# Dagaalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga iyo burburkii 1991: cidda carartay iyo meesha ay aadeen

> Dagaalkii 1988 ee waqooyiga, dilalkii shacabka ee 1987-89, xerada Hartasheekh, burburkii 1991 iyo bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay: cidda carartay iyo meesha ay aadeen.

Source page: https://calankii.com/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1988-1991/
Language: so
Translation of: https://calankii.com/en/diaspora/somalis-leave-1988-1991/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

Laga bilaabo Maajo 1988 ilaa 1992, dagaalkii waqooyiga iyo kadibna burburkii dowladdii dhexe ayaa keenay socdaalkii ugu weynaa ee Soomaalida dalka uga baxday. Boggani wuxuu hayaa faahfaahinta; guudmarka mowjad kasta wuxuu ku jiraa [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse?](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/).

## Maxaa dadku uga carareen waqooyiga 1988?

Dagaal ayaa dhex maray dowladda iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) Maajo 1988 ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). Human Rights Watch waxay sheegtay in ciidanku aanu kala saarin shacabka iyo dagaalyahannada, oo uu burburiyay xoolo iyo kaydad biyood.

Horraantii 1990, qiyaastii 50,000 ilaa 60,000 qof ayaa lagu dilay waqooyiga ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)). "Ku dhawaad nus milyan" ayaa dalka ka cararay, intooda badan Itoobiya, qaarna Jabuuti iyo Yaman. Kooxo waaweyn ayaa gaaray England iyo Wales.

Xafiiska Xisaabtanka Dowladda Mareykanka (GAO) ayaa daraaseeyay sababta qaxootigu ugu carareen Itoobiya iyo inta Hargeysa ka burburtay ([GAO, NSIAD-89-159, Maajo 1989](https://www.gao.gov/products/nsiad-89-159)). Machad cilmi-baaris oo Muqdisho ku yaal ayaa qoray in duqeyntu ay in ka badan 600,000 oo Soomaali ah u kaxaysay Itoobiya ([Heritage Institute, 2018, Af-Soomaali](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Tahriibka-Dhalinyarada-Soomaaliya.pdf)). Labada tiro way kala duwan yihiin, labadaba halkan ayaa lagu bixiyay.

Dagaalkii 1988 wuxuu ku qasbay "ku dhawaad dhammaan dadka waqooyiga" inay magangal ka raadsadaan dibadda ama koonfurta ([Ahmed, 2000](https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B8EC8ADE9-7250-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70%7D.pdf)). Ahmed wuxuu xusay in qaar badan ay ku biireen bulshada Soomaaliyeed ee hore ugu noolayd Ingiriiska.

## Maxaa laga diiwaangeliyay dilalkii shacabka ee waqooyiga, 1987-89?

Baarayaal, maxkamado iyo cilmi-baarayaal ayaa diiwaangeliyay dilal loo geystay shacab aan hubeysnayn oo waqooyiga ku noolaa, intooda badan beesha Isaaq, intii uu socday dagaalka dowladda iyo SNM. Tirooyinkoodu aad bay u kala duwan yihiin, mid kastana halkan waxaa lagu bixiyay isha uu ka yimid.

**Daraasaddii Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka, 1989.** Robert Gersony ayaa wareystay qaxooti iyo barakacayaal, isagoo u shaqaynayay Xafiiska Barnaamijyada Qaxootiga ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka; warbixintiisa "Why Somalis Flee" (Sababta Soomaalidu u Cararayso) waxay ku taariikhaysan tahay Agoosto 1989 ([Yale Genocide Studies Program](https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide)). Warbixinta xuquuqda aadanaha ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee 1989, oo ku tiirsanayd warbixintaas, waxay sheegtay in "ugu yaraan 5,000 shacab ah oo aan hubeysnayn si ula kac ah loo dilay" ciidamada qalabka sida intii u dhexeysay Maajo 1988 iyo Maarso 1989 ([US State Department, Country Report 1989, via ecoi.net](https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/240775)). Isla warbixintu waxay sheegtay in qiyaastii 90 boqolkiiba guryaha, ganacsiyada iyo hantida Isaaq ee Hargeysa la burburiyay ama si xun loo waxyeeleeyay.

Warbixinta Gersony waxay qortay in "muuqaalka ah in dhibbanayaasha loo doortay … dilal gaar ahaan aqoonsigooda qowmiyadeed awgii uusan la dafiri karin", sida uu Yale soo xigtay ([Yale Genocide Studies Program](https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide)). Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibaddu waxay sheegtaa 300 wareysi; soo koobidaha la xiriira Yale waxay sheegaan 252.

**Africa Watch, Janaayo 1990.** Africa Watch, oo qayb ka ah Human Rights Watch, ayaa Janaayo 1990 daabacday "Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People" (Soomaaliya: Dowlad la dagaallamaysa dadkeeda) ([University of Halle open-data record](https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/108544)). Human Rights Watch waxay dadkii ku dhintay waqooyiga ku qiyaastay 50,000 ilaa 60,000 intii u dhexeysay Maajo 1988 iyo horraantii 1990 ([HRW World Report 1990](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm)).

**Baaritaan meydad oo Qaramada Midoobay codsatay, 1997.** Codsi Khabiirka Madaxa-bannaan ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Soomaaliya, hay'adda Physicians for Human Rights (Dhakhaatiirta Xuquuqda Aadanaha) ayaa 11 Abriil 1997 baartay in ka badan 100 goobood oo qabuuro ah oo la yaqaan ama la sheegay, agagaarka Hargeysa ([Center for Justice and Accountability](https://cja.org/what-we-do/transitional-justice-initiatives/somaliland/)). Waxay heshay laba qabuuro wadareed, mid ku taal dugsiga hoose ee Malko Durduro iyo mid ku taal Badhka, iyadoo lafaha la arkay inay u muuqdeen kuwo xarig ama maro lagu xiray, sida ay isla ishaasi sheegtay.

**Baaritaan ay Qaramada Midoobay amartay, 2001.** Warbixin Qaramada Midoobay oo 2001 ah oo ku saabsan weerarrada ayaa ku soo gabagabeysay in "dembiga xasuuqa (genocide) ay maleegtay, qorshaysay oo fulisay Dowladda Soomaaliya, kana dhan tahay dadka Isaaq", sida uu soo xigtay wargeyska The Nation ([The Nation, 22 Oktoobar 2018](https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/in-the-valley-of-death-somalilands-forgotten-genocide/)). Warbixinta waxaa si wadajir ah u amray xafiiska xuquuqda aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay iyo unugga isku-duwidda Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya.

**Qiyaasaha ka sarreeya.** Saraakiisha Somaliland iyo Guddigeeda Baaritaanka Dembiyada Dagaalka waxay sheegaan in ilaa 200,000 qof la dilay laguna aasay qabuuro wadareed, guddiguna wuxuu liis gareeyay 226 qabuuro wadareed oo la yaqaan ([Al Jazeera, 6 Febraayo 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/02/06/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland/)). Khabiir baaritaanka meydadka oo halkaas ka shaqaynayay ayaa Al Jazeera u sheegay in qiyaasuhu u dhexeeyaan 60,000 ilaa 200,000, iyo in "qofna si dhab ah uusan u aqoon". The Nation waxay sheegtay in ka badan 40,000 oo lagu dilay duqeyntii iyo weerarradii dhulka ee Hargeysa ([The Nation, 2018](https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/in-the-valley-of-death-somalilands-forgotten-genocide/)).

**Diiwaanka maxkamadaha.** Maajo 2019 guddi xeerbeegti federaal ah oo Mareykan ah oo ku sugan Alexandria, Virginia, ayaa go'aamiyay in gaashaanle sare hore ee ciidanka, Yuusuf Cabdi Cali (Yusuf Abdi Ali), uu masuul ka ahaa jirdilkii nin dhallinyaro ah oo xoolo-raacay ahaa oo waqooyiga ku noolaa 1987 ([Center for Justice and Accountability](https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/warfaa-v-ali-col-tukeh/); [VOA, Maajo 2019](https://www.voanews.com/a/us-jury-former-somali-colonel-responsible-for-torture/4927432.html)). Waxay ku xukuntay US$400,000 oo magdhow ah iyo US$100,000 oo ganaax ciqaabeed ah (punitive damages), waxayna diiday eedda isku dayga dilka; maxkamadda racfaanka ayaa xukunka ansixisay 2021. Wasiirkii hore ee gaashaandhigga iyo ra'iisul wasaarihii hore Maxamed Cali Samatar (Mohamed Ali Samantar) ayaa aqbalay xukun maqnaansho (default judgment) oo ku saabsan dacwad madani ah oo Mareykan ah oo la xiriirtay, habeenkii ka horreeyay maxkamadaynta ([Center for Justice and Accountability](https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/warfaa-v-ali-col-tukeh/)).

Aqoonyahanno iyo Barnaamijka Daraasaadka Xasuuqa ee Jaamacadda Yale ayaa dhacdooyinkan u adeegsada erayga xasuuq (genocide) ([Yale Genocide Studies Program](https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide)). Maxkamad caalami ah lama dhisin ([Al Jazeera, 2014](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/02/06/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland/)).

## Muxuu ahaa Hartasheekh?

Hartasheekh wuxuu ahaa xero ku taal bariga Itoobiya, oo markii ay ugu badnayd haysay in ka badan 250,000 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ([UN News, Luulyo 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)). Intooda badan waxay ka yimaadeen Gabiley iyo Hargeysa. UNHCR waxay xirtay 2004 markii 719-kii qof ee ugu dambeeyay ay guryahooda ku laabteen; in ka badan 230,000 ayaa soo laabtay tan iyo Abriil 1997.

## Maxaa dadku u tageen markii dowladdii dhexe burburtay 1991?

Dagaal iyo gaajo. Dagaalkii Muqdisho ka dhacay Nofembar 1991 ilaa Febraayo 1992 wuxuu dilay qiyaastii 14,000 qof, wuxuuna dhaawacay 27,000 ([HRW World Report 1993](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)). Macaluusha iyo cuduradu waxay keeneen ilaa 300,000 dhimasho bartamihii 1992, sida ay isla warbixintu sheegtay.

Dadku jiho kasta ayay u kala tageen:

- **Kenya:** UNHCR waxay dhistay saddexdii xero ee ugu horreysay ee Dhadhaab (Dadaab) intii u dhexeysay Oktoobar 1991 iyo Juun 1992, oo loogu talagalay ilaa 90,000 qof ([UNHCR, 2012](https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/unhcr-fn-s-flykting-kommissarie/news/dadaab-world-s-biggest-refugee-camp-20-years-old-36270)).
- **Itoobiya:** xero ku taal Hartasheekh, oo u dhow xadka, ayaa qaabilaysay dadka waqooyiga tan iyo 1988 ([UN News, 2004](https://news.un.org/en/node/108122)).
- **Yaman:** qiyaastii 60,000 qaxooti Soomaaliyeed ayaa halkaas joogay Agoosto 1992 ([HRW World Report 1993](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-08.htm)).
- **Mareykanka:** fiisooyinka qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabmeen 1992 ([MNopedia](https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota)).

## Maxaa ku dhacay bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay?

Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay iyaguna way carareen, inta badan iyagoon lahayn koox hubeysan oo ilaalisa.

- **Soomaali Bantu (Jareer):** 1991 qoys ayaa beertoodii ka soo lugeeyay ilaa Kismaayo, kadibna 14 habeen xeebta ku socday ilaa Kenya ([Smithsonian, 2004](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/coming-to-america-107358405/)). Laga bilaabo 1992 waxay ku noolaayeen xerada Marafa oo u dhow Malindi, kadibna Kakuma.
- **Dib u dejinta Soomaali Bantu:** Mareykanku wuxuu qorsheeyay inuu dib u dejiyo ilaa 12,000 Soomaali Bantu ah, qoysaskii ugu horreeyayna waxay yimaadeen Maajo 2003 ([Smithsonian, 2004](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/coming-to-america-107358405/)).
- **Soomaali Bantu ee Tansaaniya:** qiyaastii 3,000 qaxooti oo asal ahaan Zigua ah ayaa la dejiyay Chogo, mar dambena waxaa la siiyay jinsiyadda ([UNHCR](https://www.unhcr.org/news/somali-bantus-gain-tanzanian-citizenship-their-ancestral-land)).
- **Banaadiri (Reer Xamar):** qaar badan waxay ahaayeen ganacsato aan lahayn maleeshiyo ilaalisa, intooda badanna waxay u carareen Kenya ([Minority Rights Group, 2018](https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/64976)).
- **Banaadiri ee Yaman:** 500 qoys oo Banaadiri ah oo ka yimid xeebta koonfureed ayaa Yaman ku noolaa tan iyo 1992 ([The New Humanitarian](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/node/236528)).
- **Bajuun:** dadka jasiiradaha u dhow Kismaayo waxay 1991 u carareen xerada Jomvu oo u dhow Mombaasa, taas oo la xiray dabayaaqadii 1997 ([Nurse, dib u eegista warbixinta 2000](https://mun.ca/faculty/dnurse/Refugees/Review_2000_JFFM_Report.pdf)).

## Maxaa kale oo la soo sheegay?

- **Qurbaha 1992:** madaxa UNHCR Sadako Ogata ayaa 12 Oktoobar 1992 shir ka dhacay Geneva u sheegay in qiyaastii hal milyan oo Soomaali ah, ku dhawaad 20% dadka, ay u carareen dalalka deriska ah, iyo in UNHCR ay caawinaysay ku dhawaad 700,000 oo ka mid ah ([UNHCR statement, via Refworld](https://www.refworld.org/policy/statements/unhcr/1992/en/68646)).

## Bogag la xiriira

- [Maxay Soomaalidu u tageen, goormayse? (guudmar)](/so/diaspora/why-and-how-somalis-left/)
- [Macaluul, dagaal iyo abaar: Soomaalidii tagtay 1992 ilaa hadda](/so/diaspora/somalis-leave-1992-2026/)
- [Waddooyinkee ayay Soomaalidu mareen?](/so/diaspora/migration-routes/)
- [Qaxootiga Soomaaliyeed oo tirooyin ah](/so/diaspora/somali-refugees-by-the-numbers/)
- [Kenya](/en/diaspora/kenya/) (Ingiriisi)
- [Itoobiya](/en/diaspora/ethiopia/) (Ingiriisi)
- [Yaman](/en/diaspora/yemen/) (Ingiriisi)
- [Burburkii, 1991-2000](/en/history/collapse-1991-2000/) (Ingiriisi)
- [Xilligii Siyaad Barre, 1969-1991](/so/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991/) (Ingiriisi)
- [Bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay](/en/society/minority-communities/) (Ingiriisi)
- [Barakaca gudaha](/en/society/internal-displacement/) (Ingiriisi)
- [Lacagaha qurbaha laga soo diro oo tirooyin ah](/so/economy/remittances-in-numbers/) (Ingiriisi)
- [Dhaqdhaqaaqyada iyo dowladaha Soomaaliyeed tan iyo 1895](/so/history/carried-the-banner-since-1895/) (Ingiriisi)

## Ilaha

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2. Minnesota Historical Society. "Somali and Somali American Experiences in Minnesota". MNopedia. https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/somali-and-somali-american-experiences-minnesota. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
3. Human Rights Watch. "World Report 1990: Somalia". HRW, 1991. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1990/WR90/AFRICA.BOU-09.htm. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
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11. Minority Rights Group International. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Somalia, Benadiri". 2018. https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/64976. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
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14. US Department of State. "Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1989: Somalia". ecoi.net, 1990. https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/240775. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
15. Genocide Studies Program, Yale University. "Somalia: Isaaq genocide". https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
16. Africa Watch. "Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People", Janaayo 1990. Diiwaanka open-data ee Jaamacadda Halle. https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/108544. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
17. Center for Justice and Accountability. "Somaliland: transitional justice". https://cja.org/what-we-do/transitional-justice-initiatives/somaliland/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
18. Ismail Einashe iyo Matt Kennard. "In the Valley of Death: Somaliland's Forgotten Genocide". The Nation, 22 Oktoobar 2018. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/in-the-valley-of-death-somalilands-forgotten-genocide/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
19. Al Jazeera. "Investigating genocide in Somaliland". 6 Febraayo 2014. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/02/06/investigating-genocide-in-somaliland/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
20. Center for Justice and Accountability. Bogga dacwadda "Warfaa v. Ali". https://cja.org/what-we-do/litigation/warfaa-v-ali-col-tukeh/. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
21. Voice of America. "US jury: former Somali colonel responsible for torture". Maajo 2019. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-jury-former-somali-colonel-responsible-for-torture/4927432.html. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.
22. Sadako Ogata. Hadal ay ka jeedisay Shirka Caalamiga ah ee Soomaaliya, Geneva, 12 Oktoobar 1992. UNHCR, Refworld. https://www.refworld.org/policy/statements/unhcr/1992/en/68646. La hubiyay 2026-11-12.