# Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe hore ka hor 1300: diiwaannadii ugu horreeyay iyo qoraallada masaajidda ee 1238 iyo 1269

> Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe ka hor 1300 sida ay ku qoreen al-Idriisi, Yaaquut, Ibnu Saciid iyo ilaha Shiinaha, iyo qoraallada masaajidda ee 1238 iyo 1269 iyo sheekooyinka aasaaska.

Source page: https://calankii.com/so/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/
Language: so
Translation of: https://calankii.com/en/history/early-mogadishu-and-the-benadir-coast-before-1300/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

## Kooban

Xeebta koonfurta Soomaalida, oo markii dambe loo bixiyay Banaadir, waxay lahayd magaalooyin ganacsi muddo dheer ka hor 1300. Diiwaanka ka horreeya booqashadii Ibnu Batuuta (Ibn Battuta) ee 1331 waa yar yahay laakiin waa run: saddex juqraafiye oo Carab ah, sarkaal kastam oo Shiinees ah, sheekooyin afka laga sheego oo la qoray 1840-meeyadii, iyo qoraallo lagu xardhay masaajidda Muqdisho (Mogadishu). Boggani wuu isu keenayaa. Ibnu Batuuta iyo socdaalayaashii ka dambeeyay waxay ku jiraan [magaalooyinka xeebta Soomaalida, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/).

## Xeebtii qarnigii 1aad: Azania

Koonfurta Raas [Xaafuun (Ras Hafun)](/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/), buugga qarnigii 1aad ee *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* wuxuu ka warramaa "Socdaallada [Azania](/so/history/greek-and-roman-writers-on-the-somali-coast/)", xeeb "aan lahayn dekedo" oo leh meelo maraakiibtu ku xirtaan, "tan koowaad oo la yiraahdo Sarapion, tan xigtana Nicon" ([turjumaadda Schoff, 1912, §15, b. 28](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)). Buugga Periplus kuma sheegin magaalooyin ama taliyayaal xeebtan. Eeg [dekedaha Soomaalida ee buugga Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/).

## Marka 1154: al-Idriisi

Al-Idriisi (al-Idrisi), oo wax ku qoray Sicily 1154, wuxuu liiska ku daraa "magaalooyinka Carfouna, Markah iyo El-Nedja" oo uu sheegay inay ka tirsan yihiin dalka [Berbera](/so/regions/woqooyi-galbeed/), oo ku yaal "badda Yemen". Wuxuu qoray in "dadka Berbera ay inta badan ku quutaan hilibka diinka badda, oo ay ugu yeeraan *lebeh*". Wuxuu ka warramaa buur la yiraahdo Khakoui "oo leh toddoba caarood oo aad u dhaadheer", oo Guillain u aqoonsaday Raas Xaafuun, iyo "laba maalmood oo Markah u jira, cidlada dhexdeeda, webi u fatahma sida Niil oo kale, oo lagu beero masago", taas oo ah sharaxaadda [Webiga Shabeelle (Shabelle)](/so/economy/farming-and-harvests/) ([Guillain, *Documents sur l'histoire… de l'Afrique orientale*, qaybta 1, 1856, bb. 192–193](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC), isagoo ka soo xiganaya turjumaadda Jaubert ee Idriisi; halkan lagu turjumay).

## Muqdisho 1200-meeyadii: Yaaquut

Yaaquut al-Xamawi (Yaqut al-Hamawi) wuxuu qaamuuskiisa meelaha, *Mu'jam al-buldan*, qoray "in ka badan qarni ka hor socdaalkii Ibnu Batuuta", sida uu Guillain yiri ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, b. 289](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)). Guillain wuxuu qoraalka Muqdisho ka turjumay nuqulkiisa la soo gaabiyay ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 234–235](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC), halkan lagu turjumay):

> "Maqdishu waa magaalo ku taal bilowga dalka Zanjiga, koonfurta Yemen, dhulka Barbarka iyo bartamaha dalkooda. Barbarkan ma aha kuwa reer galbeedka ku nool… Dadka magaaladan qaawan bay socdaan, dhar la'aan. Ma laha suldaan; arrimahooda waxaa maamula oo hagaa *muqaddam*yo [odayaal] oo dhexdooda laga doorto. Haddii ganacsade dalkan yimaado, waa inuu la degaa mid ka mid ah, kaas oo ilaaliya oo u noqda martigeliye. Dalkan waxaa laga dhoofiyaa sandal, abanuus, cambar iyo fool maroodi, kuwaas oo ah hantida ugu weyn ee dalka."

Guillain wuxuu raaciyay in, sida ay muujinayaan sheekooyin uu Muqdisho ka ururiyay, warka Yaaquut "uu tilmaamayo waqti aad uga horreeya kii uu wax qoray", maadaama suldaanno ay magaalada xukumayeen bilowgii 1200-meeyadii (isla ishaas, b. 235, faallo).

Caadada ah in ganacsaduhu la dego martigeliye deegaanka ah waxay la mid tahay wixii Ibnu Batuuta arkay 1331, markii ganacsade kasta oo yimaadaa uu soo dhaweyn jiray martigeliye isaga u ganacsan jiray ([Gibb, *Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa*, 1929, bb. 110–111](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617)).

## Marka iyo Muqdisho 1200-meeyadii: Ibnu Saciid

Juqraafiyihii qarnigii 13aad Ibnu Saciid al-Maghribi (Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi) wuxuu qoray ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 238–239](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC), isagoo ka soo xiganaya juqraafiga Ibnu Saciid; halkan lagu turjumay):

- "Magaalooyinka Barbarka ee caanka ka ah xeebta badda waxaa ka mid ah [Marka (Merca)](/so/regions/lower-shabelle/), oo dadkeedu Muslimiin yihiin… Waa caasimadda dalka Hawiye, oo ka kooban in ka badan konton qabiil ama tuulo. Waxay ku taal hareeraha webi ka soo baxa Niilka Maqdishu."
- "Marka bariga waxaa ka xiga magaalada Muslimka ah ee Maqdishu, oo magaceeda inta badan ku soo noqnoqda afka kuwa meelahaas ku safray… oo ku taal xeebta Badda Hindiya; dekeddeedu ammaan yar ayay bixisaa."
- Wuxuu Berbera ugu yeeraa "caasimadda" magaalooyinka Barbarka, wuxuuna magacaabaa "buur weyn oo ay socdaalayaashu si fiican u yaqaanaan", Hafuni, oo leh toddoba raas oo badmaaxiintu "tiriyaan oo ku farxaan markay dhaafaan".

## Qoraallada masaajidda Muqdisho

Sarkaalkii ciidanka badda Faransiiska Charles Guillain wuxuu booqday Muqdisho 1847, wuxuuna koobiyeeyay qoraallada Carabiga ah ee uu helay. Wuxuu ku daabacay turjumaad Faransiis ah ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 289, 612–613](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)):

**Munaaradda masjidka Xamarweyne (Hamar Weyne), 636 hijriyada (1238 miilaadiga).** Masjidka weli la isticmaalo ee Xamarweyne, munaaraddiisa waxaa ku qoran qoraalkan:

> "Bismillaahi Raxmaani Raxiim. Dhismaha munaaraddan waxaa la bilaabay maalmihii ugu horreeyay ee bisha Muxarram ee sannadka 636 ee hijriyada. Ilaahay ha u naxariisto kii taariikhdan dejiyay. Ilaahay ha u dambi dhaafo kii dhisay oo masuulka ka ahaa; ha u dambi dhaafo isaga, aabbihiis iyo hooyadiis, iyo Muslimiinta oo dhan… Ilaahayow, dhammaan camalka addoonkaaga Maxamed ibnu Cabdi al-Shaddaad adiga ayaa loo sameeyay."

Guillain wuxuu bilowga Muxarram 636 u taariikheeyay Agoosto 1238. Wuxuu dhismaha ku tilmaamay masjidka keliya ee duugga ah ee magaalada "ee weli lagu cibaadaysto oo xaalad wanaagsan ku jira, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay dayactirro isdaba joog ah" (b. 289).

**Masjid burburay oo u dhexeeya Xamarweyne iyo Shangaani (Shingani), 667 hijriyada (1269 miilaadiga).** Guillain wuxuu koobiyeeyay qoraal leh aayad Qur'aan ah ("Salaadda ooga labada daraf ee maalinta iyo saacadaha habeenka ee u dhow; xasanaadku waxay tirtiraan xumaanta") iyo duco loo sameeyay milkiilihiisa, "al-Xaaj Maxamed ibnu Cabdullaahi al-Baxraani", oo taariikhdeedu tahay "dhammaadka Shacbaan ee sannadka 667", taas oo ah Abriil 1269.

**Masaajidda Fakhr ad-Diin (Fakhr al-Din) iyo Arbaco Rukun (Arba'a Rukun), 667 hijriyada (1269 miilaadiga).** Masjidka Fakhr ad-Diin ee Xamarweyne waxaa ku yaal qoraal 667 hijriyada (1269) ah oo magacaabaya cidda dhistay ([Archnet, Masjid Fakhr al-Din](https://next.archnet.org/sites/3781)). Masjidka Arbaco Rukun ee Shangaani wuxuu leeyahay qoraal mixraab oo isla sannadkaas ah oo magacaabaya aasaasihiisa, Khusra ibnu Mubaarak al-Shiiraazi ([Garlake, *The Early Islamic Architecture of the East African Coast*, 1966, b. 10](https://books.google.com/books?id=IRINAQAAIAAJ)).

Qoraalladani waxay ka mid yihiin qoraallada Islaamiga ah ee taariikhda leh ee ugu da'da weyn xeebta Bariga Afrika. Qabri-qoraal ka da' weyn oo Baraawe ku yaal ayaa hoos lagu sharraxay.

## Sidee loo aasaasay Muqdisho: yaa maxay leeyahay

- **Sheekadii Guillain ururiyay 1847.** Guillain waxaa loo sheegay in degayaashii ugu horreeyay ee Muslimiinta ahaa, oo uu ugu yeeray "Emozeides", ay markii hore dhisteen guryo alwaax iyo caws ah oo harag lagu daboolay, kuwaas oo si tartiib ah loogu beddelay guryo dhagax ah. Xukunku wuxuu ku sii degay qoyska hoggaamiyihii hijrad dambe, boqortooyo la yiraahdo "El-M'doffeur" (Muzaffar). Dhulka u dhexeeya Jubbada hoose iyo Shabeelle "wuxuu markaas ahaa, sida la yiraahdo, mid dad aad u badan leh", agagaarka magaaladana waxaa gacanta ku hayay [Ajuuraan (Ajuran)](/so/history/ajuran-state/), "mid ka mid ah qabiilooyinka waaweyn ee Hawiye", kuwaas oo xiriir saaxiibtinimo la lahaa suldaannadii Muzaffar, alaabta gudahana geel ku keeni jiray. Habeen kasta salaadda caasha kadib, dhawaaqeyaal ayaa magaalada dhex mari jiray iyagoo leh "Kuwa dibadda ka yimid ha baxaan, dadka degganna guryahooda ha joogaan", albaabbadana waa la xiri jiray. Boqortooyadan hoosteeda, sida loo sheegay, Muqdisho waxay noqotay "caasimadda dalka ku hareeraysan oo dhan", qoysas ka soo jeedana waxay aasaaseen Baraawe (Barawa), Marka iyo magaalooyin kale ([Guillain 1856, qaybta 1, bb. 287–288](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_p43vUEwuZEoC)).
- **Ibnu Batuuta, 1331.** Wuxuu ogaaday in taliyaha, Abuubakar, uu ahaa "asal ahaan reer [Berberah](/so/history/early-berbera-before-1300/)", oo ku hadla "afka Maqdishi" iyo Carabiga labadaba ([Gibb 1929, bb. 110–111](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617)).
- **Khabiirada qadiimiga Sada Mire** waxay, iyadoo ka duulaysa magaalooyinka burburay ee waqooyiga oo dhan, ku doodaa in dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe ee gobolku ahaayeen boqortooyooyin deegaan oo degganaa, waxayna "su'aal galinaysaa fikradda ah in Carabtu halkaas saldhigyo ku lahaayeen" ([Mire 2015, *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)).

## Muqdisho intee bay jirtaa? Yaa maxay leeyahay

- **Enrico Cerulli**, aqoonyahankii Talyaaniga ahaa ee bartay taariikhaha Carabiga ah ee magaalada, wuxuu qabay in Muqdisho ay korortay intii u dhexeysay 900 iyo 1250 iyadoo ah degmo ganacsato Carab ah, oo laga bilaabo qarnigii 10aad loo abaabulay sidii isbahaysi ka kooban 39 qolo oo ka soo jeeda 5 qabiil. Qolooyinka qabiilka Muqri waxay qaateen *nisba*-da al-Khatani, waxayna ku guuleysteen xaqa ah inay qaadiga (garsooraha) isbahaysiga dhexdooda ka doortaan (waxaa soo koobay E. van Donzel, laga soo xigtay [Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale, *Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, 2011, cutubka 2, §§87–88](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)).
- **Neville Chittick**, oo qodis qadiimi ah ka sameeyay xeebaha Soomaalida iyo Sawaaxiliga, wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyay: "ma jiro caddeyn adag oo muujinaysa in magaalo ka jirtay goobta Muqdisho ka hor dabayaaqadii qarnigii 12aad. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay u badan tahay inay qarnigaas ku kortay ilaa heerkeedii barwaaqada, taas oo sida muuqata ugu horrayn ahayd qarniyadii 13aad iyo 14aad" (Chittick 1982, b. 61, laga soo xigtay isla ishaas, §88).
- **Ibnu al-Mujaawir (Ibn al-Mujawir)**, oo wax qoray wax yar kadib 1229, wuxuu sheegay in Banu Majid, oo Yemen laga saaray 1159, ay u kala qaybsameen saddex kooxood, mid ka mid ahi ay degtay Muqdisho, mid Zafar ee Yemen, midna Saylac (waxaa laga soo xigtay Trimingham 1975, b. 124, isla ishaas, faallada 103).

## Qabri-qoraalka Baraawe ee 1105

Sida ay muujinayaan daraasaadka Cerulli, qoraalka Carabiga ah ee ugu da'da weyn ee laga yaqaan Soomaaliya waa qabri-qoraal ku yaal Baraawe oo taariikhdiisu tahay 498 hijriyada, taas oo ah 1105 miilaadiga (van Donzel, laga soo xigtay [Fauvelle-Aymar iyo kuwo kale, *Espaces musulmans de la Corne de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge*, 2011, cutubka 2, §§87–88](https://books.openedition.org/cfee/714)). Taasi waxay ka dhigaysaa mid ka da' weyn qoraallada Muqdisho ee 1238 iyo 1269.

## Muqdisho ee diiwaanka Shiinaha, 1225

Sharaxaadda Zhao Rugua ee Chung-li, oo turjumaanadiisu la mid dhigeen xeebta Soomaalida, waxay ka warrantaa boqor "ku nool guri leben ah oo lagu daboolay jaajuur dhalaalaya", xubno boqortooyo oo keliya xiran kara jaakado iyo cimaamado, iyo dad ku noolaa aqallo caleen timir ah oo cunayay "kibis bur ah oo la dubay, caanaha idaha iyo geela". Turjumaanadu waxay soo jeedinayaan in "magaalada uu boqorka Chung-li ku noolaa ay si fiican u noqon karto Magadoxo" ([Hirth iyo Rockhill, *Chau Ju-kua*, 1911, bb. 130–132](https://archive.org/details/chaujukuahiswork00chauuoft)). Eeg [diiwaannada Shiinaha ee xeebta Soomaalida](/so/history/chinese-records-of-the-somali-coast/).

## Bogag la xiriira

- [Ka hor 1300: dhulalkii hore ee Soomaalida](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/)
- [Muqdisho, Saylac, Berbera iyo Baraawe, 1331–1586](/so/history/somali-coast-towns-1331-1586/)
- [Dowladihii qarniyadii dhexe iyo kuwii ka dambeeyay, 1300-meeyadii–1700-meeyadii](/so/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s/)
- [Saylac, Berbera iyo Muqdisho ee diiwaannada Yemen ee Rasuuliyiinta, 1229–1454](/so/history/rasulid-yemen-and-somali-ports-1229-1454/)
- [Marco Polo iyo xeebta Soomaalida, qiyaastii 1298](/so/history/marco-polo-and-the-somali-coast/)
- [Culimadii Saylac iyo Geeska Afrika ee Yemen qarniyadii dhexe, 1150–1450](/en/history/zeila-and-jabarti-scholars-in-medieval-yemen/)
- [Muqdisho iyo Baraawe ee buugga Décadas da Ásia ee João de Barros, 1503–1510](/so/history/mogadishu-and-brava-in-joao-de-barros/)