# Dekedaha Soomaalida ee kitaabka Periplus, qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga: Avalites, Malao, Mundus, Mosylon iyo Opone

> Xeebta Soomaalida ee kitaabka Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ee qarnigii 1aad: deked kasta, waxa ay ka ganacsan jirtay, halka ay ku tiil, iyo waxa ay qodaalayaasha taariikhdu markii dambe ka heleen.

Source page: https://calankii.com/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/
Language: so
Translation of: https://calankii.com/en/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

## Kooban

*Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* waa buug hagitaan ah oo Giriig ku qoran, loogu talagalay ganacsatada ka soo dhoofa Masar xilligii Roomaanka una socda Badda Cas iyo Badweynta Hindiya. Qoraagiisa lama yaqaan. Inta badan aqoonyahannadu waxay u nisbeeyaan qarnigii 1aad ee miilaadiga; qodaalaha taariikhda Neville Chittick wuxuu door biday qarnigii 2aad ama horraantii qarnigii 3aad ([Chittick 1979, *International Journal of Nautical Archaeology* 8.4, b. 273](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)).

Qaybaha 7 ilaa 14 ee buuggu waxay deked deked u maraan xeebta waqooyi ee dhulka Soomaalida maanta, laga soo bilaabo Gacanka Cadmeed, iyagoo wareegaya Raas Caseyr ilaa Raas Xaafuun. Qoraalku wuxuu dadka xeebtan ugu yeeraa *Barbaroi* (Barbarta), dhulkoodana xeebta "dhinaca kale", maadaama ay ka soo horjeeday Carabta oo badda u dhexaysay. Xigashooyinka hoose waxay ka yimaadeen tarjumaaddii Ingiriisiga ee W. H. Schoff ee 1912, waana tarjumaad Soomaali ah ([Schoff, *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, 1912, bb. 25–28](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)).

## Sidii xeebta loo maamulayay

Periplus wuxuu sheegay in xeebta dhinaca kale aysan lahayn hal taliye:

> "Dalkani ma hoos tago boqor, balse magaalo suuq kasta waxaa xukuma madax u gaar ah." (§14) (tarjumaad)

Maraakiibtu waxay ka iman jireen Masar "qiyaastii bisha Luulyo", sidoo kale galbeedka Hindiya, Ariaca iyo Barygaza (Bharuch), iyagoo sida "sarreen, bariis, subag la dubay, saliid macsaro, maro suf ah… iyo malab laga sameeyo cawsda la yiraahdo *sacchari*" (tarjumaad), oo ah qasabka sonkorta. Maraakiibta qaar waxay u dhoofi jireen magaalooyinkan oo keliya; kuwa kalena way ka ganacsan jireen intii ay xeebta sii marayeen (§14).

## Deked deked

**Avalites (§7), meel u dhow Saylac (Zeila).** "Tan ugu horraysa waxaa la yiraahdaa Avalites; meeshan ayaa safarka Carabta ilaa xeebta dhinaca kale ugu gaaban" (tarjumaad). Waxay ahayd "magaalo suuq yar… oo lagu gaaro doonyo iyo raraf" (tarjumaad). Waxa la keeni jiray waxaa ka mid ahaa muraayad dhagax-quraarad ah, casiir canab dhanaan oo laga keenay Diospolis ee Masar, maro "loo sameeyay Barbarta", sarreen, khamri iyo qasdiir yar. Waxa dibadda loo dhoofin jiray waxay ahaayeen "uunsi, fool maroodi yar, qolofta diinta badda, iyo malmal aad u yar, balse ka fiican kuwa kale" (tarjumaad). Qoraalku wuxuu ku daray in Barbartu mararka qaar iyagu marinka badda ku tallaabi jireen raraf si ay wax ugu iibiyaan Ocelis iyo Muza ee Carabta, wuxuuna dadka meeshan ku tilmaamay "aad u qalqalsan" (tarjumaad). Schoff wuxuu Avalites la mid dhigay Saylac, wuxuuna xusay tuulada Abalit ee ku taal xeebta waqooyi ee gacanka ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 74](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)).

**Malao (§8), Berbera.** Qiyaastii 800 stadia (qiyaas ahaan 145 km) ka sii fog, oo leh meel maraakiibtu ku xirtaan oo "ay ka ilaaliso carro dheer oo bari ka soo baxda" (tarjumaad). "Halkan dadka deegaanku way ka nabad badan yihiin" (tarjumaad). Waxa la keeni jiray waxay ahaayeen funaanado, go'yaal laga keenay Arsinoe, koobab wax lagu cabbo, naxaas jilicsan oo yar, bir, iyo lacag dahab iyo lacag-cad ah. Waxa dibadda loo dhoofin jiray waxay ahaayeen "malmal, foox yar… qorfaha adag, *duaca*, xabagta Hindiya iyo *macir*… iyo addoomo, balse dhif" (tarjumaad). Schoff wuxuu Malao la mid dhigay Berbera, oo carrada ciidda ahi weli ilaaliso dekeddeeda ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 80](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)).

**Mundus (§9), Xiis (Heis).** "Laba ama saddex maalmood oo badmaax ah Malao ka dambeysa", halkaas oo "maraakiibtu si ammaan badan ugu xirtaan gadaasha jasiirad u dhow xeebta" (tarjumaad). Waxay dhoofin jirtay isla alaabtaas iyo "fooxa la yiraahdo *mocrotu*" (tarjumaad). Qoraalku wuxuu leeyahay "ganacsatada halkan degganu way ka murmo badan yihiin" (tarjumaad); tarjumaadda cusub ee ay xigteen qodaalayaashii Xiis ee 2022 waxay u tarjumtay "kuwo gorgortan adag" ( [Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). Schoff iyo qodaalayaashii dambe waxay "jasiiradda u dhow xeebta" la mid dhigeen jasiirad yar oo dhagax ah oo Xiis wax ka yar 200 m u jirta.

**Mosylon (§10).** Laba ama saddex maalmood oo bari ah, "xeeb ciid ah, oo meel maraakiibta lagu xiro xun leh" (tarjumaad). Waxay dhoofin jirtay "qorfe aad u badan (sidaas darteed magaalo suuqan waxay u baahan tahay maraakiib waaweyn)" (tarjumaad), xabag udgoon, uunsi, qolofta diinta badda, *mocrotu*, foox, fool maroodi iyo malmal. Waxa la keeni jiray waxaa ka mid ahaa weelal lacag-cad ah, bir yar iyo quraarad. Meesha ay ku tiil waa lagu kala aragti duwan yahay: Schoff wuxuu sheegay in faallo-bixiyeyaasha intooda badani dhigaan Raas Hantara, halka Glaser uu door biday Raas Khamzir oo aad u sii galbeed ah ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 82](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Chittick wuxuu u arkay in dekedda Xiis ay Mundus ugu habboon tahay, iyo in qorayaashii hore laga yaabo inay labada magac isku qaldeen. Wuxuu xusay in Pliny kii Waynaa uu "raaska iyo dekedda Mossylites" ku magacaabay meesha ugu fog ee bari oo uu yiqiin ([Chittick 1979, b. 274](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)).

**Dhirta fooxa (§11).** Mosylon dabadeed waxaa yimaada "webiga loo yaqaan Niilkii Yaraa", il biyood, "Raaska Maroodiga", iyo "kayn weyn oo dhir ah oo la yiraahdo Acannae, oo ah meesha keliya ee laga helo fooxa dhinaca kale, si aad u badan oo heer kii ugu fiicnaa ah" (tarjumaad).

**Suuqa iyo Raaska Uunsiga (§12), Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui).** "Raas kediso ah, oo ku yaal dhammaadka xeebta Barbarta ee dhinaca bari" (tarjumaad). Meesha maraakiibta lagu xiro waxay khatar ahayd marka dabaylaha waqooyi dhacaan. Markii baddu "sii wasakhowdo" duufaan ka hor, maraakiibtu waxay u carari jireen raas la yiraahdo Tabae si ay u gabbadaan. Suuqu wuxuu soo saari jiray "qorfe iyo noocyadiisa kala duwan, *gizir*, *asypha*, *arebo*, *magla* iyo *moto*, iyo foox" (tarjumaad). Chittick wuxuu suuqan ku xiray derbiyo dhagax laga qoray oo xilligii Roomaanka ah oo u dhow tuulada Daamo, kuna yaal galbeedka raaska ([Chittick 1979, b. 275](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)).

**Pano iyo Opone (§13), Raas Xaafuun.** Tuulada Pano kadib waxaa timaada "magaalo suuq kale oo la yiraahdo Opone", halkaas oo "laga soo saaro qorfaha ugu badan", iyo "addoomo kuwa ugu fiican, oo Masar loo keeno tiro sii kordheysa; iyo qolof diin badeed aad u badan, oo ka fiican tan meelaha kale laga helo" (tarjumaad). Opone waxaa lala mid dhigaa Raas Xaafuun, oo qiyaastii 150 km koonfur ka xigta Raas Caseyr. Eeg [Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/).

**Azania (§15).** Opone koonfurteeda, Periplus wuxuu sharraxaa "jarrooyinka yaryar iyo kuwa waaweyn ee Azania", kadibna "Socodyada Azania", kan hore oo la yiraahdo Sarapion kan xigana Nicon, oo ah xeeb "aan deked lahayn" oo u sii fidda dhanka Rhapta ee Tansaaniya maanta.

## Waxay ahaayeen alaabtu

- **Malmalka iyo fooxa** waa xabag geed. Waxaa lagu shidi jiray macbadyada Masar, Carabta iyo dunida Roomaanka. Chittick wuxuu xabagta udgoon ku tilmaamay "alaabta ugu weyn ee ay doonayeen ganacsatada u imanaya Geeska Afrika" (tarjumaad) ([Chittick 1979, b. 273](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)).
- **"Qorfe" (*kasia*)** ee Periplus wuxuu ahaa noocyo uunsi diir geed ah, oo lagu kala qiimeeyo magacyo deegaan. Schoff wuxuu ku dooday in inta badan laga keeni jiray Hindiya iyo Koonfur-bari Aasiya, dib loogana dhoofin jiray dekedaha Soomaalida, halka qaar laga yaabo inay ahaayeen kuwo deegaanka ah ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka bb. 82–87](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)).
- **Mocrotu** wuxuu ahaa, sida uu Schoff u akhriyay, foox heer sare ah. Wuxuu soo xigtay erayga Carabiga *mghairot* iyo eray Soomaali ah oo loo diiwaangeliyay *mokhr* ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 82](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)).
- **Qolofta diinta badda, foolka maroodiga iyo addoomo** ayaa sidoo kale dibadda loo dhoofin jiray. Periplus wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in baahida Masar ee dadka la addoonsaday ee Opone laga keeno ay sii kordheysay.

## Waxa ay qodaalka taariikhdu markii dambe heshay

- **Xiis (Heis), Sanaag.** 1880-aadkii sahamiyaha Faransiiska Georges Révoil wuxuu halkan taallooyin qabuuro ah ka helay quraarad iyo dheryo Roomaan ah. Chittick wuxuu 1976 helay quraarad Roomaan ah oo qiyaastii qarnigii 4aad ee miilaadiga ah. Qodaalladii 2018 iyo 2019 waxay khariidadeeyeen qabuuro ka badan 300 taallo oo xeebta ku fidsan 1,800 m. Alaab dibadda laga keenay ayaa laga helay 80 ka mid ah: dheryo dhalaal leh oo Barthiyaan ah, quraarad iyo jarar Roomaan ah, iyo jarar Koonfurta Carabta ah oo qarniyadii 1aad ilaa 3aad ee miilaadiga ah. Qabri aan la taaban ayaa waxaa ku jiray qof dhallinyaro ah oo lagu aasay dhalo weyn oo quraarad Roomaan ah oo qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga ah, kaabo bir ah iyo silsilad qoorta ah oo ka samaysan kuul quraarad iyo naxaas ah ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres, *Networked spaces*, MOM Éditions, 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)).
- **Raas Xaafuun, Bari.** Laba goob oo deked ah, oo taariikhdoodu u dhaxayso qarnigii 1aad ka hor miilaadiga ilaa qarnigii 5aad ee miilaadiga (eeg [Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/)).
- **Xiis guryo dhagax ah ma lahayn.** Chittick kama helin Xiis guryo joogto ah. Wuxuu soo jeediyay in ganacsiga ay wadi jireen xoolo-dhaqato dhista guryo la qaadi karo, sida *aqalka* Soomaaliga, xilliga ganacsiga ([Chittick 1979, b. 274](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)).
- **Doonyo la tolay.** Chittick wuxuu sababta ay xeebtan uga sii jirtay *beden*-ka, oo ah doon la isku tolay oo aan lahayn musmaar bir ah, ku xiray xeebta qallafsan ee aan dekedaha lahayn, maadaama doonyaha la tolay ay u adkaystaan ku soo degidda mawjadaha (isla ishaas).

## Bogag la xiriira

- [Kahor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/)
- [Goobaha hiddaha ee Soomaaliya](/en/society/heritage-sites/)
- [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/)