 2024 ([UN Comtrade, 2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=706&partnerCode=408&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Labada dalba xogtooda ganacsiga uma gudbiyaan kaydkaas sannadahaas. ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? 17 Febraayo 2020 Al-Shabaab waxay afar hoobiye oo 60 mm ah ku ganeen dhanka xerada QM ee Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Aden Cadde, Muqdisho ([Guddiga Khubarada QM ee Soomaaliya, S/2020/949](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2020/949&l=en&t=pdf)). Mid aan qarxin ayaa lahaa astaamo la mid ah hoobiyaha nooca 63 ee lagu sameeyo Waqooyiga Kuuriya ([S/2020/949](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2020/949&l=en&t=pdf)). Guddiga cunaqabateynta Waqooyiga Kuuriya ayaa 2021 qaaday natiijadan, wuxuuna Soomaaliya weydiiyay faahfaahin ([S/2021/211](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2021/211&l=en&t=pdf)). 2022 wuxuu sheegay inuu weli baarayo "dhoofin hub oo suurtagal ah" oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya ka timid una socotay Soomaaliya, jawaabna aanu helin ([S/2022/132](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/132&l=en&t=pdf)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Waqooyiga Kuuriya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xiriir Waqooyiga Kuuriya la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada kuma jiro ilaha la helay. ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? Khilaaf dadweyne oo u dhexeeya labada dowladood ma diiwaangashna. Arrinta furan waa codsiga guddiga QM ee 2021 iyo 2022 ee ku saabsan hoobiyaha, oo guddigu sheegay in aan laga jawaabin ([S/2022/132](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2022/132&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Halkee bay Waqooyiga Kuuriya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? 1975 Soomaaliya waxay Golaha Guud ee QM ku taageertay go'aan ku saabsan Kuuriya oo Maraykanku ka soo horjeeday. Safiir Addow wuxuu sheegay in wakiilka Soomaaliya uu si dhexdhexaad ah u hadlay inkastoo uu jiray "cadaadis culus oo ka yimid ergooyinka Waqooyiga Kuuriya iyo kuwa kale ee shuuciga" ([FRUS, dukumenti 152](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve06/d152)). Golaha Ammaanka wuxuu cunaqabateyn saarayay Waqooyiga Kuuriya tan iyo 2006, xubin walbana, Soomaaliya ay ku jirto, waa inay sheegtaa sida ay u fuliso. Guddigu wuxuu Soomaaliya ku daray dalalka aan soo gudbin warbixinnada 2017, 2019 iyo 2020 ([S/2017/150](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/150&l=en&t=pdf); [S/2019/171](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2019/171&l=en&t=pdf); [S/2020/840](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2020/840&l=en&t=pdf)). 2024 Soomaaliya waxay ka mid ahayd 62 dal oo guddigu warqad ugu qoray warbixinnada maqan ([S/2024/215](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2024/215&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Koonfur Kuuriya](/so/relations/south-korea/) - [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Cunaqabateynta hubka QM 1992–2023](/so/history/un-arms-embargo-1992-2023/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Koonfur Kuuriya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/south-korea/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Koonfur Kuuriya iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 25 Sebtembar 1987. Seoul waxay Soomaaliya ka daboosha safaaraddeeda Nairobi, ciidan badeed oo burcad-badeed la dagaallama ayay Gacanka Cadmeed ku haysaa tan iyo 2009, waxayna 2025 Soomaaliya u iib geysay alaab dhan 12.7 milyan oo doollar. Tan iyo 2022 Kuuriya waxay WFP u siisay 7.6 milyan oo doollar oo nafaqo iyo cunto dugsiyeed loogu talagalay Soomaaliya. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Koonfur Kuuriya maanta u xiriiraan? Koonfur Kuuriya safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya. Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kuuriya waxay sheegtaa in safaaraddeeda Nairobi ee Kenya ay Soomaaliya qaabilsan tahay ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kuuriya](https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=172)). Safiirka Nairobi ayaa sidoo kale u fadhiya Soomaaliya ([Safaaradda Kuuriya ee Kenya](https://ke.mofa.go.kr/ke-en/wpge/m_10536/contents.do)). Ciidanka badda Kuuriya ee loo yaqaan Cheonghae wuxuu Gacanka Cadmeed ka hawlgalayay tan iyo Maarso 2009 ([Korea Herald, 2020](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2212063)). Janaayo 2026 labada wasiir ee arrimaha dibadda ayaa fiidiyow ku wada hadlay. Wasiirka Kuuriya wuxuu sheegay in dalkiisu si buuxda u ixtiraamo "madaxbannaanida iyo midnimada dhuleed ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya" ([SONNA, 12 Janaayo 2026](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-holds-virtual-meeting-with-his-korean-counterpart-to-uphold-somalias-sovereignty/)). Sannadkii 2025 Kuuriya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan 12.7 milyan oo doollar, waxayna ka soo dejisay 3.3 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2025](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=410&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Gargaarka badankiisu wuxuu maraa hay'adaha QM sida WFP, UNDP iyo UNFPA. ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Seoul iyo Muqdisho waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 25 Sebtembar 1987, xilligii Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kuuriya](https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=172)). Diblomaasi Kang Shin-sung ayaa Muqdisho yimid habeenkii ciidda kirismaska 1987, isagoo ahaa safiirkii ugu horreeyay ([Korea Herald, 12 Agoosto 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). Wuxuu safaaradda u furay inuu taageero u raadiyo codsiga Koonfur Kuuriya ee ku biirista QM ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). Markii dagaalku Muqdisho soo gaadhay dhammaadkii 1990, shaqaalaha Koonfur Kuuriya waxay gurigii safiirka ku soo hoyiyeen diblomaasiyiin Waqooyiga Kuuriya ah ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). Afar iyo toban qof oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya ah, oo ay ku jiraan afar carruur ah, ayaa ku biiray toddoba Koonfur Kuuriyaan ah ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). 12 Janaayo 1991 waxay ku baxeen diyaarad Laanqayr Cas iyo diyaarado milateri oo Talyaani ah, iyadoo uu caawiyay safiirka Talyaaniga Mario Sica ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). Waxay ka degeen Mombasa, Kenya. Filimka Kuuriya ee 2021 "Escape from Mogadishu" wuxuu ku salaysan yahay buug Kang qoray 2006 ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirrada Koonfur Kuuriya ee Soomaaliya: - **Kang Shin-sung**, 1987 ilaa 1991, wuxuu degganaa Muqdisho ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). - **Kim Chan-woo**, wuxuu warqadaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, warbixin taariikhdeedu tahay 17 Luulyo 2014 ([Goobjoog, 2014](https://en.goobjoog.com/somali-president-receive-credentials-from-south-korean-ambassador)). - **Yeo Sung-jun**, wuxuu warqadaha u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh 22 Maarso 2024 ([Goobjoog, 22 Maarso 2024](https://en.goobjoog.com/president-mohamud-receives-credentials-of-four-new-ambassadors)). - **Kang Hyung-shik**, safiirka Nairobi, wuxuu nuqul warqadihiisa Soomaaliya ka mid ah u dhiibay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, Muqdisho, 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7405)). 22 Luulyo 2026 laba wasaaradood oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa sheegay inay la kulmeen safiirka Kuuriya. Wasaaradda Amniga Gudaha waxay ku magacawday Kang Hyung-shik ([Wasaaradda Amniga Gudaha, 22 Luulyo 2026](https://mois.gov.so/en/?p=999)). Warbixin Dawan oo ku saabsan kulan isla maalintaas la qabtay oo uu yeeshay ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ayaa safiirka ku magacawday Park Ji-hyun ([Dawan, 22 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-and-south-korea-strengthen-maritime-security-cooperation)). Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Nairobi, Jibriil Ibraahim Cabdulle, ayaa xiriirka la leh safaaradda Kuuriya ee halkaas ([SONNA, 20 Febraayo 2025](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-and-south-korea-discuss-strengthening-bilateral-relations/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Kang Shin-sung**, safiirkii ugu horreeyay, wuxuu furay safaaradda 1987, wuxuuna hoggaamiyay baxsashadii Janaayo 1991 ee lala galay diblomaasiyiinta Waqooyiga Kuuriya ([Korea Herald, 2021](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2670114)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, wuxuu qaabilay safiirro Kuuriyaan ah 2014 iyo 2024 ([Goobjoog, 2014](https://en.goobjoog.com/somali-president-receive-credentials-from-south-korean-ambassador); [Goobjoog, 2024](https://en.goobjoog.com/president-mohamud-receives-credentials-of-four-new-ambassadors)). - **Xamsa Cabdi Barre**, Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya, wuxuu hoggaamiyay wafdiga Soomaaliya ee shirkii ugu horreeyay ee Kuuriya iyo Afrika, Seoul, Juun 2024 ([Goobjoog, 4 Juun 2024](https://en.goobjoog.com/pm-barre-stresses-somalias-potential-for-investment-during-the-south-korea-africa-summit)). - **Han Duck-soo**, Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Koonfur Kuuriya, wuxuu Seoul kula kulmay Xamsa Cabdi Barre Juun 2024, wuxuuna ballan qaaday taageero mashaariicda qaranka ([Somali Dispatch, 7 Juun 2024](https://www.somalidispatch.com/?p=22534)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**, Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, wuxuu Janaayo 2026 la hadlay wasiirka Kuuriya Cho Hyun, wuxuuna Juun 2026 ka qayb galay shirka wasiirrada Kuuriya iyo Afrika ee Seoul ([SONNA, 2026](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-holds-virtual-meeting-with-his-korean-counterpart-to-uphold-somalias-sovereignty/); [Dawan, 1 Juun 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-seeks-trade-and-investment-cooperation-with-south-korea)). - **Cho Hyun**, Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Kuuriya, ayaa Janaayo 2026 sheegay in dalkiisu ixtiraamo midnimada dhuleed ee Soomaaliya ([SONNA, 2026](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-holds-virtual-meeting-with-his-korean-counterpart-to-uphold-somalias-sovereignty/)). - **Biixi Iimaan Cige**, Wasiirka Maaliyadda Soomaaliya, wuxuu khudbad ka jeediyay shirka 8aad ee iskaashiga dhaqaalaha Kuuriya iyo Afrika (KOAFEC), Seoul, Sebtembar 2026 ([Dawan, 13 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-can-become-digital-gateway-for-horn-of-africa-finance-minister-says)). - **Wankyu Park**, agaasimaha KOICA, ayaa maamula barnaamijka nabadda ee KOICA iyo UNDP ee Soomaaliya ku jirto ([WardheerNews, 29 Sebtembar 2025](https://wardheernews.com/south-korean-agency-joins-undp-to-tackle-extremism-in-somalia/)). - **Cabdullaahi Sheekh Ismaaciil (Fartaag)**, Wasiirka Amniga Gudaha, wuxuu Luulyo 2026 safiirka Kuuriya kala hadlay tababarka ilaalada xeebaha iyo booliska ([Wasaaradda Amniga Gudaha, 2026](https://mois.gov.so/en/?p=999)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? Bogga wasaaradda Kuuriya kuma qorna heshiis laba dal oo toos ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kuuriya](https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=172)). Iskaashigu wuxuu maraa heshiisyo mashruuc oo lala galo hay'adaha QM: - **Oktoobar 2024:** KOICA, UNFPA iyo Dowladda Federaalka waxay bilaabeen mashruuc caafimaadka hooyada, ka hortagga xadgudubka ku salaysan jinsiga iyo dhallinyarada ([UNFPA Soomaaliya, 22 Oktoobar 2024](https://somalia.unfpa.org/en/news/koica-unfpa-and-federal-government-somalia-launch-new-project-build-resilience-somalias)). - **Nofembar 2024:** UNDP iyo KOICA waxay bilaabeen barnaamij 18 milyan oo doollar ah oo nabadda iyo ka hortagga xagjirnimada ah, oo Kenya, Soomaaliya iyo Koonfur Suudaan ah, ilaa 2027 ([WardheerNews, 2025](https://wardheernews.com/south-korean-agency-joins-undp-to-tackle-extremism-in-somalia/)). - **Disembar 2024:** KOICA waxay WFP siisay 22 milyan oo doollar saddex sano gudahood, kuwaas oo Soomaaliya ka gaadhaya 150,000 qof ([WFP, 10 Disembar 2024](https://www.wfp.org/news/koica-and-wfp-strengthen-climate-resilience-and-food-security-vulnerable-families-east-africa)). ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **Febraayo 2023:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu shirka Midowga Afrika kula kulmay xoghayaha madaxtooyada Kuuriya Chang Seong-min ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kuuriya](https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=172)). - **Luulyo 2023:** Xoghayaha joogtada ah ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya ayaa Kuuriya booqday ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kuuriya](https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=172)). - **4–5 Juun 2024:** Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamsa Cabdi Barre wuxuu ka qayb galay shirka Kuuriya iyo Afrika, wuxuuna la kulmay Han Duck-soo ([Goobjoog, 2024](https://en.goobjoog.com/pm-barre-stresses-somalias-potential-for-investment-during-the-south-korea-africa-summit); [Somali Dispatch, 2024](https://www.somalidispatch.com/?p=22534)). - **31 Maajo – 2 Juun 2026:** Wasiir Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali wuxuu ka qayb galay shirka wasiirrada, wuxuuna wasiirro kale oo Afrikaan ah la kulmay Madaxweyne Lee Jae-myung ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8674)). - **Sebtembar 2026:** Wasiirka Maaliyadda Biixi Iimaan Cige wuxuu ka qayb galay shirka KOAFEC ee Seoul ([Dawan, 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-can-become-digital-gateway-for-horn-of-africa-finance-minister-says)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay alaabta Kuuriya u dhoofisay Soomaaliya: - 14.4 milyan oo doollar 2021 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=410&partnerCode=706&period=2021&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 13.4 milyan 2022 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=410&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 14.9 milyan 2023, iyo 2.2 milyan oo la soo dejiyay ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=410&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 14.6 milyan 2024, iyo 2.7 milyan oo la soo dejiyay ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=410&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) - 12.7 milyan 2025, iyo 3.3 milyan oo la soo dejiyay ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=410&partnerCode=706&period=2025&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)) 2024 alaabta ugu badnayd waxay ahaayeen qalab koronto (4.5 milyan), daawooyin (3.5 milyan), qurxinta, caag iyo mashiinno ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=410&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa yimid? Xogta OECD waxay muujinaysaa in gargaarka rasmiga ah ee Kuuriya siisay Soomaaliya ahaa 1 milyan oo doollar ama ka yar sannadkii ilaa 2018, kaddibna gaadhay 1.95 milyan 2019, 2.18 milyan 2020 iyo 9.78 milyan 2024 ([OECD](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/AUS+KOR+BRA+IDN.SOM.206.USD.V?startPeriod=2000&endPeriod=2024)). - **WFP:** Kuuriya waxay tan iyo 2022 WFP u siisay 7.6 milyan oo doollar oo nafaqo, cunto dugsiyeed iyo u adkaysiga cimilada Soomaaliya ah ([WFP, 30 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.wfp.org/news/republic-korea-funds-school-meals-and-nutrition-children-somalia)). Deeqdii ugu dambaysay, 2 milyan oo doollar Sebtembar 2026, waxay gaadhaysaa 47,500 carruur ah. - **Geeska Afrika:** Maajo 2023 Kuuriya waxay ballan qaaday 2.3 milyan oo doollar iyo bariis qiimihiisu yahay 18.4 milyan oo abaarta Geeska Afrika loogu talagalay ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kuuriya, 2023](https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=322204)). - **Nabadda:** KOICA waxay UNDP la shaqaynaysay tan iyo 2006; barnaamijkeeda gobolka wuxuu soo saaray lix qorshe deegaan oo ka hortagga xagjirnimada ah ([WardheerNews, 2025](https://wardheernews.com/south-korean-agency-joins-undp-to-tackle-extremism-in-somalia/)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Ciidanka badda Kuuriya waxay 3 Maarso 2009 aasaaseen Cutubka Cheonghae si ay maraakiibta uga ilaaliyaan burcad-badeedda Soomaalida, iyagoo ka mid ah Combined Task Force 151 ([Korea Herald, 2020](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/2212063)). Febraayo 2019 wuxuu caawiyay 21,895 markab, wuxuuna sameeyay 21 hawlgal oo burcad-badeed lagaga hortagay ([Korea Times, 12 Maarso 2019](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/defense/20190312/navys-anti-piracy-unit-marks-10th-anniversary)). 21 Janaayo 2011 kumaandooskiisu waxay dib u qabsadeen markabka Samho Jewelry, waxayna xoreeyeen 21 shaqaale; siddeed burcad-badeed ayaa la dilay, shanna waa la qabtay ([Korea Times, 21 Janaayo 2011](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/amp/southkorea/20110121/navy-rescues-all-21-abducted-sailors)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Koonfur Kuuriya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Kuuriya xafiis kuma laha Somaliland. Luulyo 2026 Wasiirka Caafimaadka Somaliland, Xuseen Bashiir Xirsi, wuxuu furay mashruuc tallaal oo ay maalgelisay Dowladda Kuuriya, kaas oo daboolaya siddeed degmo iyo 53 xarumood caafimaad ([Wasaaradda Horumarinta Caafimaadka Somaliland, 2026](https://somalilandmohd.com/somaliland-launches-landmark-immunization-initiative-with-korean-government-support/)). Mashruuca KOICA iyo UNFPA ee 2024 wuxuu ku jiraa dowlad-goboleedyada; Wasiirka Arrimaha Bini'aadantinimada ee Koonfur Galbeed, Cabdinaasir Aruush, ayaa ka hadlay furitaankiisa ([UNFPA Soomaaliya, 2024](https://somalia.unfpa.org/en/news/koica-unfpa-and-federal-government-somalia-launch-new-project-build-resilience-somalias)). Kaddib markii Israa'iil aqoonsatay Somaliland 26 Disembar 2025, Kuuriya waxay Golaha Ammaanka u sheegtay inay taageerto "madaxbannaanida, midnimada iyo midnimada dhuleed ee Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jiraan xuduudaheeda caalamka u aqoonsan" ([Ergada Kuuriya ee QM, 29 Disembar 2025](https://hun.mofa.go.kr/un-en/brd/m_28247/view.do?seq=183)). ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? Burcad-badeeddu waxay keentay dhacdooyinka ugu waaweyn: - **2006:** burcad-badeed ayaa Abriil qabsaday doonta kalluumaysiga Kuuriya ee Dongwon-ho 628, waxayna sii daayeen 25-keedii shaqaale dabayaaqadii Luulyo ([Al Jazeera, 30 Luulyo 2006](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/7/30/somali-pirates-free-captives-2)). - **2010:** markabka shidaalka Kuuriya ee Samho Dream waxaa la haystay 217 maalmood, waxaana la sii daayay 6 Nofembar 2010 kaddib madax-furasho ku dhow 9 milyan oo doollar ([Al Jazeera, 7 Nofembar 2010](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/11/7/somali-pirates-get-hefty-ransom)). - **2011:** maxkamadda degmada Busan waxay xabsi daa'in ku xukuntay Maxamed Caraaye oo toogtay kabtanka Samho Jewelry, Seok Hae-kyun, afar kalena xabsi ayay ku xukuntay ([Korea Times, 27 Maajo 2011](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/amp/southkorea/20110527/court-hands-life-imprisonment-to-somali-pirate)). Maxkamadda Sare ee Busan ayaa Sebtembar 2011 ansixisay xukunka daa'inka, xukun kalena 15 sano ka dhigtay 12 ([VOA, 8 Sebtembar 2011](https://blogs.voanews.com/breaking-news/2011/09/08/south-korean-court-affirms-life-sentence-for-somali-pirate)). Kuuriya waxay muwaadiniinteeda ka mamnuucday u safarka Soomaaliya tan iyo 2007, mamnuucistaasna mar kale ayay kordhisay Janaayo 2022 ([Garowe Online, 8 Janaayo 2022](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/world/south-korea-extends-travel-ban-on-six-nations-including-somalia)). ## Halkee bay Koonfur Kuuriya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Kuuriya waxay shaqaale u dirtay howlgalkii QM ee UNOSOM II, 1993 ilaa 1995 ([Nabad-ilaalinta QM, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Kuuriya waxay xubin ka ahayd Golaha Ammaanka 2024 iyo 2025, oo 2025 ay Soomaaliya la wada fadhiday ([SONNA, 2025](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-and-south-korea-discuss-strengthening-bilateral-relations/)). Disembar 2025 waxay soo dhoweysay kordhinta howlgalka AUSSOM iyo cunaqabateynta Al-Shabaab ([Ergada Kuuriya ee QM, 2025](https://hun.mofa.go.kr/un-en/brd/m_28247/view.do?seq=183)). Waxay ku boorrisay daneeyayaasha Soomaaliyeed "wadahadal daacad ah" oo ku saabsan maamulka iyo doorka hay'adaha federaalka iyo gobollada ([Ergada Kuuriya ee QM, 2025](https://hun.mofa.go.kr/un-en/brd/m_28247/view.do?seq=183)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Waqooyiga Kuuriya](/so/relations/north-korea/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Xamsa Cabdi Barre](/en/people/hamza-abdi-barre/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Taywan Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/taiwan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya xiriir rasmi ah lama laha Taywan, waxayna aqoonsan tahay Jamhuuriyadda Shacabka Shiinaha. Taywan iyo Somaliland waxay 2020 furteen xafiisyo wakiil oo Hargeysa iyo Taipei ah. Abriil 2025 Soomaaliya waxay joojisay aqbalaadda dukumentiyada safarka ee Taywan; Taywan waxay ka codsatay inay ka noqoto, safaaradda Shiinahana way taageertay. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Taywan maanta u xiriiraan? Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya xiriir rasmi ah lama laha Taywan. Safaaradda Shiinaha ee Muqdisho waxay sheegtaa in Shiinuhu u aqoonsan yahay Dowladda Federaalka "dowladda sharciga ah ee keliya ee matasha Soomaaliya oo dhan, oo ay Somaliland ku jirto" ([Safaaradda Shiinaha ee Soomaaliya, 24 Maajo 2024](https://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zsgx_1/202405/t20240530_11358311.htm)). Xiriirka Taywan ee dhulka Soomaalida wuxuu maraa Somaliland. Taywan waxay xafiis wakiil ka furatay Hargeysa 17 Agoosto 2020 ([Focus Taiwan, 17 Agoosto 2020](https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202008170019)). Somaliland waxay xafiiskeeda Taipei furtay 9 Sebtembar 2020 ([France 24, 9 Sebtembar 2020](https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-somaliland-launches-representative-office-in-taiwan)). Laga bilaabo 30 Abriil 2025, Hay'adda Duulista Rayidka Soomaaliya waxay joojisay aqbalaadda baasaboorrada Taywan ee gelitaanka, ka bixitaanka iyo marista ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 29 Abriil 2025](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=119762)). Taywan waxay muwaadiniinteeda ku dhiirrigelisay inaysan u safrin Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland ilaa ogeysiiska laga noqonayo ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2025](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=119762)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Taywan waxay sheegtaa inay xiriirka Somaliland bilowday 2009 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 1 Luulyo 2020](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=93645)). Xafiiska Somaliland ee Taipei wuxuu bilowga xiriirka wanaagsan u dhigaa 2007 ([Xafiiska Wakiilka Somaliland ee Taywan](https://somaliland.tw/somaliland-taiwan-history/)). Sebtembar 2015 Taywan waxay hay'adda Oceans Beyond Piracy siisay deeq 166,000 doollar ah oo lagu dhisayo xarumo amniga badda ah shan deked oo Soomaaliyeed ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 10 Sebtembar 2015](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=32652)). Wakiilka Taywan ee Midowga Yurub, Tung Kuo-yu, ayaa heshiiska ku saxeexay Brussels ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2015](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=32652)). ## Yaa ah wakiillada? - **Allen Chenhwa Lou** wuxuu wakiil Taywan uga ahaa Hargeysa tan iyo furitaanka xafiiska; hore wuxuu la-taliye uga ahaa xafiiska Taywan ee Sacuudiga ([Xafiiska Somaliland ee Taywan](https://somaliland.tw/somaliland-taiwan-history/); [Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfoEn.aspx?CASN=2&n=1289&sms=0&s=200)). - **Wu Chen-chi** wuxuu ahaa ku-simaha wakiilka Taywan ee Somaliland Disembar 2021 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 28 Disembar 2021](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=97113)). - **Maxamed Xaaji** ayaa wakiil ahaan Somaliland uga hadlay furitaanka xafiiska Taipei Sebtembar 2020 ([France 24, 2020](https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-somaliland-launches-representative-office-in-taiwan)). Xafiiska Taywan wuxuu ku yaal xaafadda Shacab ee Hargeysa, Waddada 1aad ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfoEn.aspx?CASN=2&n=1289&sms=0&s=200)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Joseph Wu**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Taywan, wuxuu Somaliland la saxeexay borotokoolka 26 Febraayo 2020, wuxuuna xafiisyada ku dhawaaqay 1 Luulyo 2020 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2020](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=93645)). - **Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Somaliland, wuxuu borotokoolka ku saxeexay Taipei, wuxuuna la kulmay Madaxweyne Tsai Ing-wen ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2020](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=93645)). - **Tsai Ing-wen**, madaxweynihii Taywan, ayaa qaabilay Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud Febraayo 2020 ([Xafiiska Somaliland ee Taywan](https://somaliland.tw/somaliland-taiwan-history/)). - **Lai Ching-te**, madaxweynaha Taywan, ayaa soo dhoweeyay heshiiskii ilaalada xeebaha ee Luulyo 2025 ([Focus Taiwan, 24 Luulyo 2025](https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202507240027)). - **François Chihchung Wu**, ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, ayaa ergo ahaan uga qayb galay caleemasaarka Madaxweynaha Somaliland Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdillaahi (Cirro) 12 Disembar 2024 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 11 Disembar 2024](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=118808)). - **Rhoda Jaamac Cilmi**, ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Somaliland, ayaa garoonka Hargeysa ku soo dhoweysay ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2024](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=118808)). - **Xasan Maxamed Cali Gaafadhi**, wasiirka caafimaadka Somaliland, wuxuu Disembar 2021 Taywan la saxeexay heshiis tallaal COVID-19 ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2021](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=97113)). - **Muuse Xasan Yuusuf**, guddoomiyaha Guddiga Doorashooyinka Somaliland, ayaa Janaayo 2024 wafdi u hoggaamiyay Taipei ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 4 Janaayo 2024](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=116312)). - **Cumar Shucayb Maxamed**, wasiirka xoolaha Somaliland, ayaa Disembar 2025 dhagax dhigay mashruuc xoolo oo Taywaniyiin hoggaaminayaan oo Berbera ah ([Somaliland Standard, 26 Disembar 2025](https://somalilandstandard.com/historic-groundbreaking-ceremony-marks-20-million-taiwan-led-investment-in-somalilands-livestock-sector/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? Dhammaan waa Taywan iyo Somaliland: - **26 Febraayo 2020:** borotokool lagu furayo xafiisyo wakiil, Taipei ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2020](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=93645)). Xafiisyadu waxay leeyihiin xuquuq la mid ah tan Heshiiska Vienna ee xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed ([Xafiiska Somaliland ee Taywan](https://somaliland.tw/somaliland-taiwan-history/)). - **17 Agoosto 2020:** heshiis iskaashi farsamo, maalintii xafiiska Hargeysa la furay ([Xafiiska Somaliland ee Taywan](https://somaliland.tw/somaliland-taiwan-history/)). - **27 Disembar 2021:** deeq 150,000 qiyaasood oo tallaalka Medigen ee COVID-19 ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2021](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=97113)). - **24 Luulyo 2025:** heshiis iskaashi ilaalada xeebaha, Taipei ([Focus Taiwan, 2025](https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202507240027)). ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **Febraayo 2020:** Wasiir Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud, Taipei ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2020](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=93645)). - **Janaayo 2024:** Guddiga Doorashooyinka Somaliland, Taipei ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2024](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=116312)). - **Maajo 2024:** safaaradda Shiinaha waxay sheegtay in wafdi Somaliland ah uu ka qayb galay caleemasaarka Lai Ching-te 20 Maajo ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2024](https://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zsgx_1/202405/t20240530_11358311.htm)). - **11–12 Disembar 2024:** ku-xigeen wasiir François Wu, Hargeysa ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2024](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=118808)). - **Luulyo 2025:** madaxa arrimaha dibadda Somaliland, Taipei, heshiiska ilaalada xeebaha ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 28 Luulyo 2025](https://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zsgx_1/202507/t20250728_11677994.htm)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu Taywan ku qoraa "Aasiyada kale". Alaabta Taywan Soomaaliya u dhoofisay waxay ahayd 1.7 milyan oo doollar 2023 iyo 3.9 milyan 2024 ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=490&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=490&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Waxa Soomaaliya laga keenay 2024 wuxuu ahaa 0.4 milyan. Mashiinnada ayaa ugu badnaa 2024, 2.2 milyan oo doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=490&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). Disembar 2025 shirkadda Central Sky International Trading Co. waxay bilowday dhismaha goob karantiil xoolaad oo 20 milyan oo doollar ah oo u dhow dekedda Berbera ([Somaliland Standard, 2025](https://somalilandstandard.com/historic-groundbreaking-ceremony-marks-20-million-taiwan-led-investment-in-somalilands-livestock-sector/)). Waa iskaashi lala leeyahay maalgashadayaal Sacuudi iyo Maraykan ah. ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa yimid? - **Caafimaad:** Janaayo 2020 kooxda Taiwan Root Medical Peace Corps waxay toban gobol oo Somaliland ah ka qabteen rugo caafimaad oo bilaash ah, oo la daweeyay 2,880 bukaan ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2020](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=93645)). TaiwanICDF waxay tababartay 23 shaqaale caafimaad oo Somaliland ah. - **Deeqo waxbarasho:** Luulyo 2020 saddex arday oo Somaliland ah ayaa Taywan wax ku baranayay deeqda Taiwan Scholarship ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2020](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=93645)). - **Tallaal:** 150,000 qiyaasood oo Medigen ah Disembar 2021 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2021](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=97113)). - **Badda:** 166,000 doollar oo xarumaha amniga dekedaha Soomaaliya ah 2015 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2015](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=32652)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Ilaalada xeebaha Taywan waxay 24 Luulyo 2025 heshiis iskaashi la saxeexdeen ilaalada xeebaha Somaliland ([Focus Taiwan, 2025](https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202507240027)). Taywan ciidan kuma laha dhulka Soomaalida. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Taywan ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Taywan waxay Somaliland ku tilmaantaa "saaxiib muhiim ah oo Bariga Afrika ah" ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2024](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=118808)). Waxay sheegtaa inay ka wada shaqeeyaan caafimaadka, beeraha, tiknoolajiyada iyo awoodsiinta haweenka ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2024](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=116312)). Xiriir lala yeeshay Puntland, Jubaland ama dowlad-goboleedyada kale kuma jiro bayaannada wasaaradda Taywan. ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? **Xafiisyadii 2020.** Dhinac walba mowqifkiisa ayuu sheegay: - **Soomaaliya** waxay tallaabada ku tilmaantay isku day aan feejignaan lahayn oo lagu wiiqayo madaxbannaanideeda ([France 24, 2020](https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-somaliland-launches-representative-office-in-taiwan)). - **Shiinaha** wuxuu Taipei ku eedeeyay gooni-u-goosad ([France 24, 2020](https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-somaliland-launches-representative-office-in-taiwan)). - **Somaliland** wakiilkeeda Maxamed Xaaji wuxuu yiri: "Marka laga eego dhinaca Somaliland, waan madaxbannaannahay," wuxuuna sheegay in xiriirku aanu Shiinaha khatar ku ahayn ([France 24, 2020](https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-somaliland-launches-representative-office-in-taiwan)). **Mamnuucista dukumentiyada safarka 2025.** Hay'adda Duulista Rayidka Soomaaliya waxay 22 Abriil 2025 shirkadaha diyaaradaha u sheegtay in dukumentiyada safarka ee Taywan aysan ansax ahaan doonin laga bilaabo 30 Abriil ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2025](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=119762)). Waxay tixraacday mabda'a hal Shiine iyo go'aanka 2758 ee Golaha Guud ee QM. - **Taywan** waxay ku dalbatay in dowladda Soomaaliya "isla markiiba ka noqoto ogeysiiskan," waxayna diiday sida Soomaaliya u fasirtay go'aanka 2758 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2025](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=119762)). - **Safaaradda Shiinaha** way taageertay tallaabada, waxayna ammaantay Soomaaliya inay ilaalisay mabda'a hal Shiine ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 30 Abriil 2025](https://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zsgx_1/202504/t20250430_11614512.htm)). Waxay sheegtay inay si adag uga soo horjeeddo in Taywan iyo Somaliland ay xafiisyo isu furaan. **Is-weydaarsiyo kale.** Maarso 2025 xafiiska Taywan ee Hargeysa wuxuu yiri "Shiinuhu marna ma xukumin Taywan xitaa ilbiriqsi"; safaaradda Shiinaha waxay ku jawaabtay in "Taywan tahay qayb aan laga goyn karin dhulka Shiinaha" ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 19 Maarso 2025](https://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zsgx_1/202503/t20250319_11578454.htm)). Sebtembar 2026 safaaraddu waxay cambaareysay hadallo ku saabsan Taywan oo Madaxweynaha Somaliland Cirro ka sheegay Maraykanka ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 16 Sebtembar 2026](https://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zsgx_1/202609/t20260916_12023118.htm)). Waxay tiri "Somaliland waa qayb aan laga goyn karin dhulka Soomaaliya." ## Halkee bay Taywan ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Taywan xubin kama aha QM. Ogeysiiska duulista Soomaaliya iyo safaaradda Shiinaha labaduba waxay tixraacaan go'aanka 2758 ee Golaha Guud ee QM ee 1971 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Taywan, 2025](https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1329&s=119762); [Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2025](https://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zsgx_1/202503/t20250319_11578454.htm)). Taywan way diiddaa fasiraaddaas. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Hay'adaha Somaliland](/en/institutions/somaliland-institutions/) - [Muuse Biixi Cabdi](/en/people/muse-bihi-abdi/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/ethiopia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya waxay Janaayo 2025 dib u soo celiyeen xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed ee buuxa, kadib khilaaf sanad qaatay oo ka dhashay heshiiskii is-afgaradka dekedda ee Itoobiya la gashay Somaliland 1 Janaayo 2024. Khilaafkaas waxaa soo afjaray Baaqii Ankara ee 11 Diseembar 2024. Itoobiya waxay sheegtay in ay 2023 Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan US$142 milyan, inta badan khudaar ay ku jirto qaad. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya? Xiriirku wuu furan yahay kadib khilaaf weyn oo dhacay 2024. 1 Janaayo 2024 Itoobiya waxay Somaliland la saxiixatay heshiis is-afgarad (MoU) oo ku saabsan helitaanka badda ee Berbera ([Al Jazeera, 1 Janaayo 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/1/ethiopia-signs-agreement-to-use-somalilands-red-sea-port)). Maalintii xigtay golaha wasiirrada Soomaaliya wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in heshiiskaasi "waxba kama jiraan" yahay, wuxuuna dib u yeeray safiirkii ([SONNA, 2 Janaayo 2024](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-recalls-its-ambassador-to-ethiopia-says-mou-with-somaliland-to-be-null-and-void)). Turkiga ayaa garwadeen ka ahaa Baaqii Ankara, oo ay 11 Diseembar 2024 isku afgarteen Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Abiy Axmed ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/etiyopya-federal-demokratik-cumhuriyeti-ve-somali-federal-cumhuriyeti-nin-ankara-bildirisi.en.mfa)). Janaayo 2025 labada dowladood waxay ku heshiiyeen in ay dib u soo celiyaan "matalaad diblomaasiyadeed oo buuxda" ([Garowe Online, 13 Janaayo 2025](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-ethiopia-restore-diplomatic-ties-after-addis-ababa-talks)). Safiirka cusub ee Itoobiya, Suleymaan Dedefo, wuxuu warqadaha aqoonsiga ku gudbiyay Muqdisho 5 Ogosto 2025 ([Africanews, 6 Ogosto 2025](https://www.africanews.com/2025/08/06/ethiopia-appoints-new-envoy-to-somalia-as-ties-improve/)). Labada hoggaamiye waxay kulankoodii afraad ee lix bilood gudahood yeesheen markii Xasan Sheekh booqday Addis Ababa, booqashadaas oo dhammaatay 29 Juun 2026 ([RFI iyo AllAfrica, 30 Juun 2026](https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202606300172.html)). Waxay mar kale ku kulmeen Addis Ababa 29 Sebtembar 2026 ([Garowe Online, 11 Nofembar 2026](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/hassan-sheikh-and-abiy-meet-as-somalia-ethiopia-relations-face-regional-challenges)). 5 Oktoobar 2026 Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Abiy ugu hambalyeeyay muddo xileedkiisa cusub, wuxuuna sheegay in uu la shaqayn doono "si loo xoojiyo xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya" ([Dawan Africa, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-president-vows-closer-ties-with-ethiopia-after-abiy-re-election)). 11 Nofembar 2026 labadooda waxay ku kulmeen Antalya, Turkiga, ka hor shirka cimilada COP31, waxayna ka wada hadleen amniga Soomaaliya iyo gobolka ([Garowe Online, 11 Nofembar 2026](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/hassan-sheikh-and-abiy-meet-as-somalia-ethiopia-relations-face-regional-challenges)). ## Goormuu xiriirku bilowday? Labada shacab waxay qarniyo ku noolaayeen dhinac-dhinac, xadka Itoobiya iyo Soomaalidana waxaa la sawiray xilligii gumeysiga. Sheekadaas ka akhri [Qaybinta 1884–1926](/so/history/partition-1884-1926/) iyo [Wareejintii Hawd 1954–1955](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/). Dhibaatadu waxay bilaabatay xorriyaddii Soomaaliya ee Luulyo 1960 kadib. Isku dhacyo u dhexeeyay ilaalada xadka Itoobiya iyo xoolo-dhaqatada Soomaalida ayaa labada dhinac ku kalifay in ay xoojiyaan xadka ([MIT CASCON](https://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_sek.html)). Janaayo 1964 dagaal ayaa qarxay, Soomaaliyana waxay ku dhawaaqday xaalad degdeg ah ([MIT CASCON](https://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_sek.html)). Golaha Wasiirrada Ururka Midnimada Afrika (OAU) wuxuu khilaafka go'aan ka soo saaray 29 Febraayo 1964 ([OAU CM/Res.16 (II), AfricanLII](https://AGP.AfricanLii.org/akn/aa-au/doc/resolution/au-ec/1964/16/eng@1964-02-29)). Wadahadallo Khartuum lagu qabtay, oo uu dhexdhexaadinayay Madaxweynaha Suudaan Ibraahim Cabbuud, ayaa keenay xabbad joojin laga bilaabo 1 Abriil 1964 iyo guddi xad oo wadajir ah ([Xafiiska Taariikhda Mareykanka, FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d289); [MIT CASCON](https://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_sek.html)). Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya wuxuu socday Luulyo 1977 ilaa Maarso 1978 ([ICRC, 2018](https://www.icrc.org/en/document/somalia-ethiopia-war-memory-prisoners)). Eeg [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) iyo [Dagaalkii xadka 1982](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1982/). 3 Abriil 1988 labada dal waxay saxiixeen heshiis xiriirka caadi ka dhigay, kana dhigay in maxaabiista oo dhan la celiyo ([ICRC, 2018](https://www.icrc.org/en/document/somalia-ethiopia-war-memory-prisoners)). Kadib ku dhawaad 4,000 oo maxaabiis dagaal iyo dad rayid ah, oo xirnaa tan iyo dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, ayaa la sii daayay ([ICRC, 2018](https://www.icrc.org/en/document/somalia-ethiopia-war-memory-prisoners)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? **Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya** - **Seyoum Mesfin**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Itoobiya, ayaa Maajo 2007 furay safaaradda Itoobiya ee Muqdisho, oo u dhow madaxtooyada ([Al Jazeera, 28 Maajo 2007](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2007/05/2008525132253179278.html)). - **Cabdicasiis Axmed Aadan**, safiir ilaa 2017 ([Garowe Online, 9 Maarso 2017](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-ethiopia-appoints-new-ambassador-to-somalia)). - **Jamaaluddiin Mustafa Cumar**, oo hore u ahaa ku-xigeenka safiirka, ayaa Maarso 2017 loo magacaabay safiir ([Garowe Online, 9 Maarso 2017](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-ethiopia-appoints-new-ambassador-to-somalia)). - **Mukhtaar Maxamed Waare**, safiir ilaa 4 Abriil 2024 markii Soomaaliya siisay 72 saacadood in uu dalka ka baxo ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). - **Suleymaan Dedefo Woshe**, safiir tan iyo 5 Ogosto 2025 ([Africanews, 6 Ogosto 2025](https://www.africanews.com/2025/08/06/ethiopia-appoints-new-envoy-to-somalia-as-ties-improve/)). **Soomaaliya ee Itoobiya** - **Cabdullaahi Maxamed Warfaa**, safiirka Addis Ababa, oo 2 Janaayo 2024 loogu yeeray tashi ([SONNA, 2 Janaayo 2024](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-recalls-its-ambassador-to-ethiopia-says-mou-with-somaliland-to-be-null-and-void)). **Xafiisyada:** Itoobiya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Muqdisho. Waxay sidoo kale qunsuliyado ku lahayd Hargeysa iyo Garoowe, kuwaas oo Soomaaliya amartay in la xiro Abriil 2024 ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Addis Ababa, oo ay sidoo kale fadhiyo Midowga Afrika. Oktoobar 2026 madaxweyne ku-simaha Puntland wuxuu la kulmay qunsulka Itoobiya ([AllAfrica, 12 Oktoobar 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610120060.html)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Ibraahim Cabbuud**, Madaxweynaha Suudaan, ayaa dhexdhexaadiyay xabbad joojintii 1964 ([FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d289)). - **Siyaad Barre iyo Mengistu Haile Mariam** ayaa saxiixay heshiiskii 3 Abriil 1988 ([ICRC, 2018](https://www.icrc.org/en/document/somalia-ethiopia-war-memory-prisoners)). - **Seyoum Mesfin**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, ayaa Maajo 2007 dib u furay safaaradda Muqdisho, wuxuuna la kulmay in ka badan 60 hoggaamiye siyaasadeed, diimeed iyo beeleed ([Al Jazeera, 2007](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2007/05/2008525132253179278.html)). - **Maxamed Cali Geeddi**, ra'iisul wasaarihii ku-meelgaarka ahaa 2007, ayaa xafladda furitaanka ku sheegay in Itoobiya ay tahay "saaxiibka koowaad ee dalkan" ([Al Jazeera, 2007](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2007/05/2008525132253179278.html)). - **Abiy Axmed iyo Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo** ayaa 16 Juun 2018 Muqdisho ku heshiiyay in ay si wadajir ah maalgashi ugu sameeyaan afar deked ([Arab News, 16 Juun 2018](https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1322551)). - **Isaias Afwerki**, Madaxweynaha Eritrea, ayaa 5 Sebtembar 2018 Asmara kula saxiixay Abiy iyo Farmaajo baaqa iskaashiga saddexda dal ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/2099)). - **Tewolde GebreMariam**, madaxa shirkadda Ethiopian Airlines, ayaa ku dhawaaqay ku soo laabashada duullimaadyada Muqdisho Nofembar 2018 ([Africanews, 11 Nofembar 2018](https://www.africanews.com/2018/11/11/ethiopian-touches-down-in-somalia-first-time-in-4-decades/)). - **Muuse Biixi Cabdi**, madaxweynihii Somaliland, ayaa Abiy la saxiixay heshiiskii Janaayo 2024 ([Al Jazeera, 1 Janaayo 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/1/ethiopia-signs-agreement-to-use-somalilands-red-sea-port)). - **Redwan Hussien**, la-taliyihii amniga qaranka Itoobiya 2024, ayaa sheegay in heshiisku u oggolaanayo hawlgallo ganacsi oo badda ah ([Al Jazeera, 1 Janaayo 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/1/ethiopia-signs-agreement-to-use-somalilands-red-sea-port)). Isagoo ah madaxa sirdoonka Itoobiya ayuu ka qayb galay wadahadalladii militariga ee Muqdisho Febraayo 2025 ([Fana, 22 Febraayo 2025](https://www.fanamc.com/english/defense-chiefs-of-staff-of-ethiopia-somalia-agree-on-force-disposition-of-endf-in-the-aussom)). - **Farxaan Jimcaale**, afhayeenka dowladda Soomaaliya, ayaa ku dhawaaqay dib u yeerista safiirka Janaayo 2024 ([SONNA, 2 Janaayo 2024](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-recalls-its-ambassador-to-ethiopia-says-mou-with-somaliland-to-be-null-and-void)). - **Cali Cumar**, wasiir ku-xigeenka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, ayaa 4 Abriil 2024 ku dhawaaqay eryidda safiirka Itoobiya ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). - **Cabdiraxmaan Daahir Aadan**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Somaliland ee xukuumadda Madaxweyne Cabdiraxmaan Cirro, ayaa Janaayo 2025 bilaabay dib-u-eegista heshiiska ([Garowe Online, 7 Janaayo 2025](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somaliland/somaliland-reassesses-ethiopia-sea-access-deal-for-recognition)). - **Recep Tayyip Erdoğan**, Madaxweynaha Turkiga, ayaa martigeliyay labada hoggaamiye, garwadeenna ka ahaa Baaqii Ankara ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/etiyopya-federal-demokratik-cumhuriyeti-ve-somali-federal-cumhuriyeti-nin-ankara-bildirisi.en.mfa)). - **Field Marshal Birhanu Jula** (Itoobiya) iyo **Jeneraal Odowaa Yuusuf Raage** (Soomaaliya), taliyayaasha ciidamada, ayaa 22 Febraayo 2025 ku heshiiyay kaalinta Itoobiya ee howlgalka cusub ee Midowga Afrika ([Fana, 22 Febraayo 2025](https://www.fanamc.com/english/defense-chiefs-of-staff-of-ethiopia-somalia-agree-on-force-disposition-of-endf-in-the-aussom)). - **Cabdullaahi Maxamed Cali**, agaasimaha hay'adda sirdoonka NISA, ayaa ka qayb galay wadahadalladaas ([Fana, 22 Febraayo 2025](https://www.fanamc.com/english/defense-chiefs-of-staff-of-ethiopia-somalia-agree-on-force-disposition-of-endf-in-the-aussom)). ## Heshiisyadee bay saxiixeen? - **Xabbad joojintii Khartuum, Maarso–Abriil 1964:** ka bixidda ciidamada iyo guddi xad oo wadajir ah ([MIT CASCON](https://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_sek.html)). - **Heshiiskii caadiyeynta, 3 Abriil 1988:** xiriir caadi ah iyo celinta maxaabiista ([ICRC](https://www.icrc.org/en/document/somalia-ethiopia-war-memory-prisoners)). - **War-murtiyeedka wadajirka ah, 16 Juun 2018:** maalgashi wadajir ah oo afar deked, waddooyin, gaadiid iyo fiisooyin ([Arab News, 16 Juun 2018](https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1322551)). - **Baaqa Iskaashiga Dhammaystiran, 5 Sebtembar 2018:** Itoobiya, Soomaaliya iyo Eritrea waxay ballan qaadeen xiriir siyaasadeed, dhaqaale, bulsho, dhaqan iyo amni ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/2099)). - **Heshiiska Iskaashiga Difaaca, Diseembar 2023:** waxaa lagu xusay war-murtiyeedka taliyayaasha ee Febraayo 2025 ([Fana, 2025](https://www.fanamc.com/english/defense-chiefs-of-staff-of-ethiopia-somalia-agree-on-force-disposition-of-endf-in-the-aussom)). - **Baaqii Ankara, 11 Diseembar 2024:** ixtiraamka madax-bannaanida iyo midnimada dhulka; Itoobiya oo badda ku heli doonta heshiisyo ganacsi "oo hoos yimaada awoodda madax-bannaan ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya"; wadahadallo farsamo ugu dambayn dhammaadka Febraayo 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/etiyopya-federal-demokratik-cumhuriyeti-ve-somali-federal-cumhuriyeti-nin-ankara-bildirisi.en.mfa)). - **Soo celinta matalaadda diblomaasiyadeed ee buuxda, Janaayo 2025** ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-ethiopia-restore-diplomatic-ties-after-addis-ababa-talks)). - **War-murtiyeed wadajir ah, 27 Febraayo 2025:** iskaashi diblomaasiyadeed, dhaqaale iyo amni ([Horn Review, 27 Febraayo 2025](https://hornreview.org/2025/02/27/somalia-and-ethiopia-reaffirm-strong-bilateral-ties-in-joint-communique/)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **Maajo 2007:** Wasiir Seyoum Mesfin, Muqdisho ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2007/05/2008525132253179278.html)). - **16 Juun 2018:** Ra'iisul Wasaare Abiy Axmed, Muqdisho; hoggaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee Itoobiya ee booqda in ka badan 40 sano ([Arab News](https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1322551)). - **5 Sebtembar 2018:** Farmaajo iyo Abiy, Asmara ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/2099)). - **11 Diseembar 2024:** Xasan Sheekh iyo Abiy, Ankara ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/etiyopya-federal-demokratik-cumhuriyeti-ve-somali-federal-cumhuriyeti-nin-ankara-bildirisi.en.mfa)). - **Janaayo 2025:** Xasan Sheekh, Addis Ababa ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-ethiopia-restore-diplomatic-ties-after-addis-ababa-talks)). - **14–16 Febraayo 2025:** Xasan Sheekh, Addis Ababa ([Fana](https://www.fanamc.com/english/defense-chiefs-of-staff-of-ethiopia-somalia-agree-on-force-disposition-of-endf-in-the-aussom)). - **22 Febraayo 2025:** Taliyaha ciidamada Itoobiya Birhanu Jula, Muqdisho ([Fana](https://www.fanamc.com/english/defense-chiefs-of-staff-of-ethiopia-somalia-agree-on-force-disposition-of-endf-in-the-aussom)). - **27 Febraayo 2025:** Abiy, booqasho shaqo oo hal maalin ah, Muqdisho ([Horn Review](https://hornreview.org/2025/02/27/somalia-and-ethiopia-reaffirm-strong-bilateral-ties-in-joint-communique/)). - **28–29 Juun 2026:** Xasan Sheekh, Addis Ababa, laba maalmood ([RFI iyo AllAfrica](https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/202606300172.html)). - **29 Sebtembar 2026:** Xasan Sheekh iyo Abiy, Addis Ababa ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/hassan-sheikh-and-abiy-meet-as-somalia-ethiopia-relations-face-regional-challenges)). - **11 Nofembar 2026:** Xasan Sheekh iyo Abiy, Antalya, Turkiga ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/hassan-sheikh-and-abiy-meet-as-somalia-ethiopia-relations-face-regional-challenges)). ## Intee bay is-dhaafsadaan ganacsi ahaan? Soomaaliya xogta ganacsiga uma gudbiso Qaramada Midoobay, sidaas darteed tirooyinka kastamka Itoobiya ayaa ah diiwaanka ugu weyn. Itoobiya waxay sheegtay in ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay ([UN Comtrade, 2021](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=231&period=2021&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M); [2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=231&period=2022&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M); [2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=231&period=2023&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)): - **2019:** US$272.4 milyan - **2021:** US$360.8 milyan - **2022:** US$264.9 milyan - **2023:** US$142.2 milyan Waxa ay Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay way yaraayeen, qiyaastii US$1.1 milyan 2023 ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=231&period=2023&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). 2023, US$133.1 milyan oo dhoofinta ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen cutubka HS 07, khudaarta ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=231&period=2023&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). Qaadka ayaa ah badeecada ugu caansan. Qaadka Itoobiya ayaa ugu jecel Somaliland, wuxuuna Soomaaliya ku soo galaa inta badan dhulka ([Rift Valley Institute, 2020](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Khat-and-COVID-19-by-Sahra-Ahmed-Koshin-RVI-X-border-Project-2020.pdf)). Somaliland waxay 23 Abriil 2020 joojisay soo dejinta qaadka xilligii COVID-19, waxayna mamnuucaas qaadday Maajo 2020 ([Hiiraan Online, Maajo 2020](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2020/may/178188/somaliland_puntland_lift_khat_import_ban_relax_covid_19_restrictions.aspx)). Eeg [Ganacsiga qaadka](/so/economy/khat-trade/). Xoolaha ayaa labada dhinac xadka uga gudba, waddada Berbera–Wajaale waa marin weyn oo alaabta Itoobiya. Eeg [Ganacsiga xadka Itoobiya iyo Somaliland](/so/economy/ethiopia-somaliland-border-trade/). **Shirkadaha:** - **Ethiopian Airlines** duullimaadkeeda ET 377 wuxuu Muqdisho ka degay 9 Nofembar 2018, markii ugu horreysay muddo 40 sano ku dhow ([Africanews, 11 Nofembar 2018](https://www.africanews.com/2018/11/11/ethiopian-touches-down-in-somalia-first-time-in-4-decades/)). - **DP World Berbera:** Maarso 2018 Itoobiya waxay heshay 19% dekedda Berbera, DP World 51%, Somaliland 30%; DP World waxay qorshaysay in ay maalgeliso US$442 milyan ([Arab News, 14 Maarso 2018](https://www.arabnews.com/node/1265896)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Itoobiya waa deris gargaar hesha, ma aha deeq-bixiye weyn. Kaalinteeda ugu weyn waa ciidamo, martigelinta qaxootiga iyo duullimaadyo. Kharashkeeda ugu weyn ee muuqda waa ciidamadeeda Soomaaliya joogay tan iyo 2006 (eeg hoos). ## Amniga ka warran? Ciidamada Itoobiya waxay Soomaaliya galeen 2006 iyagoo ka jawaabaya codsi dowladdii federaalka ku-meelgaarka ahayd, waxayna dhammaystireen ka bixitaankooda Janaayo 2009 ([Al Jazeera, 26 Janaayo 2009](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/1/26/ethiopia-completes-somali-pullout)). Ciidamo Itoobiyaan ah ayaa mar kale xadka soo dhaafay Nofembar 2011, 22 Janaayo 2014-na qiyaastii 4,000 oo ka mid ah, oo saddex guuto ah, ayaa si rasmi ah ugu biiray AMISOM ([Arab News, 22 Janaayo 2014](https://www.arabnews.com/node/513386)). 22 Febraayo 2025 labada taliye waxay ku heshiiyeen kaalinta Itoobiya ee AUSSOM iyo heshiis heerka ciidamada (SOFA) oo ku saabsan dhammaan ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya ([Fana, 22 Febraayo 2025](https://www.fanamc.com/english/defense-chiefs-of-staff-of-ethiopia-somalia-agree-on-force-disposition-of-endf-in-the-aussom)). Saldhigyada iyo tirooyinka eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Itoobiya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad goboleedyada? **Somaliland** - Itoobiya waxay qunsuliyad ku lahayd Hargeysa ilaa Soomaaliya amartay in la xiro Abriil 2024 ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). - Maarso 2018 Golaha Shacabka Soomaaliya, iyadoo 168 ka mid ah 170 xildhibaan ay diideen, ayay ku dhawaaqeen in heshiiska Berbera ee DP World, Somaliland iyo Itoobiya uusan waxba ka jirin ([Arab News, Maarso 2018](https://www.arabnews.com/node/1265896)). - Heshiiskii Janaayo 2024 wuxuu daboolayay helitaanka Berbera iyo saldhig militari oo kiro ah oo Badda Cas ku yaal, Somaliland-na waxay heli lahayd saami Ethiopian Airlines ah ([Al Jazeera, 1 Janaayo 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/1/ethiopia-signs-agreement-to-use-somalilands-red-sea-port)). Al Jazeera ayaa markii dambe sheegtay in uu ahaa kiro 50 sano ah oo 20 km xeeb ah ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). - Muuse Biixi wuxuu sheegay in Itoobiya ay Somaliland aqoonsan doonto "waqtigeeda" ([Al Jazeera, 1 Janaayo 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/1/ethiopia-signs-agreement-to-use-somalilands-red-sea-port)). VOA waxay sheegtay in aan la ogeyn goorta heshiisku dhaqan geli doono ([VOA Africa, 1 Janaayo 2024](https://www.voaafrica.com/a/ethiopia-signs-pact-to-use-somaliland-s-red-sea-port-/7420627.html)). - 7 Janaayo 2025 wasiirka cusub ee arrimaha dibadda Somaliland, Cabdiraxmaan Daahir Aadan, wuxuu sheegay in xukuumadda cusubi aysan arag heshiiska, dib-u-eegisna ku samayn doonto; wuxuu sheegay in Itoobiya aysan marnaba "si cad u ballan qaadin in ay Somaliland aqoonsato" ([Garowe Online, 7 Janaayo 2025](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somaliland/somaliland-reassesses-ethiopia-sea-access-deal-for-recognition)). - Israa'iil waxay Somaliland aqoonsatay 26 Diseembar 2025 ([Al Jazeera, 26 Diseembar 2025](https://aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/26/israel-becomes-first-country-to-recognise-somaliland)). Safiirka Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya wuxuu sheegay in Itoobiya si dhow ula socoto go'aankaas, aysanna qaadan mowqif rasmi ah ([Horn Diplomat](https://www.horndiplomat.com/?p=52791)). - Ogosto 2026 Somaliland iyo Deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya waxay Hargeysa ku yeesheen wadahadalkii saddexaad ee marinka Berbera ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-ethiopias-somali-region-seek-stronger-trade-along-berbera-corridor)). **Puntland** - Itoobiya waxay qunsuliyad ku lahayd Garoowe, taas oo iyana la amray in la xiro Abriil 2024 ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). - Abriil 2024 Itoobiya iyo Puntland waxay ku heshiiyeen xoojinta xiriirka, xilli wafdi Puntland oo uu hoggaaminayay wasiirka maaliyadda uu booqday Itoobiya ([Fana](https://www.fanabc.com/english/?p=58916)). - Luulyo 2025 Madaxweynaha Puntland Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni wuxuu u diyaargaroobay booqasho rasmi ah oo Itoobiya ah si loo saxiixo heshiisyo iskaashi ([AllAfrica, 15 Luulyo 2025](https://allafrica.com/stories/202507150393.html)). **Jubaland** - Ciidamo Itoobiyaan ah oo ka baxsan howlgalka Midowga Afrika ayaa ka hor istaagay madaxweyne ku-xigeenka koowaad ee Jubaland, Maxamuud Saciid Aadan, in uu galo Beled Xaawo ee gobolka Gedo ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-jubaland-deputy-president-blocked-by-ethiopian-troops-in-gedo-as-madobe-demands-for-withdrawal)). ## Khilaafyo ma jireen? - **Dagaalkii xadka 1964:** dagaal Janaayo 1964 ilaa xabbad joojintii Abriil ([MIT CASCON](https://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_sek.html)). - **Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977–1978** ([ICRC](https://www.icrc.org/en/document/somalia-ethiopia-war-memory-prisoners)). - **Faragelintii 2006–2009:** ciidamada Itoobiya waxay yimaadeen codsi dowladdii Soomaaliya ee ay QM taageerayso, waxaana weeraray al-Shabaab ([Al Jazeera, 2009](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/1/26/ethiopia-completes-somali-pullout)). - **Khilaafkii heshiiska 2024:** Soomaaliya waxay ku tilmaantay "gardarro qaawan" ([SONNA, 2 Janaayo 2024](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-recalls-its-ambassador-to-ethiopia-says-mou-with-somaliland-to-be-null-and-void)). Itoobiya waxay sheegtay in heshiisku ganacsi yahay, muhiimna u yahay dhaqaalaheeda ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). Xasan Sheekh wuxuu yiri: "Waxaan rabnaa in Itoobiya badda hesho... laakiin in dhul la qaato diyaar uma nihin" ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). - **Wadahadallada Itoobiya iyo Puntland** ee 2024 ayaa kordhiyay xiisadda Muqdisho ([Al Jazeera, 4 Abriil 2024](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/somalia-expels-ethiopian-ambassador-amid-somaliland-port-deal)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Itoobiya? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Itoobiya ku tirisay 317,879 qaxooti iyo 43,993 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2020&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=ETH)). Eeg [Itoobiya (qaxootiga Soomaalida)](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/). ## Halkee bay Itoobiya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - Itoobiya waxay ciidamo ku biirisaa howlgallada Midowga Afrika: AMISOM laga bilaabo Janaayo 2014 iyo AUSSOM laga bilaabo 2025 ([Arab News, 2014](https://www.arabnews.com/node/513386); [Fana, 2025](https://www.fanamc.com/english/defense-chiefs-of-staff-of-ethiopia-somalia-agree-on-force-disposition-of-endf-in-the-aussom)). - Labaduba waa xubno IGAD, Midowga Afrika iyo QM. IGAD waxay soo dhaweysay Baaqii Ankara ([Addis Standard](https://addisstandard.com/igad-hails-ethiopia-somalia-ankara-agreement-as-diplomatic-milestone)). - 1964 Soomaaliya waxay codsatay shirar degdeg ah oo Golaha Ammaanka QM iyo OAU ah, lamana yeelin ([MIT CASCON](https://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_sek.html)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Itoobiya (qaxootiga Soomaalida)](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Dagaalkii xadka 1982](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1982/) - [Wareejintii Hawd 1954–1955](/so/history/haud-transfer-1954-1955/) - [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Ganacsiga qaadka](/so/economy/khat-trade/) - [Somaliland 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Siyaad Barre](/so/people/siad-barre/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Jabuuti Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/djibouti/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Jabuuti waxay martigelisay shirkii Carta oo 25 Ogosto 2000 Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan u doortay madaxweyne, iyo hannaankii nabadda Jabuuti oo 31 Janaayo 2009 Shariif Sheekh Axmed u doortay madaxweyne. Ciidamadeeda waxay ku jiraan howlgalka Midowga Afrika tan iyo 20 Diseembar 2011. Jabuuti waxay sheegtay in 2023 ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan US$54 milyan, kana soo dejisay US$84.2 milyan. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Jabuuti? Labada dowladood waa saaxiibo dhow. 30 Sebtembar 2026 Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu magaalada Jabuuti kula kulmay Madaxweyne Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle, waxayna ka wada hadleen iskaashiga amniga, dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda ([AllAfrica, 1 Oktoobar 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610010069.html)). Xasan Sheekh wuxuu sidoo kale ka qeyb galay dabaaldegga xorriyadda Jabuuti 27 Juun 2026 ([Dawan Africa, 26 Juun 2026](https://dawan.africa/news/somali-president-in-djibouti-for-independence-day-celebrations-and-talks)). 12 Nofembar 2026 machadyada diblomaasiyadda ee labada dal waxay Muqdisho ku saxiixdeen heshiis is-afgarad oo ku saabsan tababar, cilmi-baaris iyo siminaarro wadajir ah ([Dawan Africa, 12 Nofembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-djibouti-diplomatic-institutes-sign-cooperation-deal)). 8 Nofembar 2026 wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, Jabuuti iyo Masar waxay Tripoli kaga wada hadleen amniga Badda Cas ([Garowe Online, Nofembar 2026](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/egypt-somalia-djibouti-hold-talks-on-red-sea-security-horn-of-africa-stability)). Jabuuti waxay ciidamo ku leedahay howlgalka Midowga Afrika, waxay martigelisaa ku dhawaad 13,900 qaxooti ah oo Soomaaliya ka yimid, waxayna 2023 la gashay ganacsi dhan US$138 milyan. ## Goormuu xiriirku bilowday? Dadka Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya waxay wadaagaan luqad, diin iyo ganacsi qadiimi ah oo Gacanka Cadmeed ku teedsan. Taariikhda hore ka akhri [Seylac ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/). Jabuuti waxay xorriyadda ka qaadatay Faransiiska 27 Juun 1977, madaxweynaheedii ugu horreeyayna wuxuu ahaa Xasan Guuleed Abtidoon ([Xafiiska Taariikhda Mareykanka](https://history.state.gov/countries/djibouti); [Horn Review, 7 Abriil 2025](https://hornreview.org/2025/04/07/a-gift-unreturned-siad-barres-legacy-and-the-fractured-narrative-of-djiboutis-birth/)). Dowladdii Siyaad Barre waxay ururka OAU iyo goleyaal kale u ololeysay xorriyadda Jabuuti. Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ee 1977–1978 Jabuuti waxay la safatay Itoobiya, sida uu sheegay isla qoraalkaasi. Kadib burburkii dowladda Soomaaliya 1991, safaaraddii hore ee Jabuuti ee Muqdisho waa la burburiyay. Ku dhawaad toban sano safiirka Jabuuti wuxuu ka shaqaynayay Villa Somalia ([Garowe Online, 2017](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-guelleh-lays-foundation-stone-for-djibouti-embassy-in-mogadishu)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? **Jabuuti ee Soomaaliya** - **Dayib Dubbad Roble**, safiir, ayaa 14 Diseembar 2010 Muqdisho ka furay dhismo cusub oo safaaradda ah ([Hiiraan Online, 14 Diseembar 2010](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2010/Dec/djibouti_government_opens_its_embassy_in_mogadishu.aspx)). - **Maxamed Ibraahim Yuusuf**, oo Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka Sheekh Aadan Madoobe u soo dhaweeyay safiir cusub ahaan; wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ayaa 5 Maajo 2026 la qabtay kulan sagootin ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/djibouti-pledges-to-support-somalia-in-al-shabaab-war); [AllAfrica, 6 Maajo 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202605060104.html)). - **Cismaan Dubbad**, safiirka Nofembar 2026 ([Dawan Africa, 12 Nofembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-djibouti-diplomatic-institutes-sign-cooperation-deal)). **Xafiisyada:** Jabuuti waxay safaarad ku leedahay Muqdisho; Geelle iyo Farmaajo ayaa dhagaxa dhismaha cusub dhigay maalintii caleemasaarka Farmaajo 2017 ([Garowe Online, 2017](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-guelleh-lays-foundation-stone-for-djibouti-embassy-in-mogadishu)). Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Jabuuti. Somaliland waxay wakiil ku leedahay Jabuuti; Diseembar 2025 waxay wakiilkeeda Cabdifataax Saciid Axmed u yeertay tashi ([The Standard, 31 Diseembar 2025](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/amp/africa/article/2001537550/somaliland-recalls-its-envoy-to-djibouti)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle**, madaxweynaha Jabuuti tan iyo 1999, ayaa bilaabay oo martigeliyay shirkii Carta 2000 ([Arab News, 26 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.arabnews.com/node/2620346)). Wuxuu sidoo kale dhexdhexaadiyay wadahadallada Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland Juun 2020 iyo Diseembar 2023 ([Garowe Online, 18 Juun 2020](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/major-breakthrough-in-somalia-somaliland-talks-in-djibouti-after-hours-of-standoff); [eNCA, 30 Diseembar 2023](https://www.enca.com/news/somalia-and-breakaway-somaliland-agree-resume-dialogue)). - **Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan** ayaa 25 Ogosto 2000 golihii ku-meelgaarka ahaa ee Carta u doortay madaxweyne ([Al Bawaba/AFP, 31 Ogosto 2000](https://www.albawaba.net/news/sanaa-urges-somali-warlords-cooperate-elected-president)). - **Axmedu Ould-Cabdalla**, ergeyga gaarka ah ee QM, ayaa markhaati ka ahaa heshiisyadii 2008 ee dowladda ku-meelgaarka ah iyo ARS ee Jabuuti ([PA-X, 21 Sebtembar 2008](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/740/)). - **Xamuud A. Suldaan**, wasiirka arrimaha diinta Jabuuti, ayaa markhaati ka ahaa war-murtiyeed 21 Sebtembar 2008 ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/740/)). - **Shariif Sheekh Axmed** waxaa 31 Janaayo 2009 madaxweyne u doortay baarlamaankii la ballaariyay oo ku shiray Jabuuti ([Al Jazeera, 31 Janaayo 2009](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/1/31/somali-mps-elect-new-president)). - **Maxamuud Cali Yuusuf**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Jabuuti xilligaas, ayaa ku dhawaaqay horumarkii wadahadallada Juun 2020 ([Garowe Online, 2020](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/major-breakthrough-in-somalia-somaliland-talks-in-djibouti-after-hours-of-standoff)). - **Cabdulqaadir Xuseen Cumar**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Jabuuti, ayaa Diseembar 2025 la safay Masar, Soomaaliya iyo Turkiga markii ay diideen aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([The Standard, 2025](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/amp/africa/article/2001537550/somaliland-recalls-its-envoy-to-djibouti)). - **Yaasiin Maxamuud Ibar** iyo **Yuusuf Muuse Dawaaleh**, guddoomiyeyaasha rugaha ganacsiga Soomaaliya iyo Jabuuti, ayaa 15 Sebtembar 2026 ku kulmay Jabuuti ([Dawan Africa, 16 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-seeks-to-resume-vegetable-exports-to-djibouti)). - **Maxamed Guure** iyo **Xasan Cumar Maxamed**, agaasimeyaasha machadyada diblomaasiyadda, ayaa saxiixay heshiiska Nofembar 2026 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-djibouti-diplomatic-institutes-sign-cooperation-deal)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? - **Carta, 2000:** shirku wuxuu furmay 2 Maajo 2000, wuxuuna dhisay Baarlamaan Ku-meelgaar ah oo 225 xubnood ah iyo Axdi Qaran oo saddex sano ah ([Arab News, 2025](https://www.arabnews.com/node/2620346); [SONNA, 29 Oktoobar 2025](https://sonna.so/en/president-ismail-omar-guelleh-the-djiboutian-leader-who-helped-rebuild-somalias-third-republic/)). - **Heshiiskii Jabuuti, 2008:** waxaa saxiixay dowladda ku-meelgaarka ah iyo ARS; Golaha Ammaanka QM wuxuu soo dhaweeyay heshiiskii 19 Ogosto 2008 ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, SC/9440](https://press.un.org/en/2008/sc9440.doc.htm)). - **War-murtiyeed gargaar abaareed, 21 Sebtembar 2008** ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/740/)). - **War-murtiyeedka Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland, 29 Diseembar 2023**, oo Jabuuti lagu saxiixay ([eNCA](https://www.enca.com/news/somalia-and-breakaway-somaliland-agree-resume-dialogue)). - **Heshiiska tababarka diblomaasiyadda, 12 Nofembar 2026** ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-djibouti-diplomatic-institutes-sign-cooperation-deal)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **2 Maajo – Ogosto 2000:** ku dhawaad 4,000 ergo Soomaaliyeed oo Carta joogay ([Arab News](https://www.arabnews.com/node/2620346)). - **Janaayo 2009:** baarlamaanka Soomaaliya oo Jabuuti ku shiray ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/1/31/somali-mps-elect-new-president)). - **2017:** Geelle oo Muqdisho u yimid caleemasaarka Farmaajo ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-guelleh-lays-foundation-stone-for-djibouti-embassy-in-mogadishu)). - **Ogosto 2019:** Farmaajo oo Jabuuti booqday ([Garowe Online, 3 Sebtembar 2019](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somaliland/somalia-djibouti-rolls-out-red-carpet-for-somaliland-president)). - **Juun 2020:** Farmaajo, Abiy Axmed iyo Muuse Biixi oo Jabuuti ku kulmay ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/major-breakthrough-in-somalia-somaliland-talks-in-djibouti-after-hours-of-standoff)). - **28–29 Diseembar 2023:** Xasan Sheekh iyo Muuse Biixi oo Jabuuti joogay ([eNCA](https://www.enca.com/news/somalia-and-breakaway-somaliland-agree-resume-dialogue)). - **26–27 Juun 2026 iyo 30 Sebtembar 2026:** Xasan Sheekh oo Jabuuti booqday ([Dawan Africa](https://dawan.africa/news/somali-president-in-djibouti-for-independence-day-celebrations-and-talks); [AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610010069.html)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Jabuuti waxay xogta ganacsigeeda u gudbisaa QM, Soomaaliyana ma gudbiso. Tirooyinka Jabuuti ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=262&period=2023&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)): - **2021:** dhoofin US$27.4 milyan; soo dejin US$7.7 milyan - **2022:** dhoofin US$54.1 milyan; soo dejin US$25.7 milyan - **2023:** dhoofin US$54.0 milyan; soo dejin US$84.2 milyan 2023 alaabta ugu badan ee Jabuuti u dhoofisay Soomaaliya waxay ahaayeen saliid iyo baruur (US$16.3 milyan), qalab koronto (US$12.5 milyan) iyo gaadiid (US$6.9 milyan). US$81.7 milyan oo soo dejinteeda ka mid ah waxay ku jireen qaybta HS 49, alaab daabacan ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=262&period=2023&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=M)). Sebtembar 2026 ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed waxay Jabuuti ka codsadeen in ay dib u bilowdo soo dejinta muuska, babaayga iyo qarabuuska Soomaaliya; waxaa kale oo laga wada hadlay maraakiib yaryar oo dekedda Jabuuti iyo dekedaha Soomaaliya isku xira ([Dawan Africa, 16 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-seeks-to-resume-vegetable-exports-to-djibouti)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Jabuuti ma aha deeq-bixiye weyn. Waxay gacan ku siisay martigelinta shirarka nabadda, ciidamo iyo qaxooti. Qoysaska Jabuuti waxay afar bilood martigeliyeen ergooyinkii shirka Carta ([Arab News, 2025](https://www.arabnews.com/node/2620346)). ## Arrimaha amniga? 20 Diseembar 2011 horudhac ka kooban 100 askari oo Jabuuti ah ayaa Muqdisho soo degay, kuwaas oo ahaa qaybtii ugu horreysay ee ku dhawaad 900 askari; Jabuuti waxay noqotay dalkii saddexaad ee ciidamo u dira howlgalka Midowga Afrika ([AFP iyo Terra Daily, 20 Diseembar 2011](https://www.terradaily.com/reports/First_Djibouti_troops_join_AU_Somalia_force_999.html)). Ciidankeedu wuxuu markii dambe joogay Beledweyne iyo Buulobarde ee Hiiraan; Maarso 2026 guutadeeda 13-aad ayaa halkaas la wareegtay iyadoo hoos timaada AUSSOM ([AUSSOM, 16 Maarso 2026](https://au-ssom.org/djiboutis-battalion-13-deploys-to-somalia-under-aussom/)). Eeg [Ciidamada Jabuuti ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/djibouti-military-in-somalia/) iyo [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Jabuuti ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - Jabuuti ma aqoonsana Somaliland, laakiin xiriir aan rasmi ahayn ayay leeyihiin, wakiillona way is-dhaafsadeen ([The Standard, 31 Diseembar 2025](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/amp/africa/article/2001537550/somaliland-recalls-its-envoy-to-djibouti)). - Muuse Biixi safarkiisii ugu horreeyay ee madaxweyne wuxuu ku tagay Jabuuti; Sebtembar 2019 Geelle wuxuu ku soo dhaweeyay sharaf buuxda ([Garowe Online, 3 Sebtembar 2019](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somaliland/somalia-djibouti-rolls-out-red-carpet-for-somaliland-president)). - Heshiiskii dekedda ee Somaliland iyo Itoobiya Janaayo 2024 kadib xiriirku wuu qaboobay. Wafdi uu hoggaaminayo Cali Xamuud Jibriil, guddoomiye ku-xigeenka labaad ee Golaha Wakiillada Somaliland, ayaa Diseembar 2024 Jabuuti u tagay si xiriirka loo hagaajiyo ([Hiiraan Online, 4 Diseembar 2024](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Dec/199195/somaliland_delegation_visits_djibouti_to_mend_strained_ties.aspx)). - Maajo 2025 madaxweynaha cusub ee Somaliland, Cabdiraxmaan Cirro, ayaa Jabuuti booqday isagoo ka jawaabaya martiqaad ([Eastleigh Voice, Maajo 2025](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/regional/153756/somalilands-president-abdirahman-mohamed-abdillahi-visits-djibouti-amid-regional-tensions-horn-of-africa-realignment?amp=1)). - Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika ayaa maalgelinaya waddo 30 km ah oo Lowyacaddo ilaa Seylac ah, qaybta koowaad ee waddada Negad–Lowyacaddo–Boorama, oo qiyaastii ku kacaysa US$44 milyan ([African Review, 27 Ogosto 2025](https://africanreview.com/construction/somaliland-djibouti-highway-inches-closer)). - Booqasho uu Jabuuti ku tagay, Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Geelle ka codsaday gargaar loogu talagalay dadka abaartu ku dhufatay ee Awdal ([Villa Somalia](https://villasomalia.gov.so/president-hassan-sheikh-holds-bilateral-talks-with-president-ismail-omar-guelleh-of-djibouti/)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafyo? - **Somaliland iyo Israa'iil, Diseembar 2025:** wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Jabuuti wuxuu ka qeyb galay wada-hadal taleefoon oo Masar, Soomaaliya iyo Turkiga ay ku diideen aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee 26 Diseembar 2025; Somaliland ayaa kadib wakiilkeedii Jabuuti u yeeratay, waxayna sheegtay in tallaabadu caadi tahay ([The Standard, 31 Diseembar 2025](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/amp/africa/article/2001537550/somaliland-recalls-its-envoy-to-djibouti)). - **Dekedaha:** Jabuuti waxay maamushaa ku dhawaad 95% ganacsiga badda ee Itoobiya, Berbera-na waxaa loo soo bandhigaa waddo kale ([Eastleigh Voice, Maajo 2025](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/regional/153756/somalilands-president-abdirahman-mohamed-abdillahi-visits-djibouti-amid-regional-tensions-horn-of-africa-realignment?amp=1)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Jabuuti? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Jabuuti ku tirisay 13,853 qaxooti iyo 208 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid; 1991 tiradu waxay ahayd 84,628 qaxooti ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=DJB)). Eeg [Jabuuti (qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed)](/en/diaspora/djibouti/). ## Halkee bay Jabuuti ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - Jabuuti waxay ciidamo u dirtay AMISOM tan iyo 2011 iyo AUSSOM ([AUSSOM, 2026](https://au-ssom.org/djiboutis-battalion-13-deploys-to-somalia-under-aussom/)). - Jabuuti inta badan waxay la safataa Soomaaliya arrimaha diblomaasiyadda, oo ay ku jiraan codbixinta QM ([The Standard, 2025](https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/amp/africa/article/2001537550/somaliland-recalls-its-envoy-to-djibouti)). - Qaraarka Golaha Ammaanka 1907 ee 23 Diseembar 2009 wuxuu Heshiiskii Jabuuti ku tilmaamay "saldhigga xallinta khilaafka Soomaaliya" ([QM, S/RES/1907 (2009)](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/RES/1907(2009)&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Jabuuti (qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed)](/en/diaspora/djibouti/) - [Ciidamada Jabuuti ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/djibouti-military-in-somalia/) - [Dowladihii ku-meelgaarka ahaa, 2000–2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/) - [Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan](/so/people/abdiqasim-salad-hassan/) - [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) - [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/) - [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/) - [Somaliland 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Kiinya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/kenya/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Kiinya iyo Soomaaliya waxay wadaagaan xad dhul, dad Soomaali ah oo badan oo Kiinya ku nool iyo ciidamo ka mid ah howlgalka Midowga Afrika, tan iyo Maarso 2024-na labaduba waa xubno Ururka Bariga Afrika. Kiinya waxay sheegtay in ay 2024 Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan US$129.8 milyan. Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ayaa 12 Oktoobar 2021 sawirtay xadkooda badda, go'aankaas oo Kiinya aysan aqbalin. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Kiinya? Kiinya iyo Soomaaliya waa deris ay ku xiran yihiin ganacsi, qaxooti iyo amni. Soomaaliya waxay xubin ka noqotay Ururka Bariga Afrika (EAC), oo Kiinya ka mid tahay, markii ay 4 Maarso 2024 dukumentiga ansixinta ku gudbisay Arusha ([Capital FM, Maarso 2024](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). Ciidamada Kiinya waxay ka mid yihiin howlgalka Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya, taas oo al-Shabaab ay ku sababeyso weeraradeeda Kiinya ([Dawan Africa, 12 Nofembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-condemns-mandera-attack-that-killed-8-kenyans-urges-joint-fight)). 10 Nofembar 2026 dagaalyahanno looga shakiyay al-Shabaab ayaa siddeed Kiinyaan ah ku dilay waddada Mandheera–Carabiya–Lafey ([Dawan Africa, 12 Nofembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-condemns-mandera-attack-that-killed-8-kenyans-urges-joint-fight)). Wasaaradda Warfaafinta Soomaaliya ayaa cambaareysay weerarka, waxayna ku baaqday in si wadajir ah loola dagaallamo xagjiriinta ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-condemns-mandera-attack-that-killed-8-kenyans-urges-joint-fight)). Xadka badda weli waa khilaaf. Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay go'aan ka gaartay 12 Oktoobar 2021 ([ICJ, kiiska 161](https://www.icj-cij.org/case/161)), wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Kiinyana waxay sheegtay in aysan aqoonsanayn go'aanka ([Wikipedia, Somalia v. Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_v._Kenya)). ## Goormuu xiriirku bilowday? Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo ganacsatada Soomaalida waxay ku noolaayeen labada dhinac ee xadka hadda jira, waqti dheer ka hor gumeysiga. Ingiriiska wuxuu 1925 sameeyay Gobolka Xadka Waqooyi (NFD) isagoo ka jaray qayb Jubbaland ah, kadib markii uu qaybta waqooyi ee Jubbaland u wareejiyay Talyaaniga ([Wikipedia, Kenya–Somalia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Eeg [Qaybinta 1884–1926](/so/history/partition-1884-1926/). Xorriyadda Kiinya ka hor, guddi uu hoggaaminayay Jeneraal Bogert oo Kanadiyaan ah iyo Onyiuke oo Nayjeeriyaan ah ayaa ra'yiga dadka NFD ururiyay, warbixintoodana waxay soo gudbiyeen 7 Diseembar 1962 ([Baarlamaanka UK, Hansard, 3 Abriil 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)). Waxay ogaadeen in dadka deegaannada bari, oo ay ku jiraan Mandheera, Wajeer iyo Gaarisa, "ku dhowaad dhammaantood" doonayeen in ay Kiinya ka go'aan oo ku biiraan Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ([Hansard, 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)). 8 Maarso 1963 Xoghayihii Gumeysiga Duncan Sandys wuxuu taas beddelkeeda ku dhawaaqay in deegaannada Soomaalidu noqon doonaan gobolka toddobaad ee Kiinya ([Hansard, 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)). Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed u jartay Ingiriiska qiyaastii toddobaad kadib ([Hansard, 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)). Kiinya waxay xorowday Diseembar 1963, 13 maalmood kadibna waxay ku dhawaaqday xaalad degdeg ah ([MIT CASCON](https://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_sek.html)). Dagaalkii hubaysnaa ee waqooyi-bari ka dhacay waxaa loo yaqaan dagaalkii Shifta; eeg [NFD 1962–1967](/so/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/). 28 Oktoobar 1967 Madaxweyne Jomo Kenyatta iyo Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal waxay Arusha ku saxiixeen heshiis is-afgarad, kadib dhexdhexaadin uu sameeyay Madaxweynaha Saambiya Kenneth Kaunda ([Kaydka Reuters](https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/293856)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Jamaal Maxamed Xasan** ayaa Abriil 2015 loo magacaabay safiirka Soomaaliya ee Kiinya ([Wikipedia, Kenya–Somalia relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - Febraayo 2019 Kiinya waxay dib u yeeratay safiirkeedii Muqdisho, waxayna safiirka Soomaaliya ka codsatay in uu dalkiisa u laabto tashi, kadib markii Soomaaliya soo bandhigtay baloogyo shidaal oo khilaafku ku jiro ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - 30 Juun 2019 Soomaaliya waxay u yeeratay safiirka Kiinya, waxayna u dhiibtay warqad mudaaharaad oo ku saabsan qoraal Kiinya ka soo dhigtay Twitter oo Somaliland ku saabsan ([Arab News, 1 Luulyo 2019](http://www.arabnews.com/node/1519026/world)). - Diseembar 2020 Soomaaliya waxay diblomaasiyiinta Kiinya siisay toddoba maalmood in ay Muqdisho ka baxaan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Kiinya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Muqdisho, Soomaaliyana waxay safaarad ku leedahay Nayroobi. Magacyada safiirrada dhowaan ee labada dhinac lama helin ilo lagu kalsoonaan karo daabacaaddan. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Jeneraal Bogert iyo Onyiuke** ayaa hoggaaminayay guddigii NFD ee 1962 ([Hansard, 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)). - **Duncan Sandys**, Xoghayaha Gumeysiga Ingiriiska, ayaa ku dhawaaqay go'aankii Maarso 1963 ee NFD loogu daayay Kiinya ([Hansard, 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya)). - **Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal iyo Jomo Kenyatta** ayaa saxiixay heshiiskii Arusha 1967; **Kenneth Kaunda** ayaa dhexdhexaadiyay, **Julius Nyerere** iyo **Milton Obote** ayaa goob joog ahaa ([Kaydka Reuters](https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/293856)). - **Moses Wetangula**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Kiinya, iyo **Mohamed Yusuf Haji**, wasiirka difaaca, ayaa ahaa masuuliyiintii Kiinya ee howlgalkii Linda Nchi 2011 ([Wikipedia, Operation Linda Nchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi)). - **Axmed Madoobe**, hoggaamiyihii Raaskambooni oo markii dambe noqday Madaxweynaha Jubbaland, ayaa la dagaallamay ciidamada Kiinya 2011–2012 ([Wikipedia, Operation Linda Nchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi)). - **Fred Matiang'i**, wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Kiinya, ayaa Maarso 2021 UNHCR siiyay 14 maalmood si ay qorshe ugu dejiso xiritaanka Dhadhaab iyo Kakuma ([Garowe Online, 24 Maarso 2021](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/world/africa/kenya-to-shut-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-amid-strained-ties-with-somalia)). - **William Ruto iyo Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud** ayaa 2022 ka wada hadlay khidmadaha diyaaradaha ee ganacsiga qaadka ([Al Jazeera, 31 Maarso 2023](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/3/31/kenyan-khat-farmers-seek-govt-help-to-boom-again-after-covid-19)). - **Kimathi Munjuri**, guddoomiyaha ururka ganacsatada qaadka Kiinya NYAMITA, ayaa ka hadlay dib u furitaanka ganacsiga ([Al Jazeera, 2023](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/3/31/kenyan-khat-farmers-seek-govt-help-to-boom-again-after-covid-19)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud** ayaa Luulyo 2022 xarunta EAC ka bilaabay codsiga Soomaaliya, Diseembar 2023-na Entebbe ku saxiixay heshiiska ku biirista ([Capital FM](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). - **Peter Mathuki**, Xoghayaha Guud ee EAC, ayaa 4 Maarso 2024 qaatay dukumentiga ansixinta Soomaaliya ([Capital FM](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). ## Heshiisyadee bay saxiixeen? - **Heshiiska is-afgaradka Arusha, 28 Oktoobar 1967:** xad nabadeed, joojinta dacaayadda cadaawadda iyo dib u eegista xiriirka dhaqaale iyo ganacsi ([Kaydka Reuters](https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/293856)). - **War-murtiyeed wadajir ah, 31 Oktoobar 2011:** kadib wadahadallo Nayroobi ku saabsan howlgalka Kiinya ee koonfurta Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, Operation Linda Nchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi)). - **Heshiiska is-afgaradka shelf-ka qaaradda, 7 Abriil 2009:** waxaa saxiixay Kiinya iyo Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meelgaarka ah; baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ayaa diiday Oktoobar 2009 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Heshiiska saddex-geesoodka ah ee UNHCR, 2013:** celinta iskaa-wax-u-qabsiga ah ee qaxootiga Soomaalida ee Dhadhaab ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Heshiiska ku biirista EAC:** la saxiixay 16 Diseembar 2023, ansixinta la gudbiyay 4 Maarso 2024 ([Capital FM](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **28 Oktoobar 1967:** Kenyatta iyo Cigaal waxay ku kulmeen Arusha, Tansaaniya ([Kaydka Reuters](https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/293856)). - **Oktoobar 2011:** hoggaamiyeyaal Kiinya iyo Soomaaliya ayaa ku kulmay Nayroobi, waxayna 31 Oktoobar soo saareen war-murtiyeed ([Wikipedia, Operation Linda Nchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi)). - **2022:** Xasan Sheekh iyo Ruto ayaa ka wada hadlay ganacsiga, oo uu ku jiro qaadka ([Al Jazeera, 2023](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/3/31/kenyan-khat-farmers-seek-govt-help-to-boom-again-after-covid-19)). Liis dhammaystiran oo taariikhaysan oo booqashooyinka madaxweynayaasha lama helin daabacaaddan. ## Intee bay is-dhaafsadaan ganacsi ahaan? Kiinya waxay sheegtay in ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay ([UN Comtrade, 2021](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=404&period=2021&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M); [2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=404&period=2022&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M); [2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=404&period=2023&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M); [2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=404&period=2024&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)): - **2016:** US$176.7 milyan - **2019:** US$116.0 milyan - **2021:** US$122.5 milyan - **2022:** US$129.9 milyan - **2023:** US$154.3 milyan - **2024:** US$129.8 milyan Waxa Kiinya ka soo dejisay Soomaaliya waxay ahaayeen US$4.2 milyan 2024 ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=404&period=2024&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). 2024 kooxaha ugu waaweyn ee dhoofinta waxay ahaayeen tubaako (US$49.5 milyan), daawooyin (US$15.8 milyan), cunto diyaarsan (US$9.0 milyan) iyo shidaal (US$8.8 milyan) ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=404&period=2024&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). **Qaadka (miraa).** Soomaaliya waxay ahayd macmiilka dibadda ee ugu weyn ee qaadka Kiinya ([Al Jazeera, 31 Maarso 2023](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/3/31/kenyan-khat-farmers-seek-govt-help-to-boom-again-after-covid-19)). Maarso 2020 Soomaaliya waxay joojisay duullimaadyada caalamiga ah marka laga reebo kuwa gargaarka, taas oo jartay qaadka Kiinya ([Al Jazeera, 31 Maarso 2020](https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/3/31/khat-traders-farmers-take-a-hit-amid-coronavirus-pandemic)). Qiimaha suuqa madow ee Muqdisho wuxuu gaaray qiyaastii US$100 kiiloogaraamkii, halkii uu ahaa US$9 ilaa US$10 ([Al Jazeera, 2020](https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/3/31/khat-traders-farmers-take-a-hit-amid-coronavirus-pandemic)). Ganacsigu wuxuu dib u furmay 2022, inta badan diyaarado gaar ah oo kiro ah ([Al Jazeera, 2023](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/3/31/kenyan-khat-farmers-seek-govt-help-to-boom-again-after-covid-19)). Eeg [Ganacsiga qaadka](/so/economy/khat-trade/). **Diyaaradaha.** Kenya Airways waxay dib u bilowday duullimaadyada Nayroobi–Muqdisho laga bilaabo 14 Febraayo 2024, saddex jeer toddobaadkii (KQ362 iyo KQ363); waxay Muqdisho si joogto ah ugu duulaysay ilaa 2020 ([Aeroroutes, 22 Nofembar 2023](https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/231123-kqfeb24mgq)). 2019 Kiinya waxay shuruud ka dhigtay in duullimaadyada Muqdisho ka yimaada ay Wajeer ku degaan baaritaan amni ([Arab News, 1 Luulyo 2019](http://www.arabnews.com/node/1519026/world)). **Ganacsiga.** Xaafadda Islii ee Nayroobi waa xarun weyn oo ganacsiga iyo raasumaalka Soomaalida. Eeg [Ganacsiga Soomaalida Islii](/so/economy/eastleigh-somali-business/). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Kiinya ma aha deeq-bixiye weyn oo Soomaaliya. Kaalinteeda ugu weyn waa martigelinta qaxootiga iyo ciidamada. Kiinya waxay xustay taageerada gargaarka ee qaxootiga, ilaalinta militari ee dowladda Soomaaliya iyo martigelinta dowladdaas Nayroobi ([Anadolu, 19 Maarso 2021](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/kenya-feels-betrayed-by-somalia-over-maritime-dispute/2181763)). ## Amniga ka warran? Ciidamada Kiinya waxay koonfurta Soomaaliya galeen 16 Oktoobar 2011 howlgalkii Linda Nchi, waxayna ku biireen AMISOM Juun 2012 ([Wikipedia, Operation Linda Nchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi)). Weeraro al-Shabaab ayaa ka dhaca degmooyinka xadka Kiinya, oo ay ku jiraan lix boolis oo lagu dilay Gaarisa 23 Maarso 2025 ([Al Jazeera, 23 Maarso 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/23/six-personnel-killed-in-attack-on-somali-border-kenyan-police)). Saldhigyada iyo dagaallada eeg [Ciidamada Kiinya ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/kenya-military-in-somalia/) iyo [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Kiinya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad goboleedyada? **Somaliland** - Juun 2019 wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Kiinya waxay Twitter ku qortay wadahadal ay la yeelatay masuuliyiin Somaliland oo ku saabsan "arrimaha danta u ah labada dal" ([Arab News, 1 Luulyo 2019](http://www.arabnews.com/node/1519026/world)). Soomaaliya waxay ku tilmaantay "xadgudub ku ah madax-bannaanida, midnimada iyo dhulka Soomaaliya" ([Arab News](http://www.arabnews.com/node/1519026/world)). - Diseembar 2020, xilli madaxweynaha Somaliland booqday Nayroobi, Soomaaliya waxay Kiinya ku eedeysay faragelin, xiriirkana way jartay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). **Jubbaland** - Xiriirka Kiinya iyo Jubbaland ee hoggaanka Axmed Madoobe wuxuu ku xoogaystay iskaashi dhaqaale iyo militari ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - Dagaallada u dhexeeya ciidamada federaalka iyo Jubbaland ee Gedo waxay ku urureen Beled Xaawo, oo ah albaab ganacsi oo Kiinya ah ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/gedo-on-the-brink-somali-government-and-jubaland-battle-for-control)). ## Khilaafyo ma jireen? - **NFD iyo dagaalkii Shifta, 1963–1967:** eeg kor ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/apr/03/northern-frontier-district-of-kenya); [MIT CASCON](https://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_sek.html)). - **Xadka badda:** Soomaaliya waxay kiiskeeda u gudbisay ICJ 28 Ogosto 2014; maxkamaddu waxay diiday diidmooyinkii hordhaca ahaa ee Kiinya 2 Febraayo 2017, go'aanka kama dambaystana waxay gaartay 12 Oktoobar 2021 ([ICJ, kiiska 161](https://www.icj-cij.org/case/161)). 19 Maarso 2021 Kiinya waxay sheegtay in aysan ka qayb geli doonin dhegeysiga, iyadoo ku doodday in Soomaaliya diiday xad ay aqbalaysay in ka badan 35 sano ([Anadolu, 19 Maarso 2021](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/kenya-feels-betrayed-by-somalia-over-maritime-dispute/2181763)). Dhulka badda ee lagu muransanaa wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 160,580 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran ([Anadolu](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/kenya-feels-betrayed-by-somalia-over-maritime-dispute/2181763)). - **Baloogyada shidaalka, Febraayo 2019:** Kiinya waxay dib u yeeratay safiirkeeda kadib markii Soomaaliya soo bandhigtay baloogyo ku yaal aagga lagu muransan yahay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Xiriir-jaridda, Diseembar 2020 ilaa Maajo 2021:** xiriirka waxaa dib loo soo celiyay Maajo 2021 iyadoo Qadar dhexdhexaadinaysay ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Xeryaha qaxootiga:** Maarso 2021 Kiinya waxay UNHCR u qabatay waqti ay ku xirto Dhadhaab iyo Kakuma ([Garowe Online, 24 Maarso 2021](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/world/africa/kenya-to-shut-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-amid-strained-ties-with-somalia)). - **Fiisooyinka:** cafiskii lacagta fiisaha ee Kiinya ay 2025 siisay socotada Afrika waxaa laga reebay Soomaaliya iyo Liibiya, iyadoo la sheegay walaac amni ([The Star, 14 Luulyo 2025](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2025-07-14-kenya-scraps-visa-fees-for-african-caribbean-travellers)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Kiinya? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Kiinya ku tirisay 319,471 qaxooti iyo 139,660 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2020&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=KEN)). Kiinya waxay sidoo kale leedahay muwaadiniin Soomaali-Kiinyaan ah oo badan. Eeg [Xeryaha Dhadhaab iyo Kiinya](/so/diaspora/dadaab-and-kenya-camps/) iyo [Kiinya (Islii, Dhadhaab, Waqooyi-Bari)](/en/diaspora/kenya/). ## Halkee bay Kiinya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - Kiinya waxay ciidamo ku biirisaa howlgallada Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, Operation Linda Nchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi)). - Kiinya waxay 2021 xubin aan joogto ahayn ka ahayd Golaha Ammaanka QM ([Garowe Online, 24 Maarso 2021](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/world/africa/kenya-to-shut-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-amid-strained-ties-with-somalia)). - Labaduba waa xubno IGAD, Midowga Afrika iyo, tan iyo 2024, EAC ([Capital FM](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Xeryaha Dhadhaab iyo Kiinya](/so/diaspora/dadaab-and-kenya-camps/) - [NFD 1962–1967](/so/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/) - [Ciidamada Kiinya ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/kenya-military-in-somalia/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Ganacsiga qaadka](/so/economy/khat-trade/) - [Jubbaland](/so/states/jubaland/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Eratareya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/eritrea/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Eratareya waxay 30 Luulyo 2018 Asmara ku heshiiyeen in ay dhisaan xiriir diblomaasiyadeed, kadib ku dhawaad 15 sano oo xiriir la'aan ah. QM waxay 14 Nofembar 2018 ka qaaday cunaqabateyntii 2009 ee Eratareya. Laga bilaabo 2019 ku dhawaad 5,000 oo askari Soomaaliyeed ayaa lagu tababaray Eratareya. 4 Oktoobar 2026 madaxweynayaasha Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Isaias Afwerki waxay Masar iyo Suudaan la saxiixdeen Baaqa Wadajirka ah ee El Alamein. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Eratareya? Eratareya waa mid ka mid ah saaxiibada ugu dhow ee dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya ee gobolka. 4 Oktoobar 2026 madaxweynayaasha Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Isaias Afwerki waxay madaxweynaha Masar Cabdifataax al-Siisi iyo hoggaamiyaha Suudaan Jeneraal Cabdifataax al-Burhaan kula soo saareen Baaqa Wadajirka ah ee El Alamein, magaalada New Alamein ee Masar ([Al Jazeera, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/5/four-african-leaders-issue-joint-declaration-as-ethiopia-war-escalates)). Baaqu wuxuu taageeray "midnimada iyo madaxbannaanida Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya", wuxuuna diiday aqoonsi kasta oo Somaliland ah. Wuxuu sheegay in maamulka Badda Cas uu yahay "mas'uuliyadda gaarka ah ee dalalka xeebaha leh" ([SUNA iyo AllAfrica, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610050188.html)). Itoobiya waxay Eratareya ku eedaysay in ay taageerto isbahaysi hubeysan oo Itoobiya ku jira; Eratareya way beenisay ([Al Jazeera, 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/5/four-african-leaders-issue-joint-declaration-as-ethiopia-war-escalates)). Soomaaliya waxay safiir degan ku leedahay Asmara tan iyo Nofembar 2023 ([Goobjoog, 19 Nofembar 2023](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-dispatches-first-ever-ambassador-to-eritrea)). Ganacsi labada dal u dhexeeya looma gudbiyo QM. ## Goormuu xiriirku bilowday? Xilligii Siyaad Barre, dowladda Soomaaliya waxay taageertay halgankii dheeraa ee Eratareya ee ka dhanka ahaa Itoobiya, kaas oo Eratareya xorriyad ku qaadatay 1993 ([VOA, 30 Luulyo 2018](https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-eritrea-mend-ties-change-sweeps-horn-of-africa/4505695.html)). Maajo 1999 IRIN waxay soo tebisay sheegasho wargeys Soomaaliyeed oo ahayd in Asmara safaarad ka furayso Muqdisho ([The New Humanitarian, 25 Maajo 1999](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/1999/05/25/asmara-opening-mogadishu-embassy-somali-paper-claims)). Qiyaastii 2006 kadib Soomaaliya waxay noqotay goob dagaal wakiil ah oo u dhexeeya Eratareya iyo Itoobiya. Itoobiya waxay taageertay dowladda ku-meelgaarka ah ee Muqdisho, Eratareyana waxaa lagu eedeeyay in ay taageerto dagaalyahannada Islaamiyiinta, eedaas oo ay beenisay ([VOA, 2018](https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-eritrea-mend-ties-change-sweeps-horn-of-africa/4505695.html)). Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay 2008 sheegashooyin ahaa in Asmara maalgeliso al-Shabaab ([Goobjoog, 2023](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-dispatches-first-ever-ambassador-to-eritrea)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? **Soomaaliya ee Eratareya** - **Cumar Idriis**, oo hore u ahaa safiirka Soomaaliya ee Qadar, ayaa 17 Nofembar 2023 warqadaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Isaias, isagoo noqday safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya u fadhiya Eratareya ([Garowe Online, Nofembar 2023](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-appoints-first-ever-envoy-to-eritrea); [Goobjoog, 19 Nofembar 2023](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-dispatches-first-ever-ambassador-to-eritrea)). **Eratareya ee Soomaaliya** - Wafdi Eritreeyaan ah ayaa bartamihii Ogosto 2018 Muqdisho yimid si loo sii wado baaqa ([Africanews, 14 Ogosto 2018](https://www.africanews.com/2018/08/14/eritrea-delegation-in-somalia-to-deepen-bilateral-relations)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Isaias Afwerki**, madaxweynaha Eratareya tan iyo 1993, ayaa saxiixay baaqyadii 2018, marar badanna Asmara ku martigeliyay hoggaamiyeyaasha Soomaaliyeed ([Al Jazeera, 30 Luulyo 2018](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/30/eritrea-and-somalia-agree-to-restore-diplomatic-relations/)). - **Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo**, madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, ayaa saddex maalmood Asmara joogay oo saxiixay baaqii 30 Luulyo 2018; kadib wuxuu ku baaqay in cunaqabateynta Eratareya la qaado ([Al Jazeera, 2018](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/30/eritrea-and-somalia-agree-to-restore-diplomatic-relations/)). - **Abiy Axmed**, ra'iisul wasaaraha Itoobiya, ayaa 5 Sebtembar 2018 Farmaajo iyo Isaias la saxiixay baaqa iskaashiga saddexda dal ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/2099)). - **Yemane Gebremeskel**, wasiirka warfaafinta Eratareya, ayaa daabacay war-murtiyeedkii 2018, kuna dhawaaqay booqashooyinka madaxweynayaasha Soomaaliya ([Al Jazeera, 2018](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/30/eritrea-and-somalia-agree-to-restore-diplomatic-relations/); [Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/eritrea-instrumental-in-rebuilding-of-somali-army-says-president)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, madaxweynaha Soomaaliya tan iyo 2022, ayaa booqday askartii Soomaaliyeed ee Eratareya ku dhawaad bil kadib doorashadiisa, marar badanna dib ugu laabtay ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-makes-his-second-trip-to-eritrea)). - **Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur**, wasiirka gaashaandhigga, ayaa 21 Diseembar 2022 soo dhaweeyay qaybtii ugu horreysay ee tababarayaasha soo laabtay ([VOA, 21 Diseembar 2022](https://www.voanews.com/a/first-batch-of-somali-troops-trained-in-eritrea-arrives-home-/6885944.html)). - **Cabdifataax al-Siisi**, madaxweynaha Masar, ayaa ka qeyb galay shirkii Asmara ee Oktoobar 2024, martigeliyayna shirkii El Alamein Oktoobar 2026 ([Villa Somalia, 10 Oktoobar 2024](https://villasomalia.gov.so/joint-communique-of-the-tripartite-summit-between-somalia-eritrea-and-egypt/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? - **Baaqa Wadajirka ah ee Xiriirka Walaaltinimo iyo Iskaashiga Dhammeystiran, 30 Luulyo 2018, Asmara:** "Labada dal waxay dhisi doonaan xiriir diblomaasiyadeed, safiirrona way is-dhaafsan doonaan" ([VOA, 2018](https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-eritrea-mend-ties-change-sweeps-horn-of-africa/4505695.html); [PA-X](https://pax.peaceagreements.org/agreements/2100)). Wuxuu sidoo kale ka hadlay ganacsiga, maalgashiga, waxbarashada iyo dhaqanka. - **Baaqa Iskaashiga Dhammeystiran ee Itoobiya, Soomaaliya iyo Eratareya, 5 Sebtembar 2018, Asmara:** xiriir siyaasadeed, dhaqaale, bulsho, dhaqan iyo amni, iyo guddi sare oo wadajir ah ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/2099)). - **War-murtiyeedka saddexda dal ee Masar, 10 Oktoobar 2024, Asmara:** taageero ciidamada Soomaaliya si ay u ilaaliyaan xuduudaha dhulka iyo badda, iyo guddi ka kooban saddexda wasiir ee arrimaha dibadda ([Villa Somalia, 2024](https://villasomalia.gov.so/joint-communique-of-the-tripartite-summit-between-somalia-eritrea-and-egypt/)). - **Baaqa Wadajirka ah ee El Alamein, 4 Oktoobar 2026**, Masar iyo Suudaan ([SUNA iyo AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610050188.html)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **28–30 Luulyo 2018:** Farmaajo oo Asmara joogay ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/30/eritrea-and-somalia-agree-to-restore-diplomatic-relations/)). - **5 Sebtembar 2018:** Farmaajo iyo Abiy oo Asmara ugu shiray shirka saddexda dal ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/2099)). - **13 Diseembar 2018:** Isaias oo Muqdisho yimid, booqashadiisii ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya; Farmaajo ayaa garoonka kaga hortagay ([Al Jazeera, 14 Diseembar 2018](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2018/12/eritrean-leader-seeks-closer-ties-visit-somalia-181214145314079.html)). - **2022:** Xasan Sheekh oo Asmara tagay ku dhawaad bil kadib doorashadiisii Maajo 2022, mar kalena afar bilood kadib booqasho afar maalmood ah ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-makes-his-second-trip-to-eritrea)); booqasho saddexaad ayaa siddeed bilood gudahood dhacday ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-s-president-on-3rd-visit-to-eritrea-since-mid-2022)). - **9–10 Oktoobar 2024:** Xasan Sheekh iyo al-Siisi oo Asmara ugu shiray shirka saddexda dal ([Villa Somalia](https://villasomalia.gov.so/joint-communique-of-the-tripartite-summit-between-somalia-eritrea-and-egypt/)). - **Diseembar 2024:** Xasan Sheekh oo booqasho shaqo ku tagay Asmara ([African Business/APO, Diseembar 2024](https://african.business/2024/12/apo-newsfeed/eritrea-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-arrives-in-asmara)). - **4 Oktoobar 2026:** Xasan Sheekh iyo Isaias oo El Alamein, Masar, ku kulmay ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/5/four-african-leaders-issue-joint-declaration-as-ethiopia-war-escalates)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Labada dalba ma gudbiyaan xog ganacsi oo u dhexeeya, tirooyin kalena lama helin. Baaqii 2018 wuxuu labada dal ka ballan qaaday in ay "horumariyaan ganacsiga iyo maalgashiga" ([PA-X](https://pax.peaceagreements.org/agreements/2100)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Eratareya ma aha deeq-bixiye Soomaaliya. Taageeradeeda ugu weyn waa tababar ciidan (hoos eeg). Booqasho mid ka mid ah, Xasan Sheekh wuxuu arkay askar Soomaaliyeed oo lagu tababarayo xarunta Ciidamada Cirka Eratareya ee Asmara, wuxuuna "ammaanay" taageerada Eratareya ee dib u dhiska ciidanka ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/eritrea-instrumental-in-rebuilding-of-somali-army-says-president)). ## Arrimaha amniga? Golaha Ammaanka QM wuxuu qaraarka 1907 ee 23 Diseembar 2009 ku soo rogay Eratareya cunaqabateyn hub, safar iyo hanti xannibid, isagoo tixraacaya natiijooyinka Kooxda Kormeerka oo sheegay in Eratareya taageertay kooxo hubeysan oo Soomaaliya ku jira ([QM, S/RES/1907 (2009)](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/RES/1907(2009)&l=en&t=pdf)). 2017 kormeerayaashu waxay sheegeen in afar muddo oo isku xiga aysan "helin caddayn go'an" oo ah taageero Eratareya u fidisay al-Shabaab ([QM, S/2017/925](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2017/925&l=en&t=pdf)). Qaraarka 2444 ee 14 Nofembar 2018 ayaa soo afjaray cunaqabateynta Eratareya ([QM, S/RES/2444 (2018)](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/RES/2444(2018)&l=en&t=pdf)). Laga bilaabo 2019 ku dhawaad 5,000 oo askari Soomaaliyeed ayaa loo qaaday Eratareya si loo tababaro; kooxdii ugu horreysay waxay dalka dib ugu soo laabatay 21 Diseembar 2022, VOA Somali-na ma helin caddayn ah in loo diray dagaalka Tigray ([VOA, 21 Diseembar 2022](https://www.voanews.com/a/first-batch-of-somali-troops-trained-in-eritrea-arrives-home-/6885944.html)). Eeg [Eratareya iyo Soomaaliya: cunaqabateynta iyo askarta](/en/institutions/eritrea-and-somalia-military/) iyo [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Eratareya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - Eratareya waxay saxiixday baaqa El Alamein oo diiday "aqoonsi ama taageero kasta" oo Somaliland ah ([SUNA iyo AllAfrica, 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610050188.html)). - Eratareya waxay cambaareysay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland Diseembar 2025, waxayna ku baaqday in Golaha Ammaanka QM ka jawaabo ([Ethiopia Observer](https://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/?p=18821)). - Lama helin xafiis ama heshiis Eratareya la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada. ## Ma jiraan khilaafyo? - **2006–2018:** Eratareya waxaa lagu eedeeyay in ay taageertay dagaalyahanno Islaamiyiin ah oo la dagaallamayay dowladda ku-meelgaarka ah, eedaas oo ay beenisay. Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay 2008 ([VOA, 2018](https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-eritrea-mend-ties-change-sweeps-horn-of-africa/4505695.html); [Goobjoog, 2023](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-dispatches-first-ever-ambassador-to-eritrea)). - **Askarta, 2021:** qoysas Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka mudaaharaaday wiilashooda loo diray Eratareya; warbixin xuquuqul insaan oo QM ah ayaa sheegtay in qaar ay joogeen Tigray, Soomaaliyana way beenisay ([VOA, 2022](https://www.voanews.com/a/first-batch-of-somali-troops-trained-in-eritrea-arrives-home-/6885944.html)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Eratareya? UNHCR waxay Eratareya ku tirisay 2,758 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed 2014, iyo 80 sanadkii 2020; 2021 midna ma diiwaangelin ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2014&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=ERT)). 2025 Soomaaliya waxay martigelisay 50 qaxooti iyo 63 magangalyo-doon oo Eritreeyaan ah ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2014&yearTo=2025&coo=ERT&coa=SOM)). ## Halkee bay Eratareya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - Eratareya lafteeda waxay ku jirtay cunaqabateyn QM oo Soomaaliya la xiriirta 2009 ilaa 2018 ([S/RES/2444 (2018)](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/RES/2444(2018)&l=en&t=pdf)). - Eratareya ciidamo uma dirto howlgalka Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya. - War-murtiyeedkii Asmara 2024 Eratareya waxay soo dhaweysay dalabka Masar ee ah in ay ciidamo nabad ilaalin ah u dirto Soomaaliya ([Villa Somalia, 2024](https://villasomalia.gov.so/joint-communique-of-the-tripartite-summit-between-somalia-eritrea-and-egypt/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Eratareya iyo Soomaaliya: cunaqabateynta iyo askarta](/en/institutions/eritrea-and-somalia-military/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Kooxda Kormeerka QM ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/un-monitoring-group-somalia/) - [Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka](/en/institutions/somali-national-army/) - [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Al-Shabaab](/so/history/al-shabaab/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Yemen Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/yemen/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Yemen waxaa kala qaybiya Gacanka Cadmeed, qarniyo badanna dad iyo ganacsi ayaa ka gudbayay. Dhammaadkii 2025 Yemen waxay martigelisay 40,335 qaxooti oo Soomaaliya ka yimid, halka 2017 ay ahaayeen 255,894; Soomaaliyana waxay martigelisay 13,496 qaxooti Yemeni ah. 2024 Yemen waxay sheegtay in ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$13.5 milyan, kana soo dejisay US$10.6 milyan, inta badan xoolo nool. Soomaaliya waxay taageertaa dowladda Yemen ee caalamku aqoonsan yahay. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Yemen? Labada dowladood waxay leeyihiin safaarado, si joogto ahna way u kulmaan. Safiirka Yemen ee Muqdisho, Fadl al-Xanaq, ayaa 7 Maajo 2025 la kulmay wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, wuxuuna u gudbiyay hambalyo uga timid wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Yemen, Shaaya Sindaani ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Yemen/Saba, 7 Maajo 2025](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/32376/)). Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Yemen, Cabdixakiim Maxamed, ayaa 21 Ogosto 2025 Cadan kula kulmay ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Yemen Mansuur Bajash ([Yemen MOFA/Saba, 21 Ogosto 2025](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/33684/)). Soomaaliya waxay taageertaa dowladda Yemen ee caalamku aqoonsan yahay. Janaayo 2023 wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya wuxuu cambaareeyay weerarrada Xuuthiyiinta ee goobaha shidaalka iyo hanjabaadaha ay ku hayaan maraakiibta ([Yemen MOFA/Saba, 18 Janaayo 2023](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/?p=21782)). Dadku weli labada dhinac ayay uga gudbaan Gacanka Cadmeed. Dhammaadkii 2025 Yemen waxay martigelisay ku dhawaad 40,000 qaxooti Soomaali ah, Soomaaliyana ku dhawaad 13,500 Yemeni ah. ## Goormuu xiriirku bilowday? Labada xeebood waxay ganacsi lahaayeen tan iyo waqtiyadii hore; eeg [Ganacsigii qadiimiga ahaa ee foox iyo malmal](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/) iyo [Boqortooyadii Rasuuliga ee Yemen iyo dekedaha Soomaalida, 1229–1454](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/). Daraasad 2019 ah oo Machadka Rift Valley sameeyay ayaa sheegtay in waqooyi-bari Soomaaliya, Somaliland iyo koonfurta Yemen ay "dhinacyo badan isku fidin u ahaayeen", diin iyo dhaqanna wadaagaan ([Rift Valley Institute, Majid iyo Abdirahman, 2019](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Mobility-Trust-and-Exchange-by-Nisar-Majid-and-Khalif-Abdirahman-RVI-X-Border-Project-2019.pdf)). Waxay sheegtay laba waddo badeed oo waaweyn: Berbera–Cadan iyo Boosaaso–Mukalla. Waxay kaloo sheegtay in Xadramiga Yemen iyo Harti-da waqooyi-bari Soomaaliya ay yihiin labada koox ee ugu badan ee u kala safra. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad Soomaalidu waxay Cadan ku ahaayeen bulsho la tixgeliyo, waxayna u isticmaaleen suuq xoolo ([RVI, 2019](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Mobility-Trust-and-Exchange-by-Nisar-Majid-and-Khalif-Abdirahman-RVI-X-Border-Project-2019.pdf)). Qof daraasadda wax laga weydiiyay ayaa yiri: "Xadramigu qarniyo ayay Soomaaliya imaanayeen. Inta badan waa ganacsato." ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? **Yemen ee Soomaaliya** - Yemen waxay Janaayo 2007 dib u furtay safaaraddeeda Muqdisho, iyadoo noqotay dalkii ugu horreeyay ee sidaas sameeya kadib markii Maxkamadaha Islaamiga laga saaray ([Al Jazeera, 28 Maajo 2007](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2007/05/2008525132253179278.html)). - **Axmed Cumar**, safiirka Yemen, ayaa 14 Diseembar 2010 ka qeyb galay furitaanka safaaradda Jabuuti ee Muqdisho ([Hiiraan Online, 14 Diseembar 2010](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2010/Dec/djibouti_government_opens_its_embassy_in_mogadishu.aspx)). - **Fadl Cali Axmed al-Xanaq**, safiir 2024 iyo 2025 ([Yemen MOFA/Saba, 22 Maajo 2024](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/27751/); [7 Maajo 2025](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/32376/)). **Soomaaliya ee Yemen** - **Cabdixakiim Maxamed**, safiir, oo safaaradda Soomaaliya ay 2025 ku taal Cadan, caasimadda ku-meelgaarka ah ee Yemen ([Yemen MOFA/Saba, 21 Ogosto 2025](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/33684/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Cali Cabdullaahi Saalax**, madaxweynihii Yemen xilligaas, ayaa 27 Ogosto 2000 ka qeyb galay caleemasaarka Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan. Kadib wuxuu Sanca ku martigeliyay Xuseen Maxamed Caydiid, Cismaan Xasan Cali "Caato" iyo hoggaamiyeyaal kale, wuxuuna ku booriyay in ay ku biiraan hannaanka Carta ([Al Bawaba/AFP, 31 Ogosto 2000](https://www.albawaba.net/news/sanaa-urges-somali-warlords-cooperate-elected-president)). - **Saalax** wuxuu sidoo kale martigeliyay wadahadalladii keenay Baaqii Cadan ee 5 Janaayo 2006 ([PA-X, Baaqii Cadan](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1068/)). - **Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed**, madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, iyo **Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan**, guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka, ayaa saxiixay Baaqii Cadan ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1068/); [Al Jazeera, 5 Janaayo 2006](https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/01/2008491255536924.html)). - **Axmed Cawad bin Mubaarak**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Yemen, ayaa Janaayo 2023 Muqdisho yimid, wuxuuna la kulmay dhiggiisa **Abshir Cumar**. Waxay ka hadleen dib u kicinta guddiga wadajirka ah ee iskaashiga dhaqaalaha, sayniska iyo farsamada ee la sameeyay 2013 ([Yemen MOFA/Saba, 18 Janaayo 2023](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/?p=21782)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi**, isagoo ah wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, ayaa 22 Maajo 2024 la kulmay Safiir al-Xanaq, wuxuuna taageeray xasilloonida Yemen ([Yemen MOFA/Saba, 22 Maajo 2024](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/27751/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? - **Guddiga wadajirka ah ee iskaashiga dhaqaalaha, sayniska iyo farsamada, 2013** ([Yemen MOFA/Saba, 2023](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/?p=21782)). - **Baaqii Cadan, 5 Janaayo 2006:** heshiis Soomaaliyeed oo Yemen garwadeen ka ahayd, si loo soo afjaro khilaafka madaxweynaha iyo guddoomiyaha, baarlamaankana dib loogu shiriyo ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1068/)). Sarkaal Yemeni ah ayaa sheegay in mabda' ahaan dowladdu marka hore u guuri doonto Baydhabo, kadibna Muqdisho ([Al Jazeera, 2006](https://www.aljazeera.com/archive/2006/01/2008491255536924.html)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **27 Ogosto 2000:** Madaxweyne Saalax oo ka qeyb galay caleemasaarka Cabdiqaasim ee Carta, Jabuuti ([Al Bawaba/AFP](https://www.albawaba.net/news/sanaa-urges-somali-warlords-cooperate-elected-president)). - **2–5 Janaayo 2006:** Madaxweyne Cabdullaahi Yuusuf iyo Guddoomiye Shariif Xasan oo Cadan joogay ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/1068/)). - **Janaayo 2023:** Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda bin Mubaarak oo Muqdisho yimid ([Yemen MOFA/Saba](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/?p=21782)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Yemen waxay sheegtay ganacsigan ay la leedahay Soomaaliya ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=887&period=2024&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M); [2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=887&period=2023&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M); [2019](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=887&period=2019&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)): - **2019:** soo dejin US$16.6 milyan - **2023:** dhoofin US$12.4 milyan; soo dejin US$5.1 milyan - **2024:** dhoofin US$13.5 milyan; soo dejin US$10.6 milyan 2024, US$10.4 milyan oo ka mid ah alaabta Yemen ka soo dejisay Soomaaliya waxay ahaayeen xoolo nool. Waxa ugu badan ee ay u dhoofisay waxay ahaayeen cunto badar laga sameeyay, caano iyo caag ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=887&period=2024&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X,M)). Burburkii dowladda Soomaaliya kadib, Yemen waxay noqotay xarun dib-u-dhoofin xoolaha Soomaaliyeed markii Sacuudigu mamnuucay xoolaha si toos ah uga yimaada Berbera iyo Boosaaso. Kalluunka Soomaaliyeedna markii dambe isla waddadaas ayuu qaaday ([RVI, 2019](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Mobility-Trust-and-Exchange-by-Nisar-Majid-and-Khalif-Abdirahman-RVI-X-Border-Project-2019.pdf)). Kalluumaysato iyo ganacsato Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka shaqeeya Boosaaso iyo Mukalla, oo u dhexeeya qiyaastii 140 mayl, qaarkoodna laba dhalasho ayay leeyihiin. Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Midkoodna deeq-bixiye uma aha kan kale. Taageerada ugu weyn ee ay is-siiyaan waa martigelinta qaxootiga. ## Arrimaha amniga? Golaha Ammaanka QM wuxuu walaac ka muujiyay "socodka sharci-darrada ah ee hubka iyo rasaasta ee Yemen ka imaanaya Soomaaliya" ([QM, S/RES/2444 (2018)](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/RES/2444(2018)&l=en&t=pdf)). Oktoobar 2025 Guddiga Khubarada QM ee Yemen wuxuu sheegay in injineeriyo Xuuthi ah ay u safreen Jilib si ay al-Shabaab ugu tababaraan qaraxyada iyo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn, iyo in qof dhexdhexaadiye ah uu safar u diyaariyay ku dhawaad 400 Soomaali ah oo loo qaaday deegaannada Xuuthiyiinta si loo tababaro ([Arab News, 30 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.arabnews.pk/middle-east/analysis-houthi-and-al-shabab-ties-raise-alarm-over-widening-threat-to-red-sea-shipping-3002763)). Matt Bryden, oo hore u hoggaamiyay guddiga QM ee Soomaaliya, ayaa sheegay in hub asal ahaan Yemen ka yimid kaliya aanu caddayn iskaashi Xuuthi iyo al-Shabaab. Eeg [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) iyo [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Yemen ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - Inta badan doonyaha Yemen ka yimaada waxay ku soo degaan Boosaaso (Puntland) iyo Berbera (Somaliland). 2015, 30,202 qof ayaa Yemen ka soo gudbay, 95% waxay ahaayeen Soomaali dib u soo laabanaysa ([UNHCR, 31 Maarso 2016](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1322431/4765_1461161615_somalia-yemen-snapshot31march2016.pdf)). - Somaliland iyo Puntland, odayaasha beelaha ayaa hubiya dhalashada dadka soo gala (isla ilahaas). - Boosaaso iyo Mukalla waxaa isku xira shabakado kalluumaysi iyo ganacsi oo inta badan aan dukumenti u baahnayn ([RVI, 2019](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Mobility-Trust-and-Exchange-by-Nisar-Majid-and-Khalif-Abdirahman-RVI-X-Border-Project-2019.pdf)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafyo? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood lama helin. Dowladda Yemen iyo Soomaaliya waxay ka siman yihiin mowqifka Xuuthiyiinta. 2023 wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Yemen wuxuu Soomaaliya u sheegay in Xuuthiyiintu diideen baaqyada nabadda, Soomaaliyana waxay cambaareysay weerarradooda maraakiibta ([Yemen MOFA/Saba, 18 Janaayo 2023](https://www.mofa-ye.org/Pages/?p=21782)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Yemen? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Yemen ku tirisay 40,335 qaxooti iyo 202 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid; 2017 qaxootigu waxay ahaayeen 255,894 ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2014&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=YEM)). Dhinaca kale, Soomaaliya waxay martigelisay 13,496 qaxooti Yemeni ah, halka 2014 ay ahaayeen 5 ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2014&yearTo=2025&coo=YEM&coa=SOM)). Eeg [Yemen (qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed)](/en/diaspora/yemen/). ## Halkee bay Yemen ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - Labaduba waa xubno Jaamacadda Carabta iyo OIC. Wasiirradooda arrimaha dibadda waxay ku kulmaan shirarka Jaamacadda Carabta ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/tag/somalia-and-yemen/)). - Yemen waxay martigelisay wadahadallo dib-u-heshiisiin Soomaaliyeed 2000 iyo 2006. - Yemen ciidamo uma dirto howlgalka Midowga Afrika. ## Bogag la xiriira - [Yemen (qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed)](/en/diaspora/yemen/) - [Boqortooyadii Rasuuliga ee Yemen iyo dekedaha Soomaalida](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/) - [Ganacsigii qadiimiga ahaa ee foox iyo malmal](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/) - [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/) - [Kalluumaysiga iyo badda](/so/economy/fishing-and-the-sea/) - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed](/so/people/abdullahi-yusuf-ahmed/) - [Shariif Xasan Sheekh Aadan](/so/people/sharif-hassan-sheikh-aden/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Suudaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/sudan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Suudaan waxay tan iyo 1960-meeyadii u ahayd Soomaalida dhexdhexaadiye iyo meel wax lagu barto: Madaxweyne Ibraahim Cabbuud ayaa dhexdhexaadiyay xabbad joojintii Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya 1964, Khartuum waxay martigelisay wadahadalladii dowladda iyo Maxkamadaha Islaamiga 2006, kumanaan Soomaali ahna waxay wax ku barteen jaamacadaha Suudaan. Markii dagaal ka qarxay Suudaan Abriil 2023, Soomaaliya waxay soo daad-gureysay ardaydeeda. 4 Oktoobar 2026 labada hoggaamiye waxay saxiixeen Baaqa El Alamein. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Suudaan? Soomaaliya waxay taageertaa dowladda Suudaan ee ciidanku hoggaamiyo, taas oo dagaal kula jirta Ciidamada Gurmadka Degdegga ah (RSF). 13 Ogosto 2026 safiirka cusub ee Soomaaliya, Axmed Jaamac Cumar, ayaa warqadaha aqoonsiga Khartuum ugu gudbiyay Jeneraal Cabdifataax al-Burhaan, wuxuuna sheegay in Soomaaliya taageerto "amniga, madaxbannaanida iyo midnimada dhuleed" ee Suudaan ([Dawan Africa, 13 Ogosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-new-ambassador-to-sudan-presents-credentials-to-burhan)). 4 Oktoobar 2026 Burhaan iyo Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud waxay Masar iyo Eratareya la saxiixeen Baaqa Wadajirka ah ee El Alamein. Wuxuu taageeray midnimada Suudaan, diidayna "hay'ado barbar socda", wuxuuna taageeray midnimada Soomaaliya, diidayna aqoonsiga Somaliland ([SUNA iyo AllAfrica, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610050188.html)). Xiriirka amnigu waa dhow yahay. Madaxa sirdoonka Suudaan, Jeneraal Axmed Ibraahim Mufaddal, ayaa Muqdisho yimid 2025 iyo mar kale Ogosto 2026 ([Hiiraan Online, 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Aug/202693/somali_president_meets_sudan_intelligence_chief_to_boost_security_cooperation.aspx); [Dawan Africa, 13 Ogosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-new-ambassador-to-sudan-presents-credentials-to-burhan)). ## Goormuu xiriirku bilowday? Doorkii ugu weynaa ee ugu horreeyay ee Suudaan ku lahayd arrimaha Soomaalida wuxuu ahaa 1964. Wadahadallo Khartuum lagu qabtay oo uu dhexdhexaadinayay Madaxweyne Ibraahim Cabbuud ayaa keenay xabbad joojin dagaalkii xadka Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya laga bilaabo 1 Abriil 1964 ([Xafiiska Taariikhda Mareykanka, FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d289)). Eeg [Dagaalkii xadka Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya 1964](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1964/). Suudaan iyo Liibiya waxay ahaayeen dalalka kaliya ee joogitaan diblomaasiyadeed oo joogto ah, inkastoo uu go'go'nayay, ku lahaa Soomaaliya sannadihii dagaalka 1991 kadib ([Al Jazeera, 28 Maajo 2007](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2007/05/2008525132253179278.html)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? **Suudaan ee Soomaaliya** - **Faadil Aljasuuli**, safiirka Suudaan, ayaa 14 Diseembar 2010 ka qeyb galay furitaanka safaaradda Jabuuti ee Muqdisho ([Hiiraan Online, 14 Diseembar 2010](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2010/Dec/djibouti_government_opens_its_embassy_in_mogadishu.aspx)). **Soomaaliya ee Suudaan** - **Maxamed Sheekh Isaaq**, safiirka Khartuum markii dagaalku qarxay Abriil 2023 ([Garowe Online, Abriil 2023](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-to-evacuate-citizens-from-sudan-as-war-intensifies)). - **Axmed Jaamac Cumar**, safiir tan iyo 13 Ogosto 2026 ([Dawan Africa, 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-new-ambassador-to-sudan-presents-credentials-to-burhan)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Ibraahim Cabbuud**, madaxweynaha Suudaan, ayaa dhexdhexaadiyay xabbad joojintii 1964 ([FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d289)). - **Camr Muuse**, xoghayaha guud ee Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa 22 Juun 2006 Khartuum ku dhexdhexaadiyay wadahadalladii ugu horreeyay ee fool-ka-fool ah ee dowladda ku-meelgaarka ah iyo Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ([Al Jazeera/AFP, 23 Juun 2006](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2006/6/23/somali-factions-forge-peace-deal)). - **Cali Maxamed Ibraahim**, culimo, ayaa hoggaaminayay wafdiga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ee Khartuum ([Al Jazeera/AFP, 2006](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2006/6/23/somali-factions-forge-peace-deal)). - **Cumar al-Bashiir**, madaxweynaha Suudaan, ayaa Xasan Sheekh ku martigeliyay booqasho dowladeed oo Khartuum ah xilligiisii koowaad; waxay ku heshiiyeen gole iskaashi istaraatiiji ah oo heer wasiir ah ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-sudan-agree-to-boost-ties)). - **Cabdifataax al-Burhaan**, guddoomiyaha Golaha Madaxbannaanida ee Suudaan, ayaa farriimo Xasan Sheekh ugu soo diray madaxa sirdoonkiisa, wuxuuna saxiixay baaqa El Alamein ([Hiiraan Online, 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Aug/202693/somali_president_meets_sudan_intelligence_chief_to_boost_security_cooperation.aspx); [SUNA iyo AllAfrica, 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610050188.html)). - **Axmed Ibraahim Cali Mufaddal**, agaasimaha sirdoonka Suudaan, ayaa 2025 Muqdisho kula kulmay Xasan Sheekh iyo madaxa NISA **Mahad Maxamed Salaad** ([Hiiraan Online, 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Aug/202693/somali_president_meets_sudan_intelligence_chief_to_boost_security_cooperation.aspx)). - **Maxamed Sheekh Isaaq**, safiirka Soomaaliya, ayaa qorsheeyay daad-gureynta ardayda Soomaaliyeed 2023 ([Garowe Online, 2023](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-to-evacuate-citizens-from-sudan-as-war-intensifies)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? - **Xabbad joojintii Khartuum, Maarso–Abriil 1964** (Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya, dhexdhexaadin Suudaan) ([FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d289)). - **Heshiiskii Khartuum, 22 Juun 2006:** dowladda ku-meelgaarka ah iyo Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ayaa is-aqoonsaday ([Al Jazeera/AFP](https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2006/6/23/somali-factions-forge-peace-deal)). - **War-murtiyeedka wareegga labaad, 2–4 Sebtembar 2006, Khartuum:** dib u dhiska ciidan qaran iyo boolis isugu jira ciidamada dowladda, Maxkamadaha iyo kuwo kale ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/379/)). - **Heshiis iskaashi booqashadii Xasan Sheekh, xilligiisii koowaad:** dhaqaale, ganacsi, amni, dhaqan, waxbarasho iyo maamul ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-sudan-agree-to-boost-ties)). - **Baaqa Wadajirka ah ee El Alamein, 4 Oktoobar 2026** ([SUNA iyo AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610050188.html)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **1964:** wufuud Soomaaliyeed iyo Itoobiyaan ah oo Khartuum u yimid dhexdhexaadinta Cabbuud ([FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v24/d289)). - **Juun iyo Sebtembar 2006:** wufuud dowladda iyo Maxkamadaha oo Khartuum joogay ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/379/)). - **2012–2017:** Xasan Sheekh oo booqasho dowladeed ku tagay Khartuum ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-sudan-agree-to-boost-ties)). - **2025 iyo Ogosto 2026:** madaxa sirdoonka Suudaan oo Muqdisho yimid ([Geeska, 18 Sebtembar 2025](https://www.geeska.com/en/sudan-and-uae-jockey-influence-mogadishu-0); [Dawan Africa, 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-new-ambassador-to-sudan-presents-credentials-to-burhan)). - **4 Oktoobar 2026:** Burhaan iyo Xasan Sheekh oo El Alamein, Masar, ku kulmay ([Al Jazeera, 5 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/5/four-african-leaders-issue-joint-declaration-as-ethiopia-war-escalates)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. 2018 Suudaan waxay sheegtay in ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$1.31 milyan, ku dhawaad dhammaan badar (US$1.26 milyan), kana soo dejisay US$0.17 milyan ([UN Comtrade, Suudaan, 2018](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=729&period=2018&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M); [qaybaha](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=729&period=2018&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). Sanad ka dambeeya lama gudbin. ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Hadiyadda ugu weyn ee Suudaan waa waxbarasho. Suudaan waxay ardayda Soomaaliyeed siisay boqollaal deeq waxbarasho ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-sudan-agree-to-boost-ties)). Abriil 2023 qiyaasaha Soomaalida Suudaan joogta waxay u dhexeeyeen 3,000 ilaa 7,000, qaar badanna arday ah; mid ka mid ah, Xayaat Aadan, waxay wax ku baranaysay Jaamacadda Caalamiga ah ee Afrika ee Khartuum ([Garowe Online, Abriil 2023](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-to-evacuate-citizens-from-sudan-as-war-intensifies)). Eeg [Jaamacadaha waaweyn](/en/institutions/main-universities/). Socodku markii dambe wuu is-beddelay. Wasaaradda Waxbarashada Soomaaliya waxay deeq waxbarasho siisay arday Suudaani ah oo dagaalku waxbarashadooda joojiyay, si ay wax ugu bartaan jaamacadaha Soomaaliya ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-offers-scholarships-to-students-from-conflict-hit-sudan)). ## Arrimaha amniga? Suudaan ciidamo uma dirto howlgalka Midowga Afrika. Ogosto 2021 wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Suudaan waxay soo dhaweysay kordhinta muddada AMISOM, waxayna ku baaqday tababar lagu dhisayo ciidamada amniga Soomaaliya ([Xinhua iyo The Independent, 21 Ogosto 2021](https://www.independent.co.ug/sudan-vows-to-support-peace-efforts-in-somalia-as-amisom-mandate-extended/)). Laga bilaabo 2025 hay'adaha sirdoonka labada dal ayaa kulmay si ay u xoojiyaan iskaashiga ([Hiiraan Online, 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Aug/202693/somali_president_meets_sudan_intelligence_chief_to_boost_security_cooperation.aspx)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Suudaan ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **Puntland:** Middle East Eye waxay 31 Oktoobar 2025 soo werisay in garoonka Boosaaso lagu dejiyo xamuul loo sii gudbiyo RSF. 5 Nofembar 2025 wasiirka gaashaandhigga Soomaaliya, Axmed Macallin Fiqi, ayaa Golaha Aqalka Sare u sheegay in "diyaarado ka duulay Boosaaso, Soomaaliya, kuna socday Chad, Niger, iyo xataa galbeedka Suudaan" ([Middle East Eye, 5 Nofembar 2025](https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/somali-defence-minister-confirms-mee-report-planes-flying-bosaso-sudan)). Puntland waxay beenisay in ay ku lug leedahay dagaalka Suudaan ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/puntland-denies-involvement-in-sudan-conflict)). - Madaxa sirdoonka Suudaan wuxuu sitay warqad uu Muqdisho kaga codsanayo in la joojiyo gudbinta ay Suudaan ku xirtay Imaaraadka ee Boosaaso ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/sudan/205614/sudan-accuses-uae-of-using-puntland-as-arms-pipeline-for-rsf-fighters)). - **Somaliland:** Suudaan waxay saxiixday baaqa El Alamein oo diiday aqoonsi kasta oo Somaliland ah ([SUNA iyo AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610050188.html)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafyo? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood lama helin. Arrinta duulimaadyada Boosaaso Suudaan waxay u gudbisay Muqdisho iyadoo ah arrin khusaysa Puntland iyo Imaaraadka, oo beeniyay in ay hub siiso RSF ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/sudan/205614/sudan-accuses-uae-of-using-puntland-as-arms-pipeline-for-rsf-fighters)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Suudaan? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Suudaan ku tirisay 234 qaxooti iyo 163 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2014&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=SUD)). Soomaaliya waxay 2025 martigelisay 339 qaxooti iyo 108 magangalyo-doon oo Suudaani ah, halka 2022 aysan jirin ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2014&yearTo=2025&coo=SUD&coa=SOM)). Abriil iyo Maajo 2023 Soomaaliya waxay ardayda uga soo daad-gureysay Itoobiya; 148 Soomaali ah, inta badan arday, ayaa Muqdisho soo degay qiyaastii 30 Abriil ([Africanews, 1 Maajo 2023](https://www.africanews.com/amp/2023/05/01/official-148-somalis-evacuated-from-sudan-via-ethiopia/)). Kuwo kale waxaa Paloch ilaa Juba u qaaday ganacsato Soomaaliyeed oo Koonfur Suudaan jooga ([Eye Radio, 27 Abriil 2023](https://www.eyeradio.org/?p=101725)). ## Halkee bay Suudaan ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - Labaduba waa xubno Jaamacadda Carabta, taas oo maamushay wadahadalladii Khartuum 2006 ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/379/)). - Suudaan waxay soo dhaweysay kordhinta AMISOM 2021 ([Xinhua iyo The Independent](https://www.independent.co.ug/sudan-vows-to-support-peace-efforts-in-somalia-as-amisom-mandate-extended/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Dagaalkii xadka Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya 1964](/so/history/ethiopian-somali-border-war-1964/) - [Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga 2006](/so/history/islamic-courts-union-2006/) - [Dowladihii ku-meelgaarka ahaa, 2000–2012](/so/history/transitional-governments-2000-2012/) - [Jaamacadaha waaweyn](/en/institutions/main-universities/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni](/en/people/said-abdullahi-deni/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Koonfur Suudaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/south-sudan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waxay aqoonsatay Koonfur Suudaan 10 Luulyo 2011, maalin kadib xorriyadda, Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmedna wuxuu ka qeyb galay dabaaldeggii Juba. Labaduba hadda waa xubno Bulshada Bariga Afrika: Madaxweyne Salva Kiir, oo guddoomiye ka ahaa EAC, ayaa goob joog ka ahaa markii Soomaaliya saxiixday heshiiska ku biiritaanka 16 Diseembar 2023. Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Juba, ganacsato Soomaaliyeedna waxay ganacsi ku leeyihiin Koonfur Suudaan oo dhan. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Koonfur Suudaan? Labada dowladood waa saaxiibo ku jira Bulshada Bariga Afrika (EAC) iyo IGAD. Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Juba, Jaamac Xasan Khaliif, ayaa 12 Nofembar 2025 la kulmay Madaxweyne ku-xigeen Benjamin Bol Mel. Waxay isku afgarteen in ay ka shaqeeyaan qaab-dhismeed ganacsi oo rasmi ah ([Eye Radio, 12 Nofembar 2025](https://www.eyeradio.org/?p=157556)). 1 Luulyo 2026 safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Juba waxay xusday maalinta qaranka ee 66-aad. Adut Salva Kiir, ergeyga sare ee madaxtooyada Koonfur Suudaan, ayaa sheegtay in xiriirku ku dhisan yahay "taageero wadajir ah, isku-dhow dhaqaale oo ku socda Bulshada Bariga Afrika, iyo iskaashi amni gobolka" ([Eye Radio, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://www.eyeradio.org/somali-community-played-key-role-in-south-sudans-liberation-struggle-says-adut/)). Midkoodna xog ganacsi oo labada dal u dhexeeya uma gudbiyo UN Comtrade. ## Goormuu xiriirku bilowday? Xiriirku wuxuu bilowday ka hor xorriyadda Koonfur Suudaan. Adut Kiir waxay sheegtay in xiriirku "ka bilowday Nairobi, gaar ahaan suuqa Eastleigh". Waxay sheegtay in ganacsato Soomaaliyeed ay "safafka hore la tageen SPLA", una keeneen cunto iyo shidaal xilligii halganka xorriyadda ([Eye Radio, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://www.eyeradio.org/somali-community-played-key-role-in-south-sudans-liberation-struggle-says-adut/)). Eeg [Eastleigh iyo ganacsiga Soomaalida](/so/economy/eastleigh-somali-business/). Koonfur Suudaan waxay xorriyadda qaadatay 9 Luulyo 2011. Wafdi uu hoggaaminayo Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed ayaa ka qeyb galay dabaaldeggii Juba. 10 Luulyo Radio Muqdisho wuxuu sheegay in Soomaaliya "ku faraxsan tahay in ay ka mid noqoto dalalka ugu horreeya ee aqoonsada dowladda cusub ee Koonfur Suudaan" ([Hiiraan Online, 10 Luulyo 2011](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2011/July/somalia_recognizes_independence_of_south_sudan.aspx)). Dowladdu waxay sheegtay in ay xoojin doonto xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed iyo ganacsi ee dal ay "bulsho Soomaaliyeed oo badan ganacsi ka dhisteen" (isla ilahaas). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? **Soomaaliya ee Koonfur Suudaan** - **Jaamac (Jamaal) Xasan Khaliif**, safiirka Juba 2025 iyo 2026 ([Eye Radio, 12 Nofembar 2025](https://www.eyeradio.org/?p=157556); [Eye Radio, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://www.eyeradio.org/somali-community-played-key-role-in-south-sudans-liberation-struggle-says-adut/)). **Koonfur Suudaan ee Soomaaliya** - Ilaha lagama helin safiir Koonfur Suudaan oo Muqdisho fadhiya. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Shariif Sheekh Axmed**, madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, ayaa Luulyo 2011 hoggaaminayay wafdiga maalinta xorriyadda Koonfur Suudaan ([Hiiraan Online, 2011](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2011/July/somalia_recognizes_independence_of_south_sudan.aspx)). - **Salva Kiir Mayardit**, madaxweynaha Koonfur Suudaan iyo guddoomiyaha EAC, ayaa goob joog ka ahaa markii Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud saxiixay heshiiska ku biiritaanka EAC ee Aqalka Dowladda Entebbe 16 Diseembar 2023 ([Capital FM, 4 Maarso 2024](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). Wuxuu Oktoobar 2020 Madaxweyne Farmaajo ku martiqaaday Juba ([SONNA, 3 Oktoobar 2020](https://sonna.so/en/president-farmajo-is-in-south-sudan-to-witness-peace-deal-between-sudanese-govt-armed-groups/)). - **Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo**, madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, ayaa 3 Oktoobar 2020 Juba goob joog uga ahaa saxiixa heshiiska nabadda Suudaan iyo kooxaha hubeysan ([SONNA, 2020](https://sonna.so/en/president-farmajo-is-in-south-sudan-to-witness-peace-deal-between-sudanese-govt-armed-groups/)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, ayaa Soomaaliya geliyay EAC; Maarso 2025 wuxuu taleefoon kula hadlay Kiir iyo Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka koowaad Riek Machar, una baaqay wadahadal ([Eye Radio, 10 Maarso 2025](https://www.eyeradio.org/?p=144040)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali** iyo **Monday Semaya Kumba**, wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda, ayaa 27 Diseembar 2025 taleefoon ku wada hadlay kadib aqoonsigii Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([Eye Radio, 28 Diseembar 2025](https://eyeradio.org/somalia-south-sudan-confer-after-israel-recognizes-somaliland)). - **Cabdalla Xasan**, madaxa fulinta bulshada ganacsiga Soomaaliyeed ee Koonfur Suudaan, ayaa Abriil 2023 diyaarado u diyaariyay ku dhawaad 75 qof, inta badan arday Soomaaliyeed, oo ku go'doonsanaa Paloch kadib markii ay ka carareen dagaalka Suudaan ([Eye Radio, 27 Abriil 2023](https://www.eyeradio.org/?p=101725)). - **Adut Salva Kiir**, ergeyga sare ee madaxtooyada, ayaa madaxtooyada uga hadashay maalinta qaranka Soomaaliya ee Juba 2026 ([Eye Radio, 2026](https://www.eyeradio.org/somali-community-played-key-role-in-south-sudans-liberation-struggle-says-adut/)). - **Benjamin Bol Mel**, madaxweyne ku-xigeen, ayaa Nofembar 2025 maalgashadayaasha Soomaaliyeed ku booriyay in ay "ka gudbaan ganacsi kaliya" una gudbaan dhisidda awoodda gudaha ([Eye Radio, 2025](https://www.eyeradio.org/?p=157556)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? Heshiis laba-geesood ah lama helin. Labaduba waxay ku xiran yihiin Heshiiska EAC: Soomaaliya waxay saxiixday heshiiska ku biiritaanka 16 Diseembar 2023, waxayna Arusha ku dhiibtay ansixinta 4 Maarso 2024 ([Capital FM, 4 Maarso 2024](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). Nofembar 2025 labada dhinac waxay isku afgarteen in ay ka shaqeeyaan qaab-dhismeed ganacsi oo rasmi ah ([Eye Radio, 2025](https://www.eyeradio.org/?p=157556)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **9 Luulyo 2011:** Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed oo Juba joogay ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2011/July/somalia_recognizes_independence_of_south_sudan.aspx)). - **3 Oktoobar 2020:** Madaxweyne Farmaajo oo Juba yimid, Kiir-na garoonka kaga hortagay ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/president-farmajo-is-in-south-sudan-to-witness-peace-deal-between-sudanese-govt-armed-groups/)). - **16 Diseembar 2023:** Xasan Sheekh iyo Kiir oo Entebbe, Uganda, ku wada sugnaa ([Capital FM](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Tirooyin ganacsi oo rasmi ah ma jiraan. Ganacsiyada Soomaalidu waxay ku yaallaan "Koonfur Suudaan oo dhan", sida ay Adut Kiir sheegtay ([Eye Radio, 2026](https://www.eyeradio.org/somali-community-played-key-role-in-south-sudans-liberation-struggle-says-adut/)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Gargaar labada dal u dhexeeya lama helin. ## Arrimaha amniga? Koonfur Suudaan ciidamo uma dirto howlgalka Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya, Soomaaliyana ciidamo kuma laha Koonfur Suudaan. Xiriirkooda amni waa mid siyaasadeed: Maarso 2025 Xasan Sheekh wuxuu sheegay in xasilloonida Koonfur Suudaan ay "qayb muhiim ah ka tahay nabadda iyo amniga gobolka" ([Eye Radio, 10 Maarso 2025](https://www.eyeradio.org/?p=144040)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Koonfur Suudaan ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - Wada-hadalkii 27 Diseembar 2025, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Koonfur Suudaan wuxuu muujiyay "diidmo aan shaki lahayn oo ah tallaabo kasta oo wiiqaysa" midnimada dhuleed ee Soomaaliya ([Eye Radio, 28 Diseembar 2025](https://eyeradio.org/somalia-south-sudan-confer-after-israel-recognizes-somaliland)). - 16 Janaayo 2026 wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Koonfur Suudaan waxay taageertay mowqifka Midowga Afrika iyo IGAD ee "madaxbannaanida, midnimada iyo midnimada dhuleed" ee Soomaaliya ([Sudans Post, 16 Janaayo 2026](https://www.sudanspost.com/south-sudan-backs-au-igad-stance-on-somalias-sovereignty/)). - Lama helin xafiisyo ama heshiisyo u dhexeeya Koonfur Suudaan iyo Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada. ## Ma jiraan khilaafyo? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood lama helin. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Koonfur Suudaan? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Koonfur Suudaan ku tirisay 36 qaxooti iyo 127 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaaliya ka yimid ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=2014&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=SSD)). Tirooyinkaasi kuma jiraan ganacsatada iyo shaqaalaha aan qaxootiga ahayn. ## Halkee bay Koonfur Suudaan ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - Koonfur Suudaan ayaa guddoomiye ka ahayd EAC markii Soomaaliya ku biirtay ([Capital FM, 2024](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). - Waxay taageertaa mowqifka Midowga Afrika iyo IGAD ee midnimada Soomaaliya ([Sudans Post, 2026](https://www.sudanspost.com/south-sudan-backs-au-igad-stance-on-somalias-sovereignty/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Eastleigh iyo ganacsiga Soomaalida](/so/economy/eastleigh-somali-business/) - [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/so/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Shiinaha Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/china/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Shiinaha iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed dejiyeen 14 Diseembar 1960, Sebtembar 2024-na waxay u qaadeen iskaashi istaraatiiji ah. Shiinaha wuxuu sheegay in ganacsiga labada dal uu gaaray US$1.027 bilyan 2025. Shiinaha wuxuu 1960 ilaa 1991 Soomaaliya ka dhisay in ka badan 80 mashruuc, oo ay ku jiraan Tiyaatarka Qaranka iyo Isbitaalka Banaadir, wuxuuna aqoonsan yahay Dowladda Federaalka oo keliya, Somaliland-na ku jirto. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Shiinuhu xiriir u yihiin maanta? Labada dal waxay leeyihiin xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo buuxa, Sebtembar 2024-na waxay u qaadeen iskaashi istaraatiiji ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha, Juun 2026](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). Safiirka Shiinaha ee Muqdisho waa Wang Yu, safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Beijing-na waxay ku taal 2 Sanlitun Road ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). Xaqiiqooyinka 2026: - **Ganacsiga:** Shiinaha wuxuu sheegay in ganacsiga labada dhinac uu ahaa US$1.027 bilyan 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). - **Taywaan iyo Somaliland:** Sebtembar 2026 safaaradda Shiinaha waxay cambaareysay hadallo uu madaxweynaha Somaliland Mareykanka kaga sheegay Taywaan ([Safaaradda Shiinaha ee Soomaaliya, 16 Sebtembar 2026](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202609/t20260916_12023117.htm)). - **Kulamada dhowaan:** Safiir Wang Yu wuxuu Nofembar 2026 la kulmay wasiirka gaashaandhigga Axmed Macallin Fiqi ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202611/t20261111_12057138.htm)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Xiriirka Shiinaha iyo xeebta Soomaaliyeed wuxuu soo jiray ilaa 600 sano. Safiir Qin Jian wuxuu 2020 sheegay in maraakiibta amiir-badeedka Zheng He ay booqdeen Muqdisho, oo diiwaannada Shiinuhu ugu yeeri jireen "Mugudushu" ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 7 Diseembar 2020](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202012/t20201207_7082252.htm)). Eeg [Diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/). Jamhuuriyadda Dadka Shiinaha iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed dejiyeen 14 Diseembar 1960 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). Shiinaha wuxuu Soomaaliya ku tilmaamaa dalkii ugu horreeyay ee Bariga Afrika ah ee xiriir la yeesha ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 31 Agoosto 2018](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/201808/t20180831_7085498.htm)). Ra'iisul Wasaare Zhou Enlai iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen Chen Yi waxay Soomaaliya booqdeen Febraayo 1964 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). 1971 Soomaaliya waxay ka mid ahayd dalalkii soo jeediyay go'aanka QM ee Shiinaha dib ugu celiyay kursigiisa ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 31 Agoosto 2018](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/201808/t20180831_7085498.htm)). Shiinaha wuxuu xiray safaaraddiisa xilligii dagaalka sokeeye, dib ayuuna u furay 12 Oktoobar 2014. Ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Zhang Ming ayaa ka qayb galay xafladda ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirrada Shiinaha ee Soomaaliya ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, safiirradii hore](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/dsxx/lrds/)): - **Zhang Yue:** Maajo 1961 ilaa Luulyo 1964. - **Yang Shouzheng:** Sebtembar 1964 ilaa Maarso 1970. - **Fan Zuokai:** Sebtembar 1970 ilaa Janaayo 1975. - **Zhang Shijie:** Maarso 1975 ilaa Abriil 1979. - **Li Yuchi:** Oktoobar 1979 ilaa Febraayo 1983. - **Wang Shikun:** Sebtembar 1983 ilaa Oktoobar 1985. - **Shi Chengxun:** Janaayo 1986 ilaa Maarso 1990. - **Xu Yingjie:** Abriil 1990 ilaa Abriil 1992. - **Wei Hongtian:** Agoosto 2014 ilaa Febraayo 2017. - **Qin Jian:** Maarso 2017 ilaa Juun 2021. - **Fei Shengchao:** Agoosto 2021 ilaa Abriil 2024. - **Wang Yu:** laga bilaabo Agoosto 2024. Wuxuu yimid 6 Agoosto 2024, warqadaha aqoonsigana wuxuu u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh 21 Agoosto 2024 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 22 Agoosto 2024](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202408/t20240822_11478185.htm)). Chen Wendi ayaa safaaradda ku-simayay Abriil ilaa Juun 2024 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202404/t20240419_11284511.htm)). Liu Yuxi, ergeyga gaarka ah ee Shiinaha ee arrimaha Afrika, wuxuu Muqdisho kula kulmay Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamsa Cabdi Barre 6 Diseembar 2022 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202212/t20221209_10987579.htm)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Zhou Enlai**, ra'iisul wasaare, wuxuu Soomaaliya yimid Febraayo 1964; Idaacadda Muqdisho weli waxay haysaa duubista khudbaddiisa ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 18 Luulyo 2022](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202207/t20220718_10722623.htm)). - **Li Xiannian**, madaxweynihii Shiinaha, wuxuu booqday Maarso 1986 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). - **Wei Hongtian**, safiir, wuxuu 1 Abriil 2015 heshiis iskaashi dhaqaale iyo farsamo la saxiixay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Cabdisalaam Cumar ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2 Abriil 2015](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/201504/t20150402_7078475.htm)). - **Xi Jinping**, madaxweynaha Shiinaha, wuxuu la kulmay Xasan Sheekh 4 Diseembar 2015 (Johannesburg), Farmaajo 31 Agoosto 2018 (Beijing), iyo Xasan Sheekh mar kale 6 Sebtembar 2024 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2015](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/201512/t20151207_7079182.htm); [2018](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/201808/t20180831_7085498.htm); [Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). - **Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo**, madaxweyne, booqashadiisii 2018 waxaa lagu saxiixay heshiiska "Hal Suun, Hal Waddo" ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2018](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/201808/t20180831_7085498.htm)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, madaxweyne, wuxuu Xi Jinping kula heshiiyay iskaashiga istaraatiijiga ah Sebtembar 2024 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 20 Febraayo 2025](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202502/t20250220_11559092.htm)). - **Wang Yi**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu New York kula kulmay Axmed Macallin Fiqi 18 Febraayo 2025 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202502/t20250220_11559092.htm)). - **Fei Shengchao**, safiir, wuxuu 18 Maarso 2022 gaadiid milateri u dhiibay Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga Nuur iyo taliyaha ciidanka Jeneraal Raage ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202203/t20220319_10653452.htm)). - **Qin Jian**, safiir, wuxuu 1–8 Agoosto 2020 booqday shirkadaha Shiinaha ee Somaliland ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202008/t20200810_7087384.htm)). - **Zhang Nan**, ilaaliye Shiinees ah, ayaa la dilay 2015 isagoo difaacaya safaaradda; sannad walba waa la xusaa ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 27 Luulyo 2025](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202507/t20250727_11677952.htm)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **14 Diseembar 1960:** xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). - **1 Abriil 2015:** heshiis iskaashi dhaqaale iyo farsamo oo deeq lacageed bixinaya ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/201504/t20150402_7078475.htm)). - **Sebtembar 2018:** heshiis is-fahan oo ku saabsan "Hal Suun, Hal Waddo" ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). - **20 Juun 2022:** warqado is-weydaarsi oo ku saabsan gargaar cunto oo abaarta ah ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202206/t20220621_10707142.htm)). - **Sebtembar 2024:** iskaashi istaraatiiji ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). ## Madaxdee ayaa is booqday? Madaxda Shiinaha ee Soomaaliya timid ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)): - **Febraayo 1964:** Zhou Enlai iyo Chen Yi. - **Luulyo 1978:** Ra'iisul wasaare ku-xigeen Chen Muhua. - **Nofembar 1978:** Ra'iisul wasaare ku-xigeen Geng Biao. - **Oktoobar 1984:** Yang Jingren. - **Maarso 1986:** Madaxweyne Li Xiannian. - **12 Oktoobar 2014:** Ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Zhang Ming. Madaxda Soomaaliyeed ee Shiinaha tagtay ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)): - **Sebtembar 2018:** Madaxweyne Farmaajo, shirka Shiinaha iyo Afrika. - **Juun 2019:** Ra'iisul wasaare ku-xigeen Mahdi Guuleed iyo Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Axmed Ciise Cawad. - **Maajo 2024:** Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Axmed Macallin Fiqi. - **Sebtembar 2024:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, shirka Shiinaha iyo Afrika. - **Juun 2025:** Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali. - **Agoosto 2025:** Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamsa Cabdi Barre, bandhigga Shiinaha iyo Carabta. ## Intee le'eg ayay is dhaafsadaan ganacsi? Shiinaha wuxuu sheegay in ganacsigu ahaa US$1.027 bilyan 2025. Shiinaha wuxuu u dhoofiyaa dun warshadeed, qalab isgaarsiin iyo mashiinno dhismo; wuxuu ka keenaa xabag, dhagxaan qaali ah iyo harag ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Shiinaha](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/fz_677316/1206_678550/sbgx_678554/)). Febraayo 2025 Wang Yi wuxuu Soomaaliya ku martiqaaday inay ka faa'iidaysato siyaasadda Shiinaha ee canshuur la'aanta ah ee dalalka Afrika ee ugu horumarka yar ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202502/t20250220_11559092.htm)). Agoosto 2020 shirkadaha Shiinaha ee Somaliland waxaa ka mid ahaa shirkad dhagax qodis, warshad bir iyo warshad cabbitaan ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202008/t20200810_7087384.htm)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? 1960 ilaa 1991 Shiinaha wuxuu sheegay inuu Soomaaliya ka fuliyay in ka badan 80 mashruuc: waddooyin, biyo-xireen, garoon ciyaareed, Tiyaatarka Qaranka, Isbitaalka Banaadir iyo mashruuca biyaha Hargeysa ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 7 Diseembar 2020](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202012/t20201207_7082252.htm)). Mashaariicda magacyada leh: - **Tiyaatarka Qaranka, Muqdisho:** waxaa dhisay Shiinaha 1967 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 16 Luulyo 2025](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202507/t20250716_11671594.htm)); dib u dayactirkiisa iyo kan Idaacadda Muqdisho waxaa lagu dhammeeyay Luulyo 2022 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202207/t20220718_10722623.htm)). - **Isbitaalka Banaadir, Muqdisho:** waxaa dhisay Shiinaha 1976; 2017 wuxuu lahaa 550 sariirood iyo 393 shaqaale ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 10 Agoosto 2017](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/201708/t20170810_7081177.htm)). Qolalka qalliinka waxaa la dayactiray Abriil 2022 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202204/t20220420_10669994.htm)). - **Kooxaha caafimaadka:** Shiinaha wuxuu 1960 ilaa 1991 soo diray 13 koox caafimaad; qoraal wuxuu sheegay 393 qof, mid kalena 397 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2 Luulyo 2020](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202007/t20200702_7082168.htm); [7 Diseembar 2020](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202012/t20201207_7082252.htm)). Gargaarka dhowaan: - **Deeqaha waxbarasho:** in ka badan 50 deeq sannad walba 2018–2020 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2 Luulyo 2020](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202007/t20200702_7082168.htm)); "Deeqda Saaxiibtinimada Soomaaliya iyo Shiinaha" ee Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabatay 2024 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 19 Nofembar 2025](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202511/t20251119_11755705.htm)). - **Tallaalka:** 500,000 tallaal Sinopharm ah ayaa Muqdisho yimid 5 Diseembar 2021 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202112/t20211206_10462701.htm)). - **Gargaarka bini'aadannimo** ee QM diiwaangelisay: US$16 milyan 2011, US$13 milyan 2017, US$7.5 milyan 2018 ([OCHA FTS 2011](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2011&groupby=organization); [2017](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2017&groupby=organization); [2018](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2018&groupby=organization)). - **Booliska iyo ciidanka:** dirayska booliska 26 Sebtembar 2024 iyo gaadiid milateri 18 Maarso 2022 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2024](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202412/t20241220_11508638.htm); [2022](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202203/t20220319_10653452.htm)). ## Amniga ka warran? Shiinaha wuxuu Maarso 2022 Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka siiyay gaadiid iyo qalab milateri ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202203/t20220319_10653452.htm)). 2015 Xi Jinping wuxuu sheegay in Shiinuhu caawin doono awoodda difaaca Soomaaliya iyo hawlgalka Midowga Afrika ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2015](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/201512/t20151207_7079182.htm)). Janaayo 2025 shaqaalaha doon kalluumaysi oo Shiinees ah oo hub lagu qabsaday xeebta Puntland ayaa la sii daayay ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 13 Janaayo 2025](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202501/t20250113_11532451.htm)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee buu Shiinuhu ula macaamilaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Shiinaha wuxuu sheegaa inuu Dowladda Federaalka u aqoonsan yahay "dowladda sharciga ah ee keliya" ee Soomaaliya oo dhan, Somaliland-na ku jirto ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 24 Maajo 2024](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202405/t20240530_11348986.htm)). Dhacdooyinka: - **1 Luulyo 2020:** Taywaan waxay ku dhawaaqday xiriir ay la yeelanayso Somaliland; Shiinaha wuxuu sheegay inuu si adag uga soo horjeedo ([VOA, 6 Luulyo 2020](https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_taiwan-china-diplomatic-competition-comes-somaliland/6192311.html)). - **2020:** Taywaan iyo Somaliland waxay is-dhaafsadeen xafiisyo wakiil ([Al Jazeera, 30 Abriil 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/30/somalia-bans-entry-of-taiwanese-citizens-says-taipei)). - **Agoosto 2020:** Safiir Qin Jian wuxuu booqday shirkadaha Shiinaha ee Somaliland ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202008/t20200810_7087384.htm)). - **Maajo 2024:** safaaradda Shiinaha waxay ka cabatay wafdi Somaliland ah oo ka qayb galay caleemo-saarka Taywaan ee 20 Maajo ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202405/t20240530_11348986.htm)). - **Sebtembar 2026:** safaaraddu waxay cambaareysay hadallada Madaxweyne Cirro iyo xafiiska Taywaan ee Hargeysa ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 16 Sebtembar 2026](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202609/t20260916_12023117.htm); [19 Sebtembar 2026](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202609/t20260919_12026310.htm)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood laguma helin ilaha la isticmaalay. Labaduba waxay ka soo horjeedaan xiriirka Somaliland iyo Taywaan. 14 Janaayo 2024 dowladda Soomaaliya waxay ku celisay siyaasadda "Hal Shiine" ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 16 Janaayo 2024](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/smlxw/202401/t20240116_11224544.htm)). Laga bilaabo 30 Abriil 2025 Soomaaliya waxay mamnuucday baasaboorrada Taywaan; Taywaan waxay ka codsatay in la laalo ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/30/somalia-bans-entry-of-taiwanese-citizens-says-taipei)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Shiinaha? Tiro rasmi ah laguma helin. Inta badan waa ardayda: Shiinaha wuxuu bixiyay in ka badan 50 deeq sannadkii 2018–2020 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202007/t20200702_7082168.htm)), ku dhawaad 100 qof oo saraakiil, arday iyo qalin-jabiyeyaal ah ayaa ka qayb galay xafladdii Agoosto 2025 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 19 Agoosto 2025](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202508/t20250819_11692345.htm)). ## Halkee buu Shiinuhu ka taagan yahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Shiinaha wuxuu sheegaa inuu tan iyo 1991 Golaha Ammaanka ka difaacayay danaha Soomaaliya ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2020](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202012/t20201207_7082252.htm)). Shiinaha wuxuu Soomaaliya ugu hambalyeeyay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka 2025–2026 ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2025](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/202502/t20250220_11559092.htm)). Labaduba waxay ka wada shaqeeyaan Golaha Iskaashiga Shiinaha iyo Afrika iyo kan Shiinaha iyo Carabta ([Safaaradda Shiinaha, 2018](http://so.china-embassy.gov.cn/zsgx/201808/t20180831_7085498.htm)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Norway Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/norway/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Norway waxay arrimaha Soomaaliya ka maamushaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi, waxayna leedahay ergey gaar ah oo Soomaaliya u qaabilsan. Bishii Maarso 2020 waxay Soomaaliya amaah ahaan u siisay 365.9 milyan oo doollar dhowr saacadood, si ay u bixiso deyntii Bangiga Adduunka, taas oo u furtay jidka cafiska deynta. Norway waxay 2012 ilaa 2018 bixisay qiyaastii 2.7 bilyan oo karoonka Norway (NOK), waxayna 2026 qorsheysay 102 milyan oo NOK oo gargaar bini'aadamnimo ah. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Norway maanta u xiriiraan? Norway safaarad kuma laha Muqdisho. Safaaraddeeda Nairobi ayaa Soomaaliya qaabilsan, gargaarkana waxaa laga maamulaa Nairobi iyo Oslo ([Norad, Warbixin 7/2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Norway waxay sidoo kale leedahay ergey gaar ah oo Soomaaliya ah, xilkaas oo la abuuray 2012 ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Laga soo bilaabo 2014, Soomaaliya waa dal ay Norway gargaarkeeda si gaar ah u xoogga saarto ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Tallaabada ugu weyn ee Norway qaaday waa amaah ku-meel-gaar ah oo 365.9 milyan oo doollar ah oo bishii Maarso 2020 lagu bixiyay deyntii Soomaaliya ku lahayd Bangiga Adduunka ([Bangiga Adduunka, 5 Maarso 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/05/somalia-clears-arrears-to-world-bank-group)). Sannadka 2026 gargaarka bini'aadamnimo ee Norway ee Soomaaliya waa 102 milyan oo NOK, oo ay ku jiraan 15 milyan oo gargaar degdeg ah oo loo diray Barnaamijka Cuntada Adduunka ([Norad, 27 Abriil 2026](https://www.norad.no/en/news/news/2026/hunger-in-somalia/)). Ganacsigu waa yar yahay: Norway waxay 2024 Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab qiimaheedu yahay 118,308 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=579&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Sida ay qortay daraasad 2022 laga sameeyay Jaamacadda Oslo oo uu qoray Svein-Olav Gjeitanger Kaurin, Norway tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay xorriyadda Soomaaliya wax badan iskama tusin ([Kaurin, Jaamacadda Oslo, 2022](https://duo.uio.no/handle/10852/95131)). Laga bilaabo 1972 ilaa 1993, Norway waxay diiday codsiyadii Soomaaliya ee gargaar horumarineed oo toos ah ([Kaurin, 2022](https://duo.uio.no/handle/10852/95131)). Soomaaliya waxay ka mid ahayd dalalkii 1970-meeyadii codsaday inay noqdaan saaxiibbada gargaarka Norway, balse aan la dooran ([Kaurin, 2022](https://duo.uio.no/handle/10852/95131)). Daraasaddu waxay sidoo kale ogaatay in Norway ay gargaar bini'aadamnimo siisay Soomaaliya waqti ka horreeya intii la moodayay ([Kaurin, 2022](https://duo.uio.no/handle/10852/95131)). Doorka siyaasadeed ee Norway wuxuu kordhay markii ay 2001 ilaa 2002 kursi ku lahayd Golaha Ammaanka, halkaas oo ay hoggaamisay shaqada golaha ee Soomaaliya ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Laga bilaabo 2006, Norway iyo Mareykanka ayaa wada guddoomiyay Kooxda Xiriirka Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya (ICG), Norway-na waxay kooxda ku martigelisay Oslo 30 Abriil 2008 ([ReliefWeb, 2008](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/norway-host-international-contact-group-somalia-meeting-30-april)). Xiriirka horumarineed ee rasmiga ah wuxuu bilowday 30 Juun 2013, markii Muqdisho lagu saxiixay heshiis iskaashi ([Dowladda Norway, 30 Juun 2013](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/somalia_cooperation/id731971/)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergeyada? Safiirka Norway ee Soomaaliya wuxuu fadhiyaa Nairobi. Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Stockholm ayaa Norway qaabilsan. - **Jens Mjaugedal**, ergeyga gaarka ah ee Norway u qaabilsan Soomaaliya, 2012 ilaa 2015. Wuxuu ka yimid Golaha Qaxootiga Norway iyo hay'adda NIS ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). - **Victor Conrad Rønneberg**, safiir fadhigiisu yahay Kenya. Wuxuu Muqdisho ku gudbiyay waraaqaha aqoonsiga 18 Maarso 2015, isagoo ahaa safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Norway u magacaawdo Soomaaliya muddo 25 sano ah ([Garowe Online, 18 Maarso 2015](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-new-norway-ambassador-appointed)). Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ayaa qaabilay ([Goobjoog, 18 Maarso 2015](https://en.goobjoog.com/president-hassan-receives-credentials-from-norway-ambassador-2)). - **Ergeyga gaarka ah laga bilaabo 2018**: qof hore u ahaa la-taliyaha safaaradda Nairobi (2014 ilaa 2018), oo warbixinta Norad ay xilkiisa oo keliya sheegtay ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). - **Heidi Elburgi Johansen**, ergeyga gaarka ah laga bilaabo November 2020 ([Nordic Women Mediators](https://nordicwomenmediators.org/members-heidi-elburgi-johansen)). Maarso 2024 waxaa lagu tilmaamay wakiilka gaarka ah ee nabadda iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta Soomaaliya ([Halqabsi, Maarso 2024](https://halqabsi.com/2024/03/un-envoy-meets-with-norwegian-ambassador)). - **Gunnar Andreas Holm**, safiirka Soomaaliya, wuxuu Abriil 2023 Muqdisho u horseeday wefdi ka socday wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ([Hiiraan Online, 20 Abriil 2023](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Apr/190935/somali_foreign_minister_meets_with_delegation_from_the_norwegian_ministry_of_foreign_affairs.aspx)). - **Erling Hess**, madaxa safaaradda Kenya iyo Soomaaliya, iyo **Carsten Carlsen** oo ka tirsan safaaradda ayaa 16 Janaayo 2024 la kulmay Hanti-dhowraha Guud ee Soomaaliya ([SONNA, 16 Janaayo 2024](https://sonna.so/en/auditor-general-receives-officials-from-the-norwegian-embassy)). - **Vebjørn Heines**, ergeyga gaarka ah, wuxuu Agoosto 2024 la kulmay wasiirka Imaaraadka Anwar Gargash ([Garowe Online, Agoosto 2024](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/world/gargash-meets-norwegian-special-envoy-to-somalia)). - **Einar Rystad**, ergeyga Norway ee Soomaaliya, wuxuu 17 November 2024 wefdi u horseeday Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Axmed Macallin Fiqi ([SONNA, 17 November 2024](https://sonna.so/en/somalias-foreign-minister-ahmed-moalim-fiqi-engages-norwegian-delegation-to-deepen-bilateral-cooperation)). Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Qatar ayaa isna la kulantay Maarso 2025 ([Qatar MFA, 19 Maarso 2025](https://mofa.gov.qa/en/qatar/latest-articles/latest-news/details/2025/03/19/special-envoy-of-minister-of-foreign-affairs-meets-norway's-envoy-to-somalia)). - **Siv Cathrine Moe**, safiirad cusub, waxay December 2025 Muqdisho ugu gudbisay nuqul waraaqaheeda aqoonsiga Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Cabdisalaan Cabdi Cali ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, December 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-foreign-minister-receives-copy-of-credentials-from-norways-newly-appointed-ambassador/)). - **Cabdikariim Axmed Maxamed**, safiirka Soomaaliya ee dalalka Waqooyiga Yurub (Nordic), wuxuu 13 Febraayo 2026 Oslo waraaqaha aqoonsiga ugu gudbiyay Boqor Harald V ([SONNA, 13 Febraayo 2026](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-nordic-countries-presents-credentials-to-king-harald-v-of-norway/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Jens Mjaugedal**, ergeygii gaarka ahaa ee 2012, wuxuu bilaabay Sanduuqa Maalgelinta Gaarka ah (SFF), oo ahaa jidka tooska ah ee Norway lacag ugu siisay dowladda federaalka ee cusub ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). - **Heikki Holmås**, wasiirka horumarinta caalamiga ah, ayaa 2012 sanduuqaas ku heshiiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Wuxuu Muqdisho ku saxiixay heshiiskii iskaashiga ee Juun 2013 ([Dowladda Norway, 30 Juun 2013](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/somalia_cooperation/id731971/)). - **Fowsiyo Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, ayaa heshiiskaas 2013 u saxiixday Soomaaliya, madaxweynahana wuu goobjoog ahaa ([Hiiraan Online, Juun 2013](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Jun/30069/norway_restores_diplomatic_relations_with_somalia.aspx)). - **Hans Wilhelm Longva**, safiir Norway u dhashay, ayaa qoray heshiis-is-afgaradkii 2009 ee Kenya iyo Soomaaliya ee shelf-ka qaaradda, isagoo ka shaqeynayay caawimaad farsamo oo Norway bixisay ([Maxkamadda Caddaaladda Caalamiga ah, 2 Febraayo 2017](https://api.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/161/161-20170202-JUD-01-01-EN.pdf)). - **Børge Brende** wuxuu noqday wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda Norway ee ugu horreeyay ee booqda Soomaaliya, 29 Juun 2017 ([Dowladda Norway, 29 Juun 2017](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/pm_somalia/id2563790/)). - **Ine Eriksen Søreide**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, waxay Muqdisho booqatay 10 Juun 2019 ([Garowe Online, 10 Juun 2019](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/norwegian-foreign-minister-arrives-in-somalia-for-one-day-visit)). Iyada ayaa Norway ka hadashay markii amaahdii 2020 lagu bixiyay deynta Bangiga Adduunka ([Bangiga Adduunka, 5 Maarso 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/05/somalia-clears-arrears-to-world-bank-group)). - **Dag-Inge Ulstein**, wasiirka horumarinta caalamiga ah, ayaa Oktoobar 2019 soo jeediyay qorshaha amaahda ([Dowladda Norway, Oktoobar 2019](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/pm_somalia/id2673476)). - **Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle**, wasiirka maaliyadda Soomaaliya, ayaa Soomaaliya u hoggaamiyay bixinta deynta ([Bangiga Adduunka, 5 Maarso 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/05/somalia-clears-arrears-to-world-bank-group)). - **Anne Beathe Tvinnereim**, wasiirka horumarinta caalamiga ah, ayaa December 2022 booqatay Soomaaliya, waxayna ku dhawaaqday gargaar dheeraad ah iyo heshiis Bangiga Adduunka ([Dowladda Norway, 5 December 2022](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/aid_boost/id2949489/)). - **Jonas Gahr Støre**, ra'iisul wasaaraha, ayaa 11 Juun 2024 Oslo kula kulmay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ([Villa Somalia, 11 Juun 2024](https://villasomalia.gov.so/president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-held-talks-with-norways-prime-minister-jonas-gahr-store/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? - **7 Abriil 2009**: heshiis-is-afgarad Kenya iyo Soomaaliya ee shelf-ka qaaradda, oo uu qoray safiir Longva. Norway dhinac kama ahayn ([ICJ, 2 Febraayo 2017](https://api.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/161/161-20170202-JUD-01-01-EN.pdf)). - **2012**: heshiiska Heikki Holmås iyo Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh ee lagu dhisay sanduuqa SFF ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). - **30 Juun 2013**: heshiis iskaashi horumarineed oo Muqdisho lagu saxiixay ([Dowladda Norway, 30 Juun 2013](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/somalia_cooperation/id731971/)). - **Maarso 2020**: amaah ku-meel-gaar ah oo 365.9 milyan oo doollar ah oo lagu bixiyay deynta hay'adda IDA ee Bangiga Adduunka ([Bangiga Adduunka, 5 Maarso 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/05/somalia-clears-arrears-to-world-bank-group)). - **2020**: heshiis laba-geesood ah oo ku saleysan heshiiskii Naadiga Paris ee 31 Maarso 2020, kaas oo cafiyay 16.2 milyan oo NOK oo Soomaaliya ay Norway ku lahayd ([Dowladda Norway](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/gjeld_somalia/id2813315/); [Naadiga Paris, 31 Maarso 2020](https://clubdeparis.org/en/sites/clubdeparis/accueil/pays-accords-signes/recherche-accords-signes/fiches/s/somalie-31-mars-2020.html)). - **December 2022**: heshiis lala galay Bangiga Adduunka oo ku saabsan maamulka wanaagsan, la-qabsiga isbeddelka cimilada iyo sugnaanta cuntada ([Dowladda Norway, 5 December 2022](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/aid_boost/id2949489/)). ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **30 Abriil 2008**: Oslo waxay martigelisay Kooxda Xiriirka Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya ([ReliefWeb, 2008](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/norway-host-international-contact-group-somalia-meeting-30-april)). - **Juun 2013**: wasiirka horumarinta Heikki Holmås oo yimid Muqdisho ([Dowladda Norway, 30 Juun 2013](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/somalia_cooperation/id731971/)). - **29 Juun 2017**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Børge Brende oo Muqdisho kula kulmay Madaxweyne Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Xasan Cali Kheyre ([Dowladda Norway, 29 Juun 2017](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/pm_somalia/id2563790/)). - **Maajo 2019**: Soomaaliya, Norway, Ciraaq iyo Imaaraadka ayaa Oslo ku wada martigeliyay shir ka dhan ah tacaddiyada galmada iyo jinsiga ee xilliyada dhibaatada ([Dowladda Norway, 2019](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/foreign-affairs/humanitarian-efforts/sgbv_statement/id2666966)). - **10 Juun 2019**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Ine Eriksen Søreide oo Muqdisho timid, waxaana soo dhaweeyay Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed ([Garowe Online, 10 Juun 2019](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/norwegian-foreign-minister-arrives-in-somalia-for-one-day-visit)). - **December 2022**: wasiirka horumarinta Anne Beathe Tvinnereim oo timid Soomaaliya ([Dowladda Norway, 5 December 2022](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/aid_boost/id2949489/)). - **10 ilaa 12 Juun 2024**: Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud oo Oslo uga qeyb galay shirka Oslo Forum ee dhexdhexaadinta, 11 Juunna la kulmay Ra'iisul Wasaare Støre ([Villa Somalia, 11 Juun 2024](https://villasomalia.gov.so/president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-held-talks-with-norways-prime-minister-jonas-gahr-store/); [Garowe Online, Juun 2024](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-arrives-in-oslo-norway-amid-surge-in-al-shabaab-attacks)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay is dhaafsadaan? Ganacsigu aad buu u yar yahay. UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay alaabta Norway u dhoofisay Soomaaliya: - 344,552 doollar sannadka 2015 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=579&partnerCode=706&period=2015&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 243,243 doollar sannadka 2020, iyo 5,410 doollar oo ka timid Soomaaliya ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=579&partnerCode=706&period=2020&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 306,404 doollar sannadka 2023 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=579&partnerCode=706&period=2023&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 118,308 doollar sannadka 2024, iyo 9,996 doollar oo ka timid Soomaaliya ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=579&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) Sannadka 2024 alaabta ugu badan waxay ahaayeen gaadiid, roogag, alaab guri iyo mashiinno ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=579&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). Shirkadaha Norway waxay ku lug lahaayeen sahaminta shidaalka. Sebtembar 2015, Soomaaliya waxay heshiis la gashay shirkadda Norway ee Spectrum ASA si ay u sahamiso qiyaastii 28,000 km² oo bad ah ([The Citizen, 7 Sebtembar 2015](https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/africa/somalia-signs-oil-contract-with-norway-s-spectrum-2531762)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Sida tirakoobka gargaarka Norway muujinayo, Norway waxay 2012 ilaa 2018 Soomaaliya u bixisay 2.7 bilyan oo NOK ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Haddii lagu daro lacagta ay siiso hay'adaha QM, wadartu waxay ahayd 3.2 ilaa 3.3 bilyan oo NOK ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Kharashka sannadlaha ah wuxuu muddadaas ku kordhay in ka badan laba jibaar ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Jidadka ugu waaweyn ee 2012 ilaa 2018 ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)): - **Sanduuqa Bangiga Adduunka (MPF)**: 377 milyan oo NOK. - **Sanduuqa QM (MPTF)**: 187 milyan oo NOK. - **Sanduuqa SFF**: 102 milyan oo NOK, oo 2015 lagu daray sanduuqa Bangiga Adduunka. - **Golaha Qaxootiga Norway (NRC)**: 332 milyan oo NOK. - **Laanqeyrta Cas ee Norway**: 197 milyan; **Norwegian Church Aid**: 192 milyan; **Save the Children Norway**: 110 milyan oo NOK. - **Hay'adda NIS**: qiyaastii 185 milyan oo NOK. - **Sanduuqa Xasilinta Soomaaliya**: 142 milyan oo NOK laga bilaabo 2012. - **Gargaar bini'aadamnimo**: 752 milyan oo NOK wadar ahaan. Sanduuqa SFF oo la bilaabay 2013 wuxuu dowladda federaalka ee cusub ka caawiyay bixinta mushaharka iyo maamulka maaliyadda aasaasiga ah ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Wuxuu Bangiga Adduunka u fududeeyay inuu dowladda la shaqeeyo ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Waxaa la soo jeediyay December 2012, mushaharkii ugu horreeyayna wuxuu bixiyay Agoosto 2013, wuxuuna bixiyay toban bilood oo mushahar ah ilaa Juun 2014 ([g7+, daraasadda New Deal](https://www.g7plus.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/new-deal-innovations-case-study-4-3.pdf)). Laga bilaabo Luulyo 2014, sanduuq Bangiga Adduunka ayaa la wareegay bixinta mushaharka, isagoo adeegsanaya nidaamkii SFF dhisay ([g7+](https://www.g7plus.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/new-deal-innovations-case-study-4-3.pdf)). Norway waxay kadib taageertay hannaanka SDRF oo 2014 loo sameeyay isku-dubbaridka deeq-bixiyeyaasha ee hoos yimaada heshiiska New Deal ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). **Deynta.** Oktoobar 2019, Norway waxay soo jeedisay amaah ku-meel-gaar ah oo 3.135 bilyan oo NOK ah ([Dowladda Norway, Oktoobar 2019](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/pm_somalia/id2673476)). 5 Maarso 2020 waxay amaahisay 365.9 milyan oo doollar, oo Soomaaliya ay ku bixisay deynta IDA ([Bangiga Adduunka, 5 Maarso 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/05/somalia-clears-arrears-to-world-bank-group)). Deeq le'eg oo IDA bixisay ayaa saacado gudahood Norway lagu celiyay ([Dowladda Norway, 2020](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/pm_somalia/id2692771)). Tani waxay bixisay mid ka mid ah saddex qaybood oo deyn ah. Talyaaniga ayaa amaah ku bixiyay deynta IMF, Ingiriiska iyo Midowga Yurubna deynta Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika ([IMF, 25 Maarso 2020](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2020/03/25/pr20104-somalia-somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). Soomaaliya waxay 25 Maarso 2020 gaartay heerka go'aanka ee barnaamijka HIPC ([IMF, 25 Maarso 2020](https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2020/03/25/pr20104-somalia-somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). Norway waxay cafisay 16.2 milyan oo NOK oo ay Soomaaliya ku lahayd. 10.85 milyan ayaa la cafiyay marka la saxiixay, 5.35 milyanna markii la gaaro heerka dhammaystirka HIPC ([Dowladda Norway](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/gjeld_somalia/id2813315/)). **Tirooyinka OECD.** Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Norway u bixisay Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa 84.2 milyan oo doollar 2011, 66.8 milyan 2018, 71.6 milyan 2023 iyo 47.0 milyan 2024 ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)). **Gargaarka dhowaan.** Sannadka 2022 Norway waxay bixisay ku dhowaad 200 milyan oo NOK oo gargaar bini'aadamnimo ah, December-na waxay ku dartay 25 milyan ([Dowladda Norway, 5 December 2022](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/aid_boost/id2949489/)). December 2022 waxay 30 milyan oo doollar ku shubtay sanduuqa MPF ee Bangiga Adduunka ([Hiiraan Online, 4 December 2022](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Dec/188975/norway_contributes_30m_to_somali_mpf.aspx)). Sannadka 2026 waxay qorsheysay 102 milyan oo NOK oo gargaar bini'aadamnimo ah ([Norad, 27 Abriil 2026](https://www.norad.no/en/news/news/2026/hunger-in-somalia/)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Istaraatiijiyadda Norway ee 2012 ilaa 2015 waxaa ku jiray taageerada deegaannada laga qabsaday Al-Shabaab iyo taageerada Midowga Afrika iyo QM ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Waxay xasilinta ku maalgelisay Sanduuqa Xasilinta Soomaaliya ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Ergeyada Norway waxay dowladda federaalka kala hadleen qorshaha amniga ee ka dambeeya ATMIS ([SONNA, 17 November 2024](https://sonna.so/en/somalias-foreign-minister-ahmed-moalim-fiqi-engages-norwegian-delegation-to-deepen-bilateral-cooperation)). Ciidamada shisheeye eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee ayay Norway ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Norway waxay Somaliland kala shaqeysaa barnaamijyada horumarinta. Waxay 2013 iyo 2015 Sanduuqa Horumarinta Somaliland siisay 30 milyan oo NOK ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Ingiriiska ayaa Norway ku taxay deeq-bixiyeyaasha sanduuqaas, iyo Denmark iyo Netherlands ([Dowladda UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/development-support-to-somaliland)). Diblomaasiyiinta Norway waxay ka qeyb galeen booqasho ay saaxiibbada caalamiga ahi ku tageen Hargeysa 2 iyo 3 Abriil 2019 ([Dowladda UK, Abriil 2019](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/high-level-visit-by-international-partners-to-hargeisa-somaliiand)). Sannadihii ka dambeeyay 2012, Norway waxay maalgelisay barnaamijka QM ee dowladaha hoose ee Somaliland iyo Puntland ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Qiimeeyeyaashii Norway waxay daraasaddoodii 2020 u tageen Muqdisho, Baydhabo, Hargeysa iyo Garoowe ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Luulyo 2013, Kooxda Kormeerka QM ee Soomaaliya iyo Eritrea waxay soo jeedisay in gargaarka Norway uu dabool u noqon karo danaha ganacsi ee shidaalka ([Golaha Ammaanka, S/2013/436](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/753516/files/S_2013_436-EN.pdf)). Warbixintu waxay arrintaas ku xirtay caawimaadda Norway ee sheegashada shelf-ka qaaradda ee Soomaaliya ([Dowladda Norway, Luulyo 2013](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/development-efforts-somalia/id732864)). Norway way diiday eedeymahaas. Warqaddeedii 22 Luulyo 2013 ee Golaha Ammaanka waxay ku sheegtay inay khaldan yihiin, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa ku saabsan shirkadaha DNO iyo Statoil ([Golaha Ammaanka, S/2013/436](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/753516/files/S_2013_436-EN.pdf)). Wasiir Heikki Holmås wuxuu beeniyay xiriir ka dhexeeya caawimaadda shelf-ka iyo danaha shidaalka ([Dowladda Norway, Luulyo 2013](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/development-efforts-somalia/id732864)). Heshiis-is-afgaradkii 2009 ee uu qoray safiir Norway u dhashay wuxuu qayb ka noqday dacwadda badda ee Soomaaliya ka gudbisay Kenya. Maxkamadda Caddaaladda Caalamiga ah waxay 2 Febraayo 2017 go'aamisay inuu yahay heshiis sax ah, balse aanu maxkamadda ka hor istaagin dhegeysiga kiiska ([ICJ, 2 Febraayo 2017](https://api.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/161/161-20170202-JUD-01-01-EN.pdf)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Norway? 1 Janaayo 2026, Norway waxaa ku noolaa 44,744 qof oo asal ahaan Soomaali ah: 27,769 ku dhashay Soomaaliya iyo 16,975 ku dhashay Norway, waalidiintoodna ku dhasheen Soomaaliya ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Norway, shaxda 05183](https://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/05183/)). Eeg [Norway (Soomaalida dibadda)](/en/diaspora/norway/). ## Halkee bay Norway ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Norway waxay hoggaamisay shaqada Golaha Ammaanka ee Soomaaliya muddadii ay xubinta ka ahayd 2001 ilaa 2002 ([Norad, 2020](https://www.norad.no/contentassets/9878abb020484298a345d1944ba2dcc1/main-report-evaluation-of-norways-engagement-in-somalia-2012-2018)). Laga bilaabo 2006 waxay Mareykanka la wada guddoomisay Kooxda Xiriirka Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya ([ReliefWeb, 2008](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/norway-host-international-contact-group-somalia-meeting-30-april)). Norway waxay sannad walba martigelisaa Oslo Forum oo ku saabsan dhexdhexaadinta. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ayaa ka hadlay Juun 2024 ([Garowe Online, Juun 2024](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-arrives-in-oslo-norway-amid-surge-in-al-shabaab-attacks)). Norway waa xubin ka mid ah Naadiga Paris, waxayna ka qeyb qaadatay heshiiskii deynta Soomaaliya ee 2020 ([Naadiga Paris, 31 Maarso 2020](https://clubdeparis.org/en/sites/clubdeparis/accueil/pays-accords-signes/recherche-accords-signes/fiches/s/somalie-31-mars-2020.html)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Norway (Soomaalida dibadda)](/en/diaspora/norway/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle](/en/people/abdirahman-duale-beyle/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Turkiga Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/turkey/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Turkigu waa mid ka mid ah saaxiibada ugu dhow ee Soomaaliya. Wuxuu dib u furay safaaraddiisa Muqdisho 1 November 2011, kadib booqashadii Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ee 19 August 2011, wuxuuna sheegay in gargaarkiisu ka badan yahay US$1 bilyan. Shirkado Turki ah ayaa maamula dekedda iyo garoonka Muqdisho, sannadkii 2023 Turkigu wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab dhan US$425 milyan, tan iyo April 2026-na markab Turki ah ayaa qodaya ceelka saliidda ee ugu horreeya badda qoto dheer. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Turkiga? Turkigu wuxuu safaarad ku leeyahay Muqdisho, qunsuliyad guudna Hargeysa. Soomaaliyana safaarad ayay ku leedahay Ankara ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-somalia.en.mfa)). Ferhat Alkan wuxuu safiirka Turkiga noqday 21 September 2026 ([Safaaradda Turkiga ee Muqdisho](https://mogadishu-emb.mfa.gov.tr/Mission/MissionChiefHistory)). Turkigu wuxuu sheegay in gargaarkiisa bini'aadannimo iyo horumarineed ee Soomaaliya uu ka badan yahay US$1 bilyan ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-somalia.en.mfa)). Shirkado Turki ah ayaa maamula dekedda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha ee Muqdisho. Sannadkii 2023 Turkigu wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab dhan US$424.9 milyan ([WITS, Bangiga Adduunka](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUR/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). Labada dowladood waxay 8 February 2024 saxiixeen heshiis qaab-dhismeed oo difaac iyo dhaqaale ah ([The East African](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/somalia-signs-defence-economic-cooperation-deals-with-turkey-4533226)). 19 July 2024 shirkadda saliidda Turkiga iyo Hay'adda Batroolka Soomaaliya waxay heshiis ka gaareen saddex baloog oo badda ah ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/turkey-to-secure-up-to-90-of-somalia-s-oil-and-gas-revenue-document-reveals)). Markabka qodista ee Çağrı Bey wuxuu Soomaaliya yimid 9 April 2026 si uu u qodo ceelka Curad-1 ([Wasaaradda Tamarta Turkiga](https://enerji.gov.tr/news-detail?id=31797)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirku wuxuu dib ugu noqdaa qarnigii 16-aad. Dagaalladii Imaam Axmed Gurey ee Adal sannadihii 1530-meeyadii iyo 1540-meeyadii, ciidanka Adal waxaa ku jiray rag qoryo wata oo badankood Turki ka yimid Zabiid ee Yaman; eeg [Imaam Axmed iyo Adal](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/). Daraasad Machadka Heritage ayaa sheegtay in dhismayaal xilligii Cusmaaniyiinta ah weli ka taagan yihiin magaalooyinka xeebta sida Berbera ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). Bartamihii qarnigii 16-aad Saylac iyo Berbera waxay hoos tagi jireen shariifyada Mukha; qarnigii 17-aad waxay u gudbeen Turkida Cusmaaniyiinta, kuwaas oo ku maamuli jiray guddoomiyeyaal Soomaali ah oo deegaanka laga qoray ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/4.htm)). Sannadkii 1585 kabtanka Cusmaaniga ah ee Mir Ali Bey wuxuu u dhoofay Muqdisho si uu ula tartamo Bortuqiisku xeebta Bari Afrika. Bortuqiisku wuxuu ku qabtay Mombasa 1589 ([Önalan, Kadim, 2025](https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kadim/article/1697957)). Bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad xeebta waqooyi waxay hoos timid shariifyada Mukha, kuwaas oo magaca Cusmaaniyiinta wax ku maamulayay ([Maktabadda Congress-ka Mareykanka](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm)). Turkigu wuxuu safaaraddiisa Muqdisho furay 1979, wuxuuna xiray 1991 markii dagaalka sokeeye bilaabmay ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-somalia.en.mfa)). Turkigu wuxuu Istanbul ku qabtay shir Soomaaliya ka dhacay 21 ilaa 23 May 2010 ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). 17 August 2011 wuxuu Istanbul ku qabtay kulan degdeg ah oo OIC ah oo ku saabsanaa abaarta ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga, 1 November 2011](https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-248_-1-november-2011_-press-release-regarding-the-re-opening-of-the-turkish-embassy-in-mogadishu.en.mfa)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirrada Turkiga ee Soomaaliya ([Safaaradda Turkiga ee Muqdisho](https://mogadishu-emb.mfa.gov.tr/Mission/MissionChiefHistory)): - **Mehmet Sıtkı Coşkun:** 1981 ilaa 1984. - **Nejat Taylan:** 1984 ilaa 1987. - **Hikmet Şengeç:** 1988 ilaa 1992. - **Cemalettin Kani Torun:** wuxuu Muqdisho yimid 31 October 2011, safaaraddana dib u furay 1 November 2011 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-248_-1-november-2011_-press-release-regarding-the-re-opening-of-the-turkish-embassy-in-mogadishu.en.mfa)). - **Olgan Bekar:** 2014 ilaa 2018; wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa ergayga wadahadallada Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland. - **Mehmet Yılmaz:** laga bilaabo December 2018; waxaa dib loogu yeeray January 2023 ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2023/Jan/189312/erdogan_appoints_new_ambassador_to_somalia_amid_diplomatic_shakeup.aspx)). - **Ibrahim Mete Yağlı:** waxaa la magacaabay January 2023 ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2023/Jan/189312/erdogan_appoints_new_ambassador_to_somalia_amid_diplomatic_shakeup.aspx)). - **Alper Aktaş:** 15 March 2024 ilaa 14 September 2026. - **Ferhat Alkan:** laga bilaabo 21 September 2026. Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee Turkiga: - **Cabdullaahi Maxamed Cali "Sanbaloolshe":** waxaa la magacaabay 3 June 2015 ([Radio Dalsan](https://radiodalsan.com/2015/06/03/somali-president-appoints-new-ambassadors-to-us-and-turkey/)). - **Jaamac Cabdullaahi Maxamed:** waxaa la magacaabay May 2017 ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Ankara](https://ankara.mfa.gov.so/?p=11845)). - **Fathudiin Cali Maxamed:** wuxuu warqadaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Erdoğan May 2024 ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/May/196413/turkish_president_recep_tayyip_erdoğan_receives_credentials_from_new_somali_ambassador.aspx)). Xafiisyada: safaaradda Turkiga ee Muqdisho, oo dhismaheeda cusub la furay 3 June 2016 ([Anadolu](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/erdogan-opens-turkeys-new-embassy-complex-in-somalia/583793)); qunsuliyadda guud ee Hargeysa oo shaqada bilowday 1 June 2014; iyo safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Çankaya, Ankara ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya](https://ankara.mfa.gov.so)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Recep Tayyip Erdoğan:** wuxuu Muqdisho booqday 19 August 2011, January 2015 iyo June 2016 ([Xafiiska Isgaarsiinta Turkiga, 6 July 2022](https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/haberler/detay/our-aid-to-somalia-over-the-last-decade-totals-more-than-a-billion-dollars)). - **Cemalettin Kani Torun:** dhakhtar hore u maamulay hay'adda Doctors Worldwide, safiirkii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1991; 2015 wuxuu noqday xildhibaan ka tirsan baarlamaanka Turkiga ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). - **Olgan Bekar:** wuxuu hoggaaminayay wadahadallada Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-somalia.en.mfa)). - **Ahmet Davutoğlu:** wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu dhexdhexaadiyay kulankii Ankara ee 13 April 2013 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/foreign-minister-davutoglu-we-will-take-the-necessary-steps-to-strengthen-the-brotherhood-between-somalia-and-somaliland.en.mfa)). - **Bekir Bozdağ:** ra'iisul wasaare ku xigeen, wuxuu saarnaa duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Turkish Airlines 6 March 2012 ([Capital FM](https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2012/03/international-airline-lands-in-mogadishu-after-20-year-break/)). - **[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/):** wuxuu saxiixay war-murtiyeedka Ankara 2013 iyo Baaqa Ankara December 2024 ([Anadolu](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/somalia-ethiopia-affirm-each-others-sovereignty-unity-ankara-declaration/3422125)). - **[Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/):** booqasho dowladeed ayuu Turkiga ku tagay 26 April 2017 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-somalia.en.mfa)). - **Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur** iyo **Yaşar Güler:** wasiirrada difaaca, waxay saxiixeen heshiiskii 8 February 2024 ([The East African](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/somalia-signs-defence-economic-cooperation-deals-with-turkey-4533226)). - **[Xamse Cabdi Barre](/en/people/hamza-abdi-barre/):** ra'iisul wasaaraha, wuxuu heshiiska difaaca u gudbiyay golaha wasiirrada 21 February 2024 ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-approves-defense-agareement-with-turkey-/7496758.html)). - **Alparslan Bayraktar** iyo **Daahir Shire Maxamed:** wasiirrada tamarta iyo batroolka, waxay hoggaaminayeen hawsha Çağrı Bey ([Wasaaradda Tamarta Turkiga](https://enerji.gov.tr/news-detail?id=31797)). - **Mehmet Fatih Kacır:** wasiirka warshadaha Turkiga, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay bilowga dhismaha saldhig lagu ganno gantaallada hawada sare ([Anadolu](https://aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/turkiye-has-completed-feasibility-design-work-for-space-port-in-somalia-minister/3785508)). - **Hulusi Akar:** taliyihii guud ee ciidamada Turkiga, wuxuu 30 September 2017 la furay Camp TURKSOM ra'iisul wasaare [Xasan Cali Kheyre](/en/people/hassan-ali-khaire/) ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/turkey-opens-largest-foreign-military-base-in-mogadishu/4051001.html)). - **Çetin Group iyo Kozuva:** waxay sameeyeen shirkadda Favori ee maamusha garoonka Aadan Cadde ([The African Aviation Tribune](https://www.theafricanaviationtribune.com/2013/09/somalia-turkeys-favori-llc-to-assume.html)). - **Albayrak Group:** waxay la wareegtay dekedda Muqdisho 2014 ([Hürriyet Daily News](https://hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-company-to-manage-port-of-mogadishu-159099)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **13 April 2013, War-murtiyeedka Ankara:** dowladda federaalka iyo Somaliland ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/ankara-communique-_-between-somali-and-somaliland_-13-april-2013.en.mfa)). - **2013, garoonka Aadan Cadde:** qandaraas 20 sano ah oo la siiyay Favori; waxaa dib loo habeeyay 16 May 2019 ([Bangiga Adduunka, PPP](https://ppp.worldbank.org/node/6808)). - **2014, dekedda Muqdisho:** qandaraas 20 sano ah oo la siiyay Albayrak; October 2020 waxaa lagu beddelay mid 14 sano ah ([Goobjoog](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-turkish-firm-ink-revised-14-year-port-concession)). - **8 February 2024, heshiiska difaaca iyo dhaqaalaha:** toban sano; Turkigu wuxuu dhisayaa, tababarayaa oo qalabaynayaa ciidanka badda Soomaaliya ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-approves-defense-agareement-with-turkey-/7496758.html)). - **Horraantii 2024, heshiisyo is-afgarad oo batrool:** TPAO waxay heshay shatiyo saddex aag oo badda ah ([Hürriyet Daily News](https://hurriyetdailynews.com/tpao-signs-deal-for-onshore-oil-gas-exploration-in-somalia-201973)). - **19 July 2024, heshiiska wax-soo-saarka badda:** saddex baloog oo dhan 15,000 km² ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/turkey-to-secure-up-to-90-of-somalia-s-oil-and-gas-revenue-document-reveals)). - **October 2024 iyo April 2025, heshiisyada baadhista berriga:** ([Hürriyet Daily News](https://hurriyetdailynews.com/tpao-signs-deal-for-onshore-oil-gas-exploration-in-somalia-201973); [Daily Sabah](https://dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkiye-somalia-sign-deal-for-onshore-hydrocarbon-exploration)). - **11 December 2024, Baaqa Ankara:** Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya, iyadoo Turkigu dhexdhexaadinayo ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/communique-ankara-declaration-11-december-2024/)). - **30 December 2025, heshiisyada Istanbul:** oo uu ku jiro qorshaha saldhigga hawada sare ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202512310083.html)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **19 August 2011:** Ra'iisul wasaare Erdoğan, Muqdisho ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2011/08/20/erdogan-visits-somalia-to-highlight-famine)). - **13 April 2013:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh iyo madaxweyne Axmed Siilaanyo ee Somaliland, Ankara ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/historic-somalia-summit-in-ankara-presidents-of-somalia-and-somaliland-met-in-ankara.en.mfa)). - **25 January 2015:** Madaxweyne Erdoğan, Muqdisho; wuxuu furay terminaalka garoonka iyo isbitaalka ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-turkey-s-erdogan-on-second-visit-to-mogadishu)). - **3 June 2016:** Madaxweyne Erdoğan, Muqdisho; wuxuu furay safaaradda ([Anadolu](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/erdogan-opens-turkeys-new-embassy-complex-in-somalia/583793)). - **2017 iyo 2018:** Madaxweyne Farmaajo, Turkiga dhowr jeer ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-somalia.en.mfa)). - **6 July 2022:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh, Ankara ([Xafiiska Isgaarsiinta Turkiga](https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/haberler/detay/our-aid-to-somalia-over-the-last-decade-totals-more-than-a-billion-dollars)). - **December 2024, March 2025, July 2025:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh, Ankara ([Anadolu](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/somalia-ethiopia-affirm-each-others-sovereignty-unity-ankara-declaration/3422125); [Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200888/somali_turkish_presidents_reaffirm_strategic_partnership_during_ankara_meeting.aspx)). - **30 December 2025:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh, Istanbul ([Hürriyet Daily News](https://hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-hosts-somali-leader-days-after-israels-somaliland-move-217328)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Erdoğan wuxuu sheegay in ganacsigu ahaa US$2 milyan 2003 iyo US$363 milyan 2021 ([Xafiiska Isgaarsiinta Turkiga](https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/haberler/detay/our-aid-to-somalia-over-the-last-decade-totals-more-than-a-billion-dollars)). Alaabta Turkigu u dhoofiyo Soomaaliya, sida ay xogta WITS sheegtay: - **2010:** US$4.8 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUR/year/2010/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2015:** US$72.6 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUR/year/2015/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2019:** US$256.5 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUR/year/2019/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2023:** US$424.9 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUR/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). Waxa Turkigu Soomaaliya ka soo dejiyo waa yar yihiin: US$1.0 milyan 2023 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUR/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). Shirkadaha ugu waaweyn: - **Turkish Airlines:** duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Istanbul–Muqdisho 6 March 2012 ([Capital FM](https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2012/03/international-airline-lands-in-mogadishu-after-20-year-break/)). - **Favori:** waxay garoonka Aadan Cadde kala wareegtay shirkadda SKA 14 September 2013 ([The African Aviation Tribune](https://www.theafricanaviationtribune.com/2013/09/somalia-turkeys-favori-llc-to-assume.html)). - **Albayrak:** waxay dekedda la wareegtay October 2014; October 2014 ilaa April 2015 waxay Bangiga Dhexe u shubtay ku dhawaad US$9.4 milyan ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). Hanti-dhowrka guud wuxuu sheegay in dowladdu heshay US$38 milyan 2025 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-auditor-general-reports-usdollar422-million-in-2025-port-and-airport-concession-revenue)). - **TPAO:** markabka Oruç Reis wuxuu sahan ka bilaabay badda Soomaaliya October 2024 ([Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/turkey-sends-deep-sea-drilling-ship-somalia)). Çağrı Bey wuxuu April 2026 bilaabay qodista Curad-1, oo 372 km u jirta Muqdisho ([Wasaaradda Tamarta Turkiga](https://enerji.gov.tr/news-detail?id=31797)). 29 October 2026 Hay'adda Batroolka Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in qodistu gaartay lakabyada calaamadaha saliiddu ka muuqan karaan ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-first-offshore-oil-well-hits-critical-zone-petroleum-authority-says)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? - **2011:** dowladda iyo hay'adaha Turkiga waxay uruuriyeen US$350 milyan saddex ilaa afar bilood gudahood ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). - **Wadarta:** in ka badan US$1 bilyan tobankii sano ee ilaa 2022 ([Xafiiska Isgaarsiinta Turkiga](https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/haberler/detay/our-aid-to-somalia-over-the-last-decade-totals-more-than-a-billion-dollars)). - **Isbitaalka:** isbitaalka Digfeer waxaa dib loo dhisay oo loo bixiyay Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; waxaa la furay 25 January 2015 ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-turkey-s-erdogan-on-second-visit-to-mogadishu)). - **Iskuullo:** 2015 waxaa jiray saddex isbitaal iyo toban iskuul oo Turki ah, oo laba ka mid ah ay Hargeysa ku yaalliin, mid Gaalkacyo ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). - **Bisha Cas ee Turkiga:** waxay maamushay xerada Jaziira oo ay ku noolaayeen in ka badan 28,000 oo barakac ah ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). - **Deeqo waxbarasho:** 1,092 Soomaali ah ayaa tan iyo 1992 helay deeqaha jaamacadeed ee dowladda Turkiga ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-somalia.en.mfa)). - **Deynta:** November 2020 Turkigu wuxuu bixiyay ku dhawaad 2.4 milyan SDR (qiyaastii US$3.4 milyan) oo deyn IMF ah ([Anadolu](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-helping-pay-down-somalias-imf-debt/2034992)). ## Amniga ka warran? Turkigu wuxuu Muqdisho ka furay Camp TURKSOM 30 September 2017; waxaa lagu sheegay inuu ku kacay US$50 milyan ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/1/turkey-sets-up-largest-overseas-army-base-in-somalia)). 2022 Turkigu wuxuu tababaray 5,000 askari iyo 1,000 boolis gaar ah ([Xafiiska Isgaarsiinta Turkiga](https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/haberler/detay/our-aid-to-somalia-over-the-last-decade-totals-more-than-a-billion-dollars)). Faahfaahin: [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Turkigu ula macaamilaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **Qunsuliyad:** Turkigu wuxuu Hargeysa ka furay qunsuliyad guud 1 June 2014 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-somalia.en.mfa)). - **Wadahadal:** tan iyo 2013 Turkigu wuxuu marti-geliyay wadahadallada Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland; labada dhinac waxay isku afgarteen maamulka hawada. December 2015 Somaliland waxay sheegtay inay doorbideyso dhexdhexaadiye kale ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). - **Aqoonsiga Israa'iil:** 26 December 2025 Turkigu wuxuu sheegay in aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland uu sharci-darro yahay ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/turkiye-condemns-israels-illegal-recognition-of-somaliland)). - **Galmudug:** wasiirka batroolka wuxuu sheegay in ceelka Curad-1 uu ku yaal badda Galmudug ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-petroleum-minister-curad-1-oil-well-to-be-drilled-offshore-galmudug-state)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? - **Garoonka:** 2013 qandaraaska Favori wuxuu keenay dacwad maxkamadeed iyo dood baarlamaan ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). 2025 dowladdu waxay sheegtay inaysan ku qanacsanayn maamulka garoonka ([Dawan Africa](https://dawan.africa/news/somali-government-expresses-dissatisfaction-over-management-of-mogadishu-airport)). - **Shuruudaha saliidda:** heshiiska July 2024, qodobka 4.7, wuxuu Turkiga u oggolaanayaa ilaa 90% wax-soo-saarka sannadka si uu kharashka u soo celiyo; Soomaaliya waxay heleysaa 5% dakhliga ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/turkey-to-secure-up-to-90-of-somalia-s-oil-and-gas-revenue-document-reveals)). - **Weerar:** July 2013 Al-Shabaab waxay weerartay dhisme ay degganaayeen shaqaalaha safaaradda Turkiga ([HIPS, 2016](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Turkeys-Assistance-Model-in-Somalia-Achieving-Much-With-Little1-1.pdf)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Turkiga? QM waxay tirisay 27,594 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay oo Turkiga ku noolaa 2024 ([UN DESA](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx)). Eeg [Soomaalida Turkiga](/en/diaspora/turkiye/). ## Halkee buu Turkigu ka taagan yahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - Turkigu wuxuu marti-geliyay shirka Istanbul ee May 2010 iyo kulankii degdegga ahaa ee OIC 17 August 2011 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Turkiga](https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-248_-1-november-2011_-press-release-regarding-the-re-opening-of-the-turkish-embassy-in-mogadishu.en.mfa)). - Safiirka Turkiga ee QM, Ahmet Yıldız, wuxuu Golaha Ammaanka ka diiday go'aanka Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/world/africa/turkiye-voices-strong-opposition-to-israels-somaliland-move-at-un/amp)). - Turkigu wuxuu July iyo August 2024 marti-geliyay laba wareeg oo wadahadal Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya ah ([Addis Standard](https://addisstandard.com/breaking-ethiopia-somalia-commit-to-cooperation-in-historic-ankara-declaration)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ciidamada Turkiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/turkey-military-in-somalia/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaalida Turkiga](/en/diaspora/turkiye/) - [Dekedaha](/so/economy/ports/) - [Saliidda iyo gaaska](/so/economy/oil-and-gas/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Qaramada Midoobay Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/un/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Qaramada Midoobay 20 September 1960, waxayna xubin ka ahayd Golaha Ammaanka 2025 iyo 2026, markii ugu horreysay tan iyo 1971 ilaa 1972. Hawlgallada siyaasadeed ee QM waxay Soomaaliya ka shaqaynayeen 1992 ilaa 31 October 2026, markii UNTMIS la xiray. Hay'adaha QM way sii joogaan. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Qaramada Midoobay? Soomaaliya waa xubin buuxda oo Qaramada Midoobay (QM) ah. Waxay kursi ku-meel-gaar ah ku leedahay Golaha Ammaanka 2025 iyo 2026. Kursigaas waxay ku guulaysatay 6 June 2024, iyadoo Golaha Guud ka heshay 179 cod ([Golaha Guud ee QM, A/78/PV.86, 6 June 2024](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4071289/files/A_78_PV.86-EN.pdf); [UN News, 6 June 2024](https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1150726)). Hawlgalkii siyaasadeed ee ugu dambeeyay ee QM, UNTMIS, wuxuu shaqada joojiyay 31 October 2026 ([Al Jazeera, 31 October 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/31/un-closes-somalia-mission-ending-three-decades-of-political-engagement)). Hay'adaha QM sida UNICEF, WFP iyo WHO way sii joogaan ([Citizen Digital, 27 October 2026](https://citizen.digital/article/un-mission-in-somalia-ends-october-31-after-successful-two-year-transition-n392798)). QM waxay xafiiskeeda UNSOS ku siisaa saadka ciidamada Midowga Afrika ee AUSSOM. Golaha Ammaanka wuxuu AUSSOM u kordhiyay ilaa 31 December 2026 go'aanka 2809, oo 23 December 2025 lagu ansixiyay 15 cod ([UN Project, S/RES/2809](https://un-project.org/votes/resolution/S-RES-2809(2025)/)). Qorshaha gargaarka 2026, oo la daahfuray 26 January 2026, wuxuu codsaday US$852 milyan si loo gaaro 2.4 milyan oo qof ([QM Soomaaliya, January 2026](https://somalia.un.org/en/308876-humanitarian-partners-seek-us852-million-assist-24-million-people-2026)). Qorshihii 2025 wuxuu codsaday US$1.4 bilyan, waxaana la helay 27% ([Africanews, 27 January 2026](https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/27/un-launches-852-million-aid-plan-for-somalia-amid-deepening-crisis/)). ## Goorma ayay Soomaaliya ku biirtay QM? QM waxay 1950 ilaa 1960 maamulaysay Soomaalidii Talyaaniga, iyadoo Talyaanigu maamule ahaa. Eeg [Maamulkii QM, 1950 ilaa 1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/). Golaha Ammaanka wuxuu 5 July 1960 ku taliyay in Soomaaliya xubin laga dhigo, go'aanka 141, 11 cod ([UN Digital Library, S/RES/141](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/280597)). Golaha Guud wuxuu Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya xubin ka dhigay 20 September 1960, go'aanka 1479 (XV), cod la'aan ([UN Digital Library, A/RES/1479](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/663476?ln=ar)). ## Maxay Soomaaliya bixisaa, maxayse hesho? Soomaaliya badanaa way ka dib dhacday lacagta xubinnimada. Qodobka 19 ee Axdiga, dalka laba sano oo buuxda lagu leeyahay wuxuu waayi karaa codka Golaha Guud ([QM, GA/AB/4356, 2020](https://press.un.org/en/2020/gaab4356.doc.htm)). Golaha Guud marar badan ayuu Soomaaliya u oggolaaday inay codkeeda haysato, isagoo sheegay in deynta ay ka timid "xaalado aan awoodeeda ku jirin" ([QM, A/RES/73/4, 2018](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1648575/files/A_RES_73_4-EN.pdf); [Hiiraan Online, October 2022](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Oct/188164/somalia_retains_un_vote_despite_falling_behind_on_member_dues.aspx)). Sannadkii 2022, lacagta ugu yar ee looga baahnaa si aysan codka u waayin waxay ahayd US$1,443,640 (isla [Hiiraan](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2022/Oct/188164/somalia_retains_un_vote_despite_falling_behind_on_member_dues.aspx)). Gargaarka bini'aadannimo inta badan hay'adaha QM ayaa wada. Eeg [Gargaarka iyo maalgelinta bini'aadannimo](/so/economy/aid-and-humanitarian-funding/). ## Yaa Soomaaliya u matalay QM? - **Cabdiraxiim Abby Faarax:** Wakiilka joogtada ah ee Soomaaliya ee New York 1965 ilaa 1972. Wuxuu guddoomiye ka ahaa Guddiga Gaarka ah ee ka soo horjeeda Midab-takoorka 1969 ilaa 1972, kadibna wuxuu 1979 noqday sarkaal sare oo QM ah ([Hiiraan Online, June 2018](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2018/Jun/158605/abdulrahim_abby_farah_obituary.aspx); [Goobjoog, 2018](https://en.goobjoog.com/former-somalia-envoy-to-un-abdulrahim-farah-passes-on-at-99)). - **Abuukar Daahir Cismaan:** Wakiilka joogtada ah tan iyo 2017. Ka hor wuxuu ahaa agaasimaha xafiiska madaxweynaha 2014 ilaa 2017 ([QM, BIO/4988, 2017](https://press.un.org/en/2017/bio4988.doc.htm); [Ergada Soomaaliya ee QM](https://www.un.int/somalia/staff)). Wuxuu guddoomiye ka ahaa Golaha Ammaanka bishii January 2026 ([QM, 2 January 2026](https://press.un.org/en/2026/260102_sc.doc.htm); [Anadolu, January 2026](https://aa.com.tr/en/africa/somalia-assumes-un-security-council-presidency-for-january/3788115)). - **Cabdulqawi Axmed Yuusuf:** garsoore Soomaali ah oo ka tirsan Maxkamadda Caddaaladda Caalamiga ah. Waxaa loo doortay guddoomiyaha maxkamadda 6 February 2018, muddo saddex sano ah ([Africanews, 6 February 2018](https://www.africanews.com/2018/02/06/somali-judge-is-elected-president-of-international-court-of-justice/)). Wuxuu ka tagay 30 September 2025 ([AllAfrica, June 2025](https://allafrica.com/stories/202506120120.html)). ## Yaa hoggaaminayay shaqada QM ee Soomaaliya? Wakiillada gaarka ah ee Xoghayaha Guud, sida ay isugu xigeen: - **Maxamed Saxnuun (Aljeeriya):** la magacaabay 28 April 1992 ([QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **Ismat Kittani (Ciraaq):** la magacaabay 3 November 1992 (isla [ilo](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **Admiral Jonathan Howe (Mareykan):** laga bilaabo 9 March 1993, UNOSOM II ([QM, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). - **Lansana Kouyaté (Guinea):** ku-xigeen, kadib ku-meel-gaar laga bilaabo February 1994 (isla [ilo](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). - **James Victor Gbeho (Ghana):** laga bilaabo 1 July 1994 (isla [ilo](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). - **François Lonseny Fall (Guinea):** madaxa UNPOS ee Nairobi, May 2005 ([UN Digital Library, 2005](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1291098)). - **Axmedu Ould-Cabdalla (Muritaaniya):** laga bilaabo September 2007 ([UNPOS](https://unpos.unmissions.org/en/node/5261)). - **Augustine Mahiga (Tansaaniya):** la magacaabay 9 June 2010 ([UNPOS](https://unpos.unmissions.org/en/node/5261)). - **Nicholas Kay (Ingiriiska):** madaxii ugu horreeyay ee UNSOM, April 2013 ([UNSOM](https://unsom.unmissions.org/leadership)). - **Michael Keating (Ingiriiska):** la magacaabay 23 November 2015 ([UNSOM](https://unsom.unmissions.org/leadership)). - **Nicholas Haysom (Koonfur Afrika):** la magacaabay September 2018; dowladdu waxay 1 January 2019 ku dhawaaqday inaan loo baahnayn ([The EastAfrican, January 2019](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/un-council-regrets-somalia-s-decision-to-expel-envoy-1409924)). - **James Swan (Mareykan):** la magacaabay May 2019, wuxuu joogay ilaa 2022; wuxuu ku soo laabtay ku-meel-gaar May 2024 ([QM Soomaaliya](https://somalia.un.org/en/node/24608); [Hiiraan Online, 15 May 2024](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/May/196293/former_unsom_envoy_james_swan_returns_as_acting_special_representative_for_somalia.aspx)). - **Catriona Laing (Ingiriiska):** la magacaabay 3 May 2023, waxay tagtay May 2024 ([QM, SG/A/2199](https://press.un.org/en/2023/sga2199.doc.htm)). - **Raisedon Zenenga (Zimbabwe):** ku-xigeenka iyo masuulkii UNTMIS markii la xirayay ([UNTMIS](https://untmis.unmissions.org/en/node/60)). Wuxuu 26 October 2026 Muqdisho ku hoggaamiyay xafladda xiritaanka, isagoo la jira Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeenka Saalax Axmed Jaamac ([Dawan Africa, October 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/un-political-mission-in-somalia-ends-after-30-years)). - **George Conway:** ku-xigeen, isku-duwaha QM iyo gargaarka bini'aadannimo ee Soomaaliya ([UNTMIS](https://untmis.unmissions.org/en/node/60)). Taliyihii ciidamada UNOSOM II wuxuu ahaa Jeneraal Çevik Bir oo Turki ah ([QM, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). ## Hawlgallo noocee ah ayay QM Soomaaliya ka yeelatay? - **UNOSOM I, 1992 ilaa 1993:** go'aanka 751, 24 April 1992, si loo ilaaliyo xabbad-joojinta Muqdisho ([QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **UNITAF:** ciidan uu Mareykanku hoggaaminayay, go'aanka 794, 3 December 1992; March 1993 waxay gaareen 37,000 (isla [ilo](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **UNOSOM II, 1993 ilaa 1995:** go'aanka 814, 26 March 1993. Ciidamadii ugu dambeeyay waxay baxeen 2 March 1995 ([QM, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). - **UNPOS, 1995 ilaa 2013:** Xafiiska Siyaasadda QM ee Soomaaliya, la aasaasay 15 April 1995 ([UNPOS](https://unpos.unmissions.org/en/node/5261)). - **UNSOM, 2013 ilaa 2024:** go'aanka 2102, 2 May 2013 ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/somalia.php)). - **UNSOS, laga bilaabo 2015:** go'aanka 2245, 9 November 2015 (isla [ilo](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/somalia.php)). - **UNTMIS, 2024 ilaa 2026:** go'aanka 2753, 30 October 2024 ([QM, S/RES/2753](https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/323/40/pdf/n2432340.pdf)). UNSOM waxay xafiisyo ku lahayd Muqdisho, Kismaayo, Hargeysa, Garoowe, Baydhabo iyo Beledweyne ([UNSOM](https://unsom.unmissions.org/unsom-offices)). Hay'adaha sii jooga eeg [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/). ## Maxay Golaha Ammaanku ka go'aamiyeen Soomaaliya? - **23 January 1992, go'aanka 733:** cunaqabateyn hub ([QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **24 April 1992, go'aanka 751:** UNOSOM iyo guddi la socda cunaqabateynta ([S/RES/751](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/141599/files/S_RES_751%281992%29-EN.pdf)). - **3 December 1992, go'aanka 794:** oggolaansho "dhammaan hababka lagama maarmaanka ah" si gargaarka loo gaarsiiyo ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **26 March 1993, go'aanka 814:** UNOSOM II ([S/RES/814](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/164678/files/S_RES_814%281993%29-EN.pdf)). - **4 November 1994, go'aanka 954:** muddadii ugu dambeysay ee UNOSOM II, ilaa 31 March 1995 ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). - **22 February 2012, go'aanka 2036:** ciidamada AU laga dhigay 17,731 ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/somalia.php)). - **6 March 2013, go'aanka 2093:** qayb ka mid ah cunaqabateynta hubka ayaa dowladda looga qaaday (isla [ilo](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/somalia.php)). - **1 December 2023, go'aanka 2714:** cunaqabateyntii hubka ee 1992 ayaa dowladda laga qaaday. Go'aanka 2713 wuxuu Al-Shabaab ku sii daayay cunaqabateynta ([Security Council Report, S/RES/2713](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/s-res-2713.php); [UN Project, S/RES/2714](https://un-project.org/votes/resolution/S-RES-2714(2023)/)). - **December 2023, go'aanka 2719:** hawlgallada AU waxaa 75% laga bixin karaa miisaaniyadda QM ([ISS Africa](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/two-years-on-unscr-2719-on-peace-operations-remains-at-a-crossroads)). May 2025 golaha kuma heshiin in AUSSOM lagu dabaqo ([Security Council Report, May 2025](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/05/somalia-closed-consultations-on-the-au-support-and-stabilization-mission-in-somalia-aussom.php)). - **30 October 2024, go'aanka 2753:** UNTMIS ayaa beddeshay UNSOM ([S/RES/2753](https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/323/40/pdf/n2432340.pdf)). - **27 December 2024, go'aanka 2767:** AUSSOM la ansixiyay; Mareykanku codka ka aamusay ([Stimson Center, 2025](https://www.stimson.org/2025/partnership-in-peace-operations-implementing-resolution-2719/)). - **23 December 2025, go'aanka 2809:** AUSSOM ilaa 31 December 2026, UNTMIS-na waa in la xiraa 31 October 2026 ([UN Project](https://un-project.org/votes/resolution/S-RES-2809(2025)/)). Golaha wuxuu 2008 ilaa 2021 sannad walba u oggolaaday ciidamada badda ee shisheeye inay burcad-badeedda la dagaallamaan; kii ugu dambeeyay, go'aanka 2608, wuxuu ahaa 3 December 2021 ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/somalia.php)). ## Sidee buu u dhammaaday hawlgalkii ugu dambeeyay? May 2024 wasiirka arrimaha dibadda wuxuu Golaha Ammaanka u qoray in UNSOM la joojiyo October 2024 ([The EastAfrican, May 2024](https://theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/in-surprise-move-somalia-asks-un-to-end-political-mission-4618110)). Dowladdu waxay kadib soo jeedisay muddo kala-guur ah oo laba sano ah, oo uu Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud soo jeediyay ([TRT Afrika, October 2024](https://trtafrika.com/africa/un-votes-to-end-mission-in-somalia-after-decade-18226446)). Hawlihii waxay u wareegeen hay'adaha Soomaalida iyo hay'adaha QM ([Citizen Digital](https://citizen.digital/article/un-mission-in-somalia-ends-october-31-after-successful-two-year-transition-n392798)). ## Amniga Tan iyo markii UNOSOM II baxday 1995, doorka amni ee QM wuxuu ahaa inay oggolaato hawlgallada Midowga Afrika, saadka ku siiso UNSOS, una maamusho cunaqabateynta. Eeg [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/), [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/), [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/) iyo [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay QM ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **Somaliland:** QM waxay Somaliland u aragtaa qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. Hawlgallada QM xafiis ayay Hargeysa ku lahaayeen ([UNSOM](https://unsom.unmissions.org/unsom-offices)). - **Aqoonsiga Israa'iil:** kadib markii Israa'iil aqoonsatay Somaliland 26 December 2025, Golaha Ammaanku wuxuu shir yeeshay 29 December 2025, codsi Soomaaliya ([QM, SC/16270](https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc16270.doc.htm)). 14 ka mid ah 15-ka xubnood ayaa dhaleeceeyay; Mareykanku wuxuu sheegay in siyaasaddiisa Soomaaliya aysan isbeddelin ([Al Jazeera, 30 December 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/30/un-security-council-members-condemn-israels-recognition-of-somaliland)). Go'aan lama ansixin ([UN Project, S/PV.10084](https://un-project.org/meeting/S-PV-10084/)). - **Dowlad-goboleedyada:** UNSOM waxay xafiisyo ku lahayd Garoowe, Kismaayo, Baydhabo iyo Beledweyne ([UNSOM](https://unsom.unmissions.org/unsom-offices)). ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? - **1993:** 5 June 1993 waxaa la dilay 25 askari oo Pakistani ah, 3 October 1993-na 18 askari oo Mareykan ah ([QM, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). - **2019:** Haysom wuxuu su'aal ka keenay xariggii Mukhtaar Roobow. Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda waxay tiri "looma baahna, kamana shaqayn karo dalkan" ([The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/un-council-regrets-somalia-s-decision-to-expel-envoy-1409924)). Xoghayaha Guud Guterres wuxuu sheegay inuu "kalsooni buuxda" ku qabo Haysom ([UN News](https://news.un.org/en/node/1029842)). - **Maalgelinta AUSSOM:** Golaha kuma heshiin 2025 in go'aanka 2719 lagu maalgeliyo AUSSOM ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/05/somalia-closed-consultations-on-the-au-support-and-stabilization-mission-in-somalia-aussom.php)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/) - [Maamulkii QM, 1950 ilaa 1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/) - [Faragelintii QM, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Cunaqabateynta hubka, 1992 ilaa 2023](/so/history/un-arms-embargo-1992-2023/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrika](/so/relations/african-union/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Ingiriiska Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/united-kingdom/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Ingiriisku wuxuu xukumayay Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska laga soo bilaabo heshiisyadii 1884–1886 ilaa 26 Juun 1960, safaarad buuna ku leeyahay Muqdisho tan iyo 25 Abriil 2013. Ingiriisku wuxuu London ku qabtay shirarkii Soomaaliya ee 2012, 2013 iyo 2017, wuxuuna Soomaaliya la saxeexday iskaashi istaraatiiji ah 21 Nofembar 2023. Ganacsiga labada dal wuxuu ahaa £56 milyan sannadkii ku egaa Juun 2026. ## Sidee xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Ingiriisku maanta yahay? Labada dalba safaarado ayay isku leeyihiin. Ingiriisku wuxuu safaaraddiisa Muqdisho dib u furay 25 Abriil 2013, 22 sano kadib markii uu ka daad-gureeyay ([GOV.UK, 25 Abriil 2013](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-opens-new-british-embassy-in-mogadishu)). Soomaaliya waxay safaaraddeeda London dib u furtay Febraayo 2023 ([The Star, 12 Febraayo 2023](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-02-12-somalia-reopens-uk-embassy-after-32-years)). Labada dowladood waxay London ku saxeexdeen Iskaashiga Istaraatiijiga ah ee Ingiriiska iyo Soomaaliya 21 Nofembar 2023 ([GOV.UK](https://gov.uk/government/publications/somalia-uk-strategic-partnership-communique)). Wuxuu daboolayaa dhisidda dowladnimada, amniga, la dagaallanka argagixisada, horumarka dhaqaalaha, horumarka bulshada iyo isbeddelka cimilada ([GOV.UK](https://gov.uk/government/publications/somalia-uk-strategic-partnership-communique)). Waxaa la isku raacay wadahadal sannadle ah iyo dib-u-eegis laba jeer sannadkii ([SONNA, 22 Nofembar 2023](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-and-uk-strengthen-ties-with-strategic-partnership-focused-on-governance-security-and-economic-growth)). Tirooyinka muhiimka ah: - **Ganacsi:** £56 milyan sannadkii ku egaa Juun 2026; dhoofinta Ingiriiska £27 milyan, soo dejintuna £29 milyan ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga UK, 6 Nofembar 2026](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6ab2536afceb6fb3a6500f8a/somalia-trade-and-investment-factsheet-2026-09-24.pdf)). - **Gargaar:** miisaaniyad £71.06 milyan ah sannadka 2026/27, oo ku baahsan 15 barnaamij ([FCDO DevTracker](https://devtracker.fcdo.gov.uk/countries/SO)). - **Qaramada Midoobay:** Ingiriisku waa dalka qoraya go'aannada Golaha Ammaanka ee Soomaaliya ([Security Council Report, Diseembar 2025](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/12/somalia-vote-on-aussom-mandate-renewal.php?print=true)). ## Goormaa xiriirku bilowday? Bishii Febraayo 1884 sarkaal Ingiriis ah oo la yiraahdo Major A. Hunter ayaa Berbera yimid si uu heshiisyo saaxiibtinimo iyo ilaalin ah ula galo beelaha Soomaalida. Wuxuu ku dhisay ku-xigeenno qunsul Berbera, Bulaxaar iyo Saylac ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Heshiisyadaas waxaa lagu faahfaahiyay boggeena [Heshiisyadii gumeysiga, 1884–1897](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). Ingiriisku wuxuu waqooyiga u maamulayay sidii Maxmiyadda Somaliland ilaa 1960; eeg [Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska, 1884–1960](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/). Kismaayo waxay Ingiriiska ku hoos jirtay maxmiyaddii Zanzibar, waxaana Talyaaniga loo wareejiyay 1925 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Laga bilaabo 1941 ilaa 1950 Ingiriisku wuxuu kaloo maamulayay koonfurta, kahor [Wisaayaddii QM, 1950–1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/). Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska waxay xorowday 26 Juun 1960, waxayna koonfurta ku biirtay 1 Luulyo 1960 ([Golaha Hoose ee UK, 25 Luulyo 1960](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence)). T. E. Bromley wuxuu 1 Luulyo 1960 warqadihiisa u gudbiyay sidii safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Ingiriiska ([Hansard, 25 Luulyo 1960](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence)). Qiyaastii 1,500 oo Soomaali ah oo Ingiriiska degganaa ayaa xorriyadda kadib noqday ajaanib ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence)). ## Maxay Soomaaliya 1963 xiriirka ugu jartay Ingiriiska? 18 Maarso 1963 Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya wuxuu safiirka Ingiriiska u dhiibay warqad xiriirka lagu jarayo ([Hansard, 25 Maarso 1963](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/mar/25/somali-republic-diplomatic-relations)). Sababtu waxay ahayd go'aankii Ingiriiska ee qaybta bari ee Gobolka Waqooyi Bari (NFD) looga dhigay Gobol Toddobaad oo Kenya ka tirsan ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/mar/25/somali-republic-diplomatic-relations)). 1965 Ingiriisku wuxuu sheegay inuu diyaar u yahay in xiriirka la soo celiyo shuruud la'aan ([Hansard, 10 Maajo 1965](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1965/may/10/somalia-diplomatic-relations)). Xiriirka waxaa dib loo soo celiyay 5 Janaayo 1968, xilligii Ra'iisul Wasaare Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal ([Hansard, 22 Janaayo 1968](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jan/22/somali-republic-diplomatic-relations)). Kadib Ingiriisku wuxuu bixinayay gargaar farsamo oo gaaraya £200,000 sannadkii iyo £60,000 sannadkii oo loogu talagalay hawlgabka shaqaalihii maxmiyadda ([Hansard, 1 Abriil 1969](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/apr/01/somali-republic)). Safaaradda Ingiriiska ee Muqdisho waxaa laga daad-gureeyay 6 Janaayo 1991. 21 sano Ingiriisku wuxuu Soomaaliya kala xiriirayay Nairobi ([GOV.UK, 25 Abriil 2013](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-opens-new-british-embassy-in-mogadishu)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirrada Ingiriiska ee Soomaaliya: - **T. E. Bromley**, 1 Luulyo 1960 ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence)). - **Xiriir ma jirin**, 18 Maarso 1963 ilaa 5 Janaayo 1968 ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jan/22/somali-republic-diplomatic-relations)). - **Matt Baugh**, 2012–2013, kii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1991; Nairobi ayuu ka shaqeynayay ([The World, 2 Febraayo 2012](https://theworld.org/stories/2012-02-02/somalia-british-foreign-secretary-william-hague-visits-mogadishu)). - **Neil Wigan**, laga bilaabo Juun 2013 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-her-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia)). - **Harriet Mathews**, ilaa Janaayo 2017 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-her-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia--3)). - **David Concar**, Janaayo 2017 ilaa Febraayo 2019 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-her-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia--3)). - **Ben Fender**, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2019 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-her-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia-february-2019)). - **Kate Foster**, ilaa Maajo 2023 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-his-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia-michael-nithavrianakis)). - **Michael Nithavrianakis**, Maajo 2023 ilaa Maajo 2025 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-his-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia-michael-nithavrianakis)). - **Charles King**, laga bilaabo Maajo 2025 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-his-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia-charles-king)). Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee London: - **Cabdulqaadir Axmed Kheyr**, markii safaaradda dib loo furay 2023 ([The Star](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-02-12-somalia-reopens-uk-embassy-after-32-years)). - **Cabdulqaadir Cabdi Xaashi**, laga bilaabo Janaayo 2025; wuxuu kaloo wakiil ka yahay Ururka Badaha Adduunka (IMO) ([Diplomat Magazine](https://features.diplomatmagazine.com/ambassador-of-somalia/)). Safaaradda Ingiriiska waxay ku taallaa garoonka Muqdisho, dhul ay dowladda federaalku kiraysay ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-opens-new-british-embassy-in-mogadishu)). Ingiriisku xafiis buu kaloo ku leeyahay Hargeysa ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-president-meets-uk-and-eu-ambassadors)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Major A. Hunter**: sarkaalkii heshiisyadii ugu horreeyay ku saxeexay Berbera 1884 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). - **T. E. Bromley**: safiirkii ugu horreeyay, 1960 ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence)). - **Edward Heath**: wasiirkii baarlamaanka uga jawaabay go'itaankii 1963 ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/mar/25/somali-republic-diplomatic-relations)). - **Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal**: Ra'iisul Wasaarihii markii xiriirka dib loo soo celiyay 1968 ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jan/22/somali-republic-diplomatic-relations)). - **George Brown**: Wasiirkii Arrimaha Dibadda ee ku dhawaaqay soo celinta xiriirka ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1968/jan/22/somali-republic-diplomatic-relations)). - **William Hague**: Wasiirkii Arrimaha Dibadda ee booqday Muqdisho 2 Febraayo 2012, furayna safaaradda 25 Abriil 2013 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/2/2/british-fm-in-surprise-visit-to-mogadishu); [GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-opens-new-british-embassy-in-mogadishu)). - **David Cameron**: Ra'iisul Wasaarihii martigeliyay shirkii 2012, wadana martigeliyay shirkii 2013 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-opens-new-british-embassy-in-mogadishu)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**: Madaxweynihii wada martigeliyay shirkii 2013, London-na joogay 2023 ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/eastleigh/3838/uk-commits-over-100-million-in-investment-for-somalia)). - **Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Priti Patel iyo Michael Fallon**: hoggaamiyeyaashii shirkii 11 Maajo 2017 ([GOV.UK](https://gov.uk/government/news/conclusion-of-the-london-somalia-conference)). - **Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo**: Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya ee shirkii 2017 ([GOV.UK](https://gov.uk/government/news/conclusion-of-the-london-somalia-conference)). - **Andrew Mitchell**: Wasiirkii Horumarinta iyo Afrika ee iskaashigii 2023 ([EMPHNET](https://epinews.emphnet.net/en/news/uk-unicef-and-federal-government-of-somalia-launch-flagship-programme-to-improve-health-and-nutrition-for-somali-women-and-children)). - **Kirsty McNeill**: Wasiirka Horumarinta iyo Afrika, booqasho Muqdisho 26 Ogost 2026 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/uk-minister-ties-future-support-for-somalia-to-dialogue-and-security-transition)). - **James Kariuki**: ku-simaha Ingiriiska ee QM, 29 Diseembar 2025 ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-united-kingdom-reaffirms-its-support-for-the-sovereignty-territorial-integrity-political-independence-and-unity-of-somalia-uk-statement-at-the--2)). - **Mo Farah**: orodyahan Ingiriis-Soomaali ah oo joogay furitaankii safaaradda Soomaaliya 2023 ([The Star](https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2023-02-12-somalia-reopens-uk-embassy-after-32-years)). ## Heshiisyo iyo shirar noocee ah ayaa jira? - **1884–1886:** heshiisyo saaxiibtinimo iyo ilaalin; eeg [heshiisyadii gumeysiga](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/). - **26 Juun 1960:** xorriyadda Dawladda Somaliland ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/25/somaliland-independence)). - **23 Febraayo 2012, Shirka London:** 55 wafdi ayaa ku kulmay Lancaster House ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/london-conference-on-somalia-communique--2)). Wuxuu taageeray dhammaadka xilliga ku-meel-gaarka iyo la dagaallanka burcad-badeedda ([AP](https://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/23/nations-pledge-help-demand-progress-somalia/)). - **7 Maajo 2013, Shirka Soomaaliya:** Ingiriiska iyo Soomaaliya ayaa wada martigeliyay, 54 shariig ayaa ka qaybgalay ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/somalia-conference-2013-communique)). In ka badan $300 milyan ayaa loo ballanqaaday amniga, garsoorka iyo maaliyadda ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/somalia-conference-7-may-2013-key-outcomes)). - **11 Maajo 2017, Shirka London:** waxaa la ansixiyay Heshiiska Amniga iyo Iskaashi Cusub ([GOV.UK](https://gov.uk/government/news/conclusion-of-the-london-somalia-conference)). Heshiiska Amniga wuxuu qorayaa inaanu ahayn heshiis sharci ahaan qasab ah ([qoraalka heshiiska](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/613720/london-somalia-conference-2017-security-pact.pdf)). - **21 Nofembar 2023:** Iskaashiga Istaraatiijiga ah, London ([GOV.UK](https://gov.uk/government/publications/somalia-uk-strategic-partnership-communique)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee is booqday? - **2 Febraayo 2012:** William Hague wuxuu Muqdisho kula kulmay Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/british-foreign-secretary-visits-mogadishu-138575199/151471.html)). - **25 Abriil 2013:** Hague iyo Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh ayaa furay safaaradda ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-opens-new-british-embassy-in-mogadishu)). - **Maajo 2013:** Xasan Sheekh wuxuu London u tegay shirka ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/donors-pledge-millions-at-london-somalia-conference/1656791.html)). - **Maajo 2017:** Madaxweyne Farmaajo wuxuu London u tegay shirka ([GOV.UK](https://gov.uk/government/news/conclusion-of-the-london-somalia-conference)). - **Nofembar 2023:** Xasan Sheekh wuxuu London u tegay Shirka Amniga Cuntada iyo saxiixa iskaashiga ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-president-and-uk-prime-minister-to-co-host-global-food-security-summit-in-london)). - **Febraayo 2026:** Madaxweynaha wuxuu Muqdisho ku qaabilay wafdi sare oo Ingiriis ah ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602130065.html)). - **26 Ogost 2026:** Wasiir Kirsty McNeill ayaa Madaxweynaha kula kulantay Muqdisho ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/uk-minister-ties-future-support-for-somalia-to-dialogue-and-security-transition)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. Wadarta ganacsiga sannadkii ku egaa Juun 2026 waxay ahayd £56 milyan, oo hoos u dhac 16.4% ah; Soomaaliya waa shariigga 172aad ee ganacsiga Ingiriiska ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga UK](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6ab2536afceb6fb3a6500f8a/somalia-trade-and-investment-factsheet-2026-09-24.pdf)). Wax-soo-dejinta Ingiriiska ee Soomaaliya ku dhowaad dhammaan waa adeegyo ([isla xogtaas](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6ab2536afceb6fb3a6500f8a/somalia-trade-and-investment-factsheet-2026-09-24.pdf)). Wadarta sannadkiiba (£ milyan): 2016: 80; 2017: 114; 2019: 79; 2021: 114; 2023: 46; 2024: 47; 2025: 70 ([Wasaaradda Ganacsiga UK](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6ab2536afceb6fb3a6500f8a/somalia-trade-and-investment-factsheet-2026-09-24.pdf)). Alaabta ugu badan ee Ingiriisku dhoofiyo waa daawo (£6.6 milyan) iyo cunto (£1.6 milyan) ([isla xogtaas](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6ab2536afceb6fb3a6500f8a/somalia-trade-and-investment-factsheet-2026-09-24.pdf)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Gargaarka Ingiriiska ee Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa £232 milyan 2020 iyo £101 milyan 2021 ([Bond, Maajo 2023](https://www.bond.org.uk/press-releases/2023/05/the-pledges-fall-incredibly-short-of-what-is-needed-uk-pledges-143m-for-east-africa-bond-reacts/)). FCDO waxay bixisay £76.4 milyan 2022/23, miisaaniyadduna waxay ahayd £90.1 milyan 2023/24 iyo £135 milyan oo la qorsheeyay 2024/25 ([FCDO, 17 Luulyo 2023](https://gov.uk/government/publications/uk-somalia-development-partnership-summary/7676600e-d2af-45a6-af7b-16e8f36d84da)). 69% kharashka 2022/23 wuxuu ahaa gargaar bini'aadannimo ([FCDO](https://gov.uk/government/publications/uk-somalia-development-partnership-summary/7676600e-d2af-45a6-af7b-16e8f36d84da)). Bond waxay sheegtay in gargaarka Soomaaliya la dhimay 27% sannadka 2025/26 ([Bond, Luulyo 2025](https://www.bond.org.uk/news/2025/07/fcdo-annual-report-2025-paints-a-bleak-picture-for-the-communities-who-need-the-most-help/)). Miisaaniyadda 2026/27 waa £71.06 milyan ([DevTracker](https://devtracker.fcdo.gov.uk/countries/SO)). Ingiriisku wuxuu sheegay inuu 2025 gaadhay in ka badan 950,000 qof ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/uk-minister-ties-future-support-for-somalia-to-dialogue-and-security-transition)). ## Amniga ka warran? Ingiriisku wuxuu maalgeliyay xarun tababar oo ciidanka xoogga dalka ah oo Baydhabo laga furay 2019, kuna tababari karta 120 askari mar ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-opens-new-training-centre-for-the-somali-national-army-in-baidoa)). 2017 qiyaastii 70 askari oo Ingiriis ah ayaa taageerayay ciidanka Soomaaliya ([GOV.UK](https://gov.uk/government/news/conclusion-of-the-london-somalia-conference)). Ogost 2026 Ingiriisku wuxuu ballanqaaday taageero aan hub ahayn oo dheeraad ah oo loo marinayo UNSOS ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/uk-minister-ties-future-support-for-somalia-to-dialogue-and-security-transition)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Ingiriisku ula macaamilaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Ingiriisku ma aqoonsana xorriyadda Somaliland, wuxuuna sheegay in isbeddel kasta uu yimaado heshiis Muqdisho iyo Hargeysa ([GOV.UK, 29 Diseembar 2025](https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-united-kingdom-reaffirms-its-support-for-the-sovereignty-territorial-integrity-political-independence-and-unity-of-somalia-uk-statement-at-the--2)). Taas wuxuu ku celiyay kadib markii Israa'iil aqoonsatay Somaliland 26 Diseembar 2025 ([NTV Kenya](https://ntvkenya.co.ke/news/uk-refuses-to-recognise-somaliland-as-independent-state/)). 2023 FCDO waxay sheegtay in Ingiriisku yahay dalka kaliya ee reer Galbeed ah ee joogitaan joogto ah ku leh Somaliland, iyadoo xustay Sanduuqa Horumarinta Somaliland iyo Waddada Berbera ([FCDO](https://gov.uk/government/publications/uk-somalia-development-partnership-summary/7676600e-d2af-45a6-af7b-16e8f36d84da)). Safiir Charles King wuxuu Hargeysa kula kulmay Madaxweyne Cabdiraxmaan Cirro Nofembar 2025 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-president-meets-uk-and-eu-ambassadors)). Shirkadda maalgashiga dowladda Ingiriiska, British International Investment, waxay qayb yar ku leedahay dekedda Berbera, iyadoo la wadaagta DP World iyo dowladda Somaliland ([Middle East Eye, 9 Janaayo 2026](https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uk-government-co-owns-somaliland-port-spotlight-over-horn-africa-crisis)). Waxay ku biirtay 2022, iyadoo $320 milyan ugu horreyn u ballanqaaday dekedaha Berbera, Sokhna iyo Dakar ([Middle East Eye](https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uk-government-co-owns-somaliland-port-spotlight-over-horn-africa-crisis)). Daraasad FCDO ayaa sheegtay in ku dhowaad 2,500 shaqo la abuuray ([Middle East Eye](https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uk-government-co-owns-somaliland-port-spotlight-over-horn-africa-crisis)). Puntland: King wuxuu Garoowe booqday Luulyo 2025, kulana kulmay Madaxweyne Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni, iyagoo ka wada hadlay hawlgallada ka dhanka ah Daacish ee buuraha Calmiskaad ([Horseed Media](https://horseedmedia.net/british-ambassador-visits-garowe-to-strengthen-somalia-uk-ties/408565/); [Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/puntland-president-and-uk-ambassador-discuss-security-cooperation-against-isis)). Safiiraddii hore Harriet Mathews waxay booqday Baydhabo, Kismaayo iyo Garoowe ([GOV.UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-ambassador-to-somalia-meets-key-regional-stakeholders)). ## Muran ma dhacay? - **1963–1968:** Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay arrinta NFD. Ingiriisku wuxuu yiri go'aanku kama dambays ma aha; Soomaaliyana kama dambays bay u aragtay ([Hansard](https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/mar/25/somali-republic-diplomatic-relations)). - **2026:** Ingiriisku wuxuu taageerada mustaqbalka ku xiray horumarka wadahadalka siyaasadeed iyo wareejinta amniga ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/uk-minister-ties-future-support-for-somalia-to-dialogue-and-security-transition)). Kadib markii wadahadalladii federaalku ku dhammaadeen heshiis la'aan Febraayo 2026, safaaradda Ingiriisku waxay ku baaqday is-tanaasul ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602240597.html)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa Ingiriiska ku nool? Tirakoobkii 2021 wuxuu England iyo Wales ku tiriyay 108,921 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay iyo 176,645 qof oo isku tilmaamay Soomaali ([ONS](https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021)). Eeg [Soomaalida Ingiriiska](/en/diaspora/united-kingdom/). ## Halkee Ingiriisku ka taagan yahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Ingiriisku wuxuu qoray Go'aanka 2809 ee 23 Diseembar 2025, kaas oo howlgalka AUSSOM u kordhiyay ilaa 31 Diseembar 2026 ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/12/somalia-vote-on-aussom-mandate-renewal.php?print=true)). Wuxuu kaloo qoray Go'aanka 2806 ee 12 Diseembar 2025 ee cunaqabateynta Al-Shabaab ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/12/al-shabaab-sanctions-vote-on-a-draft-resolution-renewing-the-sanctions-regime.php)). Ingiriisku ciidan uma diro howlgalka AU, laakiin wuxuu taageero aan hub ahayn ku bixiyaa UNSOS ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/uk-minister-ties-future-support-for-somalia-to-dialogue-and-security-transition)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska, 1884–1960](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/) - [Heshiisyadii gumeysiga, 1884–1897](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/) - [Xorriyadda iyo midowga, 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/) - [NFD, 1962–1967](/so/history/northern-frontier-district-1962-1967/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaalida Ingiriiska](/en/diaspora/united-kingdom/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Mareykanka Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/united-states/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Mareykanku wuxuu aqoonsaday Soomaaliya 1 Luulyo 1960, wuxuu xiray safaaraddiisa Muqdisho 5 Janaayo 1991, wuxuu aqoonsaday Dowladda Federaalka 17 Janaayo 2013, wuxuuna dib u furay xafiis joogto ah Diseembar 2018. Gargaarka Mareykanka wuxuu gaaray ku dhawaad US$1.18 bilyan sannadkii 2023, wuxuuna hoos ugu dhacay US$212 milyan 2025. Sannadka 2026 Washington weli waxay aqoonsan tahay xuduudaha Soomaaliya ee 1960, oo Somaliland ku jirto. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Mareykanku xiriir u yihiin maanta? Labada dal waxay leeyihiin xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo buuxa. Safaaradda Mareykanku waxay ku taal gudaha xerada garoonka diyaaradaha ee Muqdisho ([Congressional Research Service, 21 Luulyo 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). Safaaradda Soomaaliya waxay ku taal 1609 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Mareykanka](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=11590)). Jagada safiirka Mareykanka way bannaan tahay tan iyo markii Richard H. Riley dib loogu yeeray Diseembar 2025 ([Mogadishu Times, 23 Diseembar 2025](https://mogtimes.com/articles/65428/US-Ambassador-to-Somalia-among-career-diplomats-recalled-in-Trump-shake-up)). Justin Davis ayaa safaaradda hoggaaminayay tan iyo Janaayo 2026 ([Streamline Feed, 15 Sebtembar 2026](https://streamlinefeed.co.ke/news/trump-nominates-career-diplomat-devin-kennington-as-somalia-ambassador)). 14 Sebtembar 2026 Aqalka Cad wuxuu Golaha Guurtida u gudbiyay magacaabista Devin Kennington ([Horn Diplomat/AllAfrica, 15 Sebtembar 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202609160061.html)). Xiriirka 2026 wuxuu leeyahay saddex qaybood oo waaweyn: - **Amniga:** Mareykanku wuxuu Soomaaliya ka fuliyay in ka badan 130 duqeyn cirka ah 2025, iyo ku dhawaad 70 lixdii bilood ee ugu horreeyay 2026 ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). - **Gargaarka:** lacagta Mareykanku u qoondeeyay Soomaaliya waxay ka dhacday US$1,181 milyan 2023 ilaa US$212 milyan 2025 ([ForeignAssistance.gov](https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.explorer.devtechlab.com/us_foreign_aid_country.csv)). - **Socdaalka:** muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed waa laga mamnuucay inay galaan Mareykanka tan iyo 9 Juun 2025, sharciga ilaalinta ku-meel-gaarka ah (TPS) ee Soomaalidana wuxuu dhammaaday 14 Agoosto 2026 ([Holland & Knight, 5 Juun 2025](https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/06/president-trump-issues-new-travel-ban-19-countries-face-restrictions); [Dawan Africa, 19 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/us-court-clears-way-to-end-tps-for-somalia-affecting-nearly-1100-people)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Qunsuliyad guud oo Mareykan ah ayaa Muqdisho ka shaqaynaysay xorriyadda ka hor. 1 Luulyo 1960 waxaa loo beddelay safaarad, waxaana madax u ahaa Andrew G. Lynch ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka](https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia)). Isla maalintaas Madaxweyne Dwight Eisenhower wuxuu hambalyo u diray Madaxweyne Aadan Cabdulle Cismaan, taas oo ahayd aqoonsiga Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia)). Gargaarka Mareykanku wuxuu bilowday xorriyadda ka hor: US$0.7 milyan 1954 iyo US$15.1 milyan 1962 ([ForeignAssistance.gov](https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.explorer.devtechlab.com/us_foreign_aid_country.csv)). Afgambigii 1969 kadib Soomaaliya waxay la safatay Midowgii Soofiyeeti ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=11590)). Xiriirku wuu soo hagaagay 1977, markii Soofiyeetigu taageeray Itoobiya dagaalkii Ogaadeenka ([Library of Congress Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). Heshiis 1980 ayaa ciidamada Mareykanka siiyay isticmaalka dekedaha iyo garoomada Berbera, Kismaayo iyo Muqdisho, iyadoo lagu beddelanayo gargaar milateri iyo dhaqaale ([Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). Warbixinnadii xilligaas waxay sheegeen US$42 milyan oo laba sano ah ([Christian Science Monitor, 3 Sebtembar 1980](https://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/amphtml/1980/0903/090349.html)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Madaxda ergada Mareykanka ee Soomaaliya, sida ku qoran liiska Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/somalia)): - **Andrew G. Lynch:** 1 Luulyo 1960 ilaa 7 Maajo 1962. - **Horace G. Torbert Jr.:** 31 Janaayo 1963 ilaa 29 Agoosto 1965. - **Raymond L. Thurston:** 23 Nofembar 1965 ilaa 15 Diseembar 1968. - **Fred L. Hadsel:** 28 Juun 1969 ilaa 18 Luulyo 1971. - **Matthew J. Looram Jr.:** 13 Maarso 1972 ilaa 5 Luulyo 1973. - **Roger Kirk:** 8 Oktoobar 1973 ilaa 20 Febraayo 1975. - **John L. Loughran:** 13 Agoosto 1975 ilaa 5 Nofembar 1978. - **Donald K. Petterson:** 8 Diseembar 1978 ilaa 30 Diseembar 1982. - **Robert B. Oakley:** 26 Janaayo 1983 ilaa 12 Agoosto 1984. - **Peter S. Bridges:** 19 Diseembar 1984 ilaa 14 Maajo 1986. - **Trusten F. Crigler:** 3 Juun 1987 ilaa 1 Abriil 1990. - **James K. Bishop:** 19 Sebtembar 1990 ilaa 5 Janaayo 1991, markii safaaradda la xiray. - **Katherine S. Dhanani:** la magacaabay 25 Febraayo 2015; magacaabista waa la laalay 11 Maajo 2015. - **Stephen M. Schwartz:** 9 Agoosto 2016 ilaa 21 Luulyo 2017, safiirkii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1991. - **Martin Dale:** ku-simaha, 21 Luulyo 2017 ilaa 13 Nofembar 2018. - **Donald Y. Yamamoto:** laga bilaabo 17 Nofembar 2018. Safiirradii xigay: - **Larry André Jr.:** wuxuu yimid Janaayo 2022 ([Garowe Online, 30 Maarso 2023](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/us-president-joe-biden-appoints-new-ambassador-to-somalia)). - **Richard H. Riley IV:** warqadaha aqoonsiga wuxuu u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud Juun 2024 ([Villa Somalia, 22 Juun 2024](https://villasomalia.gov.so/president-hassan-sheikh-receives-new-u-s-ambassador-to-somalia/)); dib ayaa loogu yeeray Diseembar 2025 ([Horn Diplomat/AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202609160061.html)). - **Justin Davis:** ku-simaha tan iyo Janaayo 2026 ([Streamline Feed](https://streamlinefeed.co.ke/news/trump-nominates-career-diplomat-devin-kennington-as-somalia-ambassador)). - **Devin Kennington:** la magacaabay 14 Sebtembar 2026; 2023–24 wuxuu ahaa ku-xigeenka ku-simaha ergada Muqdisho ([Horn Diplomat/AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202609160061.html)). Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee Washington tan iyo 2014: - **Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke:** safiir ahaa ka hor intuusan noqon ra'iisul wasaare; safiirkii ugu horreeyay muddo labaatan sano ka badan ([Garowe Online, 18 Sebtembar 2015](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/new-somalia-ambassador-presents-credentials-to-obama)). - **Axmed Ciise Cawad:** warqadaha wuxuu u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Barack Obama Sebtembar 2015 ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/new-somalia-ambassador-presents-credentials-to-obama)). - **Cali Shariif Axmed:** wuxuu u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Donald Trump 16 Sebtembar 2019 ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2019/Sept/165541/ambassador_ali_sharif_ahmed_presented_his_credentials_to_president_donald_trump.aspx)). - **Daahir Xasan Cabdi:** wuxuu u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Joe Biden 18 Sebtembar 2024 ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=8980)); Juun 2026 wuxuu sidoo kale noqday safiirka Kanada ([Shabelle/AllAfrica, 25 Juun 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202606250354.html)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Dwight Eisenhower**, madaxweynihii Mareykanka, wuxuu aqoonsaday Jamhuuriyadda 1 Luulyo 1960 ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia)). - **Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke**, ra'iisul wasaarihii, wuxuu Washington ku martiyay 27–29 Nofembar 1962 ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka, booqashooyinka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)). - **Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal**, ra'iisul wasaarihii, wuxuu booqasho rasmi ah sameeyay 14–16 Maarso 1968 ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)). - **Maxamed Siyaad Barre**, madaxweynihii, wuxuu booqasho shaqo sameeyay 9–14 Maarso 1982 ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)). - **Hillary Clinton**, xoghayihii arrimaha dibadda, waxay ku dhawaaqday aqoonsiga dowladda Soomaaliya 17 Janaayo 2013 ([VOA/GlobalSecurity](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2013/01/mil-130117-voa13.htm)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, madaxweynaha, wuxuu helay aqoonsiga 2013, wuxuuna ka qayb galay shirarka Mareykanka iyo Afrika ee 2014 iyo 2022 ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)). - **John Kerry**, xoghayihii arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu noqday kii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya booqda, 5 Maajo 2015 ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/secretary/somalia)). - **Donald Yamamoto**, safiirka, wuxuu Muqdisho ka furay ergada joogtada ah Diseembar 2018 ([Al Jazeera, 5 Diseembar 2018](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/reopens-permanent-diplomatic-mission-somalia-181205084151621.html)). - **Richard Riley** iyo **Bihi Egeh**, wasiirka maaliyadda, waxay saxiixeen cafiska US$1.14 bilyan oo deyn ah 5 Nofembar 2024 ([AFP/EWN](https://ewn.co.za/2024/11/05/us-writes-off-over-1-billion-of-somalia-debt)). - **Ted Cruz**, senator, wuxuu 14 Agoosto 2025 Madaxweyne Trump ka codsaday inuu aqoonsado Somaliland ([Xafiiska Senator Cruz](https://www.cruz.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sen-cruz-calls-for-us-recognition-of-somaliland)). - **Scott Perry**, xildhibaan, wuxuu 12 Juun 2025 soo gudbiyay sharciga H.R. 3992 ee aqoonsiga Somaliland ([Congress.gov](https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr3992/BILLS-119hr3992ih.htm)). - **Cali Maxamed Cumar Balcad**, wasiiru dowlaha arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu Febraayo 2026 soo jeediyay in dib loo cusboonaysiiyo heshiiskii 1980 ([Shabelle/AllAfrica, 24 Febraayo 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602240595.html)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **1980:** heshiis u oggolaanaya ciidamada Mareykanka dekedaha iyo garoomada Berbera, Kismaayo iyo Muqdisho ([Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)); qoraalkiisu waa qarsoodi ([Christian Science Monitor](https://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/amphtml/1980/0903/090349.html)). - **17 Janaayo 2013:** is-weydaarsi warqado diblomaasiyadeed oo lagu aqoonsaday Dowladda Federaalka ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/1/17/us-to-recognise-somali-government)). - **5 Nofembar 2024:** heshiis lagu cafiyay US$1.14 bilyan oo deyn ah ([AFP/EWN](https://ewn.co.za/2024/11/05/us-writes-off-over-1-billion-of-somalia-debt)). Labada dal ma laha heshiis ganacsi ([Xafiiska Wakiilka Ganacsiga Mareykanka](https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/somalia)). ## Madaxdee ayaa is booqday? Madaxda Soomaaliyeed ee Mareykanka booqatay ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)): - **27–29 Nofembar 1962:** Ra'iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke. - **14–16 Maarso 1968:** Ra'iisul Wasaare Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal; booqasho gaar ah 6 Oktoobar 1969. - **11 Oktoobar 1974:** Madaxweyne Maxamed Siyaad Barre, booqasho gaar ah. - **9–14 Maarso 1982:** Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre, booqasho shaqo. - **17 Janaayo 2013:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ([VOA/GlobalSecurity](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2013/01/mil-130117-voa13.htm)). - **5–6 Agoosto 2014 iyo 13–15 Diseembar 2022:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh, shirarka Mareykanka iyo Afrika. - **Sebtembar 2025:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh, Golaha Guud ee QM iyo kulamo lala yeeshay saraakiil Mareykan ah ([Shabelle/AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202509290046.html)). Madaxda Mareykanka ee Soomaaliya timid: - **31 Diseembar 1992 ilaa 2 Janaayo 1993:** Madaxweyne George H. W. Bush wuxuu tagay Muqdisho, Baydhabo iyo Balidoogle ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/somalia)). - **5–6 Maajo 2015:** Xoghayaha John Kerry wuxuu Muqdisho kula kulmay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh, Ra'iisul Wasaare Cumar Cabdirashiid iyo madaxda maamullada ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/secretary/somalia)). ## Intee le'eg ayay is dhaafsadaan ganacsi? Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. 2025 alaabta Mareykanku u dhoofiyay Soomaaliya waxay ahayd US$49.7 milyan, tan uu ka keenayna US$0.7 milyan ([USTR](https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/somalia)). Ganacsiga adeegyadu wuxuu ahaa US$120 milyan 2025 ([USTR](https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/somalia)). Mareykanku wuxuu u dhoofiyaa digir, hadhuudh, cunto la dubay iyo mashiinno; wuxuu ka keenaa inta badan dhagxaan qaali ah ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=11590)). Soomaaliya kuma jirto barnaamijka AGOA ([USTR](https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/somalia)). ### Xawaaladaha iyo bangiyada - **7 Nofembar 2001:** Wasaaradda Maaliyadda Mareykanku waxay xannibtay shabakadda xawaaladda al-Barakaat ([Federal Register, 19 Maarso 2002](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2002-03-19/pdf/02-3291.pdf)). Laba shirkadood iyo hal qof oo Barakaat ah ayaa liiska laga saaray 3 Nofembar 2009 ([The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/us-lifts-sanctions-on-somali-group-of-companies-1436786)). - **2011:** bangiga Sunrise Community Banks ee Minnesota wuxuu xiray xisaabaadka xawaaladaha Soomaalida ([MinnPost, 2015](https://www.minnpost.com/community-sketchbook/2015/02/banks-decision-end-wire-transfers-leaves-twin-cities-immigrant-communit/)). - **6 Febraayo 2015:** Merchants Bank of California, oo qaadi jiray 60 ilaa 80 boqolkiiba lacagta Soomaaliya loo diro, wuxuu joojiyay xiriirkii shirkadaha xawaaladda ([VOA, 2015](https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/somalis-unable-to-send-money-home-from-united-states/2643069.html)). - **9 Janaayo 2026:** Wasaaradda Maaliyaddu waxay amar ku bixisay in bangiyada iyo xawaaladaha degmooyinka Hennepin iyo Ramsey ee Minnesota ay soo sheegaan lacag kasta oo ka badan US$3,000 oo dibadda loo diro ([Fox 9](https://www.fox9.com/news/treasury-department-foreign-transactions-hennepin-ramsey-counties-jan-9)). Amarka waxaa la cusboonaysiiyay 7 Agoosto 2026 ilaa 6 Febraayo 2027 ([FinCEN](https://www.fincen.gov/system/files/2026-08/Minnesota-GTO-Order.pdf)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Lacagta Mareykanku u qoondeeyay Soomaaliya sannad walba ([ForeignAssistance.gov](https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.explorer.devtechlab.com/us_foreign_aid_country.csv)): - **1960-aadkii:** US$3.0 milyan (1960), US$15.1 milyan (1962), US$16.4 milyan (1967). - **1980-aadkii:** US$87.3 milyan (1980), US$116.7 milyan (1985), US$21.3 milyan (1989). - **1990-aadkii:** US$5.8 milyan (1990), US$55.6 milyan (1992), US$108.0 milyan (1993), US$14.8 milyan (1995). - **2000-aadkii:** US$13.9 milyan (2000), US$103.4 milyan (2006), US$448.8 milyan (2009). - **2010-aadkii:** US$469.5 milyan (2012), US$252.6 milyan (2015), US$742.2 milyan (2018), US$762.7 milyan (2019). - **2020-aadkii:** US$825.1 milyan (2020), US$1,137.1 milyan (2022), US$1,181.0 milyan (2023), US$765.2 milyan (2024), US$212.0 milyan (2025). Gargaarka bini'aadannimo ee Mareykanka ee ay diiwaangelisay OCHA wuxuu ahaa US$1.28 bilyan 2022, US$433 milyan 2024 iyo US$53.6 milyan 2025 ([OCHA FTS 2022](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2022&groupby=organization); [2024](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2024&groupby=organization); [2025](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2025&groupby=organization)). Mareykanku wuxuu ahaa deeq-bixiyaha ugu weyn ee bini'aadannimo ilaa 2025 ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). Lacago kale: - **Deynta:** Soomaaliya waxay Mareykanka ku lahayd US$1.14 bilyan oo la cafiyay 5 Nofembar 2024 ([AFP/EWN](https://ewn.co.za/2024/11/05/us-writes-off-over-1-billion-of-somalia-debt)). 2019 Koongarasku wuxuu oggolaaday ilaa US$35 milyan wejiga koowaad ee cafiskaas ([CRS, 2020](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.14.pdf)). - **Hawlgalka Midowga Afrika:** Mareykanku wuxuu siiyay ku dhawaad US$1.6 bilyan dalalka ciidamada keenay iyo ku dhawaad US$2 bilyan xafiiska UNSOS ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). - **Joojinta:** 1989 maamulka George H. W. Bush wuxuu joojiyay gargaarka milateriga; 1990 Soomaaliya waxay waysay gargaarka kadib markii ay bixin weyday deymaha ([Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). 2025–26 barnaamijyada Mareykanka ee Soomaaliya intooda badan waa la joojiyay ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). ## Amniga ka warran? 1992 Mareykanku wuxuu hoggaamiyay UNITAF, ku dhawaad 37,000 askari oo ka yimid 24 dal, iyadoo lagu salaynayo go'aanka 794 ee Golaha Ammaanka ([QM, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). 3 Oktoobar 1993 Muqdisho waxaa lagu dilay 18 askari oo Mareykan ah, ciidamada Mareykankuna waxay baxeen 31 Maarso 1994 ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Tan iyo 2007 Mareykanku wuxuu tababaray oo qalabeeyay ciidamada Midowga Afrika iyo kuwa Soomaaliyeed, oo ay ku jiraan Danab, wuxuuna duqeymo cirka ah fulinayay tan iyo 2003 ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) iyo [Duqeymaha Mareykanka ee Soomaaliya](/so/history/us-air-strikes-in-somalia/). ## Sidee buu Mareykanku ula macaamilaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Mareykanku ma aqoonsan ku dhawaaqistii Somaliland ee 1991 ([Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). 2026 Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay Koongaraska u sheegtay inay aqoonsan tahay "madaxbannaanida iyo midnimada dhuleed ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jirto gobolka Somaliland" ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). Dhacdooyinka waaweyn: - **14 Maarso 2022:** Madaxweyne Muuse Biixi Cabdi wuxuu booqasho ku tagay Washington ([The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/somaliland-leader-muse-bihi-in-us-3747684)). - **17 Maarso 2022:** senatarrada Jim Risch, Chris Van Hollen iyo Mike Rounds waxay soo gudbiyeen sharciga Somaliland Partnership Act ([Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda ee Senate-ka](https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/risch-van-hollen-rounds-applaud-committee-passage-of-somaliland-legislation)). - **12 Juun 2025:** sharciga H.R. 3992 ee aqoonsiga Somaliland ayaa loo gudbiyay guddiga ([Congress.gov](https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr3992/BILLS-119hr3992ih.htm)). - **Agoosto 2025:** Guddiga Miisaaniyadda ee Aqalka Wakiilladu wuxuu Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ka dalbaday warbixin 120 maalmood gudahood ah oo ku saabsan xiriirka Somaliland ([Horn Diplomat, 1 Agoosto 2025](https://www.horndiplomat.com/?p=51460)). - **Dabayaaqadii Diseembar 2025:** kadib aqoonsigii Israa'iil ee 26 Diseembar, Madaxweyne Trump wuxuu ku jawaabay "Maya" markii la weydiiyay in Mareykanku raacayo ([Al-Ahram](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/559424.aspx)). - **Febraayo 2026:** sarkaal Somaliland ah ayaa Washington u soo bandhigay saldhigyo iyo macdan; dowladda Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in heshiis kasta uu maro hay'adaha federaalka ([Shabelle/AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602240595.html)). - **Sebtembar 2026:** Madaxweyne Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdullaahi "Cirro" wuxuu sameeyay booqashadiisii ugu horreysay ee Mareykanka ([Dawan Africa, 6 Sebtembar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-president-arrives-in-us-for-first-visit-since-taking-office)). 29 Oktoobar Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu sheegay in Mareykanku aanu beddelin mowqifkiisa midnimada Soomaaliya ([Dawan Africa, 30 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/hassan-says-us-still-backs-somalia-unity-after-irro-visit)). Puntland gudaheeda, duqeymaha Mareykanku waxay taageerayeen hawlgallada ka dhanka ah kooxda Daacish tan iyo 2024 ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? - **Xiritaanka safaaradda 1991:** safaaraddu waxay xirantay 5 Janaayo 1991, laakiin xiriirka lama jarin ([Xafiiska Taariikhyahanka](https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia)). - **Mamnuucidda socdaalka:** Soomaaliya waxay ka mid ahayd toddobada dal ee 2017 ([CRS, 2020](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.14.pdf)). Go'aan 4 Juun 2025 ah ayaa gebi ahaanba joojiyay galitaanka Soomaalida laga bilaabo 9 Juun 2025 ([Holland & Knight](https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/06/president-trump-issues-new-travel-ban-19-countries-face-restrictions)). Safiir Daahir Xasan Cabdi wuxuu sheegay in Soomaaliya diyaar u tahay wadahadal ([Horn Observer](https://hornobserver.com/articles/3354/We-Dont-Want-Them-Trump-Imposes-Full-Travel-Ban-on-Somalia-and-11-Other-Countries)). - **Hadallada Diseembar 2025:** 2 Diseembar 2025 Madaxweyne Trump wuxuu Soomaalida ka yiri "Ma rabo inay dalkayaga joogaan" ([Al Jazeera, 4 Diseembar 2025](https://aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/4/from-mogadishu-to-minneapolis-somalis-reject-trumps-bigoted-remarks)). Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamsa Cabdi Barre wuxuu yiri "waxaa fiican in la iska indho tiro" ([Al Jazeera](https://aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/4/from-mogadishu-to-minneapolis-somalis-reject-trumps-bigoted-remarks)). - **TPS:** Wasaaradda Amniga Gudaha ayaa joojisay TPS-ta Soomaalida; maxkamad ku taal Boston ayaa u oggolaatay inuu dhaqan galo 14 Agoosto 2026, waxaana saameeyay ku dhawaad 1,100 qof ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/us-court-clears-way-to-end-tps-for-somalia-affecting-nearly-1100-people)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Mareykanka? Sahanka 2024 ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka wuxuu tiriyay 259,694 qof oo asal ahaan Soomaali ah ([ACS 2024, Census Reporter](https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B02025&geo_ids=01000US)). Eeg [Mareykanka (qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed)](/en/diaspora/united-states/). ## Halkee buu Mareykanku ka taagan yahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Mareykanku wuxuu taageeray go'aanka 794 Diseembar 1992, wuxuuna hoggaamiyay ciidankii uu dhisay ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Al-Shabaab waxaa Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibaddu liiska ururrada argagixisada ku dartay 2008 ([Federal Register, 18 Maarso 2008](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2008-03-18/pdf/E8-5444.pdf)). Amarka 13536 ee 12 Abriil 2010 wuxuu dejiyay cunaqabateyn lagu saarayo cidda khatar ku ah nabadda Soomaaliya ([OFAC](https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20100413)). 2026 maamulku wuxuu qorshaynayay inuu joojiyo maalgelinta UNSOS ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Mareykanka (qurbajoogta)](/en/diaspora/united-states/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Duqeymaha Mareykanka](/so/history/us-air-strikes-in-somalia/) - [Faragelintii QM 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Al-Barakaat](/en/economy/al-barakat/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Iswiidhan Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/sweden/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Iswiidhan waxay Soomaaliya aqoonsatay xorriyaddii 1960, mana yeelan safiir deggan Muqdisho; safiirkeeda Soomaaliya wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa Qaybta Soomaaliya ee Nairobi. Iswiidhan waa mid ka mid ah deeq-bixiyeyaasha Yurub ee ugu waaweyn: istaraatiijiyaddeeda 2018 ilaa 2022 waxay ahayd 3,072 milyan oo karoon (SEK), 2025 waxay bixisay 392.3 milyan oo SEK, istaraatiijiyadda 2026 ilaa 2028-na waxay qorsheysaa qiyaastii 200 milyan sannadkii. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Iswiidhan maanta u xiriiraan? Iswiidhan safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya. Qaybteeda Soomaaliya waxay ku taal safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, si joogto ah ayay Soomaaliya u booqataa, waxaana hoggaamiya safiirka Iswiidhan ee Soomaaliya ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan, Qaybta Soomaaliya](https://www.swedenabroad.se/sv/utlandsmyndigheter/kenya-nairobi/om-oss/somaliasektionen/)). Safiirka laga bilaabo dayrta 2025 waa Hans Henric Lundquist ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, 7 Agoosto 2025](https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2025/08/ny-ambassador-i-somalia/)). Gargaarku waa udub-dhexaadka xiriirka. Iswiidhan waxay 2025 Soomaaliya siisay 392.3 milyan oo SEK: 243.4 milyan oo iskaashi horumarineed ah iyo 148.9 milyan oo gargaar bini'aadamnimo ah ([Sida, Abriil 2026](https://www.sida.se/en/sidas-international-work/countries-and-regions/somalia)). Istaraatiijiyad cusub oo 2026 ilaa 2028 ah ayaa Sida u oggolaanaysa inay sannadkii bixiso qiyaastii 200 milyan oo SEK ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, istaraatiijiyadda 2026–2028](https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/c1ed2ca2cd9d42d993103ead6860ea7b/strategi-for-sveriges-utvecklingssamarbete-med-somalia-2026-2028.pdf)). Socdaalku hadda wuxuu saameyn ku leeyahay xiriirka. Istaraatiijiyadda 2026 waxay ku dartay ujeeddo ah ka hortagga socdaalka sharci-darrada ah iyo kordhinta dadka dalkooda ku laabta ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, istaraatiijiyadda 2026–2028](https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/c1ed2ca2cd9d42d993103ead6860ea7b/strategi-for-sveriges-utvecklingssamarbete-med-somalia-2026-2028.pdf)). Laga bilaabo 23 Juun 2026, Midowga Yurub wuxuu xaddiday fiisaha muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed sababo la xiriira dib-u-celinta, safaaradda Iswiidhanna way baahisay xeerarka ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, 8 Luulyo 2026](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/current/news/the-council-of-the-european-union-restricts-visa-provision-for-somali-nationals/)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Iswiidhan waxay aqoonsatay Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya markii ay xorowday 1 Luulyo 1960. Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ku-simaha Herman Kling ayaa telegaraam aqoonsi ah u diray Ra'iisul Wasaare Cabdullaahi Ciise ([Wikipedia, liiska safiirrada Iswiidhan, oo soo xiganaya Svenska Dagbladet, 2 Luulyo 1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). Ergeyga Iswiidhan ee Addis Ababa, Åke Sjölin, ayaa Iswiidhan ka matalay dabaaldegyadii Muqdisho ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). Safaaradda Iswiidhan waxay sheegtay in ka-qeybgalka Iswiidhan ee Soomaaliya uu socday tan iyo horraantii 1960-meeyadii ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan, Qaybta Soomaaliya](https://www.swedenabroad.se/sv/utlandsmyndigheter/kenya-nairobi/om-oss/somaliasektionen/)). Iswiidhan weligeed ma yeelan safiir Muqdisho deggan. Safiirradeedu waxay fadhiyeen Addis Ababa (1961 ilaa 1964), Qaahira (1964 ilaa 1970 iyo 1980 ilaa 1981), Dar es Salaam (1971 ilaa 1979) kadibna Stockholm ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). Kadib burburkii dowladda Soomaaliya 1991, xilka safiirka wuu bannaanaa laga bilaabo 1992 ([Baarlamaanka Iswiidhan, su'aal 2012/13:146](https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/situationen-i-somalia_h010146/)). December 2012 dowladdu waxay baarlamaanka u sheegtay inay dhowaan codsan doonto oggolaanshaha safiir cusub ([Baarlamaanka Iswiidhan, 2012](https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/situationen-i-somalia_h010146/)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergeyada? Safiirrada Iswiidhan ee Soomaaliya: - **Åke Sjölin**, 1961 ilaa 1964, fadhigiisu Addis Ababa. Wuxuu Muqdisho waraaqaha aqoonsiga ku gudbiyay 6 December 1961 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). - **Tord Hagen**, 1967 ilaa 1969, fadhigiisu Qaahira ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). - **Krister Göranson**, safiir sannadkii 1992 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). - **Safiir lama magacaabin**, 1992 ilaa 2013 ([Baarlamaanka Iswiidhan, 2012](https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/situationen-i-somalia_h010146/)). - **Mikael Lindvall**, Abriil 2013 ilaa Luulyo 2017, fadhigiisu Nairobi ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). - **Andreas von Uexküll**, laga bilaabo 1 Sebtembar 2017 ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, 6 Luulyo 2017](https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2017/07/ny-ambassador-i-somalia/)). - **Staffan Tillander**, laga bilaabo 1 Sebtembar 2019. Wuxuu hore uga shaqeeyay hawlgalka QM ee Muqdisho, UNSOM ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, 25 Luulyo 2019](https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2019/07/ny-ambassador-i-somalia/)). - **Per Lindgärde**, laga bilaabo dayrta 2021. Wuxuu hore u ahaa ku-xigeenka ergeyga gaarka ah ee Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Soomaaliya ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, 15 Abriil 2021](https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2021/04/ny-ambassador-i-somalia/)). - **Joachim Waern**, laga bilaabo Agoosto 2023, kadib markii uu madax ka ahaa xafiiska Iswiidhan ee Juba ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, 20 Abriil 2023](https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2023/04/ny-ambassador-i-somalia/)). - **Hans Henric Lundquist**, laga bilaabo dayrta 2025, horena safiir uga ahaa Addis Ababa iyo Khartuum ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, 7 Agoosto 2025](https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2025/08/ny-ambassador-i-somalia/)). Safaaraddu waxay ku qortay Safiirka Soomaaliya iyo Madaxa Qaybta Soomaaliya ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan, shaqaalaha](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/about-us/embassy-staff/)). Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Stockholm ayaa qaabilsan Iswiidhan iyo Norway. 2026 wuxuu ahaa Cabdikariim Axmed Maxamed, safiirka Iswiidhan iyo safiirka aan deggenayn ee Norway ([SONNA, 16 Febraayo 2026](https://sonna.so/en/article/somalias-ambassador-to-sweden-non-resident-ambassador-to-norway-presents-credentials-to-king-harald-v)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Herman Kling**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ku-simaha, ayaa Luulyo 1960 telegaraam ku aqoonsaday Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). - **Åke Sjölin**, ergeygii ugu horreeyay ee Iswiidhan ee Muqdisho loo magacaabay, laga bilaabo Luulyo 1961 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). - **Carina Hägg**, xildhibaan ka tirsan Xisbiga Social Democrats, ayaa November 2012 dowladda ku cadaadisay inay safiir magacawdo oo ay dib-u-dhiska ka faa'iideysato qurbajoogta ([Baarlamaanka Iswiidhan, 2012](https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/situationen-i-somalia_h010146/)). - **Gunilla Carlsson**, wasiirka iskaashiga horumarinta caalamiga ah, ayaa December 2012 ku jawaabtay in safiir la magacaabi doono, istaraatiijiyadna la ansixin doono gu'ga 2013 ([Baarlamaanka Iswiidhan, 2012](https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/situationen-i-somalia_h010146/)). - **Mikael Lindvall**, safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Iswiidhan muddo labaatan sano, 2013 ilaa 2017 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Sweden_to_Somalia)). - **Per Lindgärde**, oo hore u ahaa ku-xigeenka ergeyga QM ee Soomaaliya, safiir laga bilaabo 2021 ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, 15 Abriil 2021](https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2021/04/ny-ambassador-i-somalia/)). - **Hans Henric Lundquist**, safiir laga bilaabo 2025, ayaa hoggaamiya Qaybta Soomaaliya ee fulisa istaraatiijiyadda 2026 ilaa 2028 ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan, shaqaalaha](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/about-us/embassy-staff/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? Qalabka ugu muhiimsan ee Iswiidhan waa istaraatiijiyadaheeda gargaarka, ma aha heshiisyo laba-geesood ah: - **Gu'ga 2013**: istaraatiijiyaddii ugu horreysay ee natiijooyinka Soomaaliya, oo la qorsheeyay kadib su'aashii baarlamaanka 2012 ([Baarlamaanka Iswiidhan, 2012](https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/situationen-i-somalia_h010146/)). - **4 Oktoobar 2018**: istaraatiijiyadda 2018 ilaa 2022, oo ahayd 3,072 milyan oo SEK: 3,000 milyan oo Sida ah iyo 72 milyan oo loogu talagalay Akadeemiyada Folke Bernadotte. Waxaa la kordhiyay ilaa 30 Juun 2025, iyadoo 2025 loo qoondeeyay 310 milyan oo SEK ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, UD2018/10786/AF](https://www.regeringen.se/strategier-for-internationellt-bistand/2018/10/strategi-for-sveriges-utvecklingssamarbete-med-somalia-2018-2022/)). - **13 Abriil 2026**: istaraatiijiyadda 2026 ilaa 2028, qiyaastii 200 milyan oo SEK sannadkii ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, 13 Abriil 2026](https://www.regeringen.se/strategier-for-internationellt-bistand/2026/04/strategi-for-sveriges-utvecklingssamarbete-med-somalia-20262028/)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay is dhaafsadaan? Ganacsigu waa yar yahay balse wuu sii kordhayaa. UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay: - 2020: Iswiidhan oo u dhoofisay 423,981 doollar; ka soo dejisay 28,989 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=752&partnerCode=706&period=2020&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2023: u dhoofisay 1,671,982 doollar; ka soo dejisay 66,446 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=752&partnerCode=706&period=2023&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2024: u dhoofisay 1,559,005 doollar; ka soo dejisay 133,615 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=752&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) 2024 alaabta ugu badan waxay ahaayeen kiimikooyin, alaab dhar ah, qalab cabbir iyo alaab guri ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=752&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). Istaraatiijiyadda 2026 waxay sheegtay in qurbajoogta Soomaalida Iswiidhan iyo ganacsigu ay xiriirka u furayaan wax ka baxsan gargaarka ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, istaraatiijiyadda 2026–2028](https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/c1ed2ca2cd9d42d993103ead6860ea7b/strategi-for-sveriges-utvecklingssamarbete-med-somalia-2026-2028.pdf)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Iswiidhan u bixisay Soomaaliya, doollar ahaan ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)): - 25.9 milyan 2010 iyo 63.5 milyan 2011 - 82.8 milyan 2014 - 107.1 milyan 2018 - 109.8 milyan 2021, kan ugu sarreeya - 73.8 milyan 2023 iyo 65.9 milyan 2024 2025 saaxiibbada ugu waaweyn ee Sida waxaa ka mid ahaa Sanduuqa Wadajirka ah ee QM ee Soomaaliya, oo Iswiidhan ay guddoomiso guddigiisa hagidda ([Sida, Abriil 2026](https://www.sida.se/en/sidas-international-work/countries-and-regions/somalia)). Kuwo kale waxay ahaayeen Bangiga Adduunka (maaliyadda guud iyo canshuurta), Mercy Corps (xoolaha), Save the Children (caafimaadka taranka), FAO (waraabka) iyo isbahaysiga adkeysiga BRCiS ([Sida, Abriil 2026](https://www.sida.se/en/sidas-international-work/countries-and-regions/somalia)). Iswiidhan waxay hore u maalgelisay warbaahinta iyadoo adeegsaneysa International Media Support, Fojo iyo BBC Media Action ([Sida, Abriil 2026](https://www.sida.se/en/sidas-international-work/countries-and-regions/somalia)). Istaraatiijiyadda 2026 ilaa 2028 waxay leedahay lix ujeeddo ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, istaraatiijiyadda 2026–2028](https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/c1ed2ca2cd9d42d993103ead6860ea7b/strategi-for-sveriges-utvecklingssamarbete-med-somalia-2026-2028.pdf)): - hay'ado xooggan oo dhisa dowladnimada, dimuqraadiyadda iyo sharciga - ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha - adkeysiga dhibaatooyinka, masiibooyinka iyo isbeddelka cimilada - awood looga hortago socdaalka sharci-darrada ah, iyo kordhinta dib-u-laabashada iyo dib-u-dejinta - caafimaadka iyo xuquuqda galmada iyo taranka - shaqo, ganacsi iyo waxbarasho ## Amniga sidee yahay? 2012 Iswiidhan waxay taageertay hawlgalka tababarka ee Midowga Yurub ee askarta Soomaaliyeed, hawlgalka badda ee Atalanta, hawlgalka EUCAP Nestor iyo ciidamada AMISOM ([Baarlamaanka Iswiidhan, 2012](https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/interpellation/situationen-i-somalia_h010146/)). Akadeemiyada Folke Bernadotte, oo ah hay'adda nabadda iyo amniga ee Iswiidhan, waxay istaraatiijiyadda 2018 ilaa 2022 ka heshay 72 milyan oo SEK ([Dowladda Iswiidhan](https://www.regeringen.se/strategier-for-internationellt-bistand/2018/10/strategi-for-sveriges-utvecklingssamarbete-med-somalia-2018-2022/)). Ciidamada shisheeye eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee ayay Iswiidhan ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Istaraatiijiyadaha Iswiidhan iyo bogagga safaaraddu waxay Soomaaliya u arkaan hal dal, mana dejin barnaamij gaar ah oo Somaliland ah ([Dowladda Iswiidhan, istaraatiijiyadda 2026–2028](https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/c1ed2ca2cd9d42d993103ead6860ea7b/strategi-for-sveriges-utvecklingssamarbete-med-somalia-2026-2028.pdf)). Sharaxaadda safaaraddu kama muuqato xafiis Iswiidhan ku leedahay Hargeysa ama caasimad dowlad-goboleed ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan, Qaybta Soomaaliya](https://www.swedenabroad.se/sv/utlandsmyndigheter/kenya-nairobi/om-oss/somaliasektionen/)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Khilaafka ugu weyn wuxuu ku saabsan yahay dib-u-celinta. Midowga Yurub wuxuu go'aamiyay in iskaashiga Soomaaliya ee dib-u-qaadashada muwaadiniinteeda sharci-darrada ku jooga Yurub uu ku filnayn ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, 8 Luulyo 2026](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/current/news/the-council-of-the-european-union-restricts-visa-provision-for-somali-nationals/)). Laga bilaabo 23 Juun 2026, codsadayaasha Soomaaliyeed waxay la kulmaan 45 maalmood oo baaritaan ah, dukumiinti dhammaystiran, fiiso hal mar la galo oo keliya, iyo lacag ku saaran baasaboorrada diblomaasiyadda ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, 8 Luulyo 2026](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/current/news/the-council-of-the-european-union-restricts-visa-provision-for-somali-nationals/)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Iswiidhan? Bilowgii 2025, Iswiidhan waxaa ku noolaa 65,960 qof oo ku dhashay Soomaaliya ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Iswiidhan](https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FolkmRegFlandKCKM/)). Eeg [Iswiidhan (Soomaalida dibadda)](/en/diaspora/sweden/). ## Halkee bay Iswiidhan ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Iswiidhan ayaa guddoomisa guddiga hagidda ee Sanduuqa Wadajirka ah ee QM ee Soomaaliya ([Sida, Abriil 2026](https://www.sida.se/en/sidas-international-work/countries-and-regions/somalia)). Xubin ahaan Midowga Yurub waxay ka qeyb qaadataa hawlgallada Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya, shaqaalaha hawlgalka sharciga ee Midowga Yurubna waxay fadhiyaan safaaraddeeda Nairobi ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/about-us/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Iswiidhan (Soomaalida dibadda)](/en/diaspora/sweden/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Norway](/so/relations/norway/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Imaaraadka Carabta Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/uae/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Imaaraadka Carabta waa dalka ugu badan ee Soomaaliya alaab u keena, waana halka ay ka timid shirkadda DP World oo maamusha dekedda Berbera ee Somaliland iyo, iyadoo loo marayo P&O Ports, dekedda Boosaaso ee Puntland. 2023 Imaaraadku wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab dhan US$1.5 bilyan. 12 January 2026 golaha wasiirrada Soomaaliya wuxuu buriyay dhammaan heshiisyadii Imaaraadka. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Imaaraadka? Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah halka ugu weyn ee Soomaaliya alaabta ka timaado. 2023 wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab dhan US$1.53 bilyan, wuxuuna ka iibsaday US$360 milyan ([WITS, dhoofinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/ARE/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL); [WITS, soo dejinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/ARE/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). 12 January 2026 Golaha Wasiirrada Soomaaliya wuxuu buriyay dhammaan heshiisyadii Imaaraadka, oo ay ku jiraan dekedaha, amniga iyo difaaca ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-alleged-sovereignty-violations)). Go'aanku wuxuu magacaabay dekedaha Berbera, Boosaaso iyo Kismaayo ([Africanews](https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/13/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-united-arab-emirates/)). Somaliland waxay diiday go'aanka, waxayna Imaaraadka ku tilmaantay saaxiib la isku halleyn karo ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-alleged-sovereignty-violations)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Kahor kororka saliidda, ganacsato Soomaali ah ayaa Imaaraadka u keeni jiray xoolo iyo saan Muqdisho laga keenay ([Khaleej Times, 2003](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/somalis-make-their-mark-in-the-uae)). Qaar Soomaali ah ayaa halkaas degay kahor intaan Imaaraadku midoobin ([The National, 2022](https://www.thenationalnews.com/weekend/2022/07/01/things-to-know-about-the-somali-community-in-the-uae)). 1991 kadib Dubai waxay noqotay xarunta ugu weyn ee alaabta iyo lacagta Soomaalida. 2003 lix diyaaradood oo xamuul ah ayaa Dubai iyo Muqdisho u kala duuli jiray 12 ilaa 14 jeer usbuucii ([Khaleej Times, 2003](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/somalis-make-their-mark-in-the-uae)). 1980-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay ku tiirsanayd gargaarka Imaaraadka, Kuwayt, Qatar iyo Sacuudiga ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). Dhammaadkii 1970-meeyadii Abu Dhabi waxay Soomaaliya ku lahayd US$67.0 milyan ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/60.htm)). August 2012 Imaaraadku wuxuu soo dhaweeyay dowladda federaalka ([QM, 2012](https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sg2187.doc.htm)). Dhammaadkii March 2013 wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda waxay saxiixeen is-afgarad dib u celinaya xiriirka rasmiga ah ([Warlalis, 2013](https://web.archive.org/web/20130821223522/http://warlalis.com/2013/04/02/somalia-uae-and-somalia-foreign-ministers-sign-mou-on-bilateral-cooperation/)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Mohamed Al Osmani:** safiirka Imaaraadka; wuxuu Boosaaso kula kulmay madaxweynaha Puntland 28 March 2014 ([Horseed Media](http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/28/somalia-uae-pledges-continued-support-puntland-marine-forces/)). - **Mohammed Ahmed Othman Al Hammadi:** safiirka Imaaraadka, January 2015 ([Wikipedia, liiska ilaha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–United_Arab_Emirates_relations)). - **Cabdulqaadir Sheekhey Al-Xaatimi:** safiirka Soomaaliya ee Abu Dhabi ([Safaaradda Soomaaliya](https://web.archive.org/web/20140429202601/http://somaliembassy-ae.gov.so/)). - **Maxamed Yaroow Abuubakar Mayoow:** qunsulka guud ee Soomaaliya 2003 ([Khaleej Times](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/somalis-make-their-mark-in-the-uae)). - **Baashe Cumar:** madaxa xafiiska ganacsiga Somaliland ee Dubai 2016 ([The National, 2016](https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/somaliland-project-opens-up-africa-for-dp-world-1.195002)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan** iyo **[Fowsiya Yuusuf Xaaji Aadan](/en/people/fawzia-yusuf-adam/):** waxay saxiixeen is-afgaradkii March 2013. - **Ahmad Humaid Al Mazroui:** guddoomiyaha Bisha Cas ee Imaaraadka; abaartii wuxuu Muqdisho kula kulmay madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed ([Gulf News/WAM](http://gulfnews.com/news/region/somalia/somali-president-hails-uae-president-s-humanitarian-efforts-1.864794)). - **Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem:** guddoomiyaha DP World; wuxuu saxiixay heshiiska Berbera 2016, wuxuuna 24 June 2021 la furay terminaalka cusub madaxweyne Muuse Biixi ([DP World](https://www.dpworld.com/news/releases/dp-world-and-somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-berbera-port-announce-second-phase-expansion-and-break-ground-for-economic-zone/)). - **Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo** iyo **Saad Cali Shire:** dhinaca Somaliland ee heshiiska Berbera 2016 ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/somaliland-project-opens-up-africa-for-dp-world-1.195002)). - **Muuse Biixi Cabdi:** 2019 lix maalmood ayuu Imaaraadka joogay; kadib Imaaraadku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dayactirka garoonka Berbera ([Hawilti](https://hawilti.com/infrastructure/aviation/berbera-international-airport-officially-opens-after-successful-renovation-by-the-uae/)). - **[Cabdiweli Gaas](/en/people/abdiweli-gaas/):** madaxweynaha Puntland; wuxuu April 2017 Dubai ku saxiixay heshiiska dekedda Boosaaso ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/puntland/somalia-puntland-hands-over-bosaso-port-to-po-ports)). - **[Axmed Madoobe](/en/people/ahmed-madobe/):** madaxweynaha Jubaland; xiriir dhow ayuu la leeyahay Abu Dhabi ([Washington Institute, 2024](https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/emirati-military-support-making-difference-somalia)). - **[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/):** tababarka Imaaraadku wuxuu dib u bilaabmay markuu xukunka ku soo laabtay 2022. - **Anwar Gargash:** wasiir u dowlaha arrimaha dibadda Imaaraadka; April 2018 wuxuu dhaleeceeyay dowladda Soomaaliya ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2018/04/16/uae-ends-military-training-program-in-somalia-after-cash-seizure-crisis)). - **Maxamed Mursal Cabdiraxmaan:** wasiirka difaaca; 11 April 2018 wuxuu sheegay in Soomaaliya ay iyadu bixin doonto mushaharka askarta ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/somalia-disbands-uae-programme-pay-train-soldiers-180411190249670.html)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi:** wasiirka difaaca; wuxuu difaacay go'aankii January 2026 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-alleged-sovereignty-violations)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **March 2013:** is-afgarad iskaashi. - **November 2014:** is-afgarad iskaashi milatari ([Wikipedia, liiska ilaha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–United_Arab_Emirates_relations)). - **May 2016, Berbera (Somaliland):** DP World US$442 milyan ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/somaliland-project-opens-up-africa-for-dp-world-1.195002)). - **6 April 2017, Boosaaso (Puntland):** P&O Ports, 30 sano, US$336 milyan ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/puntland/somalia-puntland-hands-over-bosaso-port-to-po-ports)). - **1 March 2018:** Itoobiya waxay heshay 19% Berbera; DP World 51%, Somaliland 30% ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DP_World_Berbera_New_Port)). - **12 January 2026:** Soomaaliya waxay buriysay dhammaan heshiisyadii ([Africanews](https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/13/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-united-arab-emirates/)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **2011:** wafdi Bisha Cas ee Imaaraadka, Muqdisho. - **March 2014:** ra'iisul wasaare [Cabdiweli Sheekh Axmed](/en/people/abdiweli-sheikh-ahmed/), saddex maalmood Imaaraadka ([RaxanReeb, 2014](https://web.archive.org/web/20140305182831/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/03/somalia-prime-minister-of-somalia-meets-with-uaes-deputy-pm-discuss-increased-support-to-somalia/)). - **March 2015:** wasiirka arrimaha dibadda [Cabdisalaam Cumar Hadliye](/en/people/abdisalam-omer-hadliye/), Abu Dhabi. - **2019:** madaxweyne Muuse Biixi, Imaaraadka. - **24 June 2021:** Sultan bin Sulayem, Berbera. ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Alaabta Imaaraadku u dhoofiyo Soomaaliya (WITS): - **2010:** US$288 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/ARE/year/2010/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2015:** US$546 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/ARE/year/2015/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2019:** US$1.16 bilyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/ARE/year/2019/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2022:** US$1.89 bilyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/ARE/year/2022/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2023:** US$1.53 bilyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/ARE/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). Shirkadaha: - **DP World Berbera:** terminaalka cusub wuxuu furmay 24 June 2021; awooddu waxay ka kacday 150,000 ilaa 500,000 konteenar sannadkii ([DP World](https://www.dpworld.com/news/releases/dp-world-and-somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-berbera-port-announce-second-phase-expansion-and-break-ground-for-economic-zone/)). - **P&O Ports Boosaaso:** wareejintu waxay dhacday 12 October 2017 ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/puntland/somalia-puntland-hands-over-bosaso-port-to-po-ports)). - **Garoonka Berbera:** waxaa dayactiray shirkad Dubai ah, wuxuuna dib u furmay 20 November 2021 ([Hawilti](https://hawilti.com/infrastructure/aviation/berbera-international-airport-officially-opens-after-successful-renovation-by-the-uae/)). - **Ganacsiga Soomaalida ee Dubai:** 2022 in ka badan 100 ganacsi oo Soomaali ah ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/weekend/2022/07/01/things-to-know-about-the-somali-community-in-the-uae)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? - 2014 kadib Imaaraadku wuxuu bixin jiray mushaharka 2,407 askari, wuxuuna dhisay xarumo tababar iyo isbitaal ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2018/04/16/uae-ends-military-training-program-in-somalia-after-cash-seizure-crisis)). 2022 kadib wuxuu bil kasta bixin jiray qiyaastii US$9 milyan ([Washington Institute](https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/emirati-military-support-making-difference-somalia)). - **Deyn:** Sanduuqa Horumarinta Abu Dhabi ayaa ahaa deyn-bixiyaha ugu weyn dhammaadkii 2025, US$267.81 milyan. 11 February 2025 waxaa la saxiixay dib-u-habayn 40 sano ah, 16 sano oo nasasho ah ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, Warbixinta Deynta 2025](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20%28ADMR%29%20Report%20No.2_mq%20%281%29.pdf)). - **Gargaar bini'aadannimo:** dowladda Imaaraadku waxay sheegtay US$19.8 milyan 2011, US$20.0 milyan 2022 iyo US$7.1 milyan 2024 ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2022&groupby=organization)). - Sanduuqa Horumarinta Abu Dhabi wuxuu maalgeliyaa waddada Berbera–Wajaale ([DP World](https://www.dpworld.com/news/releases/dp-world-and-somaliland-open-new-terminal-at-berbera-port-announce-second-phase-expansion-and-break-ground-for-economic-zone/)). ## Amniga ka warran? Imaaraadku wuxuu 2010 kadib maalgeliyay ciidanka badda ee Puntland, 2014-na wuxuu tababaray ciidamo federaal ah. 8 April 2018 ciidamada amniga Soomaaliya waxay US$9.6 milyan oo lacag caddaan ah kala degeen diyaarad Royal Jet ah oo Muqdisho timid. Imaaraadku wuxuu sheegay inay ahayd mushaharka askarta; 15 April wuxuu joojiyay tababarka ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/somalia-disbands-uae-programme-pay-train-soldiers-180411190249670.html); [Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2018/04/16/uae-ends-military-training-program-in-somalia-after-cash-seizure-crisis)). Faahfaahin: [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). **Dhuxusha:** QM waxay mamnuucday dhoofinta dhuxusha Soomaaliya. 2018 Kooxda Kormeerka QM waxay sheegtay in shabakado fadhigoodu yahay Dubai iyo Kismaayo ay dhuxul Soomaali ah ku iibinayeen shahaadooyin been abuur ah, qiimaheeduna sannadkii yahay qiyaastii US$150 milyan ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2018/1002](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2018/1002&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Sidee Imaaraadku ula macaamilaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **Somaliland:** heshiiska Berbera wuxuu qayb ka yahay is-afgarad dowladeed oo u dhexeeya Imaaraadka iyo Somaliland ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Berbera)). - **Puntland:** taageerada ciidanka badda iyo dekedda Boosaaso ([Horseed Media](http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/28/somalia-uae-pledges-continued-support-puntland-marine-forces/)). - **Jubaland:** tan iyo 2023 gaadiid iyo tababar ([Washington Institute](https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/emirati-military-support-making-difference-somalia)). - **Khilaafka Khaliijka 2017–2018:** dowladda federaalku dhexdhexaad ayay ahayd, halka dowlad-goboleedyo qaar ay la safteen Imaaraadka ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2018/04/16/uae-ends-military-training-program-in-somalia-after-cash-seizure-crisis)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? - **March 2018:** xildhibaannada Soomaaliya waxay go'aan ku eedeeyeen DP World inay jebisay madaxbannaanida Soomaaliya ([Daily Sabah](https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2018/04/16/uae-ends-military-training-program-in-somalia-after-cash-seizure-crisis)). - **April 2018:** lacagtii diyaaradda. - **Doorashadii 2017:** warbixin Golaha Ammaanka ee November 2017 ayaa sheegtay in Imaaraadku lacag ku bixiyay doorashada madaxweynaha ([Defense News/AP](https://www.defensenews.com/global/mideast-africa/2018/04/17/uae-stops-training-somalias-military-after-cash-seizure/)). - **January 2026:** Soomaaliya waxay baaritaan ku billowday in Aidarous al-Zubaidi oo Yaman ka yimid uu 8 January 2026 sii maray Berbera. Imaaraadku ma saxiixin bayaankii Carabta iyo Islaamka ee cambaareynayay aqoonsiga Israa'iil, laakiin 7 January 2026 wuxuu Midowga Afrika la soo saaray bayaan taageeraya midnimada Soomaaliya ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-alleged-sovereignty-violations)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Imaaraadka? QM waxay tirisay 9,109 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay 2024; The National waxay sheegtay in ka badan 50,000 Soomaali ah 2022 ([UN DESA](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx); [The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/weekend/2022/07/01/things-to-know-about-the-somali-community-in-the-uae)). Eeg [Soomaalida Imaaraadka](/en/diaspora/uae-dubai/). ## Halkee buu Imaaraadku ka taagan yahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - **2012:** wuxuu taageeray dowladda cusub iyo midnimada dalka ([QM](https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sg2187.doc.htm)). - **Cunaqabateynta hubka:** kormeerayaasha QM waxay sheegeen in taageerada ciidanka badda Puntland ay jebisay cunaqabateynta ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland_Maritime_Police_Force)). - **7 January 2026:** bayaan uu la soo saaray Midowga Afrika oo taageeraya midnimada Soomaaliya ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/12/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-uae-over-alleged-sovereignty-violations)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ciidamada Imaaraadka ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/uae-military-in-somalia/) - [Soomaalida Imaaraadka](/en/diaspora/uae-dubai/) - [Dekedaha](/so/economy/ports/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Denmark Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/denmark/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Iskaashiga Denmark iyo Soomaaliya wuxuu socday afar toban sano, waana mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Denmark ugu waaweyn. Qorshaheeda 2024 ilaa 2028 waa 1.1 bilyan oo karoonka Denmark (DKK), waxaana laga maamulaa Nairobi iyadoo xafiisyo ku leh Muqdisho iyo, laga bilaabo Agoosto 2012, Hargeysa. Denmark waxay si gaar ah u xoogga saartaa Somaliland, iyadoo sheegtay in arrintaasi ka duwan tahay hammiga Somaliland ee madaxbannaanida. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Denmark maanta u xiriiraan? Denmark waxay Soomaaliya ka qaabishaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi, waxayna dalka gudihiisa ku leedahay laba xafiis. Xafiiska Muqdisho wuxuu ku yaal xarunta diblomaasiyadda Midowga Yurub, xafiiska barnaamijka Hargeysana wuxuu shaqeynayay tan iyo Agoosto 2012 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/about-us/)). Steen Sonne waa safiirka Denmark ee Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/about-us/)). Gargaarku waa udub-dhexaadka xiriirka. Qorshaha Istaraatiijiga ah ee Denmark ee Soomaaliya 2024 ilaa 2028 waa 1.1 bilyan oo DKK, oo loo qaybiyay siddeed mashruuc iyo kayd ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/danida-en/the-somalia-country-strategic-framework-2024-2028/)). Qorshuhu wuxuu sheegay in Soomaaliya ay ka mid tahay barnaamijyada horumarinta laba-geesoodka ah ee Denmark ugu waaweyn adduunka ([Qorshaha Denmark ee Soomaaliya 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). Denmark waxay 2024 bixisay 54.9 milyan oo doollar oo gargaar laba-geesood ah ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)). Sannadkaas alaabta ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay waxay ahayd 3.4 milyan oo doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=208&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed wuxuu bilowday 9 Luulyo 1960, maalmo kadib xorriyadda, sida ku qoran liiska wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Dowladda Denmark waxay sheegtay in iskaashigeeda Soomaaliya uu jiray afar toban sano ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). Shaqadii hore ee Denmark waxay ku saabsanayd badda: marka hore dhisidda kalluumeysiga Soomaaliya, kadibna amniga badda iyo la-dagaallanka burcad-badeedda ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). 24 Maarso 1981 labada dowladood waxay Stockholm ku saxiixeen amaah aan dulsaar lahayn oo 45 milyan oo DKK ah, oo loogu talagalay alaab iyo adeegyo Denmark ah ([Diiwaanka Heshiisyada QM, mug 1259, No. 20676](https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201259/volume-1259-I-20676-English.pdf)). Qoraalka amaahdu wuxuu ka hadlay "iskaashiga soo jireenka ah iyo xiriirka wanaagsan" ee labada dal ([Diiwaanka Heshiisyada QM, No. 20676](https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201259/volume-1259-I-20676-English.pdf)). Bixinta waxaa loo qorsheeyay 79 qaybood oo lix bilood kasta ah, mid walba 560,000 DKK, laga bilaabo 1 Abriil 1991 ilaa 2030 ([Diiwaanka Heshiisyada QM, No. 20676](https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201259/volume-1259-I-20676-English.pdf)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergeyada? - **Geert Aagaard Andersen**, oo la magacaabay December 2013, wuxuu ahaa safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Denmark muddo labaatan sano. Wuxuu Muqdisho waraaqaha aqoonsiga ugu gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa SomaliCurrent, 17 December 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Steen Sonne**, safiirka Denmark ee Soomaaliya 2026 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/about-us/)). - **Dhinaca Soomaaliya**: Soomaaliya waxay Denmark ka qaabishaa Stockholm. 2026, Cabdikariim Axmed Maxamed wuxuu ahaa safiirka Soomaaliya ee dalalka Nordic-ga ([SONNA, 13 Febraayo 2026](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-nordic-countries-presents-credentials-to-king-harald-v-of-norway/)). Xafiisyada: safaaradda Denmark ee Nairobi, xafiiska Muqdisho ee xarunta Midowga Yurub, iyo xafiiska barnaamijka Hargeysa, oo u adeega barnaamijyada Somaliland, Puntland iyo koonfurta iyo bartamaha ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/about-us/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **H. Hjorth-Nielsen** ayaa Denmark u saxiixay amaahdii 1981, **A. Issa** ayaana Soomaaliya u saxiixay, Stockholm 24 Maarso 1981 ([Diiwaanka Heshiisyada QM, No. 20676](https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201259/volume-1259-I-20676-English.pdf)). - **Geert Aagaard Andersen** ayaa December 2013 dib u soo celiyay xiriirka heer safiir ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa SomaliCurrent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Christian Friis Bach**, wasiir Denmark u dhashay oo wada-guddoomiyaha ahaa Wadahadalka Caalamiga ah ee Nabad-dhiska iyo Dowlad-dhiska, ayaa ka hadlay shirkii Brussels ee 16 Sebtembar 2013, kaas oo lagu ansixiyay Heshiiska Soomaaliya (Somali Compact) ([EEAS](https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/new-deal-for-somalia-conference/)). - **Jeppe Kofod**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, ayaa 6 November 2019 booqday Muqdisho. Wuxuu garoonka diyaaradaha kula kulmay Ra'iisul Wasaare Xasan Cali Kheyre iyo Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Axmed Ciise Cawad, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay xafiis joogto ah oo Denmark ([DR, 6 November 2019](https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/udland/jeppe-kofod-naaede-ikke-laengere-end-lufthavnen-paa-hemmeligt-visit-i-somalia)). - **Axmed Ciise Cawad**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, ayaa wadahadalladaas 2019 ka soo qaaday dib-u-celinta Soomaalida Denmark ([DR, 6 November 2019](https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/udland/jeppe-kofod-naaede-ikke-laengere-end-lufthavnen-paa-hemmeligt-visit-i-somalia)). - **Steen Sonne**, safiirka, ayaa hoggaamiya matalaadda Denmark xilliga qorshaha 2024 ilaa 2028 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/about-us/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? - **24 Maarso 1981**: amaahda dowladda Denmark ee 45 milyan oo DKK, oo Stockholm lagu saxiixay, QM-na lagu diiwaangeliyay 7 Janaayo 1982 ([Diiwaanka Heshiisyada QM, No. 20676](https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201259/volume-1259-I-20676-English.pdf)). - **Barnaamijyada dalka**: 2011 ilaa 2014, 2015 ilaa 2018 iyo 2019 ilaa 2023 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/danida-en/the-somalia-country-strategic-framework-2024-2028/)). - **Sebtembar 2023**: Qorshaha Istaraatiijiga ah ee Soomaaliya 2024 ilaa 2028, 1.1 bilyan oo DKK ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/danida-en/the-somalia-country-strategic-framework-2024-2028/)). - **2023 ilaa 2026**: wejiga afraad ee Barnaamijka Nabadda iyo Xasilinta Geeska Afrika, oo markii ugu horreysay la bilaabay 2011 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/danida-en/peace-and-stabilisation-4/)). ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **6 November 2019**: Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Jeppe Kofod oo yimid Muqdisho. Sababo amni awgood kulammadu waxay ku ekaadeen garoonka diyaaradaha ([DR, 6 November 2019](https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/udland/jeppe-kofod-naaede-ikke-laengere-end-lufthavnen-paa-hemmeligt-visit-i-somalia)). - **December 2013**: Safiir Geert Aagaard Andersen oo Muqdisho ku gudbiyay waraaqaha aqoonsiga ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa SomaliCurrent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay is dhaafsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay alaabta Denmark u dhoofisay Soomaaliya: - 2.98 milyan oo doollar 2015 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=208&partnerCode=706&period=2015&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 3.78 milyan oo doollar 2020 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=208&partnerCode=706&period=2020&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 8.02 milyan oo doollar 2023, iyo 2,601 doollar oo ka timid Soomaaliya ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=208&partnerCode=706&period=2023&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 3.43 milyan oo doollar 2024, iyo 12,906 doollar oo ka timid Soomaaliya ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=208&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) 2024 alaabta ugu badan waxay ahaayeen qalab koronto, mashiinno, gaadiid iyo alaab maqaar ah ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=208&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Denmark u bixisay Soomaaliya, doollar ahaan ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)): - 17.5 milyan 2010 iyo 40.5 milyan 2012 - 15.0 milyan 2015 - 60.0 milyan 2019, kan ugu sarreeya - 36.9 milyan 2022 - 51.4 milyan 2023 iyo 54.9 milyan 2024 November 2019, Kofod wuxuu ku dhawaaqay 1 bilyan oo DKK oo afar sano Soomaaliya loogu talagalay ([DR, 6 November 2019](https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/udland/jeppe-kofod-naaede-ikke-laengere-end-lufthavnen-paa-hemmeligt-visit-i-somalia)). Miisaaniyadda laba-geesoodka ah ee 2024 ilaa 2028 waa 1.1 bilyan oo DKK: 345 milyan (2024), 385 milyan (2025), 200 milyan (2026) iyo 170 milyan (2027) ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). Qorshuhu wuxuu leeyahay saddex ujeeddo ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/danida-en/the-somalia-country-strategic-framework-2024-2028/)): - la-qabsiga isbeddelka cimilada, helitaanka cadaaladda ah ee kheyraadka iyo kobac cagaaran - xasillooni, amni, dowlad-dhis loo dhan yahay iyo xuquuqda aadanaha - adkeysi, barakac iyo socdaal Sanduuqa Horumarinta Somaliland ee deeq-bixiyeyaal badan maalgeliyaan, Denmark waxay sheegtay inay ka caawisay 1.4 milyan oo qof inay helaan in ka badan 11 milyan oo litir oo biyo ah maalintii, inay dhistay in ka badan 150 km oo waddo ah ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Sanduuqa Nabadda iyo Xasilinta ee Denmark, oo la aasaasay 2010, wuxuu isku daraa lacag gargaar iyo mid kale oo ka timaada wasaaradaha arrimaha dibadda, gaashaandhigga iyo caddaaladda ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/danida-en/peace-and-stabilisation-4/)). Barnaamijkiisa Geeska Afrika, oo hadda ku jira wejigiisa afraad (2023 ilaa 2026), wuxuu wax ka qabtaa xagjirnimada rabshadaha wadata, amni-darrada badda, dambiyada, colaadaha la xiriira cimilada iyo socdaalka sharci-darrada ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/danida-en/peace-and-stabilisation-4/)). Koonfur Galbeed, Hirshabeelle, Galmudug iyo Jubbaland wuxuu ka taageeraa soo-kabashada degdegga ah iyo dib-u-dejinta dagaalyahannadii hore ee Al-Shabaab ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). Ciidamada shisheeye eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee ayay Denmark ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Denmark waxay xafiis barnaamij ku lahayd Hargeysa tan iyo Agoosto 2012 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Denmark](https://um.dk/somalia/en/about-us/)). Qorshaheeda 2024 ilaa 2028 wuxuu sheegay in Denmark ay sii wadi doonto xoogga ay saarto Somaliland, iyadoo tilmaamaysa goobteeda iyo xasilloonideeda ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). Isla qorshahaas ayaa caddeeyay mowqifka Denmark. Wuxuu sheegay in joogitaanka xooggan ee Denmark ee Somaliland uu ka duwan yahay hammiga Somaliland ee madaxbannaanida ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). Wuxuu sheegay in xaaladda sharci ee Somaliland lagu xalliyo wadahadal dhexmara dhinacyada Soomaaliyeed, oo ay taageeraan hay'adaha gobolka ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). Barnaamijka laba-geesoodka ah wuxuu qayb ahaan diiradda saaraa Puntland iyo Somaliland. Barnaamijka xasilintuna wuxuu diiradda saaraa Koonfur Galbeed, Hirshabeelle, Galmudug iyo Jubbaland ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Dib-u-celinta Soomaalida Denmark waa arrin had iyo jeer taagan. 2019 wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya wuxuu sheegay in arrintaas lala hadlayo safiirka Denmark, halka Kofod uu sheegay inaanay ahayn arrin wasaaraddiisu qaabilsan tahay ([DR, 6 November 2019](https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/udland/jeppe-kofod-naaede-ikke-laengere-end-lufthavnen-paa-hemmeligt-visit-i-somalia)). Qorshaha 2024 ilaa 2028 wuxuu taageerada Denmark ku xiray yareynta socdaalka sharci-darrada ah, oo ay ku jirto midka Yurub u socda ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Denmark? 1 Oktoobar 2026, Denmark waxaa ku noolaa 21,885 qof oo asal ahaan Soomaali ah ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Denmark, FOLK1C](https://www.statbank.dk/FOLK1C)). Eeg [Denmark (Soomaalida dibadda)](/en/diaspora/denmark/). ## Halkee bay Denmark ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Denmark waxay Soomaaliya kala shaqeysaa si laba-geesood ah iyo Midowga Yurub, iyadoo raacaysa Khariidadda Hawlgalka Wadajirka ah ee Midowga Yurub iyo Soomaaliya ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). Qorshuhu wuxuu sheegay in Denmark ay kursi Golaha Ammaanka ka adeegsan doonto khibradeeda dalalka colaaduhu saameeyeen sida Soomaaliya ([Qorshaha Denmark 2024–2028](https://um.dk/media/ekyfzaia/um_somalia_strategiskramme_dk-1026623-27062024.pdf)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Denmark (Soomaalida dibadda)](/en/diaspora/denmark/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Norway](/so/relations/norway/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Iswiidhan](/so/relations/sweden/) - [Hay'adaha Somaliland](/en/institutions/somaliland-institutions/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Qatar Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/qatar/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Qatar iyo Soomaaliya midba midka kale safaarad ayuu ku leeyahay, waxayna 19 January 2026 Doha ku saxiixeen heshiis iskaashi difaac. Gargaarka Qatar wuxuu inta badan ka yimaadaa Sanduuqa Horumarinta Qatar iyo Qatar Charity, kuwaas oo 2025 sheegay US$45.5 milyan oo gargaar bini'aadannimo ah. Ganacsigu waa yar yahay: 2023 Qatar waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$7.6 milyan. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Qatar? Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Doha, Qatarna waxay safaarad ku leedahay Muqdisho ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Qatar, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Somalia_relations)). 19 January 2026 labada dal waxay Doha ku saxiixeen heshiis iskaashi difaac oo ka hadlaya tababarka ciidamada iyo is-weydaarsiga khibradda ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-qatar-sign-defence-cooperation-agreement-in-doha/)). 2025 Sanduuqa Horumarinta Qatar wuxuu sheegay US$24.2 milyan, Qatar Charity-na US$21.3 milyan oo gargaar bini'aadannimo ah oo Soomaaliya loo diray ([OCHA FTS, 2025](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2025&groupby=organization)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Wikipedia waxay sheegtay in xiriirka rasmiga ah la dhisay 1970, iyadoo aan il la xusin ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Somalia_relations)). 1983 labada dowladood waxay saxiixeen heshiis ku saabsan shaqaalaynta Soomaalida Qatar ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Qatar, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Somalia_relations)). 1980-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay ku tiirsanayd gargaarka Qatar iyo dalal kale oo Khaliijka ah. 1990 kadib markii Soomaaliya la safatay isbahaysigii ka soo horjeeday duullaankii Ciraaq ee Kuwayt, Qatar waxay cafisay bixinta deymaha ay Soomaaliya ku lahayd ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Cabdirisaaq Faarax Cali:** safiirka Soomaaliya ee Doha (liiska 2016). - **Hasan bin Hamza Asad Mohammed:** safiirka Qatar ee Muqdisho (liiska 2016) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Somalia_relations)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke:** ra'iisul wasaaraha; March 2015 wuxuu Doha kula kulmay ra'iisul wasaaraha Qatar, waxaana la saxiixay heshiisyo waxbarasho iyo duulis ([Horseed Media](https://web.archive.org/web/20150320120715/http://horseedmedia.net/2015/03/18/somalia-and-qatar-sign-education-and-civil-aviation-agreements/)). - **Jassim bin Saif Al-Sulaiti:** wasiirka gaadiidka Qatar; 19 August 2019 wuxuu Muqdisho ka daah-furay mashruuca dekedda Hobyo ([Middle East Monitor](https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-qatar-launches-construction-work-in-central-somalia-port/)). - **Maryan Aweys Jaamac:** wasiirka dekedaha Soomaaliya ([Middle East Monitor](https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-qatar-launches-construction-work-in-central-somalia-port/)). - **[Xasan Cali Kheyre](/en/people/hassan-ali-khaire/):** ra'iisul wasaaraha, wuxuu goobjoog ka ahaa daah-furka Hobyo. - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi** iyo **Sheikh Saoud bin Abdulrahman Al Thani:** waxay saxiixeen heshiiska difaaca January 2026 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-qatar-sign-defence-cooperation-agreement-in-doha/)). - **Fahad Yaasiin:** wariye hore oo Al Jazeera ka tirsanaa, cilmi-baare Xarunta Daraasaadka Al Jazeera; madaxa shaqaalaha Villa Somalia 2017–2018, agaasimaha NISA 2019–2021 ([Al Jazeera Centre for Studies](https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/profile/fahad-yasiin); [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad_Yasin)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **1983:** heshiis shaqaalayn. - **March 2015:** waxbarasho iyo duulis ([Horseed Media](https://web.archive.org/web/20150320120715/http://horseedmedia.net/2015/03/18/somalia-and-qatar-sign-education-and-civil-aviation-agreements/)). - **December 2018:** heshiisyo horumarin oo Doha lagu saxiixay, oo uu ku jiro dib-u-dhiska dekedda Hobyo ([Middle East Monitor](https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-qatar-launches-construction-work-in-central-somalia-port/)). - **19 January 2026:** heshiis iskaashi difaac ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-qatar-sign-defence-cooperation-agreement-in-doha/)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **March 2015:** ra'iisul wasaare Sharmaarke, Doha. - **19 August 2019:** wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda iyo gaadiidka Qatar, Muqdisho, iyagoo la jooga [Axmed Ducaale Geelle](/en/people/ahmed-duale-gelle/) ([Middle East Monitor](https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-qatar-launches-construction-work-in-central-somalia-port/)). - **19 January 2026:** wasiir Fiqi, Doha ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/gulf/2026/01/20/somalia-and-qatar-deepen-defence-ties-with-new-co-operation-agreement/)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? - **Waxa Qatar u dhoofiso Soomaaliya:** US$2.1 milyan 2019, US$7.6 milyan 2023 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/QAT/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **Waxa Qatar ka soo dejiso Soomaaliya:** US$5.6 milyan 2019, US$13.2 milyan 2023 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/QAT/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Gargaarka bini'aadannimo ee loo sheegay OCHA FTS: - **2011:** dowladda Qatar US$5.7 milyan; Qatar Charity US$2.9 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)). - **2022:** Qatar Charity US$21.6 milyan; QFFD US$19.9 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2022&groupby=organization)). - **2023:** QFFD US$14.5 milyan; Qatar Charity US$5.9 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2023&groupby=organization)). - **2025:** QFFD US$24.2 milyan; Qatar Charity US$21.3 milyan; Bisha Cas ee Qatar US$2.1 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2025&groupby=organization)). ## Amniga ka warran? Heshiiska January 2026 wuxuu ka hadlayaa tababarka iyo isku-duwidda amniga ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-qatar-sign-defence-cooperation-agreement-in-doha/)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Qatar ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **Galmudug:** dekedda Hobyo waxay ku taal gobolka Mudug ([Middle East Monitor](https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-qatar-launches-construction-work-in-central-somalia-port/)). - **Somaliland:** Qatar waxay Golaha Ammaanka ka cambaareysay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee December 2025 ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/gulf/2026/01/20/somalia-and-qatar-deepen-defence-ties-with-new-co-operation-agreement/)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? - **Khilaafka Khaliijka 2017:** Soomaaliya ma qaadan dhinac, waxayna diiday cadaadis ka yimid Imaaraadka iyo Sacuudiga ([Al Jazeera, 2018](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/somalia-disbands-uae-programme-pay-train-soldiers-180411190249670.html)). - **Kenya 2021:** Soomaaliya waxay May 2021 dib ula soo celisay xiriirka Kenya iyadoo Qatar dhexdhexaadinaysay ([Reuters, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya–Somalia_relations)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Qatar? Tiro la isku halleyn karo lama helin. ## Halkee bay Qatar ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Qatar waxay taageertay shirarka dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Jabuuti (2000) iyo Khartuum ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Somalia_relations)). December 2025 waxay cambaareysay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/gulf/2026/01/20/somalia-and-qatar-deepen-defence-ties-with-new-co-operation-agreement/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Galmudug](/so/states/galmudug/) - [Dekedaha](/so/economy/ports/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Finland Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/finland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Finland iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 12 Maarso 1971. Xiriirka Finland wuxuu ku dhisan yahay gargaar, oo 2024 ahaa 15.1 milyan oo doollar, dhexdhexaadin nabadeed, iyo bulsho Soomaali ah oo tiradoodu tahay 28,167 qof. Laga bilaabo 2022, xildhibaanka Muqdisho ku dhashay Suldaan Saciid Axmed waa ergeyga wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Finland ee dhexdhexaadinta nabadda Geeska Afrika. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Finland maanta u xiriiraan? Xiriirka Finland iyo Soomaaliya wuxuu ku dhisan yahay gargaar, dhexdhexaadin nabadeed iyo bulsho Soomaali ah oo weyn. Finland waxay 2024 Soomaaliya siisay 15.1 milyan oo doollar oo gargaar laba-geesood ah ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)). Sannadkaas alaabta ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay waxay ahayd 314,334 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=246&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). Laga bilaabo Luulyo 2022, Finland waxay leedahay wakiil gaar ah, oo markii dambe noqday ergey gaar ah, oo u qaabilsan dhexdhexaadinta nabadda Geeska Afrika: Suldaan Saciid Axmed, xildhibaan ku dhashay Muqdisho ([Dowladda Finland, Luulyo 2022](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/suldaan-said-ahmed-appointed-as-foreign-minister-s-special-representative-on-peace-mediation-in-the-horn-of-africa); [Al Jazeera, 6 Luulyo 2021](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/6/from-child-refugee-to-politician-finlands-first-somali-born-mp)). Xubin ahaan Schengen, Finland waxay dabaqdaa xayiraadda fiisaha ee Midowga Yurub ku soo rogay muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed laga bilaabo 23 Juun 2026 ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, 8 Luulyo 2026](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/current/news/the-council-of-the-european-union-restricts-visa-provision-for-somali-nationals/)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Finland iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 12 Maarso 1971, sida ku qoran liiska wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Finland ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Soomaalidii ugu horreysay ee Finland degta waxay yimaadeen qiyaastii 1990, oo ay ku jiraan arday ka soo guuray Midowgii Soofiyeeti ([Wikipedia, Soomaalida Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis_in_Finland)). Shaqada nabadda ee Finland ee Soomaaliya waxay kordhay 2008 kadib. Hay'adda Finn Church Aid ayaa sannadkaas bilowday shaqo nabadeed ([Finn Church Aid](https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/where-we-work/somalia/)). Laga bilaabo 2012 waxay taageertay dib-u-dhiska hay'adaha dowladda federaalka iyo hannaanka dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka ([Finn Church Aid](https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/where-we-work/somalia/)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergeyada? - **Suldaan Saciid Axmed**, wakiilka gaarka ah ee wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee dhexdhexaadinta nabadda Geeska Afrika laga bilaabo Luulyo 2022, oo uu magacaabay Wasiir Pekka Haavisto ([Dowladda Finland, Luulyo 2022](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/suldaan-said-ahmed-appointed-as-foreign-minister-s-special-representative-on-peace-mediation-in-the-horn-of-africa)). - **Suldaan Saciid Axmed**, ergeyga gaarka ah ee isla arrintaas u qaabilsan Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Elina Valtonen laga bilaabo Janaayo 2024 ([Dowladda Finland, 2024](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/suldaan-said-ahmed-appointed-as-foreign-minister-s-special-envoy-on-peace-mediation-in-the-horn-of-africa)). - **Dhinaca Soomaaliya**: safiirka Soomaaliya ee dalalka Nordic-ga wuxuu fadhiyaa Stockholm. 2026 wuxuu ahaa Cabdikariim Axmed Maxamed ([SONNA, 13 Febraayo 2026](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-nordic-countries-presents-credentials-to-king-harald-v-of-norway/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Suldaan Saciid Axmed**, oo ku dhashay Muqdisho, wuxuu Finland yimid 2008 isagoo 15 jir ah. Wuxuu xubin ka ahaa Golaha Magaalada Helsinki laga bilaabo 2017, wuxuuna 2021 noqday xildhibaankii ugu horreeyay ee Finland oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay ([Al Jazeera, 6 Luulyo 2021](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/6/from-child-refugee-to-politician-finlands-first-somali-born-mp)). Tan iyo 2022 wuxuu ahaa ergeyga dhexdhexaadinta nabadda Geeska Afrika ([Dowladda Finland, 2022](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/suldaan-said-ahmed-appointed-as-foreign-minister-s-special-representative-on-peace-mediation-in-the-horn-of-africa)). - **Pekka Haavisto**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, ayaa magacaabay Luulyo 2022 ([Dowladda Finland, 2022](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/suldaan-said-ahmed-appointed-as-foreign-minister-s-special-representative-on-peace-mediation-in-the-horn-of-africa)). Haavisto wuxuu sidoo kale Soomaaliya booqday isagoo wasiir ah ([Dowladda Finland](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/sv/-/utrikesminister-haavisto-besokte-somalia)). - **Elina Valtonen**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, ayaa 2024 xilka dib ugu cusboonaysiisay ergey gaar ah ([Dowladda Finland, 2024](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/suldaan-said-ahmed-appointed-as-foreign-minister-s-special-envoy-on-peace-mediation-in-the-horn-of-africa)). - **Finn Church Aid** waxay 2019 la shaqeysay Shabakadda Nabadeeyayaasha Diinta iyo Dhaqanka iyo 1,104 qof oo saameyn leh, si loo diyaariyo qorshe dib-u-heshiisiin qaran. Golaha Wasiirrada Soomaaliya ayaa ansixiyay ([Finn Church Aid](https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/where-we-work/somalia/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? Qalabka ugu muuqda waa qorshihii dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka ee 2019, oo lagu diyaariyay taageero Finland, Golaha Wasiirrada Soomaaliyana ansixiyay ([Finn Church Aid](https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/where-we-work/somalia/)). ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Pekka Haavisto** ayaa booqday Soomaaliya ([Dowladda Finland](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/sv/-/utrikesminister-haavisto-besokte-somalia)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay is dhaafsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay ganacsiga Finland iyo Soomaaliya: - 2015: u dhoofisay 412,348 doollar; ka soo dejisay 106 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=246&partnerCode=706&period=2015&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2020: u dhoofisay 319,785 doollar; ka soo dejisay 700 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=246&partnerCode=706&period=2020&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2023: u dhoofisay 453,124 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=246&partnerCode=706&period=2023&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2024: u dhoofisay 314,334 doollar; ka soo dejisay 5,358 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=246&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) 2024 alaabta ugu badan waxay ahaayeen alaab alwaax ah, alaab ciyaareed iyo isboorti, mashiinno iyo qalab cabbir ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=246&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Finland u bixisay Soomaaliya, doollar ahaan ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)): - 9.2 milyan 2010 - 27.5 milyan 2014 - 15.4 milyan 2019 - 28.8 milyan 2020 - 33.1 milyan 2022, kan ugu sarreeya - 19.2 milyan 2023 iyo 15.1 milyan 2024 Finn Church Aid waxay waxbarasho siisaa barakacayaasha Baydhabo, waxayna gacan ka geysatay aasaasidda shabakadda haweenka ee BAYWAN ee Koonfur Galbeed ([Finn Church Aid](https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/where-we-work/somalia/)). Waxay sidoo kale ka shaqeysaa Jowhar iyo ganacsatada dhijitaalka ee Somaliland ([Finn Church Aid](https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/where-we-work/somalia/)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Doorka Finland wuxuu inta badan yahay dhexdhexaadin, ma aha taageero militari. Waajibaadka ergeyga wuxuu daboolaa dhexdhexaadinta nabadda Geeska Afrika oo dhan ([Dowladda Finland, 2024](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/suldaan-said-ahmed-appointed-as-foreign-minister-s-special-envoy-on-peace-mediation-in-the-horn-of-africa)). Ciidamada shisheeye eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee ayay Finland ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Shaqada bulshada rayidka ee Finland maalgeliso waxay gaartaa gobollo badan. Finn Church Aid waxay ka shaqeysaa Koonfur Galbeed, Jowhar (Hirshabeelle), Muqdisho iyo Somaliland ([Finn Church Aid](https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/en/where-we-work/somalia/)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Dib-u-celinta muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed waa arrin Midowga Yurub oo dhan khuseysa. Midowga Yurub wuxuu fiisaha Soomaalida xaddiday laga bilaabo 23 Juun 2026, isagoo sheegay in iskaashiga dib-u-qaadashadu uu ku filnayn ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, 8 Luulyo 2026](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/current/news/the-council-of-the-european-union-restricts-visa-provision-for-somali-nationals/)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Finland? Dhammaadkii 2025, Finland waxaa ku noolaa 28,167 qof oo afkooda hooyo yahay Af-Soomaali ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Finland, shaxda 11rm](https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rm.px/)). Eeg [Finland (Soomaalida dibadda)](/en/diaspora/finland/). ## Halkee bay Finland ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Finland waxay arrimaha Soomaaliya inta badan kala shaqeysaa Midowga Yurub iyo shaqadeeda dhexdhexaadinta nabadda ee Geeska Afrika ([Dowladda Finland, 2024](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/suldaan-said-ahmed-appointed-as-foreign-minister-s-special-envoy-on-peace-mediation-in-the-horn-of-africa)). Xubin ahaan Midowga Yurub waxaa khuseeya go'aanka golaha ee 2026 ee fiisaha Soomaalida ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, 8 Luulyo 2026](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/current/news/the-council-of-the-european-union-restricts-visa-provision-for-somali-nationals/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Finland (Soomaalida dibadda)](/en/diaspora/finland/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Iswiidhan](/so/relations/sweden/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Norway](/so/relations/norway/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Sacuudi Carabiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/saudi-arabia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Sacuudi Carabiya waa mid ka mid ah suuqyada ugu waaweyn ee alaabta Soomaaliya, gaar ahaan xoolaha nool; 2023 waxay Soomaaliya ka iibsatay alaab dhan US$283 milyan. Waa dowladda Khaliijka ee ugu gargaarka badan Soomaaliya diiwaannada QM, US$34.8 milyan 2025. Labada dal waxay 9 February 2026 Riyaad ku saxiixeen is-afgarad iskaashi milatari. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Sacuudiga? Sacuudi Carabiya, Imaaraadka iyo Cumaan ayaa ah suuqyada ugu waaweyn ee waxa Soomaaliya dhoofiso. Xoolaha nool ayaa ugu badan, iibkooduna wuxuu kordhaa kahor Xajka iyo Ciidda Carafo ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, Warbixinta 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). 2023 Sacuudigu wuxuu Soomaaliya ka iibsaday alaab dhan US$282.6 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SAU/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). 9 February 2026 wasiirka difaaca Axmed Macallin Fiqi iyo wasiirka difaaca Sacuudiga Amiir Khalid bin Salman waxay Riyaad ku saxiixeen is-afgarad iskaashi milatari ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/10/somalia-saudi-arabia-sign-agreement-on-military-cooperation)). 2025 dowladda Sacuudigu waxay sheegtay US$34.8 milyan oo gargaar bini'aadannimo ah, kana badan dowlad kasta oo Khaliijka ah ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2025&groupby=organization)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya waxay qortay in xiriirka la dhisay 17 December 1960 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta 1974 ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/weekend/2022/07/01/things-to-know-about-the-somali-community-in-the-uae)). 1991 kadib Sacuudigu diblomaasiyiin kuma lahayn Soomaaliya, inkastoo xiriirka aan la jarin ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Dagaalkii Ogaadeen kadib, dowladdii Siyaad Barre waxay siyaasaddeeda u dhowaysay Masar iyo Sacuudiga. 1980-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay ku tiirsanaatay gargaarka Kuwayt, Qatar, Sacuudiga iyo Imaaraadka. 1990 Soomaaliya waxay la safatay isbahaysigii Mareykanka ee ka soo horjeeday duullaankii Ciraaq ee Kuwayt; Sacuudigu wuxuu bixiyay deeq US$70 milyan ah iyo shidaal qiimo jaban ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Mohamed Abdi-kani Al-Khayat:** 18 January 2017 wuxuu warqadaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh; waa safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Sacuudiga tan iyo 1990-meeyadii ([Goobjoog, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Amiir Khalid bin Salman:** wasiirka difaaca Sacuudiga, wuxuu saxiixay is-afgaradka 2026. - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi:** wasiirka difaaca Soomaaliya ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/10/somalia-saudi-arabia-sign-agreement-on-military-cooperation)). - **[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/):** wuxuu 2017 soo dhaweeyay safiirka Sacuudiga. ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **9 February 2026:** is-afgarad difaac iyo milatari, Riyaad; qoraalka lama shaacin ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/10/somalia-saudi-arabia-sign-agreement-on-military-cooperation)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **January 2017:** safiirka Sacuudiga, Muqdisho. - **9 February 2026:** wasiir Fiqi, Riyaad. ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Waxa Sacuudigu Soomaaliya ka soo dejiyo (WITS): - **2010:** US$135.0 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SAU/year/2010/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2015:** US$319.0 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SAU/year/2015/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2020:** US$40.0 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SAU/year/2020/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2023:** US$282.6 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SAU/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). June 1983 Sacuudigu wuxuu joojiyay lo'da Soomaaliya, isagoo sheegay cudurka rinderpest, kadibna ido iyo riyo ayuu ku daray; tani waxay miisaaniyadda u keentay dhimis weyn ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/61.htm)). 1990 Talyaanigu wuxuu Sacuudiga kaga horreeyay iibsadaha ugu weyn ee alaabta Soomaaliya ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/64.htm)). Waxa Sacuudigu u dhoofiyo Soomaaliya: US$38.7 milyan 2023 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SAU/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). Xoolaha nool ee Soomaaliya waxay 2025 keeneen US$922.9 milyan ([Bangiga Dhexe](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Gargaarka dowladda Sacuudiga ee loo sheegay OCHA FTS: - **2011:** US$95.2 milyan, xilligii abaarta ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)). - **2012:** US$93.4 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2012&groupby=organization)). - **2017:** US$16.2 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2017&groupby=organization)). - **2023:** US$41.2 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2023&groupby=organization)). - **2024:** US$37.2 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2024&groupby=organization)). - **2025:** US$34.8 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2025&groupby=organization)). - **Deyn:** dhammaadkii 1970-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay Sacuudiga ku lahayd deyn US$81.9 milyan ah ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/60.htm)). Dhammaadkii 2025 waxay Sanduuqa Sacuudiga ee Horumarinta ku lahayd US$117.31 milyan, waxayna sannadkaas bixisay US$3.11 milyan oo dulsaar ah ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, Warbixinta Deynta 2025](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20%28ADMR%29%20Report%20No.2_mq%20%281%29.pdf)). January 2016 Soomaaliya waxay heshay ballan gargaar oo US$50 milyan ah isla maalintii ay xiriirka u jartay Iiraan; dowladdu way beenisay inay isku xiran yihiin ([Reuters, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Amniga ka warran? Is-afgaradka 2026 wuxuu ku saabsan yahay xiriirka difaaca; faahfaahin lama bixin. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Sacuudigu ula macaamilaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Isbahaysiga uu Sacuudigu hoggaamiyo ee Yaman wuxuu sheegay in Aidarous al-Zubaidi, hoggaamiyaha Golaha Ku-meelgaarka ee Koonfurta Yaman, uu January 2026 sii maray Berbera; Muqdisho waxay ku tilmaantay isticmaal sharci-darro ah oo hawada iyo garoomada Soomaaliya ([Africanews](https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/13/somalia-cancels-all-agreements-with-united-arab-emirates/)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? - **Musaafurin:** Sacuudigu wuxuu 4 November 2013 bilaabay olole ka dhan ah shaqaalaha aan sharciga haysan. IOM waxay sheegtay in December 2013 ilaa August 2014 la musaafuriyay 40,779 Soomaali ah oo Muqdisho la geeyay ([Human Rights Watch](https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/05/10/detained-beaten-deported/saudi-abuses-against-migrants-during-mass-expulsions)). - **Khilaafka Khaliijka 2017–2018:** Soomaaliya waxay diiday cadaadis Sacuudi iyo Imaaraad oo ahaa inay xiriirka u jarto Qatar ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/04/somalia-disbands-uae-programme-pay-train-soldiers-180411190249670.html)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Sacuudiga? UN DESA waxay qiyaastay 48,099 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay 2024 ([UN DESA](https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/undesa_pd_2024_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx)). Eeg [Soomaalida Sacuudiga](/en/diaspora/saudi-arabia/). ## Halkee buu Sacuudigu ka taagan yahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Labaduba waa xubno Jaamacadda Carabta. January 2016 Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay Iiraan isla maalintii ay heshay ballanka gargaarka Sacuudiga ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Sacuudiga](/en/diaspora/saudi-arabia/) - [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Cumaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/oman/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Cumaan waa mid ka mid ah saddexda suuq ee ugu waaweyn ee alaabta Soomaaliya, oo ay la socdaan Sacuudiga iyo Imaaraadka. 2023 waxay Soomaaliya ka iibsatay alaab dhan US$180 milyan, waxayna u iibisay US$257 milyan. Cumaaniyiintu waxay xeebta Banaadir si dabacsan u maamulayeen 1728 ilaa 1880-meeyadii, labada dowladoodna waxay 1983 Masqad ku saxiixeen heshiis duulis. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Cumaan? Cumaan, Imaaraadka iyo Sacuudiga ayaa ah meelaha ugu badan ee alaabta Soomaaliya loo dhoofiyo; xoolaha nool ayaa ugu badan ([Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, 2025](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). 2023 Cumaan waxay Soomaaliya ka iibsatay US$180.5 milyan, waxayna u iibisay US$256.6 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/OMN/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Masqad ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman–Somalia_relations)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? 1728 Bortuqiisku wuxuu lumiyay meeshii ugu dambaysay ee uu ku lahaa xeebta Bari Afrika, Fort Jesus ee Mombasa. Laga bilaabo markaas ilaa 1880-meeyadii, Cumaaniyiintu waxay xeebta Banaadir ku lahaayeen maamul dabacsan: cashuur yar oo sannadle ah, qaadi iyo askari yar ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/7.htm)). Waqti kadib xeebta Banaadir waxay hoos timid suldaannada Sansibaar, kadibna Talyaani ayaa qabsaday ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed ee casriga ah wuxuu bilaabmay 1980 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Liis safiirro lama helin. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Suldaan Qaabuus bin Saciid:** wuxuu 22 July 1984 ansixiyay heshiiska duulista ([Wareegtada 74/84](https://decree.om/1984/rd19840074/)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **19 March 1983:** heshiis adeegyada duulista oo Masqad lagu saxiixay; waxaa la ansixiyay 22 July 1984 ([decree.om](https://decree.om/1984/rd19840074/)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? Booqasho taariikh leh lama helin. ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Ganacsiga Cumaan iyo Soomaaliya (WITS): - **2010:** dhoofin US$69.9 milyan; soo dejin US$71.7 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/OMN/year/2010/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2015:** dhoofin US$184.2 milyan; soo dejin US$143.5 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/OMN/year/2015/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2019:** dhoofin US$232.5 milyan; soo dejin US$165.2 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/OMN/year/2019/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2023:** dhoofin US$256.6 milyan; soo dejin US$180.5 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/OMN/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). Xoolaha nool ee Soomaaliya waxay 2025 keeneen US$922.9 milyan ([Bangiga Dhexe](https://centralbank.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Annual-Report_2025.pdf)). Eeg [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Gargaar dowladda Cumaan oo Soomaaliya loo diray kama muuqdo OCHA FTS sannadaha la eegay ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2025&groupby=organization)). Cumaan kuma jirto deyn-bixiyeyaasha Soomaaliya ee warbixinta 2025 ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20%28ADMR%29%20Report%20No.2_mq%20%281%29.pdf)). ## Amniga ka warran? Door milatari oo Cumaan ah lama helin. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). Kooxda Kormeerka QM waxay sheegtay in dekedaha Duqm iyo Shinas ee Cumaan ay helayeen dhuxul Soomaali ah 2017–2018, iyo in qabashada Cumaan iyo Imaaraadku ay hoos u dhigtay ganacsigaas ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2018/1002](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2018/1002&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Sidee Cumaan ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Heshiisyo la xiriira lama helin. ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Lama helin. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Cumaan? Tiro la isku halleyn karo lama helin. ## Halkee bay Cumaan ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Labaduba waa xubno Jaamacadda Carabta, oo Soomaaliya ku biirtay 1974 ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/so/economy/livestock-exports/) - [Banaadir](/so/states/banadir/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Isbania Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/spain/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Isbania safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya; safiirkeeda Nairobi ayaa laga bilaabo dhammaadkii 2012 loo aqoonsaday Soomaaliya. Xiriirka Isbania wuxuu inta badan ku saabsan yahay badda: tan iyo 29 Maarso 2019 waxay martigelisaa xarunta hawlgalka Atalanta ee Midowga Yurub ee ka dhanka ah burcad-badeedda, oo ku taal Rota, afduubkii 2009 ee doonta kalluumeysiga Alakrana-na wuxuu keenay wadahadal toos ah oo lala galay dowladda Soomaaliya. Alaabta Isbania u dhoofisay Soomaaliya waxay 2024 gaartay 20.2 milyan oo doollar. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Isbania maanta u xiriiraan? Isbania safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya, Soomaaliyana kuma laha Isbania ([Wikipedia, xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Isbania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Spain_relations)). December 2012, Isbania waxay bilowday inay safiirkeeda Kenya u aqoonsiiso dowladda cusub ee Soomaaliya ([eldiario.es/EFE, 3 December 2012](https://www.eldiario.es/politica/espana-proceso-representante-autoridades-somalia_1_5516699.html)). Baddu waa udub-dhexaadka xiriirka. Isbania waxay Rota (Cádiz) ku martigelisaa xarunta hawlgalka badda ee Midowga Yurub ee Atalanta, taliyaha hawlgalkuna waa admiral reer Isbania ah ([EU Naval Force](https://eunavfor.eu/chain-of-command)). Waajibaadka Atalanta wuxuu socdaa ilaa Febraayo 2027 ([EU Naval Force](https://eunavfor.eu/mission)). Ganacsigu wuu kordhayaa. Isbania waxay 2024 Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab qiimaheedu yahay 20.2 milyan oo doollar, oo u badan cunto, gaadiid iyo saliid ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=724&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Soomaaliya iyo Isbania waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 27 Juun 1968, sida ku qoran liiska xiriirka dibadda Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, xiriirka dibadda Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Kadib burburkii dowladda Soomaaliya 1991, xiriirku wuu yaraa ilaa burcad-badeeddu 2008 iyo 2009 keentay doonyaha kalluumeysiga iyo maraakiibta dagaalka ee Isbania biyaha Soomaaliya. Markii burcad-badeed Soomaaliyeed qabsadeen doonta kalluumeysiga Basque-ka ee Alakrana Oktoobar 2009, Isbania heshiis dhiibis (extradition) lama lahayn Soomaaliya ([TIME, 11 November 2009](https://time.com/archive/6948558/pirate-capture-complicates-hostage-issue/)). Safiirkeeda Kenya ayaa la kulmay ra'iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya si xal loo helo ([TIME, 2009](https://time.com/archive/6948558/pirate-capture-complicates-hostage-issue/)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergeyada? - **Safiirka Isbania ee Kenya**, oo laga bilaabo dhammaadkii 2012 loo aqoonsaday Soomaaliya, kadib go'aan uu ku dhawaaqay Xoghayaha Dowladda Gonzalo de Benito ([eldiario.es/EFE, 3 December 2012](https://www.eldiario.es/politica/espana-proceso-representante-autoridades-somalia_1_5516699.html)). - **Nicolás Martín**, safiirka Isbania ee Kenya, ayaa 2009 Nairobi kula kulmay Ra'iisul Wasaare Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke xilligii kiiska Alakrana ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Spain_relations); [TIME, 2009](https://time.com/archive/6948558/pirate-capture-complicates-hostage-issue/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Gonzalo de Benito**, Xoghayaha Dowladda ee Arrimaha Dibadda, ayaa 3 December 2012 u sheegay ergeyga Midowga Yurub ee Geeska Afrika Alexander Rondos in Isbania safiirkeeda Nairobi u aqoonsiin doonto Soomaaliya ([eldiario.es/EFE, 2012](https://www.eldiario.es/politica/espana-proceso-representante-autoridades-somalia_1_5516699.html)). - **Carme Chacón**, wasiirka gaashaandhigga, ayaa 25 Maarso 2010 Madrid ku qaabishay guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka Soomaaliya, waxayna ballan ku qaadday taageero Midowga Yurub oo loogu talagalay hay'adaha amniga Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Isbania, 25 Maarso 2010](https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2010/03/DGC_100325_Visita_Presidente_Parlamento_Somalia.html)). - **Sheekh Maxamed Aadan Nuur (Aadan Madoobe)**, guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka KMG ah, ayaa hoggaaminayay booqashadaas 2010, wuxuuna taageeray hawlgalka tababarka ee Midowga Yurub ([Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Isbania, 2010](https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2010/03/DGC_100325_Visita_Presidente_Parlamento_Somalia.html)). - **Kornayl Ricardo González Elul**, madaxii reer Isbania ee hawlgalka cusub ee tababarka Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya, ayaa ka qeyb galay kulankaas 2010 ([Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Isbania, 2010](https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2010/03/DGC_100325_Visita_Presidente_Parlamento_Somalia.html)). - **Francisco Caamaño**, wasiirka caddaaladda, ayaa November 2009 sheegay in labada Soomaali ee loo xiray Alakrana ay tahay in la maxkamadeeyo ([TIME, 2009](https://time.com/archive/6948558/pirate-capture-complicates-hostage-issue/)). - **Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke**, ra'iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya, ayaa 2009 kala xaajooday safiirka Isbania arrinta Alakrana ([TIME, 2009](https://time.com/archive/6948558/pirate-capture-complicates-hostage-issue/)). - **Ku-xigeen Admiral Antonio Martorell Lacave** ayaa noqday taliyaha hawlgalka Atalanta markii xaruntu u guurtay Rota 29 Maarso 2019 ([Go'aanka Golaha (CFSP) 2018/1083](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2018/1083/oj)). - **Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, ayaa Luulyo 2014 noqday wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreeyay ee booqda Isbania, wuxuuna la kulmay José Manuel García-Margallo ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa AllAfrica, Luulyo 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Spain_relations)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? Qaab-dhismeedka ugu weyn ee Isbania iyo Soomaaliya waa sharciga Midowga Yurub ee Atalanta: Joint Action 2008/851/CFSP iyo, guuritaanka Rota, Go'aanka Golaha (CFSP) 2018/1083 ee 30 Luulyo 2018 ([EU Naval Force](https://eunavfor.eu/mission); [EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2018/1083/oj)). Waajibaadka hadda jira waa Go'aanka Golaha (CFSP) 2024/3186 ([EU Naval Force](https://eunavfor.eu/mission)). ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **25 Maarso 2010**: guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka Soomaaliya Sheekh Maxamed Aadan Nuur oo Madrid yimid, Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga ([Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Isbania](https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2010/03/DGC_100325_Visita_Presidente_Parlamento_Somalia.html)). - **Luulyo 2014**: Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle oo Madrid yimid ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa AllAfrica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Spain_relations)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay is dhaafsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay ganacsiga Isbania iyo Soomaaliya: - 2015: u dhoofisay 6.9 milyan oo doollar; ka soo dejisay 1.2 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=724&partnerCode=706&period=2015&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2020: u dhoofisay 13.4 milyan; ka soo dejisay 2.5 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=724&partnerCode=706&period=2020&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2023: u dhoofisay 16.7 milyan; ka soo dejisay 140,267 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=724&partnerCode=706&period=2023&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2024: u dhoofisay 20.2 milyan; ka soo dejisay 554,839 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=724&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) 2024 alaabta ugu badan waxay ahaayeen cuntooyin la diyaariyay (10.2 milyan), gaadiid (2.9 milyan), saliid iyo dufan (2.4 milyan) iyo alaab dhar ah ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=724&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Isbania waa yar yahay. Wuxuu ahaa 16.1 milyan oo doollar sannadkii abaarta 2011, kadibna inta badan wuu ka yaraa 2 milyan: 1.3 milyan 2020, 1.6 milyan 2023 iyo 0.5 milyan 2024 ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)). Juun 2016, Isbania waxay qiyaastii 5,000 oo qalab ah, oo ay ku jiraan kabo iyo koofiyado, siisay askarta Soomaaliyeed ee wax ku baranayay xarunta tababarka General Dhagabadan, oo hore loo oran jiray Jazeera Training Camp ([Infodefensa, 11 Juun 2016](https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3080277/espana-entrega-material-militar-ejercito-somalia)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Isbania waxay hormuud ka ahayd hawlgallada Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya, iyadoo Faransiiska la riixday hawlgalka Atalanta ee ka dhanka ah burcad-badeedda, oo la bilaabay dhammaadkii 2008 ([Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Isbania, 2010](https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2010/03/DGC_100325_Visita_Presidente_Parlamento_Somalia.html); [EU Naval Force](https://eunavfor.eu/mission)). Tan iyo 29 Maarso 2019 xarunta Atalanta waxay ku taal Rota, Isbania, November 2026-na hawlgalku wuxuu maxkamadaha u gudbiyay 177 burcad-badeed oo la tuhunsan yahay ([Go'aanka Golaha (CFSP) 2018/1083](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2018/1083/oj); [EU Naval Force](https://eunavfor.eu/key-facts-and-figures)). Saraakiisha Isbania waxay sidoo kale tababareen askarta Soomaaliyeed, waxayna 2021 qoreen buuggii ugu horreeyay ee ciidanka ee ka hortagga qaraxyada miinooyinka (C-IED) ([Infodefensa, 13 Juun 2021](https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/2964153/video-somalia-recibe-primer-manual-c-ied-elaborado-militares-espanoles)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) iyo [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Kiiska Alakrana ayaa ahaa khilaafka ugu weyn. 2 Oktoobar 2009 burcad-badeed ayaa qabsaday doontan kalluumeysiga oo ay saarnaayeen 36 shaqaale ah, maalintii xigtayna markab dagaal oo Isbania ah ayaa xiray laba la tuhunsan yahay ([TIME, 2009](https://time.com/archive/6948558/pirate-capture-complicates-hostage-issue/)). Isbania waxay maxkamadaysay labadii Soomaali ee la xiray halkii ay celin lahayd, halka burcad-badeeddu ay sii deynta shaqaalaha ku xirtay soo celintooda ([TIME, 2009](https://time.com/archive/6948558/pirate-capture-complicates-hostage-issue/)). Dowladda Soomaaliya waxay safiirka Isbania kala hadashay dhiibistooda, balse labada nin waxay ku sii jireen Isbania ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa saxaafadda Isbania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Spain_relations)). Shaqaalaha waxaa la sii daayay 17 November 2009, 2011-na maxkamad Isbania ah ayaa labada Soomaali midkiiba ku xukuntay 439 sano ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Reuters iyo The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Spain_relations)). Laga bilaabo 23 Juun 2026, Midowga Yurub, oo ay Isbania ku jirto, wuxuu xaddiday fiisaha muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed sababo la xiriira dib-u-celinta ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, 8 Luulyo 2026](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/current/news/the-council-of-the-european-union-restricts-visa-provision-for-somali-nationals/)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Isbania? Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay Isbania ku tirisay 2,543 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed iyo 1,100 magangalyo-doon, halka sannad ka hor ay ahaayeen 1,588 iyo 230 ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=50&yearFrom=2024&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=SPA)). ## Halkee bay Isbania ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? 2012 Isbania waxay ahayd dalka labaad ee ugu badan ee ka qeyb qaata Atalanta, waxayna sidoo kale ka qeyb gashay hawlgalka NATO ee Ocean Shield iyo hawlgallada tababarka Midowga Yurub ([eldiario.es/EFE, 2012](https://www.eldiario.es/politica/espana-proceso-representante-autoridades-somalia_1_5516699.html)). Intii ay haysay guddoominta Midowga Yurub 2010, waxay taageertay hannaankii nabadda Jabuuti ee QM fududeeyay ([Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Isbania, 2010](https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2010/03/DGC_100325_Visita_Presidente_Parlamento_Somalia.html)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Aadan Madoobe](/en/people/aden-madobe/) - [Cumar Cabdirashiid Sharmaarke](/en/people/omar-abdirashid-sharmarke/) - [Cabdiraxmaan Ducaale Beyle](/en/people/abdirahman-duale-beyle/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Beljim Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/belgium/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Beljim iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir yeesheen 5 Luulyo 1960, afar maalmood kadib xorriyadda. Beljim waxay Soomaaliya ka qaabishaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi, halka Brussels ay Soomaaliya muhiim ugu tahay inay tahay xarunta Midowga Yurub, oo halkaas ku martigeliyay shirkii New Deal ee 2013. Ciidamada Beljim waxay ka qeyb galeen hawlgalladii QM ee 1992 ilaa 1993, alaabta Beljim u dhoofisay Soomaaliyana waxay 2023 gaartay 13.0 milyan oo doollar. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Beljim maanta u xiriiraan? Beljim safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya. Safaaraddeeda Nairobi ayaa qaabilsan Kenya, Eritrea, Madagascar, Seychelles iyo Soomaaliya, safiirka 2026-na waa Tom Neijens ([Safaaradda Beljim ee Kenya](https://kenya.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-honorary-consulates/embassy-nairobi/whos-who-and-jurisdiction)). Soomaaliya, Brussels waxay inta badan muhiim ugu tahay inay tahay xarunta Midowga Yurub. Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Midowga Yurub, Dr Khadiija Osoble Cali, waxay waraaqaheeda aqoonsiga 26 November 2024 Brussels ugu gudbisay Madaxweynaha Golaha Yurub Charles Michel ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 26 November 2024](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalias-new-ambassador-to-the-eu-presents-credentials/)). Ganacsigu waa yar yahay, mana joogto aha. Alaabta Beljim u dhoofisay Soomaaliya waxay ahayd 13.0 milyan oo doollar 2023 iyo 3.6 milyan 2024 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=56&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Beljim wuxuu eber ku dhowaa tan iyo 2020 ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Beljim iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 5 Luulyo 1960, sida ku qoran liiska wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Taasi waxay Beljim ka dhigaysaa mid ka mid ah dalalkii ugu horreeyay ee xiriir la yeesha jamhuuriyaddii cusbayd. Xiriirka ugu dhow wuxuu dhacay 1992 iyo 1993. Beljim waxay guutooyin ciidamo khaas ah u dirtay hawlgalladii QM ee Soomaaliya, UNOSOM I iyo II ([Providing for Peacekeeping, Beljim, 2014](http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2014/04/03/contributor-profile-belgium)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergeyada? - **Tom Neijens**, safiirka Beljim ee Nairobi, oo qaabilsan Soomaaliya, 2026 ([Safaaradda Beljim ee Kenya](https://kenya.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-honorary-consulates/embassy-nairobi/whos-who-and-jurisdiction)). - **Kris Lapiere**, ku-xigeenka madaxa safaaradda ([Safaaradda Beljim ee Kenya](https://kenya.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-honorary-consulates/embassy-nairobi/whos-who-and-jurisdiction)). - **Kornayl Lut Ruys**, la-taliyaha milatariga ee Beljim ee gobolka, oo fadhigiisu yahay Addis Ababa ([Safaaradda Beljim ee Kenya](https://kenya.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-honorary-consulates/embassy-nairobi/whos-who-and-jurisdiction)). - **Dr Khadiija Osoble Cali**, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Midowga Yurub ee Brussels laga bilaabo November 2024 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 26 November 2024](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalias-new-ambassador-to-the-eu-presents-credentials/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Ciidamada nabad-ilaalinta Beljim** ee Kismaayo ayaa 7 Maajo 1993 iska celiyay weerar ay soo qaadeen ciidamada Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNA), saddex maalmood kadib markii UNOSOM II la wareegtay magaalada ([Wikipedia, UNOSOM II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II)). - **Dr Khadiija Osoble Cali** ayaa Soomaaliya ka matasha Midowga Yurub ee Brussels ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 2024](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalias-new-ambassador-to-the-eu-presents-credentials/)). - **Shirkii New Deal ee 2013** ee Brussels, oo ay 16 Sebtembar 2013 wada martigeliyeen Midowga Yurub iyo Soomaaliya, ayaa ansixiyay Heshiiska Soomaaliya (Somali Compact) ([EEAS](https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/new-deal-for-somalia-conference/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxiixeen? Qaab-dhismeedka ugu weyn ee Brussels lagu gaaray waa mid caalami ah: Heshiiska Soomaaliya (Somali Compact), oo lagu ansixiyay shirkii Midowga Yurub iyo Soomaaliya ee 16 Sebtembar 2013 ([EEAS](https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/new-deal-for-somalia-conference/)). ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **16 Sebtembar 2013**: dowladda Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ayaa Midowga Yurub kula martigelisay shirka New Deal ee Brussels ([EEAS](https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/new-deal-for-somalia-conference/)). - **26 November 2024**: Safiir Khadiija Osoble Cali oo waraaqaha aqoonsiga Brussels ugu gudbisay Golaha Yurub ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalias-new-ambassador-to-the-eu-presents-credentials/)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay is dhaafsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay ganacsiga Beljim iyo Soomaaliya: - 2015: u dhoofisay 692,644 doollar; ka soo dejisay 191 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=56&partnerCode=706&period=2015&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2020: u dhoofisay 6.87 milyan oo doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=56&partnerCode=706&period=2020&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2023: u dhoofisay 12.97 milyan; ka soo dejisay 138,671 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=56&partnerCode=706&period=2023&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2024: u dhoofisay 3.57 milyan; ka soo dejisay 132,299 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=56&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) 2024 alaabta ugu badan waxay ahaayeen khudaar iyo miro la keydiyay, alaab dhar ah, qalab koronto iyo caag ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=56&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Beljim u bixisay Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa 5.7 milyan oo doollar 2010 iyo 7.5 milyan 2011 ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)). Wuxuu ahaa 4.7 milyan 2017 iyo 2.3 milyan 2019, kadibna wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 0.05 milyan 2021 iyo ku dhowaad eber 2022 iyo 2023 ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)). Beljim waxay sidoo kale Soomaaliya ku maalgelisaa qaybta ay ku leedahay Midowga Yurub. ## Amniga sidee yahay? Beljim waxay guutooyin ciidamo khaas ah u dirtay UNOSOM I iyo II ([Providing for Peacekeeping, 2014](http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2014/04/03/contributor-profile-belgium)). Ciidamada Beljim waxay 1993 joogeen Kismaayo, hal askari oo Beljim ahna wuxuu ku dhintay UNOSOM II ([Wikipedia, UNOSOM II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II)). Saraakiisha Beljim waxay markii dambe tusaale u soo qaateen khibraddoodii Soomaaliya, Bosnia iyo Rwanda markay su'aal ka keenayeen hannaanka taliska QM ([Providing for Peacekeeping, 2014](http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2014/04/03/contributor-profile-belgium)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee ayay Beljim ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Joogitaankii Beljim ee Kismaayo 1993 wuxuu ciidamadeeda geeyay deegaanka maanta loo yaqaan Jubbaland ([Wikipedia, UNOSOM II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II)). Awoodda safaaradda hadda Soomaaliya waxay u aqoonsan tahay hal dal ([Safaaradda Beljim ee Kenya](https://kenya.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-honorary-consulates/embassy-nairobi/whos-who-and-jurisdiction)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Ciidamada Soomaaliyeed ayaa 1993 ka soo horjeestay doorka Beljim ee Kismaayo. SNA waxay u aragtay in magaaladu ku dhacday gacanta Jeneraal Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Morgan iyadoo ciidamada Beljim joogaan inay tahay jebin dhexdhexaadnimada QM ([Wikipedia, UNOSOM II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II)). Bishii Abriil 1997 wargeyska *Het Laatste Nieuws* ee Brussels wuxuu daabacay sawirro muujinaya askar Beljim ah oo 1993 xumeynayay dad rayid Soomaaliyeed. Laba askari ayaa lagu soo oogay weerar, Wasiirka Difaaca Jean-Pol Poncelet-na wuxuu ballanqaaday in la maxkamadeeyo ([*The Irish Times*, 17 Abriil 1997](https://www.irishtimes.com/news/belgian-atrocities-exposed-1.63206)). 30 Juun 1997 maxkamad milatari ayaa labadoodii sii daysay, iyadoo dhacdadii dabka ku tilmaantay "ciyaar" ([*Spokesman-Review*, AP, 1 Luulyo 1997](https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/jul/01/court-troops-playing-not-torturing-boy/)). Laga bilaabo 23 Juun 2026, Midowga Yurub, oo ay Beljim ku jirto, wuxuu xaddiday fiisaha muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed sababo la xiriira dib-u-celinta ([Safaaradda Iswiidhan ee Nairobi, 8 Luulyo 2026](https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/kenya-nairobi/current/news/the-council-of-the-european-union-restricts-visa-provision-for-somali-nationals/)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Beljim? Eurostat waxay 1 Janaayo 2025 tirisay 12,040 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay oo Beljim ku nool ([Eurostat, migr_pop3ctb](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_pop3ctb/default/table?lang=en)). Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay halkaas ku tirisay 2,325 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed iyo 1,090 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=50&yearFrom=2024&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=BEL)). Eeg [Soomaalida Beljim](/en/diaspora/belgium/). ## Halkee bay Beljim ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Beljim waxay ka qeyb qaadatay hawlgalladii QM ee 1992 ilaa 1993 ([Providing for Peacekeeping, 2014](http://www.providingforpeacekeeping.org/2014/04/03/contributor-profile-belgium)). Iyadoo ah martigeliyaha hay'adaha Midowga Yurub, Brussels waxaa lagu qabtay shirkii 2013 ee ansixiyay Heshiiska Soomaaliya, waxaana ku yaal xafiiska Soomaaliya ee Midowga Yurub ([EEAS](https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/new-deal-for-somalia-conference/); [Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalias-new-ambassador-to-the-eu-presents-credentials/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Ciidamada Beljim iyo Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya, 1993](/so/history/belgian-italian-troops-somalia-1993/) - [Faragelintii QM, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Soomaalida Beljim](/en/diaspora/belgium/) - [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/) - [Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Morgan](/en/people/mohamed-said-hersi-morgan/) - [Isbahaysiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed](/en/institutions/somali-national-alliance/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Kuwayt Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/kuwait/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Kuwayt iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo 1964. Xiriirka Kuwayt inta badan waa lacag: Sanduuqa Kuwayt ee Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha Carabta wuxuu dhammaadkii 2025 Soomaaliya ku lahaa US$123.9 milyan, 19% deynta dibadda Soomaaliyana waa dinaar Kuwayti ah. 1990 Soomaaliya waxay taageertay isbahaysigii ka soo horjeeday duullaankii Ciraaq ee Kuwayt. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Kuwayt? Kuwayt waa mid ka mid ah deyn-bixiyeyaasha ugu waaweyn ee Soomaaliya. Dhammaadkii 2025 Soomaaliya waxay Sanduuqa Kuwayt (KFAED) ku lahayd US$123.88 milyan, 19% deynta dibadda oo dhanna waa dinaar Kuwayti ah ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, Warbixinta Deynta 2025](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20%28ADMR%29%20Report%20No.2_mq%20%281%29.pdf)). 2025 Soomaaliya waxay Sanduuqa Kuwayt siisay US$2.66 milyan oo dulsaar ah. Ganacsigu waa yar yahay: 2023 Kuwayt waxay Soomaaliya ka iibsatay US$4.8 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/KWT/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed wuxuu bilaabmay 29 July 1964 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Dhammaadkii 1970-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay Kuwayt ku lahayd deyn US$27.1 milyan ah ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/60.htm)). 1980-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay ku tiirsanayd gargaarka Kuwayt, Qatar, Sacuudiga iyo Imaaraadka. Tani waxay sabab u ahayd in dowladdii Siyaad Barre ay 1990 la safato isbahaysigii ka soo horjeeday duullaankii Ciraaq ee Kuwayt ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Liis safiirro lama helin. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? Magacyo shakhsiyaad ah lama helin; hay'adda ugu weyn waa Sanduuqa Kuwayt ee Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha Carabta. ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **Heshiisyo deyn oo Sanduuqa Kuwayt la galay:** haraaga waa US$123.88 milyan dhammaadkii 2025. - **April 2025, magaalada Kuwayt:** Soomaaliya waxay heshiis cafis deyn oo US$306.5 milyan ah la saxiixatay Sanduuqa Lacagta Carabta ([Reuters, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–United_Arab_Emirates_relations)); wasaaraddu waxay sheegtay in 9 April 2025 la gaaray dib-u-habayn 20 sano ah oo aan dulsaar lahayn ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20%28ADMR%29%20Report%20No.2_mq%20%281%29.pdf)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? Booqasho taariikh leh lama helin. ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? - **Waxa Kuwayt ka soo dejiso Soomaaliya:** US$13.3 milyan 2010, US$4.8 milyan 2023 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/KWT/year/2010/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). - **Waxa Kuwayt u dhoofiso Soomaaliya:** wax ka yar US$0.5 milyan sannadkii ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/KWT/year/2023/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Gargaarka loo sheegay OCHA FTS: - **2011:** dowladda Kuwayt US$11.9 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)). - **2017:** US$2.5 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2017&groupby=organization)). - **2022:** US$2.1 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2022&groupby=organization)). - **2025:** Sanduuqa Kuwayt US$2.5 milyan; dowladda US$1.25 milyan ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2025&groupby=organization)). ## Amniga ka warran? Door milatari lama helin. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Kuwayt ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Lama helin. ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Lama helin. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Kuwayt? Tiro la isku halleyn karo lama helin. ## Halkee bay Kuwayt ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Labaduba waa xubno Jaamacadda Carabta ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/) --- # Dahabshiil: shirkadda xawaaladda Soomaaliyeed ee ugu weyn Source: https://calankii.com/so/businesses/dahabshiil/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Dahabshiil waa shirkadda xawaaladda Soomaaliyeed ee ugu weyn. Waxaa Burco ka bilaabay Maxamed Siciid Ducaale, hadda waxaa laga maamulaa Dubai, maamulaha guudna waa Cabdirashiid Ducaale. Shirkaddu waxay sheegtaa inay qiyaastii 50 sano ku jirtay ganacsigan oo ay ka shaqeyso in ka badan 100 waddan. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay qaado 40 ilaa 60 boqolkiiba lacagta Soomaaliya loo soo diro. ## Sida ay u bilaabatay Dahabshiil waxaa bilaabay **Maxamed Siciid Ducaale**, oo ahaa ganacsade ku nool Burco ([Wikipedia, Dahabshiil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). Shirkaddu waxay sheegtaa inay leedahay qiyaastii **50 sano** oo khibrad ah oo xawaaladda ah ([Dahabshiil](https://www.dahabshiil.com/dahabshiil-story)). Taariikhdeeda inta badan waxaa laga bilaabaa 1970, inkastoo diiwaannada shirkadda qaarkood ay sheegaan 2004 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). Eeg [Maxamed Siciid Ducaale](/en/people/mohamed-said-duale/). Xafiiskeedii ugu horreeyay ee London wuxuu ka furmay Whitechapel sannadkii 1989, waxaana maamulayay Cabdirashiid Ducaale, oo markii dambe noqday maamulaha guud (isla ilahaas). Xarunta shirkadda hadda waxay ku taal Dubai (isla ilahaas). ## Baaxaddeeda - **Saamiga suuqa:** sannadkii 2014 machadka Rift Valley Institute wuxuu qiyaasay in Dahabshiil ay qaado **40 ilaa 60 boqolkiiba** suuqa xawaaladda Soomaaliyeed, isagoo ku tilmaamay shirkadda ugu weyn uguna da'da weyn ([Rift Valley Institute, Maarso 2014](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RVI-Challenges-for-the-Somali-Money-Transfer-Sector-March-2014.pdf)). - **Gaadhsiinta:** in ka badan 100 waddan, sida ay shirkaddu sheegtay ([Dahabshiil](https://www.dahabshiil.com/dahabshiil-story)). Warbixinno kale waxay sheegaan in ka badan 24,000 oo wakiil iyo laamo, iyo in ka badan 2,000 oo shaqaale ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). ## Wixii ka baxsan xawaaladda - **Somtel:** Dahabshiil waxay 2008 qaadatay saamiga ugu badan ee shirkadda isgaarsiinta [Somtel](/en/businesses/somtel/) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). Somtel waxay maamushaa lacagta mobilka ee eDahab, waxayna qayb ka leedahay xadhigga internetka ee badda hoosteeda mara ee DARE1 ([Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka](https://mail.nca.gov.so/what-we-do/submarine-cables)). - **Dahabshil Bank International:** bangi Islaami ah oo Jabuuti ka furmay 2009 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). Dahabshil International Bank waa mid ka mid ah bangiyada ugu waaweyn ee shatiga ku haysta Soomaaliya ([Wakaaladda Ganacsiga Caalamiga ee Mareykanka](https://trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/somalia-banking-services-and-financial-services)). - **Wareejinta onlaynka:** tan iyo 2015 adeegga onlaynka ee shirkadda waxaa lala wadaa TalkRemit ([Dahabshiil](https://www.dahabshiil.com/dahabshiil-story)). ## Hay'adaha nidaamiya Dahabshiil waxay sheegtaa inay nidaamiyaan Hay'adda Dabagalka Maaliyadda ee Ingiriiska (FCA) iyo Hay'adda Kormeerka Maaliyadda ee Iswiidhan, isla markaana ay ka diiwaangashan tahay FINTRAC ee Kanada ([Dahabshiil](https://www.dahabshiil.com/dahabshiil-story)). Sannadkii 2010 waxay noqotay shirkaddii ugu horreysay ee lacag-bixinta caalamiga ah ee hay'adda Ingiriisku ogolaato iyadoo la raacayo Xeerarka Adeegyada Lacag-bixinta ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). ## Kiiskii Barclays, 2013 Maajo 2013 bangiga Barclays wuxuu sheegay inuu xiri doono akoonnada badi shirkadaha xawaaladda ee Ingiriiska, oo ay ku jirto Dahabshiil, oo markaas ahayd shirkaddii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu dambeysay ee akoon ku leh bangi weyn oo Ingiriis ah. Nofembar 2013 Maxkamadda Sare waxay Dahabshiil siisay amar ku-meel-gaar ah oo akoonkeeda furan ku haynaya ilaa dacwad buuxda ([Africa Research Institute](https://africaresearchinstitute.org/blog/10-things-to-know-about-somali-remittances/); [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). Ololeyaal Soomaaliyeed oo Ingiriiska jooga, oo ay taageertay Oxfam, ayaa ku cadaadiyay in jidkani furnaado ([Oxfam](https://www.oxfam.org/en/node/7954)). Khilaafkii markii dambe waa la xalliyay ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). ## Deeqaha Shirkaddu waxay sheegtaa inay lacag gelisaa mashaariic bulsho oo Geeska Afrika ah, xagga caafimaadka iyo waxbarashada ([Dahabshiil](https://www.dahabshiil.com/dahabshiil-story)). Warbixinno ayaa sheegaya inay 5 boqolkiiba faa'iidada sannadlaha ah siiso mashaariicda bulshada ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil)). Eeg [Hawala and money transfer companies](/so/economy/hawala-and-money-transfer-companies/) iyo [How to send money to Somalia](/so/economy/how-to-send-money-to-somalia/). --- # Soomaaliya iyo Iiraan Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/iran/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay Iiraan January 2016, waxayna dalka ka saartay diblomaasiyiinta Iiraan oo xirtay Hay'adda Imaam Khomeini ee Muqdisho. Xiriirka rasmiga ah wuxuu bilaabmay 1972. Ganacsigu wuu sii socday: 2022 Iiraan waxay Soomaaliya u iibisay US$36.9 milyan, 2018-na kormeerayaasha QM waxay ogaadeen in dhuxul Soomaali ah oo la mamnuucay loo marinayay aagagga xorta ah ee Iiraan. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Iiraan? Tan iyo January 2016 Soomaaliya iyo Iiraan xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ma laha. Soomaaliya waxay dalka ka saartay diblomaasiyiinta Iiraan, waxayna xirtay Hay'adda Imaam Khomeini ee Muqdisho, iyadoo sheegtay inay ka gudubtay waajibaadkeeda ([Goobjoog, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Ganacsigu wuu socdaa: 2022 Iiraan waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan US$36.9 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/IRN/year/2022/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Qarniyadii 8-aad ilaa 10-aad ganacsato Faaris iyo Carab ah ayaa ka ganacsan jiray xeebaha Badda Cas iyo Badweynta Hindiya ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/4.htm)). Muqdisho waxay jirtay ugu yaraan qarnigii 9-aad, markii soo-galooti Faaris iyo Carab ah ay la dhex galeen Soomaalida; qaar ayaa magaca Muqdisho ku macneeya "maqad shah", "fadhiga shaaha" ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/6.htm)). Xiriirka casriga ah wuxuu bilaabmay 1972; safaaradda Iiraan ee Muqdisho waxaa la furay February 1973 ([Steele, 2024](https://books.google.com/books?id=oboJEQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA284&hl=en)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? 1973 safaaradda Iiraan waxaa madax ka ahaa ku-simaha safiirka. Tan iyo 2016 safaarado ma jiraan. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Shaah Maxamed Rida Pahlavi** iyo **[Maxamed Siyaad Barre](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/)**: dowladahoodu waxay xiriirka dhiseen 1972 ([Steele, 2024](https://books.google.com/books?id=oboJEQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA284&hl=en)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? Heshiisyo lama helin. ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? Booqashooyin taariikh leh lama helin. ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Waxa Iiraan u dhoofiso Soomaaliya (WITS): - **2010:** US$1.9 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/IRN/year/2010/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2015:** US$21.8 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/IRN/year/2015/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2020:** US$25.0 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/IRN/year/2020/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). - **2022:** US$36.9 milyan ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/IRN/year/2022/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Gargaar la tiriyay lama helin ([FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)). Iiraan kuma jirto deyn-bixiyeyaasha Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://archive.mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20%28ADMR%29%20Report%20No.2_mq%20%281%29.pdf)). ## Amniga ka warran? Kooxda Kormeerka QM waxay sheegtay in laga bilaabo March 2018 dhuxusha Soomaaliya, oo QM mamnuucday dhoofinteeda, loo qaadi jiray aagagga xorta ah ee Kish iyo Qeshm ee Iiraan. Halkaas waxaa lagu dhex shubi jiray joonyado lagu qoray "Product of Iran", kadibna doonyo calanka Iiraan sita ayaa u qaadi jiray dekedda Hamriyah ee Dubai ([Golaha Ammaanka QM, S/2018/1002](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2018/1002&l=en&t=pdf)). Kooxdu waxay Iiraan ku tilmaantay "meesha ugu daciifsan" fulinta mamnuucidda. 29 October 2026 burcad-badeed Soomaali ah ayaa afduubtay doon kalluumeysi oo Iiraani ah oo 20 shaqaale ah saarnaayeen; ciidamada badda Hindiya ayaa badbaadiyay ([AP, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_Somalia)). Eeg [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/). ## Sidee Iiraan ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? QM waxay sheegtay in ganacsiga dhuxusha ay wadeen shabakado fadhigoodu yahay Dubai iyo Kismaayo, iyo in maamulka Jubaland uusan fulin mamnuucidda ([S/2018/1002](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2018/1002&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? - **January 2016:** Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay Iiraan; isla maalintaas waxay heshay ballan gargaar Sacuudi ah oo US$50 milyan ah, dowladduna way beenisay inay isku xiran yihiin ([Reuters, via Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Iiraan? Tiro la isku halleyn karo lama helin. ## Halkee bay Iiraan ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Iiraan lama shaqayn Kooxda Kormeerka QM 2017–2018 ([S/2018/1002](https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=S/2018/1002&l=en&t=pdf)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [Kooxda Kormeerka QM](/en/institutions/un-monitoring-group-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Ireland Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/ireland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Ireland waxay Soomaaliya ka qaabishaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi, safiirkeeduna wuxuu 1 Agoosto 2017 waraaqaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Farmaajo. Ciidamada Ireland waxay 1993 iyo 1994 Baydhabo ka wadeen koox gaadiid, gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Ireland ee 2024-na wuxuu ahaa 10.7 milyan oo doollar. Hay'adaha Irishka ah ee Concern Worldwide iyo Trócaire waxay Soomaaliya ka shaqeeyaan tan iyo 1980-meeyadii iyo 1992. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Ireland maanta u xiriiraan? Ireland safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya, waxayna ka qaabishaa safaaraddeeda Kenya. Safiirkeeda Nairobi wuxuu 1 Agoosto 2017 waraaqaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Safaaradda Ireland ee Kenya, 1 Agoosto 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Gargaarku waa udub-dhexaadka xiriirka. Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Ireland wuxuu ahaa 17.4 milyan oo doollar 2022 iyo 10.7 milyan 2024 ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)). Qayb badan ayaa loo mariyaa laba hay'adood oo Irish ah, Concern Worldwide iyo Trócaire ([Concern Worldwide](https://www.concern.net/where-we-work/somalia); [Trócaire](https://www.trocaire.org/countries/somalia/)). Bulshada Soomaaliyeed ee Ireland way sii korodhaa. Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay Ireland ku tirisay 3,281 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed iyo 2,264 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=50&yearFrom=2015&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=IRE)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Joogitaankii ugu horreeyay ee weynaa wuxuu ahaa hay'adaha gargaarka. Trócaire waxay Soomaaliya ka bilowday 1992, xilligii abaarta, waxayna tan iyo markaas ka shaqaysaa Gedo ([Trócaire](https://www.trocaire.org/countries/somalia/)). Concern Worldwide waxay 2026 u dabaaldegaysaa sannadkeedii 40-aad ee Soomaaliya ([Concern Worldwide](https://www.concern.net/where-we-work/somalia)). Madaxweyne Mary Robinson waxay 1992 booqatay Soomaaliya xilligii abaarta, kadibna waxay warbixin u gudbisay QM ([Wikipedia, Mary Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergeyada? - **Safiir O'Neill**, safiirka Ireland ee Nairobi, ayaa 1 Agoosto 2017 waraaqaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Farmaajo ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Safaaradda Ireland ee Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Mary Robinson**, Madaxweynaha Ireland, ayaa 1992 booqatay Soomaaliya oo warbixin u gudbisay QM ([Wikipedia, Mary Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson)). - **Gaashaanle Dhexe Dorcha Lee**, sarkaal Irish ah, ayaa ahaa sarkaalka isku-duwidda ee UNOSOM ilaa hawlgalku dhammaaday Febraayo 1995 ([Ciidamada Difaaca Ireland](https://www.military.ie/en/overseas-deployments/past-missions/)). - **Trócaire**, hay'adda Kaatooligga Irishka, ayaa tan iyo 1992 Gedo ka waday caafimaad iyo adkeysi ([Trócaire](https://www.trocaire.org/countries/somalia/)). - **Concern Worldwide**, hay'adda Irishka, ayaa ka shaqaysa toddoba gobol oo Soomaaliya ah, Irish Aid-na waa mid ka mid ah maalgeliyeyaasheeda ([Concern Worldwide](https://www.concern.net/where-we-work/somalia)). ## Madaxdee ayaa booqday? - **1992**: Madaxweyne Mary Robinson ayaa Soomaaliya booqatay xilligii abaarta ([Wikipedia, Mary Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson)). - **1 Agoosto 2017**: safiirka Ireland ee Nairobi ayaa Soomaaliya ku gudbiyay waraaqaha aqoonsiga ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay is dhaafsadaan? UN Comtrade wuxuu diiwaangeliyay ganacsiga Ireland iyo Soomaaliya: - 2015: u dhoofisay 3.08 milyan oo doollar; ka soo dejisay 24,762 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=372&partnerCode=706&period=2015&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2020: u dhoofisay 8.72 milyan; ka soo dejisay 2,111 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=372&partnerCode=706&period=2020&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2023: u dhoofisay 274,683 doollar; ka soo dejisay 167,881 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=372&partnerCode=706&period=2023&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) - 2024: u dhoofisay 867,255 doollar; ka soo dejisay 18,129 doollar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=372&partnerCode=706&period=2024&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)) Mashiinno ayaa ahaa 6.45 milyan oo doollar oo ka mid ah dhoofinta 2020 ([UN Comtrade, 2020](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=372&partnerCode=706&period=2020&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). 2023 kooxaha ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen daawo iyo mashiinno ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=372&partnerCode=706&period=2023&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Ireland u bixisay Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa mid joogto ah ([OECD DAC2A](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.DCD.FSD,DSD_DAC2@DF_DAC2A,/NOR+SWE+DNK+FIN+BEL+ESP+IRL.SOM.206..V?startPeriod=2010&dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels)): - 2010: 6.6 milyan oo doollar - 2011: 11.2 milyan - 2015: 7.2 milyan - 2020: 7.7 milyan - 2022: 17.4 milyan - 2023: 10.3 milyan - 2024: 10.7 milyan Irish Aid waxay maalgelisaa tababarka beeralayda iyo barnaamij adkeysi oo diiradda saaraya haweenka ee Trócaire ka waddo Gedo ([Trócaire](https://www.trocaire.org/countries/somalia/)). Waxay sidoo kale maalgelisaa barnaamijka diyaargarowga iyo gurmadka degdegga ah ee Concern ([Concern Worldwide](https://www.concern.net/where-we-work/somalia)). 2025 Concern waxay si toos ah u gaartay in ka badan 372,000 qof ([Concern Worldwide](https://www.concern.net/where-we-work/somalia)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Ciidamada Difaaca Ireland waxay Sebtembar 1993 UNOSOM II u direen Koox Gaadiid 1, oo wadata in ka badan 40 gaari, fadhigeeduna ahaa Camp Shannon ee Baydhabo. Ciidankii Irishka wuxuu ka baxay Sebtembar 1994 ([Ciidamada Difaaca Ireland](https://www.military.ie/en/overseas-deployments/past-missions/)). Toban shaqaale oo Irish ah ayaa Abriil 2010 ilaa Abriil 2014 ka shaqeeyay EUTM Somalia ee Uganda ([Ciidamada Difaaca Ireland](https://www.military.ie/en/overseas-deployments/past-missions/)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee ayay Ireland ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Shaqada Ireland waxay inta badan ku koobnayd koonfurta. Ciidamada Irishka waxay 1993 iyo 1994 joogeen Baydhabo, oo maanta ka tirsan Koonfur Galbeed ([Ciidamada Difaaca Ireland](https://www.military.ie/en/overseas-deployments/past-missions/)). Xarumaha caafimaadka ee Trócaire waxay ku yaallaan Gedo, Jubbaland, oo ay ku jiraan isbitaallada Doolow iyo Luuq ([Trócaire](https://www.trocaire.org/countries/somalia/)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Ireland? Tirakoobkii 2022 wuxuu Ireland ku tiriyay 2,419 qof oo Soomaaliya ku dhashay, 842 ka mid ahna waa muwaadiniin Irish ah ([CSO Ireland, Census 2022](https://ws.cso.ie/public/api.restful/PxStat.Data.Cube_API.ReadDataset/F5014/CSV/1.0/en)). Eeg [Soomaalida Ireland](/en/diaspora/ireland/). ## Halkee bay Ireland ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Ireland waxay ka qeyb qaadatay hawlgalkii QM ee 1993 ilaa 1995 iyo hawlgalkii tababarka Midowga Yurub ee 2010 ilaa 2014 ([Ciidamada Difaaca Ireland](https://www.military.ie/en/overseas-deployments/past-missions/)). Madaxweynaheeda ayaa abaartii 1992 u qaaday QM ([Wikipedia, Mary Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Faragelintii QM, 1992 ilaa 1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Soomaalida Ireland](/en/diaspora/ireland/) - [Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo](/en/people/mohamed-abdullahi-farmaajo/) - [Koonfur Galbeed](/so/states/south-west-state/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrika Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/african-union/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waxay xubin ka ahayd Ururka Midnimada Afrika iyo Midowga Afrika tan iyo 25 May 1963. Midowga Afrika hawlgal ayuu Soomaaliya ku lahaa tan iyo 2007; kan hadda waa AUSSOM, oo loo kordhiyay ilaa dhammaadka 2026, lacagna u yar tahay. 6 January 2026, Golaha Nabadda iyo Amniga ee AU wuxuu cambaareeyay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland, wuxuuna ku baaqay in la laalo. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrika? Soomaaliya waa xubin Midowga Afrika (AU), oo ku jirta gobolka Bariga Afrika ([AU, dalalka xubnaha ah](https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2)). Hawlgalka saddexaad ee AU, AUSSOM, wuxuu bilowday 1 January 2025 ([AUSSOM](https://au-ssom.org/aussom-background/)). 15 December 2025, Golaha Nabadda iyo Amniga (PSC) wuxuu AUSSOM u kordhiyay 12 bilood laga bilaabo 1 January 2026, wuxuuna Golaha Ammaanka QM ka codsaday inuu ansixiyo ([PSC, war-murtiyeedka 1317](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1317.comm-en.pdf)). QM waxay ansixisay 23 December 2025, ilaa 31 December 2026 ([AUSSOM](https://au-ssom.org/un-security-council-resolutions/)). Lacagta ayaa ah su'aasha ugu weyn. Golaha wuxuu muujiyay "walaac qoto dheer oo ku saabsan dhimanaanta joogtada ah ee maaliyadda", wuxuuna xusay in Guddiga AU uu US$20 milyan oo ka mid ah faa'iidada Sanduuqa Nabadda AU u qoondeeyay miisaaniyadda AUSSOM ee 2025 ([PSC, 1317](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1317.comm-en.pdf)). ## Goorma ayay Soomaaliya ku biirtay? Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Ururka Midnimada Afrika (OAU) 25 May 1963 ([AU](https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2)). July 1964, shirkii ugu horreeyay ee OAU ee Qaahira wuxuu ansixiyay go'aanka AHG/Res. 16(I), kaas oo xubnuhu ku ballanqaadeen inay ixtiraamaan xuduudihii ay ka dhaxleen xorriyadda. AU weli way tixraacdaa xeerkan marka ay Soomaaliya ka hadlayso ([PSC, 1324, 6 January 2026](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/DOC-20260107-WA0004.pdf)). ## Yaa Soomaaliya ku matala AU, yaase hoggaamiya shaqada AU ee Soomaaliya? - **Cabdullaahi Warfaa:** wakiilka joogtada ah ee Soomaaliya ee AU ([PSC, 1317](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1317.comm-en.pdf)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali:** wasiirka arrimaha dibadda; wuxuu ka hadlay shirkii wasiirrada ee 6 January 2026 ([PSC, 1324](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/DOC-20260107-WA0004.pdf)). - **Maxamuud Cali Yuusuf:** guddoomiyaha Guddiga AU; 26 December 2025 wuxuu diiday tallaabo kasta oo Somaliland lagu aqoonsanayo (isla [ilo](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/DOC-20260107-WA0004.pdf)). - **Bankole Adeoye:** guddoomiyaha arrimaha siyaasadda, nabadda iyo amniga ee AU ([PSC, 1317](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1317.comm-en.pdf)). - **El Hadji Ibrahima Diene:** wakiilka gaarka ah ee guddoomiyaha AU ee Soomaaliya iyo madaxa AUSSOM ([AUSSOM, hoggaanka](https://au-ssom.org/aussom-leadership/)). - **Mukhtaar Cismaan Kaarie:** ku-xigeenka madaxa AUSSOM (isla ilo). - **Jeneraal Sam Kavuma:** taliyaha ciidamada AUSSOM (isla ilo). - **Hillary Sao Kanu:** taliyaha booliska AUSSOM (isla ilo). - **Jeneraal Cheick Dembele:** madaxa qaybta hawlgallada nabadda ee AU; wuxuu hoggaamiyay kooxdii AU iyo QM ee Soomaaliya timid 24 September 2024 ([AUSSOM](https://au-ssom.org/aussom-background/)). ## Hawlgallada AU ee Soomaaliya - **AMISOM, 2007 ilaa 2022** ([AUSSOM](https://au-ssom.org/aussom-background/)). Eeg [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/). - **ATMIS, 1 April 2022 ilaa 31 December 2024** (isla ilo). Eeg [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/). - **AUSSOM, laga bilaabo 2025:** PSC wuxuu ansixiyay 1 August 2024, Golaha Ammaanka QM-na 27 December 2024 (go'aanka 2767). Ujeeddadu waa in amniga loo wareejiyo ciidamada Soomaalida 2029 (isla ilo). Eeg [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/). 25 February 2025 Soomaaliya iyo AU waxay ku heshiiyeen tirada ciidamada: Uganda 4,500, Itoobiya 2,500, Jabuuti 1,520, Kenya 1,410 iyo Masar 1,091 ([VOA, 25 February 2025](https://www.voanews.com/a/au-somalia-agree-on-troop-numbers-for-new-mission/7987913.html)). December 2025, golaha wuxuu soo dhoweeyay diyaargarowga Masar, wuxuuna u mahadceliyay Burundi iyo Ghana oo shaqaalahooda sii hayay 31 December 2025 kadib ([PSC, 1317](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1317.comm-en.pdf)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) iyo [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/). ## Go'aannada Golaha Nabadda iyo Amniga ([AUSSOM, war-murtiyeedyada](https://au-ssom.org/aupsc-communiques/)): - **1 August 2024, shirka 1225:** qorshaha hawlgalka kadib ATMIS. - **19 December 2024, shirka 1253 (wasiirro):** amniga kadib ATMIS. - **29 April 2025, shirka 1276:** xaaladda AUSSOM. - **3 July 2025, shirka 1287 (wasiirro):** Soomaaliya iyo AUSSOM. - **15 December 2025, shirka 1317:** AUSSOM loo kordhiyay 2026; Guddiga AU in uu QM kala hadlo go'aanka 2719 ([PSC, 1317](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1317.comm-en.pdf)). - **6 January 2026, shirka 1324 (wasiirro):** madax-bannaanida Soomaaliya kadib aqoonsiga Israa'iil ([PSC, 1324](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/DOC-20260107-WA0004.pdf)). ## Yaa bixiya kharashka hawlgalka? Go'aanka 2719 ee Golaha Ammaanka (December 2023) wuxuu oggolaanayaa in 75% kharashka hawlgal AU uu ka yimaado miisaaniyadda QM ([ISS Africa](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/two-years-on-unscr-2719-on-peace-operations-remains-at-a-crossroads)). May 2025 golaha kuma heshiin in AUSSOM lagu dabaqo ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/05/somalia-closed-consultations-on-the-au-support-and-stabilization-mission-in-somalia-aussom.php)). December 2025, PSC wuxuu saaxiibbada ka codsaday maalgelin sannado badan ah ([PSC, 1317](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1317.comm-en.pdf)). ## Sidee bay AU ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **Aqoonsiga Israa'iil:** 6 January 2026, PSC wuxuu "si adag u cambaareeyay oo diiday" aqoonsiga, wuxuuna ku baaqay in "isla markiiba la laalo". Wuxuu sheegay in "qofna aanu awood u lahayn inuu beddelo qaab-dhismeedka dhuleed ee dal xubin ka ah AU" ([PSC, 1324](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/DOC-20260107-WA0004.pdf)). - **Imaaraadka:** 6 January 2026, guddoomiyaha AU iyo Sheekh Shakhbuut bin Nahyan waxay taageero u muujiyeen madax-bannaanida iyo midnimada Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Imaaraadka](https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2026/1/6/UAE-African-Union-Commission)). - **Dowlad-goboleedyada:** PSC wuxuu ku dhiirri-geliyay "wadahadal gudaha Soomaaliya ah" inuu yahay jidka kaliya ee lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad-goboleedyada, wuxuuna Guddiga AU ka codsaday inuu IGAD iyo EAC la shaqeeyo ([PSC, 1324](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/DOC-20260107-WA0004.pdf)). - **Doorashooyinka:** PSC wuxuu ammaanay ballanqaadka Soomaaliya ee doorasho qof iyo cod ah ([PSC, 1317](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/1317.comm-en.pdf)). ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? - **Itoobiya iyo AUSSOM, 2024:** 22 October 2024, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in "heshiiska sharci-darrada ah" ee Itoobiya la gashay gobolka waqooyi uu jebiyay madax-bannaanida Soomaaliya, iyo in Soomaaliya ay go'aamiso dalalka ciidamada keenaya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalias-stance-on-sovereignty-and-ethiopias-role-in-the-african-union-stabilization-mission-aussom/)). February 2025, Itoobiya waxaa la siiyay 2,500 kaalmood ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/au-somalia-agree-on-troop-numbers-for-new-mission/7987913.html)). - **Maalgelinta:** QM weli ma aqbalin maalgelinta 2719 ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/05/somalia-closed-consultations-on-the-au-support-and-stabilization-mission-in-somalia-aussom.php)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/) - [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/) - [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Qaramada Midoobay](/so/relations/un/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Kanada Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/canada/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Kanada iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir dejiyeen 1968, waa la hakiyay 1991, dib ayaana loo soo celiyay 2013. Kanada waxay Soomaaliya kala socotaa Nairobi, waxayna 2022–23 bixisay CAD 78 milyan oo gargaar ah. Ganacsiga alaabtu wuxuu ahaa CAD 3.6 milyan 2023, Kanadana waxaa ku noolaa 65,555 qof oo asal ahaan Soomaali ah 2021. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Kanada xiriir u yihiin maanta? Kanada safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya. Waxay Soomaaliya kala socotaa Xafiiska Ergada Sare ee Nairobi, Kenya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Washington, Daahir Xasan Cabdi, wuxuu Juun 2026 warqadaha aqoonsiga ugu gudbiyay Rideau Hall ee Ottawa, isagoo noqonaya safiirka Kanada oo aan dalka joogin ([Shabelle/AllAfrica, 25 Juun 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202606250354.html)). Xaqiiqooyinka ugu muhiimsan: - **Gargaarka:** gargaarka Kanada ee Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa CAD 78 milyan 2022–23 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). - **Ganacsiga:** ganacsiga alaabta ee labada dhinac wuxuu ahaa CAD 3.6 milyan 2023 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). - **Dadka:** tirakoobka 2021 wuxuu tiriyay 65,555 qof oo asal ahaan Soomaali ah ([Statistics Canada](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Kanada iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed dejiyeen 1968 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). Xiriirka waa la hakiyay kadib burburkii dowladda Soomaaliya 1991. Kanada waxay dib u soo celisay xiriirka 2013, kadib markii 2012 la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Kanada:** xiriirka waxaa lagu maamulaa Xafiiska Ergada Sare ee Nairobi; Kanada xafiis kuma laha Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). - **Soomaaliya:** Daahir Xasan Cabdi, safiirka Mareykanka tan iyo 2024, wuxuu noqday safiirka Kanada Juun 2026 ([Shabelle/AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202606250354.html); [Safaaradda Soomaaliya](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=8980)). Magacyada madaxdii hore ee ergada Kanada laguma helin diiwaannada dadweynaha ee boggan. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Ciidanka Cirka ka soo Degga ee Kanada (Canadian Airborne Regiment)** wuxuu Beledweyne u diray ku dhawaad 1,400 askari laga bilaabo Diseembar 1992, isagoo ka tirsan UNITAF ([The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2019](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia)). - **Axmed Xuseen (Ahmed Hussen)**, oo ku dhashay Muqdisho, wuxuu Kanada yimid isagoo qaxooti ah oo 16 jir ah, wuxuuna ahaa guddoomiyaha qaranka ee Canadian Somali Congress ([Xafiiska Ahmed Hussen](https://ahmedhussen.libparl.ca/about/)). - Wuxuu ahaa Wasiirka Socdaalka, Qaxootiga iyo Dhalashada 10 Janaayo 2017 ilaa 20 Nofembar 2019 ([Golaha Wakiillada Kanada](https://www.noscommunes.ca/MEMBERS/en/ahmed-hussen(89020)/roles)). - Wuxuu ahaa Wasiirka Horumarinta Caalamiga 26 Luulyo 2023 ilaa 14 Maarso 2025, wasiirka mas'uulka ka ahaa gargaarka Kanada ee Soomaaliya ([Golaha Wakiillada](https://www.noscommunes.ca/MEMBERS/en/ahmed-hussen(89020)/roles)). - Tan iyo 17 Juun 2025 wuxuu guddoomiye ka yahay Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda iyo Horumarinta Caalamiga ee Golaha Wakiillada ([Golaha Wakiillada](https://www.noscommunes.ca/MEMBERS/en/ahmed-hussen(89020)/roles)). - **Soomaalida Kanada ee dalka ku laabtay:** Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada waxay sheegtay in qaar ka mid ah ay xilal sare ka qabteen dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad-goboleedyada ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? Heshiis laba-geesood ah oo u dhexeeya Kanada iyo Soomaaliya laguma helin diiwaannada dadweynaha ee boggan. Iskaashigu wuxuu ku socdaa barnaamijyo: - **2018:** Kanada waxay bilowday barnaamij horumarineed oo gaar u ah Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada, 12 Nofembar 2024](https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2024/11/minister-hussen-announces-more-than-35-million-for-international-assistance-projects-in-africa.html)). - **Horraantii 2019:** iskaashi ballaaran oo ku saabsan waxbarashada, caafimaadka, sinnaanta jinsiga iyo maamul wada-dhan ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). - **IMF:** Kanada waxay taageertaa hay'adaha dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya iyadoo sii marisa Sanduuqa Soomaaliya ee IMF ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). ## Madaxdee ayaa is booqday? Booqasho ra'iisul wasaare ama wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Kanada ee Soomaaliya, ama madaxweyne Soomaaliyeed oo Ottawa yimid, laguma helin diiwaannada boggan. Xiriirka ugu sarreeya ee la diiwaangeliyay waa gudbinta warqadaha aqoonsiga Juun 2026 ([Shabelle/AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202606250354.html)). ## Intee le'eg ayay is dhaafsadaan ganacsi? Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. 2023 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)): - **Waxa Kanada u dhoofisay Soomaaliya:** CAD 3.2 milyan, inta badan mashiinno iyo qaybahooda, iyo borotiin. - **Waxa Kanada ka keentay Soomaaliya:** CAD 390,400, inta badan saliid udgoon, jambaro badeed (sea cucumber) iyo qalab dhismo. ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? - **2022–23:** CAD 78 milyan oo gargaar ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). - **2023:** CAD 41 milyan oo gargaar bini'aadannimo ah oo la siiyay QM, Laanqayrta Cas iyo hay'adaha ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). - **2024–25:** gargaarka horumarineed ee tooska ah waxaa la filayay inuu gaaro CAD 9 milyan ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). - **La-dagaallanka argagixisada:** tan iyo 2019 Kanada waxay ku bixisay in ka badan CAD 11.7 milyan barnaamijyo Bariga Afrika ah oo Soomaaliya ku jirto ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). Gargaarka bini'aadannimo ee Kanada ee ay diiwaangelisay OCHA (doollar Mareykan): - **2011:** US$34.4 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2011&groupby=organization)). - **2017:** US$31.2 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2017&groupby=organization)). - **2022:** US$36.2 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2022&groupby=organization)). - **2024:** US$18.8 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2024&groupby=organization)). - **2025:** US$19.0 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2025&groupby=organization)). ## Amniga ka warran? Ciidamadii ugu badnaa ee Kanada waxay joogeen 1992–93. Ku dhawaad 1,400 askari ayaa Beledweyne joogay, markabka HMCS Preserver-na wuxuu ka shaqaynayay xeebta ([The Canadian Encyclopedia](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia)). Askartu waxay dib u dhiseen waddooyin iyo buundooyin, miinooyin ayay nadiifiyeen, isbitaallo ayay dib u fureen, waxayna ilaalinayeen gaadiidka gargaarka ([The Canadian Encyclopedia](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Kanada ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xiriirka rasmiga ah ee Kanada wuxuu la leeyahay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). Xafiis, heshiis ama bayaan Kanada oo ku saabsan aqoonsiga Somaliland laguma helin diiwaannada dowladda Kanada ee boggan. Goobta ugu weyn ee Kanada ku lahayd Soomaaliya waxay ahayd Beledweyne, oo hadda ka tirsan Hirshabeelle, 1992–93 ([The Canadian Encyclopedia](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaafka ugu weyn wuxuu ka dhacay gudaha Kanada, wuxuuna ku saabsanaa dhaqanka askarteeda: - **Maarso 1993:** askar Kanadiyaan ah ayaa toogtay oo dilay nin Soomaali ah oo isku dayay inuu galo xeradooda ([The Canadian Encyclopedia](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia)). - **16 Maarso 1993:** askar Kanadiyaan ah ayaa qabtay, jirdilay oo dilay Shiddaane Caroone, wiil Soomaali ah oo 16 jir ahaa ([The Canadian Encyclopedia](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia)). - **Kadib:** ciidankii Airborne Regiment oo dhan waa la kala diray xilligii Ra'iisul Wasaare Jean Chrétien ([The Canadian Encyclopedia](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia)). - **1997:** guddi dowladeed ayaa daabacay warbixinta "Dishonoured Legacy: The Lessons of the Somalia Affair," oo shan qaybood ah ([Daabacaadaha Dowladda Kanada](https://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/479844/publication.html)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Kanada? Tirakoobka 2021 wuxuu tiriyay 65,555 qof oo asal ahaan Soomaali ah ([Statistics Canada](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601)). Eeg [Kanada (qurbajoogta)](/en/diaspora/canada/). ## Halkee bay Kanada ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Kanada waxay ka qayb qaadatay UNITAF 1992–93 ([The Canadian Encyclopedia](https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-peacekeepers-in-somalia)). Kanada iyo Soomaaliya waxay ka wada shaqeeyaan QM, Ururka Duulista Rayidka Caalamiga (ICAO) iyo UNESCO ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Kanada](https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/somalia-somalie/relations.aspx?lang=eng)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Kanada (qurbajoogta)](/en/diaspora/canada/) - [Soomaalida Kanada ee nolosha dadweynaha](/en/diaspora/somali-canadians-in-public-life/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Mareykanka](/so/relations/united-states/) - [Ahmed Hussen](/en/people/ahmed-hussen/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Masar Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/egypt/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Masar iyo Soomaaliya waxay 14 Agoosto 2024 saxeexeen borotokool iskaashi millateri, 23 Janaayo 2025-na waxay saxeexeen baaq iskaashi istaraatiiji ah. Masar waxay Agoosto 2024 ka furtay Muqdisho dhismo safaaradeed cusub, EgyptAir waxay Muqdisho bilowday Luulyo 2024, ganacsigana wuxuu 2024 gaaray $127.7 milyan. Xiriirka wuxuu ku bilaabmaa safarradii Masartii hore ee Punt. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Masar? Xiriirku wuxuu maanta ka dhow yahay sidii uu ahaa tobanaan sano. 14 Agoosto 2024, madaxweyne Cabdil Fataax Al-Siisi iyo madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud waxay Qaahira ku goobjoogeen saxeexa borotokool iskaashi millateri ([Ahram Online, 14 Agoosto 2024](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/530159/Egypt/Egypt-and-Somalia-presidents-witness-signing-milit.aspx)). 23 Janaayo 2025 waxay saxeexeen baaq siyaasadeed oo xiriirka u qaaday iskaashi istaraatiiji ah ([Madaxtooyada Masar, 23 Janaayo 2025](https://www.presidency.eg/EN/قسم-الأخبار/أخبار-رئاسية/news-2312025-2/)). Heshiiskaas wuxuu dhigayaa in madaxweyneyaashu sannad walba wada tashadaan, wasiirrada arrimaha dibaddana sannadkii laba jeer kulmaan ([Zawya, Janaayo 2025](https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/north-africa/egypt-pledges-continued-support-for-somalia-in-new-strategic-partnership-hi3ec31e)). Masar waxay Agoosto 2024 Muqdisho ka furtay dhismo safaaradeed cusub ([Hiiraan Online, Agoosto 2024](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Aug/197533/egypt_reopens_new_embassy_in_mogadishu.aspx)). Safaaraddii hore waxay xirantay horraantii 1990-meeyadii markii dowladdii dhexe burburtay ([Garowe Online, Luulyo 2025](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-egypt-agree-to-boost-security-and-trade-ties-plan-embassy-reopening)). Ganacsigu wuxuu 2024 gaaray $127.7 milyan, halka 2023 uu ahaa $58.2 milyan ([Amwal Al Ghad, CAPMAS](https://en.amwalalghad.com/?p=208210)). EgyptAir waxay Luulyo 2024 bilowday duullimaad Qaahira ilaa Muqdisho oo Jabuuti mara ([Hiiraan Online, Luulyo 2024](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/July/197020/egyptair_to_launch_cairo_mogadishu_flights_on_friday.aspx)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? ### Punt iyo waqtiyadii hore Diiwaannada Masartii hore waxay ka sheekeeyaan safarro ganacsi oo loo diray dal la oran jiray Punt. Kan ugu caansan waa safarkii boqoradda Hatshepsut qiyaastii 1470 ka hor ciisaha, oo lagu sawiray macbadkeeda Deir el-Bahari ([World History Encyclopedia, "Punt"](https://www.worldhistory.org/Punt/)). Aqoonyahannadu waxay Punt dhigaan Geeska Afrika, qaarna waxay tilmaamaan xeebta Soomaaliyeed, balse meel lagu heshiiyey ma jirto ([World History Encyclopedia](https://www.worldhistory.org/Punt/)). Eeg [Punt iyo xeebta Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/). ### Al-Azhar iyo jidkii xorriyadda Ardayda Soomaaliyeed waxay waxbarasho diimeed u tagi jireen Qaahira xorriyadda ka hor. Xaaji Maxamed Xuseen, oo ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Leegada Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed (SYL), wuxuu 2 Nofeembar 1952 Muqdisho uga ambabaxay Al-Azhar ([Antonio M. Morone, Geeska, 28 Nofeembar 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). 1950 kadib, Masar waxay xubin ka ahayd Golaha La-talinta ee Qaramada Midoobay ee dhulka Soomaaliya ee Talyaanigu maamulayey, iyadoo la jirtay Kolombiya iyo Filibiin ([UN Repertory, Qodobka 81](https://legal.un.org/repertory/art81/english/rep_orig_vol4_art81.pdf)). Golaha Guud wuxuu heshiiska wakaaladda ansixiyey 2 Diseembar 1950, go'aanka 442 (V) ([Diiwaanka Golaha Wakaaladda QM](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1617304/files/T_SR.349-EN.pdf)). 2 Nofeembar 1956, xilligii dagaalkii Suweys, Golaha Sharci-dejinta Soomaaliyeed wuxuu ansixiyey go'aan lagu taageerayo Masar ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). ### Dilkii Kamaal Diin Salaax, 1957 Kamaal Diin Salaax, oo ahaa garyaqaan Masaari ah, wuxuu Muqdisho yimid Nofeembar 1954 si uu kursiga Masar uga fadhiisto Golaha La-talinta ([Alex White, Geeska, 31 Agoosto 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). Wuxuu bixiyey deeqo waxbarasho oo jaamacadaha Qaahira ah, masaajidda ka khudbeeyey, wuxuuna si dhow ula shaqeeyey SYL ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). Waxaa lagu dilay mindi bartamaha Muqdisho 16 Abriil 1957 ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). Maamulka Talyaanigu wuxuu dilaha ku magacaabay Maxamed Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan, oo hore arday uga ahaa Qaahira ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). Waxaa lagu xukumay 20 sano oo xarig ah, labo xildhibaan oo Hizbia Digil Mirifle ah oo lala maxkamadeeyeyna waa la sii daayey ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). Warka rasmiga ahi wuxuu sababta ku sheegay deeq waxbarasho oo laga diiday, Masarna way diiday sharraxaaddaas ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). Maxamed Xasan Al-Sayaat ayaa golaha ku beddelay ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). ### Masartii Jamaal Cabdinaasir iyo Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed Luulyo 1957, SYL waxay dib u dooratay Xaaji Maxamed Xuseen isagoo weli Qaahira deggan ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). Waxaa xisbiga laga saaray Maajo 1958, wuxuuna 24 Luulyo 1958 aasaasay Leegada Soomaaliweyn ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). Masar waxay taageertay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliweyn, oo shirkiisii aasaaska ku qabtay Muqdisho 30 Agoosto 1959 ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). Markii 1963–1964 dagaal la galay Itoobiya, Jamaal Cabdinaasir wuxuu labada dhinac ku booriyey inay joojiyaan ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). ### Jaamacadda Carabta iyo dagaalkii Ogaadeenya Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta 14 Febraayo 1974 ([Somali Archive, khudbaddii Siyaad Barre](https://somaliarchive77.substack.com/p/the-arabs-and-somalis-need-each-other)). Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya kadib, dowladdii Siyaad Barre waxay u dhowaatay Masar iyo Sacuudiga ([Library of Congress Country Study](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). Dagaalkii 1977–1978, Masartii Anwar Saadaat waxay Soomaaliya siisay hub qiyaastii $30 milyan ah, sida uu sheegay daraasad 1978 ([Heritage Foundation, 1978](https://www.heritage.org/node/22963)). Eeg [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). ### Sannadihii dagaalka iyo shirkii Qaahira Butros Butros-Ghali, oo 1977 ilaa 1991 ahaa wasiir u dowlaha arrimaha dibadda Masar, wuxuu xoghayaha guud ee QM noqday 1 Janaayo 1992 ([UN Press, 1996](https://press.un.org/en/1996/19960423.sg2015.r6.html)). Isaga ayaa QM hoggaaminayey xilligii hawlgallada QM ee Soomaaliya. Eeg [Faragelintii QM 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/). Masar waxay Qaahira ku martigelisay wada-hadallo kooxaha Soomaaliyeed 12 Nofeembar ilaa 22 Diseembar 1997 ([Warqaddii Masar ee Golaha Ammaanka, S/1998/43](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/249052/files/S_1998_43-EN.pdf)). Waxaa ka soo baxay Baaqii Qaahira ee Soomaaliya, oo la saxeexay 22 Diseembar 1997 ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/317/)). Waxaa saxeexay Golaha Badbaadada Qaranka ee Cali Mahdi iyo SNA-da Xuseen Caydiid iyo kuwo kale ([Refworld, IRB Canada, 1998](https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20221023042202mp_/https://www.refworld.org/country,,,,SOM,,3ae6ab53c,0.html)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? ### Ergooyinka Masar ee Soomaaliya - **Kamaal Diin Salaax**: xubinta Masar ee Golaha La-talinta QM, Nofeembar 1954 ilaa Abriil 1957 ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). - **Maxamed Xasan Al-Sayaat**: ku-xigeenkiisii golaha, 1957 ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). - **Axmed Fu'aad Abu Sabba**: ku-xigeenka qunsulka Masar ee Muqdisho, 1958 ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). - **Maxamed Al-Saciid Axmed Al-Baas**: warqadaha aqoonsiga wuxuu u gudbiyey madaxweyne Maxamed Cabdullaahi Farmaajo, Diseembar 2021 ([SONNA, Diseembar 2021](https://sonna.so/en/president-farmajo-credentials-from-the-newly-appointed-ambassadors-of-egypt-and-norway/)). - **Maxamed Salaax Xasan Kishta**: warqadaha aqoonsiga wuxuu u gudbiyey madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, Diseembar 2025 ([Hiiraan Online, Diseembar 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Dec/203816/somali_president_receives_credentials_of_eight_new_ambassadors.aspx); [Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-foreign-minister-receives-copy-of-credentials-from-newly-appointed-egyptian-ambassador/)). ### Ergooyinka Soomaaliya ee Masar Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Qaahira wuxuu sidoo kale yahay wakiilka joogtada ah ee Jaamacadda Carabta. - **Ilyaas Sheekh Cumar Abuubakar**: warqadaha aqoonsiga wuxuu u gudbiyey Al-Siisi, Febraayo 2021 ([Hiiraan Online, Febraayo 2021](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2021/Feb/181596/new_somalia_ambassador_to_egypt_presents_credentials_in_cairo.aspx)). - **Cali Cabdi Awaare**: warqadaha aqoonsiga wuxuu u gudbiyey Al-Siisi, Luulyo 2024 ([Hiiraan Online, Luulyo 2024](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/July/197089/somali_ambassador_presents_credentials_to_president_abdel_fattah_el_sisi_in_cairo.aspx)). Juun 2026 wuxuu Qaahira ku guddoomiyey shir safiirrada Afrika ([Dawan Africa, 29 Juun 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalias-arab-league-envoy-chairs-african-ambassadors-meeting)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Xaaji Maxamed Xuseen**: hoggaamiyaha SYL, Al-Azhar wax ku bartay 1952 kadib, xisbigana Qaahira ka hoggaaminayey 1957–1958 ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). - **Kamaal Diin Salaax**: xubinta Masar ee Golaha La-talinta, deeqo waxbarasho bixiyey, SYL-na taageeray, 1954–1957 ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). - **Jamaal Cabdinaasir**: madaxweynaha Masar, taageeray Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliweyn 1959, ku booriyey xabbad-joojin Itoobiya 1964 ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). - **Anwar Saadaat**: madaxweynaha Masar, hub soo diray dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ([Heritage Foundation, 1978](https://www.heritage.org/node/22963)). - **Cabdil Fataax Al-Siisi**: madaxweynaha Masar, saxeexay borotokoolka 2024 iyo iskaashiga 2025 ([Madaxtooyada Masar](https://www.presidency.eg/EN/قسم-الأخبار/أخبار-رئاسية/news-2312025-2/)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**: madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, booqday Masar Agoosto 2024, Janaayo 2025, Luulyo 2025 iyo Febraayo 2026 ([Anadolu, Febraayo 2026](https://aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/egyptian-somali-presidents-discuss-bilateral-ties-security-cooperation-in-cairo/3824023)). - **Badar Cabdilcaati**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Masar, Muqdisho ku yimid duullimaadkii ugu horreeyey ee EgyptAir, Luulyo 2024 ([Hiiraan Online, Luulyo 2024](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/July/197054/egyptian_foreign_minister_arrives_in_mogadishu_for_egypt_air_s_inaugural_flight.aspx)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, saxeexay heshiisyadii Janaayo 2025 ([Garowe Online, Janaayo 2025](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/egypt-somalia-activate-2024-military-pact-elevate-ties-amid-ethiopia-tensions)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, helay nuqulka warqadaha safiirka cusub ee Masar, dabayaaqadii 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-foreign-minister-receives-copy-of-credentials-from-newly-appointed-egyptian-ambassador/)). - **Xamdi Loosa**: ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Masar ee Afrika, booqday Hargeysa 2019 ([Garowe Online, 2019](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somaliland/somalia-egypts-deputy-foreign-minister-visits-somaliland)). ## Heshiisyo maxay saxeexeen? - **22 Diseembar 1997**: Baaqii Qaahira ee Soomaaliya, oo ay saxeexeen kooxaha Soomaaliyeed ([PA-X](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/317/)). - **14 Agoosto 2024**: borotokool iskaashi millateri, Qaahira ([Ahram Online](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/530159/Egypt/Egypt-and-Somalia-presidents-witness-signing-milit.aspx)). Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya ayaa ansixiyey Luulyo 2024 ([Africanews, 15 Agoosto 2024](https://www.africanews.com/2024/08/15/egypts-el-sissi-hosts-visiting-somali-president-announces-new-defense-agreement/)). - **10 Oktoobar 2024**: war-murtiyeedka shirka Masar, Eritrea iyo Soomaaliya ee Asmara, oo lagu dhisay guddi saddexda wasiir ee arrimaha dibadda ah ([Villa Somalia](https://villasomalia.gov.so/joint-communique-of-the-tripartite-summit-between-somalia-eritrea-and-egypt/)). - **23 Janaayo 2025**: baaq siyaasadeed oo iskaashi istaraatiiji ah iyo heshiisyo ay saxeexeen wasiirrada ([Madaxtooyada Masar](https://www.presidency.eg/EN/قسم-الأخبار/أخبار-رئاسية/news-2312025-2/)). ## Madaxda yaa is booqday? - **Luulyo 2024**: wasiir Badar Cabdilcaati, Muqdisho ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/July/197054/egyptian_foreign_minister_arrives_in_mogadishu_for_egypt_air_s_inaugural_flight.aspx)). - **13–14 Agoosto 2024**: Xasan Sheekh, Qaahira ([The National](https://thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/08/14/egypt-and-somalia-sign-military-co-operation-protocol-in-cairo)). - **10 Oktoobar 2024**: Al-Siisi iyo Xasan Sheekh oo Asmara kula kulmay Isaias Afwerki ([Madaxtooyada Masar](https://www.presidency.eg/en/قسم-الأخبار/أخبار-رئاسية/news-10102024-4/)). - **23 Janaayo 2025**: Xasan Sheekh, Qaahira ([Madaxtooyada Masar](https://www.presidency.eg/EN/قسم-الأخبار/أخبار-رئاسية/news-2312025-2/)). - **7 Luulyo 2025**: Xasan Sheekh, Al-Calamayn; Al-Siisi wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in safaaraddu Muqdisho ku soo laabanayso ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/president-hassan-sheikh-holds-bilateral-talks-with-egyptian-counterpart)). - **8 Febraayo 2026**: Xasan Sheekh, Qaahira, booqasho labo maalmood ah ([Madaxtooyada Masar](https://www.presidency.eg/EN/قسم-الأخبار/أخبار-رئاسية/news822026-1/)). - **Abriil 2026**: Cabdilcaati iyo Xasan Sheekh oo ku kulmay Golaha Diblomaasiyadda Antalya, Turkiga ([Ahram Online](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/566188.aspx)). ## Intee bay ganacsadaan? Hay'adda tirakoobka Masar (CAPMAS) waxay ganacsiga 2024 ku qiyaastay $127.7 milyan ([Amwal Al Ghad](https://en.amwalalghad.com/?p=208210)). Alaabta Masar u dhoofisay Soomaaliya waxay ahayd $122.9 milyan, halka 2023 ay ahayd $55.8 milyan ([Amwal Al Ghad](https://en.amwalalghad.com/?p=208210)). Waxa Soomaaliya ka timid waxay ahaayeen $4.8 milyan ([Amwal Al Ghad](https://en.amwalalghad.com/?p=208210)). Ganacsigu wuxuu 2022 ahaa $56.3 milyan ([Business Today Egypt](https://www.businesstodayegypt.com/Article/1/3953/Volume-of-trade-exchange-between-Egypt-Somalia-hits-56-3M)). Lixdii bilood ee hore ee 2024 wuxuu kordhay 88% ([Egypt Today](https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/134161/Egypt-Somalia-trade-exchange-rise-by-88-in-first-half)). Waxyaabaha ugu badan ee Masar dhoofisay 2024 ([Amwal Al Ghad](https://en.amwalalghad.com/?p=208210)): - bur iyo badeecooyin la shiiday, $60 milyan - sonkor iyo macmacaan, $29 milyan - tubaako, $6 milyan, iyo daawo, $6 milyan - khudaar iyo miro la diyaariyey, $3 milyan Soomaaliya waxay Masar u dhoofisay xoolo nool, $4 milyan, iyo xabag iyo dhir laga sameeyey, $800,000 ([Amwal Al Ghad](https://en.amwalalghad.com/?p=208210)). Duullimaadka EgyptAir wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyey ee Masaari ah ee Soomaaliya ku yimaada qiyaastii 30 sano ([Radio Dalsan](https://radiodalsan.com/egypt-resumes-direct-flights-to-somalia-after-30-years)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Taageerada Masar waxay inta badan ahayd tababar, deeqo waxbarasho iyo caawimo amni, ee ma ahayn lacag badan oo toos ah. Iskaashiga 2025 wuxuu daboolayaa siyaasad, millateri, dhaqan iyo dhaqaale ([Madaxtooyada Masar](https://www.presidency.eg/en/قسم-الأخبار/أخبار-رئاسية/news2312025-1/)). Deeqaha waxbarasho ee Masar waxay soo bilaabmeen 1950-meeyadii xilligii Kamaal Diin Salaax ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). Tiro sannadle ah oo la isku halleyn karo lama helin. ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Masar iyo Soomaaliya waxay 14 Agoosto 2024 saxeexeen borotokool iskaashi millateri ([Ahram Online](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/530159/Egypt/Egypt-and-Somalia-presidents-witness-signing-milit.aspx)). Masar waxay hub iyo qalab millateri u dirtay Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii Agoosto 2024 ([Library of Congress, 25 Sebteembar 2024](https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-09-25/egypt-somalia-military-cooperation-agreement-signed/)). Waxaa loo qoondeeyey qiyaastii 1,091 askari oo ka tirsan AUSSOM, 11 Febraayo 2026-na Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Qaahira ku daawaday ciidamadaas ([AllAfrica, Oktoobar 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202610270081.html); [Ahram Online](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1237/562209/Egypt/Defence/Somali-president,-Egypt-defence-minister-attend-li.aspx)). Sebteembar 2026, Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in dhaqaale la'aan ay dib u dhigtay geynta ciidamada ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-says-funding-hurdles-delay-egyptian-troops-deployment-to-aussom)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Masar ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Masar 2024 ka hor xiriir shaqo ayay la lahayd Somaliland. Ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Somaliland, Liibaan Yuusuf Cismaan, wuxuu booqday Qaahira Maarso 2019 ([Garowe Online, 2019](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somaliland/somalia-egypts-deputy-foreign-minister-visits-somaliland)). Ku-xigeenka wasiirka Masar Xamdi Loosa ayaa markaas kadib booqday Hargeysa ([Garowe Online, 2019](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somaliland/somalia-egypts-deputy-foreign-minister-visits-somaliland)). Luulyo 2020, wafdi dowladda Masar ah ayaa Hargeysa kula kulmay madaxweyne Muuse Biixi Cabdi ([Somaliland Chronicle, 14 Luulyo 2020](https://www.somalilandchronicle.com/2020/07/14/breaking-egyptian-government-delegation-visits-somaliland/)). Itoobiya waxay u gudbisay Somaliland cabasho, waxayna Hargeysa u dirtay wasiirkeeda maaliyadda Axmed Shide ([Garowe Online, 2020](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/ethiopias-finance-minister-visits-somalia-as-egypt-eyes-military-base-in-the-region)). Tan iyo heshiiskii is-afgaradka Itoobiya iyo Somaliland ee Janaayo 2024, Masar waxay taageertay mowqifka Soomaaliya. Markii Israa'iil aqoonsatay Somaliland 26 Diseembar 2025, Masar, Soomaaliya, Turkiga iyo Jabuuti waxay soo saareen cambaarayn wadajir ah ([Ahram Online, Diseembar 2025](https://english.ahram.org.eg/UI/Front/Inner.aspx?NewsContentID=559382)). Janaayo 2026, Masar iyo 21 dal oo kale waxay cambaareeyeen booqashadii wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Israa'iil Gideon Sa'ar ee Hargeysa ([Ahram Online, Janaayo 2026](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1234/560174/Egypt/Foreign-Affairs/Egypt,--ArabIslamicAfrican-nations-condemn-Israeli.aspx)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Dilkii Kamaal Diin Salaax ee 1957 wuxuu dhaliyey xiisad siyaasadeed. Masar way diiday sharraxaaddii maamulka Talyaaniga ([Morone, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/somali-independence-and-its-political-connections-nassers-egypt)). Luulyo 1957, ciidamada Talyaanigu waxay Muqdisho ku wareegayeen gawaari gaashaaman ([White, Geeska, 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/mysterious-killing-kamal-al-din-salah-mogadishu)). Sannadihii dambe khilaaf diiwaangashan oo u dhexeeya labada dowladood ma jiro. Xiisadda ugu weyni waxay ka timaaddaa Itoobiya, oo ka cabsatay hubka iyo ciidamada Masar ee Soomaaliya ([Library of Congress, 2024](https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-09-25/egypt-somalia-military-cooperation-agreement-signed/)). Masar iyo Itoobiya waxay muddo dheer isku hayaan biyo-xireenka Webiga Niil ([Eastleigh Voice, 2025](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/regional/175689/somali,-egyptian-leaders-meet-in-cairo-amid-tensions-over-ethiopia%E2%80%99s-dam)). Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Janaayo 2025 sheegay in heshiisyada Masar aan loogu talagalin in dal kale waxyeello loo geysto ([Eastleigh Voice](https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/egypt%20economy/107927/egypt-and-somalia-sign-strategic-partnership-agreement)). ## Imisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Masar? Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay Masar ku tirisay 3,960 qaxooti Soomaali ah iyo 8,837 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=ARE)). Eeg [Soomaalida Masar](/en/diaspora/egypt/). ## Halkee bay Masar ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Masar waxay xubin ka ahayd Golaha La-talinta QM ee Soomaaliya 1950 ilaa xorriyaddii 1960 ([UN Repertory](https://legal.un.org/repertory/art81/english/rep_orig_vol4_art81.pdf)). Waxay Golaha Ammaanka u gudbisay warbixinta wada-hadalladii Qaahira ee 1997 ([S/1998/43](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/249052/files/S_1998_43-EN.pdf)). Agoosto 2024, Al-Siisi wuxuu sheegay in Soomaaliya, oo xubin ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta, xaq u leedahay difaac wadajir ah ([The New Arab, 14 Agoosto 2024](https://www.newarab.com/news/egypt-somalia-sign-defence-pact-amid-tensions-ethiopia)). Masar waxay arrinta aqoonsiga Somaliland ka hor keentay shirka wasiirrada OIC ee Jidda 10 Janaayo 2026 ([Ahram Online](https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/1234/560174/Egypt/Foreign-Affairs/Egypt,--ArabIslamicAfrican-nations-condemn-Israeli.aspx)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Masar](/en/diaspora/egypt/) - [Punt iyo xeebta Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Talyaaniga Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/italy/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Talyaanigu wuxuu koonfurta Soomaaliya xukumayay laga soo bilaabo heshiisyadii ilaalinta 1889 ilaa 1941, kadibna wuxuu u maamulay wisaayad QM 1950 ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960. Safaaraddiisa Muqdisho wuxuu dib u furay 2014. Talyaanigu wuxuu hoggaamiyaa howlgalka tababarka ciidamada ee Midowga Yurub, wuxuuna 2024 Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab qiimaheedu yahay $30.6 milyan. ## Sidee xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Talyaanigu maanta yahay? Talyaanigu safaarad buu ku leeyahay Muqdisho, gudaha xerada caalamiga ah ee Garoonka Aadan Cadde ([Safaaradda Talyaaniga](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/chi-siamo/)). Waxaa dib loo furay 2014, Talyaaniguna wuxuu sheegay inay tahay safaaradda kaliya ee dal Midowga Yurub ka tirsan oo ka shaqeysa Muqdisho ([Safaaradda Talyaaniga](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). Shaqada Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya waxay leedahay saddex waddo ([Safaaradda Talyaaniga](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)): - **Amni:** Talyaanigu wuxuu hoggaamiyaa, kana ciidan badan yahay, howlgalka tababarka Midowga Yurub (EUTM); Carabinieri-duna waxay tababaraan booliska Soomaaliyeed iyagoo maraya barnaamijka MIADIT. - **Horumar:** mashaariic sannado badan ah oo ay maalgeliso hay'adda AICS, kuna saabsan kaabayaasha, hay'adaha, beeraha, kalluumeysiga, xoolaha iyo ganacsiga gaarka ah ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/)). - **Dad:** hoggaamiyeyaal badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa wax ku bartay Talyaaniga ama Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed, oo ka dhalatay mashruuc Talyaani ah ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). 2024 Talyaanigu wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab qiimaheedu yahay $30.6 milyan, wuxuuna ka soo dejiyay $0.1 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=380&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Goormaa xiriirku bilowday? 1888 Suldaan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid oo Hobyo ayaa aqbalay "ilaalinta" Talyaaniga, 1889-kiina isaga iyo Suldaan Ismaan Maxamuud oo Majeerteen labaduba dhulkooda ayay Talyaaniga hoos geliyeen ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). 1888 wakiilkii Talyaaniga Vincenzo Filonardi ayaa Suldaanka Majeerteen ku cadaadiyay inuu sidaas oo kale yeelo ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Kadib Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday xeebta Banaadir, wuxuuna sameeyay gumeystihii Soomaaliya Talyaaniga ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Kismaayo iyo dhulka ka shisheeya Jubba waxaa Ingiriiska laga wareejiyay Talyaaniga 1925 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). Eeg [Heshiisyadii gumeysiga](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/) iyo [Xukunkii Faashiistaha, 1923–1941](/so/history/fascist-rule-and-the-war-1923-1941/). 1950 QM waxay koonfurta Soomaaliya hoos geysay maamulka Talyaaniga (AFIS). Waxay ahayd wisaayadda kaliya ee QM siisay dal ku jabay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Talyaaniguna lix bilood ka hor ayuu soo afjaray ([Safaaradda Talyaaniga](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). Eeg [Wisaayaddii QM, 1950–1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/). ## Maxaa dhacay 1960 ilaa 1991? Xiriirku wuu sii dhowaa xorriyadda kadib ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). Xaqiiqooyinka 1960-meeyadii ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)): - 1965 qiyaastii 3,000 Talyaani ah ayaa weli Soomaaliya ku noolaa, ganacsi badanna gacanta ku hayay. - Gargaarka dhaqaale ee Talyaaniga wuxuu ahaa in ka badan rubuc gargaarka aan militariga ahayn ee Soomaaliya heshay. - Talyaanigu wuxuu ahaa suuq weyn, gaar ahaan dalagga beeraha Talyaanigu lahaa ee dooxooyinka webiyada. - Talyaanigu wuxuu Soomaaliya ka dhigay xubin la xiriirta Bulshada Dhaqaalaha Yurub (EEC). - Tababarka booliska waxay wadaageen Talyaaniga, Jarmalka Galbeed iyo Mareykanka. Saraakiil badan oo ciidamada Soomaaliya ah ayaa wax ku bartay akadeemiyada militariga Talyaaniga ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). Safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Via dei Villini, Rome, waxay xirantay 1991 ([UNHCR](https://www.unhcr.org/node/12045)). ## Maxuu Talyaanigu sameeyay xilligii burburka 1990-meeyadii? Howlgalka Ibis I wuxuu socday 23 Diseembar 1992 ilaa 7 Abriil 1993, Ibis II-na Maajo 1993 ilaa Maarso 1994 ([Wikipedia Talyaani](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Ibis)). Talyaanigu wuxuu ka mid ahaa 34 dal oo ciidamo ama boolis u diray UNOSOM II ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Bilowgii Sebtembar 1993 in ka badan 2,600 askari oo Talyaani ah ayaa Soomaaliya joogay, waxaana hoggaaminayay Jeneraal Bruno Loi kadibna Jeneraal Carmine Fiore ([Wikipedia Talyaani](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missione_Ibis_II)). 2 Luulyo 1993, "Checkpoint Pasta" ee Muqdisho, saddex askari oo Talyaani ah ayaa lagu dilay iska horimaad ([Wikipedia Talyaani](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missione_Ibis_II)). Talyaanigu ciidankiisa wuxuu ka saaray 21 Maarso 1994 ([Wikipedia Talyaani](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missione_Ibis_II)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada? - **Safiirka Talyaaniga ee Muqdisho** wuxuu xilka qabtay 4 Diseembar 2023; horay wuxuu madax uga ahaa safaaradda Lusaka ([Safaaradda Talyaaniga](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/chi-siamo/lambasciatore/biografia-dellambasciatore/)). - **Carlo Campanile** waa safiir hore oo Talyaani ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Ciise** waa safiirka Soomaaliya ee Rome ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Vincenzo Filonardi:** wakiilkii Talyaaniga ee 1888 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). - **Suldaan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid** iyo **Suldaan Ismaan Maxamuud:** saxeexay ilaalinta Talyaaniga 1889 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). - **Jeneraal Bruno Loi iyo Jeneraal Carmine Fiore:** taliyayaashii ciidanka Talyaaniga 1993 ([Wikipedia Talyaani](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missione_Ibis_II)). - **Giorgia Meloni:** Ra'iisul Wasaaraha martigeliyay Shirka Talyaaniga iyo Afrika, Rome, 28–29 Janaayo 2024 ([Dowladda Talyaaniga](https://www.governo.it/en/articolo/italia-africa-bridge-common-growth/24853)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud:** Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ee ka qaybgalay shirkaas ([Dowladda Talyaaniga](https://www.governo.it/sites/governo.it/files/Tabella_partecipanti.pdf)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? - **1888–1889:** heshiisyada ilaalinta Hobyo iyo Majeerteen ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/9.htm)). - **1950:** heshiiska wisaayadda QM ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). - **2013:** heshiis difaac iyo amni oo Rome lagu saxeexay; **2015:** heshiis farsamo oo Carabinieri iyo Booliska Soomaaliyeed ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee is booqday? - **28–29 Janaayo 2024:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Rome uga qaybgalay Shirka Talyaaniga iyo Afrika ([Dowladda Talyaaniga](https://www.governo.it/sites/governo.it/files/Tabella_partecipanti.pdf)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? Dhoofinta Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya (doolar): 2015: $24.8 milyan; 2019: $37.1 milyan; 2022: $29.0 milyan; 2023: $37.4 milyan; 2024: $30.6 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=380&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Waxa uu Talyaanigu Soomaaliya ka soo dejiyo waa yar yahay: $0.73 milyan 2023 iyo $0.10 milyan 2024, inta badan sisin ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=380&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2)). Alaabta ugu badan ee la dhoofiyo waa qalab koronto, alwaax, gaadiid iyo mashiinno ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=380&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar ah ayaa la geliyay? Maalgelinta iskaashiga Talyaaniga waxay ka kacday €9 milyan 2014 ilaa €18.5 milyan 2017, oo ku baahsan 24 mashruuc ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Amni darro awgeed, Talyaanigu wuxuu inta badan ka shaqeeyaa hay'adaha QM, bangiyada horumarinta iyo hay'adaha Talyaaniga ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/)). Oktoobar 2026 AICS waxay soo saartay baaq mashruuc gurmad bini'aadannimo iyo deegaan ah ([Safaaradda, 28 Oktoobar 2026](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/news/dall_ambasciata/2026/10/aics-pubblicazione-della-call-for-proposals-iniziativa-di-emergenza-in-risposta-alla-crisi-umanitaria-e-ambientale-in-somalia-aid-013591-01-0/)). Talyaanigu wuxuu ahaa deyn-bixiyaha labaad ee Soomaaliya ee Naadiga Paris, Mareykanka kadib ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). ## Amniga ka warran? Talyaanigu wuxuu hoggaamiyaa EUTM Somalia, waana dalka ugu ciidamada badan ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). Barnaamijka MIADIT ee Carabinieri, oo bilowday 2013, wuxuu tababaray qiyaastii 1,400 boolis ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Talyaanigu ula macaamilaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Safaaradda Talyaanigu waxay xustay in Somaliland ku dhawaaqday xorriyad 1991, iyo in dib-u-eegista dastuurka ay weli socoto iyadoo xiisad la leh Jubbaland iyo Puntland ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). Mudnaanta horumarka waxaa ka mid ah taageero xasilinta deegaannada la xoreeyay, iyadoo si toos ah loo taageerayo dowladda federaalka ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/cooperazione-allo-sviluppo/)). ## Muran ma dhacay? Iska horimaadkii ugu dhimashada badnaa ee Talyaaniga wuxuu ahaa 2 Luulyo 1993, Checkpoint Pasta, halkaas oo saddex askari oo Talyaani ah ku dhinteen ([Wikipedia Talyaani](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missione_Ibis_II)). 15 Sebtembar 1993 laba askari, Rossano Visioli iyo Giorgio Righetti, ayaa lagu dilay gaadmo agagaarka dekedda ([Wikipedia Talyaani](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missione_Ibis_II)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa Talyaaniga ku nool? 1 Janaayo 2025, 9,262 muwaadin Soomaali ah ayaa Talyaaniga degganaa; Lazio waxaa joogay 2,132, Sicily-na 1,471 ([Tuttitalia, xogta ISTAT](https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/somalia/)). Eeg [Soomaalida Talyaaniga](/en/diaspora/italy/). ## Halkee Talyaanigu ka taagan yahay QM? Talyaanigu wuxuu ahaa maamulaha wisaayadda QM 1950 ilaa 1960 ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). Wuxuu ciidamo u diray UNOSOM II 1993–1994 ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Maanta wuxuu inta badan ka shaqeeyaa Midowga Yurub, isagoo hoggaamiya EUTM ([Safaaradda](https://ambmogadiscio.esteri.it/it/italia-e-somalia/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Heshiisyadii gumeysiga, 1884–1897](/so/history/colonial-treaties-1884-1897/) - [Saldanadaha Majeerteen iyo Hobyo](/so/history/majeerteen-and-hobyo-sultanates/) - [Wisaayaddii QM, 1950–1960](/so/history/un-trusteeship-1950-1960/) - [Faragelintii QM, 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaalida Talyaaniga](/en/diaspora/italy/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Jabaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/japan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Jabaan waxay Soomaaliya ugu shaqaysaa inta badan sidii deeq-bixiye, iyadoo sii marisa JICA iyo hay'adaha QM, waxayna Soomaaliya kala socotaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi. Gargaarka bini'aadannimo ee Jabaan wuxuu ugu sarreeyay US$51.4 milyan 2013, Ra'iisul Wasaare Shinzo Abe-na wuxuu ballan qaaday US$40 milyan markii Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh booqday Tokyo Maarso 2014. Tan iyo 2009 Jabaan waxay Jabuuti ka dirtaa maraakiib iyo diyaarado la dagaallama burcad-badeedda. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Jabaan xiriir u yihiin maanta? Xiriirka Jabaan iyo Soomaaliya wuxuu inta badan ku saabsan yahay gargaarka. JICA waxay sheegtay inay taageerto awoodda dowladda Soomaaliya, yaraynta saboolnimada iyo nolosha dadka, iyadoo la shaqaynaysa dalalka deriska ah iyo hay'adaha caalamiga ah ([JICA, Soomaaliya](https://www.jica.go.jp/english/overseas/somalia/index.html)). JICA waxay wararka Soomaaliya ku dhex qortaa xafiiskeeda Kenya ([JICA (Jabaani)](https://www.jica.go.jp/overseas/somalia/index.html)). Gargaarka bini'aadannimo ee Jabaan ee QM diiwaangelisay wuxuu ahaa US$19.1 milyan 2024 iyo US$5.4 milyan 2025 ([OCHA FTS 2024](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2024&groupby=organization); [2025](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2025&groupby=organization)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Jabaan iyo Soomaaliya xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ayay lahaayeen ka hor burburkii dowladda. Soomaaliya waxay Tokyo safaarad ka furtay 1982, waxayna xirtay 1990 ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Jabaan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Kadib markii 2012 la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka, Jabaan waxay dib u bilowday gargaar toos ah ([JICA](https://www.jica.go.jp/english/overseas/somalia/index.html)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirka Jabaan ee Soomaaliya wuxuu fadhiyay Nairobi. Tatsushi Terada, oo bedelay Atoshisa Takata, wuxuu Janaayo 2014 warqadaha aqoonsiga ugu gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Muqdisho ([Wikipedia, oo soo xiganaysa Somali Current](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Liis buuxa oo safiirrada labada dhinac ah laguma helin diiwaannada la furi karay. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Shinzo Abe**, ra'iisul wasaare, wuxuu Tokyo kula kulmay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud Maarso 2014, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay US$40 milyan oo loogu talagalay gargaarka, dib u dhiska booliska iyo shaqo abuurka ([Horseed Media, 13 Maarso 2014](http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/13/japan-pledges-40m-humanitarian-assistance-somalia/)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, madaxweyne, wuxuu isla booqashadaas ka codsaday tababar xirfadeed, kaabayaal kalluumaysi iyo beero, isgaarsiin iyo tababar badeed ([Horseed Media](http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/13/japan-pledges-40m-humanitarian-assistance-somalia/)). - **Tatsushi Terada**, safiir, wuxuu Muqdisho ku gudbiyay warqadaha Janaayo 2014 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **JICA** waxay Maarso 2022 saraakiil sare oo Soomaaliyeed ku martiqaaday waqooyiga Uganda si ay uga bartaan dib u soo kabashadii gobolkaas ([JICA (Jabaani)](https://www.jica.go.jp/overseas/somalia/index.html)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? Heshiis laba-geesood ah laguma helin diiwaannada la furi karay. Gargaarka Jabaan wuxuu ku socdaa heshiisyo mashruuc oo JICA ah iyo hay'adaha QM ([JICA](https://www.jica.go.jp/english/overseas/somalia/index.html)). ## Madaxdee ayaa is booqday? - **Maarso 2014:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu booqasho rasmi ah ku tagay Tokyo, wuxuuna wadahadal la yeeshay Ra'iisul Wasaare Shinzo Abe ([Horseed Media](http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/13/japan-pledges-40m-humanitarian-assistance-somalia/)). Booqasho ra'iisul wasaare ama wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Jabaan ee Soomaaliya lagama helin. ## Intee le'eg ayay is dhaafsadaan ganacsi? Tirooyin ganacsi oo la isku halleyn karo laguma helin ilaha la furi karay. ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Ilaa Maarso 2014 Jabaan waxay Soomaaliya siisay ku dhawaad US$300 milyan tan iyo 2007, oo US$60 milyan ay ahaayeen amni ([Horseed Media](http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/13/japan-pledges-40m-humanitarian-assistance-somalia/)). Tirooyinka JICA ([JICA, xogta dalka](https://www.jica.go.jp/overseas/n_files/somalia.pdf)): - **Iskaashiga farsamada sannadka maaliyadeed 2023:** ¥161 milyan. - **Iskaashiga farsamada tan iyo 1954:** ¥2.036 bilyan. - **Tababarayaal:** 58 cusub 2023, 370 guud ahaan. - **Khubaro Jabaani ah:** 57 guud ahaan. Mashaariicda JICA waxaa ka mid ah tababar loogu talagalay in dhallinyarada iyo kooxaha nugul ay shaqo helaan ama ganacsi bilaabaan ([JICA (Jabaani)](https://www.jica.go.jp/overseas/somalia/index.html)). Gargaarka bini'aadannimo ee Jabaan ee OCHA diiwaangelisay: - **2008:** US$12.7 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2008&groupby=organization)). - **2011:** US$39.7 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2011&groupby=organization)). - **2013:** US$51.4 milyan, sannadka ugu badan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2013&groupby=organization)). - **2017:** US$29.8 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2017&groupby=organization)). - **2022:** US$27.1 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2022&groupby=organization)). - **2024:** US$19.1 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2024&groupby=organization)). - **2025:** US$5.4 milyan ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2025&groupby=organization)). ## Amniga ka warran? Doorka amni ee Jabaan wuxuu ku jiraa badda. Juun 2009 waxay Jabuuti u dirtay ku dhawaad 150 qof iyo laba diyaaradood oo ilaalo ah (P-3C) si ay ula dagaallamaan burcad-badeedda xeebaha Soomaaliya ([Akahata, 3 Nofembar 2010](https://www.japan-press.co.jp/2010/2694/politics1.html)). Kadib Jabaan waxay garoonka Jabuuti agtiisa ka dhistay saldhiggeedii ugu horreeyay ee dibadda, 12 hektar, ¥4.7 bilyan, oo la qorsheeyay in la dhammeeyo Maarso 2011 ([Akahata](https://www.japan-press.co.jp/2010/2694/politics1.html)). Eeg [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) iyo [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Jabaan ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xafiis, heshiis ama bayaan Jabaan oo ku saabsan Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada laguma helin ilaha la furi karay. Gargaarka Jabaan wuxuu maraa dowladda federaalka, hay'adaha QM iyo JICA ([JICA](https://www.jica.go.jp/english/overseas/somalia/index.html)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood lagama helin ilaha. Gudaha Jabaan, xildhibaan ka tirsan Xisbiga Shuuciga ayaa 2010 ku dooday in saldhigga Jabuuti uu ka hor imanayo dastuurka Jabaan ([Akahata, 2010](https://www.japan-press.co.jp/2010/2694/politics1.html)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Jabaan? Tiro rasmi ah oo Soomaalida Jabaan ah lama helin. ## Halkee bay Jabaan ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Jabaan waxay Soomaaliya kala shaqaysaa QM iyo deeq-bixiyeyaasha kale; gargaarkeeda badankiisu wuxuu maraa hay'adaha caalamiga ah ([JICA](https://www.jica.go.jp/english/overseas/somalia/index.html)). Ilaalada badda iyo cirka waxay qayb ka yihiin dadaalka caalamiga ah ee Gacanka Cadmeed ([Akahata, 2010](https://www.japan-press.co.jp/2010/2694/politics1.html)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [Gargaarka iyo maalgelinta bini'aadannimo](/so/economy/aid-and-humanitarian-funding/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/so/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Shiinaha](/so/relations/china/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Yugandha Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/uganda/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Yugandha ayaa 6 Maarso 2007 Soomaaliya u dirtay ciidammadii ugu horreeyay ee Midowga Afrika, waxayna ku dhowaad labaatan sano lahayd ciidanka ugu badan. Dabayaaqadii Oktoobar 2026 waxay bilowday inay qaybo-qaybo uga saarto qiyaastii 4,500 askari oo AU ah ilaa Agoosto 2027, halka qiyaastii 2,000 ay ku sii jiri doonaan heshiis laba dal. Labada dowladood waxay leeyihiin Guddi Joogto ah oo Wadajir ah, kaas oo dib-u-eegistiisii Muqdisho ku dhammaatay Baaqa Muqdisho 22 Oktoobar 2026. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Yugandha? Yugandha waa saaxiibka amni ee ugu muddada dheer Soomaaliya. Ciidammadeedu waxay ahaayeen nabad-ilaaliyayaashii ugu horreeyay ee Midowga Afrika (AU) ee ka dega Muqdisho, 6 Maarso 2007 ([Al Jazeera, 8 Maarso 2007](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/3/8/au-troops-under-attack-in-mogadishu)). Dabayaaqadii Oktoobar 2026 Yugandha waxay bilowday inay qaybo-qaybo u saarto qiyaastii 4,500 askari oo AU ah ilaa Agoosto 2027, halka qiyaastii 2,000 oo heshiis laba dal ku jooga ay sii joogi doonaan ([BBC, Graphic Online, 2 Nofeembar 2026](https://www.graphic.com.gh/international/international-news/uganda-begins-withdrawing-troops-from-somalia-after-20-years.html)). 26 Oktoobar 2026, madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu madaxweyne Yoweri Museveni kula kulmay Aqalka Dowladda ee Entebbe ([Aqalka Dowladda Yugandha, APO, 27 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.africa-newsroom.com/press/president-museveni-urges-somalia-to-unite-against-alshabaab-boost-coffee-trade-with-uganda?lang=en)). Xasan Sheekh wuxuu codsaday in ciidamada Yugandha ay muddo dheer sii joogaan, Museveni-na wuxuu soo dhaweeyay oggolaanshaha Soomaaliya ee bakhaar kafee Yugandha ah oo Soomaaliya laga furo (isla ilaha). Labada dal midkiiba safaarad ayuu ku leeyahay caasimadda kale. Yugandha waxay 9 Oktoobar 2023 Muqdisho ka furtay xarun safaaradeed cusub ([Nexus Media, Oktoobar 2023](https://nexusmedia.ug/?p=5422)). Safiirka Soomaaliya wuxuu shirkii Oktoobar 2026 u sheegay in qiyaastii 8,000 oo Soomaali ah ay Yugandha ganacsi ku leeyihiin, qiyaastii 15,000-na ay jaamacadaha Yugandha wax ku bartaan ([Aqalka Dowladda Yugandha, APO, 2026](https://www.africa-newsroom.com/press/president-museveni-urges-somalia-to-unite-against-alshabaab-boost-coffee-trade-with-uganda?lang=en)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Soomaalidu waxay Yugandha ku noolaayeen xilligii gumeysiga. Qaar badan waxay la yimaadeen ciidanka Ingiriiska iyagoo ah "Somali Scouts", waa ay degeen, dhalasho Yugandha ah ayay qaateen, waxayna ka shaqeeyeen ganacsiga hilibka ([The Observer, Sebtembar 2009, Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2009/sept/devastated_at_home_somali_businesses_thrive_in_uganda.aspx)). Kumanaan ayaa ka tagay xilligii Idi Amin, waxayna soo laabteen 1986 kadib (isla ilaha). Sebtembar 1972, qaxooti ay Tansaaniya taageertay ayaa Yugandha weeraray, labada dariskana waxay ku dhowaadeen dagaal. Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, Siyaad Barre, ayaa dhexdhexaadiyay, labada dhinacna waxay Oktoobar 1972 saxeexeen Heshiiskii Muqdisho ([Daily Monitor](https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/somalia-saves-uganda-and-tanzania-from-going-to-war-1680344)). Amin wuxuu markii dambe waddo Kampala ku taal u bixiyay Siad Barre Avenue ([Daily Monitor](https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/somalia-s-siad-barre-saves-amin-from-tanzanians-1726760)). Siyaad Barre wuxuu noqday guddoomiyaha Ururka Midnimada Afrika (OAU) kadib markii uu Muqdisho ku qabtay shirkii 1974 ([Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/disunited-continent-mogadishu-74-revisited)). Amin ayaa guddoominta kala wareegay shirkii Kampala ee 28 Luulyo ilaa 1 Agoosto 1975 ([Daily Monitor](https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/au-what-has-changed-since-1975--1475550)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? ### Ergooyinka Yugandha ee Soomaaliya - **Prof. Sam Tulya-Muhika**: wuxuu Maajo 2016 warqaddiisa aqoonsiga u gudbiyay madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, Villa Soomaaliya ([Radio Dalsan, 26 Maajo 2016](https://radiodalsan.com/?p=35267)). Wuxuu weli safiir ahaa Oktoobar 2026 ([APO, 2026](https://www.africa-newsroom.com/press/president-museveni-urges-somalia-to-unite-against-alshabaab-boost-coffee-trade-with-uganda?lang=en)). - **Jeneraal (hawlgab) Nathan K. Mugisha**: ku-xigeenka safiirka Muqdisho, Luulyo 2025 ([UPDF, 3 Luulyo 2025](https://www.updf.go.ug/?p=71641)). - **Briigadeer Jeneraal Francis Chemonges**: sarkaalka difaaca ee safaaradda, Luulyo 2025 (isla ilaha). ### Ergooyinka Soomaaliya ee Yugandha - **Cali Maxamed Maxamuud**: safiirka Soomaaliya ee Kampala xilligii booqashadii Agoosto 2022 ([Diplomatic Times, 10 Agoosto 2022](https://diplomatictimes.net/2022/08/10/somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-visits-uganda-leader-museveni/)). - **Fardowsa Maxamed Qanyare**: 28 Nofeembar 2024 waxay nuqul warqaddeeda aqoonsiga ah u gudbisay wasiir ka-ballaanka Henry Oryem Okello ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 28 Nofeembar 2024](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-ambassador-to-uganda-presents-credentials-to-ugandas-minister-of-state-for-foreign-affairs/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Siyaad Barre**: dhexdhexaadiyay Heshiiskii Muqdisho 1972 ([Daily Monitor](https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/somalia-saves-uganda-and-tanzania-from-going-to-war-1680344)). - **Yoweri Museveni**: madaxweynaha Yugandha ee 2007 ciidamo diray, martigeliyayna Xasan Sheekh 2022, 2024, 2025 iyo 2026 ([Garowe Online, 2025](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somali-president-arrives-in-uganda-for-talks-on-security-economic-ties)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**: ugu yaraan shan jeer ayuu Yugandha booqday 2022 ilaa 2026 ([APO, 2026](https://www.africa-newsroom.com/press/president-museveni-urges-somalia-to-unite-against-alshabaab-boost-coffee-trade-with-uganda?lang=en)). - **Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur iyo Vincent Ssempijja**: wasiirrada difaaca ee 5 Agoosto 2022 ansixiyay is-afgaradka iskaashiga difaaca ([UPDF, 5 Agoosto 2022](https://www.updf.go.ug/bilateral-relations/uganda-and-somalia-adopt-memorandum-of-understanding-on-defence-cooperation/amp/)). - **Lt. Gen. Peter Elwelu iyo Briigadeer Jeneraal Odowaa Yuusuf Raage**: saraakiishii is-weydaarsaday nuqulladii is-afgaradkaas (isla ilaha). - **John Mulimba iyo Faarax Sheekh Cabdulqaadir**: hoggaamiyay labada dhinac kalfadhigii labaad ee guddiga, Kampala, 7–8 Oktoobar 2025 ([Nexus Media, 2025](https://nexusmedia.ug/?p=24577)). - **Henry Tumukunde iyo Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**: saxeexay Baaqa Muqdisho 22 Oktoobar 2026 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 22 Oktoobar 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=9242)). - **Richard Kabonero iyo Anne Babinaga**: saraakiil Yugandha ah oo hoggaamiyay wafdiga 35-ka qof ahaa ee Muqdisho yimid Oktoobar 2026 ([Dawan Africa, 20 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-welcomes-35-member-uganda-delegation-ahead-of-trade-talks)). - **Muhoozi Kainerugaba**: taliyaha ciidamada Yugandha ee ku dhawaaqay ka bixitaanka Oktoobar 2026 ([BBC, Graphic Online](https://www.graphic.com.gh/international/international-news/uganda-begins-withdrawing-troops-from-somalia-after-20-years.html)). - **Aamina Mooge Xirsi**: ganacsato Kampala ku sugan, qaybiye weyn oo sibidh iyo qalab dhismo ah, abaalmarintii Haweeneyda Maalgeliyaha Sannadka 2008 ([The Observer, 2009, Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news2/2009/sept/devastated_at_home_somali_businesses_thrive_in_uganda.aspx)). ## Heshiisyo maxay saxeexeen? - **Oktoobar 1972**: Heshiiskii Muqdisho ee Yugandha iyo Tansaaniya, oo Soomaaliya dhexdhexaadisay ([Daily Monitor](https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/somalia-saves-uganda-and-tanzania-from-going-to-war-1680344)). - **5 Agoosto 2022**: is-afgaradka iskaashiga difaaca ([UPDF](https://www.updf.go.ug/bilateral-relations/uganda-and-somalia-adopt-memorandum-of-understanding-on-defence-cooperation/amp/)). - **Agoosto 2022**: war-murtiyeedka kalfadhigii koowaad ee guddiga ([Diplomatic Times](https://diplomatictimes.net/2022/08/10/somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-visits-uganda-leader-museveni/)). Shan is-afgarad ayaa ka soo baxay: wadatashi diblomaasiyadeed, difaac, ganacsi iyo maalgelin ([Nexus Media, 2025](https://nexusmedia.ug/?p=24577)). - **7–8 Oktoobar 2025**: saddex is-afgarad oo socdaal, waxbarasho iyo ciyaaraha, iyo amni, iyo Gole Maalgelin iyo Ganacsi oo cusub ([Nexus Media](https://nexusmedia.ug/?p=24577)). - **22 Oktoobar 2026**: Baaqa Muqdisho ee ganacsiga iyo maalgelinta, kadib heshiisyo shaqo iyo duulimaad ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=9242)). ## Madaxda yaa is booqday? - **8–9 Agoosto 2022**: Xasan Sheekh Kampala, wuxuu ka hadlay shirka maalgelinta ([Diplomatic Times](https://diplomatictimes.net/2022/08/10/somalia-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-visits-uganda-leader-museveni/)). - **19 Oktoobar 2024**: Xasan Sheekh iyo Museveni, State Lodge Nakasero ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somali-president-arrives-in-uganda-for-talks-on-security-economic-ties)). - **Janaayo 2025**: wasiir Axmed Macallin Fiqi wuxuu booqday safaaradda Kampala ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 8 Janaayo 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=4830)). - **5 Abriil 2025**: Xasan Sheekh iyo Museveni, Kampala ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=6005)). - **8 Oktoobar 2025**: wasiirka amniga gudaha Cabdullaahi Sheekh Ismaaciil Fartaag iyo wasiirka amniga Yugandha Jim Muhwezi, Kampala ([Radio Dalsan, AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202510090062.html)). - **31 Luulyo 2026**: Xasan Sheekh shirka dalalka ciidamada AUSSOM ku leh, Kampala ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/explainer-what-did-the-kampala-aussom-summit-decide-and-why-did-somalia-oppose-part-of-the-communique)). - **21–22 Oktoobar 2026**: wasiirka shaqada Yugandha Henry Tumukunde, Muqdisho ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=9233)). - **26 Oktoobar 2026**: Xasan Sheekh, Entebbe ([APO](https://www.africa-newsroom.com/press/president-museveni-urges-somalia-to-unite-against-alshabaab-boost-coffee-trade-with-uganda?lang=en)). ## Intee bay ganacsadaan? Ganacsiga la diiwaangeliyay waa yar yahay. Yugandha waxay sheegtay in 2024 ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay $6.78 milyan, halka 2023 ay ahayd $2.75 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=800&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Waxa ay Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii $3,000 sannadkii 2024 iyo $180,000 sannadkii 2023 ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=800&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Alaabta ugu badan ee Yugandha u dhoofisay Soomaaliya 2024 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=800&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)): - tubaako, $2.55 milyan - diyaarado iyo qaybahooda, $1.20 milyan - alwaax, $0.53 milyan - mashiinno iyo qalab koronto, $0.86 milyan Shirkadaha Dahabshiil, Somtel iyo eDahab waxay ka qayb galeen shirkii ganacsiga ee Kampala, 9–10 Agoosto 2022 ([The Star, 9 Agoosto 2022](https://www.the-star.co.ke/business/2022-08-09-somali-uganda-hold-first-ever-business-summit-together)). Yugandha ayaa 2023 ahayd meesha ugu badan ee shaqaale ajnabi ah Soomaaliya uga yimaadaan, 1,335 qof ([Xafiiska Tirakoobka Soomaaliya, 2024](https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Migration-Statistics-Report-2024.pdf)). Duulimaadyo toos ah oo Entebbe iyo Muqdisho ah ayaa bilaabmay 2013 ([IPS, 31 Maarso 2014](https://www.ipsnews.net/?p=133323)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Waxa ugu weyn ee Yugandha keentay waa ciidamo, ma aha lacag gargaar ah. Nidaamka OCHA ee la socodka maalgelinta kuma qorna wax gargaar bini'aadannimo ah oo dowladda Yugandha siisay Soomaaliya 2006 ilaa 2025 ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)). Qiyaastii 15,000 arday oo Soomaali ah ayaa 2026 wax ku baranayay jaamacadaha Yugandha ([APO](https://www.africa-newsroom.com/press/president-museveni-urges-somalia-to-unite-against-alshabaab-boost-coffee-trade-with-uganda?lang=en)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Ciidamada Yugandha waxay Muqdisho ku degeen 6 Maarso 2007 iyadoo hoobiyeyaal lagu garaacayo ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/3/8/au-troops-under-attack-in-mogadishu)). Al-Shabaab, oo Maraykanku liiska kooxaha argagixisada ku daray 2008 ([CFR](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab)), waxay 11 Luulyo 2010 Kampala ka qarxisay laba goobood, waxaana ku dhintay 76 qof, iyadoo ciqaab uga dhigaysa ciidamada Yugandha ee Soomaaliya ([VOA, 26 Maajo 2016](https://www.voanews.com/a/uganda-convicts-mastermind-in-2010-bombing/3347317.html)). AUSSOM gudaheeda Yugandha waxaa loo qoondeeyay 4,500 askari, Buulo Mareerna Maajo 2023 waxaa ku dhintay 54 askari sida madaxweynaheeda sheegay ([Mapping Militant Organizations, Stanford](https://mappingmilitants.org/profiles/al-shabaab)). Faahfaahin: [Ciidamada Yugandha ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/uganda-military-in-somalia/) iyo [Ciidamada ajnabiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Yugandha ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Yugandha waxay Somaliland u aragtaa qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. 23 Sebtembar 2023, Museveni wuxuu Entebbe kula kulmay ergayga Somaliland, Jaamac Muuse Jaamac, wuxuuna sheegay inuu noqonayo "fududeeye nabadeed" oo u dhexeeya Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland ([Reuters, The Star Malaysia, 24 Sebtembar 2023](https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2023/09/24/uganda-says-it-will-mediate-between-somalia-and-breakaway-somaliland)). Dowladda Somaliland waxay ku jawaabtay inaysan "qorshe u lahayn wadahadal midnimo oo ay la yeelato Soomaaliya" ([Al Jazeera, 25 Sebtembar 2023](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/25/somaliland-rejects-talk-of-unification-with-somalia-after-museveni-comment)). Xiriir shaqo ayaa jiray. Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Somaliland, Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud, wuxuu Maarso 2020 Kampala kula kulmay wasiir Sam Kutesa iyo guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka Rebecca Kadaga ([Horn Diplomat, Maarso 2020](https://www.horndiplomat.com/?p=31547)). Koox ka socota wasaaradda caafimaadka Yugandha iyo ururka ECSA ayaa Somaliland ka shaqeeyay 22 Maarso ilaa 2 Abriil 2026 ([Wasaaradda Caafimaadka Somaliland, Abriil 2026](https://somalilandmohd.com/?p=6389)). Ciidamada Yugandha waxay ka hawlgalay dowlad-goboleedyada, oo ay ku jirto Shabeellaha Hoose ee Koonfur Galbeed. Eeg [Ciidamada Yugandha ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/uganda-military-in-somalia/). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? - **Golweyn, 2021**: AMISOM waxay qiratay in ciidamo Yugandha ah ay 10 Agoosto 2021 si sharci-darro ah u dileen toddoba shacab. Maxkamad millateri oo Yugandha ah oo Muqdisho fadhiday ayaa xukuntay shan askari, wasiirka caddaaladda Soomaaliyana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xukunka ([VOA, 13 Nofeembar 2021](https://www.voanews.com/a/two-ugandan-soldiers-sentenced-to-death-in-somalia/6311893.html)). - **Shirkii Kampala, Luulyo 2026**: Xasan Sheekh wuxuu diiday qoraal ku saabsan siyaasadda gudaha Soomaaliya oo ku jiray war-murtiyeedka. "Arrimaha siyaasadda Soomaaliya waa arrin gudaha ah," ayuu yiri ([Dawan Africa, 1 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/explainer-what-did-the-kampala-aussom-summit-decide-and-why-did-somalia-oppose-part-of-the-communique)). ## Imisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Yugandha? Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay Yugandha ku tirisay 48,253 qaxooti Soomaali ah iyo 1,679 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=UGA)). Eeg [Soomaalida Yugandha](/en/diaspora/uganda/). ## Halkee bay Yugandha ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Yugandha waxay laga soo bilaabo 2007 lahayd ciidanka ugu badan ee AU ([CFR](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab)). 31 Luulyo 2026 waxay martigelisay shirka dalalka ciidamada AUSSOM ku leh, kaas oo taageeray marxalad kala-guur ah oo 18 ilaa 24 bilood ah iyo shir deeq-bixiyeyaal ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/explainer-what-did-the-kampala-aussom-summit-decide-and-why-did-somalia-oppose-part-of-the-communique)). Shirkaas wuxuu dhacay kadib markii Maraykanku 1 Luulyo 2026 u sheegay AU inuusan taageerayn cusboonaysiinta howlgalka ([Daily Monitor, 2026](https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/museveni-vows-africa-will-not-abandon-somalia-if-international-partners-pull-out-5543288)). "Soomaaliya lagama tagi doono," ayuu Museveni shirkaas ku yiri (isla ilaha). Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Yugandha, Sam Kutesa, wuxuu ka qayb galay shirkii IGAD ee Soomaaliya, Sirte, Libiya, 30 Juun 2009 ([War-murtiyeedka IGAD, 2009](https://osesgy.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/090630%20Communique%20of%20IGAD%2014th%20extra-ordinary%20session%20%28Sirte%2C%20Libya%29.pdf)). Nofeembar 2024 Kenya iyo Yugandha waxaa loo magacaabay inay dhexdhexaadiyaan Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ([Sowetan, 30 Nofeembar 2024](https://www.sowetan.co.za/news/africa/2024-11-30-kenya-and-uganda-to-mediate-ethiopia-somalia-dispute/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Yugandha](/en/diaspora/uganda/) - [Ganacsiga Soomaalida ee Yugandha](/en/economy/somali-business-in-uganda/) - [Ciidamada Yugandha ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/uganda-military-in-somalia/) - [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/), [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/), [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/) - [Ciidamada ajnabiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Tansaaniya](/en/relations/tanzania/) - [Soomaaliya iyo EAC](/en/relations/eac/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/en/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Siyaad Barre](/en/people/siad-barre/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Tansaaniya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/tanzania/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Tansaaniya xiriirkoodu wuxuu dib u soo nooleeyay kadib markii Soomaaliya Maarso 2024 ku biirtay Bulshada Bariga Afrika. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu Abriil 2024 booqasho rasmi ah ku tagay Daar es Salaam, Diseembar 2024-na wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Tansaaniya wuxuu hoggaamiyay booqashadii ugu horreysay ee heer wasiir ah oo Muqdisho in ka badan soddon sano. Sagaal heshiis ayaa la saxeexay ilaa bartamihii 2025, oo ay ku jiraan duulimaadyada Air Tanzania iyo deeqo waxbarasho. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Tansaaniya? Xiriirku si degdeg ah ayuu u koray tan iyo markii Soomaaliya 4 Maarso 2024 ku biirtay Bulshada Bariga Afrika (EAC), oo xaruntu Tansaaniya tahay ([The Citizen, Maarso 2024](https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-pledges-support-for-somalia-as-they-agree-on-strengthening-bilateral-ties-4605486)). Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu Abriil 2024 booqasho rasmi ah ku tagay Daar es Salaam ([The Citizen, 27 Abriil 2024](https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-pledges-support-for-somalia-as-they-agree-on-strengthening-bilateral-ties-4605486)). Soomaaliya waxay dib u furtay safaaraddeeda Daar es Salaam, Luulyo 2025-na labada dal waxay saxeexeen sagaal heshiis ([Hiiraan Online, 16 Luulyo 2025](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). Waxay daboolayaan waxbarasho, amni, duulimaad, ganacsi, ilaalin wadajir ah, deeqo waxbarasho, celinta maxaabiista iyo barashada Af-Sawaaxiliga (isla ilaha). Laga bilaabo Janaayo 2026, jaamacadaha Tansaaniya waxay qaadan doonaan arday Soomaali ah oo injineernimo iyo caafimaad barta ([Hiiraan Online, 2025](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). 1 Luulyo 2025 labada dhinac waxay isku raaceen in Air Tanzania ay si toos ah ugu duusho Daar es Salaam iyo Muqdisho ([SONNA, Luulyo 2025](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-tanzania-renew-aviation-pact-approve-direct-flight-route/)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? ### Xiriirka asalka Soomaali Bantuu badan waxay asalkooda ku abtirsadaan dadyowga Tansaaniya maanta, sida Zigua iyo Zaramo ee waqooyi-bari ([Van Lehman iyo Eno, CAL, 2003](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED482784.pdf)). Awoowayaashood waxaa Soomaaliya loo keenay qarnigii 19-aad iyadoo loo marayo ganacsigii addoonsiga ee Saldanadda Sinjibaar, qaarkoodna badda ayaa looga soo qaaday Bagamoyo (isla ilaha). Eeg [Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/). ### 1970-meeyadii Oktoobar 1972, madaxweyne Siyaad Barre wuxuu dhexdhexaadiyay Tansaaniya iyo Yugandha kadib markii qaxooti ay Tansaaniya taageertay ay Yugandha weerareen ([Daily Monitor](https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/somalia-saves-uganda-and-tanzania-from-going-to-war-1680344)). Wadahadalladaas waxaa ka dhashay Heshiiskii Muqdisho (isla ilaha). Soomaaliya iyo Tansaaniya waxay 1975 saxeexeen heshiis adeegyada duulimaadka ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-tanzania-renew-aviation-pact-approve-direct-flight-route/)). ### 1991 kadib Qaxooti Soomaali ah ayaa Tansaaniya gaaray kadib burburkii dowladda. UNHCR waxay 1996 tirisay 4,829, tiradii ugu badnayd ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1985&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=TAN)). Tansaaniya waxay Soomaali Bantuu asal Zigua ah dejisay Chogo, kadibna dhalasho siisay ([UNHCR](https://www.unhcr.org/news/somali-bantus-gain-tanzanian-citizenship-their-ancestral-land)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? ### Ergooyinka Tansaaniya ee Soomaaliya - **Dr John Stephen Simbachawene**: nuqul warqaddiisa aqoonsiga ah ayuu Muqdisho u gudbiyay xoghayaha joogtada ah Maxamed Cali-Nuur ([The Diplomatic Insight, Sebtembar 2021](https://thediplomaticinsight.com/somalian-foreign-secretory-met-with-the-new-tanzanian-ambassador)). - **Bernard Yohana Kibesse**: nuqul warqaddiisa aqoonsiga ah ayuu u gudbiyay wasiir Axmed Macallin Fiqi ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-fm-receives-copy-of-credentials-from-newly-appointed-tanzanian-ambassador/)). ### Ergooyinka Soomaaliya ee Tansaaniya - **Ilyaas Cali Xasan**: 26 Nofeembar 2024 wuxuu warqaddiisa aqoonsiga u gudbiyay madaxweyne Samia Suluhu Hassan ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 26 Nofeembar 2024](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=3579)). Hiiraan wuxuu sheegay in la magacaabay Diseembar 2024, iyo inuu sidoo kale safiir aan dalka joogin u yahay Ruwanda, Kongo, Malawi, Mauritius iyo Komoros ([Hiiraan Online, 2025](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). 21 Nofeembar 2024 wuxuu nuqul u gudbiyay madaxa borotokoolka Tansaaniya, Yusuph Mndolwa ([SONNA, 21 Nofeembar 2024](https://sonna.so/en/ambassador-ilyas-ali-hassan-presents-credentials-to-tanzanian-leaders)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Siyaad Barre**: dhexdhexaadiyay Heshiiskii Muqdisho 1972 ([Daily Monitor](https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/somalia-saves-uganda-and-tanzania-from-going-to-war-1680344)). - **Samia Suluhu Hassan**: madaxweynaha Tansaaniya ee Abriil 2024 martigeliyay Xasan Sheekh, una ballanqaaday tababar difaac iyo amni ([The Citizen](https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-pledges-support-for-somalia-as-they-agree-on-strengthening-bilateral-ties-4605486)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**: booqashadii Abriil 2024, tii ugu horreysay ee hoggaamiye Soomaaliyeed tan iyo markii Soomaaliya ku biirtay EAC ([Daily News, Abriil 2024](https://dailynews.co.tz/?p=57015)). - **Mahmoud Thabit Kombo**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Tansaaniya ee 19 Diseembar 2024 hoggaamiyay wafdigii ugu horreeyay ee heer wasiir ah oo Muqdisho in ka badan soddon sano ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). - **Said Shaib Mussa**: ku-xigeenka xoghayaha joogtada ah ee Tansaaniya oo la socday Kombo ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 18 Diseembar 2024](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=3974)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Muqdisho ku soo dhoweeyay Kombo, lix toddobaad kadibna Daar es Salaam tagay ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee goobjoogga ahaa saxeexa go'aannada duulimaadka Luulyo 2025 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-tanzania-renew-aviation-pact-approve-direct-flight-route/)). - **Ilyaas Cali Xasan**: safiirka diyaariyay khariidad waqti-xaddidan oo heshiis kasta ah ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). ## Heshiisyo maxay saxeexeen? - **1975**: heshiis adeegyada duulimaadka ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-tanzania-renew-aviation-pact-approve-direct-flight-route/)). - **19 Diseembar 2024**: shan is-afgarad oo Muqdisho lagu saxeexay ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)): difaac, dalxiis, caafimaad, duulimaad iyo iskaashi guud ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=3974)). - **Horraantii ilaa bartamihii 2025**: heshiisyo ilaalin wadajir ah, deeqo waxbarasho, celinta maxaabiista iyo Af-Sawaaxili, oo wadarta gaarsiiyay sagaal ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). - **1 Luulyo 2025**: go'aanno duulimaad oo jidka u furay Air Tanzania, cusboonaysiiyayna heshiiskii 1975 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-tanzania-renew-aviation-pact-approve-direct-flight-route/)). ## Madaxda yaa is booqday? - **Abriil 2024**: Xasan Sheekh Daar es Salaam, xilligii sannad-guurada 60-aad ee midowga Tanganyika iyo Sinjibaar ([The Citizen](https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-pledges-support-for-somalia-as-they-agree-on-strengthening-bilateral-ties-4605486)). Wuxuu booqday hay'adda kaydka daawooyinka iyo isbitaalka Muhimbili ([Villa Soomaaliya](https://villasomalia.gov.so/state-visit-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamuds-warm-reception-and-bilateral-talks-in-tanzania/)). - **19 Diseembar 2024**: wasiir Kombo, Muqdisho ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=3974)). - **Horraantii 2025**: wasiir Fiqi, Daar es Salaam ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). - **2025**: Xasan Sheekh Daar es Salaam, shir degdeg ah oo ku saabsan colaadda Kongo ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somali-president-arrives-in-uganda-for-talks-on-security-economic-ties)). - **1 Luulyo 2025**: wasiir Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, Daar es Salaam ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-tanzania-renew-aviation-pact-approve-direct-flight-route/)). ## Intee bay ganacsadaan? Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. Tansaaniya waxay sheegtay in 2024 ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay $3.24 milyan, halka 2022 ay ahayd $1.07 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=834&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=834&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Waxa ay Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay 2024 waxay ahaayeen $17,700 (isla ilaha). Alaabta ugu badan 2024 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=834&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)): - cunto diyaarsan, $2.09 milyan - saliid udgoon iyo qurxin, $0.50 milyan - cabbitaan, $0.41 milyan Heshiiska Air Tanzania ka hor, rakaabku waxay ku kala bedeli jireen diyaaradaha Nayroobi ama Addis Ababa ([Hiiraan Online, Luulyo 2025](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2025/July/202051/tanzania_somalia_forge_stronger_ties_with_direct_flights.aspx)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Tansaaniya waxay 2012 Soomaaliya siisay $233,082 oo gargaar bini'aadannimo ah, sida OCHA qortay ([OCHA FTS, 2012](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2012&groupby=organization)). Tan iyo 2024 waxa ugu weyn ee ay bixisay waa tababar iyo waxbarasho. Jaamacadda Daar es Salaam waxay diyaarinaysaa barnaamijyo tijaabo ah oo Af-Sawaaxili ah oo loogu talagalay iskuullada Kismaayo iyo Baladweyne ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Tansaaniya kama mid aha dalalka ciidamada u diray howlgalka AU; kuwii shirka Luulyo 2026 joogay waxay ahaayeen Yugandha, Kenya, Jabuuti, Itoobiya, Burundi iyo Masar ([Dawan Africa, 1 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/explainer-what-did-the-kampala-aussom-summit-decide-and-why-did-somalia-oppose-part-of-the-communique)). Abriil 2024 madaxweyne Samia waxay tiri: "Waxaan u xaqiijinay taageeradeena dhisidda awooddooda si ay isu difaacaan" ([The Citizen](https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-pledges-support-for-somalia-as-they-agree-on-strengthening-bilateral-ties-4605486)). Difaacu wuxuu ku jiray is-afgaradyadii Diseembar 2024 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=3974)). Eeg [Ciidamada ajnabiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Tansaaniya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xasan Sheekh wuxuu 2024 Tansaaniya u mahadceliyay "taageerada aan kala go'a lahayn ee madax-bannaanida iyo midnimada dhuleed ee Soomaaliya" ([Villa Soomaaliya](https://villasomalia.gov.so/state-visit-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamuds-warm-reception-and-bilateral-talks-in-tanzania/)). Xiriir rasmi ah oo Tansaaniya la leedahay Somaliland lagama helin ilaha la eegay. Barnaamijyada Af-Sawaaxiliga waxaa loogu talagalay Kismaayo (Jubbaland) iyo Baladweyne (Hirshabeelle) ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2025/July/202221/tanzania_and_somalia_forge_stronger_relations.aspx)). ## Imisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Tansaaniya? Tirakoobkii 2022 ee Tansaaniya wuxuu tiriyay 657 muwaadin Soomaaliyeed ([NBS Tansaaniya](https://www.nbs.go.tz/uploads/statistics/documents/en-1769966854-Migration%20and%20Urbanization%20in%20Tanzania.pdf)). UNHCR waxay dhammaadkii 2025 tirisay 151 qaxooti Soomaali ah, 2,736 qaxooti Soomaali ahna waxaa la siiyay dhalasho 2007 ilaa 2014 ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1985&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=TAN); [UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/solutions/?limit=200&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=TAN)). Eeg [Soomaalida Tansaaniya](/en/diaspora/tanzania/). ## Halkee bay Tansaaniya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Samia waxay sheegtay in Tansaaniya, oo xubin ka ah Golaha Nabadda iyo Amniga ee AU, ay sii taageeri doonto dadaallada nabadda Soomaaliya ([Daily News, Abriil 2024](https://dailynews.co.tz/?p=57015)). Labada hoggaamiye waxay isku raaceen inay ka wada shaqeeyaan isdhexgalka EAC (isla ilaha). Tansaaniya waxaa ku taal xarunta EAC, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Daar es Salaamna wuxuu sidoo kale wakiil ka yahay EAC ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=3579)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Tansaaniya](/en/diaspora/tanzania/) - [Dib-u-dejinta Soomaali Bantuuga](/en/diaspora/somali-bantu-resettlement/) - [Waddooyinka socdaalka](/en/diaspora/migration-routes/) - [Soomaaliya iyo EAC](/en/relations/eac/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Yugandha](/en/relations/uganda/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/en/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) - [Siyaad Barre](/en/people/siad-barre/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Burundi Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/burundi/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Xiriirka Burundi iyo Soomaaliya wuxuu ku dhisan yahay ciidamo: Burundi waxay ahayd dalkii labaad, Yugandha kadib, ee 2007 askar u diray howlgalka Midowga Afrika, markii ugu badnaydna waxay lahayd qiyaastii 5,400. Diseembar 2024 labada dowladood waxay isku khilaafeen qaybta Burundi ee AUSSOM, balse AU ayaa ciidamada Burundi sii haysay, Luulyo 2026-na koox Burundi ah ayaa weli fadhiday Jowhar. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Bujumbura booqday Nofeembar 2023 iyo Oktoobar 2024. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Burundi? Burundi waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu da'da weyn ee ciidamo ku leh howlgalka AU ee Soomaaliya. Waxay ciidamo soo dirtay 2007, Yugandha oo keliya ayaa ka horreysay ([AUSSOM, 1 Luulyo 2026](https://au-ssom.org/burundian-troops-in-somalia-celebrate-the-countrys-independence-reaffirm-commitment-to-peace/)). 1 Luulyo 2026 ciidanka Burundi wuxuu maalinta xorriyadda Burundi ku dabaaldegay xaruntooda Jowhar, Hirshabeelle (isla ilaha). Joogitaankaas wuxuu ka badbaaday khilaaf. Diseembar 2024 Soomaaliya waxay Burundi u xaddiday 1,041 askari oo AUSSOM ah, Burundi-na waxay sheegtay inay ka bixi doonto ([Garowe Online, 31 Diseembar 2024](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/burundi-slams-somalia-for-betrayal-in-aussom-troop-snub)). Luulyo 2025 AU waxay lix bilood u kordhisay joogitaanka ciidamada Burundi, iyadoo ku sababaysay daldaloolada ka dhashay dib-u-dhaca ciidamada kale ([Garowe Online, 5 Luulyo 2025](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/world/africa/african-union-extends-burundi-troop-presence-in-somalia-by-six-months)). Burundi waxay ka qayb gashay shirkii dalalka ciidamada AUSSOM ku leh ee Kampala, 31 Luulyo 2026 ([Dawan Africa, 1 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/explainer-what-did-the-kampala-aussom-summit-decide-and-why-did-somalia-oppose-part-of-the-communique)). Labada madaxweyne waxay Oktoobar 2024 isku raaceen in la sameeyo Guddi Joogto ah oo Iskaashi ([Villa Soomaaliya, 20 Oktoobar 2024](https://villasomalia.gov.so/joint-communique-on-the-working-visit-of-his-excellency-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-to-the-republic-of-burundi/)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Burundi waxay xorriyadda ka qaadatay Beljamka 1 Luulyo 1962, laba sano kadib Soomaaliya ([AUSSOM, 2026](https://au-ssom.org/burundian-troops-in-somalia-celebrate-the-countrys-independence-reaffirm-commitment-to-peace/)). Xiriirka dhow wuxuu bilaabmay howlgalka AU, AMISOM. Golaha Nabadda iyo Amniga ee AU ayaa sameeyay 19 Janaayo 2007, Golaha Ammaanka QM-na wuxuu oggolaaday 21 Febraayo 2007, go'aanka 1744 ([Alain Aimé Nyamitwe, Geeska, 31 Diseembar 2024](https://www.geeska.com/en/look-back-burundis-role-somali-peacekeeping-mission)). Askarta Burundi waxay Muqdisho ku degeen Diseembar 2007 iyadoo si xoog leh loo garaacayo ([Nyamitwe, Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/look-back-burundis-role-somali-peacekeeping-mission)). Waxay Al-Shabaab ka qabsadeen xarunta wasaaradda difaaca, warshadihii caanaha iyo sigaarka iyo Suuqa Bakaaraha (isla ilaha). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safaarad deggan oo midkood caasimadda kale ku leeyahay lagama helin ilaha la eegay. Xiriirku wuxuu maray madaxweyneyaasha, wasiirrada iyo taliyayaasha ciidamada: - **Briigadeer Jeneraal Michel Ndenzako**: taliyaha ciidanka Burundi ee AUSSOM, Luulyo 2026 ([AUSSOM](https://au-ssom.org/burundian-troops-in-somalia-celebrate-the-countrys-independence-reaffirm-commitment-to-peace/)). - **Albert Shingiro**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Burundi ee Nofeembar 2023 Bujumbura kula hadlay Xasan Sheekh ([Garowe Online, 16 Nofeembar 2023](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-what-president-hassan-sheikh-discussed-with-burundi-s-ndayishimiye)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Évariste Ndayishimiye**: madaxweynaha Burundi ee martigeliyay Xasan Sheekh 2023 iyo 2024 ([Hiiraan Online, 20 Oktoobar 2024](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Oct/198557/somali_president_hassan_sheikh_continues_regional_tour_strengthens_security_ties_with_burundi.aspx)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**: booqashadiisii ugu horreysay ee Burundi 15 Nofeembar 2023, kuna noqday Oktoobar 2024 ([Hiiraan Online, 15 Nofeembar 2023](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Nov/193745/somali_president_arrives_for_first_visit_to_burundi.aspx)). - **Pierre Nkurunziza**: madaxweynaha Burundi xilligii khilaafkii gunnada 2016–2017, markii EU ay rabtay in lacagta AMISOM aysan dowladdiisa marin ([Africanews, 29 Maarso 2016](https://www.africanews.com/2016/03/29/burundi-eu-plans-to-cut-back-funding-for-peacekeeping/)). - **Smaïl Chergui**: guddoomiyaha nabadda iyo amniga AU ee Janaayo 2017 saxeexay heshiiskii lacag-bixinta ee Burundi ku sii hayay AMISOM ([Africanews, 20 Janaayo 2017](https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/20/burundi-drops-threat-to-withdraw-troops-from-somalia-after-au-agreement/)). - **Cabdulqaadir Maxamed Nuur**: wasiirka difaaca Soomaaliya ee warqaddiisii 26 Diseembar 2024 go'aamisay qaybta Burundi ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/burundi-slams-somalia-for-betrayal-in-aussom-troop-snub)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee yiri dhaxalka Burundi wuxuu "ku xardhan yahay taariikhda Soomaaliya" (isla ilaha). - **Alain Aimé Nyamitwe**: qoraa Burundi ah oo Diseembar 2024 qoray taariikhda howlgalka ([Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/look-back-burundis-role-somali-peacekeeping-mission)). ## Heshiisyo maxay saxeexeen? - **19 Janaayo 2017**: is-afgarad Burundi iyo AU ku saabsan hab cusub oo lacagta askarta AMISOM loo bixiyo ([Africanews](https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/20/burundi-drops-threat-to-withdraw-troops-from-somalia-after-au-agreement/)). - **15 Nofeembar 2023**: labada madaxweyne waxay go'aansadeen in mustaqbalka la qabto kalfadhi Guddiga Joogtada ah ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-what-president-hassan-sheikh-discussed-with-burundi-s-ndayishimiye)). - **20 Oktoobar 2024**: war-murtiyeed wadajir ah oo ballan ku ah sameynta guddigaas ([Villa Soomaaliya](https://villasomalia.gov.so/joint-communique-on-the-working-visit-of-his-excellency-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-to-the-republic-of-burundi/); [PDF](https://villasomalia.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/FINAL_JOINT_SOMALIE-BURUNDI-ENG_COMMUNIQUE_20.10.2024_B.pdf)). ## Madaxda yaa is booqday? - **15 Nofeembar 2023**: Xasan Sheekh booqasho hal maalin ah oo Bujumbura. Wuxuu Ndayishimiye, oo markaas guddoomiye u ahaa EAC, kala hadlay codsiga Soomaaliya ee ku biirista ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Nov/193745/somali_president_arrives_for_first_visit_to_burundi.aspx)). - **20 Oktoobar 2024**: Xasan Sheekh Bujumbura, Kampala kadib, Jabuuti ka hor ([Hiiraan Online](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Oct/198557/somali_president_hassan_sheikh_continues_regional_tour_strengthens_security_ties_with_burundi.aspx)). Ndayishimiye wuxuu ku tilmaamay qaadista cunaqabataynta hubka QM "tallaabo muhiim ah" (isla ilaha). ## Intee bay ganacsadaan? Ganacsigu aad buu u yar yahay. Burundi waxay sheegtay in ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay $382,846 sannadkii 2022 iyo $268,429 sannadkii 2023 ([UN Comtrade, 2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=108&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=108&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Wax laga soo dejiyay Soomaaliya lama diiwaangelin sannadahaas (isla ilaha). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Lacagtu waxay u socotay dhinaca kale, iyadoo marta howlgalka AU. 2016 dowladda Burundi waxay askari kasta bishii ka heli jirtay $1,000 oo EU bixiso, waxayna ka qaadan jirtay $200, qiyaastii $13 milyan sannadkii ([Africanews, 29 Maarso 2016](https://www.africanews.com/2016/03/29/burundi-eu-plans-to-cut-back-funding-for-peacekeeping/)). Machadka ISS wuxuu qoray in 2015 kadib miisaaniyadda difaaca Burundi inteeda badan ay ka imaanaysay AMISOM ([Bram Verelst, ISS Today, 14 Janaayo 2025](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/can-burundi-afford-to-pull-its-troops-out-of-somalia)). OCHA kuma qorna gargaar bini'aadannimo oo Burundi siisay Soomaaliya 2006 ilaa 2025 ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Burundi waxay dhammaadkii 2008 AMISOM ku lahayd qiyaastii 1,700 askari, markii ugu badnaydna qiyaastii 5,500, oo ka badan shan meelood meel ciidankeeda ([ISS Today, 2025](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/can-burundi-afford-to-pull-its-troops-out-of-somalia)). Iyagoo la jira ciidamada Yugandha iyo Soomaaliya, waxay 2011 Al-Shabaab ka saareen Muqdisho ([CFR](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab)). Boqollaal askari oo Burundi ah ayaa Soomaaliya ku dhintay, magacyadoodana waxay ku qoran yihiin gidaarka Nyerere House ee AU ee Addis Ababa ([Nyamitwe, Geeska](https://www.geeska.com/en/look-back-burundis-role-somali-peacekeeping-mission)). Faahfaahin: [Ciidamada Burundi ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/burundi-military-in-somalia/) iyo [Ciidamada ajnabiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Burundi ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Ciidamada Burundi waxay inta badan la shaqeeyeen Hirshabeelle. Saraakiisha Hirshabeelle ayaa ka qayb galay munaasabaddii Luulyo 2026 ee Jowhar, halkaas oo taliyuhu uu ugu mahadceliyay "hoggaamiyeyaasha Dowladda Federaalka iyo Dowlad-goboleedka Hirshabeelle" ([AUSSOM](https://au-ssom.org/burundian-troops-in-somalia-celebrate-the-countrys-independence-reaffirm-commitment-to-peace/)). Bayaan ama xiriir Burundi la leedahay Somaliland lagama helin ilaha la eegay. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? - **Tirada AUSSOM, Diseembar 2024**: Burundi waxay rabtay 2,000 askari; Soomaaliya waxay oggolaatay 1,041 ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/burundi-slams-somalia-for-betrayal-in-aussom-troop-snub)). Sarkaal sare oo Burundi ah ayaa ku tilmaamay "khiyaano iyo mahadnaqid la'aan cad" (isla ilaha). - **Mowqifka Soomaaliya**: saraakiisha Soomaaliya waxay u arkeen u guuritaanka AUSSOM tallaabo isku-filnaansho ah, Soomaaliyana waxay haysatay heshiisyo laba dal oo ciidamo dheeraad ah (isla ilaha). Wasiirka difaaca wuxuu sababta ku sheegay is-afgarad la'aan ku saabsan tirada ([ISS Today](https://issafrica.org/iss-today/can-burundi-afford-to-pull-its-troops-out-of-somalia)). - **Ilaha way kala duwan yihiin**: ISS waxay qortay in Burundi ay soo bandhigtay 3,000, Soomaaliyana ay oggolaan lahayd qiyaastii 1,000 (isla ilaha). ## Imisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Burundi? Aad u yar. UNHCR waxay dhammaadkii 2025 Burundi ku tirisay 5 qaxooti Soomaali ah ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=BDI)). ## Halkee bay Burundi ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Burundi waxay ka shaqaysay AMISOM, ATMIS iyo AUSSOM ([AUSSOM](https://au-ssom.org/burundian-troops-in-somalia-celebrate-the-countrys-independence-reaffirm-commitment-to-peace/)). Iyadoo guddoomiye u ah EAC Nofeembar 2023, Ndayishimiye wuxuu ka wada hadlay codsiga Soomaaliya ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Nov/193745/somali_president_arrives_for_first_visit_to_burundi.aspx)). War-murtiyeedkii 2024 wuxuu sidoo kale taabtay amniga Geeska Afrika, bariga Kongo iyo Suudaan ([Villa Soomaaliya](https://villasomalia.gov.so/joint-communique-on-the-working-visit-of-his-excellency-president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-to-the-republic-of-burundi/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ciidamada Burundi ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/burundi-military-in-somalia/) - [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/), [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/), [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/) - [Ciidamada ajnabiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Yugandha](/en/relations/uganda/) - [Soomaaliya iyo EAC](/en/relations/eac/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/en/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Ruwanda Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/rwanda/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Ruwanda iyo Soomaaliya waxay 27 Oktoobar 2025 Kigali ku saxeexeen Heshiis Iskaashi Guud, waxayna isku raaceen in la sameeyo Guddi Joogto ah oo Wadajir ah. Safiirka Ruwanda ee Soomaaliya, Martin Ngoga, wuxuu xilka qabtay Janaayo 2025, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Daar es Salaamna wuxuu sidoo kale wakiil ka yahay Ruwanda. Ruwandi lagu magacaabo Patrick Mazimhaka ayaa hoggaamiyay ergadii xaqiiqo-raadinta ee AU u dirtay Somaliland 2005. Ganacsigu wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii $0.7 milyan 2024. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Ruwanda? Labada dal waxay tan iyo 2020 dhisayeen xiriir rasmi ah. 27 Oktoobar 2025, wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda, Olivier Nduhungirehe iyo Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, waxay Kigali ku saxeexeen Heshiis Iskaashi Guud ([Safaaradda Ruwanda ee Kenya, Oktoobar 2025](https://rwandainkenya.gov.rw/info/info-details/rwanda-somalia-sign-general-cooperation-agreement)). Waxay isku raaceen Guddi Joogto ah oo daboolaya caddaaladda, waxbarashada, beeraha, tiknoolajiyada, ganacsiga iyo kaalmada sharci (isla ilaha). Wasiirradu waxay 9 Juun 2026 ku wada hadleen taleefan, Luulyo 2026-na waxay ku kulmeen Golaha Fulinta ee AU ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 9 Juun 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-rwanda-foreign-ministers-discuss-bilateral-relations/); [28 Luulyo 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-rwanda-strengthen-diplomatic-ties-at-african-union-executive-council/)). Ruwanda waxay leedahay safiir loo aqoonsaday Soomaaliya, ergayga Soomaaliyana wuxuu fadhiyaa Daar es Salaam. ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirka hore ee ugu caansan wuxuu khuseeyaa Somaliland. Patrick Mazimhaka, oo Ruwandi ahaa kuna-xigeen guddoomiyaha Guddiga AU 2003 ilaa 2008, ayaa hoggaamiyay ergo xaqiiqo-raadin ah oo AU u dirtay Somaliland 30 Abriil ilaa 4 Maajo 2005 ([Guddiga AU, 25 Janaayo 2018](https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180125/african-union-commission-extends-condolences-following-death-he-patrick); [warbixinta ergada AU, 2005](https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/PDFFiles/au-fact-finding-mission-to-somaliland-30-april-to-4-may-2005.pdf)). Ergadu waxay booqatay Hargeysa, Berbera, Sheekh, Burco iyo Boorama (isla warbixinta). Warbixintu waxay raadinta aqoonsiga Somaliland ku tilmaantay "mid gaar ah oo taariikhda siyaasadda Afrika ku cad" ([Martin Plaut, 31 Diseembar 2025](https://martinplaut.com/2025/12/31/the-african-union-mission-that-recommended-somalilands-independence)). Waxay tiri "AU waa inay hab gaar ah u hesho kiiskan" (isla ilaha). 2006 UNPO waxay sheegtay in Golaha Fulinta ee AU uusan weli ka doodin warbixinta ([UNPO, 2006](https://unpo.org/article/3867)). Eeg [Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrika](/en/relations/african-union/). Ruwanda iyo Soomaaliya waxay Febraayo 2020 saxeexeen Heshiis Adeegyada Duulimaadka, kaas oo ahaa heshiiskii 100-aad ee noociisa ah ee Ruwanda ([KT Press, 8 Febraayo 2020](https://www.ktpress.rw/tag/rwanda-somalia-relations)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Martin Karoli Ngoga**: safiirka Ruwanda ee Soomaaliya; Janaayo 2025 wuxuu nuqul warqaddiisa aqoonsiga ah u gudbiyay wasiir Axmed Macallin Fiqi ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 30 Janaayo 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-fm-receives-copy-of-credentials-from-rwandas-ambassador/)). - **Ilyaas Cali Xasan**: safiirka Soomaaliya ee Tansaaniya iyo safiirka aan dalka joogin ee Ruwanda; Maajo 2025 wuxuu Kigali warqaddiisa aqoonsiga u gudbiyay madaxweyne Paul Kagame ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 21 Maajo 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/non-resident-somali-ambassador-presents-credentials-to-rwandas-president)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Patrick Mazimhaka**: hoggaamiyay ergadii 2005 ee Somaliland ([warbixinta AU](https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/PDFFiles/au-fact-finding-mission-to-somaliland-30-april-to-4-may-2005.pdf)). Wuxuu dhintay 25 Janaayo 2018 ([Guddiga AU](https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180125/african-union-commission-extends-condolences-following-death-he-patrick)). - **Paul Kagame**: madaxweynaha Ruwanda ee 12 Agoosto 2024 Kigali kula kulmay Xasan Sheekh, una ballanqaaday taageero joogto ah ([Hiiraan Online, 13 Agoosto 2024](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Aug/197517/somali_rwanda_presidents_discuss_bilateral_relations_and_regional_cooperation.aspx)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**: ka qayb galay caleemasaarkii Kagame 11 Agoosto 2024 (isla ilaha). - **Olivier Nduhungirehe**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Ruwanda ee saxeexay heshiiskii 2025, ammaanayna doorka Soomaaliya ee kooxda A3+ ee Golaha Ammaanka ([KT Press, 27 Oktoobar 2025](https://www.ktpress.rw/?p=118381)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya ee booqasho laba maalmood ah Kigali ku saxeexay heshiiskaas (isla ilaha). - **Ilyaas Cali Xasan**: safiirka la kulmay ganacsatada iyo ardayda Soomaaliyeed ee Kigali ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-rwanda-engages-diaspora-in-kigali-commits-to-enhanced-cooperation)). - **Aisa Kirabo Kacyira**: duqii hore ee Kigali, Febraayo 2023 loo magacaabay madaxa Xafiiska Taageerada QM ee Soomaaliya (UNSOS) ([Garowe Online, 26 Febraayo 2023](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/rwanda-s-diplomat-appointed-head-of-un-office-in-somalia)). ## Heshiisyo maxay saxeexeen? - **Febraayo 2020**: Heshiis Adeegyada Duulimaadka ([KT Press](https://www.ktpress.rw/tag/rwanda-somalia-relations)). - **27 Oktoobar 2025**: Heshiis Iskaashi Guud, iyo Guddi Joogto ah oo la sameyn doono ([Safaaradda Ruwanda ee Kenya](https://rwandainkenya.gov.rw/info/info-details/rwanda-somalia-sign-general-cooperation-agreement)). ## Madaxda yaa is booqday? - **11–12 Agoosto 2024**: Xasan Sheekh Kigali, caleemasaarka Kagame iyo wadahadal ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Aug/197517/somali_rwanda_presidents_discuss_bilateral_relations_and_regional_cooperation.aspx)). - **27–28 Oktoobar 2025**: wasiir Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, Kigali ([KT Press](https://www.ktpress.rw/?p=118381)). ## Intee bay ganacsadaan? Ruwanda waxay sheegtay in ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay $691,192 sannadkii 2024 iyo $866,349 sannadkii 2022 ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=646&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=646&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Waxa laga soo dejiyay Soomaaliya 2024 waxay ahaayeen $10,973 (isla ilaha). Alaabta ugu badan 2024 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=646&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)): - kafee iyo shaah, $334,701 - cunto diyaarsan, $275,142 - badeecooyin bur iyo badar ah, $81,349 Safiirka Soomaaliya wuxuu Ruwanda u mahadceliyay siyaasadda fiisaha la'aanta, taas oo u fududaysa safarka ganacsatada iyo ardayda Soomaaliyeed ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-rwanda-engages-diaspora-in-kigali-commits-to-enhanced-cooperation)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? OCHA kuma qorna gargaar bini'aadannimo oo Ruwanda siisay Soomaaliya 2006 ilaa 2025 ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)). Heshiiskii 2025 wuxuu diiradda saarayaa tababar iyo is-weydaarsi caddaaladda, waxbarashada, beeraha iyo tiknoolajiyada ([Safaaradda Ruwanda ee Kenya](https://rwandainkenya.gov.rw/info/info-details/rwanda-somalia-sign-general-cooperation-agreement)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Ruwanda ciidamo uma dirto howlgalka AU ee Soomaaliya ([Dawan Africa, 1 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/explainer-what-did-the-kampala-aussom-summit-decide-and-why-did-somalia-oppose-part-of-the-communique)). 2025 labada wasiir waxay xuseen iskaashi hore u jiray oo booliis iyo difaac ah ([Safaaradda Ruwanda ee Kenya](https://rwandainkenya.gov.rw/info/info-details/rwanda-somalia-sign-general-cooperation-agreement)). Eeg [Ciidamada ajnabiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Ruwanda ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xiriirka ugu weyn ee Ruwanda ay la leedahay arrinta Somaliland waa ergadii AU ee 2005 ee Mazimhaka hoggaamiyay ([warbixinta AU](https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/PDFFiles/au-fact-finding-mission-to-somaliland-30-april-to-4-may-2005.pdf)). Ergadu waxay sheegtay in masuuliyiinta Somaliland ay 2003, 2004 iyo horraantii 2005 booqdeen Guddiga AU iyagoo raadinaya xubinnimo goob-joogenimo (isla warbixinta). Bayaan dowladda Ruwanda ka soo baxay oo ku saabsan maqaamka Somaliland lagama helin ilaha la eegay. ## Imisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Ruwanda? Waa yar yihiin. UNHCR waxay dhammaadkii 2025 Ruwanda ku tirisay 22 qaxooti Soomaali ah ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=RWA)). Soomaalidu waxay ka mid yihiin dadka Libiya looga soo qaado Ruwanda barnaamijka Emergency Transit Mechanism, kaas oo Sebtembar 2026 qaabilay in ka badan 3,000 qof ([KT Press, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.ktpress.rw/2026/09/rwanda-has-received-more-than-3000-asylum-seekers-evacuated-from-libya-since-2019/); [Monitor](https://monitor.co.ug/africa/news/rwanda-african-union-and-unhcr-to-help-libyan-asylum-seekers-4760586)). ## Halkee bay Ruwanda ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Ruwanda iyo Soomaaliya labaduba waa xubno EAC, safiirka Soomaaliyana wuxuu sheegay in iskaashigu raacayo heerarka EAC ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-rwanda-engages-diaspora-in-kigali-commits-to-enhanced-cooperation)). Oktoobar 2025 wasiirradu waxay ka wada hadleen wadahadallada nabadda Doha iyo Washington ee bariga Kongo ([KT Press](https://www.ktpress.rw/?p=118381)). Nduhungirehe wuxuu ammaanay doorka Soomaaliya ee Golaha Ammaanka QM iyadoo qayb ka ah kooxda A3+ (isla ilaha). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrika](/en/relations/african-union/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Tansaaniya](/en/relations/tanzania/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Libiya](/en/relations/libya/) - [Ku dhawaaqiddii Somaliland 1991](/en/history/somaliland-declaration-1991/) - [Soomaalida Libiya](/en/diaspora/libya/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/en/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Koonfur Afrika Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/south-africa/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Koonfur Afrika iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo rasmi ah dhiseen 2012, sannadkaas oo Koonfur Afrika ay sidoo kale u ballanqaaday R100 milyan si loo dhiso hay'adaha Soomaaliya. Soomaaliya waxay 3 Luulyo 2025 Pretoria ka furtay dhismo safaaradeed oo ay leedahay, halka Koonfur Afrika ay Soomaaliya kala socoto safaaraddeeda Nayroobi. Koonfur Afrika waxay 2024 Soomaaliya u dhoofisay $9.2 milyan oo alaab ah. Qiyaastii 22,000 qaxooti iyo magangalyo-doon Soomaali ah ayaa halkaas ku nool, weerarrada lagu qaado dukaamada Soomaalidana waa arrin had iyo jeer labada dowladood ka dhex taagan. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Koonfur Afrika? Koonfur Afrika waxay 2012 xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo rasmi ah la samaysay Soomaaliya ([Safaaradda Koonfur Afrika ee Nayroobi](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). Koonfur Afrika waxay Soomaaliya kala socotaa safaaraddeeda Nayroobi, halka Soomaaliya ay safaarad ku leedahay Pretoria (isla ilaha). 3 Luulyo 2025, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali wuxuu Pretoria ka furay dhismo safaaradeed cusub oo ay Soomaaliya leedahay ([SONNA, 3 Luulyo 2025](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-inaugurates-somali-embassy-in-pretoria/)). Maalintii xigtay isaga iyo wasiirka Koonfur Afrika, Ronald Lamola, waxay ka wada hadleen fiiso la'aanta baasaboorrada diblomaasiyadda iyo dib u furidda xafiiska Koonfur Afrika ee Muqdisho ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 4 Luulyo 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7227)). Labada wasiir waxay mar kale ku kulmeen Pretoria 3 Febraayo 2026 iyo Golaha Fulinta AU Luulyo 2026 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 3 Febraayo 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-south-africa-bilateral-talks-in-pretoria/); [29 Luulyo 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-strengthens-strategic-partnership-with-south-africa-at-african-union-executive-council/)). Lamola wuxuu ku celiyay taageerada Koonfur Afrika ee madax-bannaanida iyo midnimada dhuleed ee Soomaaliya (isla ilaha). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in Soomaaliya ay taageertay dadka Koonfur Afrika xilligii halganka ka dhanka ahaa midab-takoorka ([Garowe Online, 14 Luulyo 2021](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-raises-concerns-over-deaths-of-its-nationals-in-south-africa)). Febraayo 1993, Oliver Tambo wuxuu shir Johannesburg ka dhacay kaga hadlay "dib u dhaca" Soomaaliya ee dagaal qabiil ([DIRCO, ku-xigeen wasiir Marius Fransman, 19 Sebtembar 2012](https://dirco1.azurewebsites.net/docs/speeches/2012/frans0919.html)). Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabeen inay yimaadaan kadib dhammaadkii midab-takoorka. UNHCR waxay tirisay 96 qaxooti Soomaali ah 1994 iyo 4,810 sannadkii 2000 ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=RSA)). Maarso 2012, Koonfur Afrika weli wakiil kuma lahayn Soomaaliya, waxayna ku xiriiri jirtay Nayroobi ([DIRCO, jawaab baarlamaan, Maarso 2012](https://dirco1.azurewebsites.net/docs/2012pq/pq12a.html)). Waxay Dowladda Federaalka KMG u dirtay qabyo heshiis xiriir diblomaasiyadeed, waxayna qorsheysay in la saxeexo marka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya uu booqdo (isla ilaha). Heshiiska waxaa Pretoria ku saxeexay Maite Nkoana-Mashabane iyo Cabdullaahi Xaaji Xasan ([DIRCO](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? ### Ergooyinka Koonfur Afrika ee Soomaaliya - **Safaaradda Koonfur Afrika ee Nayroobi**: loo aqoonsaday Soomaaliya ([DIRCO](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). - **M. J. Mahlangu**: safiirka Kenya; Oktoobar 2022 wuxuu Villa Soomaaliya warqaddiisa aqoonsiga ugu gudbiyay madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud isagoo ah safiir aan dalka joogin (isla ilaha). DIRCO waxay sheegtay in amniga uu adkeeyay in safiirradii hore ay warqadahooda gudbiyaan (isla ilaha). ### Ergooyinka Soomaaliya ee Koonfur Afrika - **Sheekh Shariif**: loogu yeeray safiirka la magacaabay ee Soomaaliya aqoon-isweydaarsi DIRCO ee Kaab Taawn, 19 Sebtembar 2012 ([DIRCO, 2012](https://dirco1.azurewebsites.net/docs/speeches/2012/frans0919.html)). - **Maxamed Sheekh Isxaaq**: safiirka xilligii furitaanka safaaradda Luulyo 2025 iyo wadahadalladii Febraayo 2026 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-inaugurates-somali-embassy-in-pretoria/); [Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-south-africa-bilateral-talks-in-pretoria/)). - **Ismaaciil Cabdulle Soomaane**: ku-xigeenka safiirka iyo xil-hayaha ku-meel-gaarka ah, Abriil 2026 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 30 Abriil 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8582)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Maite Nkoana-Mashabane iyo Cabdullaahi Xaaji Xasan**: wasiirradii saxeexay heshiiskii 2012 ([DIRCO](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). - **Marius Fransman**: ku-xigeen wasiirka ee Sebtembar 2012 furay aqoon-isweydaarsigii ugu horreeyay ee dowladda, qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed iyo ururka ACCORD ([DIRCO, 2012](https://dirco1.azurewebsites.net/docs/speeches/2012/frans0919.html)). - **Jamaal Barrow**: ku-xigeen wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya ee Maarso 2013 furay tababarka 25 diblomaasi oo sare ([DIRCO](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). - **Ronald Lamola**: wasiirka xiriirka caalamiga ee Koonfur Afrika, la kulmay wasiirrada Soomaaliya 2025 iyo 2026 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7227)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee furay safaaradda Pretoria 2025 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-inaugurates-somali-embassy-in-pretoria/)). - **Xasan Maxamed Cali (Nadara)**: ku-xigeen wasiirka ee Abriil 2026 booqday bulshada Soomaalida Johannesburg ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 30 Abriil 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8578)). - **Ururka Soomaalida Koonfur Afrika**: codsadihii ugu weynaa ee dacwaddii 2014 ee xaqiijisay xaqa qaxootiga ee ganacsiga ([SAFLII, [2014] ZASCA 143](https://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZASCA/2014/143.html)). - **Mhlekwa Nxumalo**: hoggaamiyay wafdi ganacsi oo Koonfur Afrika ah oo Somaliland tagay Diseembar 2020 ([Somaliland Chronicle, 21 Diseembar 2020](https://somalilandchronicle.com/2020/12/21/exclusive-interview-with-mhlekwa-nxumalo-the-leader-of-the-south-african-delegation-to-somaliland/)). ## Heshiisyo maxay saxeexeen? - **2012**: heshiiska xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed, Pretoria ([DIRCO](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). - **Sebtembar 2023**: Heshiis Iskaashi Guud oo labada wasiir ku saxeexeen Golaha Guud ee QM (isla ilaha). - **2025**: wasiirradu waxay ka wada hadleen is-afgarad iyo fiiso la'aan baasaboorrada diblomaasiyadda iyo adeegga ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 4 Luulyo 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7227)). ## Madaxda yaa is booqday? - **Febraayo 2005**: madaxweynaha Somaliland Daahir Riyaale Kaahin wuxuu Koonfur Afrika u tagay inuu la kulmo ganacsato, siyaasiyiin iyo culimo ([UNPO, 8 Febraayo 2005](https://unpo.org/article/1898)). - **2012**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Cabdullaahi Xaaji Xasan, Pretoria ([DIRCO](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). - **Oktoobar 2022**: safiir Mahlangu, Muqdisho (isla ilaha). - **3–4 Luulyo 2025**: wasiir Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, Pretoria ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-inaugurates-somali-embassy-in-pretoria/)). - **3 Febraayo 2026**: Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, Pretoria ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-south-africa-bilateral-talks-in-pretoria/)). - **Abriil 2026**: ku-xigeen wasiir Xasan Maxamed Cali, Johannesburg ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8578)). ## Intee bay ganacsadaan? Koonfur Afrika waxay sheegtay in ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay $9.24 milyan 2024, $13.39 milyan 2023 iyo $12.99 milyan 2018 ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=710&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=710&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [2018](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=710&partnerCode=706&period=2018&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Waxa laga soo dejiyay Soomaaliya 2024 waxay ahaayeen $219,106 (isla ilaha). Alaabta ugu badan 2024 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=710&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)): - miro iyo lows, $2.51 milyan - mashiinno, $0.84 milyan - hilib, $0.71 milyan - alaab bir iyo bir-adag ah, $0.54 milyan Soomaalida Koonfur Afrika waxay maamulaan dukaamo badan oo yaryar oo xaafadaha ah. Daraasad 2012 lagu sameeyay Delft South, Kaab Taawn, 80% dukaanlayaasha ajnabiga ah waxay ahaayeen Soomaali ([Charman iyo Piper, 2012](https://core.ac.uk/download/62633424.pdf)). Eeg [Dukaamada Soomaalida ee Koonfur Afrika](/en/economy/somali-shops-in-south-africa/). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? 2012 Koonfur Afrika waxay u ballanqaaday R100 milyan si ay Dowladda Federaalka KMG u dhisto hay'adaha ([DIRCO](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). Maarso 2013 waxay tababartay 25 diblomaasi oo Soomaali ah oo sare (isla ilaha). OCHA waxay diiwaangelisay gargaarkan bini'aadannimo ee Koonfur Afrika u fidisay Soomaaliya ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)): - 2007: $53,606 - 2009: $192,802 - 2011: $1,169,590 - 2012: $198,903 - 2015: $473,530 - 2018: $584,307 ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Koonfur Afrika ciidamo uma dirin howlgallada AU ee Soomaaliya ([Dawan Africa, 1 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/explainer-what-did-the-kampala-aussom-summit-decide-and-why-did-somalia-oppose-part-of-the-communique)). 2012 waxay tiri "xal siyaasadeed ayaa ah xulashada keliya", wadahadal siyaasadeedna, ee ma aha faragelin millateri, ayaa keeni doona nabad waarta ([DIRCO, Maarso 2012](https://dirco1.azurewebsites.net/docs/2012pq/pq12a.html)). Eeg [Ciidamada ajnabiga ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Koonfur Afrika ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Koonfur Afrika waxay 2012 baarlamaankeeda u sheegtay inay Soomaaliya u aqoonsan tahay dal madax-bannaan ([DIRCO, Maarso 2012](https://dirco1.azurewebsites.net/docs/2012pq/pq12a.html)). Madaxweynaha Somaliland Daahir Riyaale Kaahin wuxuu Koonfur Afrika booqday Febraayo 2005 ([UNPO, 2005](https://unpo.org/article/1898)). Diseembar 2020, wafdi Koonfur Afrika ah oo ganacsato ku jiraan ayaa Hargeysa booqday, kulanna la yeeshay madaxweynaha ([Somaliland Chronicle, 21 Diseembar 2020](https://somalilandchronicle.com/2020/12/21/exclusive-interview-with-mhlekwa-nxumalo-the-leader-of-the-south-african-delegation-to-somaliland/)). Hoggaamiyahiisa, Mhlekwa Nxumalo, wuxuu sheegay in aqoonsigu u baahan yahay in Koonfur Afrika "si rasmi ah go'aan uga gaarto iyadoo dal ah" (isla ilaha). 2025 iyo 2026 Lamola wuxuu taageeray midnimada iyo dhulka Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7227)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Weerarrada lagu qaado dukaanlayaasha Soomaaliyeed ayaa xiriirka culays saaray. Mowqifka dhinac kasta waa kan: - **Sebtembar 2017**: guddiga socdaalka ee Koonfur Afrika, oo uu guddoomiye ka ahaa wasiir Jeff Radebe, wuxuu diiday sheegashada Guddiga Bulshada Soomaalida ee ahayd in Soomaali laga dilo Kaab Taawn maalin walba oo labaad ([Dowladda Koonfur Afrika, 4 Sebtembar 2017](https://www.gov.za/node/772848)). "Sheekada ah in Soomaalida keliya dambiyada lagu bartilmaameedsado waa khalad," ayuu Radebe yiri (isla ilaha). - **Luulyo 2021**: xilligii rabshadihii xarigga Jacob Zuma kadib, Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in afar muwaadin oo Soomaali ah la dilay, waxayna Koonfur Afrika ka codsatay inay ilaaliso ([Garowe Online, 14 Luulyo 2021](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-raises-concerns-over-deaths-of-its-nationals-in-south-africa)). Wasaaraddu waxay sheegtay in xiriirku uusan waxyeello gaari doonin (isla ilaha). - **Juun 2026**: in ka badan 20 Soomaali ah ayaa ka tagay Potchefstroom kadib markii ugu yaraan 15 dukaan oo Soomaali leedahay la dhacay xilli bannaanbaxyo ka dhan ah socdaalka ([TimesLIVE, 25 Juun 2026](https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2026-06-25-somali-nationals-evacuate-potchefstroom-townships-after-spaza-shop-lootings/)). Safaaradda Soomaaliya waxay ku baaqday deganaansho, waxayna sheegtay inaysan jirin siyaasad cusub oo Koonfur Afrika ah oo Soomaalida bartilmaameedsanaysa ([AllAfrica, 30 Juun 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202606300583.html)). ## Imisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Koonfur Afrika? Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay Koonfur Afrika ku tirisay 17,931 qaxooti Soomaali ah iyo 3,905 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=RSA)). Eeg [Soomaalida Koonfur Afrika](/en/diaspora/south-africa/). ## Halkee bay Koonfur Afrika ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Wasiirka Koonfur Afrika wuxuu ka qayb galay Shirkii London ee Soomaaliya 23 Febraayo 2012, wuxuuna ku baaqay "geedi socod nabadeed oo Soomaalidu leedahay oo cid walba ka qayb qaadato" ([DIRCO, Maarso 2012](https://dirco1.azurewebsites.net/docs/2012pq/pq12a.html)). 2012 waxay sheegtay inay eegayso sidii ay u caawin lahayd wasaaradaha Soomaaliya ee maamulka, dastuurka iyo garsoorka (isla ilaha). DIRCO waxay sheegtay in labada dal ay ka wada shaqeeyaan QM, AU, IGAD iyo SADC ([DIRCO](https://dirco.gov.za/kenya/bilateral-relations/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Koonfur Afrika](/en/diaspora/south-africa/) - [Dukaamada Soomaalida ee Koonfur Afrika](/en/economy/somali-shops-in-south-africa/) - [Waddooyinka socdaalka](/en/diaspora/migration-routes/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Tansaaniya](/en/relations/tanzania/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrika](/en/relations/african-union/) - [Daahir Riyaale Kaahin](/en/people/dahir-riyale-kahin/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/en/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Libiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/libya/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Libiya waxay 1974 Soomaaliya amaah ahaan u siisay 2 milyan oo dinaar Libiyaan ah si loo dhammaystiro garoonka diyaaradaha Kismaayo. Labada dowladood xiriirka waxay u jareen laba jeer, 1977 dagaalkii Ogaadeenya iyo 1981 taageerada Libiya ee jabhadaha Soomaalida, waxayna dib u soo celiyeen 1985. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu Febraayo 2025 booqday Tripoli, halkaas oo lagu saxeexay afar heshiis is-afgarad. Maanta arrinta ugu weyn waa socdaalka: kumanaan Soomaali ah ayaa Libiya u mara Talyaaniga, Soomaaliyana waxay halkaas ka soo celisaa muhaajiriin. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Libiya? Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu Febraayo 2025 booqasho rasmi ah ku tagay Tripoli. 24 Febraayo wuxuu la kulmay ra'iisul wasaare Cabdulxamiid Dbeibah, labada dowladoodna waxay saxeexeen afar heshiis is-afgarad ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 24 Febraayo 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-sign-four-mous-to-strengthen-bilateral-cooperation/)). Heshiisyadu waxay khuseeyeen fiiso la'aanta diblomaasiyiinta, guddi wasiirro oo wadaag ah, la-tashi siyaasadeed iyo xiriir u dhexeeya magaalooyinka Muqdisho iyo Tripoli (isla ilaha). Labada dal mid kastaa wuxuu xafiis diblomaasiyadeed ku leeyahay caasimadda kan kale. Safiirka cusub ee Soomaaliya wuxuu Juun 2026 warqaddiisa aqoonsiga ku gudbiyay Tripoli, Libiyana waxay Muqdisho ku leedahay ku-simaha safiirka ([Dawan Africa, 14 Juun 2026](https://dawan.africa/news/somalia-ambassador-presents-credentials-to-libyas-presidential-council-head); [Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 23 Juun 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8732)). Socdaalka ayaa ah arrinta ugu badan ee laga wada hadlo. Wasiirrada Soomaaliya waxay ka hadleen xaaladda Soomaalida Libiya ku nool, dib u celinta iskaa-wax-u-qabso ah iyo shabakadaha tahriibinta ee jidka ku jira ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 21 Oktoobar 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-coordinate-ahead-of-cen-sad-meetings-in-tripoli-2/)). Nofembar 2026, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali wuxuu Tripoli uga qayb galay kulanka CEN-SAD, wuxuuna wasiirka maaliyadda Libiya kala hadlay dhoofinta xoolaha Soomaaliyeed ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 8 Nofembar 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-discuss-economic-and-financial-cooperation/)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? ### Amaahda iyo Jaamacadda Carabta Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta 14 Febraayo 1974 ([Somali Archive, khudbaddii Siyaad Barre](https://somaliarchive77.substack.com/p/the-arabs-and-somalis-need-each-other)). 26 Juun 1974, Libiya iyo Soomaaliya waxay saxeexeen heshiis amaah ah oo dhan 2 milyan oo dinaar Libiyaan ah si loo dhammaystiro garoonka caalamiga ah ee Kismaayo ([Sharciga Libiya Lr. 19 ee 1975, Kaydka Sharciga Libiya](https://lawsociety.ly/legislation/%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%85-19-%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-1975-%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9/?print=1)). Amaahda dulsaarkeedu wuxuu ahaa 5%. Soomaaliya waxay ahayd inay ku bixiso toban sano gudahood laga bilaabo 1 Janaayo 1977, iyadoo siinaysa alaab Soomaaliyeed oo lagu qiimeeyay qiimaha suuqa adduunka (isla ilaha). Golaha Taliska Kacaanka Libiya wuxuu ansixiyay 25 Febraayo 1975 (isla ilaha). Labada dal waxay sidoo kale 1974 qaateen qorshe lagu fulinayo heshiis iskaashi dhaqaale, dhaqan iyo farsamo ([Kaydka Sharciga Libiya, 1974](https://lawsociety.ly/akn/ly/doc/agreement/somalia/1974/16-3)). ### Laba go'itaan, 1977 iyo 1981 Libiya waxay taageertay Itoobiya dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ee 1977–1978, Soomaaliyana waxay 1977 ka noqotay aqoonsiga Libiya ([GlobalSecurity, "Somalia – Foreign Relations"](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/forrel.htm)). 1981 Soomaaliya waxay jartay xiriirka, iyadoo ku eedaysay Mucammar Qadaafi inuu taageero jabhadaha hubaysan ee SSDF iyo SNM ([Daraasadda Dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska, "Relations with Arab Countries"](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). Xiriirka waxaa dib loo soo celiyay Abriil 1985 ([GlobalSecurity](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/forrel.htm)). Eeg [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/en/history/ogaden-war-1977/) iyo [Jabhadaha hubaysan 1978–1991](/en/history/armed-movements-1978-1991/). ### Wixii ka dambeeyay 1991 Suudaan iyo Libiya ayaa ahaa labada dal ee keliya ee sannadihii dagaalka joogitaan diblomaasiyadeed oo joogto ah, in kasta oo go'go'ayay, ku lahaa Soomaaliya ([Al Jazeera, 28 Maajo 2007](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2007/05/2008525132253179278.html)). Febraayo 2009 Qadaafi wuxuu noqday guddoomiyaha Midowga Afrika ([VOA iyadoo laga soo xigtay GlobalSecurity, Febraayo 2009](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/02/mil-090203-voa06.htm)). Maarso 2009 madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed wuxuu Tripoli ka yeeshay wada-hadallo ku saabsan xiriirka labada dal ([VOA iyadoo laga soo xigtay GlobalSecurity, Maarso 2009](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/03/mil-090327-voa05.htm)). Madaxda IGAD waxay Sirte ugu shireen arrinta Soomaaliya, iyadoo ay socotay shirweynaha AU ee Libiya, Shariifna wuu joogay ([War-murtiyeedka IGAD, 30 Juun 2009](https://osesgy.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/090630%20Communique%20of%20IGAD%2014th%20extra-ordinary%20session%20%28Sirte%2C%20Libya%29.pdf)). ## Yaa ahaa safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Cabdulfataax Sheekh Axmed Cabdulmanaan**: safiirka Soomaaliya; wuxuu warqaddiisa aqoonsiga u gudbiyay guddoomiyaha Golaha Madaxtooyada Maxamed al-Menfi, Tripoli, 13 Juun 2026 ([Dawan Africa, 14 Juun 2026](https://dawan.africa/news/somalia-ambassador-presents-credentials-to-libyas-presidential-council-head)). - **Nasr Maxamed Al-Sanuusi**: ku-simaha safiirka Libiya ee Soomaaliya; waxaa Muqdisho lagu soo dhaweeyay Juun iyo Oktoobar 2026 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 23 Juun 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8732); [21 Oktoobar 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-coordinate-ahead-of-cen-sad-meetings-in-tripoli-2/)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Maxamed al-Zarruq Rajab**: wasiirkii khasnadda Libiya ee saxeexay amaahdii 1974 ee garoonka Kismaayo ([Sharciga Libiya Lr. 19 ee 1975](https://lawsociety.ly/legislation/%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%85-19-%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-1975-%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9/?print=1)). - **Maxamed Yuusuf Weyrax**: xoghayihii maaliyadda Soomaaliya ee isla amaahdaas saxeexay (isla ilaha). - **Cabdisalaam Jalloud**: ra'iisul wasaarihii Libiya ee saxeexay sharcigii 1975 ee amaahda lagu ansixiyay (isla ilaha). - **Mucammar Qadaafi**: hoggaamiyihii Libiya ee Soomaaliya 1981 ku eedaysay inuu taageeray SSDF iyo SNM ([Daraasadda Dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). - **Siyaad Barre**: madaxweynihii Soomaaliya ee xiriirka la jaray Libiya 1977 iyo 1981, dib u soo celiyayna 1985 ([GlobalSecurity](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/forrel.htm)). Eeg [Siyaad Barre](/en/people/siad-barre/). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Cabdulxamiid Dbeibah**: madaxdii ku kulantay Tripoli 24 Febraayo 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-sign-four-mous-to-strengthen-bilateral-cooperation/)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi iyo Taahir Saalim Al-Baour**: wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda ee saxeexay heshiisyadii 2025 (isla ilaha). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya ee Al-Baour kala hadlay socdaalka, QM, Sebtembar 2026 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 24 Sebtembar 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-strengthen-coordination-on-migration/)). - **Xasan Maxamed Cali**: ku-xigeenka wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya ee Luulyo 2026 soo dhaweeyay 129 qof oo Libiya laga soo celiyay ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/deputy-minister-welcomes-129-somali-returnees-from-libya/)). ## Heshiisyo maxay saxeexeen? - **1974**: qorshe lagu fulinayo heshiis iskaashi dhaqaale, dhaqan iyo farsamo ([Kaydka Sharciga Libiya](https://lawsociety.ly/akn/ly/doc/agreement/somalia/1974/16-3)). - **26 Juun 1974**: amaah 2 milyan oo dinaar Libiyaan ah oo loogu talagalay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Kismaayo, waxaana la ansixiyay 25 Febraayo 1975 ([Sharciga Libiya Lr. 19 ee 1975](https://lawsociety.ly/legislation/%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%85-19-%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-1975-%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9/?print=1)). - **24 Febraayo 2025**: afar heshiis is-afgarad oo kala ah: - fiiso la'aan baasaboorrada diblomaasiyadda; - guddi wasiirro oo wadaag ah; - la-tashi siyaasadeed; - iskaashi u dhexeeya dowladaha hoose ee Muqdisho iyo Tripoli ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-sign-four-mous-to-strengthen-bilateral-cooperation/)). ## Madaxda yaa is booqday? - **Maarso 2009**: madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed, Tripoli ([VOA iyadoo laga soo xigtay GlobalSecurity](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/03/mil-090327-voa05.htm)). - **30 Juun – 2 Luulyo 2009**: Shariif wuxuu ka qayb galay shirarka IGAD iyo AU ee Sirte ([War-murtiyeedka IGAD](https://osesgy.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/090630%20Communique%20of%20IGAD%2014th%20extra-ordinary%20session%20%28Sirte%2C%20Libya%29.pdf)). - **23 Febraayo 2025**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Fiqi oo madaxweynaha ka hor gaaray Tripoli ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 23 Febraayo 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=5455)). - **24 Febraayo 2025**: Xasan Sheekh, Tripoli ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-sign-four-mous-to-strengthen-bilateral-cooperation/)). - **6–8 Nofembar 2026**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali oo Tripoli u tagay kulanka CEN-SAD ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 7 Nofembar 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-participates-in-22nd-cen-sad-session-in-tripoli/)). ## Intee bay ganacsadaan? Libiya sannadihii u dambeeyay uma aysan gudbin UN Comtrade xogta ganacsigeeda Soomaaliya ([Su'aalaha UN Comtrade, Libiya–Soomaaliya, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=434&partnerCode=706&period=2023&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Amaahdii 1974 waxay ahayd in lagu bixiyo alaab Soomaaliyeed, taas oo ay isku habayn lahaayeen hay'adda sahayda Libiya iyo wasaaradda ganacsiga Soomaaliya ([Sharciga Libiya Lr. 19 ee 1975](https://lawsociety.ly/legislation/%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%85-19-%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-1975-%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9/?print=1)). Nofembar 2026, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya iyo wasiirka maaliyadda Libiya waxay ka wada hadleen kordhinta xoolaha Soomaaliyeed ee loo dhoofiyo Libiya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-discuss-economic-and-financial-cooperation/)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Amaahdii 1974 ee garoonka ayaa ah maalgelinta ugu weyn ee Libiya ee la diiwaangeliyay (eeg kor). OCHA ee QM kama diiwaan gelin wax deeq bani'aadannimo ah oo Libiya Soomaaliya siisay 2006 ilaa 2025 ([OCHA FTS, 2011](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?locationid=206&year=2011&groupby=organization)). Duullimaadyada lagu soo celiyo muhaajiriinta Soomaaliyeed waxaa lagu fuliyaa barnaamijka IOM ee dib u celinta bani'aadannimo ee iskaa-wax-u-qabso ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/deputy-minister-welcomes-129-somali-returnees-from-libya/)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Libiya kama qayb qaadato howlgalka AU ee Soomaaliya ([Dawan Africa, 1 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/explainer-what-did-the-kampala-aussom-summit-decide-and-why-did-somalia-oppose-part-of-the-communique)). Horraantii 1980-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay Libiya ku eedaysay inay taageerto jabhadaha SSDF iyo SNM ([Daraasadda Dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). Maanta arrinta amniga ugu weyn waa tahriibinta dadka: Oktoobar 2026 labada dhinac waxay ku heshiiyeen inay la shaqeeyaan shabakadaha tahriibinta iyo ka ganacsiga dadka ee jidkaas ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-and-libya-coordinate-ahead-of-cen-sad-meetings-in-tripoli-2/)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Libiya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Libiya waxay la macaamishaa dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya. 129 muhaajir oo Luulyo 2026 Libiya laga soo celiyay, 110 waxay ka degeen Muqdisho, 19na Hargeysa ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 2 Luulyo 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/deputy-minister-welcomes-129-somali-returnees-from-libya/)). Amaahdii 1974 waxay bixisay garoonka Kismaayo, oo hadda ku yaal Jubaland ([Sharciga Libiya Lr. 19 ee 1975](https://lawsociety.ly/legislation/%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%85-19-%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a9-1975-%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9/?print=1)). Ilaha la hubiyay laguma helin war Libiya ka soo saartay Somaliland. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? - **1977**: Soomaaliya waxay ka noqotay aqoonsiga Libiya, sababo la xiriira taageeradeeda Itoobiya ee dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ([GlobalSecurity](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/forrel.htm)). - **1981–1985**: Soomaaliya waxay jartay xiriirka, iyadoo Qadaafi ku eedaysay inuu taageero SSDF iyo SNM; xiriirku wuxuu dib u bilaabmay 1985 ([Daraasadda Dalka ee Maktabadda Koongareeska](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). - **Muhaajiriinta**: Soomaali ay tahriibiyayaal hayeen ayaa ka warramay xadgudubyo ka dhacay Kufra iyo Bani Walid ([VOA, 2018](https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-migrants-returning-libya-tell-abuse-horror/4259510.html)). Libiya kuma jirto Heshiiska Qaxootiga ee 1951 ([UNHCR, Libiya 2024](https://www.unhcr.org/us/sites/en-us/files/2025-06/Libya%20ARR%202024_48.pdf)). ## Imisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Libiya? UNHCR waxay dhammaadkii 2025 Libiya ka diiwaangelisay 778 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaali ah, IOM-na waxay Abriil 2025 tirisay in ka badan 1,400 muhaajir Soomaaliyeed oo halkaas ku xayiran ([UNHCR API](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=LBY); [Dawan, iyadoo soo xigatay IOM](https://dawan.africa/news/over-100-somali-migrants-repatriated-from-libya)). Eeg [Soomaalida Libiya](/en/diaspora/libya/). ## Halkee bay Libiya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Labada dal waa xubno ka mid ah Jaamacadda Carabta, AU iyo CEN-SAD; Soomaaliya waxay Nofembar 2026 ka qayb gashay kulankii 22-aad ee CEN-SAD ee Tripoli ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-participates-in-22nd-cen-sad-session-in-tripoli/)). Libiya waxay martigelisay shirweynihii AU ee 2009 ee Sirte, halkaas oo madaxda IGAD uga shireen Soomaaliya ([War-murtiyeedka IGAD](https://osesgy.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/090630%20Communique%20of%20IGAD%2014th%20extra-ordinary%20session%20%28Sirte%2C%20Libya%29.pdf)). Tan iyo 2019, Ruwanda, UNHCR iyo AU waxay Libiya uga soo qaadeen Ruwanda qaxooti ay ku jiraan Soomaali ([KT Press, Sebtembar 2026](https://www.ktpress.rw/2026/09/rwanda-has-received-more-than-3000-asylum-seekers-evacuated-from-libya-since-2019/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Libiya](/en/diaspora/libya/) - [Waddooyinka socdaalka](/en/diaspora/migration-routes/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Ruwanda](/en/relations/rwanda/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/en/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Siyaad Barre](/en/people/siad-barre/) - [Shariif Sheekh Axmed](/en/people/sharif-sheikh-ahmed/) - [Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud](/en/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Faransiiska Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/france/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Faransiisku Soomaaliya wuxuu kala xiriiraa safaaraddiisa Nairobi. Paris waxay sheegtaa in xiriirka labada dal uu yahay mid yar, inta badanna ay ka shaqeyso Midowga Yurub iyo QM. Faransiisku waa deyn-bixiyaha saddexaad ee Soomaaliya ee Naadiga Paris, 2024 wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab $13.6 milyan ah, dhammaadkii 2025-na wuxuu martigelinayay 17,014 qaxooti Soomaali ah. ## Sidee xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Faransiisku maanta yahay? Faransiisku safaarad kuma laha gudaha Soomaaliya. Safaaradda Faransiiska ee Nairobi ayaa u xilsaaran Soomaaliya ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie)). Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Faransiisku waxay xiriirka ku tilmaantay mid yar, iyadoo inta badan ka shaqeyso Midowga Yurub iyo QM ([France Diplomatie, 29 Oktoobar 2026](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). Faransiisku wuxuu ka qaybqaataa saddex howlgal oo EU ah ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)): - **Atalanta**, howlgalka badda ee ka dhanka ah burcad-badeedda. - **EUTM Somalia**, oo tababarta ciidamada Soomaaliya. - **EUCAP Somalia**, oo xoojisa awoodda badda iyo garsoorka. 2024 Faransiisku wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay $13.6 milyan, wuxuuna ka soo dejiyay $7.3 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=251&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Goormaa xiriirku bilowday? Xiriirka Faransiiska iyo dhulka Soomaalidu wuxuu ka bilowday gumeystihii Faransiisku ku lahaa Jabuuti (Somaliland-tii Faransiiska). Kala qaybintii dhulka Soomaalida waxaa lagu sharaxay [Kala qaybintii, 1884–1926](/so/history/partition-1884-1926/). 1960-meeyadii xiriirku wuu xumaa, maxaa yeelay Soomaaliya waxay ka soo horjeedday joogitaanka Faransiiska ee Jabuuti ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). Labada dal xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ayay yeesheen xorriyadda kadib ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). 10 Nofembar 1977, xilligii dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, wakiillo Mareykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis iyo Jarmal Galbeed ah ayaa London ku kulmay si ay mowqif ugu midoobaan ([Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d34)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada? - **Safaaradda:** Safaaradda Faransiiska ee Kenya, Peponi Gardens, Nairobi ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie)). - **Safaaradda Faransiiska ee Muqdisho** waxay xirantay Juun 1993 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Rémi Maréchaux** ayaa safiir loo magacaabay Janaayo 2014; **Antoine Sivan** ayaa la aqoonsaday Luulyo 2017 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? Diiwaanka Faransiiska dad yar ayaa ku magacaaban. Kuwa la yaqaan waa labada safiir ee kor ku xusan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Shaqada Faransiiska inta badan waxaa qaada howlgallada EU iyo maalgelinta QM ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? Xogta kastamka Faransiiska (doolar) ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=251&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)): - 2015: dhoofin $14.3 milyan, soo dejin $8.4 milyan - 2022: dhoofin $16.5 milyan, soo dejin $16.1 milyan - 2023: dhoofin $38.0 milyan, soo dejin $17.4 milyan - 2024: dhoofin $13.6 milyan, soo dejin $7.3 milyan Khasnadda Faransiisku waxay diiwaangelisay €38.2 milyan oo dhoofin ah iyo €9.7 milyan oo soo dejin ah 2017, inta badan cunto ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/presentation-de-la-somalie)). Maalgashi toos ah oo Faransiis ah lama diiwaangelin tan iyo 2009 ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). Waxa Faransiisku Soomaaliya ka soo dejiyo waxaa ka mid ah xabag iyo foox ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=251&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar ah ayaa la geliyay? - **Gargaar toos ah:** €0.2 milyan 2016, Faransiiskuna wuxuu ahaa deeq-bixiyaha 23aad ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). - **Gargaar bini'aadannimo:** €4.8 milyan 2017 ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). - **AFD:** qorshe dhow uma hayso Soomaaliya ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). - **Deyn:** Faransiisku waa deyn-bixiyaha saddexaad ee Naadiga Paris, Mareykanka iyo Talyaaniga kadib ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). ## Amniga ka warran? Doorka amni ee Faransiisku wuxuu maraa howlgallada EU: Atalanta, EUTM iyo EUCAP ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). Faransiisku wuxuu shaqaale u diray UNOSOM II 1993–1995 ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Faransiisku ula macaamilaa Somaliland? Faransiisku wuxuu sheegay in Somaliland ay qaadato inta badan iskaashiga tooska ah ee uu la leeyahay Soomaaliya ([France Diplomatie](https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/information-par-pays/somalie/relations-bilaterales)). ## Muran ma dhacay? 1960-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay ka soo horjeedday xukunka Faransiiska ee Jabuuti, taasina xiriirka ayay xumeysay ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa Faransiiska ku nool? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Faransiiska ku tirisay 17,014 qaxooti Soomaali ah iyo 1,783 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=5&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=FRA)). Eeg [Soomaalida Faransiiska](/en/diaspora/france/). ## Halkee Faransiisku ka taagan yahay QM? Faransiisku waa xubin joogto ah oo Golaha Ammaanka ah. Diseembar 2025, wadahadallada cunaqabateynta Al-Shabaab, Faransiisku wuxuu codsaday in Daacish-Soomaaliya si cad loo xuso, wuxuuna yiri Golaha ayaa go'aan ka gaara beddelidda xayiraadda hubka ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/12/al-shabaab-sanctions-vote-on-a-draft-resolution-renewing-the-sanctions-regime.php)). Go'aannada 2806 iyo 2809 si wadajir ah ayaa loo ansixiyay ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/12/somalia-vote-on-aussom-mandate-renewal.php?print=true)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Kala qaybintii, 1884–1926](/so/history/partition-1884-1926/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaalida Faransiiska](/en/diaspora/france/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo IGAD Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/igad/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waa mid ka mid ah dalalkii aasaasay IGAD, ururka Geeska Afrika ee 1986 loo aasaasay IGADD, 1996-na dib loo bilaabay. IGAD xafiis ayay Muqdisho ku leedahay, waxayna halkaas ka wadaa mashaariic nabadeed, xuduud iyo caafimaad. December 2025 iyo June 2026 waxay mar kale taageero u muujisay midnimada Soomaaliya kadib aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo IGAD? Soomaaliya waa mid ka mid ah siddeedda dal ee IGAD: Jabuuti, Eritrea, Itoobiya, Kenya, Koonfur Suudaan, Suudaan, Uganda iyo Soomaaliya ([IGAD](https://igad.int/about/)). Xarunta IGAD waxay ku taal Jabuuti; Xoghayaha Fulinta waa Dr Workneh Gebeyehu oo Itoobiyaan ah, xilka hayay tan iyo November 2019 (isla ilo). IGAD waxay Soomaaliya ku leedahay xafiis hawlgal oo la shaqeeya dowladda federaalka iyo saaxiibbada caalamiga ah ([IGAD, 16 September 2024](https://igad.int/igad-executive-secretary-h-e-dr-workneh-gebeyehu-official-visit-to-the-federal-republic-of-somalia/)). ## Goorma ayay Soomaaliya ku biirtay? Soomaaliya waa xubin aasaase. Jabuuti, Itoobiya, Kenya, Soomaaliya, Suudaan iyo Uganda ayaa 1986 aasaasay IGADD si looga hortago abaaraha iyo masiibooyinka kale ([IGAD](https://igad.int/about/)). April 1995 madaxda ayaa Addis Ababa ku go'aamiyay in dib loo nooleeyo; IGAD cusub waxaa la daah-furay shirkii shanaad ee Jabuuti, 25 iyo 26 November 1996 (isla ilo). Taariikhda IGAD waxay xustay "dagaalkii Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ee 1977" tusaale ahaan khilaaf xuduudeed, waxayna nabadda Soomaaliya ku tirisay arrimaha ay ka shaqaysay ([IGAD, taariikhda](https://igad.int/about/?tab=the-history)). ## Yaa hoggaamiya shaqada IGAD ee Soomaaliya? - **Dr Workneh Gebeyehu:** Xoghayaha Fulinta tan iyo November 2019, kadib Safiir Mahboub Maalim ([IGAD](https://igad.int/about/)). 16 September 2024 wuxuu Muqdisho kula kulmay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Axmed Fiqi ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-executive-secretary-h-e-dr-workneh-gebeyehu-official-visit-to-the-federal-republic-of-somalia/)). - **Dr Maxamuud Kaarshe:** madaxa hawlgalka IGAD ee Soomaaliya (isla ilo; [IGAD, 10 October 2026](https://igad.int/igad-ilo-and-iom-train-somali-border-police-and-immigration-officers-in-integrated-border-management/)). War-saxaafadeed 7 October 2026 ah wuxuu madaxa hawlgalka u magacaabay Maxamuud Cabdi Axmed ([IGAD, 7 October 2026](https://igad.int/igad-equips-women-leaders-in-galmudug-with-practical-skills-to-advance-sustainable-peace/)). - **Cabdulqaadir Xuseen Cumar:** wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Jabuuti, oo guddoomiye IGAD ahaan uga hadlay Golaha Nabadda AU 6 January 2026 ([AU PSC, 1324](https://au-ssom.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/DOC-20260107-WA0004.pdf)). ## Heshiisyada 16 September 2024, IGAD iyo dowladda Soomaaliya waxay saxiixeen heshiis lagu xoojinayo xiriirka, oo ay ku jirto Xarun Gobolka ah oo ku takhasustay Dhaqaalaha Buluugga ah ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-executive-secretary-h-e-dr-workneh-gebeyehu-official-visit-to-the-federal-republic-of-somalia/)). ## Maxay IGAD ka qabataa Soomaaliya? - **Haweenka iyo nabadda:** 2026 IGAD waxay Muqdisho ku tababartay haween hoggaamiyeyaal ah iyo guddiyada nabadda; mashruuca waxaa maalgeliya Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika ([IGAD, 7 October 2026](https://igad.int/igad-equips-women-leaders-in-galmudug-with-practical-skills-to-advance-sustainable-peace/)). - **Xuduudaha:** 4 ilaa 8 October 2026, IGAD, ILO iyo IOM waxay tababareen 40 sarkaal oo socdaalka iyo booliska xuduudaha ah, mashruuc uu maalgeliyo Midowga Yurub ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-ilo-and-iom-train-somali-border-police-and-immigration-officers-in-integrated-border-management/)). - **Caafimaadka:** 28 September ilaa 1 October 2026, qorshe diyaargarow Ebola ah ayaa Muqdisho lagu dhammeeyay ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-and-somalia-finalize-costed-ebola-response-workplan-in-mogadishu/)). - **Abaaraha:** barnaamijka u adkaysiga abaaraha ee IGAD wuxuu ka dhashay abaartii 2010 ilaa 2011 ([IGAD, taariikhda](https://igad.int/about/?tab=the-history)). ## Maxay IGAD ka tiri siyaasadda Soomaaliya? - **26 December 2025:** doorashooyinka golaha deegaanka Muqdisho ee 25 December 2025 waxay ku tilmaantay "tallaabo hore oo loo qaaday doorashada tooska ah" ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-notes-the-conduct-of-municipal-elections-in-mogadishu-as-a-step-toward-democratic-governance/)). - **16 May 2026:** kadib wadahadallada dowladda iyo mucaaradka ee 13 ilaa 15 May, IGAD waxay ku dhiirri-gelisay wadahadal joogto ah ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-secretariat-calls-for-continued-dialogue-in-somalia/)). - **4 June 2026:** kadib rabshado Muqdisho ka dhacay, Workneh wuxuu ku baaqay in "danta shacabka Soomaaliyeed la hormariyo" ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-calls-for-immediate-de-escalation-to-protect-somalias-stability-and-future/)). - **June 2024:** IGAD waxay Soomaaliya ugu hambalyeysay doorashada Golaha Ammaanka ([Eastleigh Voice](https://new.eastleighvoice.co.ke/somalia/48090/igad-congratulates-somalia-on-un-security-council-election)). ## Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada - **Aqoonsiga Israa'iil:** 27 December 2025, IGAD waxay sheegtay in Soomaaliya ay "weli tahay dal xubin ka ah IGAD oo madax-bannaan" ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-secretariat-reiterates-its-firm-commitment-to-the-federal-republic-of-somalias-unity-sovereignty-and-territorial-integrity/)). - **Safaaradda Qudus:** 18 June 2026, kadib warar sheegaya in Somaliland safaarad ka furanayso Qudus, IGAD waxay tiri midnimada Soomaaliya "waa in si buuxda loo ixtiraamaa" ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-calls-for-restraint-and-respect-for-somalias-sovereignty-amid-emerging-developments/)). - **Galmudug:** October 2026 IGAD waxay tababartay haween iyo guddiyo nabadeed oo Galmudug ka yimid ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-equips-women-leaders-in-galmudug-with-practical-skills-to-advance-sustainable-peace/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Afrika](/so/relations/african-union/) - [Soomaaliya iyo EAC](/so/relations/eac/) - [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Hindiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/india/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Hindiya iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir dejiyeen 1960, Xafiiska Ergada Sare ee Hindiya ee Nairobi ayaana hadda Soomaaliya kala socda. Hindiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$765.66 milyan oo alaab ah 2024–25, waxayna ka keentay US$35.20 milyan; 2024 waxay Soomaalida siisay 5,252 fiiso. Ku dhawaad 4,600 askari oo Hindi ah ayaa ka shaqeeyay UNOSOM II 1993–94, ciidamada badda Hindiyana tan iyo 2008 waxay la dagaallamaan burcad-badeedda. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Hindiya xiriir u yihiin maanta? Hindiya safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya. Xafiiska Ergada Sare ee Hindiya ee Nairobi ayaa Soomaaliya loo aqoonsaday ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare ee Hindiya, Nairobi, Oktoobar 2025](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Xaqiiqooyinka maanta: - **Ganacsiga:** Hindiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$765.66 milyan 2024–25, waxayna ka keentay US$35.20 milyan ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare, Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Socdaalka:** 2024 Hindiya waxay muwaadiniinta Soomaaliyeed siisay 5,252 fiiso ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare, Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Tababarka:** Soomaaliya waxay heshaa 15 deeq waxbarasho oo ICCR ah sannad walba, kaalimaha tababarka ITEC-na waxay 2025 ka kaceen 15 ilaa 30 ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare, Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Dowladda Hindiya waxay sheegtaa in ganacsato Hindi ahi ay xeebaha Geeska Afrika ka shaqaynayeen tan iyo waqtiyadii hore ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare, Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Eeg [Periplus iyo dekedaha Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). Hindiya waxay Soomaaliya xiriir diblomaasiyadeed la dejisay 1960. Wakiilka Hindiya ee Mauritius ayaa loo magacaabay safiirka Soomaaliya, wuxuuna warqadaha gudbiyay 1961 ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare, Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Hindiya waxay markii dambe Muqdisho ka furtay safaarad, taas oo la xiray markii dagaalka sokeeye bilowday 1991 ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare ee Mombasa, Agoosto 2021](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **1961:** wakiilka Hindiya ee Mauritius ayaa Soomaaliya loo aqoonsaday ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare, Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Maanta:** Ergeyga Sare ee Nairobi ayaa Soomaaliya loo aqoonsaday ([Xafiiska Ergada Sare, Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Maajo 2021:** Ergeyga Sare Virander Paul ayaa warqadaha gudbiyay oo la kulmay Madaxweyne Farmaajo ([Mombasa](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/)); wuxuu ka qayb galay caleemo-saarka Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Juun 2022 ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Luulyo 2015:** Wasiiru dowlaha V. K. Singh wuxuu Soomaaliya u yimid ergeyga gaarka ah ee Ra'iisul Wasaare Narendra Modi ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Juun 2024:** Wakiilka Sare Namgya C. Khampa waxay Muqdisho kula kulantay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Axmed Macallin Fiqi 12 Juun 2024 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 12 Juun 2024](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=2855)). - **2026:** Adarsh Swaika, oo fadhigiisu yahay Nairobi, wuxuu nuqul warqadihiisa ah u gudbiyay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, Muqdisho, 16 Abriil 2026 ([SONNA, 16 Abriil 2026](https://sonna.so/en/article/somalia-formalizes-diplomatic-engagement-with-india-to-accelerate-bilateral-economic-projects)). Wuxuu warqadaha u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud Agoosto 2026 ([The Tribune, 19 Agoosto 2026](https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/indian-envoy-adarsh-swaika-presents-credentials-to-somali-president/)). Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee warqadaha u gudbiyay madaxweynaha Hindiya, Rashtrapati Bhavan: - **Ebyan Maxamed Saalax:** Madaxweyne Pratibha Patil, 18 Disembar 2010 sida qoraalka sawirku sheegayo ([Kaydka sawirada Rashtrapati Bhavan](https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MTEyNzQ=)). - **Faadumo Cabdullaahi Maxamuud:** Madaxweyne Ram Nath Kovind, 28 Agoosto 2019 ([Kaydka sawirada Rashtrapati Bhavan](https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/ODA2NA==)). - **Axmed Cali Daahir:** Madaxweyne Droupadi Murmu, 26 Agoosto 2022 ([Kaydka sawirada Rashtrapati Bhavan](https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MTg4Mjg=)). - **Cabdullaahi Maxamed Odowaa:** Madaxweyne Droupadi Murmu, 17 Febraayo 2025 ([Kaydka sawirada Rashtrapati Bhavan](https://dpl.rashtrapatibhavan.gov.in/view_datails/MjU1Mzc=)). Liiska buuxa ee safiirradii Hindiya ee Muqdisho ka hor 1991 lagama helin diiwaannada la furi karay. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke** wuxuu Hindiya booqday 1963 isagoo la socda wasiirka warfaafinta, iyo mar kale 1968 isagoo madaxweyne ah ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **E. Ahamed**, wasiiru dowle, wuxuu hoggaamiyay wafdiga Hindiya ee shirkii London ee Soomaaliya, Febraayo 2012 ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **V. K. Singh**, wasiiru dowle, wuxuu Soomaaliya u keenay martiqaadka shirka Hindiya iyo Afrika, Luulyo 2015 ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, madaxweyne, wuxuu ka qayb galay shirkaas New Delhi 26–29 Oktoobar 2015, wuxuuna shahaado sharafeed ka helay Jaamacadda Barkatullah ee Bhopal ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Yuusuf Garaad Cumar**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu booqasho rasmi ah sameeyay 31 Luulyo ilaa 4 Agoosto 2017; xilligaas ayaa la saxiixay heshiiska isu-wareejinta maxaabiista ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4); [Mombasa](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/)). - **Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed**, ra'iisul wasaare ku-xigeen, wuxuu ka qayb galay shirka aasaaska Isbahaysiga Tamarta Qorraxda, Maarso 2018 ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **Xasan Cali Maxamed**, wasiirka gaashaandhigga, wuxuu ka qayb galay DefExpo iyo shirka wasiirrada difaaca Hindiya iyo Afrika, 5–7 Febraayo 2020 ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **S. Jaishankar**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu la kulmay Ra'iisul Wasaare Xasan Cali Kheyre (Paris, Nofembar 2019), Axmed Macallin Fiqi (New York, Sebtembar 2024) iyo Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali (Sebtembar 2025) ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Wuxuu Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali ku martiqaaday New Delhi Janaayo 2026, waxayna ka wada hadleen ganacsiga, waxbarashada iyo caafimaadka ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 30 Janaayo 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/bilateral-meeting-between-somalia-and-india/)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **2017:** heshiis ku saabsan isu-wareejinta maxaabiista ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Janaayo ilaa Maarso 2018 saraakiil Soomaaliyeed ayaa Hindiya ka soo celiyay 117 maxbuus ([Mombasa](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/)). - **Maajo 2017:** Soomaaliya waxay saxiixday heshiiska Isbahaysiga Tamarta Qorraxda ([Mombasa](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/)). - **5 Juun 2018:** is-fahan u dhexeeya Machadka Adeegga Dibadda ee Hindiya iyo Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya oo ku saabsan tababarka diblomaasiyiinta ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). ## Madaxdee ayaa is booqday? Madaxda Soomaaliyeed ee Hindiya tagtay ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)): - **1963:** Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke. - **1968:** Madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke. - **2011:** Ra'iisul wasaare ku-xigeen Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali. - **26–29 Oktoobar 2015:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud. - **31 Luulyo – 4 Agoosto 2017:** Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Yuusuf Garaad Cumar. - **Maarso 2018:** Ra'iisul wasaare ku-xigeen Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed. - **5–7 Febraayo 2020:** Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga Xasan Cali Maxamed. - **2023–2025:** wasiirro caafimaad, tamar, biyo, isgaarsiin iyo kuwo kale, oo uu ku jiro Wasiirka Caafimaadka Cali Xaaji Aadan Abuukar 17 Nofembar 2023. - **Janaayo 2026:** Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali, New Delhi ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 30 Janaayo 2026](https://web.mfa.gov.so/bilateral-meeting-between-somalia-and-india/)). Madaxda Hindiya ee Soomaaliya timid: - **Luulyo 2015:** Wasiiru dowlaha V. K. Singh ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). - **1992, 2012 iyo 2017:** booqashooyin kale oo wasiirro ([Mombasa](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/)). ## Intee le'eg ayay is dhaafsadaan ganacsi? Hindiya ayaa ganacsiga ka faa'iido badan. Tirooyinka Wasaaradda Ganacsiga Hindiya ([Mombasa](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/); [Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)): - **2013–14:** dhoof US$210.89 milyan, soo dejin US$46.39 milyan. - **2016–17:** dhoof US$506.47 milyan, soo dejin US$17.70 milyan. - **2019–20:** dhoof US$583.87 milyan, soo dejin US$15.05 milyan. - **2021–22:** dhoof US$744.58 milyan, soo dejin US$18.06 milyan. - **2022–23:** dhoof US$946.37 milyan, soo dejin US$17.90 milyan, sannadka ugu sarreeyay. - **2023–24:** dhoof US$819.58 milyan, soo dejin US$28.21 milyan. - **2024–25:** dhoof US$765.66 milyan, soo dejin US$35.20 milyan. Tirooyinka sannadka kalandarka ee Hindiya u gudbisay UN Comtrade: - **2010:** dhoof US$71.0 milyan, soo dejin US$9.2 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2010](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=699&period=2010&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2015:** dhoof US$418.4 milyan, soo dejin US$16.3 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2015](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=699&period=2015&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2020:** dhoof US$544.0 milyan, soo dejin US$5.1 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2020](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=699&period=2020&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2024:** dhoof US$803.3 milyan, soo dejin US$34.7 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=699&period=2024&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). 2024 sonkorta waxay ahayd US$249.7 milyan oo dhoofinta Hindiya ee Soomaaliya ah, badarka (inta badan bariis) US$230.3 milyan. Waxaa xigay gaadiidka (US$49.1 milyan) iyo daawooyinka (US$42.9 milyan) ([UN Comtrade, 2024, alaab ahaan](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=699&period=2024&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). Soomaaliya, oo ah dal aad u horumar yar, waxay xaq u leedahay barnaamijka Hindiya ee canshuur la'aanta ah ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Gargaarka Hindiya ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)): - **1985:** Soomaaliya waxay ka mid ahayd dalalka la siiyay 100,000 tan oo sarreen ah. - **1992:** sahay gargaar ah oo 2 milyan oo rubi ah. - **Sebtembar 2011:** US$8 milyan oo loogu talagalay Geeska Afrika, iyadoo la marinayo WFP. - **2011 kadib:** US$2 milyan hawlgalka Midowga Afrika, iyo US$1 milyan sanduuqa QM ee 2012, 2017 iyo 2021. - **Luulyo 2018:** daawooyin US$1 milyan ah oo Muqdisho lagu siiyay wasiirka caafimaadka. - **Febraayo 2021:** 27 bas oo yaryar. - **Sebtembar 2025:** 10 tan oo gargaar caafimaad ah. Tababarka iyo deeqaha waxbarasho ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)): - **ICCR:** 15 kaalmood sannad walba. - **ITEC:** 15 sannadkii, oo 2025 loo kordhiyay 30. - **e-VBAB (shahaadooyin online ah):** 364 arday oo Soomaali ah. - **Diblomaasiyiin:** 20 la tababaray 2015, koorso 2018, iyo 10 Agoosto 2025. Juun 2024 labada dhinac waxay ku heshiiyeen in Soomaalida u baahan daaweyn Hindiya fiisaha si fudud loogu siiyo iyadoo aan dhexdhexaadiye la marin ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, 12 Juun 2024](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=2855)). ## Amniga ka warran? Ku dhawaad 4,600 askari oo Hindi ah ayaa ka shaqeeyay UNOSOM II 1993–94, 12 ka mid ahna waa la dilay ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Ciidamada badda Hindiya waxay tan iyo 2008 Gacanka Cadmeed ka wadaan ilaalo ka dhan ah burcad-badeedda ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Hawlgalka Sankalp, ciidamada badda Hindiya waxay wax ka qabteen markii markabka MV Ruen la afduubay 14 Diseembar 2023, hawshaasna waxay dhammaatay Maarso 2024 ([Xafiiska Warfaafinta Dowladda Hindiya, 23 Maarso 2024](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2016201)). 100-kii maalmood ee ugu horreeyay hawlgalku wuxuu wax ka qabtay 18 dhacdo, wuxuuna badbaadiyay in ka badan 110 qof ([PIB](https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2016201)). Eeg [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Hindiya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xiriirka rasmiga ah ee Hindiya wuxuu la leeyahay Dowladda Federaalka ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Hindiya waxay xeryo qunsul ah ku qabatay Muqdisho 2017 iyo 2018, iyo Garoowe 2019 iyo 2020 ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Maalinta Yoga-da Caalamiga waxaa Garoowe iyo Muqdisho lagu xusay 2019 ([Mombasa](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/)). Kadib markii Israa'iil aqoonsatay Somaliland 26 Disembar 2025, wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Hindiya waxay sheegtay in mowqifkeedu aanu isbeddelin, Hindiyana ay Soomaaliya ula macaamisho sidii hal dal oo mid ah ([Pravasi Samwad, 10 Janaayo 2026](https://pravasisamwad.com/?p=44132)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood lagama helin ilaha la isticmaalay. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Hindiya? UNHCR waxay dhammaadkii 2025 tirisay 486 qaxooti iyo 912 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaali ah oo Hindiya jooga ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=200&yearFrom=1995&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=IND)). Eeg [Soomaalida Hindiya iyo Bakistaan](/en/diaspora/somalis-in-south-asia/). Dhanka kale, ku dhawaad 150 muwaadin Hindi ah ayaa Soomaaliya ka shaqeeya, 500 qof oo asal Hindi ahna halkaas ayay ku nool yihiin. 200 qoys oo Hindi ah ayaa mar ku noolaa Soomaaliya, inta badan ka shaqaynayay midabaynta dharka ee Muqdisho iyo Marka ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). ## Halkee bay Hindiya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Hindiya waxay ciidan u dirtay UNOSOM II, waxayna maalgelisay hawlgalka Midowga Afrika ([Nairobi](https://hcinairobi.gov.in/eoinrb_pages/MzI4)). Waa xubin ka mid ah Kooxda Xiriirka QM ee burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya, waxayna ka qayb gashay shirkeedii Luulyo 2018 ee Nairobi ([Mombasa](https://www.ahcimombasa.gov.in/page/overview-somalia/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Hindiya iyo Bakistaan](/en/diaspora/somalis-in-south-asia/) - [Periplus iyo dekedaha Soomaaliyeed](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/) - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke](/so/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Bakistaan](/so/relations/pakistan/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Israaiil Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/israel/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya weligeed ma aqoonsan Israaiil, xiriir diblomaasiyadeedna kama dhexeeyo. 26 Diseembar 2025 Israaiil waxay noqotay dalkii ugu horreeyay ee xubin ka ah QM oo aqoonsada Somaliland. Dowladda Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in go'aankaas uusan sharci ahayn, waxaana diiday Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta, IGAD iyo OIC. Israaiil waxay Abriil 2026 magacawday safiirkeedii ugu horreeyay ee Somaliland, Michael Lotem, Somaliland-na waxay safaarad ka furatay Qudus 15 Juun 2026. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Israaiil maanta u xiriiraan? Soomaaliya iyo Israaiil xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ma leh. Soomaaliya weligeed ma aqoonsan dowladda Israaiil ([The Times of Israel, 7 Luulyo 2016](https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-talks-with-leader-of-muslim-african-state/)). 26 Diseembar 2025, Israaiil waxay Somaliland u aqoonsatay dal madax-bannaan, waxayna noqotay dalkii ugu horreeyay ee xubin ka ah Qaramada Midoobay oo sidaas sameeya ([Africanews, 26 Diseembar 2025](https://www.africanews.com/amp/2025/12/26/israel-becomes-first-country-to-recognize-somaliland)). Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in aqoonsi kasta oo noocaas ah uu yahay "mid buray oo aan wax saameyn sharci ama siyaasadeed lahayn" ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8088)). Tan iyo markaas labada dhinac waxay is-weydaarsadeen safiirro. Somaliland waxay safaarad ka furatay Qudus 15 Juun 2026 ([The Times of Israel, 15 Juun 2026](https://www.timesofisrael.com/visiting-somaliland-president-opens-embassy-in-jerusalem/)). Safiirka Israaiil wuxuu warqadihiisa ku gudbiyay Hargeysa dhammaadkii Oktoobar 2026, waxaana la dhigay dhagaxa aasaaska safaaradda Israaiil ([Al Jazeera, 1 Nofeembar 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/1/israels-first-ambassador-to-somaliland-presents-credentials-in-hargeisa)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Somaliland-ii Ingiriiska waxay xorriyadda qaadatay 26 Juun 1960, waxayna 1 Luulyo 1960 la midowday koonfurta si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed. Israaiil waxay sheegtaa inay aqoonsatay Dowladda Somaliland shantaas maalmood gudahood. Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Israaiil Gideon Sa'ar ayaa Hargeysa ka sheegay in Israaiil ay "aqoonsatay Somaliland 26 Juun 1960, mar kalena 26 Diseembar 2025" ([Somaliland Chronicle, 6 Janaayo 2026](https://www.somalilandchronicle.com/2026/01/06/israeli-foreign-minister-makes-historic-visit-to-somaliland/)). Sannadkii 2010, afhayeenka wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Israaiil Yigal Palmor wuxuu sheegay in Israaiil ay ahayd dalkii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsada Somaliland 1960, isla markaana diyaar u tahay inay mar kale aqoonsato ([UNPO, 2010](https://www.unpo.org/content/view/10712/)). Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed ee midowday ma aqoonsan Israaiil ([The Times of Israel, 2016](https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-talks-with-leader-of-muslim-african-state/)). Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta 14 Febraayo 1974 ([ALECSO](https://n.alecso.org/en/member-states/view/25-somalia); [Maktabadda Koongareeska Mareykanka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Soomaaliya iyo Israaiil safiirro isuma dirsan. Israaiil iyo Somaliland: - **Dr Maxamed Xaaji** (Mohamed Omar Hagi Mohamoud), safiirka ugu horreeya ee Somaliland u fadhiya Israaiil. Israaiil waxay ogolaatay magacaabistiisa Febraayo 2026 ([Somali Guardian](https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/israel-accepts-somalilands-first-ambassador-since-recognition/)). Madaxweyne Isaac Herzog ayaa warqadihiisa ka guddoomay 18 May 2026 ([The Times of Israel, 19 May 2026](https://www.timesofisrael.com/somalilands-first-ever-embassy-anywhere-will-open-in-jerusalem-envoy-says/)). - **Michael Lotem**, safiirka ugu horreeya ee Israaiil u magacawday Somaliland, Abriil 2026. Hore wuxuu safiir uga ahaa Kenya, Azerbaijan iyo Kazakhstan ([Al Jazeera, 26 Abriil 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/26/israel-appoints-first-ambassador-to-somaliland); [Al Jazeera, 1 Nofeembar 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/1/israels-first-ambassador-to-somaliland-presents-credentials-in-hargeisa)). Xafiisyada: - **Safaaradda Somaliland ee Qudus**, oo ku taal xarunta tiknoolajiyadda Har Hotzvim, waxaa la furay 15 Juun 2026 ([The Times of Israel](https://www.timesofisrael.com/visiting-somaliland-president-opens-embassy-in-jerusalem/)). - **Safaaradda Israaiil ee Hargeysa**: dhagaxa aasaaska waxaa la dhigay dhammaadkii Oktoobar 2026 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/1/israels-first-ambassador-to-somaliland-presents-credentials-in-hargeisa)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Benjamin Netanyahu**, ra'iisul wasaaraha Israaiil, ayaa saxeexay aqoonsiga 26 Diseembar 2025, wuxuuna taleefan kula hadlay madaxweynaha Somaliland ([Africanews](https://www.africanews.com/amp/2025/12/26/israel-becomes-first-country-to-recognize-somaliland)). 15 Juun 2026 wuxuu Qudus kula saxeexay baaq wadaag ah madaxweynaha Somaliland ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-says-it-signed-cooperation-deal-with-israel)). - **Gideon Sa'ar**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Israaiil, ayaa ka mid ahaa saxeexayaasha baaqa Diseembar 2025 ([Ynetnews](https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjnm0b6xze)). Oktoobar 2025 wuxuu si qarsoodi ah ula kulmay madaxweynaha Somaliland ([The Times of Israel](https://www.timesofisrael.com/visiting-somaliland-president-opens-embassy-in-jerusalem/)). Wuxuu Hargeysa booqday 6 Janaayo 2026 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/6/israeli-fm-visits-somaliland-after-world-first-recognition-storm)). - **Cabdiraxmaan Maxamed Cabdillaahi (Cirro)**, madaxweynaha Somaliland tan iyo 2024, ayaa saxeexay baaqa, wuxuuna booqasho dowladeed ku tagay Israaiil 14 ilaa 18 Juun 2026 ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/27/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-slammed-across-world-capitals); [Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somaliland-president-arrives-in-israel-on-landmark-visit-to-open-embassy)). - **Cabdiraxmaan Daahir Aadan**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Somaliland, iyo **Khadar Xuseen Cabdi**, wasiirka madaxtooyada, ayaa ka qayb galay wada-hadallada Sa'ar ee Hargeysa ([The Citizen](https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/africa/israeli-foreign-minister-visits-somaliland-angering-somalia-5318600)). - **Isaac Herzog**, madaxweynaha Israaiil, ayaa soo dhaweeyay madaxweynaha Somaliland 14 Juun 2026 ([The Times of Israel](https://www.timesofisrael.com/visiting-somaliland-president-opens-embassy-in-jerusalem/)). - **Israel Katz**, wasiirka difaaca Israaiil, ayaa sheegay in labada dhinac ay sannado badan iska kaashanayeen hawlgallo qarsoodi ah ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/1/israels-first-ambassador-to-somaliland-presents-credentials-in-hargeisa)). - **Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal**, madaxweynihii Somaliland, ayaa 1995 warqad u qoray ra'iisul wasaare Yitzhak Rabin isagoo xiriir raadinaya ([UNPO, 2010](https://www.unpo.org/content/view/10712/)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, madaxweynaha Soomaaliya: 2016 The Times of Israel waxay qortay inuu la kulmay Netanyahu. Dowladda Soomaaliya way beenisay, Netanyahu-na ma xaqiijin mana beenin ([The Times of Israel](https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-talks-with-leader-of-muslim-african-state/)). - **Save a Child's Heart**, hay'ad caafimaad oo Israaiil ah, ayaa tan iyo 2004 daaweysay 49 carruur ah oo reer Somaliland ah ([JNS](https://www.jns.org/israel-news/israeli-charity-brings-life-saving-heart-care-to-children-from-somaliland)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxeexdeen? Soomaaliya iyo Israaiil wax heshiis ah ma saxeexin. Israaiil iyo Somaliland: - **26 Diseembar 2025**: baaq wadaag ah oo aqoonsi iyo xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ah ([Ynetnews](https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjnm0b6xze)). - **15 Juun 2026**: baaq iskaashi oo dhaqaalaha, amniga, tiknoolajiyadda, maalgashiga iyo horumarinta bulshada ah ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-says-it-signed-cooperation-deal-with-israel)). Golaha Wasiirrada Somaliland ayaa ansixiyay bilowgii Luulyo 2026 ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202607030052.html)). ## Madaxdee ayaa is-booqday? - **Luulyo 2016**: warbixin ku saabsan kulan Xasan Sheekh iyo Netanyahu; Soomaaliya way beenisay ([The Times of Israel](https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-talks-with-leader-of-muslim-african-state/)). - **Oktoobar 2025**: Cirro iyo Sa'ar kulan qarsoodi ah ([The Times of Israel](https://www.timesofisrael.com/visiting-somaliland-president-opens-embassy-in-jerusalem/)). - **6 Janaayo 2026**: Sa'ar oo Hargeysa yimid ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/6/israeli-fm-visits-somaliland-after-world-first-recognition-storm)). - **14 ilaa 18 Juun 2026**: booqashadii dowladeed ee Cirro, oo uu kula kulmay Herzog, Netanyahu iyo Sa'ar ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somaliland-president-arrives-in-israel-on-landmark-visit-to-open-embassy)). - **Dhammaadkii Oktoobar 2026**: safiir Lotem oo Hargeysa warqadihiisa ku gudbiyay ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-rejects-israels-accreditation-of-ambassador-in-hargeisa)). ## Ganacsi intee le'eg ayaa ka dhexeeya? Tirada ganacsiga Soomaaliya iyo Israaiil laguma helin ilaha la eegay. Juun 2026 wafdiga Somaliland wuxuu la kulmay ganacsato Israaiili ah oo ku saabsan ganacsiga, tiknoolajiyadda biyaha iyo tamarta ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somaliland-president-arrives-in-israel-on-landmark-visit-to-open-embassy)). ## Gargaar intee le'eg ayaa la keenay? Hay'adda horumarinta Israaiil ee MASHAV ayaa Sa'ar la socotay Janaayo 2026 ([Somaliland Chronicle](https://www.somalilandchronicle.com/2026/01/06/israeli-foreign-minister-makes-historic-visit-to-somaliland/)). Shaqaalaha biyaha Somaliland waxaa loo qorsheeyay tababar Israaiil ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/2026/01/06/israeli-foreign-minister-gideon-saar-makes-first-official-visit-to-somaliland)). Save a Child's Heart waxay daaweysay 20 bukaan 2024 iyo 19 bukaan 2025 ([JNS](https://www.jns.org/israel-news/israeli-charity-brings-life-saving-heart-care-to-children-from-somaliland)). ## Amniga see tahay? 1978, xilligii Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Israaiil Moshe Dayan wuxuu qiray in Israaiil hub ka iibinaysay Itoobiya dagaalkeeda ka dhanka ah Soomaaliya, balse aysan ciidan dirin ([JTA, 8 Febraayo 1978](https://www.jta.org/archive/dayan-says-israel-is-selling-arms-to-ethiopia-but-is-not-sending-any-troops-or-aircraft)). 2026 Israel Katz wuxuu ka hadlay iskaashi qarsoodi ah oo sannado jiray; Cirro wuxuu sheegay in aan wada-hadal saldhig ciidan la qaban ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/11/1/israels-first-ambassador-to-somaliland-presents-credentials-in-hargeisa)). Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay inaysan oggolaan doonin saldhigyo ciidan oo shisheeye ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8088)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Israaiil ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Israaiil waxay si toos ah ula macaamishaa dowladda Somaliland. Saddexda xisbi ee Kulmiye, Waddani iyo Kaah waxay 30 Diseembar 2025 soo saareen war wadaag ah oo taageeraya aqoonsiga ([Horn Diplomat](https://www.horndiplomat.com/somaliland-political-parties-endorse-israel-ties-hail-recognition-as-historic-breakthrough/)). Jabuuti waxay dib u yeeratay diblomaasiyiinteeda, Somaliland-na waxay hakisay duulimaadyada Air Djibouti ([Somaliland Chronicle](https://www.somalilandchronicle.com/2026/01/06/israeli-foreign-minister-makes-historic-visit-to-somaliland/)). Xiriir Israaiil la leedahay dowlad-goboleedyada kale laguma helin ilaha. ## Khilaafaad ma jiraan? **Mowqifka Soomaaliya.** Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda waxay "si buuxda u diiday" aqoonsiga, waxayna Somaliland ku tilmaantay qayb aan laga goyn karin Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8088)). 28 Diseembar 2025 baarlamaanka Soomaaliya wuxuu si wadajir ah u go'aamiyay in aqoonsigu buray. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu ku tilmaamay "duullaan qaawan" ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/12/28/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-draws-widespread-regional-and-international-condemnation)). 3 Nofeembar 2026 Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in magacaabista Lotem iyo dhagaxa safaaradda ay buray ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-rejects-israels-accreditation-of-ambassador-in-hargeisa)). **Mowqifka Israaiil.** Ku-xigeenka safiirka Israaiil ee QM Jonathan Miller wuxuu yiri go'aanku "ma aha tallaabo cadaawad ah oo ka dhan ah Soomaaliya" ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/30/un-security-council-members-condemn-israels-recognition-of-somaliland)). **Mowqifka Somaliland.** Cirro wuxuu ku tilmaamay "waqti taariikhi ah" iyo bilowga "iskaashi istaraatiiji ah" ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/27/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-slammed-across-world-capitals)). **Falastiin.** Maarso 2025, saraakiil Mareykan iyo Israaiil ah ayaa AP u sheegay in Israaiil la xiriirtay Somaliland oo ku saabsan qaadashada Falastiiniyiin Gaza ka yimid ([Africanews](https://www.africanews.com/amp/2025/12/26/israel-becomes-first-country-to-recognize-somaliland)). Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay inaysan "weligeed aqbali doonin in shacabka Falastiin laga dhigo dad aan dal lahayn" ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8088)). **Jawaabaha hay'adaha iyo dalalka:** - **Midowga Afrika**: guddoomiyaha guddiga Maxamuud Cali Yuusuf wuxuu yiri AU "si adag ayay u diiddan tahay" aqoonsi kasta ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/27/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-slammed-across-world-capitals)). Golaha Nabadda iyo Amniga wuxuu 6 Janaayo 2026 ku baaqay in "isla markiiba la laalo" ([Algemeiner](https://www.algemeiner.com/2026/01/06/african-union-calls-immediate-revocation-somalilands-recognition-israel/)). - **Jaamacadda Carabta**: Xoghayaha Guud Axmed Abul Gheit wuxuu ku tilmaamay xadgudub cad oo sharciga caalamiga ah ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/27/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-slammed-across-world-capitals)). Golaha Jaamacadda wuxuu 28 Diseembar yiri waa "weerar ku ah amniga qaranka Carabta" ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/12/28/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-draws-widespread-regional-and-international-condemnation)). - **Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka**: Xoghayaha Guud Jaasim Albudaywi ayaa cambaareeyay ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/27/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-slammed-across-world-capitals)). - **War wadaag ah**: wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda 21 dal iyo OIC, oo ay ku jiraan Masar, Aljeeriya, Ciraaq, Urdun, Falastiin, Sacuudi Carabiya, Qadar, Turkiga iyo Soomaaliya ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/12/28/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-draws-widespread-regional-and-international-condemnation)). - **Midowga Yurub**: wuxuu taageeray midnimada Soomaaliya, wuxuuna ku baaqay wada-hadal ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/27/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-slammed-across-world-capitals)). - **Mareykanka**: Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda waxay sheegtay inay aqoonsan tahay midnimada dhuleed ee Soomaaliya "oo ay ku jirto dhulka Somaliland" ([The National](https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/12/28/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-draws-widespread-regional-and-international-condemnation)). Madaxweyne Trump wuxuu yiri "maya" markii la weydiiyay inay Mareykanku raacayso ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/27/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-slammed-across-world-capitals)). - **Turkiga**: wuxuu ku tilmaamay "faragelin cad" oo arrimaha gudaha Soomaaliya ah ([Ynetnews](https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjnm0b6xze)). - **Al-Shabaab** waxay sheegtay inay la dagaallami doonto isku day kasta oo Israaiil ku isticmaasho Somaliland ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/27/israels-recognition-of-somaliland-slammed-across-world-capitals)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Israaiil? Tiro Soomaali ah oo Israaiil ku nool laguma helin xogta QM ama Israaiil. ## Xaggee Israaiil ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Codsi Soomaaliya ka timid kadib, Golaha Ammaanka QM wuxuu shir degdeg ah yeeshay 29 Diseembar 2025 ([UN DPPA](https://dppa.un.org/en/mtg-sc-10084-asg-khiari-29-dec-2025)). 14 ka mid ah 15-ka xubnood ayaa cambaareeyay aqoonsiga ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/30/un-security-council-members-condemn-israels-recognition-of-somaliland)). - **Soomaaliya**: Safiir Abuukar Daahir Cismaan wuxuu ku tilmaamay "fal gardarro ah". - **Mareykanka**: Ku-xigeenka wakiilka Tammy Bruce wuxuu yiri Israaiil waxay xaq u leedahay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed sida dal kasta, siyaasadda Mareykankuna isma beddelin. - **Shiinaha**: Safiir Sun Lei wuxuu yiri Shiinuhu wuu diiddan yahay fal kasta oo Soomaaliya kala jaraya. - **Jaamacadda Carabta**: ergayga Maajid Cabdulfattaax Cabdulcasiis wuxuu diiday barakicinta Falastiiniyiinta iyo saldhigyo ciidan oo dekedaha waqooyiga laga dhiso ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/30/un-security-council-members-condemn-israels-recognition-of-somaliland)). Abriil 2026 war wadaag ah oo ay soo saareen Sacuudi Carabiya, Masar, Turkiga, Aljeeriya, Falastiin, Urdun iyo kuwo kale ayaa magacaabista ergayga Israaiil ee Somaliland ku tilmaamay "xadgudub cad" ([Garowe Online, 18 Abriil 2026](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/arab-islamic-nations-condemn-israel-s-diplomatic-move-in-somaliland)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/so/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) - [Somaliland-ii Ingiriiska, 1884 ilaa 1960](/so/history/british-somaliland-1884-1960/) - [Xorriyadda iyo midowga 1960](/so/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Sierra Leone Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/sierra-leone/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Sierra Leone waxay ciidan 850 askari ah u dirtay howlgalka Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya bishii Abriil 2013, waxayna fadhiyeen Kismaayo. Waxay ka bexeen Janaayo 2015 kadib markii cudurka Ebola uu joojiyay beddelkoodii. Tan iyo markaas waxay dirtaa booliis: laba sarkaal oo Sierra Leone ah ayaa hoggaamiyay booliiska howlgalka, Augustine Magnus Kailie (2019) iyo Hillary Sao Kanu (2 Maarso 2023). ## Sidee xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Sierra Leone yahay maanta? Xiriirka ugu weyn ee labada dal waa howlgalka Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya. Sierra Leone waxay ciidan dagaal soo dirtay 2013 ilaa 2015, kadibna booliis. Sannadkii 2023 howlgalku wuxuu sheegay in Sierra Leone ay bixiso saraakiil milateri, unug booliis ah (Formed Police Unit) iyo booliis shaqsi ah ([ATMIS, 28 Abriil 2023](https://atmis-au.org/?p=3338)). Dad u dhashay Sierra Leone ayaa xilal sare ka qabtay howlgallada. Booliiska howlgalka Midowga Afrika waxaa hoggaaminayay saraakiil Sierra Leone ah laga bilaabo 2019. Amadu Kamara, oo 2023 ahaa agaasimaha Xafiiska Taageerada QM ee Soomaaliya (UNSOS), waa nin Sierra Leone u dhashay ([ATMIS, 28 Abriil 2023](https://atmis-au.org/?p=3338)). Sierra Leone waxay xubin ka ahayd Golaha Ammaanka QM 2024 iyo 2025. 27 Diseembar 2024 waxay u codeysay qaraarka 2767, kaas oo dhisay howlgalka AUSSOM ([UN Project, S/PV.9828](https://un-project.org/meeting/S-PV-9828/)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Sierra Leone waxay xorriyadda ka qaadatay Ingiriiska 27 Abriil 1961 ([ATMIS, 28 Abriil 2023](https://atmis-au.org/?p=3338)). Xiriirkii ugu horreeyay ee weyn ee la diiwaangeliyay wuxuu ahaa Abriil 2013, markii guuto ka kooban 850 askari ay Soomaaliya timid iyadoo ka tirsan AMISOM ([Garowe Online, 18 Diseembar 2014](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-hassan-bids-farewell-to-sierra-leone-peacekeepers)). Howlgalka Midowga Afrika ayaa Muqdisho ku xusay sannadguuradii 62-aad ee xorriyadda Sierra Leone bishii Abriil 2023. Ku-simaha taliyaha ciidamada, Sareeye Guuto Marius Ngendabanka, wuxuu sheegay in ciidamada Sierra Leone ay "wax weyn ku biiriyeen AMISOM" ([ATMIS, 28 Abriil 2023](https://atmis-au.org/?p=3338)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud**, Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, wuxuu Agoosto 2014 sheegay in aan ciidan cusub oo Sierra Leone ah la keenayn sababo la xiriira Ebola. Wuxuu ku ammaanay inay yimaadeen "waqti aad u adag" ([Al Jazeera, 21 Diseembar 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/21/s-leone-to-withdraw-somalia-troops-over-ebola)). 18 Diseembar 2014 wuxuu Kismaayo ku sagootiyay guutada ([Garowe Online, 18 Diseembar 2014](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-hassan-bids-farewell-to-sierra-leone-peacekeepers)). - **Axmed Maxamed Islaam (Madoobe)**, hoggaamiyaha Jubbaland, ayaa ka qeyb galay sagootintaas ([Garowe Online, 18 Diseembar 2014](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-hassan-bids-farewell-to-sierra-leone-peacekeepers)). - **Maman Sidikou**, ergayga gaarka ah ee Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya, ayaa ka hadlay sagootinta wuxuuna yiri "Waa inay tagaan" ([Al Jazeera, 21 Diseembar 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/21/s-leone-to-withdraw-somalia-troops-over-ebola)). - **Augustine Magnus Kailie**, oo ahaa kaaliyaha taliyaha guud ee Booliiska Sierra Leone, kuna shaqeeyay ku dhowaad 30 sano, ayaa noqday Taliyaha Booliiska AMISOM bishii Nofembar 2019. Wuxuu sheegay in xilkani uu yahay abaalgud taageeradii Sierra Leone heshay kadib dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991–2002 ([Garowe Online, 9 Nofembar 2019](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/new-amisom-police-chief-vows-to-step-up-stabilization-efforts-in-somalia)). - **Francisco Madeira**, madaxa AMISOM, ayaa la kulmay Kailie markii uu yimid, wuxuuna ammaanay ciidanka booliiska Sierra Leone ([Garowe Online, 9 Nofembar 2019](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/new-amisom-police-chief-vows-to-step-up-stabilization-efforts-in-somalia)). - **Hillary Sao Kanu**, oo hore u ahayd agaasimaha adeegyada taageerada ee xarunta Booliiska Sierra Leone, ayaa xilka Taliyaha Booliiska ATMIS la wareegtay 2 Maarso 2023 ([ATMIS, 17 Maajo 2023](https://atmis-au.org/commissioner-of-police-cp-hillary-sao-kanu/)). Sannadkii 2023 booliiska ATMIS wuxuu ahaa ku dhowaad 856 qof oo ku jira afar unug ([Daily Graphic, 25 Sebtembar 2023](https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/sustaining-security-in-somalia-atmis-police-playing-significant-role.html)). - **Samuel Abu Bakarr Kargbo**, sarkaal booliis ah, ayaa 2024 hoggaaminayay unugga booliiska Sierra Leone ee Kismaayo ([ATMIS, 19 Nofembar 2024](https://atmis-au.org/?p=5652)). - **Amadu Kamara**, oo Sierra Leone u dhashay, ayaa 2023 ahaa agaasimaha UNSOS, xafiiska QM ee sahayda siiya howlgalka Midowga Afrika ([ATMIS, 28 Abriil 2023](https://atmis-au.org/?p=3338)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Xogta UN Comtrade kuma jiro wax ganacsi ah oo Sierra Leone ay la sheegtay Soomaaliya sannadaha 2019 iyo 2021 ilaa 2024 ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=694&period=2023&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? 850-ka askari ee Sierra Leone waxay yimaadeen Abriil 2013 si ay 12 bilood u joogaan, waxayna fadhiyeen Kismaayo ([Garowe Online, 2014](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-hassan-bids-farewell-to-sierra-leone-peacekeepers); [Al Jazeera, 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/21/s-leone-to-withdraw-somalia-troops-over-ebola)). 14 Oktoobar 2014 guuto beddel ah oo 800 askari ah ayaa Sierra Leone lagu karantiilay 21 maalmood, kadib markii askari ka mid ah laga helay Ebola ([Reuters iyo UNHCR, 14 Oktoobar 2014](https://data.unhcr.org/en/news/9935)). Midowga Afrika ayaa diiday beddelka. Guutada waxaa la filayay inay baxdo Janaayo 2015, ciidamada Itoobiya ee AMISOM ayaana la qorsheeyay inay Kismaayo ku beddelaan ([Al Jazeera, 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/21/s-leone-to-withdraw-somalia-troops-over-ebola); [Garowe Online, 2014](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-hassan-bids-farewell-to-sierra-leone-peacekeepers)). Kadib Sierra Leone waxay soo dirtay booliis. 19 Nofembar 2024, 160 sarkaal oo ka tirsan unugga booliiska Sierra Leone ayaa Kismaayo lagu siiyay billadaha Midowga Afrika, kadib sannad adeeg ah. Waxay ilaalin jireen masuuliyiinta, xarumaha dowladda iyo tababarayaasha booliiska ([ATMIS, 19 Nofembar 2024](https://atmis-au.org/?p=5652)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Sierra Leone ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Ciidamada iyo booliiska Sierra Leone waxay inta badan ku sugnaayeen Jubbaland. Sagootinta 2014 ee Kismaayo waxaa joogay hoggaamiyaha Jubbaland, Axmed Madoobe ([Garowe Online, 18 Diseembar 2014](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-president-hassan-bids-farewell-to-sierra-leone-peacekeepers)). Xafladda billadaha 2024 ee xarunta Qaybta Lixaad ee howlgalka ee Kismaayo waxaa ka qeyb galay masuuliyiin Jubbaland ah, oo uu ku jiro taliyaha CID-da Omar Hujale ([ATMIS, 19 Nofembar 2024](https://atmis-au.org/?p=5652)). ## Ma jiray khilaaf? Sannadkii 2014, u-doodayaal iyo olole baraha bulshada ah oo Soomaali ah ayaa dalbaday in aan ciidan cusub oo Sierra Leone ah la keenin intii Ebola ku faafaysay Galbeedka Afrika. Agoosto 2014 Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu sheegay in aan midna la keenayn ([Al Jazeera, 21 Diseembar 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/12/21/s-leone-to-withdraw-somalia-troops-over-ebola)). Xilligaas Sierra Leone waxaa Ebola ugu dhintay in ka badan 2,470 qof, sida ay sheegtay WHO. ## Halkee Sierra Leone ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? - **Howlgallada Midowga Afrika:** ciidan ayay u dirtay AMISOM 2013–2015; booliis ayay u dirtay AMISOM, ATMIS iyo AUSSOM ([ATMIS, 2023](https://atmis-au.org/?p=3338); [SONNA, 16 Nofembar 2021](https://sonna.so/en/ghana-deploys-new-police-contingent-to-somalia/)). - **Golaha Ammaanka QM, 2024–2025:** Sierra Leone waxay ka mid ahayd 14 xubnood oo u codeeyay qaraarka 2767 ee 27 Diseembar 2024; Mareykanku codka wuu ka aamusay. Aljeeriya ayaa u hadashay saddexda xubnood ee Afrika (Aljeeriya, Musanbiig iyo Sierra Leone) iyo Guyana. Iyagoo raacaya Midowga Afrika, waxay taageereen habka "isku-dhafka ah" ee maalgelinta howlgalka cusub ([UN Project, S/PV.9828](https://un-project.org/meeting/S-PV-9828/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [AMISOM](/en/institutions/amisom/) - [ATMIS](/en/institutions/atmis/) - [AUSSOM](/en/institutions/aussom/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Jubbaland](/en/states/jubaland/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya](/en/relations/ethiopia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/arab-league/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Dowladaha Carabta 1974, iyadoo noqotay xubintii ugu horreysay oo dadkeedu aysan asal ahaan Carab ahayn. Sanaadiiqda Carabta weli waxay ka mid yihiin kuwa ugu badan ee Soomaaliya deyn ku leh: dhammaadkii 2025, Soomaaliya waxay ku lahayd US$206.3 milyan Sanduuqa Carabta ee Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada, iyo US$202 milyan Sanduuqa Lacagta Carabta. December 2025 Jaamacaddu waxay diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta? Soomaaliya waa xubin Jaamacadda Dowladaha Carabta. Markii Israa'iil aqoonsatay Somaliland December 2025, Xoghayaha Guud Axmed Abuul Qeyd wuxuu tallaabadaas ku tilmaamay "jebin cad oo sharciga caalamiga ah" ([Anadolu, 26 December 2025](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/arab-league-gulf-bloc-reject-israel-s-recognition-of-somalias-breakaway-region-of-somaliland/3782118)). 29 December 2025, Golaha Ammaanka QM, ergeyga Jaamacadda Carabta Maajid Cabdulfataax Cabdulcasiis wuxuu ku hadlay magaca 22-ka xubnood, wuxuuna diiday tallaabo kasta oo aqoonsigan ka dhalata oo loogu talagalay barakicinta Falastiiniyiinta ([Al Jazeera, 30 December 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/30/un-security-council-members-condemn-israels-recognition-of-somaliland)). ## Goorma ayay Soomaaliya ku biirtay? Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay 1974, waxayna noqotay xubintii ugu horreysay oo aan Carab ahayn ([Maktabadda Koongaraska Mareykanka](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). Daraasaddu waxay ku xirtay xiriirka dhaqan, diin iyo ganacsi ee muddada dheer la lahaa Jasiiradda Carabta, iyo sida Soomaalidu isula mid u arkaan Carabta (isla ilo). ## Sidee bay xiriirka Carabtu u saameeyeen Soomaaliya ka hor 1991? ([Maktabadda Koongaraska](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)): - **1970-meeyadii:** Soomaaliya waxay taageertay dalalka Carabta ee ka soo horjeeday siyaasadda Mareykanka, sida Aljeeriya, Ciraaq iyo Liibiya. - **Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya kadib:** dowladda Siyaad Barre waxay u dhowaatay Masar iyo Sacuudiga, labaduba waxay bixiyeen gargaar milatari. - **1981 ilaa 1985:** Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay Liibiya, iyadoo ku eedaysay Qadaafi inuu taageeray SSDF iyo SNM; xiriirka waxaa la soo celiyay 1985. - **1980-meeyadii:** Soomaaliya waxay si sii kordheysa ugu tiirsanaatay gargaarka Kuwayt, Qadar, Sacuudiga iyo Imaaraadka. - **1990:** Soomaaliya waxay la safatay isbahaysigii Mareykanku hoggaaminayay ee ka dhanka ahaa Ciraaq kadib duullaankii Kuwayt. Qadar waxay joojisay bixinta deynteeda, Sacuudiguna wuxuu bixiyay deeq US$70 milyan ah iyo shidaal jaban. ## Maxay Soomaaliya ku leedahay amaah-bixiyeyaasha Carabta? Wasaaradda Maaliyadda waxay dhammaadkii 2025 diiwaangelisay ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, Warbixinta Deynta 2025](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)): - **Sanduuqa Carabta ee Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada:** US$206.30 milyan (US$131.07 milyan waa dulsaar aan la bixin). - **Sanduuqa Lacagta Carabta:** US$201.97 milyan. - **Sanduuqa Abu Dhabi:** US$267.81 milyan. - **Sanduuqa Kuwayt:** US$123.88 milyan. - **Sanduuqa Sacuudiga:** US$117.31 milyan. - **Ciraaq:** US$227.12 milyan. **Liibiya:** US$46.97 milyan. Tallaabooyinka la qaaday (isla ilo): - **11 February 2025:** heshiis dib-u-habeyn ah oo lala galay Sanduuqa Abu Dhabi, 40 sano, 16 sano oo nasasho ah. - **9 April 2025:** heshiis 20 sano ah oo lala galay Sanduuqa Lacagta Carabta, dulsaar la'aan. - **8 February 2026:** Aljeeriya waxay qoraal ku xaqiijisay inay deynteeda cafisay. Kooxda Isku-duwidda Carabta waxay ka mid ahayd deyn-bixiyeyaashii cafiyay deynta 2023 ([IMF, 23/438](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). Eeg [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/). ## Sidee bay Jaamacaddu ula macaamishaa Somaliland? Jaamacaddu waxay Somaliland u aragtaa qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. December 2025 waxay aqoonsiyada hal-dhinac ah ku tilmaantay "faragelin aan la aqbali karin oo arrimaha gudaha Soomaaliya ah" ([Anadolu](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/arab-league-gulf-bloc-reject-israel-s-recognition-of-somalias-breakaway-region-of-somaliland/3782118)). Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka, oo uu Xoghayihiisa Guud yahay Jaasim Albudaywi, ayaa isna isla maalintaas bayaan soo saaray (isla ilo). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Qaramada Midoobay](/so/relations/un/) - [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Jarmalka Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/germany/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Jarmalka iyo Soomaaliya xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ayay lahaayeen tan iyo 1 Luulyo 1960. Jarmalku Soomaaliya wuxuu kala xiriiraa safaaraddiisa Nairobi, Soomaaliyana safaarad bay ku leedahay Berlin. Jarmalku wuxuu iskaashiga horumarka ku qiyaasaa €546 milyan, 2025-na wuxuu saxeexay heshiis kale oo €75 milyan ah. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Berlin kula kulmay Olaf Scholz 5 Nofembar 2024. ## Sidee xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Jarmalku maanta yahay? Jarmalku wuxuu isku tilmaamaa shariig lagu kalsoonaan karo oo danaynaya Soomaaliya xasilloon oo dimuqraadi ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Jarmalka](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). 5 Nofembar 2024 Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu booqday Berlin, kulana kulmay Ra'iisul Wasaare Olaf Scholz ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Jarmalka](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). - **Horumar:** iskaashiga horumarka wuxuu gaarayaa qiyaastii €546 milyan, wuxuuna diiradda saaraa shaqo iyo tababar xirfadeed, beeraha iyo cuntada, iyo adkeysiga ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). - **Gargaar bini'aadannimo:** Jarmalku wuxuu ka mid yahay deeq-bixiyeyaasha ugu waaweyn ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). - **Safaarado:** Soomaaliya safaarad bay ku leedahay Rheinstraße 10, Berlin ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/vertretungensomalia/203140)). Jarmalku Soomaaliya wuxuu kala xiriiraa safaaradda Nairobi ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_deutschen_Botschafter_in_Somalia)). - **Ganacsi:** 2024 Jarmalku wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay $26.1 milyan, wuxuuna ka soo dejiyay $2.7 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=276&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Goormaa xiriirku bilowday? Jarmalka Galbeed iyo Soomaaliya xiriir diblomaasiyadeed waxay yeesheen 1 Luulyo 1960; Jarmalka Bari wuxuu raacay 8 Abriil 1970 ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). 1960-meeyadii Jarmalka Galbeed wuxuu bixiyay gargaar dhexdhexaad ah, wuxuuna la wadaagay Talyaaniga iyo Mareykanka tababarka booliska ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). 1885–1886 wakiillo shirkad Jarmal ah ayaa heshiisyo la galay madaxda xeebta koonfureed, Jarmalkuna sheegashadaas wuu ka tanaasulay 1890 ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-somalische_Beziehungen)). ## Maxaa ka dhacay garoonka Muqdisho 1977? 18 Oktoobar 1977 ciidanka gaarka ah ee Jarmalka, GSG 9, oo uu hoggaaminayay Ulrich Wegener, ayaa garoonka Muqdisho ku weeraray diyaaraddii Lufthansa ee "Landshut" ee la afduubay, waxayna xoreeyeen rakaabkii ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entf%C3%BChrung_der_Landshut)). Wasiir Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski ayaa ciidanka la yimid Muqdisho, wuxuuna Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre ka helay oggolaansho howlgal wadajir ah ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entf%C3%BChrung_der_Landshut)). 10 Nofembar 1977 saraakiil Mareykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis iyo Jarmal Galbeed ah ayaa London ku kulmay si ay mowqif ugu yeeshaan dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ([FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d34)). Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ka furatay Bonn 1978 ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-somalische_Beziehungen)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada? Safiirradii Jarmalka Galbeed ee Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_deutschen_Botschafter_in_Somalia)): - Wilhelm Kopf, 1960–1963 - Rolf Nagel, 1963–1967 - Josef Holik, 1971–1974 - Horst Becker, 1975–1977 - Michael Libal (ku-simaha), 1977 - Cornelius Alexander Metternich, 1978–1982 - Reinhard Schäfers, 1982–1985 - Steffen Rudolph, 1985–1987 - Anna-Margareta Peters, 1988–1989 - Helmut Rau, 1990–1991 Safaaradda Jarmalka ee Muqdisho waxay xirantay markii dagaalka sokeeye bilowday; tan iyo 1990 safiirka Nairobi ayaa u xilsaaran Soomaaliya ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_deutschen_Botschafter_in_Somalia)). **Annett Günther** waxay warqadaheeda u gudbisay Madaxweyne Farmaajo 7 Oktoobar 2018 ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Berlin waa **Cabdicasiis Maxamuud Maxamed**, oo la magacaabay 4 Sebtembar 2024 ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/vertretungensomalia/203140)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski:** wasiirkii la xaajooday Siyaad Barre 1977 ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entf%C3%BChrung_der_Landshut)). - **Siyaad Barre:** madaxweynihii oggolaaday howlgalka wadajirka ah ([Wikipedia Jarmal](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entf%C3%BChrung_der_Landshut)). - **Annett Günther:** safiiraddii 2018 ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Olaf Scholz:** kulankii Berlin, 5 Nofembar 2024 ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). - **Maxamuud Sheekh Faarax "Beenebeene"**, Wasiirka Qorsheynta, iyo **Julia Hanning** oo ka tirsan wasaaradda horumarinta Jarmalka: saxeexay heshiiska €75 milyan, Muqdisho 2025 ([Fokus Afrika](https://fokus-afrika.de/somalia-und-deutschland-schliessen-75-millionen-euro-entwicklungsabkommen-ab/)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? - **Oktoobar 2017:** wadahadallo Berlin, Jarmalku wuxuu ballanqaaday €103.44 milyan ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). - **2025:** heshiis €75 milyan ah oo laba sano ah laga bilaabo 2026: beeraha, waxbarashada, shaqada, biyaha iyo cimilada ([Fokus Afrika](https://fokus-afrika.de/somalia-und-deutschland-schliessen-75-millionen-euro-entwicklungsabkommen-ab/)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? 2019 Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Jarmalku waxay sheegtay in xiriirka dhaqaale uu ku dhowaad maqan yahay ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). Xogta kastamka (doolar): 2015: dhoofin $16.7m, soo dejin $1.1m; 2019: $30.6m iyo $3.1m; 2023: $17.5m iyo $2.1m; 2024: $26.1m iyo $2.7m ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=276&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Jarmalku wuxuu Soomaaliya ka soo dejiyaa sisin iyo xabag/foox ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=276&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar ah ayaa la geliyay? Iskaashiga horumarka waa la joojiyay dagaalka sokeeye, waxaana dib loo bilaabay 2014 ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). - **2018:** in ka badan €75 milyan gargaar bini'aadannimo; mashaariicda horumarka qiyaastii €322 milyan. - **Tan iyo 2015:** in ka badan €30 milyan oo xasilin iyo ka hortag colaadeed ah. - **Maanta:** qiyaastii €546 milyan ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). Lacagta Jarmalka waxay kaloo maalgelisaa xarumo Baydhabo iyo Kismaayo oo ay maamusho IOM, kuwaas oo dib ugu celiya nolosha caadiga ah dagaalyahannadii hore ee Al-Shabaab ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). ## Amniga ka warran? Jarmalku wuxuu shaqaale rayid ah iyo boolis u diraa howlgallada EU iyo QM: EUCAP, EUTM iyo Atalanta ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). Ciidamo Jarmal ah ayaa ka qaybgalay UNOSOM II 1993 ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Jarmalku ula macaamilaa dowlad-goboleedyada? Jarmalku wuxuu la-taliyeyaal geeyay xafiiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha, wasaaradda arrimaha gudaha iyo dowladaha dhammaan dowlad-goboleedyada ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). Wuxuu si gaar ah u taageeray Hirshabeelle, wuxuuna taageeray dhexdhexaadin deegaan oo u dhaxaysay Galmudug iyo Puntland ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa Jarmalka ku nool? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Jarmalka ku tirisay 41,383 qaxooti Soomaali ah iyo 5,641 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=5&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=GFR)). Eeg [Soomaalida Jarmalka](/en/diaspora/germany/). ## Halkee Jarmalku ka taagan yahay QM? Jarmalku wuxuu UNSOS ku taageeraa lacagta QM, howlgalka AU-na wuxuu ku taageeraa EU ([Wasaaradda, 2019](https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Somalia/Somalia-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Somalia-bilaterale-Beziehungen-2019.pdf)). Wuxuu xusay in UNTMIS, oo 2024 beddeshay UNSOM, ay dhammaanayso Oktoobar 2026 ([Wasaaradda](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969–1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Barnaamijka dagaalyahannada ka baxay](/en/institutions/disengaged-combatants-programme/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaalida Jarmalka](/en/diaspora/germany/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Urdun Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/jordan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Urdun waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo January 1967, markii safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya uu yimid Cammaan. Midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kale: safiirka Soomaaliya ee Dimishiq, Abiib Muuse Faarax, wuxuu warqadaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Boqor Cabdalla II 6 September 2026. Golaha Wasiirrada Soomaaliya wuxuu August 2025 ansixiyay heshiis iskaashi difaac oo lala galay Urdun. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Urdun? Labaduba waa xubno ka tirsan Jaamacadda Carabta iyo Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC). Midkoodna safaarad joogto ah kuma laha caasimadda kale. Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Dimishiq, Abiib Muuse Faarax, wuxuu 6 September 2026 warqadaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Boqor Cabdalla II isagoo ah safiir aan dalka degganayn ([Petra, 6 September 2026](https://petra.gov.jo/en/news/king-accepts-credentials-of-new-ambassadors-28)). Xiriirka ugu dhow waa kan millatari. Golaha Wasiirrada Soomaaliya wuxuu 28 August 2025 ansixiyay heshiis iskaashi difaac oo lala galay Urdun, kaas oo diiradda saaraya tababarka Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka ([Raxanreeb, 28 August 2025](https://raxanreeb.com/?p=40661)). Wasiirka Difaaca Axmed Macallin Fiqi wuxuu 14 July 2026 Cammaan kula kulmay taliyaha guud ee ciidamada Urdun ([Petra, 14 July 2026](https://petra.gov.jo/index.php/en/news/jordan-somalia-discuss-military-cooperation-1)). Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. 2023 Urdun waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan US$1.77 milyan, waxayna ka soo dejisay US$1.08 milyan ([WITS, dhoofinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/JOR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL); [WITS, soo dejinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/JOR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirku wuxuu bilaabmay January 1967. Wargeyska Mideast Mirror wuxuu qoray in "safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya u magacaabay Urdun, Xasan Aadan, uu Cammaan yimid 1 January" 1967 ([Mideast Mirror, 1967, sida ku xusan liiska Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta 14 February 1974 ([Somali Archive](https://somaliarchive77.substack.com/p/the-arabs-and-somalis-need-each-other); [Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee Urdun: - **Xasan Aadan**, safiirkii ugu horreeyay, wuxuu Cammaan yimid 1 January 1967 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). - **Taahir Maxamuud Geelle**, safiir aan dalka degganayn, wuxuu warqadaha u gudbiyay Boqorka; warbixintu sannad ma sheegin ([Ammon News](https://en.ammonnews.net/print.php?id=34357)). - **Abiib Muuse Faarax**, safiir aan dalka degganayn, 6 September 2026 ([Petra](https://petra.gov.jo/en/news/king-accepts-credentials-of-new-ambassadors-28)). Isagu waa safiirka Soomaaliya ee Suuriya ([SANA, 2 September 2025](https://sana.sy/en/syria/2265181/)). Safiir Urdun u fadhiya Soomaaliya laguma helin ilaha. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Boqor Cabdalla II** wuxuu April 2015 Caqaba kula kulmay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo madaxda Kenya, Tansaaniya iyo Jabuuti ([Maxkamadda Boqortooyada](https://kingabdullah.jo/en/node/48102)). January 2016 wuxuu mar kale kala hadlay la-dagaallanka argagixisada ([Maxkamadda Boqortooyada](https://kingabdullah.jo/en/node/48773)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud** wuxuu 2 March 2026 Boqorka kula hadlay telefoon oo ku saabsan xiisadda gobolka ([Petra, 2 March 2026](https://petra.gov.jo/index.php/en/news/king-receives-call-from-somalia-president)). - **Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed**, ra'iisul wasaare ku-xigeenkii Soomaaliya, wuxuu Boqorka kula kulmay shirarka Caqaba ([Maxkamadda Boqortooyada](https://kingabdullah.jo/en/node/53764)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi**, wasiirka difaaca, wuxuu 14 July 2026 wafdi u horkacay Taliska Guud ee Urdun ([Petra](https://petra.gov.jo/index.php/en/news/jordan-somalia-discuss-military-cooperation-1)). - **Jeneraal Yuusuf Xuneyti**, guddoomiyaha taliyeyaasha ciidamada Urdun, wuxuu iskaashiga millatari ku tilmaamay "tiir muhiim ah" ([Petra](https://petra.gov.jo/index.php/en/news/jordan-somalia-discuss-military-cooperation-1)). - **Samiir Mubeydiin**, wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Urdun, wuxuu kula kulmay wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Soomaaliya **Maxamed Abuubakar Islow** shir Golaha Wasiirrada Gudaha Carabta oo Aljeeriya lagu qabtay. Islow wuxuu codsaday tababar booliis ([Ammon News](https://en.ammonnews.net/print.php?id=37343)). - **Saalax Axmed Jaamac**, ra'iisul wasaaraha ku-meel-gaarka ah, ayaa guddoomiyay shirkii golaha ee ansixiyay heshiiska ([Raxanreeb](https://raxanreeb.com/?p=40661)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **August 2025**: heshiis iskaashi difaac oo u dhexeeya labada wasaaradood ee difaaca, oo golaha wasiirradu ansixiyay 28 August 2025, kuna saabsan tababar iyo kor u qaadid awoodeed ([Raxanreeb](https://raxanreeb.com/?p=40661)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **1 January 1967**: safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya wuxuu yimid Cammaan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). - **April 2015**: Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu tagay Caqaba ([Maxkamadda Boqortooyada](https://kingabdullah.jo/en/node/48102)). - **14 July 2026**: Wasiirka Difaaca Fiqi wuxuu tagay Cammaan ([Petra](https://petra.gov.jo/index.php/en/news/jordan-somalia-discuss-military-cooperation-1)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Waxa Urdun u dhoofiso Soomaaliya ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/JOR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)): - 2019: US$3.21 milyan - 2021: US$1.92 milyan - 2023: US$1.77 milyan Waxa Urdun ka soo dejiso Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa US$1.69 milyan 2018 iyo US$1.08 milyan 2023 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/JOR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). 2023 waxyaabaha ugu badan ee Urdun dhoofisay waxay ahaayeen daawo (US$519,000), cunto khudaar iyo miro laga sameeyay (US$371,000) iyo cunto badar laga sameeyay (US$333,000) ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=400&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2&includeDesc=true)). Waxa ugu badan ee laga soo dejiyay waa kalluun (US$891,000) ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=400&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2&includeDesc=true)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Nidaamka QM ee la socodka gargaarka (FTS) kama diiwaan gelin wax gargaar ah oo Urdun Soomaaliya siisay 1999 ilaa 2026 ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2025)). Soomaaliya deyn Urdun ah kuma laha liiska Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee dhammaadka 2025 ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Heshiiska difaaca ee 2025 wuxuu daboolayaa tababarka ciidanka ([Raxanreeb](https://raxanreeb.com/?p=40661)). July 2026 labada dhinac waxay ka wada hadleen barnaamijyo tababar, layli wadajir ah iyo la-dagaallanka argagixisada ([Petra](https://petra.gov.jo/index.php/en/news/jordan-somalia-discuss-military-cooperation-1)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Urdun ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Urdun waxay Somaliland u aqoonsan tahay qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya: - **27–28 December 2025**: wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Urdun wuxuu saxiixay bayaankii 21 dal iyo OIC ee diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([Radio Algérie, 28 December 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). - **May 2026**: Urdun waxay ku biirtay bayaan 19 dal oo diiday qorshaha Somaliland ee safaarad Qudus ([Al-Quds, 26 May 2026](https://alquds.com/en/posts/241380)). - **16 June 2026**: afhayeen Fu'aad Majaali wuxuu furitaanka safaaraddaas ku tilmaamay "xadgudub cad oo sharciga caalamiga ah" wuxuuna adkeeyay "taageero buuxda oo midnimada iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya" ([Petra, 16 June 2026](https://petra.gov.jo/index.php/en/news/jordan-condemns-so-called-somalilands-opening-of-embassy-in-jerusalem)). Xiriir Urdun la leedahay dowlad-goboleedyada laguma helin ilaha. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood laguma helin ilaha. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Urdun? UNHCR waxay 2025 Urdun ku tirisay 324 qaxooti Soomaali ah, halka 2015 ay ahaayeen 601 ([UNHCR, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa_all=true); [UNHCR, 2015](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2015&yearTo=2015&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Halkee bay Urdun ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Urdun waxay taageertaa midnimada Soomaaliya bayaannada Jaamacadda Carabta iyo OIC ([Petra](https://petra.gov.jo/index.php/en/news/jordan-condemns-so-called-somalilands-opening-of-embassy-in-jerusalem)). Boqorku wuxuu madaxda Soomaaliya ku martiqaaday shirarka Hannaanka Caqaba ee la-dagaallanka argagixisada ee Bariga Afrika ([Maxkamadda Boqortooyada](https://kingabdullah.jo/en/node/56560)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Israa'iil](/en/relations/israel/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Suuriya](/en/relations/syria/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Bakistaan Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/pakistan/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Bakistaan iyo Soomaaliya xiriir ayay lahaayeen tan iyo 1960, labaduba waa xubno OIC. Askartii Bakistaan waxay ahaayeen ciidamadii ugu horreeyay ee QM ee Muqdisho yimaada, 14 Sebtembar 1992, 25 ka mid ahna waxaa lagu dilay 5 Juun 1993. Bakistaan waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$90.6 milyan oo alaab ah 2024, inta badan bariis, in ka badan 700 arday oo Soomaali ahna waxay ku jireen jaamacadaha Bakistaan 2025. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Bakistaan xiriir u yihiin maanta? Soomaaliya safaarad ayay ku leedahay Islamabad. Safiirkeedu 2025 wuxuu ahaa Sheekh Nuur Maxamed Xasan ([Jaamacadda Faisalabad, 30 Abriil 2025](https://tuf.edu.pk/news-and-events/ambassador-of-somalia-visits-tuf-strengthening-academic-ties)). Xiriirku 2026 wuxuu ku koray dhinaca amniga: - **Janaayo 2026:** wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Soomaaliya Cali Yuusuf iyo dhiggiisa Bakistaan Mohsin Naqvi waxay ku heshiiyeen iskaashi tababar, maamulka xuduudaha, maaraynta masiibooyinka iyo istaraatiijiyad la dagaallanka argagixisada ([Dawn, 24 Janaayo 2026](https://www.dawn.com/news/1968724)). - **Agoosto 2026:** wasiirka gaashaandhigga Axmed Macallin Fiqi wuxuu la kulmay taliyayaasha ciidamada dhulka, badda iyo cirka Bakistaan, kuwaas oo ballan qaaday tababarka ciidamada Soomaaliyeed ([Dawn, 6 Agoosto 2026](https://www.dawn.com/news/2021029); [Shabelle Media, 7 Agoosto 2026](https://shabellemedia.com/pakistan-pledges-continued-support-for-somalias-security-forces/)). - **Ardayda:** in ka badan 700 arday oo Soomaali ah ayaa Abriil 2025 wax ka baranayay jaamacadaha Bakistaan ([Jaamacadda Faisalabad](https://tuf.edu.pk/news-and-events/ambassador-of-somalia-visits-tuf-strengthening-academic-ties)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Bakistaan iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed dejiyeen 1960. Qunsuliyad sharafeed oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa Karachi laga furay 16 Maarso 2017, iyadoo lagu xusayay 57 sano oo xiriir ah ([Dawn, 8 Abriil 2017](https://www.dawn.com/news/1325689/honorary-somalian-consulate-ransacked-in-karachi)). Labada dal waa xubno ka tirsan Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC) ([OIC](https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=52&p_ref=26&lan=en)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Sheekh Nuur Maxamed Xasan:** safiirka Soomaaliya ee Bakistaan 2025 ([Jaamacadda Faisalabad](https://tuf.edu.pk/news-and-events/ambassador-of-somalia-visits-tuf-strengthening-academic-ties)). - **Qunsuliyadda sharafeed ee Karachi:** la furay 16 Maarso 2017, xafiisyada shirkad daawo oo ku taal Clifton ([Dawn, 2017](https://www.dawn.com/news/1325689/honorary-somalian-consulate-ransacked-in-karachi)). Safiirradii hore ee labada dhinac lagama helin diiwaannada la furi karay. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Sheekh Nuur Maxamed Xasan**, safiir, wuxuu Abriil 2025 la heshiiyay Jaamacadda Faisalabad oo 100 arday oo Soomaali ah siinaysa waxbarasho iyo hoy bilaash ah ([Jaamacadda Faisalabad](https://tuf.edu.pk/news-and-events/ambassador-of-somalia-visits-tuf-strengthening-academic-ties)). - **Cali Yuusuf**, wasiirka arrimaha gudaha, wuxuu Janaayo 2026 wafdi u hoggaamiyay Islamabad, wuxuuna Ra'iisul Wasaare Shehbaz Sharif u sitay farriin ka timid ra'iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1968724)). - **Mohsin Naqvi**, wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Bakistaan, wuxuu ballan qaaday taageero dhinaca booliska iyo la dagaallanka argagixisada, iyo fiisooyin fudud oo loogu talagalay bukaanka iyo ardayda Soomaaliyeed ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1968724)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi**, wasiirka gaashaandhigga, wuxuu 5 Agoosto 2026 la kulmay Admiral Naveed Ashraf iyo Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, 6 Agoostana Field Marshal Asim Munir ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/2021029)). - **Asim Munir**, taliyaha ciidamada Bakistaan, wuxuu ballan qaaday inuu caawiyo dib u dhiska hay'adaha amniga Soomaaliya ([Shabelle Media](https://shabellemedia.com/pakistan-pledges-continued-support-for-somalias-security-forces/)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **Janaayo 2026:** is-afgarad ku saabsan tababar, maamulka xuduudaha, maaraynta masiibooyinka, la dagaallanka argagixisada iyo fududeynta fiisooyinka bukaanka iyo ardayda ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1968724)). Qoraal heshiis laba-geesood ah lagama helin diiwaannada la furi karay. ## Madaxdee ayaa is booqday? - **22 Janaayo 2026:** Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha Cali Yuusuf, Islamabad ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1968724)). - **5–6 Agoosto 2026:** Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga Axmed Macallin Fiqi, Islamabad iyo Rawalpindi ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/2021029)). Cali Yuusuf wuxuu Mohsin Naqvi ku martiqaaday Soomaaliya ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1968724)). Booqasho madaxweyne ama ra'iisul wasaare Bakistaani ah oo Soomaaliya lagama helin. ## Intee le'eg ayay is dhaafsadaan ganacsi? Ganacsiga Bakistaan iyo Soomaaliya sida UN Comtrade u diiwaangelisay: - **2010:** dhoof US$61.0 milyan, soo dejin US$3.4 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=586&period=2010&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2015:** dhoof US$23.9 milyan, soo dejin US$7.0 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=586&period=2015&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2020:** dhoof US$66.5 milyan, soo dejin US$4.9 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=586&period=2020&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2022:** dhoof US$85.6 milyan, soo dejin US$1.8 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=586&period=2022&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2024:** dhoof US$90.6 milyan, soo dejin US$1.7 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=586&period=2024&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). 2024 midhaha, inta badan bariis, waxay ahaayeen US$61.7 milyan oo ka mid ah waxa Bakistaan dhoofisay; waxaa xigay milix iyo sibidh, sonkor iyo daawo ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=586&period=2024&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). Waxa Bakistaan ka keento Soomaaliya badankoodu waa harag ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=586&period=2024&partnerCode=706&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Taageerada Bakistaan waxay inta badan ku jirtaa waxbarasho iyo tababar. Jaamacadda Faisalabad waxay 2025 100 arday oo Soomaali ah u ballan qaaday waxbarasho iyo hoy bilaash ah ([Jaamacadda Faisalabad](https://tuf.edu.pk/news-and-events/ambassador-of-somalia-visits-tuf-strengthening-academic-ties)). 2026 Bakistaan waxay u ballan qaaday tababar booliska iyo ciidamada Soomaaliyeed ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1968724); [Shabelle Media](https://shabellemedia.com/pakistan-pledges-continued-support-for-somalias-security-forces/)). Gargaar bini'aadannimo oo Bakistaan ah kuma jiro diiwaannada OCHA FTS ee la eegay ([OCHA FTS, 2022](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2022&groupby=organization)). ## Amniga ka warran? Bakistaan waxay ogolaatay inay keento cutubka 500 askari ee QM ee loo qorsheeyay Muqdisho, kooxdii ugu horreysayna waxay timid 14 Sebtembar 1992 ([QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). 5 Juun 1993 weerarro lagu qaaday ciidamada UNOSOM II ee koonfurta Muqdisho ayaa lagu dilay 25 askari oo Bakistaani ah, sida ay QM tirisay ([QM, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). 2026 labada dal waxay ku heshiiyeen tababar iyo iskaashi la dagaallanka argagixisada, oo uu ku jiro amniga badda ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/2021029)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee bay Bakistaan ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xiriirrada Bakistaan ee ilaha ku jira dhammaantood waa kuwo lala yeeshay Dowladda Federaalka ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1968724)). Xafiis, heshiis ama bayaan Bakistaan oo ku saabsan Somaliland lagama helin ilaha. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood lama helin. 7 Abriil 2017 rag hubaysan ayaa dhacay qunsuliyadda sharafeed ee Soomaaliya ee Karachi, waxayna qaateen kombiyuutarro, taleefanno iyo lacag; booliska ayaa baaritaan furay ([Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1325689/honorary-somalian-consulate-ransacked-in-karachi)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Bakistaan? Safiirka Soomaaliya wuxuu Abriil 2025 sheegay in in ka badan 700 arday oo Soomaali ahi ay wax ku baranayaan Bakistaan ([Jaamacadda Faisalabad](https://tuf.edu.pk/news-and-events/ambassador-of-somalia-visits-tuf-strengthening-academic-ties)). Eeg [Soomaalida Hindiya iyo Bakistaan](/en/diaspora/somalis-in-south-asia/). ## Halkee bay Bakistaan ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Bakistaan waxay Muqdisho u keentay cutubkii ugu horreeyay ee amniga QM 1992, waxayna ka qayb gashay UNOSOM II ([QM, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom1backgr2.html); [UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Labaduba waxay ka wada shaqeeyaan OIC ([OIC](https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=52&p_ref=26&lan=en)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Hindiya iyo Bakistaan](/en/diaspora/somalis-in-south-asia/) - [Faragelintii QM 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Hindiya](/so/relations/india/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Baxrayn Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/bahrain/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Baxrayn waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo 29 October 1972. Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Riyaad ayaa Baxrayn u fadhiya. 2023 Baxrayn waxay Soomaaliya ka soo iibsatay alaab US$8.6 milyan ah, inta badan xoolo nool, 2011 iyo 2012-na waxay Muqdisho ka maalgelisay isbitaal iyo machad macallimiin. Baxrayn ma saxiixin bayaankii December 2025 ee diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Baxrayn? Labaduba waa xubno Jaamacadda Carabta iyo OIC. Midkoodna safaarad joogto ah kuma laha caasimadda kale; safiirka Soomaaliya ee Riyaad ayaa Baxrayn loo aqoonsaday ([News of Bahrain, 22 December 2022](https://newsofbahrain.com/bahrain/86778.html)). Wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda, Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali iyo Cabdullatiif bin Raashid Al Zayaani, waxay New York ku kulmeen 23 September 2025. Cabdisalaam wuxuu Baxrayn ugu hambalyeeyay doorashadeeda Golaha Ammaanka QM ee 2026–2027 ([SONNA, 23 September 2025](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-discusses-bilateral-ties-with-his-bahraini-counterpart-at-unga-80th-session/)). Baxrayn waxay iibsataa xoolo Soomaaliyeed. 2023 waxay Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay US$8.6 milyan, waxayna u dhoofisay US$748,000 ([WITS, soo dejinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/BHR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL); [WITS, dhoofinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/BHR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirka waxaa la aasaasay 29 October 1972, sida ay sheegtay wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Baxrayn, kuna xusan [liiska Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia). 1990 Baxrayn waxay ka mid ahayd dalalka Soomaaliya alaab ka keento, kadib Talyaaniga ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/64.htm)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee Baxrayn, labaduba fadhigoodu waa Riyaad: - **Taahir Jiilli** wuxuu warqadaha u gudbiyay Wasiir Khaalid bin Axmed Al Khaliifa August 2016 ([Goobjoog, 29 August 2016](https://en.goobjoog.com/somali-ambassador-to-bahrain-presents-credentials-to-foreign-affairs-minister)). - **Saalim Macow Xaaji** wuxuu warqadaha u gudbiyay Wasiir Al Zayaani 21 December 2022, muuqaal ahaan ([News of Bahrain](https://newsofbahrain.com/bahrain/86778.html)). Safiir Baxrayn u fadhiya Soomaaliya laguma helin ilaha. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Sheekh Naasir bin Xamad Al Khaliifa**, guddoomiyaha Hay'adda Samafalka Boqortooyada Baxrayn, ayaa hoggaamiyay mashaariicdii isbitaalka 2011 iyo machadka macallimiinta 2012 ([PR Newswire, 28 September 2011](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bahrain-provides-additional-relief-aid-to-somalia-funds-specialist-hospital-130726738.html); [PR Newswire, 31 January 2012](https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/bahrain-contributes-to-second-development-project-in-somalia-eases-needs-of-famine-victims-138402059.html)). - **Cidiid Ibraahim**, wasiirkii waxbarashada Soomaaliya, ayaa Baxrayn u mahadceliyay markii heshiiska machadka la saxiixay ([PR Newswire](https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/bahrain-contributes-to-second-development-project-in-somalia-eases-needs-of-famine-victims-138402059.html)). - **Cabdullatiif Al Zayaani**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Baxrayn, wuxuu 2022 qaabilay Safiir Saalim, 2025-na wuxuu la kulmay Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali; labaduba telefoon ayay ku wada hadleen ([News of Bahrain](https://newsofbahrain.com/bahrain/86778.html); [SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-discusses-bilateral-ties-with-his-bahraini-counterpart-at-unga-80th-session/); [Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-bahrain-diplomatic-engagement/)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi**, wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda, ayaa guddoomiyay kooxda wasiirrada Carabta ee Soomaaliya oo Qaahira ku shirtay, Baxrayn-na ka qayb gashay ([Zawya, 2024](https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/africa-press-releases/foreign-minister-participates-in-3rd-arab-ministerial-working-group-meeting-on-supporting-somalia-c39gysnb)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **September 2011**: heshiis US$1.5 milyan ah oo isbitaal takhasus iyo dugsi kalkaaliyeyaal ah lagu dhisayo, iyo US$1.2 milyan oo toban ceel ah oo lala galay Islamic Relief ([PR Newswire, 28 September 2011](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bahrain-provides-additional-relief-aid-to-somalia-funds-specialist-hospital-130726738.html)). - **30 January 2012**: heshiis US$1.5 milyan ah oo machad macallimiin ah ([PR Newswire, 31 January 2012](https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/bahrain-contributes-to-second-development-project-in-somalia-eases-needs-of-famine-victims-138402059.html)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? Booqasho madaxweyne laguma helin ilaha. 2024 Baxrayn waxay Manaama ku martigelisay shirkii 33aad ee Jaamacadda Carabta, halkaas oo Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamse Cabdi Barre kula kulmay madaxweynaha Ciraaq ([Garowe Online, 4 July 2024](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somali-pm-hamza-abdi-barre-leaves-for-iraq-to-boost-bilateral-ties)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Waxa Baxrayn ka soo dejiso Soomaaliya ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/BHR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)): - 2018: US$4.89 milyan - 2020: US$8.03 milyan - 2022: US$9.48 milyan - 2023: US$8.60 milyan 2023 xoolo nool ayaa ahaa US$7.94 milyan, miro iyo lowsna US$590,000 ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=48&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2&includeDesc=true)). Waxa Baxrayn u dhoofiso Soomaaliya waxaa ugu badan caano iyo waxyaabaha caanaha (US$564,000) ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=48&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2&includeDesc=true)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? - **Abaartii 2011**: Baxrayn waxay ballan qaadday US$3 milyan oo gargaar degdeg ah ([OCHA FTS, 2011](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2011)). November 2011 waxay dirtay 200 tan oo gargaar ah, waxayna maalgelisay Isbitaalka Takhasuska Baxrayn ee Muqdisho si 1,000 qof aragtidooda loogu soo celiyo ([PR Newswire](https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/bahrain-contributes-to-second-development-project-in-somalia-eases-needs-of-famine-victims-138402059.html)). - **2012**: US$1.5 milyan oo machad macallimiin ah. Soomaaliya deyn Baxrayn ah kuma laha liiska Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee 2025 ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Door millatari oo Baxrayn ku leedahay Soomaaliya laguma helin ilaha. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Baxrayn ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **2024**: Baxrayn waxay ka qayb gashay kooxda wasiirrada Carabta ee diiday heshiiska is-afgaradka Itoobiya iyo Somaliland, kuna dhawaaqday in "Somaliland ay qayb ka tahay Soomaaliya" ([Zawya](https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/africa-press-releases/foreign-minister-participates-in-3rd-arab-ministerial-working-group-meeting-on-supporting-somalia-c39gysnb)). - **28 December 2025**: Baxrayn, Marooko iyo Imaaraadka ma saxiixin bayaankii 21 dal iyo OIC ee diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). Xiriir Baxrayn la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada laguma helin ilaha. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? April 2018, xilligii xiisadda Khaliijka, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Baxrayn Khaalid bin Axmed Al Khaliifa wuxuu Soomaaliya ku eedeeyay inay "dafirtay oo cay u geysatay" Imaaraadka. Taasi waxay timid kadib markii Soomaaliya dhexdhexaad ka noqotay khilaafka Sacuudiga iyo Qatar, Muqdishona lagala wareegay US$9.6 milyan diyaarad Imaaraad ah ([Africanews, 11 April 2018](https://www.africanews.com/2018/04/11/somalia-has-repaid-uae-s-support-with-insult-bahrain-foreign-minister/)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Baxrayn? Xogta UNHCR ee 2025 kuma jiraan qaxooti Soomaali ah oo Baxrayn jooga ([UNHCR, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Halkee bay Baxrayn ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Baxrayn waxay kursi ku leedahay Golaha Ammaanka QM 2026–2027, iyadoo Soomaaliya ay xubin tahay 2025–2026 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-discusses-bilateral-ties-with-his-bahraini-counterpart-at-unga-80th-session/)). Jaamacadda Carabta gudaheeda waxay ka qayb gashay kooxda 2024 ee taageertay wadajirka dhuleed ee Soomaaliya ([Zawya](https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/africa-press-releases/foreign-minister-participates-in-3rd-arab-ministerial-working-group-meeting-on-supporting-somalia-c39gysnb)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Imaaraadka](/en/relations/uae/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Qatar](/en/relations/qatar/) - [Dhoofinta xoolaha](/en/economy/livestock-exports/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Ciraaq Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/iraq/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Ciraaq waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo 17 October 1966. Ciraaq waxay dhammaadkii 1970-meeyadii Soomaaliya u dhistay warshad sifaynta shidaalka, waxayna saaxiib dhow la ahayd dowladdii Siyaad Barre, balse 1990 Soomaaliya waxay la safatay isbahaysigii ka soo horjeeday Ciraaq. Soomaaliya waxay 2015 dib u furtay safaaraddeeda Baqdaad. Dhammaadkii 2025 Soomaaliya waxay Ciraaq ku lahayd deyn US$227.12 milyan ah. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Ciraaq? Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Baqdaad, oo dib loo furay October 2015 ([Garowe Online, 16 October 2015](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-new-embassy-in-baghdad-amid-growing-iranian-interests)). Labaduba waa xubno Jaamacadda Carabta iyo OIC. Ciraaq waa mid ka mid ah deyn-bixiyeyaasha ugu waaweyn ee Soomaaliya. Dhammaadkii 2025 Soomaaliya waxay Ciraaq ku lahayd US$227.12 milyan: US$31.22 milyan waa asalka deynta, inta kalena waa dulsaar aan la bixin iyo ganaax ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, warbixinta deynta 2025](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). 2025 wasaaraddu waxay Ciraaq la yeelatay wada-hadallo farsamo oo ku saabsan xallinta deynta. Xiriirka dhowaan wuxuu ku salaysan yahay amniga. Wasiirka Amniga Gudaha Cabdullaahi Sheekh Ismaaciil (Fartaag) wuxuu January 2025 wafdi u horkacay Baqdaad ([SONNA, 13 January 2025](https://sonna.so/en/internal-security-minister-and-his-delegation-arrive-in-iraq)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirka waxaa la aasaasay 17 October 1966, sida uu qoray wargeyska Mideast Mirror, kuna xusan [liiska Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia). 1970-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay taageeri jirtay dalalka Carabta ee ka soo horjeeday siyaasadda Mareykanka, sida Ciraaq, Aljeeriya iyo Liibiya ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). Ka hor Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, askar Soomaali ah ayaa Ciraaq lagu tababaray. July 1977 duuliyeyaal Ciraaqi iyo Suuriyaan ah ayaa qaar ka mid ah hawlgallada MiG-21 ee Soomaaliya duulinayay ([ACIG](https://acig.org/artman/publish/article_188.shtml)). Dhammaadkii 1970-meeyadii Ciraaq waxay Soomaaliya ka caawisay dhismaha warshad sifaynta shidaalka oo ku taal Jasiira, waqooyi-bari ka xigta Baraawe, awoodeeduna tahay 10,000 fuusto maalintii. Shidaalkii Ciraaq waa joogsaday markii dagaalka Ciraaq iyo Iiraan bilaabmay 1980 ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/63.htm)). 1990 Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay isbahaysigii Mareykanku hoggaaminayay ee ka soo horjeeday duullaankii Ciraaq ee Kuwayt. Sababta ugu weyn waxay ahayd ku tiirsanaanta gargaarka Kuwayt, Qatar, Sacuudiga iyo Imaaraadka ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee Baqdaad: - **Khadiija Maxamed Makhsuumi** waxay warqadaha u gudbisay Madaxweyne Fu'aad Macsuum 22 June 2015 ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-new-embassy-in-baghdad-amid-growing-iranian-interests)). - **Liibaan Sheekh Maxamuud** wuxuu nuqul warqadaha ah u gudbiyay Wasiir Fu'aad Xuseen 1 June 2021 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Ciraaq](https://mofa.gov.iq/?p=23471)). Ergooyinka Ciraaq: - **Cismat Kittaani**, diblomaasi Ciraaqi ah, wuxuu noqday wakiilka gaarka ah ee Xoghayaha Guud ee QM ee Soomaaliya 3 November 1992 ([UN Peacekeeping](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **Axmed Naayif Al-Duleymi**, safiirka Ciraaq ee Qaahira, ayaa Ciraaq ka hadlay shirkii cimilada Soomaaliya 2022 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Ciraaq](https://mofa.gov.iq/?p=35467)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Cabdisalaan Cumar Hadliye**, wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda, ayaa furay safaaradda Baqdaad October 2015 ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-new-embassy-in-baghdad-amid-growing-iranian-interests)). - **Cabdikariin Xuseen Guuleed**, ergeyga Soomaaliya ee Kuwayt oo markaas hoggaaminayay maamulka Galmudug, ayaa ka qayb galay furitaanka; xaaskiisa Khadiija ayaa safiir noqotay. - **Cabdisaciid Muuse Cali**, wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu 2022 Islaamabaad kula kulmay ku-xigeenka wasaaradda Ciraaq **Qaxtaan Taaha Khalaf**, kaas oo ku martiqaaday wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda iyo maaliyadda inay Baqdaad yimaadaan si loo heshiiyo bixinta deynta ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Ciraaq, 10 April 2022](https://mofa.gov.iq/?p=31180)). - **Xamse Cabdi Barre**, ra'iisul wasaaraha, wuxuu Manaama kula kulmay Madaxweyne Cabdullatiif Rashiid, wuxuuna 4 July 2024 u ambabaxay Ciraaq isagoo ka jawaabaya martiqaad Ra'iisul Wasaare Maxamed Shiyaac Al-Sudaani ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somali-pm-hamza-abdi-barre-leaves-for-iraq-to-boost-bilateral-ties)). - **Xuseen Macallin**, la-taliyaha amniga qaranka, wuxuu Baqdaad kula kulmay la-taliyaha Ciraaq **Qaasim Al-Acraji** ([Dawan Africa](https://dawan.africa/news/somalia-and-iraq-deepen-security-ties-in-high-level-discussions)). - **Cabdullaahi Sheekh Ismaaciil (Fartaag)** ayaa hoggaamiyay wafdigii January 2025 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/internal-security-minister-and-his-delegation-arrive-in-iraq)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? Qoraal heshiis laba-geesood ah laguma helin ilaha. Deynta Soomaaliya ee Ciraaq waxay ka timid amaahdii 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/60.htm)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **Dhammaadkii 1977 ilaa bilowgii 1978**: Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre wuxuu booqday dalal ay ka mid yihiin Ciraaq iyo Suuriya ([ACIG](https://acig.org/artman/publish/article_188.shtml)). - **October 2015**: Wasiir Hadliye wuxuu tagay Baqdaad ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-new-embassy-in-baghdad-amid-growing-iranian-interests)). - **July 2024**: Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamse Cabdi Barre ([Garowe Online](https://garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somali-pm-hamza-abdi-barre-leaves-for-iraq-to-boost-bilateral-ties)). - **January 2025**: Wasiir Fartaag ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/internal-security-minister-and-his-delegation-arrive-in-iraq)). - **May 2025**: Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu ka hadlay shirkii 34aad ee Jaamacadda Carabta ee Baqdaad ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-president-reaffirms-support-for-palestine-at-baghdad-summit/)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Ganacsiga la diiwaan geliyay aad buu u yar yahay. Tirada ugu dambeysa ee WITS waa US$1.53 milyan oo Ciraaq Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay 2014 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/IRQ/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Wixii ugu weynaa ee Ciraaq bixisay waxay ahaayeen shidaal iyo warshadda Jasiira ka hor 1980 ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/63.htm)). December 2022 ergeyga Ciraaq wuxuu sheegay in Baqdaad doonayso inay bixiso qaybteeda sanduuqa Carabta ee taageerada Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Ciraaq](https://mofa.gov.iq/?p=35467)). FTS kama diiwaan gelin gargaar dowladda Ciraaq tan iyo 1999 ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2023)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Ka hor 1991 askar Soomaali ah ayaa Ciraaq wax ku bartay, 1977-na duuliyeyaal Ciraaqi ah ayaa Soomaaliya u duulay ([ACIG](https://acig.org/artman/publish/article_188.shtml)). Tan iyo 2024 labada dal waxay ka wada hadlaan la-dagaallanka argagixisada ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/internal-security-minister-and-his-delegation-arrive-in-iraq)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Ciraaq ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **27 December 2025**: wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Ciraaq, oo markaas guddoomiye u ahayd shirka Jaamacadda Carabta, waxay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ku tilmaantay "xadgudub cad oo ku ah madaxbannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee Jamhuuriyadda walaalaha ah ee Soomaaliya" ([Rudaw](https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/27122025); [Radio Dalsan](https://radiodalsan.com/iraq/298805/iraq-condemns-israels-recognition-of-somaliland-upholds-somalias-territorial-integrity)). - **28 December 2025**: Ciraaq waxay saxiixday bayaankii 21 dal iyo OIC ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). - **19 April 2026**: Ciraaq waxay ergeyga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ku tilmaantay "xadgudub ku ah madaxbannaanida Soomaaliya iyo sharciga caalamiga" ([Shafaq News](https://www.shafaq.com/en/Iraq/Iraq-Israel-Somaliland-envoy-could-fuel-territorial-disputes)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? 1990–1991 Soomaaliya waxay la safatay isbahaysigii Ciraaq ka saaray Kuwayt ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). Deynta aan la bixin weli waa furan tahay: 2022 Ciraaq waxay codsatay in la isku raaco qaabka bixinta ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Ciraaq](https://mofa.gov.iq/?p=31180)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Ciraaq? UNHCR waxay 2025 Ciraaq ku tirisay 13 qaxooti Soomaali ah, halka 1995 ay ahaayeen 320 ([UNHCR, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa_all=true); [UNHCR, 1995](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=1995&yearTo=1995&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Halkee bay Ciraaq ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Diblomaasiga Ciraaqiga ah Cismat Kittaani wuxuu hoggaaminayay hawlgalka QM ee Soomaaliya laga bilaabo November 1992 ([UN Peacekeeping](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). Ciraaq waxay martigelisay shirkii Carabta ee May 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-president-reaffirms-support-for-palestine-at-baghdad-summit/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Kuwayt](/en/relations/kuwait/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) - [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/en/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/en/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Suuriya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/syria/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Suuriya waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo December 1964. Soomaaliya ma jarin xiriirka xilligii dagaalka sokeeye ee Suuriya, September 2025-na safiirkeeda Abiib Muuse Faarax wuxuu warqadaha u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Axmed Al-Sharaac. Suuriya waxay 28 December 2025 diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Suuriya? Soomaaliya waxay safiir deggan ku leedahay Dimishiq. Abiib Muuse Faarax wuxuu nuqul warqadaha aqoonsiga ah u gudbiyay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Ascad Xasan Al-Shaybaani 2 September 2025 ([SANA, 2 September 2025](https://sana.sy/en/syria/2265181/)). Kadibna wuxuu u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Axmed Al-Sharaac, kaas oo salaan u diray Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud ([TRT Afrika, September 2025](https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/9be1be41f104)). 28 July 2026 Faarax wuxuu la kulmay Maxamed Al-Axmad, la-taliyaha arrimaha Carabta ee wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Suuriya ([SANA, 28 July 2026](https://sana.sy/en/politics/2332795/)). May 2025 Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu shirka Carabta ee Baqdaad ku soo dhaweeyay qaadista cunaqabateynta Suuriya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-president-reaffirms-support-for-palestine-at-baghdad-summit/)). Ganacsiga la diiwaan geliyay aad buu u yar yahay. Tirada ugu dambeysa ee WITS waa US$783,000 oo Suuriya Soomaaliya u dhoofisay 2010 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SYR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirku wuxuu bilaabmay 14 December 1964, sida ku qoran warbixin CIA oo sannadkaas ah, kuna xusan [liiska Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia). Ka hor Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya askar Soomaali ah ayaa Suuriya lagu tababaray. July 1977 duuliyeyaal Ciraaqi iyo Suuriyaan ah ayaa qaar ka mid ah hawlgallada MiG-21 ee Soomaaliya duulinayay ([ACIG](https://acig.org/artman/publish/article_188.shtml)). Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre wuxuu dhammaadkii 1977 booqday Suuriya, Ciraaq iyo dalal kale si uu taageero u raadsado. ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Abiib Muuse Faarax**, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Dimishiq tan iyo September 2025 ([SANA](https://sana.sy/en/syria/2265181/)). Waa safiirka aan degganayn ee Urdun ([Petra, 6 September 2026](https://petra.gov.jo/en/news/king-accepts-credentials-of-new-ambassadors-28)). Safiir Suuriya u fadhiya Soomaaliya laguma helin ilaha. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Axmed Al-Sharaac**, madaxweynaha Suuriya, wuxuu 2025 qaabilay Safiir Faarax wuxuuna amaanay "xiriirka taariikhiga ah" ee Muqdisho ([TRT Afrika](https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/9be1be41f104)). - **Ascad Xasan Al-Shaybaani**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Suuriya, ayaa qaatay nuqulka warqadaha 2 September 2025 ([SANA](https://sana.sy/en/syria/2265181/)). - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi**, wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, wuxuu January 2025 warqad u diray wasiirka cusub ee Suuriya, wuxuuna sheegay inuu qorsheynayo booqasho Dimishiq ([Hiiraan Online, January 2025](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/jan/199682/somali_government_moves_to_enhance_diplomatic_ties_with_syria_after_leadership_change.aspx)). - **Faysal Miqdaad**, wasiirkii hore ee arrimaha dibadda Suuriya, ayaa la yeeshay wada-hadalkii telefoon ee ugu horreeyay ee wasiir Soomaaliyeed tan iyo bilowgii dagaalka Suuriya 2011 ([Somali Guardian](https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-syria-foreign-ministers-hold-phone-talks-for-the-first-time/)). - **Siyaad Barre** wuxuu taageero Suuriya ka raadsaday xilligii Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ([ACIG](https://acig.org/artman/publish/article_188.shtml)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? Heshiis laba-geesood ah laguma helin ilaha. ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **Dhammaadkii 1977 ilaa bilowgii 1978**: Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre wuxuu tagay Suuriya ([ACIG](https://acig.org/artman/publish/article_188.shtml)). - **September 2025**: Safiir Faarax waxaa lagu qaabilay qasriga madaxtooyada Dimishiq ([TRT Afrika](https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/9be1be41f104)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Waxa Suuriya u dhoofisay Soomaaliya ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SYR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)): - 2006: US$1.43 milyan - 2009: US$962,000 - 2010: US$783,000 Waxa Suuriya Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay wuxuu ahaa US$859,000 2008 iyo US$684,000 2010 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/SYR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). Tiro ka dambeysa lama daabicin. ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? FTS kama diiwaan gelin wax lacag ah oo Suuriya Soomaaliya siisay tan iyo 1999 ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2011)). Soomaaliya deyn Suuriya ah kuma laha liiska Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee 2025 ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Suuriya waxay tababartay askar Soomaali ah ka hor 1977, duuliyeyaal Suuriyaan ahna waxay u duuleen Soomaaliya Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya ([ACIG](https://acig.org/artman/publish/article_188.shtml)). Xiriir millatari oo dambe laguma helin ilaha. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Suuriya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? 28 December 2025 wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Suuriya waxay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ku tilmaantay "xadgudub toos ah oo ku ah madaxbannaanida, midnimada qaran iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya." Waxay digtay in "isku dayga abuurista hay'ado barbar socda ama taageeridda mashaariicda gooni-u-goosadka ay tahay tusaale khatar ah" ([UNA-OIC, 28 December 2025](https://una-oic.org/en/ALL/2025/12/28/Syria-condemns-the-mutual-recognition-between-the-parties/)). Suuriya kuma jirin 21-kii dal ee saxiixay bayaankii wadajirka ahaa ee maalintaas ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). Xiriir Suuriya la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada laguma helin ilaha. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dowladood laguma helin ilaha. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Suuriya? UNHCR waxay Suuriya ku tirisay 2,762 qaxooti Soomaali ah 2010, iyo 205 sannadka 2025 ([UNHCR, 2010](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2010&yearTo=2010&coo=SOM&coa_all=true); [UNHCR, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). 1995 tiradu waxay ahayd 1,199 ([UNHCR, 1995](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=1995&yearTo=1995&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Halkee bay Suuriya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Suuriya waxay taageertaa wadajirka dhuleed ee Soomaaliya ([UNA-OIC](https://una-oic.org/en/ALL/2025/12/28/Syria-condemns-the-mutual-recognition-between-the-parties/)). Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya wuxuu shirkii Carabta 2025 ku soo dhaweeyay qaadista cunaqabateynta Suuriya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-president-reaffirms-support-for-palestine-at-baghdad-summit/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Ciraaq](/en/relations/iraq/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Urdun](/en/relations/jordan/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977](/en/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Dawlada Falastiin Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/palestine/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waxay aqoonsatay Dawlada Falastiin 15 November 1988, maalintii lagu dhawaaqay, tan iyo markaasna waxay ku taageertaa Jaamacadda Carabta, OIC iyo QM. Safiirka Falastiin Ruwayd Caadil Maxamed wuxuu warqadaha ku gudbiyay Muqdisho January 2025. Falastiin waxay ku biirtay bayaannada diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland, dowladda Soomaaliyana waxay sheegtay in Israa'iil qorsheyneyso inay Falastiiniyiinta Gaza u guuriso Somaliland, taas oo Israa'iil beenisay. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Falastiin? Soomaaliya waxay aqoonsan tahay Dawlada Falastiin, waxayna taageertaa dowlad ku dhisan xuduudaha 1967 oo caasimaddeedu tahay Qudus Bari ([Radio Algérie, 10 November 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/73911)). 30 January 2025 Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Axmed Macallin Fiqi wuxuu qaatay warqadaha safiirka Falastiin, Ruwayd Caadil Maxamed. Wuxuu sheegay in Soomaaliya sii wadi doonto taageerada "dowlad madaxbannaan" oo Falastiiniyiinta ah ([SONNA, 30 January 2025](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-receives-credentials-from-palestinian-thai-ambassadors)). Arrinta Somaliland ayaa labada dhinac isu soo dhoweysay. Falastiin waxay saxiixday bayaankii December 2025 ee diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([Radio Algérie, 28 December 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay inaysan "weligeed aqbali doonin in shacabka Falastiin dal la'aan laga dhigo" ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=8088)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Soomaaliya waxay aqoonsatay Dawlada Falastiin 15 November 1988, maalintii lagu dhawaaqay xorriyadda Falastiin, sida Aljeeriya oo kale ([UNESCO, 1989, sida ku xusan Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta 14 February 1974 ([Somali Archive](https://somaliarchive77.substack.com/p/the-arabs-and-somalis-need-each-other)). 2012 labada dhinac dib ayay u soo celiyeen xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed, markii ergeyga Falastiin Kaamil Cabdalla warqadaha u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed, isagoo sida farriin ka timid Madaxweyne Maxmuud Cabbaas ([Hiiraan Online, 22 April 2012](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2012/Apr/23734/somalia_and_palestine_re_establish_diplomatic_relations.aspx)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Kaamil Cabdalla**, ergeyga Falastiin, April 2012 ([Hiiraan Online](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2012/Apr/23734/somalia_and_palestine_re_establish_diplomatic_relations.aspx)). - **Ruwayd Caadil Maxamed**, safiirka Dawlada Falastiin, warqadaha waxaa la qaatay 30 January 2025 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-receives-credentials-from-palestinian-thai-ambassadors); [SoDMA, 4 February 2025](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/?p=4837)). Safaarad Soomaaliya ku leedahay Falastiin laguma helin ilaha. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Maxmuud Cabbaas**, madaxweynaha Falastiin, ayaa farriin u diray madaxweynaha Soomaaliya 2012 ([Hiiraan Online](https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2012/Apr/23734/somalia_and_palestine_re_establish_diplomatic_relations.aspx)). - **Shariif Sheekh Axmed**, madaxweynihii Soomaaliya, ayaa qaabilay ergeyga 2012. - **Axmed Macallin Fiqi** wuxuu January 2025 qaabilay Safiir Ruwayd. Isagoo wasiirka difaaca ah, January 2026 wuxuu sheegay in Soomaaliya haysato "xog la xaqiijiyay" oo ah in Israa'iil qorsheyneyso inay Falastiiniyiin u guuriso Somaliland ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/minister-of-foreign-affairs-receives-credentials-from-palestinian-thai-ambassadors); [Al Jazeera, 11 January 2026](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/11/somali-minister-says-israel-plans-to-displace-palestinians-to-somaliland)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud** wuxuu May 2025 shirka Carabta ee Baqdaad ka yiri "Arrinta Falastiin waa imtixaan noo ah annaga Carabta ah" ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-president-reaffirms-support-for-palestine-at-baghdad-summit/)). - **Abuukar Cismaan Baale**, safiirka Soomaaliya ee QM, wuxuu January 2025 Golaha Ammaanka u sheegay in Soomaaliya "aad uga walaacsan tahay" xaaladda Gaza ([SONNA, 4 January 2025](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-declares-firm-stance-on-palestine-at-un-security-council)). - **Maxamuud Macallin**, guddoomiyaha Hay'adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka (SoDMA), ayaa Safiir Ruwayd kula kulmay culimada **Bashiir Axmed Salaad** iyo **Cali Maxamuud Xasan (Wajiis)** ([SoDMA](https://sodma.gov.so/eng/?p=4837)). - **Cabdullaahi Janagale**, guddoomiyaha Somali Action Network, ayaa hoggaamiyay "Jikada Soomaalida ee Gaza", oo ay taageertay in ka badan US$250,000 oo Soomaali ururiyeen, cuntona bixinaysay laga bilaabo 29 July 2025 ([TRT Afrika](https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/2faa407e47b0)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? Heshiis laba-geesood ah laguma helin ilaha. Labaduba waxay saxiixeen bayaanno wadajir ah oo Jaamacadda Carabta iyo OIC ah. ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? Booqasho madaxweyne laguma helin ilaha. ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? WITS kuma jiraan tirooyin ganacsi oo u dhexeeya Soomaaliya iyo Falastiin. ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Gargaarka Soomaalida ee Gaza wuxuu ahaa mid gaar loo leeyahay. Jikada Soomaalida ee Gaza waxay ururisay in ka badan US$250,000, qiyaastii US$5,000 maalintii muddo 50 maalmood ah, iyadoo loo marinayay Ururka Culimada Falastiin ([TRT Afrika](https://www.trtafrika.com/english/article/2faa407e47b0)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Xiriir millatari ma jiro. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Falastiin ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Falastiin waxay Somaliland u aqoonsan tahay qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya: - **28 December 2025**: Falastiin waxay saxiixday bayaankii 21 dal iyo OIC ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). - **May 2026**: Falastiin waxay ku biirtay 19 dal oo diiday qorshaha Somaliland ee safaarad Qudus, iyagoo sheegay inay ku xadgudubayso "xuquuqda shacabka Falastiin" ([Al-Quds, 26 May 2026](https://alquds.com/en/posts/241380)). - **15 June 2026**: Xamaas waxay furitaanka safaaradda Somaliland ee Qudus ku tilmaantay "dembi siyaasadeed" ([Al-Quds, 15 June 2026](https://alquds.com/en/posts/244616)). ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf u dhexeeya Soomaaliya iyo Falastiin laguma helin ilaha. Khilaafku wuxuu ku saabsan yahay Gaza iyo Somaliland: - **Mowqifka Soomaaliya**: Wasiir Fiqi wuxuu January 2026 sheegay in Israa'iil qorsheyneyso inay Falastiiniyiin u guuriso Somaliland, wuxuuna ku tilmaamay "xadgudub culus" ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/11/somali-minister-says-israel-plans-to-displace-palestinians-to-somaliland)). - **Mowqifka Israa'iil**: Wasiir Gideon Sa'ar wuxuu sheegay in guuritaanka Somaliland "aanu ka mid ahayn heshiiskayaga". - **Mowqifka Somaliland**: wasaaraddeeda arrimaha dibadda waxay hore u beenisay inay oggolaatay dejinta Falastiiniyiin. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Falastiin? Xogta UNHCR kuma jiro tiro Soomaali ah oo Falastiin jooga ([UNHCR, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Halkee bay Falastiin ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Soomaaliya waxay taageertaa xubinnimo buuxda oo Falastiin ka hesho QM, sida ku qoran bayaankeedii wadajirka ahaa ee August 2025 ee ay la saxiixatay Aljeeriya ([Radio Algérie, August 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)). Golaha Ammaanka, Soomaaliya waxay Israa'iil ugu baaqday inay "ka jawaabto baaqyada beesha caalamka ee is-celinta" ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somalia-declares-firm-stance-on-palestine-at-un-security-council)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Israa'iil](/en/relations/israel/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) - Soomaaliya iyo OIC - [Soomaaliya iyo Aljeeriya](/en/relations/algeria/) - [Somaliland, 1991 ilaa 2026](/en/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Malaysiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/malaysia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Malaysiya iyo Soomaaliya waxaa inta badan isku xira ganacsiga, waxbarashada iyo qaxootiga. Malaysiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$96.9 milyan oo alaab ah 2024, inta badan saliidda timirta iyo caano, qiyaastii 2,945 Soomaali ahna waxay ka diiwaangashanaayeen UNHCR ee Malaysiya Febraayo 2026. Askari Malaysiyaan ah ayaa ciidanka QM ee Muqdisho lagu dilay 3 Oktoobar 1993. ## Sidee bay Soomaaliya iyo Malaysiya xiriir u yihiin maanta? Soomaaliya safiir ayay ku leedahay Malaysiya. Juun 2025 Safiir Cali Maxamed Abuukar (Wolf) wuxuu ka qayb qaatay booqasho Kuala Lumpur ay ku tageen Wasiirka Waxbarashada Faarax Sheekh Cabdulqaadir iyo Wasiiru Dawlaha Arrimaha Dibadda Cali Maxamed Cumar ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7044)). Xiriirada ugu muhiimsan maanta: - **Ganacsiga:** Malaysiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$96.9 milyan oo alaab ah 2024 ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=458&period=2024&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **Waxbarashada:** Luulyo 2026 Jaamacadda Hormuud ee Muqdisho waxay dibadda u dirtay ardaydeedii ugu horreysay, iyagoo ku jira is-weydaarsi lala yeeshay Universiti Malaysia Perlis ([Dawan Africa, 27 Luulyo 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somali-students-to-depart-for-malaysia-under-new-academic-exchange-programme)). - **Qaxootiga:** qiyaastii 2,945 Soomaali ah ayaa dhammaadkii Febraayo 2026 ka diiwaangashanaa UNHCR ee Malaysiya ([UNHCR Malaysia](https://unhcr.org/my/what-we-do/figures-glance-malaysia)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Xiriirka dawladeed ee ugu horreeya ee boggan loo helay waa qaybta Malaysiya ee hawlgalkii QM ee Soomaaliya 1993. Askari Malaysiyaan ah ayaa Muqdisho lagu dilay 3 Oktoobar 1993, isla markaas 18 askari oo Maraykan ah ayaa la dilay ([Human Rights Watch, World Report 1994](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)). Taariikhda labada dal ay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed dhiseen lagama helin diiwaanada boggan loo furi karay. ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Cali Maxamed Abuukar (Wolf):** safiirka Soomaaliya ee Malaysiya, oo lagu sheegay Juun 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7044)). Ergooyin Malaysiyaan ah oo Soomaaliya loo magacaabay lagama helin diiwaanada boggan loo furi karay. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Faarax Sheekh Cabdulqaadir**, wasiirka waxbarashada Soomaaliya, wuxuu wefdi u horkacay Kuala Lumpur wuxuuna la kulmay ardayda Soomaaliyeed 9 Juun 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7044)). - **Cali Maxamed Cumar**, wasiiru dawlaha arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu ka mid ahaa isla wefdigaas, kaas oo qorsheeyay kulamo lala yeesho saraakiil sare oo Malaysiyaan ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7044)). - **Cabdi Cumar Shuriye**, guddoomiyaha Jaamacadda Hormuud, wuxuu Luulyo 2026 u diray kooxdii ugu horreysay ee ardayda jaamacadda Universiti Malaysia Perlis ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somali-students-to-depart-for-malaysia-under-new-academic-exchange-programme)). ## Heshiisyo maxay kala saxeexdeen? Heshiis ama is-afgarad laba geesood ah lagama helin diiwaanada boggan loo furi karay. Is-weydaarsiga ardayda 2026 wuxuu hoos yimaadaa barnaamijka International Student Hosting Programme ee Universiti Malaysia Perlis ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somali-students-to-depart-for-malaysia-under-new-academic-exchange-programme)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaal kee ayaa booqday? - **Juun 2025:** Wasiirka Waxbarashada Faarax Sheekh Cabdulqaadir iyo Wasiiru Dawlaha Cali Maxamed Cumar, Kuala Lumpur ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7044)). Booqasho Soomaaliya uu ku yimid madaxa dawladda ama wasiir Malaysiyaan ah lama helin. ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? Ganacsiga Malaysiya ay la sheegtay Soomaaliya, sida uu muujinayo UN Comtrade: - **2010:** dhoofin US$9.4 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2010](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=458&period=2010&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2015:** dhoofin US$66.7 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2015](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=458&period=2015&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2020:** dhoofin US$89.9 milyan, soo dejin US$0.5 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2020](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=458&period=2020&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2023:** dhoofin US$122.1 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2023](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=458&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). - **2024:** dhoofin US$96.9 milyan, soo dejin US$0.7 milyan ([UN Comtrade, 2024](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=458&period=2024&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). 2024 dufanka xayawaanka iyo dhirta, inta badan saliidda timirta, waxay ahaayeen US$59.4 milyan oo dhoofintaas ka mid ah, alaabta caanaha US$25.9 milyan, kadibna saabuun ([UN Comtrade, 2024, alaab ahaan](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=458&period=2024&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la geliyay? Lacag dawladda Malaysiya ay Soomaaliya siisay kama muuqato diiwaanada Financial Tracking Service ee QM ee boggan loo hubiyay ([OCHA FTS, 2011](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2011&groupby=organization)). Kaalinta ugu weyn ee Malaysiya waa waxbarasho: qiyaastii 1,500 arday oo Soomaali ah ayaa Malaysiya joogay 2011, inta badan jaamacadaha dawladda ([Hiiraan Online, 21 Febraayo 2011](https://hiiraan.com/news2_rss/2011/Feb/malaysia_most_somali_students_are_driven_to_get_an_education.aspx)). ## Ka warran amniga? Askar Malaysiyaan ah ayaa Muqdisho kaga shaqeeyay UNOSOM II, mid ka mid ahna waxaa la dilay 3 Oktoobar 1993 ([Human Rights Watch, World Report 1994](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)). Eeg [Faragelintii QM 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/), [Dagaalkii Muqdisho 1993](/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-1993/) iyo [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Malaysiya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Xafiis, heshiis ama bayaan Malaysiyaan ah oo ku saabsan Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada lagama helin ilaha la isticmaalay. Wefdigii Soomaaliya ee 2025 wuxuu ka yimid dawladda federaalka ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=7044)). ## Ma jiraan khilaafaad? Khilaaf u dhexeeya labada dawladood lagama helin ilaha la isticmaalay. ## Imisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Malaysiya? UNHCR waxay dhammaadkii Febraayo 2026 qortay qiyaastii 2,945 Soomaali ah oo ka mid ah qaxootiga iyo magangalyo-doonka ka diiwaangashan Malaysiya ([UNHCR Malaysia](https://unhcr.org/my/what-we-do/figures-glance-malaysia)). Eeg [Malaysiya (qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed)](/en/diaspora/malaysia/). ## Halkee ayay Malaysiya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale ee arrimaha Soomaaliya? Malaysiya waxay ciidan ku biirisay hawlgalkii QM ee Soomaaliya 1993 ([Human Rights Watch, World Report 1994](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/WR94/Africa-08.htm)). Labada dalba waa xubno Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka ([OIC](https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=52&p_ref=26&lan=en)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Malaysiya (qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed)](/en/diaspora/malaysia/) - [Faragelintii QM 1992–1995](/so/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/) - [Dagaalkii Muqdisho 1993](/so/history/battle-of-mogadishu-1993/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Bakistaan](/so/relations/pakistan/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC) Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/oic/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waxay xubin ka tahay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka tan iyo shirkii lagu aasaasay Rabat 1969. OIC waxay xafiis gargaar ka furtay Muqdisho March 2011, xubnihiisuna waxay August 2011 ballan-qaadeen US$350 milyan oo loogu talagalay abaarta. 10 January 2026, wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda ee OIC waxay go'aan ku diideen aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo OIC? Soomaaliya waa mid ka mid ah 57-da dal ee xubnaha ka ah Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), waxaana lagu qoray "Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, xubin tan iyo 1969" ([OIC, dalalka xubnaha ah](https://www.oic-oci.org/en/members)). Kooxda Xiriirka OIC ee Soomaaliya waxay ugu dambeysay ku shirtay Doha 28 July 2025 ([Arab News Pakistan, 28 July 2025](https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2609756/saudi-arabia)). 10 January 2026, Golaha Wasiirrada Arrimaha Dibadda ee OIC waxay shir degdeg ah ku yeesheen Jidda. Waxay go'aan ku cambaareeyeen aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([Dawn, 11 January 2026](https://www.dawn.com/news/1966324)). 20 June 2026, Soomaaliya waxay heshiis US$45 milyan ah oo 2026 ilaa 2028 ah la saxiixatay Bangiga Horumarinta Islaamka (IsDB) ([Dawan Africa, 20 June 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-signs-dollar45-million-agreement-with-islamic-development-bank)). ## Goorma ayay Soomaaliya ku biirtay? Soomaaliya waxay ka qayb gashay Shirkii Koowaad ee Madaxda Islaamka oo Rabat lagu qabtay 22 ilaa 25 September 1969 ([Bayaankii Rabat, 25 September 1969](https://soufflesmonde.com/posts/final-declaration-of-the-first-islamic-summit-conference-rabat-morocco-25-september-1969)). Waxay ka mid ahayd lixda dal ee guddiga diyaarinta, oo ay la jireen Sacuudiga, Marooko, Iiraan, Malaysia iyo Niger; guddigaas wuxuu Rabat ku shiray 8 iyo 9 September 1969 ([The Wire](https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-oic-first-plenary)). Garowe Online waxay Soomaaliya ku tilmaantay xubin aasaase ah ([Garowe Online, 27 October 2018](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-mogadishu-hosts-oic-summit-1st-time-in-history)). Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Bangiga Horumarinta Islaamka 12 August 1974 ([IsDB, Soomaaliya](https://www.isdb.org/somalia)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu**, Xoghayaha Guud ee OIC, ayaa furay shirkii Kooxda Xiriirka Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya ee Jidda, 17 December 2009 ([UNPOS](https://unpos.unmissions.org/node/100040410)). Isaga ayaa hoggaaminayay shirkii abaarta ee Istanbul, 17 August 2011 ([Terra Daily/AFP](https://terradaily.com/oic-members-vow-to-donate-350-million-to-somalia-999/)). - İhsanoğlu wuxuu 8 October 2012 noqday xoghayihii ugu horreeyay ee OIC ee booqda Soomaaliya; wuxuu la kulmay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon ([UPI, 8 October 2012](https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2012/10/08/OIC-leader-makes-first-trip-to-Somalia/70351349705314/)). - **Recep Tayyip Erdoğan**, oo markaas ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Turkiga, ayaa martigeliyay shirkii August 2011, labo maalmood kaddibna wuxuu booqday xero ku taal Muqdisho ([Dawn, 17 August 2011](https://dawn.com/news/652475/oic-meets-on-somalia-in-istanbul); [ODI/HPG, 2015](https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/9457.pdf)). - **Hesham Youssef**, Ku-xigeenka Xoghayaha Guud ee arrimaha gargaarka, ayaa OIC uga hadlay shirkii Kooxda Xiriirka ee Muqdisho, October 2018 ([Arab News, 29 October 2018](https://arabnews.com/node/1395376)). - **Xasan Cali Kheyre**, oo markaas ahaa ra'iisul wasaare, ayaa shirkaas ka furay Xalane; waa shirkii wasiirro ee OIC ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya lagu qabto ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-mogadishu-hosts-oic-summit-1st-time-in-history)). - **Hissein Brahim Taha**, Xoghayaha Guud ee OIC, wuxuu Jidda kula kulmay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda **Axmed Macallin Fiqi** ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/?p=2721)). January 2026 wuxuu sheegay in midnimada Soomaaliya ay tahay mabda' "aan la tanaasuli karin" ([The Peninsula, 2 January 2026](https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/02/01/2026/oic-holds-emergency-meeting-on-somalia-after-israeli-recognition-of-somaliland)). - **Bihi Iimaan Cige**, Wasiirka Maaliyadda, iyo **Muhammad Al Jasser**, guddoomiyaha IsDB, ayaa Baku ku saxiixay heshiiska 2026–2028 ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-signs-dollar45-million-agreement-with-islamic-development-bank)). ## Maxay OIC samaysay abaartii 2011? Waaxda gargaarka ee OIC (ICHAD) waxay March 2011 Muqdisho ka furtay Xafiiska Isku-duwidda Gargaarka. Shaqaalihiisu waxay ka kaceen shan ilaa 35, ku dhowaad dhammaan Soomaali ([ODI/HPG, February 2015](https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/9457.pdf)). İhsanoğlu wuxuu December 2009 ku dhawaaqay in xafiis la furi doono laga bilaabo January 2010 ([ReliefWeb](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/ihsanoglu-oic-open-humanitarian-mission-mogadishu-2010-assist-reconstruction-somalia)). 17 August 2011, ilaa 40 dal oo xubno ah ayaa Istanbul ku shiray, waxayna ballan-qaadeen US$350 milyan, halka hadafku ahaa US$500 milyan. Qaybta Turkiga waxay ahayd US$150 milyan ([Terra Daily/AFP](https://terradaily.com/oic-members-vow-to-donate-350-million-to-somalia-999/)). Shirku wuxuu sameeyay Guddi Soomaaliya oo ka kooban Kazakhstan, Turkiga, Sacuudiga, Senegal iyo Xoghaynta OIC ([ODI/HPG](https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/9457.pdf)). OIC waxay isku-duwday ilaa 40 hay'adood oo loo yaqaan "Isbahaysiga OIC", oo ay ka mid yihiin Bisha Cas ee Qatar, IIRO iyo IHH. Abaarta waxay qaybisay 25,000 tan oo cunto ah (isla ilo). Olole Sacuudi ah oo Boqor Cabdalla aasaasay ayaa OIC u qoondeeyay US$72 milyan oo laba sano ah oo dib-u-dhis ah. Ilaa 2015 waxaa lagu dhisay 18 dugsi hoose, waxaana dib loo hagaajiyay 15 dugsi sare (isla ilo). ## Maxuu maalgeliyay Bangiga Horumarinta Islaamka? - **Wadarta:** 89 mashruuc, 84 dhammaaday, shanna socda; maalgelinta guud waxaa lagu qoray 129 milyan ([IsDB](https://www.isdb.org/somalia)). - **2016:** heshiis US$4.9 milyan ah oo waxbarashada sare ah (isla ilo). - **2026–2028:** qorshe US$45 milyan ah oo tamarta, beeraha, caafimaadka iyo tababarka xirfadaha ah ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somalia-signs-dollar45-million-agreement-with-islamic-development-bank)). - **Deynta:** dhammaadkii 2025 Soomaaliya waxay IsDB ku lahayd US$27.87 milyan, 2025-na waxay bixisay US$0.14 milyan ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, 2025](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). Eeg [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/en/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/). ## Shirarkee OIC ayay Soomaaliya ka qayb gashay ama martigelisay? - **22–25 September 1969:** shirkii koowaad ee madaxda, Rabat. - **17 December 2009:** Kooxda Xiriirka Caalamiga ah, Jidda, oo OIC martigelisay ([UNPOS](https://unpos.unmissions.org/node/100040410)). - **17 August 2011:** shir degdeg ah oo abaarta ah, Istanbul. - **27 October 2018:** Kooxda Xiriirka OIC ee Soomaaliya, Muqdisho ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/somalia-mogadishu-hosts-oic-summit-1st-time-in-history)). - **May 2024:** Shirka 15aad ee Madaxda, Banjul; Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuu joojiyay safarkiisa ([Dawan Africa](https://dawan.africa/news/somali-president-cancels-gambia-oic-trip)). - **11–12 November 2024:** shirka Carabta iyo Islaamka ee Riyadh, halkaas oo Xasan Sheekh ka jeediyay khudbad ku saabsan Gaza ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/palestinian-state-with-east-jerusalem-as-capital-is-solution-says-somalia-s-president)). - **28 July 2025:** Kooxda Xiriirka ee Soomaaliya, Doha ([Arab News Pakistan](https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2609756/saudi-arabia)). - **1 iyo 10 January 2026:** shirar degdeg ah oo Jidda ah oo ku saabsan Somaliland. ## Sidee bay OIC ula macaamishaa Somaliland? 4 January 2024, Xoghaynta OIC waxay war ku muujisay garab-istaag Soomaaliya kaddib heshiiskii is-afgaradka ee Itoobiya iyo Somaliland ee 1 January 2024. Warkaas waxaa Qaramada Midoobay lagu faafiyay dukumentiga S/2024/35 ([UN, S/2024/35](https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4033416/files/S_2024_35-EN.pdf)). Kaddib markii Israa'iil aqoonsatay Somaliland 26 December 2025, Guddiga Fulinta OIC wuxuu Jidda ku shiray 1 January 2026 ([The Peninsula](https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/02/01/2026/oic-holds-emergency-meeting-on-somalia-after-israeli-recognition-of-somaliland)). 10 January, shirka 22aad ee degdegga ah ee wasiirrada, oo Soomaaliya codsatay, wuxuu go'aan ku diiday aqoonsiga ([Al-Ahram](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/560464.aspx); [Dawn](https://www.dawn.com/news/1966324)). Wuxuu kaloo cambaareeyay booqashadii Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Israa'iil Gideon Saar ee Somaliland, 6 January 2026 (isla ilo). ## Halkee bay OIC ka taagan tahay Qaramada Midoobay? 29 December 2025, Golaha Ammaanka, Pakistan oo xubin OIC ah ayaa aqoonsiga ku tilmaantay "mid aad u walaac leh" ([Al Jazeera, 30 December 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/30/un-security-council-members-condemn-israels-recognition-of-somaliland)). OIC waxay 2009 Jidda ku martigelisay shirka Kooxda Xiriirka Caalamiga ah, oo uu guddoominayay Ergayga Gaarka ah ee QM ([UNPOS](https://unpos.unmissions.org/node/100040410)). Eeg [Soomaaliya iyo Qaramada Midoobay](/en/relations/un/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Qaramada Midoobay](/en/relations/un/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Turkiga](/en/relations/turkey/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Sacuudiga](/en/relations/saudi-arabia/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Israa'iil](/en/relations/israel/) - [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/en/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Ruushka Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/russia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu ahaa hub-bixiyaha ugu weyn ee Soomaaliya laga soo bilaabo 1962, wuxuu dhisay dekedda Berbera, wuxuuna Soomaaliya la saxeexday heshiis saaxiibtinimo oo 20 sano ah 11 Luulyo 1974. Soomaaliya heshiiskaas waxay burisay, la-taliyeyaashii Soofiyeetigana way eriday Nofembar 1977, kadib markii Moosko taageertay Itoobiya dagaalkii Ogaadeenya. Tan iyo markaas xiriirku waa yar yahay. ## Sidee xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Ruushku maanta yahay? Xiriirku waa rasmi laakiin waa khafiif. Soomaaliya safaarad bay ku leedahay Moosko; Cabdullaahi Maxamuud Warsame ayaa safiir ahaa tan iyo 2016 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Ruushku Soomaaliya wuxuu kala xiriiraa safaaraddiisa Jabuuti ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. Dhoofinta Ruushka ee Soomaaliya waxay ahayd $14.8 milyan 2021, labo-meelood-meel waa sarreen iyo badar ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=643&partnerCode=706&period=2021&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL); [UN Comtrade, alaab ahaan](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=643&partnerCode=706&period=2021&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). 2023 Ruushku wuxuu Soomaaliya ku daray lix dal oo Afrikaan ah oo hela badar bilaash ah ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Goormaa xiriirku bilowday? Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Soomaaliya xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ayay yeesheen 11 Sebtembar 1960 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). 1962 Moosko waxay oggolaatay inay amaah u bixiso tababarka iyo qalabeynta ciidamada Soomaaliya ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). Dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)): - qiyaastii 300 la-taliye militari oo Soofiyeeti ah ayaa la shaqeynayay ciidamada Soomaaliya; - qalabkoodu ku dhowaad dhammaan wuxuu ka yimid Yurubta Bari; - qiyaastii 500 Soomaali ah ayaa tababar militari ku qaatay Midowga Soofiyeeti. Gargaarka aan militariga ahayn waxaa ka mid ahaa deeqo waxbarasho, mashiinno daabacaad, qalab baahin iyo taageero beeraha iyo warshadaha ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). ## Maxay ahayd heshiiskii 1974, maxayse u dhammaatay? Inqilaabkii 1969 kadib, saraakiil dhallinyaro ah oo Midowga Soofiyeeti wax ku bartay ayaa taageeray dowladda militariga, inkastoo aan caddeyn loo helin in Soofiyeetigu abaabulay ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/21.htm)). Dowladda Siyaad Barre waxay qaadatay "hantiwadaagga cilmiga ku dhisan" ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/21.htm)). 11 Luulyo 1974 labada dal waxay saxeexeen Heshiiska Saaxiibtinimada iyo Iskaashiga ([Patman, Cambridge University Press, 1990](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/soviet-union-in-the-horn-of-africa/sovietsomali-treaty-of-11-july-1974/BF551078BFC83894FF3E6F71B708B5F3)). Dekedda iyo garoonka Berbera waxaa horumariyay Midowga Soofiyeeti ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/80.htm)). Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya 1977 Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu la saftay Itoobiya ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/80.htm)). Nofembar 1977 Siyaad Barre wuxuu buriyay heshiiskii 1974, wuxuuna eriyay la-taliyeyaashii Soofiyeeti ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). Hawada ayaa hub loogu qaaday Itoobiya laga bilaabo 28 Nofembar 1977 ([FRUS](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v17p1/d35)). Soomaaliya waxay u leexatay Mareykanka. Heshiis 1980 ah ayaa ciidamada Mareykanka siiyay Berbera, Kismaayo iyo Muqdisho, Mareykankuna wuxuu dayactiray xaruntii Soofiyeetigu ka dhisay Berbera ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/80.htm)). Eeg [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/). ## Yaa ah safiirrada? Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Ruushka ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)): - Maxamed Ibraahim Liqliiqato, 1969–1970 - Maxamed Maxamuud Xandule, 27 Luulyo 2007 ilaa 2015 - Cabdullaahi Maxamuud Warsame, laga bilaabo 2016 ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Siyaad Barre:** saxeexay heshiiskii 1974, buriyayna Nofembar 1977 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke iyo Sergei Lavrov:** Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya wuxuu la kulmay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Ruushka 19 Abriil 2016, wuxuuna ka codsaday taageero ka dhan ah Al-Shabaab ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Xasan Cali Kheyre iyo Arkady Dvorkovich:** kulan Davos, Janaayo 2018 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Heshiisyo noocee ah ayay saxeexeen? - **Juun 1961:** heshiis iskaashi dhaqan ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **1962:** amaah Soofiyeeti oo ciidamada loogu talagalay ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). - **11 Luulyo 1974:** Heshiiska Saaxiibtinimada iyo Iskaashiga, oo Soomaaliya burisay Nofembar 1977 ([Patman](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/soviet-union-in-the-horn-of-africa/sovietsomali-treaty-of-11-july-1974/BF551078BFC83894FF3E6F71B708B5F3); [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? Dhoofinta Ruushka ee Soomaaliya (doolar): 2015: $1.2 milyan; 2019: $1.7 milyan; 2020: $6.9 milyan; 2021: $14.8 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=643&partnerCode=706&period=2021&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Ruushku xog ganacsi oo Soomaaliya ah uma gudbin QM 2021 kadib ([UN Comtrade 2022](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=643&partnerCode=706&period=2022&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). ## Amniga ka warran? 1962 ilaa 1977 Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa hubeeyay oo tababaray ciidanka Soomaaliya ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). Ilaha la helay kuma jiro joogitaan militari oo Ruush ah oo maanta Soomaaliya ka jira. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Ruushku ula macaamilaa Somaliland? Saldhiggii Soofiyeeti ee Berbera wuxuu ku yaallay dhulka hadda Somaliland ah ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/80.htm)). Xiriir Ruush ah oo Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada la leh 1991 kadib lagama helin ilaha. ## Muran ma dhacay? - **1977:** Soomaaliya waxay burisay heshiiskii kadib markii Moosko taageertay Itoobiya ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/80.htm)). - **1978:** Siyaad Barre wuxuu shirkii Ururka Midnimada Afrika (OAU) ku dhaleeceeyay saameynta Soofiyeeti ee Geeska Afrika ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). - **Maajo 2010:** kadib markii ciidamada Ruushku ka xoreeyeen burcad-badeed markabkii MV Moscow University, Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in xiriirku dhaawacmi karo sida loola dhaqmay tuhmanayaasha ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa Ruushka ku nool? UNHCR ma lahan tiro qaxooti Soomaali ah oo Ruushka jooga 2025 ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=5&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=RUS)). Arday Soomaali ah ayaa 1960-meeyadii u tegay Midowga Soofiyeeti tababar militari iyo farsamo ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). ## Halkee Ruushku ka taagan yahay QM? Diseembar 2025, wadahadallada cunaqabateynta Al-Shabaab, Ruushku wuxuu taageeray codsiga Soomaaliya ee ah in nidaamka lagu koobo Al-Shabaab iyo qodob waqti xaddidan ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/12/al-shabaab-sanctions-vote-on-a-draft-resolution-renewing-the-sanctions-regime.php)). Wadahadallada AUSSOM, Ruushku wuxuu la safay Shiinaha iyo xubnaha Afrika si warbixinnada loo yareeyo ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/12/somalia-vote-on-aussom-mandate-renewal.php?print=true)). Labada go'aan, 2806 iyo 2809, si wadajir ah ayaa loo ansixiyay ([Security Council Report](https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/12/somalia-vote-on-aussom-mandate-renewal.php?print=true)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969–1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/) - [Ciidamada Soomaaliya, 1960–1991](/so/history/somali-armed-forces-1960-1991/) - [Dagaalkii Ogaadeenya, 1977](/so/history/ogaden-war-1977/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Bangaladhesh Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/bangladesh/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Bangaladhesh iyo Soomaaliya midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kan kale; safiirka Soomaaliya ee Islamabad ayaa xilsaaran Dhaka. Bangaladhesh waxay ciidan u dirtay UNOSOM I iyo II sannadihii 1990-meeyadii. Burcad-badeedda Soomaalida waxay qabsadeen laba markab oo Bangaladhesh ah: Jahan Moni (Diseembar 2010 ilaa Maarso 2011) iyo MV Abdullah (12 Maarso ilaa 14 Abriil 2024). ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Bangaladhesh? Labada dal midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kan kale. 30 Nofeembar 2025, Sheekh Nuur Maxamed Xuseen (Sheikhnur Mohamed Hossain), safiirka Soomaaliya ee Islamabad, wuxuu booqday Rugta Ganacsiga Bangaladhesh (FBCCI) ee Dhaka ([FBCCI, 30 Nofeembar 2025](https://fbcci.org/web/news/the-ambassador-of-somalia-met-the-fbcci-administrator)). Waxay ka wada hadleen ganacsi iyo maalgashi xoolaha, adeegga caafimaadka iyo daawooyinka. Abriil 2026, Bangaladhesh waxay ka mid noqotay dalal Muslim ah oo bayaan ka soo saaray qorshaha Israa'iil ee ah inay safiir u magacowdo Somaliland ([Shabelle/AllAfrica, 19 Abriil 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202604200211.html)). Bayaanku wuxuu ku tilmaamay "xadgudub cad oo ka dhan ah madax-bannaanida Soomaaliya, midnimadeeda iyo dhul ahaanshaheeda." Xiriirka ugu caansan ee labada shacab badda ayuu ka dhacay: burcad-badeed Soomaaliyeed ayaa qabsaday maraakiibta Jahan Moni (2010–2011) iyo MV Abdullah (2024). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilowday? Labada dal waa xubno ka tirsan Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC) iyo Ururka Dalalka Badweynta Hindiya (IORA). Ciidamadii ugu horreeyay ee Bangaladhesh ee Soomaaliya yimid waxay la socdeen hawlgalladii Qaramada Midoobay ee 1990-meeyadii. Bangaladhesh waxay ku jirtaa liiska dalalka ciidan u diray UNOSOM I ([UN Peacekeeping, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1facts.html)) iyo UNOSOM II, oo socday Maarso 1993 ilaa Maarso 1995 ([UN Peacekeeping, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Soomaaliya ee Bangaladhesh:** waxaa laga maamulaa safaaradda Soomaaliya ee Islamabad. Safiir **Sheekh Nuur Maxamed Xuseen** ayaa Dhaka yimid Nofeembar 2025, isagoo la socda **Asma Haghi**, isku-duwaha diblomaasiyadda ([FBCCI](https://fbcci.org/web/news/the-ambassador-of-somalia-met-the-fbcci-administrator)). - **Bangaladhesh ee Soomaaliya:** lama helin xafiis ay Bangaladhesh ku leedahay Muqdisho. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Bilaal Maxamed Cusmaan**, Wasiiru Dowlaha Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya, iyo **AK Abdul Momen**, Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Bangaladhesh, ayaa kulmay 17 Nofeembar 2021 shirka IORA. Waxay isku afgarteen iskaashi waxbarasho, tiknoolajiyad iyo beeraha ([The Business Standard, 18 Nofeembar 2021](https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/somalia-dhaka-agree-establish-cooperation-education-it-agriculture-331300?amp)). - **AK Abdul Momen** wuxuu soo jeediyay beero heshiis lagu fasho dhulka Soomaaliya ee aan la beerin, in ardayda Soomaaliyeed ay wax ku bartaan jaamacadaha gaarka ah ee Bangaladhesh, iyo heshiis laba-cashuur ka hortag ah. - **Sheekh Nuur Maxamed Xuseen** wuxuu Dhaka kula kulmay **Md. Abdur Rahim Khan**, maamulaha FBCCI, 30 Nofeembar 2025 ([FBCCI](https://fbcci.org/web/news/the-ambassador-of-somalia-met-the-fbcci-administrator)). - **Meherul Karim**, madaxa shirkadda KSRM, ayaa hoggaaminayay wadahadalladii lagu sii daayay MV Abdullah 2024. Wuxuu sheegay inay ka faa'iideysteen waayo-aragnimadii Jahan Moni ([The Business Standard, 2024](https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/we-used-2010s-jahan-moni-rescue-experience-help-free-mv-abdullah-crew-ksrm-827961)). ## Heshiisyo maxay kala saxiixdeen? Lama helin heshiis ama is-afgarad la saxiixay. 2021 labada dhinac waxay mabda' ahaan ku heshiiyeen iskaashi waxbarasho, tiknoolajiyad iyo beeraha; Bangaladhesh waxay soo jeedisay heshiis cashuur ([The Business Standard](https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/somalia-dhaka-agree-establish-cooperation-education-it-agriculture-331300?amp)). ## Madaxdee is booqday? - **17 Nofeembar 2021:** wasiirro ayaa ku kulmay shirka 21aad ee golaha wasiirrada IORA. - **30 Nofeembar 2025:** safiirka Soomaaliya ee Islamabad oo Dhaka yimid ([FBCCI](https://fbcci.org/web/news/the-ambassador-of-somalia-met-the-fbcci-administrator)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Warbixintii ugu dambaysay ee Bangaladhesh u gudbisay Qaramada Midoobay oo ku saabsan ganacsiga Soomaaliya waa 2018. Sannadkaas waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab qiimaheedu yahay 15.6 milyan oo doollar, wax badanna kama soo dhoofsan ([UN Comtrade, 2018](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=50&period=2018&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=X,M)). Alaabta ugu badnayd ([UN Comtrade, qaybaha, 2018](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=50&period=2018&partnerCode=706&cmdCode=AG2&flowCode=X)): - khudaar iyo miro la diyaariyay, 7.4 milyan oo doollar - sonkor iyo macmacaan, 2.4 milyan - daawooyin, 2.3 milyan - bur iyo rooti, 1.0 milyan - cabbitaanno, 0.9 milyan 2025 labada dhinac waxay xuseen xoolaha, adeegga caafimaadka iyo daawooyinka inay yihiin meelo ganacsiga lagu ballaarin karo ([FBCCI](https://fbcci.org/web/news/the-ambassador-of-somalia-met-the-fbcci-administrator)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Nidaamka OCHA ee la socodka lacagaha (FTS) kuma diiwaan gashana wax gargaar bini'aadannimo ah oo dowladda Bangaladhesh Soomaaliya siisay sannadaha 2008 ilaa 2025 ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2011&groupby=organization)). ## Amniga maxaa ka jira? Askar Bangaladhesh ah ayaa ka shaqeeyay UNOSOM I iyo UNOSOM II ([UN Peacekeeping](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Bangaladhesh ciidan uma dirin AMISOM, ATMIS ama AUSSOM. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). **Burcad-badeedda:** - **Jahan Moni:** waxaa lagu afduubay Badda Carabta 5 Diseembar 2010, iyadoo ay saarnaayeen 25 shaqaale oo Bangaladhesh ah iyo xaaska injineerka sare; 12 Diseembar waxaa la keenay xeebta u dhow Garacad ([The Financial Express](https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/print/crew-released-jahan-moni-sails-for-oman)). Waxaa la sii daayay 14 Maarso 2011 ([Capital FM](https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2011/03/somali-pirates-free-bangladeshi-ship/)). The Business Standard ayaa madax-furashada ku qiyaasay 4 milyan oo doollar. - **MV Abdullah:** markab xamuul ah oo calanka Bangaladhesh sita, ay leedahay S.R. Shipping oo ka tirsan KSRM, ayaa la qabsaday 12 Maarso 2024 isagoo 58,000 tan oo dhuxul ah ka sida Maputo una socda Al Hamriya (Imaaraadka), waxaana saarnaa 23 shaqaale oo Bangaladhesh ah ([BenarNews, 14 Abriil 2024](https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/hostages-freed-04142024104335.html)). Waxaa la sii daayay subaxnimadii 14 Abriil 2024; laba burcad-badeed ayaa Reuters u sheegay in la bixiyay 5 milyan oo doollar, KSRM-na ma sheegin lacagta ([The Business Standard](https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/we-used-2010s-jahan-moni-rescue-experience-help-free-mv-abdullah-crew-ksrm-827961)). Wasiiru Dowlaha Gaadiidka Badda ee Bangaladhesh, Khalid Mahmud Chowdhury, wuxuu sheegay in warbixinnada madax-furashada aysan run ahayn. - Markii lacagta la dhiibayay, diyaarad ayaa badda ku tuurtay, booliska Soomaaliya ayaa xeebta ilaalinayay, markab dagaal oo Midowga Yurub ah ayaana fogaan joogay ([Prothom Alo, 14 Abriil 2024](https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/1gvqcn84vi)). ## Sidee bay Bangaladhesh ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Bangaladhesh waxay saxiixday bayaankii Abriil 2026 ee diiday qorshaha Israa'iil ee safiir loogu magacaabayo Somaliland ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202604200211.html)). Lama helin xiriir ay la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada. ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? Lama helin khilaaf labada dowladood dhexmaray. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Bangaladhesh? Dhammaadkii 2025, UNHCR waxay Bangaladhesh ku tirisay 30 qaxooti iyo 28 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaali ah ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=100&yearFrom=1990&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=BGD)). ## Halkee bay Bangaladhesh ka taagan tahay Qaramada Midoobay iyo ururrada kale? - Waxay ciidan u dirtay UNOSOM I iyo UNOSOM II. - 2021 Soomaaliya waxay Bangaladhesh ka codsatay inay taageerto u tartankeeda kursiga Golaha Ammaanka 2025–2026; Bangaladhesh-na waxay taageero uga codsatay doorashooyinka IMO iyo Golaha Xuquuqda Aadanaha iyo arrinta Rohingya ([The Business Standard](https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/somalia-dhaka-agree-establish-cooperation-education-it-agriculture-331300?amp)). - Abriil 2026 waxay taageertay midnimada dhul ee Soomaaliya ([AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202604200211.html)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Bakistaan](/en/relations/pakistan/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Hindiya](/en/relations/india/) - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [UNOSOM I](/en/history/unosom-i-1992-1993/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Bulshada Bariga Afrika (EAC) Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/eac/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waa xubinta siddeedaad ee Bulshada Bariga Afrika. Waxay codsatay March 2012, waxaa la aqbalay shirkii Arusha 24 November 2023, waxay saxiixday heshiiska ku biirista 15 December 2023, waxayna xubin buuxda noqotay 4 March 2024. Ugu yaraan sagaal xildhibaan oo Soomaali ah ayaa ku jira Golaha Sharci-dejinta Bariga Afrika. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo EAC? Soomaaliya waa mid ka mid ah siddeedda dal ee Bulshada Bariga Afrika (EAC), oo ay la jiraan Burundi, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo, Kenya, Rwanda, Koonfur Suudaan, Tansaaniya iyo Uganda ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/); [EAC, dalalka xubnaha ah](https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states)). Waxay xubin buuxda noqotay 4 March 2024 ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/)). Liiska xubnaha Golaha Sharci-dejinta Bariga Afrika (EALA) ee shanaad (2022 ilaa 2027) wuxuu muujinayaa ugu yaraan sagaal xubnood oo laga soo doortay Soomaaliya ([EALA](https://www.eala.org/members/category/5th-assembly-2022-2027)): - Safiirad Zahra Cali Xasan - Faysal Roble - Xuseen Xasan Cabdi - Fahma Axmed Nuur - Ilhaan Cali Gassar - Faadumo Cabdullaahi Maxamuud - Cabdiraxmaan Bashiir Shariif - Safiir Abuukar Cabdi Cismaan - Dr Cabdisalaam Hadliye Cumar Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu daabacay qiimeyn dhaqaale oo ku saabsan ku biiritaanka Soomaaliya ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). ## Goorma ayay Soomaaliya ku biirtay EAC? - **6 March 2012:** Dowladda KMG ah ayaa codsatay. Safiir Cabdi Xakiim Cali Yaasiin, ergeyga gaarka ah ee Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmed, ayaa codsiga ku gaarsiiyay Nairobi. Waxaa loo qoray Madaxweynaha Kenya Mwai Kibaki, oo markaas guddoomiye ka ahaa EAC, waxaana la gaarsiiyay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Moses Wetangula ([Capital FM, 6 March 2012](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-applies-to-join-eac-bloc/)). Al Jazeera waxay sheegtay in codsigii ugu horreeyay ahaa 2011 ([Al Jazeera, 29 November 2023](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/29/somalia-has-joined-the-eac-regional-bloc-what-happens-next)). - **August 2022:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu magacaabay ergey gaar ah (isla [Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/29/somalia-has-joined-the-eac-regional-bloc-what-happens-next)). - **24 November 2023:** Shirka 23aad ee Arusha ayaa Soomaaliya aqbalay ([EAC, 25 November 2023](https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2977-east-african-community-continues-on-a-trajectory-of-expansion-as-summit-admits-somalia-into-the-bloc)). - **15 December 2023:** Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh iyo Madaxweynaha Koonfur Suudaan Salva Kiir, guddoomiyaha EAC, ayaa heshiiska ku saxiixay Aqalka Madaxtooyada Entebbe, Uganda; Madaxweyne Museveni ayaa goobjoog ahaa ([EAC, 15 December 2023](https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2989-somali-to-sign-treaty-of-accession-with-the-east-african-community-today)). Capital FM waxay sheegtay 16 December ([Capital FM, 4 March 2024](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). - **4 March 2024:** Soomaaliya waxay dukumentiga ansixinta u gudbisay Xoghayaha Guud Peter Mathuki, Arusha, waxayna noqotay xubin buuxda ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/); [Capital FM](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). ## Maxay Soomaaliya bixisaa, maxayse hesho? Shirkii 2023 wuxuu go'aamiyay qaab cusub oo miisaaniyadda: 65% si siman, 35% iyadoo loo eegayo baaxadda dhaqaalaha ([EAC, 25 November 2023](https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2977-east-african-community-continues-on-a-trajectory-of-expansion-as-summit-admits-somalia-into-the-bloc)). Madaxweynaha Kenya William Ruto wuxuu sheegay in Soomaaliya suuqa wadajirka ah ku kordhisay "15 milyan oo qof oo dheeraad ah"; Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu xusay xeebta Soomaaliya oo qiyaastii 3,000 mayl ah (isla ilo). Xoolaha ayaa ah waxa ugu badan ee Soomaaliya dhoofiso, kadib moos, kalluun, iyo haragga ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/29/somalia-has-joined-the-eac-regional-bloc-what-happens-next)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Cabdi Xakiim Cali Yaasiin:** ergeygii keenay codsigii 2012 ([Capital FM](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-applies-to-join-eac-bloc/)). - **Shariif Sheekh Axmed:** madaxweynaha dowladda KMG markii la codsaday (isla ilo). - **Moses Wetangula:** wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Kenya ee codsiga qaatay (isla ilo). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud:** wuxuu magacaabay ergey 2022, wuxuu ku tilmaamay aqbalaadda "taariikhi", wuxuuna saxiixay heshiiska ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2977-east-african-community-continues-on-a-trajectory-of-expansion-as-summit-admits-somalia-into-the-bloc)). - **Peter Mathuki:** Xoghayaha Guud ee EAC, oo qaatay ansixinta ([Capital FM](https://capitalfm.africa/somalia-deposits-ratification-instrument-with-eac-sg/)). - **Salva Kiir Mayardit:** guddoomiyaha EAC, saxiixay heshiiska ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2989-somali-to-sign-treaty-of-accession-with-the-east-african-community-today)). - **Évariste Ndayishimiye:** madaxweynaha Burundi, guddoomiyihii EAC ilaa shirkii aqbalaadda ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2977-east-african-community-continues-on-a-trajectory-of-expansion-as-summit-admits-somalia-into-the-bloc)). - **Yoweri Museveni:** madaxweynaha Uganda, martigeliyay saxiixa ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2989-somali-to-sign-treaty-of-accession-with-the-east-african-community-today)). ## Maxay dadka Soomaaliyeed yiraahdeen? Al Jazeera waxay November 2023 diiwaangelisay aragtiyo ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/29/somalia-has-joined-the-eac-regional-bloc-what-happens-next)): - **Maxamed Cabdi Waare,** madaxweynihii hore ee Hirshabeelle: fursado dhaqaale iyo istaraatiijiyadeed. - **Cabdiraxmaan Cabdishakuur,** xildhibaan: EAC waa urur dhaqaale, Soomaaliyana weli wax badan oo ay bixiso ma leh. - **Bashiir Sheekh-Cali,** Machadka Heritage: kaabayaasha iyo garsoor madax-bannaan la'aantood way adag tahay. - **Cabdullaahi Cabdi,** falanqeeye: ururku wuxuu Kenya iyo Soomaaliya siinayaa meel lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka. ## Xafiisyada EAC Xoghaynta EAC iyo Golaha Sharci-dejinta waxay fadhiyaan Arusha, Tansaaniya ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/press-releases/2989-somali-to-sign-treaty-of-accession-with-the-east-african-community-today)). Eeg [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/). ## Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada EAC waxay aqbashay Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo hal dal ah ([EAC](https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states)). Al Jazeera waxay xustay in xiriirka dowladda federaalka iyo Somaliland uu ka xumaaday khilaafka Laascaanood, iyo in khilaafka dowladda iyo dowlad-goboleedyada uu dib u dhigi karo ansixinta ([Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/29/somalia-has-joined-the-eac-regional-bloc-what-happens-next)). ## Ma jireen khilaafaad? - **Xadka badda ee Kenya:** Soomaaliya waxay kiiska geysay Maxkamadda Caddaaladda Caalamiga ah, oo 2021 inta badan u xukuntay; Kenya ma aqbalin. Falanqeeyayaal ayaa EAC u arka meel lagu xallin karo (isla [Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/29/somalia-has-joined-the-eac-regional-bloc-what-happens-next)). - **Amniga:** qaar ayaa ka walaacay in Soomaaliya keento dhibaatooyin amni; kuwo kale waxay tilmaameen dagaallada DRC iyo Koonfur Suudaan (isla ilo). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Bangiga Adduunka](/so/relations/world-bank/) - [Ganacsiga, dhoofinta iyo soo dejinta](/so/economy/trade-exports-and-imports/) - [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Marooko Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/morocco/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Marooko waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo January 1979. 28 November 2025 wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda waxay saxiixeen qorshe iskaashi 2026–2028, Marookona waxay deeqaha waxbarasho ee ardayda Soomaaliyeed ka dhigtay 120 sannadkii. Soomaaliya waxay taageertaa mowqifka Marooko ee Saxaraha Galbeed, waxayna u codeysay Go'aanka Golaha Ammaanka 2797 31 October 2025; Marookona waxay sheegtay inay taageerto madaxbannaanida Soomaaliya. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Marooko? 28 November 2025 wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali iyo Naasir Buriita waxay Rabaat ku saxiixeen qorshe iskaashi 2026 ilaa 2028. Wuxuu daboolayaa beeraha, kalluumeysiga, dalxiiska, tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo, waxbarashada, caafimaadka, amniga iyo dhaqanka. Waxay sidoo kale saxiixeen ka-dhaafid fiisaha baasaboorrada diblomaasiyadda ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 28 November 2025](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-fm-signs-agreement-with-moroccan-counterpart-marking-a-new-era-in-bilateral-relations/)). Marooko waxay deeqaha waxbarasho ee ardayda Soomaaliyeed kor ugu qaadday 120 sannadkii, jaamacad, farsamo iyo xirfad. Soomaaliya waxay safiir ku leedahay Rabaat, Saalax Cali Ibraahim, oo Boqor Maxamed VI qaabilay 2 October 2023 ([Hespress, 2 October 2023](https://fr.hespress.com/332962-332962.html)). Ganacsigu waa yar yahay: 2023 Marooko waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$317,000, waxayna ka soo dejisay US$587,000 ([WITS, dhoofinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/MAR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL); [WITS, soo dejinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/MAR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirku wuxuu bilaabmay 24 January 1979, sida ku qoran MEED Arab Report, kuna xusan [liiska Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia). Labaduba waxay ku biireen OIC markii la aasaasay 1969 ([OIC](https://www.oic-oci.org/en/members)). Soomaaliya xafiis diblomaasiyadeed kuma lahayn Marooko ilaa 2020-meeyadii. 2019 labada dal waxay sameeyeen Guddi Sare oo Wadajir ah ([Morocco World News, 24 September 2022](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/09/351501/somalia-to-open-embassy-in-rabat-consulate-in-dakhla)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Saalax Cali Ibraahim**, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Marooko, oo Boqorku qaabilay 2 October 2023 ([Hespress](https://fr.hespress.com/332962-332962.html)). September 2022 Soomaaliya waxay ku dhawaaqday inay safaarad ka furayso Rabaat iyo qunsuliyad Daakhla oo ku taal Saxaraha Galbeed ([Morocco World News](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/09/351501/somalia-to-open-embassy-in-rabat-consulate-in-dakhla)). Safiir Marooko u fadhiya Soomaaliya laguma helin ilaha. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Naasir Buriita**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Marooko, ayaa saxiixay heshiisyadii 2019 iyo qorshihii 2025, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay 120-ka deeq ([Morocco World News, 28 November 2025](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2025/11/269900/somalia-renews-support-for-moroccos-sovereignty-over-western-sahara/)). - **Axmed Ciise Cawad**, wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, ayaa March 2019 la saxiixay Buriita saddex heshiis is-afgarad ([Hiiraan Online, March 2019](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2019/Mar/162977/somalia_signs_agreements_with_morocco_supports_morocco_s_territorial_integrity.aspx)). - **Maxamuud Cabdi Xasan**, wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu Buriita kula kulmay Daakhla April 2022 ([Morocco World News, 2 April 2022](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/04/47982/morocco-somalia-discuss-prospects-for-regional-stability/)). - **Abshir Cumar Jaamac**, wasiirkii arrimaha dibadda, wuxuu September 2022 New York ka shaaciyay safaaradda Rabaat iyo qunsuliyadda Daakhla ([Morocco World News](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/09/351501/somalia-to-open-embassy-in-rabat-consulate-in-dakhla)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali** ayaa saxiixay qorshaha 2026–2028 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-fm-signs-agreement-with-moroccan-counterpart-marking-a-new-era-in-bilateral-relations/)). - **Xamse Cabdi Barre**, ra'iisul wasaaraha, wuxuu November 2025 Rabaat kula kulmay Ra'iisul Wasaare Casiis Akhannuush, isagoo ka qayb galayay golaha MEDays ee Tanjiir ([Morocco World News, 27 November 2025](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2025/11/269763/morocco-expresses-support-for-all-efforts-aimed-at-promoting-peace-sovereignty-of-somalia/)). - **Casiis Akhannuush** wuxuu adkeeyay taageerada Marooko ee "madaxbannaanida Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya ee dhulkeeda". ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **March 2019**: saddex heshiis is-afgarad: Guddi Sare oo Wadajir ah oo ay guddoomiyaan wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda, wada-tashi siyaasadeed, iyo tababarka diblomaasiyiinta ([Morocco World News](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/04/47982/morocco-somalia-discuss-prospects-for-regional-stability/)). - **28 November 2025**: bayaan wadajir ah, qorshaha iskaashiga 2026–2028, iyo ka-dhaafid fiisaha baasaboorrada diblomaasiyadda ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-fm-signs-agreement-with-moroccan-counterpart-marking-a-new-era-in-bilateral-relations/); [Radio Dalsan, 29 November 2025](https://radiodalsan.com/news/297155/somalia-and-morocco-forge-strategic-partnership-for-2026-2028)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **March 2019**: Wasiir Axmed Ciise Cawad wuxuu tagay Rabaat ([Hiiraan Online](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2019/Mar/162977/somalia_signs_agreements_with_morocco_supports_morocco_s_territorial_integrity.aspx)). - **March–April 2022**: Wasiir Maxamuud Cabdi Xasan wuxuu tagay Daakhla ([Morocco World News](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/04/47982/morocco-somalia-discuss-prospects-for-regional-stability/)). - **November 2025**: Ra'iisul Wasaare Xamse Cabdi Barre wuxuu tagay Rabaat iyo Tanjiir, Wasiir Cabdisalaam Cabdi Calina Rabaat ([Morocco World News](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2025/11/269763/morocco-expresses-support-for-all-efforts-aimed-at-promoting-peace-sovereignty-of-somalia/)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Waxa Marooko u dhoofiso Soomaaliya ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/MAR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)): - 2019: US$347,000 - 2021: US$1.81 milyan - 2023: US$317,000 Waxa Marooko Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay wuxuu ahaa US$2.60 milyan 2021 iyo US$587,000 2023 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/MAR/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). 2023 dhammaan waxa laga soo dejiyay waxay ku jireen qaybta canjeelada, xabagta iyo cusbiyada dhirta. Waxa loo dhoofiyay waxaa ugu badnaa shidaal (US$177,000) iyo daawo (US$75,000) ([UN Comtrade, soo dejinta](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=504&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2&includeDesc=true); [UN Comtrade, dhoofinta](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=504&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2&includeDesc=true)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Waxa ugu weyn ee Marooko bixiso waa waxbarasho: 120 deeq sannadkii laga bilaabo 2025 ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-fm-signs-agreement-with-moroccan-counterpart-marking-a-new-era-in-bilateral-relations/)). FTS waxay diiwaan gelisay hal hadiyad cunto ah oo dowladda Marooko bixisay, US$6,666, sannadkii 2003 ([OCHA FTS, 2003](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2003)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Qorshaha 2025 wuxuu ka mid yahay iskaashiga amniga ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-fm-signs-agreement-with-moroccan-counterpart-marking-a-new-era-in-bilateral-relations/)). Ciidamo ama hawlgal tababar oo Marooko laguma helin ilaha. Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Marooko ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? - **28 December 2025**: Marooko, Baxrayn iyo Imaaraadka ma saxiixin bayaankii 21 dal iyo OIC ee diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). - **May 2026**: Marooko waxay saxiixday bayaan 19 dal oo diiday qorshaha Somaliland ee safaarad Qudus, kuna taageeray wadajirka dhuleed ee Soomaaliya ([Al-Quds, 26 May 2026](https://alquds.com/en/posts/241380)). - **November 2025**: Akhannuush wuxuu adkeeyay taageerada madaxbannaanida Soomaaliya ([Morocco World News](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2025/11/269763/morocco-expresses-support-for-all-efforts-aimed-at-promoting-peace-sovereignty-of-somalia/)). Xiriir Marooko la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada laguma helin ilaha. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf laguma helin ilaha. Arrinta Saxaraha Galbeed, Soomaaliya waxay taageertaa Marooko. 17 November 2020 wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay inay "garab taagan tahay Boqortooyada walaalaha ah ee Marooko" markii dib loo furay marinka Guerguerat ([Morocco World News](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/04/47982/morocco-somalia-discuss-prospects-for-regional-stability/)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Marooko? UNHCR waxay 2025 Marooko ku tirisay 86 qaxooti Soomaali ah iyo 104 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Halkee bay Marooko ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Soomaaliya, oo xubin ka ah Golaha Ammaanka, waxay ka mid ahayd 11 xubnood oo u codeeyay Go'aanka 2797 ee Saxaraha Galbeed 31 October 2025 ([Morocco World News](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2025/11/269763/morocco-expresses-support-for-all-efforts-aimed-at-promoting-peace-sovereignty-of-somalia/)). 2025 labaduba waxay isku raaceen inay mowqifyadooda ku isku duwaan hay'adaha caalamiga ah ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/somali-fm-signs-agreement-with-moroccan-counterpart-marking-a-new-era-in-bilateral-relations/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Aljeeriya](/en/relations/algeria/) - Soomaaliya iyo OIC - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) - [Deeqaha waxbarasho](/en/society/scholarships/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Holland Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/netherlands/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Holland waxay Soomaaliya u aragtaa dal mudnaan u leh gargaarkeeda, iyadoo raacaysa istaraatiijiyad 2023–2026 ah oo ku saabsan garsoorka, amniga, shaqada iyo socdaalka. Safaaradda Holland ee Nairobi ayaa u xilsaaran Soomaaliya, waxaana Muqdisho jooga qunsul sharafeed. Safiir Henk Jan Bakker wuxuu warqadihiisa u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Sebtembar 2025. ## Sidee xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Holland maanta yahay? Safaaradda Holland waxay sheegtay in "Soomaaliya ay tahay dal mudnaan u leh dowladda Holland" ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/the-netherlands-and-somalia)). Shaqada Holland waxaa hagaya istaraatiijiyad sannadaha 2023–2026 ah ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia)). Waxay ka kooban tahay ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia)): - **Amni, sharci iyo xuquuqul insaan.** - **Horumar dhaqaale**, oo loogu talagalay dhallinyarada dhibaataysan. - **Amni gobol, gargaar bini'aadannimo iyo socdaal**, oo ay ku jiraan maalgashi nololeed oo loogu talagalay dhallinyarada khatarta ugu jira in kooxaha hubaysan qortaan. Holland safaarad kuma laha gudaha Soomaaliya. Safaaradda Nairobi ayaa u xilsaaran, mana bixin karto caawimo qunsul markaad Soomaaliya joogto ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/consular-affairs)). Qunsul sharafeed ayaa ka shaqeeya Muqdisho ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/consular-affairs)). ## Goormaa xiriirku bilowday? 1993 Holland waxay ka mid ahayd dalalka shaqaale militari ama boolis u diray howlgalka QM ee UNOSOM II ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Taariikhda bulshada Soomaalida Holland eeg [Soomaalida Holland](/en/diaspora/netherlands/). ## Yaa ah safiirrada? - **Henk Jan Bakker:** safiirka Holland ee Kenya, una xilsaaran Soomaaliya tan iyo 2024; Sebtembar 2025 wuxuu Muqdisho ku gudbiyay warqadihiisa ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/ambassador-henk-jan-bakker1)). Wuxuu wasaaradda ku biiray 1992, horayna safiir uga ahaa Uganda, Itoobiya iyo Afgaanistaan ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/ambassador-henk-jan-bakker1)). - **Maxamed Bashiir Cismaan "Midnimo":** qunsulka sharafeed ee Muqdisho ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/honorary-consul-somalia)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Henk Jan Bakker:** booqashadiisii ugu horreysay ee 24 saacadood ahayd, Sebtembar 2025, wuxuu Madaxweynaha kala hadlay iskaashiga horumarka, gargaarka iyo xiriirka labada dal ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/ambassador-henk-jan-bakker1)). - **Maxamed Bashiir Cismaan "Midnimo":** wuxuu ku dhashay Muqdisho, kuna laabtay 2016; wuxuu aasaasay shirkadda xayeysiinta Daauus, wuxuuna wada-aasaasay Guriga Oranje ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/honorary-consul-somalia)). Wuxuu caawiyaa muwaadiniinta Holland, wuxuu horumariyaa ganacsiga, wuxuuna maamulaa bulsho online ah oo ardaydii Soomaaliyeed ee jaamacadaha Holland ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/honorary-consul-somalia)). - **Cabdalle Mumin:** agaasimaha Ururka Saxafiyiinta Soomaaliyeed (SJS), oo safaaraddu u magacaabatay abaalmarinta Tulip-ta Xuquuqul Insaanka; waa markii ugu horreysay oo Soomaali gasho tobanka adduunka ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/embassy-tulip)). - **Nimco Jirdeh:** agaasimaha Acacia Dialogue Center, oo ka hadashay munaasabadda ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/embassy-tulip)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee is booqday? - **Sebtembar 2025:** Safiir Henk Jan Bakker wuxuu Muqdisho u yimid gudbinta warqadaha ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/ambassador-henk-jan-bakker1)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? Dhoofinta Holland ee Soomaaliya (doolar): 2015: $9.6 milyan; 2019: $18.9 milyan; 2022: $30.5 milyan; 2023: $10.8 milyan; 2024: $11.5 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=528&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). 2024 alaabta ugu badan waxay ahayd qalab koronto, daawo, caano iyo mashiinno ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=528&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2)). Waxa laga soo dejiyo ku dhowaad dhammaan waa sisin ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=528&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar ah ayaa la geliyay? Bogagga safaaraddu ma daabacaan wadarta sannadlaha ah ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/the-netherlands-and-somalia)). Barnaamijyada la magacaabay ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/the-netherlands-and-somalia)): - **Nexus Skills and Jobs**, oo maalgeliya waxbarashada iyo shaqada dhallinyarada. - **Garsoorka iyo maamulka deegaanka**, iyadoo lala shaqeynayo Wasaaradda Caddaaladda iyo Arrimaha Dastuurka, bulshada rayidka iyo QM. ## Amniga ka warran? Shaqada amni ee Holland waa mid rayid ah: sharciga, maamulka deegaanka iyo ka ilaalinta dhallinyarada kooxaha hubaysan ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia)). Holland waxay shaqaale u dirtay UNOSOM II ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Holland ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Bogagga safaaraddu kuma xusin Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada si gaar ah ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/ambassador-henk-jan-bakker1)). Bakker wuxuu sheegay inuu rajeynayo inuu booqdo gobollo kale ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/ambassador-henk-jan-bakker1)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa Holland ku nool? Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay Holland ku tirisay 4,918 qaxooti Soomaali ah iyo 2,209 magangalyo-doon ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=5&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=NET)). Tirada guud ee Soomaalida, oo ay ku jiraan muwaadiniinta Holland, way ka badan tahay; eeg [Soomaalida Holland](/en/diaspora/netherlands/). ## Halkee Holland ka taagan tahay QM? Holland waxay shaqaale u dirtay UNOSOM II ([QM](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2facts.html)). Shariigyada ugu muhiimsan ee ay Soomaaliya kula shaqeyso waxaa ka mid ah QM ([Netherlands and You](https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/web/somalia/the-netherlands-and-somalia)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) - [Soomaalida Holland](/en/diaspora/netherlands/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Aljeeriya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/algeria/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Aljeeriya waxay xiriir lahaayeen ugu yaraan tan iyo March 1974. Xiriirku si degdeg ah ayuu u koray 2025: Soomaaliya waxay August ka furtay xarun cusub oo safaarad ah magaalada Aljeers, Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu November booqasho rasmi ah ku tagay, Aljeeriyana waxay kordhisay deeqaha waxbarasho. 8 February 2026 Aljeeriya waxay cafisay deynta Soomaaliya ee US$1.56 milyan ahayd. Labaduba waxay 2025 ku wada jireen Golaha Ammaanka QM. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Aljeeriya? Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Aljeers, oo 10 August 2025 u guurtay xarun cusub ([Radio Algérie, 11 August 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69165)). Aljeeriya weli safaarad kuma laha Muqdisho; wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Soomaaliya wuxuu May 2026 soo dhaweeyay furitaankeeda la qorsheeyay ([Horizons, 13 May 2026](https://www.horizons.dz/2026/05/le-president-tebboune-recoit-une-lettre-de-son-homologue-somalien/)). Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu Aljeeriya booqasho rasmi ah ku tagay laga bilaabo 10 November 2025, 11 November-na wuxuu wada-hadal la yeeshay Madaxweyne Cabdulmajiid Tebbuun. Waxay saxiixeen heshiisyo, waxayna sameeyeen guddi wasiirro oo wadajir ah ([Radio Algérie, 11 November 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/ar/node/73969)). 8 February 2026 Aljeeriya waxay warqad ku xaqiijisay cafis buuxa oo deynta Soomaaliya, taas oo dhammaadkii 2025 ahayd US$1.56 milyan ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda, warbixinta deynta 2025](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Cabdulxamiid Cali Yuusuf waxaa loo magacaabay safiirka Soomaaliya ee Aljeeriya 17 March 1974, sida ku qoran Arab Report and Record, kuna xusan [liiska Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia). 1970-meeyadii Soomaaliya waxay taageeri jirtay dalalka Carabta ee ka soo horjeeday siyaasadda Mareykanka, oo ay ku jirto Aljeeriya ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/79.htm)). Aljeeriya waxay cunto u ballan qaadday Soomaaliya abaartii 1974–1975 ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/59.htm)), waxayna dhammaadkii 1970-meeyadii amaah yar siisay ([Maktabadda Congress-ka](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/60.htm)). 15 November 1988 Aljeeriya iyo Soomaaliya waxay ahaayeen labadii dal ee ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsada Dawlada Falastiin ([UNESCO, sida ku xusan Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Somalia_relations)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? Safiirrada Soomaaliya ee Aljeeriya: - **Cabdulxamiid Cali Yuusuf**, loo magacaabay 17 March 1974 ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia)). - **Yuusuf Axmed Xasan**, wuxuu warqadaha u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Tebbuun 28 April 2025 ([Radio Algérie, 29 April 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/63813)). Waa sidoo kale safiirka aan degganayn ee Tunisiya ([SONNA, 6 May 2026](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-algeria-presents-non-resident-credentials-to-tunisia-advancing-bilateral-cooperation/)). Ergooyinka Aljeeriya: - **Maxamed Saxnuun**, diblomaasi Aljeeriyaan ah, wuxuu noqday wakiilka gaarka ah ee QM ee Soomaaliya 28 April 1992, sannadkaas ayuuna iscasilay ([UN Peacekeeping](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). - **Salma Maliika Xaddaadi**, safiirka Aljeeriya ee Itoobiya iyo Midowga Afrika, waxaa Villa Somalia ku qaabilay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh ([Safaaradda Aljeeriya ee Nairobi](https://embnairobi.mfa.gov.dz/fr/news-and-press-releases/president-hassan-sheikh-mohamud-of-somalia-receives-algerian-ambassador-to-ethiopia-he-selma-malika-haddadi)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Cabdulmajiid Tebbuun**, madaxweynaha Aljeeriya, wuxuu Xasan Sheekh kula kulmay shirkii Carabta ee Aljeers November 2022, wuxuuna martigeliyay booqashadii 2025 ([Radio Algérie, 10 November 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/73911)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud** wuxuu Aljeeriya uga mahadceliyay inay Soomaaliya garab taagnayd "xilliyadii ugu adkaa" ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/ar/node/73969)). - **Axmed Cattaaf**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Aljeeriya, wuxuu martigeliyay Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali 9–11 August 2025, wuxuuna la saxiixay saddex heshiis is-afgarad ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, ayaa furay safaaradda cusub, wuxuuna farriin u dhiibay Ra'iisul Wasaare Naadir Larbaawi. - **Daahir Maxamuud Geelle**, ergeyga madaxweynaha, wuxuu 21 November 2024 Tebbuun u geeyay warqad. **Kaamil Badaari**, wasiirka tacliinta sare ee Aljeeriya, ayaa December 2024 keenay jawaabta ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/73911)). - **Cali Yuusuf Xoosh**, wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Soomaaliya, wuxuu 13 May 2026 Tebbuun u dhiibay warqad kale, wuxuuna amaanay deeqaha waxbarasho ([Horizons](https://www.horizons.dz/2026/05/le-president-tebboune-recoit-une-lettre-de-son-homologue-somalien/)). - **Cali Maxamed Cumar**, wasiir dowlaha arrimaha dibadda, ayaa Aljeers ku soo dhaweeyay kooxdii ugu horreysay ee 27 arday ah ([Goobjoog, 2 December 2025](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-sends-first-scholarship-students-to-algeria-as-bilateral-ties-deepen)). - **Salma Bakhta Mansuuri**, xoghayaha dowladda ee arrimaha Afrika, ayaa Cabdisalaam la furtay safaaradda cusub ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69165)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? - **10 August 2025**: saddex heshiis is-afgarad: guddi wasiirro oo wadajir ah, wada-tashi siyaasadeed oo u dhexeeya wasaaradaha arrimaha dibadda, iyo tababarka diblomaasiyiinta Soomaaliyeed ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)). - **11 November 2025**: heshiisyo la saxiixay booqashada madaxweynaha, iyo guddi wasiirro oo la socda ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/ar/node/73969)). Warbixin kale waxay sheegtay siddeed heshiis ([APA News](https://fr.apanews.net/?p=268025)). - **8 February 2026**: warqadda Aljeeriya ee cafiska deynta ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **November 2022**: Xasan Sheekh wuxuu ka qayb galay shirkii 31aad ee Jaamacadda Carabta ee Aljeers ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/73911)). - **9–11 August 2025**: Wasiir Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)). - **10–11 November 2025**: booqasho rasmi ah oo Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/73911)). - **13 May 2026**: Wasiir Cali Yuusuf Xoosh waxaa qaabilay Tebbuun ([Horizons](https://www.horizons.dz/2026/05/le-president-tebboune-recoit-une-lettre-de-son-homologue-somalien/)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Ganacsiga la diiwaan geliyay aad buu u yar yahay. Tirooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waa US$43,500 oo Aljeeriya Soomaaliya u dhoofisay 2017 iyo US$4,100 oo ay ka soo dejisay ([WITS, dhoofinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/DZA/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL); [WITS, soo dejinta](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/DZA/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? Deeqaha waxbarasho waa waxa ugu weyn ee Aljeeriya bixiso. Ilaha tirooyin kala duwan ayay sheegaan: - August 2025 Aljeeriya waxay deeqaha jaamacadda ka kordhisay 15 una dhigtay 50 sannadkii ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)). - Goobjoog waxay sheegtay in heshiisku bixinayo 120 deeq, iyo 500 kale oo beeraha, tamarta iyo cilmiga farsamada ah. Waxay sheegtay in December 2025 ay 45 arday oo Soomaali ah wax ka baranayeen Aljeeriya ([Goobjoog](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-sends-first-scholarship-students-to-algeria-as-bilateral-ties-deepen)). - APA News waxay sheegtay 110 arday oo la qaabilayo laga bilaabo 2026 ([APA News](https://fr.apanews.net/?p=268025)). Aljeeriya waxay sidoo kale tababar u ballan qaadday khubarada Soomaaliyeed ee shidaalka iyo caafimaadka ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)). February 2026 waxay cafisay deynta US$1.56 milyan ah ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Safiir Yuusuf Axmed Xasan wuxuu April 2025 sheegay in Soomaaliya doonayso khibradda Aljeeriya ee la-dagaallanka argagixisada ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/63813)). Difaaca iyo amniga waxay ka mid ahaayeen arrimihii laga wada hadlay November 2025 ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/ar/node/73969)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Aljeeriya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Aljeeriya waxay taageertaa "madaxbannaanida, midnimada iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee Soomaaliya", waxayna ka soo horjeedaa faragelinta shisheeye ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)). Wasiirkeeda arrimaha dibadda wuxuu saxiixay bayaankii 28 December 2025 ee diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ([Radio Algérie, 28 December 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). Waxay sidoo kale saxiixday bayaankii May 2026 ee ka dhanka ahaa qorshaha Somaliland ee safaarad Qudus ([Al-Quds, 26 May 2026](https://alquds.com/en/posts/241380)). Xiriir Aljeeriya la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada laguma helin ilaha. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf laguma helin ilaha. Arrinta Saxaraha Galbeed mowqifyadoodu way kala duwan yihiin: bayaankoodii August 2025 wuxuu taageeray xal "ku salaysan rabitaanka shacabka Saxraawiga" ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)), halka Soomaaliya u codeysay Go'aanka QM 2797 oo Marooko soo dhaweysay ([Morocco World News, 27 November 2025](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2025/11/269763/morocco-expresses-support-for-all-efforts-aimed-at-promoting-peace-sovereignty-of-somalia/)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Aljeeriya? UNHCR waxay 2025 Aljeeriya ku tirisay lix magangalyo-doon oo Soomaali ah ([UNHCR, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). Ardayda si gaar ah ayaa loo tiriyaa; 45 ayaa wax baranayay December 2025 ([Goobjoog](https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-sends-first-scholarship-students-to-algeria-as-bilateral-ties-deepen)). ## Halkee bay Aljeeriya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Aljeeriya (2024–2025) iyo Soomaaliya (2025–2026) waxay ku wada jireen Golaha Ammaanka QM, waxayna isku raaceen inay halkaas iska kaashadaan ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/69164)). Aljeeriya waxay xubin ka tahay Golaha Nabadda iyo Amniga ee Midowga Afrika 2025–2028. Diblomaasiga Aljeeriyaanka ah Maxamed Saxnuun ayaa hoggaamiyay hawlgalkii ugu horreeyay ee QM ee Soomaaliya 1992 ([UN Peacekeeping](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Marooko](/en/relations/morocco/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Tunisiya](/en/relations/tunisia/) - [Soomaaliya iyo QM](/en/relations/un/) - [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/en/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/) - [Deeqaha waxbarasho](/en/society/scholarships/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Tunisiya Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/tunisia/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya iyo Tunisiya waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo July 1969. Midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kale: safiirka Soomaaliya ee Aljeers, Yuusuf Axmed Xasan, wuxuu warqadaha ku gudbiyay Tuunis 6 May 2026. January 2026 Tunisiya waxay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ku tilmaantay 'fal culus', waxayna sheegtay 'taageero buuxda' oo midnimada Soomaaliya. 2023 Tunisiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$265,000. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Tunisiya? Labaduba waa xubno Jaamacadda Carabta, Midowga Afrika iyo OIC. Midkoodna safaarad joogto ah kuma laha caasimadda kale. 6 May 2026 safiirka Soomaaliya ee Aljeers, Yuusuf Axmed Xasan, wuxuu warqadaha safiirnimada aan degganayn u gudbiyay Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Maxamed Cali Al-Nafti, magaalada Tuunis ([SONNA, 6 May 2026](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-algeria-presents-non-resident-credentials-to-tunisia-advancing-bilateral-cooperation/)). Waxay ka wada hadleen ganacsiga, waxbarashada, beeraha, dhoofinta xoolaha iyo amniga gobolka. Wasiirka Tunisiya wuxuu adkeeyay rabitaanka iskaashiga "gaar ahaan tacliinta sare" ([La Presse, May 2026](https://www.lapresse.tn/?p=4332753)). Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. 2023 Tunisiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$265,000, inta badan saliid cunto iyo waxyaabo badar laga sameeyay, wax la sheego ahna kama soo dejin ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUN/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL); [UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=788&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2&includeDesc=true)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? Xiriirku wuxuu bilaabmay July 1969, sida ku qoran buugga Ursel Clausen *Tunisie – notes biographiques* (1976), kuna xusan [liiska Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia). Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta 14 February 1974 ([Somali Archive](https://somaliarchive77.substack.com/p/the-arabs-and-somalis-need-each-other)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada iyo ergooyinka? - **Yuusuf Axmed Xasan**, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Aljeeriya, loo aqoonsaday Tunisiya 6 May 2026 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-algeria-presents-non-resident-credentials-to-tunisia-advancing-bilateral-cooperation/); [Radio Algérie, 29 April 2025](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/63813)). Safiir Tunisiya u fadhiya Soomaaliya laguma helin ilaha. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Maxamed Cali Al-Nafti**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Tunisiya, ayaa qaatay warqadaha Safiir Yuusuf, wuxuuna January 2026 OIC kaga hadlay Somaliland ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-algeria-presents-non-resident-credentials-to-tunisia-advancing-bilateral-cooperation/); [Webdo, 11 January 2026](https://www.webdo.tn/fr/actualite/international/la-tunisie-denonce-encore-la-reconnaissance-de-letat-de-somaliland-par-lentite-sioniste/391118/)). - **Cabdisalaam Cabdi Cali**, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Soomaaliya, wuxuu Al-Nafti kula kulmay Jiddah shirkii degdegga ahaa ee OIC ee Soomaaliya ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/minister-of-foreign-affairs-and-international-cooperation-h-e-abdisalam-abdi-ali-met-on-saturday-evening-in-jeddah-with-his-counterpart-h-e-mohamed-ali-nafti-minister-of-foreign-affairs-migrati/)). - **Maxamed Cali Xagaa**, wasiir dowlaha amniga gudaha, wuxuu March 2023 dhiggiisa Tunisiya kula kulmay shirka wasiirrada arrimaha gudaha Carabta ee Tuunis ([SONNA, 3 March 2023](https://sonna.so/en/state-minister-mohamed-ali-hagaa-attends-arab-league-conference-in-tunisia)). ## Heshiisyo intee le'eg ayay saxiixeen? Heshiis laba-geesood ah laguma helin ilaha. ## Hoggaamiyeyaashee booqday? - **March 2023**: Wasiir dowle Maxamed Cali Xagaa wuxuu tagay Tuunis, shirkii 40aad ee Golaha Wasiirrada Gudaha Carabta ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/state-minister-mohamed-ali-hagaa-attends-arab-league-conference-in-tunisia)). - **6 May 2026**: Safiir Yuusuf Axmed Xasan wuxuu tagay Tuunis ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-algeria-presents-non-resident-credentials-to-tunisia-advancing-bilateral-cooperation/)). ## Intee ganacsi ah ayay sameeyaan? Waxa Tunisiya u dhoofiso Soomaaliya ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUN/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/XPRT-TRD-VL)): - 2018: US$346,000 - 2021: US$907,000 - 2022: US$128,000 - 2023: US$265,000 2023 waxa ugu badnaa waxay ahaayeen saliid iyo baruur (US$185,000) iyo cunto badar laga sameeyay (US$71,000) ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=788&period=2023&partnerCode=706&flowCode=X&cmdCode=AG2&includeDesc=true)). Waxa Tunisiya Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay ugu badnaan wuxuu ahaa US$16,000 sannadkii 2021 ([WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/tradestats-trade/reporter/TUN/year/all/partner/SOM/product/Total/indicator/MPRT-TRD-VL)). ## Intee gargaar iyo lacag ah ayaa la keenay? FTS kama diiwaan gelin wax lacag ah oo Tunisiya Soomaaliya siisay tan iyo 1999 ([OCHA FTS](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2011)). Soomaaliya deyn Tunisiya ah kuma laha liiska Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee 2025 ([Wasaaradda Maaliyadda](https://mof.gov.so/sites/default/files/Publications/FY2025%20Annual%20Debt%20Management%20Report%20(ADMR)%20Report%20No.2_mq%20(1).pdf)). ## Amniga sidee yahay? Door millatari oo Tunisiya ku leedahay Soomaaliya laguma helin ilaha. Amniga wuxuu ka mid ahaa arrimihii laga hadlay May 2026 ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/somali-ambassador-to-algeria-presents-non-resident-credentials-to-tunisia-advancing-bilateral-cooperation/)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Tunisiya ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Shirkii 22aad ee degdegga ahaa ee wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda OIC ee Jiddah, 10 January 2026, Al-Nafti wuxuu aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ku tilmaamay "fal culus". Wuxuu sheegay "taageerada buuxda" ee Tuunis u hayso madaxbannaanida, midnimada iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee Soomaaliya ([Webdo, 11 January 2026](https://www.webdo.tn/fr/actualite/international/la-tunisie-denonce-encore-la-reconnaissance-de-letat-de-somaliland-par-lentite-sioniste/391118/)). Tunisiya kuma jirin 21-kii dal ee saxiixay bayaankii 28 December 2025 ([Radio Algérie](https://news.radioalgerie.dz/en/node/76724)). Xiriir Tunisiya la leedahay Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada laguma helin ilaha. ## Khilaaf ma dhex maray? Khilaaf laguma helin ilaha. ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa ku nool Tunisiya? UNHCR waxay 2025 Tunisiya ku tirisay 22 qaxooti Soomaali ah iyo 432 magangalyo-doon, halka 2024 magangalyo-doonku ahaayeen 1,045 ([UNHCR, 2025](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa_all=true); [UNHCR, 2024](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=300&yearFrom=2024&yearTo=2024&coo=SOM&coa_all=true)). ## Halkee bay Tunisiya ka taagan tahay QM iyo hay'adaha kale? Tunisiya waxay OIC ku taageertaa wadajirka dhuleed ee Soomaaliya ([Webdo](https://www.webdo.tn/fr/actualite/international/la-tunisie-denonce-encore-la-reconnaissance-de-letat-de-somaliland-par-lentite-sioniste/391118/)). January 2026 labada wasiir waxay diideen "fal kasta oo wiiqaya midnimada Soomaaliya" ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda](https://web.mfa.gov.so/minister-of-foreign-affairs-and-international-cooperation-h-e-abdisalam-abdi-ali-met-on-saturday-evening-in-jeddah-with-his-counterpart-h-e-mohamed-ali-nafti-minister-of-foreign-affairs-migrati/)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo Aljeeriya](/en/relations/algeria/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Marooko](/en/relations/morocco/) - Soomaaliya iyo OIC - [Soomaaliya iyo Jaamacadda Carabta](/en/relations/arab-league/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Yurub Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/european-union/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Midowga Yurub iyo kii ka horreeyay waxay Soomaaliya la shaqaynayeen tan iyo 1960-meeyadii, markii Soomaaliya xubin la-xiriire ah ka noqotay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha Yurub. Tan iyo 2008, Midowga Yurub wuxuu wadaa saddex hawlgal: Atalanta oo badda ah, EUTM Somalia oo tababar ah iyo EUCAP Somalia oo rayid ah. December 2025 wuxuu taageeray midnimada Soomaaliya, wuxuuna ku baaqay wadahadal Somaliland. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Midowga Yurub? Midowga Yurub wuxuu xeebaha Soomaaliya iyo Badda Cas ka wadaa hawlgalka badda ee Atalanta, kaas oo ilaaliya maraakiibta Barnaamijka Cuntada Adduunka, lana dagaallama burcad-badeedda ([EUNAVFOR Atalanta](https://eunavfor.eu/)). Portugal ayaa October 2026 la wareegtay hoggaanka ciidamada hawlgalka (isla ilo). Midowga Yurub wuxuu kaloo leeyahay laba hawlgal oo kale ([EUNAVFOR](https://eunavfor.eu/sister-missions)): - **EUTM Somalia:** xoojinta hay'adaha difaaca federaalka si ay dowladdu u qaadato mas'uuliyadda amniga. - **EUCAP Somalia:** dhisidda awoodda sharci-fulinta badda ee rayidka ah, oo ay Somaliland ku jirto. Midowga Yurub waa mid ka mid ah taageerayaasha Sanduuqa MPF ee Bangiga Adduunka ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/brief/the-somalia-multi-partner-fund-mpf)). Wuxuu kaloo maalgeliyaa mashruuca IGAD ee socodka xorta ah, kaas oo October 2026 tababaray 40 sarkaal oo xuduudaha ah ([IGAD](https://igad.int/igad-ilo-and-iom-train-somali-border-police-and-immigration-officers-in-integrated-border-management/)). ## Goorma ayuu xiriirku bilaabmay? 1960-meeyadii, taageerada Talyaaniga ayaa Soomaaliya u suurtagelisay inay xubin la-xiriire ah ka noqoto Bulshada Dhaqaalaha Yurub (EEC) ([Maktabadda Koongaraska Mareykanka](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/17.htm)). ## Hawlgallada Midowga Yurub - **Atalanta, laga bilaabo 2008:** go'aanka 2008/851/CFSP ee 10 November 2008, si looga hortago burcad-badeedda xeebaha Soomaaliya loona ilaaliyo maraakiibta WFP. Xaruntii ugu horreysay waxay ahayd Northwood, Ingiriiska; miisaaniyaddii ugu horreysay waxay ahayd €8.3 milyan ([EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008E0851)). Hadda xaruntu waa Rota, Isbaanish ([EUNAVFOR](https://eunavfor.eu/)). - **EUTM Somalia, laga bilaabo 2010:** go'aanka 2010/96/CFSP ee 15 February 2010, si loo tababaro ciidamada amniga ee dowladda KMG. Bartilmaameedku wuxuu ahaa 2,000 askari, tababarkuna wuxuu "inta badan ka dhacayay Uganda" ([EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010D0096)). - **EUCAP Nestor (2012), EUCAP Somalia (2016):** waxaa la aasaasay 16 July 2012 si loo dhiso awoodda amniga badda ee Jabuuti, Kenya, Seychelles iyo Soomaaliya ([EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012D0389)). 12 December 2016 waxaa loo beddelay EUCAP Somalia, diiradduna waxay saaran tahay Soomaaliya oo keliya: kormeerka kalluumaysiga, samatabbixinta, ka-hortagga tahriibinta iyo burcad-badeedda, iyo booliska xeebaha ([EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016D2240)). Atalanta waxay sheegtay inay 177 burcad-badeed u gudbisay maamulka, ilaalisayna 2,519 markab oo WFP ah oo siday 3,311,078 tan oo cunto iyo gargaar ah ([EUNAVFOR](https://eunavfor.eu/)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) iyo [Burcad-badeedda](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Alexander Rondos:** ergeyga gaarka ah ee Midowga Yurub ee Geeska Afrika laga bilaabo 1 January 2012; Soomaaliya ayaa ahayd mudnaantiisa koowaad ([EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011D0819)). - **Admiral Phillip Jones:** taliyihii ugu horreeyay ee Atalanta, 2008 ([EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008E0851)). - **Gaashaanle Sare Ricardo González Elul:** taliyihii ugu horreeyay ee EUTM Somalia, 2010 ([EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010D0096)). ## Lacagta - **Cafiska deynta:** March 2020, Midowga Yurub wuxuu wax ku biiriyay bixinta deynta Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). - **MPF:** Midowga Yurub waa taageere sanduuqan, oo la aasaasay 2013 ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/brief/the-somalia-multi-partner-fund-mpf)). - **EUCAP:** €12 milyan, 16 December 2015 ilaa 28 February 2017 ([EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016D2240)). ## Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada - **Aqoonsiga:** kadib markii Israa'iil aqoonsatay Somaliland December 2025, Midowga Yurub wuxuu sheegay muhiimadda "ixtiraamka midnimada, madax-bannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed" ee Soomaaliya, wuxuuna ku dhiirri-geliyay "wadahadal macno leh oo dhexmara Somaliland iyo Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya" ([The Media Line, 28 December 2025](https://themedialine.org/headlines/un-security-council-to-meet-as-21-muslim-countries-eu-condemn-somaliland-recognition)). - **Badda Somaliland:** EUCAP Somalia waxay awoodda sharci-fulinta badda ka dhistaa Somaliland ([EUNAVFOR](https://eunavfor.eu/sister-missions)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Burcad-badeedda Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia/) - [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Bangiga Adduunka](/so/relations/world-bank/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Iswisarland Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/switzerland/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Iswisarland waxay aqoonsatay Soomaaliya isla markii ay xorowday 1 Luulyo 1960, waxayna kala xiriirtaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi. Soomaaliya waa dal mudnaan u leh horumarinta Iswisarland: barnaamij cusub oo 2026–2029 ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhulalka engegan ee Kenya iyo Itoobiya ee u dhow, wuxuu leeyahay miisaaniyad qiyaastii CHF 112 milyan ah. Ganacsigu waa yar yahay. ## Sidee xiriirka Soomaaliya iyo Iswisarland maanta yahay? Iswisarland waxay xiriirka Soomaaliya ku tilmaantay mid wanaagsan ([Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Iswisarland (FDFA), 1 Febraayo 2026](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Xafiis kuma laha gudaha Soomaaliya; safaaradda Iswisarland ee Kenya ayaa u xilsaaran ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en)). Soomaaliya waa dal mudnaan u leh iskaashiga horumarineed ee Iswisarland ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Barnaamijka hadda socda waa 2026–2029, miisaaniyaddiisuna waa qiyaastii CHF 112 milyan, 98% waxay ka timaaddaa hay'adda horumarinta Iswisarland (SDC) ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/cooperation-programme-ic)). Wuxuu daboolayaa Soomaaliya iyo dhulalka engegan ee waqooyi-bari Kenya iyo koonfur-bari Itoobiya ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/cooperation-programme-ic)). ## Goormaa xiriirku bilowday? Iswisarland waxay aqoonsatay Soomaaliya isla markii ay xorowday 1 Luulyo 1960 ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Tan iyo xorriyadda waxay bixisay gargaar bini'aadannimo iyo mashaariic horumarineed ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). ## Yaa ah safiirrada? - **Dhinaca Iswisarland:** Safaaradda Iswisarland ee Nairobi ayaa u xilsaaran Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jiraan fiisaha iyo adeegyada qunsulka ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/swiss-representations-contacts)). - **Xafiiska iskaashiga:** xafiiska gobolka ee SDC ee Nairobi ayaa fuliya barnaamijka ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Bogagga dowladda Iswisarland ee la helay ma magacaabin safiir Iswisarland ama Soomaali ah. ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? Diiwaanka Iswisarland wuxuu magacaabaa hay'ado, ma aha shaqsiyaad. SDC iyo Xoghayaha Dowladda ee Socdaalka ayaa wada maalgeliya oo wada fuliya barnaamijka ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/cooperation-programme-ic)). Shariigyada ugu muhiimsan waa hay'adaha QM, hay'adaha aan dowliga ahayn, Midowga Afrika iyo IGAD ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). ## Maxuu qabtaa barnaamijka Iswisarland? Barnaamijka 2026–2029 wuxuu hiigsanayaa "Soomaaliya loo dhan yahay oo nabdoon" iyo dhulalka u dhow, isagoo diiradda saaraya dadka ugu nugul ([FDFA, 30 Maarso 2026](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/themes)). Wuxuu leeyahay saddex natiijo ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/themes)): - **Nabad iyo maamul:** in bulshada, gaar ahaan haweenka iyo dhallinyarada, ka qaybqaataan maamulka. - **Horumarka bulshada:** caafimaadka iyo biyaha, iyo yareynta khatarta xoolo-dhaqatada iyo barakacayaasha. - **Dhaqaale u adkeysta cimilada:** dakhli joogto ah oo barakacayaasha iyo xoolo-dhaqatada loo abuuro. Barnaamijku wuxuu diiradda saaraa saddex waddo oo socdaal iyo ganacsi oo xuduudaha ka gudba ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/cooperation-programme-ic)). Barnaamijkii hore ee Geeska Afrika, 2022–2025, wuxuu ka shaqeeyay maamul wanaag, amniga cuntada, caafimaadka, socdaalka iyo ilaalinta ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). ## Intee ayay ganacsadaan? Ganacsiga labada dal wuxuu ahaa in yar oo ka badan CHF 367,000 sannadkii 2020 ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Iswisarland waxay Soomaaliya ka soo dejisay saliid udgoon, waxayna u iib geysay qalab xafiis iyo elektaroonig ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Dhoofinta Iswisarland (doolar): 2015: $1.0 milyan; 2022: $1.3 milyan; 2023: $1.3 milyan; 2024: $0.31 milyan ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=757&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=X,M&cmdCode=TOTAL)). Waxa laga soo dejiyo waxaa ka mid ah xabag, foox iyo saliid udgoon ([UN Comtrade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=757&partnerCode=706&period=2024&flowCode=M&cmdCode=AG2)). ## Intee gargaar ah ayaa la geliyay? - **2026–2029:** qiyaastii CHF 112 milyan ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/cooperation-programme-ic)). - **Gargaar bini'aadannimo:** tan iyo 1960 ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). - **Deeqo waxbarasho:** cilmi-baarayaasha iyo fanaaniinta Soomaaliyeed waxay codsan karaan Swiss Government Excellence Scholarships ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). ## Amniga ka warran? Ilaha la helay kuma jiro door militari oo Iswisarland Soomaaliya ku leedahay. Shaqada nabadda waxay ku jirtaa "maamul wanaagga" barnaamijka ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Eeg [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/). ## Sidee Iswisarland ula macaamishaa Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada? Bogagga barnaamijku waxay shaqada ku qeexaan waddooyin iyo bulsho, kumana magacaabaan Somaliland ama dowlad-goboleedyada ([FDFA](https://www.schweiz-somalia.eda.admin.ch/en/themes)). ## Immisa Soomaali ah ayaa Iswisarland ku nool? Dhammaadkii 2020, 5,459 muwaadin Soomaali ah ayaa Iswisarland ku noolaa, 22 Iswiisna Soomaaliya ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Dhammaadkii 2025 UNHCR waxay tirisay 4,565 qaxooti iyo 1,099 magangalyo-doon oo Soomaali ah ([UNHCR](https://api.unhcr.org/population/v1/population/?limit=5&yearFrom=2025&yearTo=2025&coo=SOM&coa=SWI)). Eeg [Soomaalida Iswisarland](/en/diaspora/switzerland/). ## Halkee Iswisarland ka taagan tahay hay'adaha caalamiga? Iswisarland waxay Soomaaliya kala shaqeysaa Midowga Afrika, IGAD iyo hay'adaha QM ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). Soomaaliya waxay ka mid tahay Geeska Afrika Weyn, oo ah mid ka mid ah shanta gobol ee mudnaanta istaraatiijiyadda Afrika ee 2021–2024 ([FDFA](https://www.eda.admin.ch/en/bilateral-relations-switzerland-somalia)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaalida Iswisarland](/en/diaspora/switzerland/) - [Ciidamada shisheeye ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Bangiga Adduunka Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/world-bank/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu Soomaaliya amaahinayay 1965 ilaa 1990, kadibna ku dhowaad soddon sano ayuu joogsaday. Tan iyo markii Soomaaliya 5 March 2020 bixisay deyntii la soo raagay, 13 December 2023-na deynta loo cafiyay, hay'adda IDA waxay dhistay mashaariic deeq ah oo qiyaastii US$2.34 bilyan ah. Xafiiskiisu wuxuu ku yaal Nairobi. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo Bangiga Adduunka? Hay'adda IDA ee Bangiga Adduunka, oo caawisa dalalka ugu saboolsan, waxay Soomaaliya ku leedahay mashaariic gaaraya US$2.34 bilyan. Lix mashruuc oo gobolka ah ayaa ku daraya US$523 milyan ([Bangiga Adduunka, Soomaaliya](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). Mashaariicda dhowaan la ansixiyay waxaa ka mid ah (isla [ilo](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)): - **SPRING** (koboc wax-soo-saar leh): US$105 milyan. - **Taageerada miisaaniyadda (DPF 2):** US$125 milyan. - **BOOST-YOU** (badbaadada bulshada iyo shaqada dhallinyarada): US$112 milyan. - **Bulsho** (hay'adaha bulshada iyo deegaanka): US$35 milyan. Qorshaha hadda (Country Partnership Framework) wuxuu daboolayaa sannadaha maaliyadeed 2024 ilaa 2028: shaqo, horumarinta dadka iyo u adkaysiga cimilada (isla [ilo](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). ## Goorma ayuu Bangigu ka bilaabay Soomaaliya? Mashruucii ugu horreeyay, amaah waddooyin oo US$6.2 milyan ah, waxaa la ansixiyay 29 March 1965 ([Bangiga Adduunka, API-ga mashaariicda](https://search.worldbank.org/api/v2/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=SO&rows=200&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalcommamt,status,closingdate)). 1965 ilaa 1990 Bangigu wuxuu ansixiyay 41 mashruuc oo wadartoodu tahay qiyaastii US$492 milyan (isla ilo). Waxaa ka mid ahaa: - **Dekedaha:** dhismaha dekedda Muqdisho, US$13 milyan (1973), iyo casriyeynta dekedda, US$22.6 milyan (1986). - **Waddooyinka:** afar mashruuc 1968 ilaa 1983. - **Biyaha:** laba mashruuc biyaha Muqdisho (1978 iyo 1982). - **Beeraha iyo xoolaha:** xoolaha Jubbada (1974), beeraha Waqooyi-Galbeed (1976 iyo 1985), beeraha Baay (1979) iyo daaqa Bartamaha (1979 iyo 1988). - **Tamarta:** sahminta batroolka (1980) iyo gaaska (1984), iyo dayactirka korontada (1987). - **Dib-u-habeynta beeraha:** US$30 milyan (1986) iyo US$70 milyan (1989). Mashruucii ugu dambeeyay ka hor dagaalka wuxuu ahaa waxbarasho, US$26.1 milyan, 27 March 1990 (isla [ilo](https://search.worldbank.org/api/v2/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=SO&rows=200&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalcommamt,status,closingdate)). ## Maxaa dhacay 1991 kadib? Soomaaliya 30 sano ayay ka maqnayd nidaamka maaliyadeed ee caalamka ([Bangiga Adduunka, 25 March 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). Deeqo yar ayaa la bixiyay, sida caafimaadka Puntland iyo dib-u-soo-kabashadii tsunami-ga 2005 ([API-ga mashaariicda](https://search.worldbank.org/api/v2/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=SO&rows=200&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalcommamt,status,closingdate)). 2013 waxaa la aasaasay **Sanduuqa Deeq-bixiyeyaasha Badan (MPF)**, kaas oo maalgeliya nidaamyada dowladda heer federaal iyo heer dowlad-goboleed ([Bangiga Adduunka, MPF](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/brief/the-somalia-multi-partner-fund-mpf)). Taageerayaashiisu waa Kanada, Denmark, Midowga Yurub, Talyaaniga, Jarmalka, Norway, Sanduuqa SPF, Iswiidhan, Swiiserland, Mareykanka iyo Ingiriiska (isla ilo). ## Sidee loo bixiyay deyntii? Deynta IDA waxaa la bixiyay 5 March 2020, iyadoo Norway bixisay amaah ku-meel-gaar ah, taas oo laga celiyay deeq Bangiga Adduunka ([Bangiga Adduunka, 25 March 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). Deeqdaas waxay ahayd US$420 milyan, oo la ansixiyay 27 February 2020 ([API-ga mashaariicda](https://search.worldbank.org/api/v2/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=SO&rows=200&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalcommamt,status,closingdate)). 25 March 2020 Soomaaliya waxay gaartay heerka go'aanka HIPC ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)); isla bishaas waxay ku biirtay MIGA ([Bangiga Adduunka, Soomaaliya](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). Guddiga IDA wuxuu 12 December 2023 ansixiyay heerka dhammaystirka. Qaybta IDA ee cafiska waxay ahayd US$448.5 milyan iyo US$96.4 milyan oo dheeraad ah ([IMF, 23/438](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). Eeg [Soomaaliya iyo IMF](/so/relations/imf/). ## Maxaa la maalgeliyay tan iyo 2013? 2013 ilaa bartamaha 2024, Bangigu wuxuu ansixiyay qiyaastii US$2.9 bilyan ([API-ga mashaariicda](https://search.worldbank.org/api/v2/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=SO&rows=200&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalcommamt,status,closingdate)): - **Baxnaano (lacagta qoysaska):** US$65 milyan (8 August 2019), kadib US$110 milyan (2021), US$143 milyan (2022) iyo US$100 milyan (15 December 2023). Baxnaano waxay gaartay 4 milyan oo qof ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). - **Mushaharka iyo kharashka dowladda:** mashruuca Recurrent Cost, wajiyada 1 ilaa 3 (2014, 2015, 2020). - **Taageerada miisaaniyadda:** US$100 milyan (2022) iyo US$75 milyan (2023). - **Caafimaadka:** Damal Caafimaad, US$100 milyan (28 June 2021), maalgelintii caafimaad ee ugu horreysay 30 sano ([Bangiga Adduunka, 24 November 2025](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2025/11/24/improving-access-to-maternal-and-child-healthcare-in-somaliland)). - **Korontada:** US$150 milyan (8 December 2021) iyo US$100 milyan (28 November 2023). - **Magaalooyinka:** US$133.5 milyan (9 December 2019). - **Biyaha:** Barwaaqo, US$70 milyan (9 December 2022). - **Waxbarashada:** US$40 milyan (2021) iyo Rajo Kaaba, US$52 milyan (2022). - **Kalluumaysiga:** Badmaal, US$50 milyan (12 June 2024). 2026, US$35 milyan ayaa la siiyay 498,000 qof oo lacag degdeg ah ah ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **David Malpass, Madaxweynaha Bangiga Adduunka:** March 2020 ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). - **Xasan Cali Khayre, Ra'iisul Wasaare:** March 2020 (isla ilo). - **Victoria Kwakwa, Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Bangiga ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika:** December 2023 ([IMF, 23/438](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Wasiirka Maaliyadda Bixi Iimaan Cige:** December 2023 (isla ilo). - **Qimiao Fan:** agaasimaha Kenya, Rwanda, Soomaaliya iyo Uganda ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). - **Hideki Matsunaga:** maamulaha Bangiga ee Soomaaliya (isla ilo). - **Norway:** amaahda ku-meel-gaarka ee deynta IDA, March 2020 ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). ## Xafiiska Bangiga Xafiiska Soomaaliya wuxuu ku yaal Delta Center, Menengai Road, Upper Hill, Nairobi ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). Mashaariicda waxaa fuliya wasaaradaha Soomaalida. Eeg [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/). ## Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada - **Shaqaalaha dowladda Somaliland:** US$10 milyan, 30 June 2016 ([API-ga mashaariicda](https://search.worldbank.org/api/v2/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=SO&rows=200&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalcommamt,status,closingdate)). - **Dekedda Berbera:** US$4.9 milyan, 2 October 2015 (isla ilo). - **Caafimaadka Somaliland:** Damal Caafimaad wuxuu Somaliland ka bilowday 2024; 49 xarumood, in ka badan 425,000 booqasho 2024 ([Bangiga Adduunka, 24 November 2025](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2025/11/24/improving-access-to-maternal-and-child-healthcare-in-somaliland)). - **Puntland:** caafimaadka aasaasiga ah, 23 November 2005 ([API-ga mashaariicda](https://search.worldbank.org/api/v2/projects?format=json&countrycode_exact=SO&rows=200&fl=id,project_name,boardapprovaldate,totalcommamt,status,closingdate)). - **Dowlad-goboleedyada:** MPF wuxuu maalgeliyaa nidaamyada heer federaal iyo heer dowlad-goboleed ([MPF](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/brief/the-somalia-multi-partner-fund-mpf)). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Soomaaliya iyo IMF](/so/relations/imf/) - [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/) - [Baxnaano](/so/economy/baxnaano-safety-net/) --- # Soomaaliya iyo Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka (IMF) Source: https://calankii.com/so/relations/imf/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-13 > Soomaaliya waxay IMF ku biirtay 31 August 1962. Kadib ku dhowaad soddon sano oo deyn aan la bixin ay ka xirtay, waxay 25 March 2020 bixisay deyntii IMF, waxayna 13 December 2023 gaartay heerka dhammaystirka HIPC, taas oo deynta dibadda ka dhigtay US$0.6 bilyan halkii ay ka ahayd US$5.3 bilyan. Barnaamij ECF ah oo SDR 105 milyan ah ayaa socda ilaa 18 December 2026. ## Sidee bay maanta u xiriiraan Soomaaliya iyo IMF? Soomaaliya waxay ku jirtaa sannadkii saddexaad ee barnaamijka Extended Credit Facility (ECF), oo ah amaah dulsaar yar leh oo ku xiran dib-u-habeyn. Wuxuu bilowday 19 December 2023, wuxuuna dhacayaa 18 December 2026. Waxaa lagu heshiiyay SDR 105 milyan, waxaana 31 October 2026 la qaatay SDR 75 milyan ([IMF, taariikhda amaahaha, 31 October 2026](https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extarr2.aspx?memberKey1=870&date1key=2026-10-31)). Dib-u-eegistii afraad ee barnaamijka waxaa la dhammeeyay December 2025 ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview)). 31 March 2026, Soomaaliya waxaa lagu lahaa SDR 117 milyan ([IMF, bogga Soomaaliya](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM)). Wakiilka IMF ee Soomaaliya waa Jehann Jack, oo fadhigeedu yahay Nairobi ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/countries/resrep/som)). ## Goorma ayay Soomaaliya ku biirtay IMF? Soomaaliya waxay xubin noqotay 31 August 1962 ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/countries/resrep/som)). Saamigeeda (quota), oo go'aamiya codkeeda iyo xaddiga ay amaahan karto, waa SDR 163.4 milyan ([IMF, bogga Soomaaliya](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM)). ## Maxay Soomaaliya ka amaahatay IMF? Soomaaliya waxay IMF la gashay 16 heshiis tan iyo markii ay ku biirtay ([IMF, bogga Soomaaliya](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM)). Lacagaha hoose waa SDR, oo ah halbeegga IMF ([IMF, taariikhda amaahaha](https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extarr2.aspx?memberKey1=870&date1key=2026-10-31)): - **1964 ilaa 1970:** toddoba heshiis oo sannad-sannad ah, mid walba SDR 2.8 ilaa 7 milyan. - **27 February 1980:** SDR 11.5 milyan; waxaa la qaatay SDR 6 milyan. - **15 July 1981:** SDR 43.13 milyan, dhammaan la qaatay. - **15 July 1982:** SDR 60 milyan, dhammaan la qaatay. - **22 February 1985:** SDR 20.1 milyan, dhammaan la qaatay. - **29 June 1987:** SDR 33.15 milyan (5.53 milyan la qaatay) iyo SDR 30.94 milyan (8.84 milyan la qaatay). Kuwani waa kuwii ugu dambeeyay ka hor burburkii 1991. - **25 March 2020:** Extended Fund Facility oo SDR 39.568 milyan ah iyo ECF oo SDR 252.862 milyan ah, dhammaan la qaatay ilaa 15 December 2023. - **19 December 2023:** ECF-ka hadda, oo hadda ah SDR 105 milyan. Wadar ahaan, Soomaaliya waxaa loo ballanqaaday SDR 631.33 milyan, waxayna qaadatay SDR 529.03 milyan (isla [ilo](https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extarr2.aspx?memberKey1=870&date1key=2026-10-31)). ## Sidee loo bixiyay deyntii hore, loona cafiyay deynta? Soomaaliya 30 sano ayay ka maqnayd nidaamka maaliyadeed ee caalamka ([Bangiga Adduunka, 25 March 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). Laga bilaabo 2016, waxay soo martay afar barnaamij oo ay IMF la socoto (Staff-Monitored Programmes), oo aan lacag lahayn ([IMF, Su'aalaha muhiimka ah](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM/key-questions-on-somalia)). March 2020 deyntii la soo raagay waxaa lagu bixiyay amaah ku-meel-gaar ah oo dowlado kale bixiyeen ([Bangiga Adduunka, 25 March 2020](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)): - **Bangiga Adduunka (IDA):** 5 March 2020, amaah Norway. - **Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika:** 5 March 2020, Ingiriiska iyo Midowga Yurub. - **IMF:** 25 March 2020, amaah Talyaaniga. In ka badan 100 dal ayaa wax ku biiriyay bixinta deynta IMF ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM/key-questions-on-somalia)). Labada marxaladood ee HIPC: - **Heerka go'aanka, 25 March 2020:** Soomaaliya waxay noqotay dalka 37aad ee gaara. Deynteedu waxay ahayd qiyaastii US$5.2 bilyan dhammaadkii 2018 ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). - **Heerka dhammaystirka, 13 December 2023:** guddiga IMF wuxuu fadhiyay 13 December, kan IDA-na 12 December. Soomaaliya waxay fulisay 13 ka mid ah 14 shuruud ([IMF, 23/438](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). Deynta dibadda waxay hoos uga dhacday US$5.3 bilyan (2018) ilaa US$0.6 bilyan (2023), 64% wax-soo-saarka ilaa ka yar 6% ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM/key-questions-on-somalia)). Wadarta lacagta laga badbaaday waa US$4.5 bilyan ([IMF, 23/438](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)): - **IMF:** US$343.2 milyan, iyo US$164.3 milyan oo dheeraad ah. - **IDA:** US$448.5 milyan. - **Sanduuqa Horumarinta Afrika:** US$131.0 milyan. - **Hay'adaha kale:** US$573.1 milyan. - **Dowladaha iyo shirkadaha:** US$3.0 bilyan, oo ay ku jiraan Naadiga Paris iyo Kooxda Iskuduwidda Carabta. Eeg [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/). ## Barnaamijka 2020 ilaa 2023 Barnaamijka 2020 wuxuu ahaa saddex sano: EFF (SDR 39.57 milyan) iyo ECF (SDR 252.86 milyan) ([IMF, 23/437](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23437-imf-concludes-the-sixth-review-of-the-extended-credit-facility-for-somalia)). Dib-u-eegistii lixaad iyo tii ugu dambeysay waxay ahayd 13 December 2023; wadarta la bixiyay waxay noqotay SDR 292.43 milyan, qiyaastii US$388.7 milyan (isla [ilo](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23437-imf-concludes-the-sixth-review-of-the-extended-credit-facility-for-somalia)). ## Barnaamijka hadda ECF-ka cusub waxaa markii hore la ansixiyay 19 December 2023, SDR 75 milyan, qiyaastii US$100 milyan ([IMF, Country Report 24/346](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1somea2024002-print-pdf.pdf)). Kadib waxaa loo kordhiyay SDR 105 milyan ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extarr2.aspx?memberKey1=870&date1key=2026-10-31)). Shan ujeedo ayuu leeyahay: maaliyad deggan, dakhli badan iyo maamul maaliyadeed oo wanaagsan, bangiyo xoogan, jawi ganacsi iyo maamul wanaagsan, iyo tirakoob wanaagsan ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM/key-questions-on-somalia)). 9 December 2024, guddiga IMF wuxuu dhammeeyay dib-u-eegistii labaad, isagoo sii daayay SDR 7.5 milyan; wadarta waxay noqotay SDR 45 milyan ([IMF, 24/346](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1somea2024002-print-pdf.pdf)). ## Yaa dhisay xiriirka? - **Xasan Cali Khayre, Ra'iisul Wasaare:** dowladda ayuu u hadlay March 2020 ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). - **Kristalina Georgieva, Agaasimaha Guud ee IMF:** waxay soo dhoweysay go'aanka March 2020 (isla [ilo](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). - **David Malpass, Madaxweynaha Bangiga Adduunka:** March 2020 (isla [ilo](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). - **Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud, Madaxweyne:** wuxuu Soomaaliya u hadlay December 2023 ([IMF, 23/438](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). - **Bixi Iimaan Cige, Wasiirka Maaliyadda:** wuxuu dowladda hoggaaminayay December 2023, wuxuuna la kulmay kooxdii IMF 2024 ([IMF, 23/438](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia); [IMF, 24/346](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1somea2024002-print-pdf.pdf)). - **Jihad Azour, Agaasimaha IMF ee Bariga Dhexe iyo Bartamaha Aasiya:** ([IMF, 23/438](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23438-imf-and-world-bank-announce-us-4-5-billion-in-debt-relief-for-somalia)). - **Antoinette Sayeh, Ku-xigeenka Agaasimaha Guud:** waxay guddoomisay shirkii 13 December 2023 ([IMF, 23/437](https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/12/13/pr23437-imf-concludes-the-sixth-review-of-the-extended-credit-facility-for-somalia)). - **Laura Jaramillo:** madaxa kooxda IMF ee wadahadallada Istanbul, 17 ilaa 25 September 2024 ([IMF, 24/346](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1somea2024002-print-pdf.pdf)). - **Guddoomiyaha Bangiga Dhexe Cabdullaahi iyo Wasiirka Batroolka Maxamed:** waxay la kulmeen kooxdii 2024 (isla [ilo](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1somea2024002-print-pdf.pdf)). - **Dowladihii amaahda ku-meel-gaarka bixiyay:** Talyaaniga, Norway iyo Ingiriiska ([Bangiga Adduunka](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/03/25/somalia-to-receive-debt-relief-under-the-enhanced-hipc-initiative)). ## Xafiiska IMF Xafiiska wakiilka IMF ee Soomaaliya wuxuu ku yaal Nairobi, Kenya ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/countries/resrep/som)). Tababarka iyo caawimaadda farsamo waxaa lagu maalgeliyaa Sanduuqa Dalka Soomaaliya ([IMF](https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/SOM)). Eeg [Hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia/). ## Somaliland iyo dowlad-goboleedyada IMF waxay amaahisaa Dowladda Federaalka. Shuruudaha barnaamijku waxay khuseeyaan miisaaniyadda federaalka, Bangiga Dhexe iyo xeerarka deynta, sida wareegtada deynta ee ra'iisul wasaaruhu soo saaray 15 July 2024 ([IMF, 24/346](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2024/english/1somea2024002-print-pdf.pdf)). Eeg [Lacagta dowlad-goboleedyada](/so/economy/member-states-money/) iyo [Dhaqaalaha Somaliland](/so/economy/somaliland-economy/). ## Bogag la xiriira - [Deynta iyo cafiska deynta](/so/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/) - [Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya](/en/institutions/central-bank-of-somalia/) - [Soomaaliya iyo Bangiga Adduunka](/so/relations/world-bank/) --- # Hormuud Telecom: shirkadda taleefanka iyo lacagta mobilka ee ugu weyn Soomaaliya Source: https://calankii.com/so/businesses/hormuud-telecom/ · Language: so · Last checked: 2026-11-12 > Hormuud Telecom waxaa Muqdisho lagu aasaasay 2 Abriil 2002, waxaana aasaasay saamilayaal Soomaaliyeed. Waxay noqotay shabakadda taleefanka ee ugu weyn dalka iyo shirkadda maamusha EVC Plus, adeegga lacagta mobilka ee ugu weyn. Waxay sheegtaa inay shaqaaleyso in ka badan 20,000 oo qof, 4G-geeduna gaarto inta badan dadka, tan iyo 2024-na 5G ay ka shaqeyso magaalooyin badan. ## Sida ay u bilaabatay Hormuud Telecom waxaa Muqdisho lagu aasaasay **2 Abriil 2002**. Waxaa aasaasay koox saamilayaal Soomaaliyeed ah, waxayna ku bilaabatay 16 goobood oo shabakad ah ([Wikipedia, Hormuud Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom)). Waxay kortay sannadihii aanay Soomaaliya lahayn dowlad dhexe oo shaqeysa, shabakaddeedana waxay dhisatay iyadoo aan jirin hay'ad dowladeed oo nidaamisa ([Cilmi-baaris Jaamacadda Oxford](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1ac123d0-39ae-4ad2-8717-23e6b4fedcf2/files/rnz806072v)). Waxaa si gaar ah u leh saamilayaal Soomaaliyeed oo badan. Ilaha waxay tirooyin aad u kala duwan ka bixiyaan, laga bilaabo qiyaastii 18,000 ilaa in ka badan 189,000 oo maalgeliye ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom)). ## Baaxaddeeda - **Lacagta mobilka:** **EVC Plus** ee Hormuud waxaa la sheegay inuu bishii qabto qiyaastii 155 milyan oo wareejin oo qiimahoodu yahay qiyaastii $2.7 bilyan, isla markaana uu lacagta gargaarka u bixiyo in ka badan 145 hay'adood ([TechCabal, Juun 2026](https://techcabal.com/2026/06/19/techcabal-daily-somalias-accidental-bank/)). - **Shaqooyinka:** in ka badan 20,000 oo shaqaale ah oo waqti buuxa iyo waqti-dhiman ah sannadkii 2021, qiyaastii 45 boqolkiiba injineero ah. Taasi waxay ka dhigaysaa loo-shaqeeyaha gaarka ah ee ugu weyn dalka ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom)). - **Saamiga suuqa:** qiyaasaha waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 39 boqolkiiba (Omdia, dabayaaqadii 2023) iyo 45 ilaa 47 boqolkiiba ([Connecting Africa](https://connectingafrica.com/5g-networks/hormuud-telecom-launches-5g-in-somalia); [TS2](https://ts2.tech/en/internet-access-in-somalia-growth-challenges-and-the-future-of-connectivity/)). ## Adeegyada - **EVC Plus**, lacagta mobilka, oo lagu isticmaalo koodhadh fudud taleefan kasta. Wareejintiisii ugu horreysay waxay ahayd 2011 ama 2012, iyadoo ku xiran ilaha ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom)). - **WAAFI**, barnaamij taleefanka casriga ah oo lacag-bixinta iyo wareejinta caalamiga ah loogu talagalay, oo la bilaabay 2021 (isla ilahaas). - Taleefanka gacanta, khadka dhulka, iyo internetka guryaha iyo ganacsiga. - **Taleefanno deyn ah:** Hormuud waxay qorshaysay inay dabayaaqada 2026 deyn ku siiso 100,000 oo taleefan casri ah dadka dakhligoodu hooseeyo, iyadoo lagu bixinayo $19 oo deebaaji ah, loomana baahna taariikh deyn ([TechCabal](https://techcabal.com/2026/06/19/techcabal-daily-somalias-accidental-bank/)). ## Shabakadda - **4G** waxay gaartaa in ka badan 70 boqolkiiba dadka ([TechCabal](https://techcabal.com/2026/06/19/techcabal-daily-somalias-accidental-bank/)). - **5G** waxaa la bilaabay 2024, Muqdisho, Kismaayo, Gaalkacyo, Baydhabo, Dhuusamarreeb, Beledweyne, Afgooye, Marka, Dhoobley iyo magaalooyin kale ([Connecting Africa](https://connectingafrica.com/5g-networks/hormuud-telecom-launches-5g-in-somalia)). - **Xadhkaha badda hoosteeda mara:** Hormuud waxay leedahay qaybta Soomaaliya ee xadhigga PEACE, 40 boqolkiiba meesha DARE1 ku soo degto Soomaaliya, iyo qayb ka mid ah G2A ([Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka](https://mail.nca.gov.so/what-we-do/submarine-cables)). ## Shatiyada - Febraayo 2021 Bangiga Dhexe wuxuu EVC Plus siiyay **shatigii ugu horreeyay ee lacagta mobilka** ee Soomaaliya ([VOA](https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_somalia-issues-first-license-mobile-money-service/6202644.html)). - Hormuud waxay haysataa shatiga mowjadaha NCA-MFSL-003/2023, Hay'adda Isgaarsiinta Qaranka ayaana ku taxday mid sharciga u hoggaansan ([NCA, diiwaanka shatiyada](https://mail.nca.gov.so/services/licenses)). - GSMA waxay Ogosto 2025 mar kale shahaado u siisay EVC Plus inuu yahay lacag mobile oo ammaan ah ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/somalia-hormuud-telecom-re-certified-by-gsma-for-secure-mobile-money-services)). ## Hay'adda samafalka **Hay'adda Hormuud Salaam**, oo 2009 lala aasaasay Salaam Somali Bank, waxay 2020 in ka badan $5 milyan ku bixisay la-dagaallanka COVID-19, 2021 waxay dhistay warshaddii ugu horreysay ee oksijiinta ee dadweynaha ee Soomaaliya, 2023-na waxay $1 milyan siisay gargaarka fatahaadaha ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuud_Telecom)). ## Sidoo kale eeg Eeg [Lacagta mobilka ee Soomaaliya](/so/economy/mobile-money/), [Telecoms and internet](/so/economy/telecoms/), [Who connects Somalia](/so/economy/who-connects-somalia/) iyo [Somali business groups](/so/economy/somali-business-groups/).