# Toddobadii boqortooyo ee Muslimka ahaa ee Geeska: canshuurta, ganacsiga iyo lacagta, 1300–1530

> Waxa ay daraasaddii Chekroun iyo Hirsch ee 2020 ka sheegayso toddobadii boqortooyo ee Muslimka ahaa ee al-ʿUmari, canshuurtii ay siin jireen boqorka Masiixiga ah, sida Barr Saʿd ad-Din ula wareegay Saylac, Hubat, Harla iyo qayb ka mid ah dhulka Soomaalida, doodda dagaalka iyo nabadda ee 1400-meeyadii, canshuuraha, magaalooyinka ganacsiga iyo lacagta la isticmaali jiray.

Source page: https://calankii.com/so/history/seven-muslim-kingdoms-tribute-trade-and-money/
Language: so
Translation of: https://calankii.com/en/history/seven-muslim-kingdoms-tribute-trade-and-money/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

## Kooban

Boggani wuxuu raacayaa Amélie Chekroun iyo Bertrand Hirsch, "The Sultanates of Medieval Ethiopia", oo ku jira Samantha Kelly (tifaftire), *A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea* (Brill, 2020), bb. 86–112 ([nuqulka hore ee furan ee HAL](https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02505420)). Lambarrada bogagga ee hoose waa kuwa nuqulka hore, oo ka bilaabma b. 63 ilaa b. 81. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in taariikhda Muslimiinta ee Itoobiya qarniyadii dhexe aad ugu yar tahay daraasadda marka loo eego taariikhda Masiixiyiinta, iyo in qodaallada qadiimiga ahi ay hadda tijaabinayaan ilaha qoran (bb. 63–64). Saldanaddii hore ee Shewa iyo kor u kicitaankii Walashma, eeg [Saldanaddii Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/).

## Labada waddo ee Islaamka

Qorayaashu waxay sharxayaan laba waddo oo waaweyn oo Islaamku ku soo galay gobolka. Laga bilaabo qarniyadii 9aad–10aad, tii hore waxay ka socotay waqooyi ilaa koonfur, iyadoo ka timid Jasiiradaha Dahlak ee Badda Cas, soona marta bariga Tigray ilaa dhulka buuralayda ah. Laga bilaabo qarniyadii 12aad–13aad, waddo labaad, oo noqotay tan ugu weyn, ayaa ka bilaabmi jirtay dekedda Saylac (Zeila) ee Gacanka Cadmeed ilaa buuralayda bari iyo harooyinka Dooxada Rift (b. 65). Waxay qoreen in Saylac u muuqato inay noqotay tan ugu awoodda badan qarnigii 13aad oo keliya, iyo in Ibn al-Mujawir, oo dhintay 1291, uu ku tilmaamay dekedda ugu weyn ee *barr al-ʿAjam*, "xeebta aan Carbeed ahayn", oo ka soo horjeedda xeebta Carabta. Ilaha Yaman waxay diiwaangeliyeen ganacsato, culimo, xujaaj, askar, diblomaasiyiin iyo addoomo u kala gooshi jiray Yaman iyo saldanaddaha Itoobiya iyagoo sii mara Saylac (bb. 70–71). Saylac, eeg [Saylac hore ka hor 1300](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/).

## Toddobada boqortooyo iyo canshuurtoodii

Al-ʿUmari, oo buuggiisa *Masālik al-abṣār* qoray 1330-meeyadii isagoo xog ka helaya dad Itoobiya ka yimid, wuxuu magacaabay toddoba "boqortooyo oo Muslim ah": Awfat (Ifat), Dawaro, Arababni, Hadiyya, Sharkha, Bali iyo Dara. Wuxuu qoray in aagga oo dhan Masar iyo Shaam loogu yeeri jiray "dalka Saylac", oo "haddana ah mid keliya oo ka mid ah magaalooyinkooda badda ku yaal, magaceeduna uu ku fiday dhammaan" (tarjumaad). Boqortooyooyinku midba midka kale way ka madax-bannaanaayeen, laakiin mid kastaa wuxuu boqorka Masiixiga ah siin jiray "canshuur go'an oo ay sannad walba keenaan" (tarjumaad), midna ma xukumi jirin "haddii aanu xilka u magacaabin taliyaha ʿAmhara" (tarjumaad) (bb. 72–73).

Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in warbixinta Ge'ez ee dagaalladii Boqor Amda Seyon ee 1332 ay bixinayso isla sawirkaas: waxay sheegtaa in Hadiyya canshuur bixin jirtay laga bilaabo 1316–1317, iyo in mid ka mid ah sababihii dagaalku ay ahayd diidmadii taliyaheeda ee bixinta. Waxay intaas ku dareen in warbixintan laga yaabo in la qoray qarnigii 15aad (b. 73). Al-Maqrizi, oo Qaahira wax ku qoray 1430-meeyadii isagoo xog ka helaya socotooyin Itoobiya ka yimid, wuxuu sheegay in boqorka Masiixiga ahi xabsi ku hayay xubno ka mid ah qoyska Walashma, magacaabi jiray suldaanno, uuna u diray "ciidan ka kooban 30,000 oo nin" (tarjumaad) si uu Suldaan ʿAli uga caawiyo jebinta kacdoonkii ina-walaalkiis, Xaqqudiin (Haqq ad-Din) (b. 73). Eeg [Awfat, caasimaddii saldanaddii Ifat](/so/history/awfat-capital-of-ifat-and-walashma-tombs/).

## Ifat kadib

Burburkii Ifat kadib, sida uu al-Maqrizi sheegay, Masiixiyiintu masaajiddeedii waxay u beddeleen kaniisado, waxayna magacaabeen guddoomiyayaal Masiixi ah, kuwaas oo magaca Walashma u qaatay naanays xil. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in dhulalka Muslimiinta ee koonfureed, oo ay ku jiraan Dawaro, Bali, Fatagar, Ifat iyo Hadiyya, ay gacanta Masiixiyiinta ku jireen bartamihii qarnigii 15aad ugu dambayn. Hadiyya waxay haysatay xoogaa madax-bannaani ah iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo guddoomiye Muslim ah; *Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha* waxay sheegtaa inuu boqorka siin jiray canshuur qofeed, sannad walbana uu u dhiibi jiray mid ka mid ah gabdhihiisa si loo baabtiiso (bb. 74–75).

Wiilashii Sacdudiin (Saʿd ad-Din) waxay ka soo laabteen Yaman, waxayna aasaaseen Barr Saʿd ad-Din, oo caasimaddeedu ahayd Dakar. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in ilaha Carabiga qaarkood ay dhulkeeda u yeeraan ʿAdal (Cadal), oo laga yaabo inay xiriir la leedahay bulsho Muslim ah oo ʿAdal la oran jiray oo Walashma weerareen 1288, iyo in ilaha Masiixiga ay "Adal" u isticmaalaan saldanadda oo dhan. Waxay qoreen in boqortooyadu "ay awooddeeda ku fidisay dhulal badan oo Islaami ah oo hore u madax-bannaanaa, kuwa degganaa iyo kuwa reer-guuraaga ahaaba, oo ay ku jiraan Hūbat, Saylac, dhulka Ḥārla, iyo qayb ka mid ah dhulka ballaaran oo isku dhafan ee Soomaalida" (tarjumaad), iyo in ilahu aysan sheegin sida (b. 75). Eeg [Geeridii Suldaan Sacdudiin ee Saylac iyo wiilashiisii Yaman](/so/history/saad-ad-din-death-at-zeila-and-sons-in-yemen/) iyo [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Cadal](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/).

## Dagaal mise nabad 1400-meeyadii?

Wadaadkii Bortuqiiska ahaa ee Francisco Alvares, oo Itoobiya joogay 1520-meeyadii, wuxuu u haystay in faracii Sacdudiin ay nabad la lahaayeen boqorradii Masiixiga ahaa. Qorayaal kale waxay sharxaan dagaal joogto ah. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in runtu u dhaxayso labadaas, iyo in qarnigii 15aad aan weligiis si fiican loo baarin (bb. 75–76). Waxay xuseen:

- **Weerarro iyo canshuur.** Taariikhihii Boqorrada Zara Yaqob (1434–1468) iyo Baeda Maryam (1468–1478) waxay diiwaangeliyeen weerarro Masiixiyiintu ku qaadeen Barr Saʿd ad-Din, iyo wafdi suldaanku soo diray oo canshuur bixin ballanqaaday haddii weerarradu joogsadaan (b. 76).
- **Aragtida Futūḥ.** Waxay sheegtaa in laga soo bilaabo Sacdudiin ilaa Garaad Abun "gaaladu ay soo duuli jireen dalka Muslimiinta… ilaa ay xataa magaalooyinka Muslimiinta qaarkood siiyeen ḫarāǧ (canshuurta dhulka)" (tarjumaad), ilaa uu Imaam Axmed (Imaam Axmed Guray) arrintaas joojiyay (b. 76).
- **Amiir Maxfuud (Mahfuz).** Taariikhyahannada qaarkood waxay Maxfuud, oo gabadhiisa Del Wambara ay guursatay Imaam Axmed, u arkeen madaxa koox diimeed oo ka soo horjeedday suldaannada. Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in il kasta oo magaciisa sheegtay, oo ay ku jiraan Alvares, taariikhda Sarsa Dengel, Pedro Paez iyo *Futūḥ*, ay ku tilmaamaan taliye ciidan oo ka hooseeyay Suldaan Maxamed (bb. 76–77).

## Sida dhulka loo maamulay loona canshuuray

Sida ay *Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha* sheegtay, suldaanku wuxuu gobol kasta u magacaabi jiray amiir. Suldaanku wuxuu ku noolaa canshuurta *kharāj* ee dadweynaha, halka amiirradu ay ciidan u abaabuli karayeen inay dhulka Masiixiyiinta ku soo duulaan si ay dhac u helaan. *Futūḥ* waxay sidoo kale diiwaangelisay khilaaf ka dhacay 1520-meeyadii oo ku saabsanaa *zakāt* (sakada), oo ay "suldaanka, amiirrada iyo taliyayaashii kale ee xukumi jiray dhulka Saʿd al-Dīn" (tarjumaad) naftooda u hayn jireen halkii ay saboolka siin lahaayeen, caado ay sheegtay inay ka soo jirtay waqtigii Sacdudiin (bb. 78–79). Al-ʿUmari wuxuu qoray in Muslimiinta gobolka intooda badani ahaayeen Xanafi, laakiin taliyayaashii Ifat ay ahaayeen Shaafici; qorayaashu waxay soo xigtaan qabri ku yaal caasimadda oo uu leeyahay "sheekh ka mid ah Walasmaʿ" (tarjumaad) oo madhabta Shaafici ahaa (b. 78).

## Magaalooyinka ganacsiga

- **Ifat iyo Saylac.** Al-ʿUmari wuxuu qoray in boqorka Ifat la ixtiraami jiray maxaa yeelay wuxuu xukumi jiray Saylac, "dekedda ay ku soo xirtaan ganacsatada u socda boqortooyadan" (tarjumaad), iyadoo laga keeni jiray "dhar xariir iyo kattaan ah" (tarjumaad) Masar, Yaman iyo Ciraaq (b. 79).
- **Manadeley.** Alvares wuxuu sharxay magaalo ay ku noolaayeen ilaa 1,000 qof, "dhammaantood Muuro (Muslimiin) canshuur siiya Prester John" (tarjumaad), oo ay joogeen 20 ama 30 Masiixi ah oo qaadi jiray cashuurta marinka, iyo ganacsato ka yimid Marooko, Tuunis, Turkiga, Giriigga, Hindiya, Hormuz iyo Qaahira (b. 79).
- **Gendevelu.** Sannadkii 1523 raahib (wadaad Masiixi ah) Itoobiyaan ah ayaa nin reer Venice ah oo la yiraahdo Alessandro Zorzi u sheegay "magaalo ganacsi oo weyn" (tarjumaad) oo ku taal Ifat, 65 maalmood u jirta Saylac, halkaas oo qaafilado geel ah ay ku dejin jireen alaab ay maraakiib ka keeneen Cambay ee Hindiya, laguna isticmaali jiray dukaatyada Hungary iyo Venice iyo "lacagaha qalinka ah ee Muurada" (tarjumaad). Qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen inay noqon karto magaalada burburtay ee Asbari (bb. 79–80).
- **Ganacsato Masiixi ah.** *Futūḥ* waxay sheegtaa in boqorka Masiixiga ahi u diri jiray ganacsato wata dahab, foolmaroodi, bisadaha misigta (civet) iyo addoomo, iyagoo mara dhulka Muslimiinta oo badda u gooshaya al-Shihr iyo Cadan (b. 80).

## Lacagta

Qorayaashu waxay qoreen in dowladaha Muslimiinta ay ku dhowaad aanay lacag samayn. Al-ʿUmari wuxuu sheegay in taliyayaashoodu isticmaali jireen dirhamka qalinka ah ee *kāmilī* oo laga sameeyay Masar, kayd ka mid ah dirhamyadaas Mamaaliikta ah ayaana laga helay Ifat dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, inkastoo hadda uu lumay. Buug-hage ganacsi oo Rasuuli ah oo ka tirsan dhammaadkii qarnigii 13aad, *Nūr al-maʿārif*, wuxuu sheegaa in isweydaarsiga maalinlaha ah dadku u isticmaali jireen *ḥaras*, "jajab qalin ah oo tayadiisu liidato, oo ka yimid faraantiyo, jijimo ama wax kale oo jajabay" (tarjumaad), meelaha fogfogna lacag bir ah, *ḥakūna*, oo laga sameeyay xirmooyin yaryar oo ulo bir ah, qaar ka mid ahna laga helay Nora. Al-ʿUmari wuxuu qoray in isweydaarsiga alaabta "lo', ido ama dhar" (tarjumaad) uu ahaa qaabka isweydaarsiga ugu caansan (b. 80).

## Bogag la xiriira

- [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ee diiwaannada Yamantii Rasuuliyiinta](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/)
- [Reer-guuraaga, magaalooyinka iyo dowladda ee Ifat iyo Cadal](/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/)
- [Harar waxay noqotay caasimadda Cadal, 1520–1577](/so/history/harar-capital-of-adal-1520-1577/)
- [Harla iyo Harlaa](/en/history/the-harla-and-harlaa/)
- [Futuh al-Habasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/)