# Opone iyo Raas Xaafuun: deked Soomaaliyeed oo hore, qarnigii 1aad ka hor miilaadiga ilaa qarnigii 5aad

> Raas Xaafuun iyo dekeddii hore ee Opone: waxa Periplus-ku sheego, waxa qodistu heshay, iyo da'da goobaha.

Source page: https://calankii.com/so/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/
Language: so
Translation of: https://calankii.com/en/history/ancient-port-of-opone-ras-hafun/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

## Si kooban

Raas Xaafuun waa madax dhagax-ciideed ah oo ku yaal xeebta Badweynta Hindiya ee gobolka Bari, qiyaastii 150 km koonfur ka xigta Raas Caseyr. Waxay dhulka weyn kaga xiran tahay xariijin ciid ah (tombolo) oo qiyaastii 25 km dherer ah ([Chittick 1979, "Early ports in the Horn of Africa", *International Journal of Nautical Archaeology* 8.4, b. 275](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). Magaalada Xaafuun waxay ku taal madaxa.

Laba goobood oo hore ayaa halkan lagu qoday 1975 iyo 1976 oo uu sameeyay howlgal ka tirsan British Institute in Eastern Africa oo uu hoggaaminayay Neville Chittick, "iyadoo lala kaashanayo saaxiibbo Soomaali ah" (tarjumaad), iyo caawimaadda dowladda Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (isla ishaas, b. 273). Waxa ay heleen waxay Xaafuun ka dhigayaan mid ka mid ah goobaha ganacsiga ee ugu horreeya ee la taariikhaystay xeebta Bariga Afrika.

## Waxa Periplus-ku ka sheego Opone

*Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* ee Giriigga ee qarnigii 1aad wuxuu sharraxaa magaaladii suuqa ee ugu dambeysay ee xeebta "dhinaca fog" ka hor Azania (§13):

> "Tabae dabadeed, afar boqol oo stadia kadib, waxaa jirta tuulada Pano. Kadibna, kadib markii afar boqol oo stadia lagu shiraaco madax dhinaciisa, oo meeshaas qulqulkuna kuu jiido, waxaa jirta magaalo suuq kale oo la yiraahdo Opone, taas oo lagu keeno isla alaabta hore loo sheegay, waxaana lagu soo saaraa qorfaha ugu badan (*arebo* iyo *moto*), iyo addoommo heer sare ah, oo Masar loo keeno tiro sii kordheysa; iyo qolof diin oo badan, oo ka fiican tan meelaha kale laga helo." (tarjumaad) ([turjumaadda Schoff, 1912, b. 28](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236))

W. H. Schoff wuxuu Opone u aqoonsaday "madaxa cajiibka ah ee hadda loo yaqaan Raas Xaafuun" (tarjumaad), Panona Raas Binna. Wuxuu sidoo kale diiwaangeliyay aragtida aqoonyahanka Jarmalka Eduard Glaser ee ah in magacyada Pano iyo Opone ay ku dayanayaan "Dhulka Punt" ee Masaarida ([Schoff 1912, faallooyinka b. 87](https://archive.org/details/cu31924030139236)).

## Xaafuun Galbeed: deked qarniyadii ugu dambeeyay ka hor miilaadiga

Xaafuun Galbeed waxay ku taal dhinaca haro gacmeed gun-gaab ah oo u dhexeysa madaxa iyo dhulka weyn. Kooxda Chittick waxay heleen haraaga si xun u nabaadguuray ee dhismo qayb ahaan laga sameeyay dhagxaan la jaray. Lakabyada hoose waxaa ku jiray jajab "dheryo rinji leh oo tayo sare leh oo u muuqda asal Giriig (Hellenistic)" (tarjumaad) iyo weelal kayd oo waaweyn ([Chittick 1979, b. 275](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)).

- **Taariikhda.** Chittick markii hore wuxuu goobta u qaatay "xarun deked yar oo qarnigii 2aad ama 3aad ka hor miilaadiga ah oo juqraafiyayaashii Roomaanku aysan ogeyn" (tarjumaad). Daraasad dambe ayaa Xaafuun Galbeed ku taariikhaysa qarnigii 1aad ka hor miilaadiga ilaa qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511), oo soo xiganaysa Smith iyo Wright, *Azania* 23, 1988).
- **Dhulka gudaha.** Tog ka yimaada dooxada Daroor ayaa ku shuba harada. Chittick wuxuu xusay in dooxadu u horseedayso aag "la sheego in malmal tayo fiican laga heli karo" (tarjumaad).
- **Isticmaalka dambe.** Qiyaastii qarnigii 3aad ee miilaadiga dhismaha dhagaxu wuu burburay, dadkuna waxay ku noolaayeen burburkiisa dhexdiisa. Waxay ka tageen lafo diin oo badan laakiin qolof diin ma jirin, taas oo Chittick soo jeedinayo in loo iibiyay dhoofin, sida Periplus-ku sharraxo. Tuul weyn oo qolof *Murex* ah oo agtiisa ah ayaa laga yaabaa in loo adeegsaday samaynta midab guduudan. Cirifyada haradu waxay ku habboon yihiin samaynta milixda iyadoo la uumiyeeyo, taas oo weli halkaas laga sameeyo (Chittick 1979, b. 276).
- **Aasaska.** Taallooyin yaryar oo agtiisa ah ayaa lagu dhisay dhagxaan laga qaaday dhismaha weyn. Mid ka mid ah wuxuu hayay meyd la laabay, gacmaha wejiga la saaray, u jeeda galbeed, oo aan alaab la aasay lahayn (isla ishaas).

## Xaafuun Dhexe: suuqii Opone

Xaafuun Dhexe waxay ku taal dhinaca koonfureed ee madaxa, oo ku xigta deked laga gaashaamay dabaysha waqooyi-bari. Chittick wuxuu qoray inay "u badan tahay in loo aqoonsado suuqa Periplus-ku ugu magac daray Opone" (tarjumaad) ([Chittick 1979, b. 276](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)).

- Godad tijaabo ah ayaa helay ilaa 2 m oo lakabyo degitaan ah, inta badan xariijimo dhuxul iyo ciid ah, iyo foorno badan oo laga sameeyay dheryo hore.
- Ma jirin guryo dhagax ah, kaliya raadadka godad tiirar waaweyn, taas oo tilmaamaysa dhismayaal alwaax iyo caws ah.
- Qabuuro dhagax ah oo hoose oo afar-gees ah oo agtiisa ah ayaa hayay dheryo dhalaal leh oo la xiriira noocyada "Barthiyaanka" iyo quraarad.
- Saldhigga weel buluug dhalaal leh oo Saasaani-Islaami ah oo u dhow taallo, oo qodayaashu u akhriyeen calaamad muujinaysa in dadku halkan weli iman jireen qarniyadii dambe.

Chittick wuxuu ku-meel-gaar ahaan Xaafuun Dhexe ku taariikhaystay qarniyadii 2aad iyo 3aad ee miilaadiga. Daraasadda dambe waxay bixisaa qarniyadii 2aad ilaa 5aad ee miilaadiga, waxayna sheegtaa in alaabta dibadda laga keenay ay ka timid "Boqortooyada Roomaanka, Khaliijka iyo Koonfurta Aasiya" (tarjumaad) ([Fernández Fernández, González-Ruibal iyo de Torres 2022](https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/16511)). Dheryo cas oo Masaari ah oo qarniyadii 1aad iyo 2aad ee miilaadiga ah oo laga helay Xaafuun ayaa la mid ah waxa laga helay Coptos iyo Myos Hormos, dekedihii Roomaanka ee Badda Cas ee Masar (isla ishaas).

## Sababta Xaafuun muhiim ugu tahay diiwaanka

- Waa mid ka mid ah meelaha yar ee Geeska Afrika ee deked lagu magacaabay qoraal Giriig ah lala barbardhigay haraa la qoday.
- Qodayaashu waxa la helay waxay u akhriyaan caddayn muujinaysa in xeebta Soomaalidu la ganacsan jirtay Masar-tii Ptolemy iyo Roomaanka, Faaris-tii Barthiyaanka iyo Saasaaniga iyo Koonfurta Aasiya muddo qiyaastii 500 sano ah.
- Sada Mire, oo madax ka ahayd Waaxda Qadiimiga Somaliland, waxay Raas Xaafuun ku tilmaantay "goob muhiim ah oo laga bilaabo qarnigii saddexaad ka hor miilaadiga, oo u adeegaysay degmo taageerta ganacsiga Giriig-Roomaanka" (tarjumaad) ([Mire 2015, "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland", *African Archaeological Review* 32](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9)).

## Doonta beden

Chittick wuxuu 1975 ilaa 1976 sawiray *beden*, doon la tolay oo aan musmaar bir ah lahayn, oo sabbaynaysa harada Xaafuun, oo ay agteeda taal huuri (*huri*) leh baroosin dhagax ah ([Chittick 1979, sawirka 4](https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Somalia-Chittick1979.pdf)). Wuxuu sii jiritaanka doonyaha la tolay ee xeebtan la xiriiriyay meelaha ay ku degaan oo furan oo mawjaddu garaacdo.

## Bogag la xiriira

- [Dekedaha Soomaalida ee Periplus](/so/history/periplus-somali-ports-1st-century/)
- [Ka hor 1300: dhulka Soomaalida ee hore](/so/history/ancient-somali-lands-before-1300/)
- [Goobaha hiddaha ee Soomaaliya](/en/society/heritage-sites/)