# Reer guuraaga, magaalooyinka iyo dowladda xilligii Ifat iyo Cadal: waxa qadiimiga soo jeedinayo

> Daraasad qadiimi ah oo 2020 ku saabsan sida saldanadihii qarniyadii dhexe ee Ifat iyo Cadal ay isugu xireen reer guuraaga iyo dadka magaalooyinka ee Somaliland: goobaha, barxadda Iskudar, Dameraqad, Qalcadda, iyo saddexda 'meelood ee dan wadaagga ah' ee qoraaga.

Source page: https://calankii.com/so/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/
Language: so
Translation of: https://calankii.com/en/history/nomads-towns-and-the-state-ifat-adal/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

## Si kooban

Boggani wuxuu raacayaa maqaal uu qoray Jorge de Torres Rodríguez oo ka tirsan machadka Incipit-CSIC ee Isbaanishka ([de Torres Rodríguez, "Built on diversity: Statehood in Medieval Somaliland (12th–16th centuries AD)" (Lagu dhisay kala duwanaansho: dowladnimadii Somaliland ee qarniyadii dhexe, qarniyadii 12aad–16aad CD), *Anejos de Nailos* 6, 2020, bb. 159–188](http://hdl.handle.net/10261/216279), si xor ah loo akhriyi karo). Wuxuu is weydiinayaa sida saldanadihii Ifat iyo Cadal ay isugu hayeen dadyow leh "caqiidooyin, hab-nololeed, luqado iyo qowmiyado aad u kala duwan" muddo ka badan saddex qarni (b. 159). Taariikhda siyaasadeed, eeg [Saldanaddii Shewa iyo aasaaskii Ifat](/en/history/sultanate-of-shewa-and-founding-of-ifat/) iyo [Imaam Axmed iyo Cadal, 1527–1543](/so/history/imam-ahmad-and-adal-1527-1543/).

## Goobaha

Ilaa 2020 kooxdu waxay khariidadeeyeen 27 goobood oo qarniyadii dhexe ah oo ku yaal Somaliland, qayb ahaan qodeen toddoba, waxayna diiwaangeliyeen in ka badan 500 taallo oo aasid ah (b. 165). De Torres wuxuu u kala qaybiyaa afar deegaan (bb. 165–167):

- **Xeebta.** Saddexda deked ee ay magacaabeen badmaaxiintii Carabta iyo Bortuqiisku, Saylac (Zeila), Berbera iyo Maydh, wuxuu qoray in Saylac oo keliya ay ahayd magaalo. Meesha ganacsiga caadiga ahi wuxuu ahaa suuq xilliyeed oo dhismayaal yar leh, sida Farhad, Bandar Cabbaas (Bandar Abbas) ama Siyaara, oo reer guuraagu isticmaali jireen xilliga ganacsiga ee Oktoobar ilaa Abriil. Eeg [Suuqyadii ganacsiga ee xeebta Berbera](/so/history/berbera-coast-trade-fairs-1000-1600/).
- **Agagaarka Sheekh.** Fardowsa iyo tuulooyinka deriska la ah waxay ku yaalleen meeshii ugu horreysay ee safarrada geeluhu ku nastaan kadib bannaanka xeebta, iyadoo saldhigga safarrada ee Qalcadda uu u dhow yahay. Eeg [Fardowsa](/so/history/fardowsa-medieval-trading-town/).
- **Agagaarka Boorama (Borama).** Siddeed iyo toban goobood ayaa la yaqaannay, siddeed ka mid ah ayaa la daraaseeyay, laga bilaabo magaalooyin sida Camuud (Amud) iyo Abasa ilaa tuulooyin yaryar sida Aroqolab. Alaab yar ayaa dibadda looga keenay, sida uu qorayna waxay lahaayeen "u janjeedh cad oo xagga beeraha ah". Derbi Cad wuxuu ahaa qalcad buur dusheed ku taal, Dameraqad-na xarun diimeed. Eeg [Abasa](/so/history/abasa-darbiyah-kola-medieval-town/).
- **Goobaha reer guuraaga.** Taallooyin ku teedsan togagga, masaajid dhulka lagu sawiray xuduudahooda, iyo barxadda aasidda ee Iskudar.

## Waxa magaalooyinku wadaageen

De Torres wuxuu sheegay in magaalooyinku meel kasta isku ekaayeen (bb. 172–176):

- **Qaabka.** Guryuhu way kala firirsanaayeen, waddo qorshaysan ma lahayn. Derbi Cad iyo Qalcadda oo keliya ayaa derbi lahaa, taas oo uu ku sharxay inay ka fog yihiin xuduuddii Masiixiyiinta.
- **Guryaha.** Waxay ahaayeen afar-gees siman ama leydi, inta badan 20–40 mitir oo laba jibbaaran, oo leh laba ama saddex qol, waxaana laga dhisay dhagxaan fidsan oo dhoobo lagu dhejiyay.
- **Masaajidda.** Kuwani waxay ahaayeen dhismayaasha ugu waaweyn, waxay lahaayeen mixraab afar-gees ah, mararka qaarna barxad derbi leh, mana lahayn munaarado iyo minbarro, si ka duwan masaajiddii qarnigii 16aad ee Saylac. Eeg [Masaajiddii qarniyadii dhexe ee Somaliland](/so/history/medieval-mosques-of-somaliland/).
- **Qabuuraha.** Intooda badan waxay ahaayeen godad dhagxaan fidsan lagu dahaaray, balse xabaaluhu way ka kala duwanaayeen guryaha.
- **Dheryaha.** Dheryaha gacanta lagu sameeyay ee deegaanka aad bay isugu ekaayeen, mana jirin alaab dhoobo oo qurux badan oo deegaanka laga sameeyay.

Wuxuu xusay in dheryaha laga daabacay Harar iyo Shewa ay u muuqdaan kuwo ku dhow dhaqammada dhulka sare ee Itoobiya, wuxuuna soo jeediyay inay saldanadaha gudahooda ka jireen "dhaqammo gobol oo kala duwan" (b. 179).

## Reer guuraaga

De Torres wuxuu sharxay wareegga sannadlaha ah ee xoolo-dhaqatada Somaliland, isagoo soo xiganaya I. M. Lewis: koonfur u guur Hawd (Haud) kadib roobabka *Gu'* ee Abriil, dib waqooyi ugu noqo xilliga kulul ee *Xagaa* iyo roobabka *Dayr*, iyo ceelasha reerka u dhaqan ah xilliga engegan ee *Jiilaal* (bb. 180–181). Wuxuu qoray in taallooyinku si gaar ah u fideen dhammaadkii kunkii koowaad iyo horraantii kunkii labaad CD, iyo in masaajid bannaanka ah markii dambe lagu daray agtooda (b. 181).

- **Iskudar** waxay ahayd barxad la isticmaali jiray qiyaastii bartamihii qarnigii 12aad ilaa dhammaadkii qarnigii 14aad. Wuxuu sheegay in xafladaha laga dhigi jiray taallooyinka dhexdooda ay lahaayeen "asal cad oo aan Islaam ahayn", taas oo uu u arko calaamad muujinaysa in caqiidooyin hore ay reer guuraaga ku dhex jireen "ilaa qoto dheer qarnigii 14aad" (bb. 167, 182, 185).
- **Dameraqad**, oo Curle u diiwaangeliyay tuulo, waxay leedahay 12–15 dhisme, ugu yaraan saddex ka mid ah masaajid, iyo qabuuro waaweyn oo dhagxaan lagu wareejiyay. Kadib markii la cidleeyay, reer guuraagu waxay hortiisa ka dhiseen masaajid bannaan oo si taxaddar leh loo sameeyay, sagxaddiisana lagu dhigay quartz casaan khafiif ah. De Torres wuxuu taas barbardhigay Iskudar: reer guuraa "oo laba qarni ka hor ahaa gaalo (pagans)" ayaa sii wadey booqashada goob Muslim ah (bb. 185–187).

Wuxuu xusay in qoraallada qarniyadii dhexe ay sheegaan kooxo Soomaaliyeed oo saldanadda ku jiray iyo in *The Conquest of Abyssinia* (Futuux al-Xabasha) mararka qaar ku tilmaanto kuwo aan la xakameyn karin. Wuxuu ka soo xigtay labadaba: beelo Soomaaliyeed oo diiday Imaam Axmed, oo inta badan ka baxsan xuduudaha Cadal, iyo kuwo kale, sida Girri, oo ka codsaday ilaalintiisa (b. 182). Eeg [Futuux al-Xabasha](/so/history/futuh-al-habasha/).

## Saddex "meelood oo dan wadaag ah"

De Torres wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in saldanadaha isku haynta ay u badnayd saddex meelood oo kooxuhu ku kulmaan oo ku wada shaqeeyaan, halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd dhaqan alaabeed oo la wadaago (bb. 183–188):

- **Ganacsiga.** Reer guuraagu waxay gacanta ku hayeen waddooyinka iyo suuqyada xeebta, wuxuuna ku doodayaa in ganacsigu "suurtagal ahaan lahayn la'aanta ka qayb-qaadashadooda". Wuxuu tilmaamayaa Qalcadda, deyr derbi leh oo 55 iyo 90 mitir ah, leh qalcado wareegsan oo geesaha ku yaal iyo dhisme barxad leh oo u eg saldhigyada safarrada ee Bariga Dhexe, oo uu ku tilmaamay "caddayn cad" oo muujinaysa xakamaynta dowladda. Wuxuu kaloo xusay in qoraallada aan lagu diiwaangelin wax shil ah oo ganacsiga ku saabsan.
- **Diinta.** Wuxuu soo xigtay sheekooyinka afka ah ee wacdiyayaal sida Sheekh Isxaaq (Sheikh Isaaq), oo la sheego inuu Saylac yimid 1153 una degay Maydh, iyo Aw Barkhadle. Wuxuu kaloo xusay goobo lagu magacaabay awliyo, sida Aw Barkhadle, Aw Barre (Aw Bare) iyo Aw Boba. Eeg [Aw Barre iyo Aw Boba](/so/history/aw-bare-aiyanle-medieval-border-towns/).
- **Dagaalka.** Wuxuu qoray in reer guuraaga "si buuxda oo nidaamsan loogu daray" ciidamadii Cadal qarnigii 16aad, halka qaar ka mid ah kooxaha Soomaaliyeed ee ka baxsan Cadal ay iska caabiyeen xukunka iyo canshuuraha Imaam Axmed, ama la saftay garabkii suldaanka, oo door bidayay nabad lala galo Itoobiya.

## Dhammaadkii magaalooyinka

Wuxuu ku doodayaa in qarnigii 16aad dagaalka iyo diintu ay isku biireen oo noqdeen jihaad, Bortuqiisku carqaladeeyeen ganacsiga, Imaam Axmedna uu raadiyay xakamayn adag oo dhulka iyo kheyraadka ah. Kadib jabkii ka soo gaaray Itoobiya iyo Oromada, sida uu qoray, diinta oo keliya ayaa hartay, "xooggan mideynta ahna dowlad looma baahnayn hadda si adag". Wuxuu ku daray in "ay quursi noqonayso in loo arko burbur": nidaamka cusub wuxuu ahaa, sida uu hadalkiisa u dhigay, "mid u deggan oo waxtar u leh sidii kii hore, balse kala duwanaanshihiisu ka yar yahay oo ku dhisan dhaqanka reer guuraaga" (b. 188).

## Bogag la xiriira

- [Magaalooyinkii burburay ee gudaha Soomaalida](/so/history/ruined-towns-of-the-somali-interior/)
- [Laga soo bilaabo taallooyinka ilaa xabaalaha: qabuurihii Muslimiinta ee qarniyadii dhexe](/so/history/medieval-muslim-graves-cairns-to-cemeteries/)
- [Kabab iyo magaalooyinkii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolka Gabiley](/so/history/medieval-towns-of-gebiley-and-kabab/)
- [Dakar, caasimaddii lumay ee Cadal, 1415–1520](/so/history/dakar-lost-capital-of-adal-1415-1520/)
- [Toddobadii boqortooyo ee Muslimiinta ee Geeska: canshuur, ganacsi iyo lacag](/so/history/seven-muslim-kingdoms-tribute-trade-and-money/)