# Xeebta Soomaalida iyo qorayaashii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka: Herodotus, Eratosthenes, Pliny, Ptolemy iyo magaca Barbaria

> Waxa ay Herodotus, Eratosthenes, Artemidorus, Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy iyo Cosmas ka qoreen xeebta Soomaalida, iyo halka ay ka yimaadeen magacyada Barbaria, Barbar iyo Bilad al-Barbar.

Source page: https://calankii.com/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/
Language: so
Translation of: https://calankii.com/en/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

## Kooban

Qorayaashii Carabta iyo Shiinaha ka hor, xeebta Soomaalida waxaa sharraxay juqraafiyahanno Giriig iyo Roomaan ah. Midkoodna lama oga inuu halkaas tegay; waxay ku tiirsanaayeen warbixinnada badmaaxiinta iyo ganacsatada. Qoraalladoodu waxay bixiyaan magacyada raasas (madax-dhulka badda gala), dekedo iyo dadyow laga bilaabo Bab al-Mandab (Bab el-Mandeb) ilaa Raas Caseyr (Cape Guardafui), iyo koonfur xagga Badweynta Hindiya. Sharraxaadda ugu buuxda, oo ah hagaha ganacsatada ee loo yaqaan *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, waxay leedahay bog gaar ah: [dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). Boggani wuxuu ka hadlayaa kuwa kale, iyadoo loo kala horraysiiyay taariikhda.

## Herodotus iyo "Itoobiyaankii cimriga dheeraa", qiyaastii 430 CH

Herodotus wuxuu ka sheekeeyay sida boqorkii Faaris (Beershiya) Cambyses, kadib markii uu qabsaday Masar, u diray basaasiin "Itoobiyaanka 'Cimriga dheer', oo deggan qaybta Liibiya ee ku taal Badda Koonfureed". Boqorkoodii, "kii ugu dheeraa uguna quruxda badnaa dadka oo dhan", wuxuu dib ugu soo diray qaanso iyo farriin ah in Cambyses weeraro oo keliya marka Faarisiyiintu jiidi karaan qaanso intaas le'eg. Dadkiisa badankoodu waxay noolaan jireen ilaa 120 sano, "cuntadooduna waxay ahayd hilib la kariyay cabitaankooduna caano". Cambyses ayaa u duulay, laakiin ciidankiisa ayaa cuntadu ka dhammaatay intaanay gaarin shan meelood meel jidka, dibna way u noqdeen (Herodotus, *Histories* 3.17–25, [tarjumaadda Macaulay, buugga elektaroonigga ah ee Project Gutenberg 2707](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2707)). Meel kale Herodotus wuxuu Itoobiya dhigaa cirifka koonfur-galbeed ee ugu fog dunida la deggan yahay, oo soo saarta dahab, maroodiyaal, alwaax madow (ebony) "iyo rag dadka oo dhan ugu dheer, ugu qurux badan, uguna cimri dheer" (3.114, isla ilihii).

**Yaa maxay yiri.** Herodotus ma bixiyo magacyo meelo oo khariidad lagu sugi karo. Faalladii 1912 ee W. W. How iyo J. Wells waxay Itoobiyaankii cimriga dheeraa ugu yeertay "dad khuraafaad ah", oo sharraxaaddoodu tahay "qayb ahaan mid ku salaysan Homer… qayb ahaanna sheekooyinka socotada", oo la buunbuuniyay maxaa yeelay "waxay ku nool yihiin dhammaadka dunida" ([How iyo Wells, *A Commentary on Herodotus*, mug. 1, 1912, faallada 3.17–26](https://archive.org/details/commentaryonhero0001wwho)). Isla faalladaasi waxay xustay aragtidii hore ee taariikhyahan Heeren, oo sheekada u helay "aasaas xaqiiqo ah" warbixintii Cosmas ee qarnigii 6aad ee ku saabsanayd ganacsiga beeyada (lubaanta), iyo jawaabtii How iyo Wells ee ahayd in "caddaynta Cosmas ay aad u dambaysay oo shaki leedahay".

## Eratosthenes, qarnigii 3aad CH, sida Strabo ka soo xigtay

Eratosthenes, oo ahaa maamulaha maktabadda Iskandariya (Alexandria), ayaa sharraxay xeebta ka shishaysa marinka. Strabo ayaa ka soo xigtay: jasiiradaha marinka kadib, "safarka xiga, oo raacaya qalloocyada gacannada, una socda dalka malmalka dhaliya xagga koonfur iyo bari ilaa dalka qorfaha dhaliya, waa qiyaastii shan kun oo stadia; ilaa hadda, sida la sheegay, qofna ma gaarin wixii ka dambeeya dalkaas; inkastoo aysan magaalooyin badani xeebta ku oollin, haddana gudaha waxaa ku yaal qaar badan oo si qurux badan loo dejiyay" (Strabo, *Geography* 16.4.4, [tarjumaadda Loeb, 1932, LacusCurtius](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html)).

"Qorfaha" ee qorayaashan Giriigga ah wuxuu u soo maray dekedahan; in qaar ka mid ahi halkaas ka bixi jiray iyo in kale waa su'aal kale, oo laga hadlay [Beeyada iyo malmalka](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/).

## Artemidorus, qiyaastii 100 CH, sida Strabo ka soo xigtay

Artemidorus oo reer Ephesus ah ayaa bixiya liiska ugu faahfaahsan ee ka horreeya Periplus. Strabo, oo qorayay qiyaastii 20 KC, ayaa raaca. Marinka Deirê kadib waxaa yimaada "dalka beeyada dhaliya", kadib dhul webiyo leh oo soo saara malmal iyo beeyo, kadib "dalka qorfaha dhaliya", buurta Elephas "ee badda u fidsan", dekedda Psygmus, meel biyo laga dhaanto oo ay leeyihiin "Cynocephali" (daayeerro), iyo "raaska ugu dambeeya ee xeebtan, Notu-ceras", Geeska Koonfureed. "Marka la wareego raaskan oo qiyaas ahaan koonfur loo jeesto, ma hayno, ayuu yiri, wax diiwaan ah oo dekedo ama meelo ah." Xeebta waxaa ku taagnaa "tiirar iyo meelo allabari oo ay leeyihiin Pytholaüs iyo Lichas iyo Pythangelus iyo Leon iyo Charimortus". Dalku "waxaa ku badan maroodiyaal" waxaana ku nool shabeello iyo wiyil (Strabo 16.4.14–16, [isla ilihii](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16D*.html)).

Buurta Elephas, oo magaceeda sidoo kale ku jira Periplus iyo Ptolemy, "waxay u muuqataa inay tahay Ras el Fil, ama Filuk, ee casriga ah", oo ah raas 800 fiit dherer ah oo qiyaastii 40 mayl galbeed ka xiga Raas Caseyr ([Schoff, *The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, 1912, faallooyinka b. 85](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Eeg [dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/).

## Pliny the Elder, qiyaastii 77 KC

Buugga Pliny ee *Natural History* wuxuu raacaa xeebta Afrika ee Badda Cas isagoo dhaafaya Adulis: "Kuwan dabadood waxaa yaal Gacanka Abalites, jasiiradda Diodorus, iyo jasiirado kale oo cidla ah; sidoo kale, dhulka weyn, lamadegaanno isdaba joog ah, kadibna magaalada Gaza, iyo raaska iyo dekedda Mossylum, oo tan dambe qorfaha loo keeno si loo dhoofiyo: halkan ayuu Sesostris ciidankiisa ilaa keenay." Wuxuu ku daray in Boqor [Juba](/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/) oo reer Mauretania ahaa uu qabay in Mossylum "ay ka bilaabanto Badda Atlantigga", taas oo macnaheedu yahay inuu u malaynayay in xeebta Afrika ay halkaas galbeed uga leexato (Pliny, *Natural History* 6.34, [tarjumaadda Bostock iyo Riley, mug. 2, 1855, b. 96](https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof00plin)).

Abalites waa Avalites-ka Periplus, gacanka Saylac (Zeila). Mossylum waa Mosylon-ka Periplus, oo goobtiisa laga hadlay [dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/). Avalites waxaa lagu aqoonsadaa Saylac; eeg [Saylac hore](/so/history/early-zeila-before-1300/).

## Ptolemy, qiyaastii 150 KC

Buugga Claudius Ptolemy ee *Geography* wuxuu meel kasta siiyaa dhigga (longitude) iyo loolka (latitude). Buugga 4aad, cutubka 7aad, "Itoobiya ee ka hoosaysa Masar", wuxuu si isku xigta u taxaa xeebta Soomaalida ([tarjumaadda Stevenson, 1932, bb. 107–108](https://archive.org/details/PtolemysGeographyBook4)):

- "Marinka Badda Cas kadib": Dire, kadib "gacanka Avalites" suuqa Avalites, suuqa Malao, suuqa [Mondu](/so/history/heis-xiis-ancient-port-and-cairns/), "raaska iyo suuqa Mosylum", suuqa Cobe, buuraha Elephas, suuqa Acanna, iyo "raaska iyo suuqa Aromata", Raas Caseyr.
- "Gacanka Barbaricus": tuulada Pano, suuqa Opone, raaska Zingis, buuraha Phalangis, Apocopa, "Austri Cornu" (Geeska Koonfureed), Xeebta Yar iyo Xeebta Weyn, Essina, "saldhigga iyo suuqa Sarapionis", suuqa Tonice, iyo webiga iyo magaalada Rhapta.
- Dadyowga: Avalitae waxay deggan yihiin "agagaarka gacan magacan leh, Mosyli-duna waxay ka sarreeyaan raaska leh suuq magacan leh. Xeebta badda oo dhan ilaa raaska Rhaptum waxaa loo yaqaan Azania; gudaha waxaa loo yaqaan Barbaria, oo ay ku nool yihiin maroodiyaal badan."

Ptolemy wuxuu Opone dhigaa 4° 15′ waqooyi, raaska Aromata 6° waqooyi, Avalites-na 8° 25′ waqooyi (isla boggaggaas). Eeg [Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/).

## Cosmas Indicopleustes, qiyaastii 550 KC

Ganacsadihii reer Iskandariya ee Cosmas wuxuu qoray in wiilashii Xaam (Ham) ay heleen dhulalka "laga bilaabo Gadeira xagga galbeed ilaa badweynta Itoobiya, oo loo yaqaan Barbaria, oo ka shishaysa Gacanka Carabta", iyo in "Zingium… ay ka shishayso dalka loo yaqaan Barbaria ee beeyada soo saara" ([McCrindle, *The Christian Topography of Cosmas*, 1897, Buugga II](https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosm)). Warkiisa ku saabsan ganacsiga beeyada ee Barbaria wuxuu ku jiraa [Beeyada iyo malmalka](/so/history/ancient-frankincense-and-myrrh-trade/).

## Magaca Barbaria, Barbar iyo Bilad al-Barbar

Xeebta waqooyi ee Soomaalida waxaa qiyaastii 1,500 sano loo aqoonsanaa magac ka dhisan *barbar*:

- **Giriig, qarnigii 1aad.** Periplus wuxuu xeebta Afrika ee koonfur ka xigta Berenice, oo ku taal koonfurta Masar, ugu yeeraa "dalka Barbarta" (§2), dekedaha marinka ka shishayana, laga bilaabo Avalites ilaa Raas Caseyr, magaalooyinka suuqyada Barbarta ee "dhinaca kale" (§7) ([Schoff 1912](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)).
- **Giriig, qarnigii 2aad.** Ptolemy wuxuu gacanka koonfur ka xiga Raas Caseyr ugu yeeraa "gacanka Barbaricus", gudahana "Barbaria" (kor ku xusan).
- **Giriig, qarnigii 6aad.** Cosmas: "dalka loo yaqaan Barbaria ee beeyada soo saara" (kor ku xusan).
- **Carabi, qarnigii 10aad.** Al-Mas'udi wuxuu Gacanka Cadmeed (Gulf of Aden) ugu yeeraa *al-Khalij al-Barbari*, "gacanka Barbarta" ([Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale, *Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, 2011, cut. 2, §56](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)).
- **Carabi, qarnigii 13aad.** Yaqut wuxuu Muqdisho (Mogadishu) dhigaa "dalka Barbarta" wuxuuna ku daraa: "Barbartani ma aha kuwa ku nool galbeedka" ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire… de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 1, 1856, bb. 234–235](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC), halkan lagu tarjumay). Eeg [Muqdisho hore](/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/).
- **Carabi, 1331.** Ibn Battuta wuxuu Saylac ugu yeeraa "caasimadda [Barbarta](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/)", dhulkoodana "lamadegaan socod laba bilood ah ku fidsan, kana bilaabma Zayla' kuna dhammaada Maqdashaw" (laga soo xigtay Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale 2011, §93). Fauvelle-Aymar iyo asxaabtiisu waxay xuseen in Barbarta ([Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/)) ee qorayaasha Carabta "guud ahaan lagu aqoonsado Soomaalida" (§94).
- **Shiine, qarniyadii 9aad iyo 13aad.** Po-pa-li iyo Pi-p'a-lo, oo turjubaannadu u akhriyeen Berbera. Eeg [Diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/).
- **Maanta.** Dekedda Berbera ayaa wali magacan sidata.

**Ereyga laftiisa.** Schoff wuxuu 1912 qoray in magacu "u muuqdo mid shisheeye ku ah dadka", wuxuuna soo jeediyay inuu "u badan yahay inuu la xiriiro ereyga Carabiga ah *bar*, oo ah lamadegaan", wuxuuna xusay isla magacan oo Afrika oo dhan laga helo: dekedda Soomaalida ee Berbera, magaalada Niilka ku taal ee Berber, iyo Barbarta (Berbers) Waqooyiga Afrika ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka, b. 56](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Ereyga Giriigga ah *barbaros* wuxuu ula jeeday qof kasta oo aan ku hadlin Giriigga. Yaqut laftiisu wuxuu xusay in ereyga Carabiga ah loo isticmaali jiray laba dad oo kala duwan, Geeska iyo Waqooyiga Afrika.

## Bogag la xiriira

- [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/)
- [Dalkii Punt iyo xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/punt-and-the-somali-coast/)
- [Buugaag ku saabsan Soomaalida ka hor 1500](/so/history/books-about-somalis-before-1500/)