# 1991–1999: Burburka, nabadaynta deegaanka, sannadihii QM iyo wadahadallada nabadda

> Markii Siyaad Barre dhacay 1991 dowladdu way burburtay. Soomaalidu hoos ayay wax uga dhiseen iyadoo macaluul, howlgal QM iyo wadahadallo nabadeed ay yimaadeen oo tageen.

Source page: https://calankii.com/so/history/rebuilding-1991-1999/
Language: so
Translation of: https://calankii.com/en/history/rebuilding-1991-1999/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

- **Janaayo 1991.** Kacdoon uu USC hoggaaminayay ayaa xukunka ka tuuray Barre, oo u cararay dhulka beeshiisa ee Gedo. USC waxay dhistay dowlad ku-meel-gaar ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Cali Mahdi Maxamed, taas oo jabhadaha kale diideen. **Dhinacyada:** USC; SNM; SPM; SSDF. Isha: [Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm)
- **Luulyo 1991.** Shirkii koowaad ee Jabuuti wuxuu Cali Mahdi u magacaabay madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar ah. Lama hirgelin: wakiilnimadu ma ahayn mid dhammaystiran, ergooyinku ma xakameynin maleeshiyaadka, Caydiidna wuu diiday natiijada. Dagaal ayaa ka dhacay Muqdisho Nofembar 1991. **Dhinacyada:** Jabuuti; garabyada USC (Cali Mahdi, Caydiid). Isha: [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf)
- **Janaayo – 18 Maajo 1991.** SNM waxay qabsatay Berbera, Hargeysa iyo Burco (Janaayo 1991). Iyadoo uu cadaadis saarayo Shirweynaha Burco, waqooyi-galbeed wuxuu buriyay Sharcigii Midowga 1960 wuxuuna 18 Maajo ku dhawaaqay Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, isagoo ku tilmaamay midowgii 1960 "waxba kama jiraan" (Britannica waxay ku dhawaaqista ku taariikheysaa Maajo, Maktabadda Koongareeskuna Juun: [Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war); [Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm)). Lalama tashan wax koox Soomaaliyeed oo kale ah. SNM waxay heshay muddo ku-meel-gaar ah oo laba sano ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali "Tuur". **Dhinacyada:** SNM; odayaasha beelaha waqooyiga. Isha: [B45](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf); [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf)
- **1991–1992.** Shirarka nabadda ee odayaasha waqooyiga: dagaallo Burco (Janaayo 1992) iyo Berbera (Maarso–Oktoobar 1992, dekedda awgeed) waxaa lagu xalliyay dhexdhexaadin odayaal. Shirka Sheekh ayaa ahaa "isbeddelka weyn", iyadoo la is weydaarsaday maxaabiis la isna guursaday. **Dhinacyada:** Guurti (golaha odayaasha); Habar Yoonis; Ciise Muuse; beelo kale oo waqooyi ah. Isha: [B7](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/3215/1/Making%20peace%20in%20Somaliland.pdf); [B45](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf)
- **Nofembar 1991 – Febraayo 1992.** USC way kala qaybsantay: Madaxweyne ku-meel-gaar Cali Mahdi iyo Jeneraal Caydiid, oo labaduba Hawiye iyo USC ahaa, ayaa Muqdisho ku dagaallamay madaxtinimada, daacadnimada laan-beeleed iyo hanti la bililiqaystay. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay kala qaybsanaanta ku taariikheysaa xagaagii 1991, khilaaf xilal kadib, oo u dhexeeyay dagaalyahannada Abgaal ee Cali Mahdi (ilaa 5,000) iyo dagaalyahannada Habar Gidir ee Caydiid (ilaa 10,000) ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)). Africa Watch iyo Physicians for Human Rights waxay qiyaaseen 14,000 la dilay iyo 27,000 la dhaawacay. **Dhinacyada:** USC (Cali Mahdi; Caydiid). Isha: [B44](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)
- **Nofembar 1991 – horraantii 1992.** Dhakhtar gargaar QM ah ayaa lagu dilay Bandar Qaasim (Boosaaso), iyadoo la sheegay inay dishay koox Islaamiyiin ah oo qarsoon. Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay ka warramaysaa waxa ay ugu yeertay "messianic Islamism" (Islaamiyad sugaysa badbaadiye) oo buuxisay meeshii dowladdu ka bannaysay. **Dhinacyada:** unug Islaamiyiin ah oo aan la magacaabin. Isha: [Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/50.htm)
- **1992.** Macaluul: Africa Watch waxay qiyaastay ilaa 300,000 dhimasho bartamihii 1992, Baydhabo iyo Baardheerena waxay ka mid ahaayeen xeryaha ugu daran. Gargaarka cuntada waxaa la beegsaday bililiqo, oo ay ku jirto bililiqo nidaamsan oo ay SNF (Mareexaan, taageerayaasha Barre) ka geysatay Baay, Gedo iyo Jubbada. QM waxay sheegtay in macaluushu halis gelisay 1.5 milyan, ku dhowaad 1 milyanna ay qaxooti noqdeen. Kooxo beelo ku xiran ayaa bililiqaystay ilaa 80% shixnadaha cuntada, labada dhinac ee Muqdishona waxay cuntada u adeegsadeen hub; xabbad joojin QM dhexdhexaadisay ayaa xigtay Maarso 1992 ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/65.htm)). UNOSOM I, 50 kormeere oo hoos yimaada Go'aanka 751, waxaa la dhisay Abriil 1992 kadib cunaqabatayn hub oo Janaayo la saaray. **Dhinacyada:** SNF; SPM; garabyada USC; Golaha Ammaanka QM. Isha: [B44](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm); [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)
- **8 Diseembar 1992.** Dilal ay xubno beesha Harti ah Kismaayo ku dileen taageerayaasha Kornayl Cumar Jees (in ka badan 100 dhimasho), kadibna isku dhacyo soo noqnoqday oo Jees iyo Morgan dhexmaray ilaa 1994. **Dhinacyada:** garabyada Jees iyo Morgan. Isha: [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html)
- **Diseembar 1992.** Go'aanka 794 wuxuu oggolaaday UNITAF oo Mareykanku hoggaaminayo. Gargaarku wuxuu dib u socday dhammaadkii sannadka. 26–28 Diseembar Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi ayaa wada muuqday si ay u xusaan furfuridda "khadka cagaaran" ee Muqdisho. **Dhinacyada:** QM; Mareykanka; Caydiid; Cali Mahdi. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html); [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html)
- **Janaayo 1993.** Kulan aan rasmi ahayn oo Addis Ababa: 14 dhaqdhaqaaq oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ku heshiiyay xabbad joojin iyo hub dhigis (la saxiixay 15 Janaayo). **Dhinacyada:** QM; Itoobiya; garabyada. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html); [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html)
- **15–27 Maarso 1993.** Shirka Dib-u-heshiisiinta Qaranka ee Addis Ababa: 15 dhaqdhaqaaq ayaa saxiixay xilli ku-meel-gaar ah oo laba sano ah oo leh Gole Qaran oo Ku-meel-gaar ah oo 74 xubnood ah, golayaal gobol oo 18 gobol ah, golayaal degmo iyo hub ka dhigis. Dhinacyada iyo QM si kala duwan ayay u fahmeen habraacyada xulashada. **Dhinacyada:** QM; Itoobiya; 15 dhaqdhaqaaq. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html); [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf)
- **Janaayo/Febraayo – Juun 1993.** Shirka Boorama ee waqooyiga, ku dhowaad afar bilood (Farah iyo Lewis: furmay 24 Febraayo; Bradbury: Janaayo–Maajo). Ilaa 150 oday ayaa sameeyay Guurtida Qaranka ee codeysa; Farah iyo Lewis waxay tiriyaan ku dhowaad 700 ka qaybgale, Bradbury-na ilaa 2,000 oo si uun ugu lug lahaa. Wuxuu qaatay Axdiga Nabadda (ammaanka, hub ka dhigista) iyo Axdiga Qaranka oo leh laba aqal oo sharci-dejin ah (Guurti aan la dooran iyo wakiillo la doortay). Guurtidu waxay Cigaal u magacawday madaxweyne Juun 1993. Maalgelintu waxay inta badan ahayd Soomaali; Farah iyo Lewis waxay xuseen in ka badan $100,000 oo taageero caalami ah, halka Bradbury uu sheegay in UNOSOM aysan waxba bixin. **Dhinacyada:** Guurti; beelaha waqooyiga; Cigaal. Isha: [B7](https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/3215/1/Making%20peace%20in%20Somaliland.pdf); [B45](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf); [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf)
- **26 Maarso 1993.** Go'aanka 814 wuxuu sameeyay UNOSOM II oo hoos yimaada Cutubka VII. **Dhinacyada:** Golaha Ammaanka QM. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)
- **5 Juun – 3 Oktoobar 1993.** 25 nabad-ilaaliye oo Pakistani ah ayaa lagu dilay koonfurta Muqdisho (5 Juun). Go'aanka 837 (6 Juun). 3 Oktoobar hawlgal Mareykan ah ayaa ka dhashay 18 askari oo Mareykan ah oo dhintay iyo 75 dhaawacmay. Soomaali badan ayaa sidoo kale la dilay ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). **Dhinacyada:** UNOSOM II; Mareykanka; SNA (Caydiid). Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html); [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html)
- **1993–1995.** Dowladda Cigaal waxay dib u soo noolaysay wasaaradaha, guddi shaqaalaha dowladda iyo bangiga dhexe; waxay soo saartay lacag cusub; waxay abaabushay booliska iyo kastamka; dib ayay u dhistay maxkamadaha; waxay bixisay mushaharaad, inta badan iyadoo gargaar dibadeed oo aad u yar haysata. Odayaasha Sanaag waxay qaateen Axdi Nabadeed oo gobol (Oktoobar 1993). **Dhinacyada:** dowladda Somaliland; odayaasha Sanaag; ganacsatada. Isha: [B45](https://www.progressio.org.uk/sites/progressio.org.uk/files/Somaliland-Country-Report-Mark-Bradbury.pdf)
- **1994.** Dagaal Hargeysa ka dhacay kadib markii Habar Yoonis ka soo horjeesteen doorashada Cigaal ayaa u fiday Burco. Ilaa 150,000 qof ayaa ka qaxay Hargeysa. **Dhinacyada:** dowladda Somaliland; Habar Yoonis. Isha: [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf)
- **24 Maarso 1994.** Nairobi: Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi waxay saxiixeen baaq xabbad joojin iyo hub ka dhigis ikhtiyaari ah. **Dhinacyada:** SNA; isbahaysiga 12-ka garab ee Cali Mahdi. Isha: [B33](https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a80610.html)
- **1994 iyo wixii ka dambeeyay.** Ganacsatada Hawiye ee Muqdisho waxay bilaabeen inay maalgeliyaan maxkamado Islaami ah oo beelo ku salaysan si ay u yareeyaan kharashka ganacsiga oo ay u xalliyaan khilaafaadka. Maxkamaddii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay ee Muqdisho waxaa lagu aasaasay degmada Madiina 1993 kadib. **Dhinacyada:** ganacsatada; odayaasha beelaha; wadaaddada deegaanka. Isha: [B30](https://archive.munkschool.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Aisha-Ahmad-The-Security-Bazaar.pdf); [B10](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/somalia-s-islamists.pdf)
- **1994–1995.** Shirkado telefoon dayax-gacmeed oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa la soo bandhigay (1994–95). Shabakadaha xawaaladda, oo bilowgii 1990-meeyadii ku shaqeynayay raadiyaha HF, waxay noqdeen hay'ado maaliyadeed oo dhab ah. **Dhinacyada:** ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed; qurbajoogta; shirkadaha xawaaladda. Isha: [B28](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/1024802/-/oo5m22z/-/index.html)
- **2 Maarso 1995.** Ciidamadii Mareykanka iyo Yurub waxay baxeen ilaa Maarso 1994 ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). Ka bixitaanka UNOSOM II waa la dhammeeyay (muddadii waxay ku dhammaatay Go'aanka 954). QM waxay dadaalkii 1992–95 ku amaantaa ugu yaraan ilaa rubuc milyan oo naf la badbaadiyay, 52 gole degmo oo 92 ka mid ah, 8 gole gobol oo 18 ka mid ah, ilaa 8,000 boolis iyo 46 maxkamad degmo. **Dhinacyada:** QM. Isha: [B5](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)
- **1995.** Ciidanka Iska-caabinta Raxanweyn (RRA) waxaa loo aasaasay inuu iska caabiyo ciidamada Caydiid ee gobolka Baay. **Dhinacyada:** RRA (Digil-Mirifle/Raxanweyn). Isha: [B36](https://mappingmilitants.org/profiles/rahanwein-resistance-army)
- **9 Agoosto 1996; Janaayo 1997.** Weerarro Itoobiya ku qaaday saldhigyada al-Itixaad ee Luuq iyo Buulo Xaawo (Gedo). Al-Itixaad waxay Luuq maamulaysay tan iyo Agoosto 1992 iyadoo adeegsanaysa "Urur Islaami ah" iyo maxkamad shareeco. **Dhinacyada:** Itoobiya; al-Itixaad al-Islaami. Isha: [B10](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/somalia-s-islamists.pdf)
- **Dabayaaqadii 1996 – horraantii 1997.** Shirka Sodere (Itoobiya) wuxuu dhisay Gole Badbaado Qaran oo adeegsanaya qaybin beeleed u dhow waxa noqday "4.5". Qaacidada markii ugu horreysay waxaa la fikiray 1997. **Dhinacyada:** Itoobiya; garabyada. Isha: [B2](https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Role-of-4.5-in-democratisation-and-governence-in-Somalia_EN_4.5_WEB.pdf); [B23](https://www.c-r.org/accord/legitimacy-and-peace-processes/somalia-legitimacy-provisional-constitution); [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf)
- **1997.** Shirka Hargeysa wuxuu wax ka qabtay cabashooyinka Habar Yoonis; dagaalkii Burco wuu dhammaaday. Somaliland waxaa lagu tilmaamaa mid nabad ah tan iyo markaas. **Dhinacyada:** dowladda Somaliland; Guurti; Habar Yoonis. Isha: [B8](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/58088/1/final_report-final_2010_04_12.pdf)
- **12 Nofembar – 22 Diseembar 1997.** Baaqa Qaahira, oo ay wada guddoomiyeen Xuseen Caydiid iyo Cali Mahdi: Soomaaliya "xor ah, aan la kala qaybin karin", Muqdisho caasimad, "nidaam dimuqraadi federaal ah", Gole Madaxtooyo oo 13 xubnood ah, gole 189 kursi ah oo 46 kursi la siiyay afar kooxood mid kasta, iyo qaybo yaryar. Cabdullaahi Yuusuf iyo Aadan Cabdullaahi Nuur Gabyow waxaa lagu qoray kuwa aan saxiixin. **Dhinacyada:** Masar; SNA; Cali Mahdi; kuwo kale. Isha: [B6](https://www.peaceagreements.org/view/317/); [B27](https://africaportal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Mediation_Efforts_in_Somalia.pdf)
- **5 Maajo 1998.** Shir odayaasha Daarood/Harti oo Garoowe ka dhacay ayaa ku dhawaaqay Puntland, oo ka kooban toddoba gobol. Cabdullaahi Yuusuf waxaa odayaashu u doorteen muddo afar sano ah. Habka la sheegay waa "dhagxaan dhismeed" loo dhisayo midnimada qaranka. **Dhinacyada:** SSDF; odayaasha Harti; Cabdullaahi Yuusuf. Isha: [B26](https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/b64-somalia-the-trouble-with-puntland.pdf). Eeg [Puntland](/so/states/puntland/).
- **1999.** Sida uu qoray Ahmad, ganacsatada Muqdisho waxay joojiyeen inay lacag siiyaan hoggaamiyeyaasha kooxaha hubaysan, waxayna taa beddelkeed maalgeliyeen maleeshiyaadka maxkamadaha. **Dhinacyada:** ganacsatada; maxkamadaha. Isha: [B30](https://archive.munkschool.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Aisha-Ahmad-The-Security-Bazaar.pdf)

## 1992–1995: macaluusha, UNOSOM iyo Dagaalkii Muqdisho

**Macaluusha.** QM waxay qiyaastay in laga yaabo 300,000 qof ay dhinteen Nofembar 1991 ilaa dabayaaqadii 1992, in ugu yaraan 1.5 milyan oo naf ay halis degdeg ah ku jireen, iyo in ku dhowaad hal milyan oo Soomaali ah ay u qaxeen dalalka deriska ah iyo meel ka sii fog ([UN, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)). Dhimashada intooda badan waxay ka dhacday miyiga, magaalooyinka webiga ee Baydhabo iyo Baardheerena waxay ka mid ahaayeen kuwa ugu saameynta badan ([Human Rights Watch](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)).

**UNOSOM I (Abriil 1992).** Golaha Ammaanku wuxuu dhisay Howlgalkii ugu horreeyay ee QM ee Soomaaliya, Go'aanka 751, isagoo ku bilaabay 50 kormeere xabbad joojin ([UN, UNOSOM I](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom1backgr2.html)).

**UNITAF, "Operation Restore Hope" (Diseembar 1992).** Go'aanka 794 wuxuu oggolaaday ciidan uu Mareykanku hoggaaminayo. Wuxuu dhigay ilaa 37,000 askari oo ku baahsan ilaa 40 boqolkiiba dalka, inta badan koonfurta iyo bartamaha, gaarsiinta cuntaduna way soo hagaagtay ([UN, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)).

**UNOSOM II (Maarso 1993 ilaa Maarso 1995).** Go'aanka 814 wuxuu xilka u wareejiyay howlgal QM oo ka weyn oo awood ballaaran leh. 5 Juun 1993, 25 nabad-ilaaliye oo Pakistani ah ayaa lagu dilay koonfurta Muqdisho, QM iyo ciidamada Jeneraal Caydiidna waxay noqdeen cadow ([UN, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)).

**Dagaalkii Muqdisho (3–4 Oktoobar 1993).** Ciidamada Rangers ee Mareykanka ayaa weerar ku qaaday koonfurta Muqdisho si ay u qabtaan kaaliyeyaal Caydiid. Laba diyaaradood oo qumaatiga ah oo Black Hawk ah ayaa la soo riday, 18 askari oo Mareykan ah ayaa la dilay, 75 waa la dhaawacay, duuliye ka mid ahna waa la haystay ilaa 14 Oktoobar ([UN, UNOSOM II](https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Soomaali badan, dagaalyahanno iyo shacabba, ayaa sidoo kale la dilay ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). Mareykanku wuxuu markaas sheegay in ciidamadiisu bixi doonaan 31 Maarso 1994, wayna baxeen. Ciidamadii ugu dambeeyay ee QM waxay baxeen 2 Maarso 1995.

## Waxa diiwaanku muujinayo

- **Jabhadihii hubaysnaa ee beelaha ku abaabulnaa ma noqon dowlad qaran.** Maktabadda Koongareesku waxay xustay in USC aysan "si fiican ula qabsan" u gudubka jabhad dagaal ilaa xisbi, waxayna u kala qaybsantay Abgaal iyo Habar Gidir ([Library of Congress](http://countrystudies.us/somalia/76.htm)).
- **Laba jawaab oo burburka loo helay: kala go' iyo is-maamul gudaha Soomaaliya.** Somaliland waxay soo afjartay midowga; Puntland waxay ku dhawaaqday is-maamul gudaha Soomaaliya ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). Dilalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga weli waa cabashada aasaaska u ah Somaliland ([Library of Congress](https://countrystudies.us/somalia/30.htm)).
- **Faragelinta militari ee dibadda dib uma dhisin dowladda** (UNITAF iyo UNOSOM, 1992 ilaa 1995) ([Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/Civil-war)). Waxay ka tagtay golayaal deegaan, boolis iyo maxkamado.