https://calankii.com/ 2026-11-13T00:00:00Z Calankii https://calankii.com/so/society/zakat-sadaqa-and-waqf-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Sakadu (zakaat) waa bixinta sannadlaha ah ee waajibka ku ah muslim kasta oo leh hanti ku filan, badanaa 2.5 boqolkiiba hantidiisa. Soomaalidu waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah iyo waqf, sida dhul 'Ilaah loo bixiyay' oo masaajiddo iyo tuulooyin suufi ah lagu dhisay. Soomaaliya weli ma laha sanduuq sako oo dowladeed: wasaaradda arrimaha diintu waxay la shaqaysay Jabuuti iyo hay'ad samafal oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saabsan sida loo ururiyo, halka al-Shabaab ay sako qasab ah ka qaaddo deegaannada ay gaarto.

https://calankii.com/so/society/wadaad-sheekh-and-xaaji-religious-roles/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Bulshada Soomaalida, wadaadku waa qof kasta oo noloshiisa u huray diinta. Wadaaddadu waxay wax bari jireen, salaadda tujin jireen, dukumentiyo qori jireen, kuna xukumi jireen sharciga diinta. Sheekh waa magaca nin aqoon leh ama madaxa dariiqo suufi ah. Macallinku wuxuu dhigaa dugsiga Qur'aanka, xaajina waa magac sharafeed oo la siiyo qofkii xajka gutay. Reer guuraaga dhexdooda, ninka diinta dhaqan ahaan wuxuu ka fogaan jiray dagaalka iyo siyaasadda qabiilka.

https://calankii.com/so/society/somali-sufi-scholars-and-saints/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Laga soo bilaabo Sheekh Isaaq ee Maydh, oo loo xuso qarnigii 10aad ama 11aad, ilaa hoggaamiyihii Daraawiishta Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan 1920, culimada iyo awliyada Soomaaliyeed waxay Islaamka u qaadeen gudaha, aasaaseen magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin beereed, tiriyeen gabayo, hoggaamiyeenna iska caabbin. Hagahan wuxuu taxayaa 14 ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan, sida ay xilligooda isugu xigaan, mid kastana meeshii uu ku noolaa, dariiqadiisa iyo meesha uu ku aasan yahay.

https://calankii.com/so/society/religion-in-somalia-in-numbers/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

In ka badan 99 boqolkiiba dadka Soomaaliya waa muslimiin Sunni ah, sida ay sheegtay wasaaradda federaalka ee arrimaha diinta; Pew Research waxay ku qiyaastaa 98.5 boqolkiiba. Masiixiyiinta waxaa Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku ku qiyaastaa qiyaastii 1,000. Qiyaastii 50,000 dugsi Qur'aan ayaa wax bara in ka badan 4 milyan oo carruur ah, dowladduna waxay 2023 xajka u dirtay 9,043 xujey. Tiro kasta oo halkan ku jirta waa qiyaas, waxaana la raaciyay isha.

https://calankii.com/so/society/ramadan-and-eid-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaalidu waxay soomaan waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca bisha Ramadaan oo dhan, kadibna waxay dabaaldegaan Ciidul Fitri marka la arko dayaxa bisha Soonfur. Afurka badanaa waxaa lagu furaa timir iyo biyo, waxaana ku xiga sambuus, bajiye iyo canjeero. Qiimuhu wuu kordhaa bishaas, imaamyaduna waxay dadka ku boorriyaan inay saboolka wax siiyaan. Ciidul Adxa, oo ku beegan dhammaadka xajka, waa xilliga ugu sarreeya ee xoolaha loo dhoofiyo Sacuudiga. Maarso 2026 Ciidul Fitri waxaa dalka oo dhan lagu dabaaldegay isla maalin.

https://calankii.com/so/society/mosques-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Masaajidda Soomaaliya ee ugu da'da weyn ee taariikhda leh waxay ku yaallaan Xamar Weyne, Muqdisho, iyagoo leh qoraallo 1238 iyo 1269. Xaafadda hore oo keliya waxay leedahay qiyaastii 25 masaajid oo yaryar. Masaajidka casriga ah ee ugu weyn waa Masjidka Isbahaysiga, oo la dhisay 1987 iyadoo Sacuudigu maalgeliyay, qaada ilaa 10,000 tukade, la xiray xilligii dagaalka, dib loo hagaajiyayna 2006 ilaa 2015. Masjidka Cali Jimcaale oo u dhow garoonka Muqdisho ayaa la furay 2022, wuxuuna qaadaa ilaa 5,000.

https://calankii.com/so/society/mogadishu-cathedral/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Kaniisadda Weyn ee Muqdisho waa kaatidraal Kaatoolig ah oo la dhisay 1923 ilaa 1928 xilligii guddoomiyihii gumeysiga Talyaaniga Cesare Maria De Vecchi, iyadoo lagu dayday kaatidraalka Cefalù ee Sicily. Waxay ahayd xarunta Dayoosiska Kaatooligga ee Muqdisho, oo dhammaan Soomaaliya daboola. Biishob Salvatore Colombo waxaa lagu dilay gudaheeda 1989. Lama isticmaalin tan iyo Janaayo 1991, inteeda badan waa la burburiyay 2008, dibna looma dhisin.

https://calankii.com/so/society/mawlid-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Mawliidku (Mowliid) wuxuu xusaa dhalashada Nebi Muxammad (NNKH) 12 Rabiicul Awal. Soomaaliya waxaa inta badan hoggaamiya dariiqooyinka suufiyada, iyadoo la akhriyo Qur'aanka, la qaado qasiidooyin, la socdo, geelna loo qalo cunto wadareed. Al-Shabaab waxay mamnuucday dabaaldegyada dadweynaha iyadoo ku tilmaantay bidco; waxay Muqdisho ku soo laabteen 2011 kadib. Dowladdu waxay Mawliidka ka dhigtay fasax qaran 2015. Xisaab ahaan Mawliidka xiga wuxuu ku beegan yahay qiyaastii 14 Agoosto 2027.

https://calankii.com/so/society/islamic-movements-in-somalia-since-1950/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

1950-meeyadii wixii ka dambeeyay, Soomaali wax ku bartay Qaahira, Maka iyo Madiina ayaa dalka keenay dhaqdhaqaaqyo Islaam oo cusub. Laba koox oo Salafi ah ayaa la aasaasay dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii, waxayna qiyaastii 1984 isku biireen iyagoo noqday al-Itixaad al-Islaami. Islaax, laanta Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Soomaaliya, waxaa la aasaasay 1978. 1991 kadib shabakadahani waxay maamuleen iskuullo, hay'ado samafal iyo maxkamado shareeco; qaarkood hub ayay qaateen. Dariiqooyinka suufiyada ee hore waxay isku abaabuleen Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca.

https://calankii.com/so/society/islam-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

In ka badan 99 boqolkiiba Soomaalidu waa muslimiin Sunni ah, intooda badanna waxay raacaan madhabka Shaafici. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray xeebta Soomaalida qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee diinta, dariiqooyinka suufiyada sida Qaadiriyada iyo Axmadiyaduna waxay qarniyo qaabeeyeen waxbarashada, ganacsiga iyo iska caabbinta. Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu Islaamka ka dhigayaa diinta dowladda.

https://calankii.com/so/society/hajj-from-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Kootada xajka ee Soomaaliya iyo Sacuudiga waa 11,500 xujey sannadkii, waxaana mar kale loo saxiixay xilliga 2026. Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Diintu waxay go'aamisaa qiimaha xirmada, oo ahaa 4,604 doollar 2025, xilliga 2026-na loo xaddiday 4,543.50 doollar, waxaana iibin kara shirkadaha ruqsadda haysta oo keliya. Xujaydu waxay si toos ah uga duulaan Muqdisho, Hargeysa, Garoowe iyo Boosaaso. Dowladdu waxay taageertay 9,043 xujey 2023.

https://calankii.com/so/society/family-law-1975-and-the-ten-scholars/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

11 Janaayo 1975, Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xeer qoys oo cusub oo dumarka iyo ragga ka siinayay saami siman dhaxalka. Culimo diineed ayaa 16 Janaayo ka hadlay minbarka masaajid Muqdisho ku yaal iyagoo ka soo horjeeda. Maxkamadda Badbaadada Qaranka ayaa toban ka mid ah ku xukuntay dil, waxaana la toogtay 23 Janaayo 1975 Akadeemiyada Booliska ee Muqdisho. Kuwo kale ayaa lagu xukumay 20 ilaa 30 sano oo xabsi ah.

https://calankii.com/so/society/christians-and-missions-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Howlaha faafinta masiixigu waxay Soomaalida dhexdeeda ka shaqaynayeen 1881 wixii ka dambeeyay, inta badan agoon-hayn, iskuullo iyo rugo caafimaad. Intooda badan waa la xiray ama la saaray: howshii Katooliga Faransiiska ee waqooyiga Ingiriiska 1910, howshii Luteeriyaanka Iswiidhishka ee koonfurta 1935, iyo howlihii Mennonite-ka iyo Sudan Interior Mission 1976. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanku maanta waxay Soomaaliya ku tirisaa qiyaastii 1,000 masiixi. Dastuurka 2012 wuxuu mamnuucayaa faafinta diin kasta oo aan Islaam ahayn.

https://calankii.com/so/society/baardheere-jamaaca-1819-1843/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

1819, Sheekh Ibraahim Xasan Jebro iyo asxaabtiisu waxay Baardheere oo ku taal wabiga Jubba ka aasaaseen bulsho diineed (jamaaco), tii ugu horreysay ee noocaas ah Soomaaliya. Waxay mamnuucday tubaakada iyo cayaaraha, waxay dumarka ku waajibisay xijaab, waxayna joojisay ganacsiga foolmaroodiga. Dabayaaqadii 1830-meeyadii waxay lahayd ku dhowaad 20,000 raacdayaal ah, waxayna gacanta ku haysay ganacsiga Luuq. 1843 isbahaysi uu hoggaaminayay Suldaan Yuusuf Maxamuud ee Geledi ayaa qabsaday Baardheere.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/yemen/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Yemen waxaa kala qaybiya Gacanka Cadmeed, qarniyo badanna dad iyo ganacsi ayaa ka gudbayay. Dhammaadkii 2025 Yemen waxay martigelisay 40,335 qaxooti oo Soomaaliya ka yimid, halka 2017 ay ahaayeen 255,894; Soomaaliyana waxay martigelisay 13,496 qaxooti Yemeni ah. 2024 Yemen waxay sheegtay in ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$13.5 milyan, kana soo dejisay US$10.6 milyan, inta badan xoolo nool. Soomaaliya waxay taageertaa dowladda Yemen ee caalamku aqoonsan yahay.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/world-bank/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Bangiga Adduunka wuxuu Soomaaliya amaahinayay 1965 ilaa 1990, kadibna ku dhowaad soddon sano ayuu joogsaday. Tan iyo markii Soomaaliya 5 March 2020 bixisay deyntii la soo raagay, 13 December 2023-na deynta loo cafiyay, hay'adda IDA waxay dhistay mashaariic deeq ah oo qiyaastii US$2.34 bilyan ah. Xafiiskiisu wuxuu ku yaal Nairobi.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/united-states/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Mareykanku wuxuu aqoonsaday Soomaaliya 1 Luulyo 1960, wuxuu xiray safaaraddiisa Muqdisho 5 Janaayo 1991, wuxuu aqoonsaday Dowladda Federaalka 17 Janaayo 2013, wuxuuna dib u furay xafiis joogto ah Diseembar 2018. Gargaarka Mareykanka wuxuu gaaray ku dhawaad US$1.18 bilyan sannadkii 2023, wuxuuna hoos ugu dhacay US$212 milyan 2025. Sannadka 2026 Washington weli waxay aqoonsan tahay xuduudaha Soomaaliya ee 1960, oo Somaliland ku jirto.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/united-kingdom/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Ingiriisku wuxuu xukumayay Somaliland-tii Ingiriiska laga soo bilaabo heshiisyadii 1884–1886 ilaa 26 Juun 1960, safaarad buuna ku leeyahay Muqdisho tan iyo 25 Abriil 2013. Ingiriisku wuxuu London ku qabtay shirarkii Soomaaliya ee 2012, 2013 iyo 2017, wuxuuna Soomaaliya la saxeexday iskaashi istaraatiiji ah 21 Nofembar 2023. Ganacsiga labada dal wuxuu ahaa £56 milyan sannadkii ku egaa Juun 2026.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/un/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Qaramada Midoobay 20 September 1960, waxayna xubin ka ahayd Golaha Ammaanka 2025 iyo 2026, markii ugu horreysay tan iyo 1971 ilaa 1972. Hawlgallada siyaasadeed ee QM waxay Soomaaliya ka shaqaynayeen 1992 ilaa 31 October 2026, markii UNTMIS la xiray. Hay'adaha QM way sii joogaan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/uganda/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Yugandha ayaa 6 Maarso 2007 Soomaaliya u dirtay ciidammadii ugu horreeyay ee Midowga Afrika, waxayna ku dhowaad labaatan sano lahayd ciidanka ugu badan. Dabayaaqadii Oktoobar 2026 waxay bilowday inay qaybo-qaybo uga saarto qiyaastii 4,500 askari oo AU ah ilaa Agoosto 2027, halka qiyaastii 2,000 ay ku sii jiri doonaan heshiis laba dal. Labada dowladood waxay leeyihiin Guddi Joogto ah oo Wadajir ah, kaas oo dib-u-eegistiisii Muqdisho ku dhammaatay Baaqa Muqdisho 22 Oktoobar 2026.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/uae/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Imaaraadka Carabta waa dalka ugu badan ee Soomaaliya alaab u keena, waana halka ay ka timid shirkadda DP World oo maamusha dekedda Berbera ee Somaliland iyo, iyadoo loo marayo P&O Ports, dekedda Boosaaso ee Puntland. 2023 Imaaraadku wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab dhan US$1.5 bilyan. 12 January 2026 golaha wasiirrada Soomaaliya wuxuu buriyay dhammaan heshiisyadii Imaaraadka.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/turkey/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Turkigu waa mid ka mid ah saaxiibada ugu dhow ee Soomaaliya. Wuxuu dib u furay safaaraddiisa Muqdisho 1 November 2011, kadib booqashadii Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ee 19 August 2011, wuxuuna sheegay in gargaarkiisu ka badan yahay US$1 bilyan. Shirkado Turki ah ayaa maamula dekedda iyo garoonka Muqdisho, sannadkii 2023 Turkigu wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab dhan US$425 milyan, tan iyo April 2026-na markab Turki ah ayaa qodaya ceelka saliidda ee ugu horreeya badda qoto dheer.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/tunisia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Tunisiya waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo July 1969. Midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kale: safiirka Soomaaliya ee Aljeers, Yuusuf Axmed Xasan, wuxuu warqadaha ku gudbiyay Tuunis 6 May 2026. January 2026 Tunisiya waxay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland ku tilmaantay 'fal culus', waxayna sheegtay 'taageero buuxda' oo midnimada Soomaaliya. 2023 Tunisiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$265,000.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/tanzania/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Tansaaniya xiriirkoodu wuxuu dib u soo nooleeyay kadib markii Soomaaliya Maarso 2024 ku biirtay Bulshada Bariga Afrika. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu Abriil 2024 booqasho rasmi ah ku tagay Daar es Salaam, Diseembar 2024-na wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Tansaaniya wuxuu hoggaamiyay booqashadii ugu horreysay ee heer wasiir ah oo Muqdisho in ka badan soddon sano. Sagaal heshiis ayaa la saxeexay ilaa bartamihii 2025, oo ay ku jiraan duulimaadyada Air Tanzania iyo deeqo waxbarasho.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/taiwan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya xiriir rasmi ah lama laha Taywan, waxayna aqoonsan tahay Jamhuuriyadda Shacabka Shiinaha. Taywan iyo Somaliland waxay 2020 furteen xafiisyo wakiil oo Hargeysa iyo Taipei ah. Abriil 2025 Soomaaliya waxay joojisay aqbalaadda dukumentiyada safarka ee Taywan; Taywan waxay ka codsatay inay ka noqoto, safaaradda Shiinahana way taageertay.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/syria/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Suuriya waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo December 1964. Soomaaliya ma jarin xiriirka xilligii dagaalka sokeeye ee Suuriya, September 2025-na safiirkeeda Abiib Muuse Faarax wuxuu warqadaha u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Axmed Al-Sharaac. Suuriya waxay 28 December 2025 diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/switzerland/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Iswisarland waxay aqoonsatay Soomaaliya isla markii ay xorowday 1 Luulyo 1960, waxayna kala xiriirtaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi. Soomaaliya waa dal mudnaan u leh horumarinta Iswisarland: barnaamij cusub oo 2026–2029 ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhulalka engegan ee Kenya iyo Itoobiya ee u dhow, wuxuu leeyahay miisaaniyad qiyaastii CHF 112 milyan ah. Ganacsigu waa yar yahay.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/sweden/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Iswiidhan waxay Soomaaliya aqoonsatay xorriyaddii 1960, mana yeelan safiir deggan Muqdisho; safiirkeeda Soomaaliya wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa Qaybta Soomaaliya ee Nairobi. Iswiidhan waa mid ka mid ah deeq-bixiyeyaasha Yurub ee ugu waaweyn: istaraatiijiyaddeeda 2018 ilaa 2022 waxay ahayd 3,072 milyan oo karoon (SEK), 2025 waxay bixisay 392.3 milyan oo SEK, istaraatiijiyadda 2026 ilaa 2028-na waxay qorsheysaa qiyaastii 200 milyan sannadkii.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/sudan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Suudaan waxay tan iyo 1960-meeyadii u ahayd Soomaalida dhexdhexaadiye iyo meel wax lagu barto: Madaxweyne Ibraahim Cabbuud ayaa dhexdhexaadiyay xabbad joojintii Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya 1964, Khartuum waxay martigelisay wadahadalladii dowladda iyo Maxkamadaha Islaamiga 2006, kumanaan Soomaali ahna waxay wax ku barteen jaamacadaha Suudaan. Markii dagaal ka qarxay Suudaan Abriil 2023, Soomaaliya waxay soo daad-gureysay ardaydeeda. 4 Oktoobar 2026 labada hoggaamiye waxay saxiixeen Baaqa El Alamein.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/spain/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Isbania safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya; safiirkeeda Nairobi ayaa laga bilaabo dhammaadkii 2012 loo aqoonsaday Soomaaliya. Xiriirka Isbania wuxuu inta badan ku saabsan yahay badda: tan iyo 29 Maarso 2019 waxay martigelisaa xarunta hawlgalka Atalanta ee Midowga Yurub ee ka dhanka ah burcad-badeedda, oo ku taal Rota, afduubkii 2009 ee doonta kalluumeysiga Alakrana-na wuxuu keenay wadahadal toos ah oo lala galay dowladda Soomaaliya. Alaabta Isbania u dhoofisay Soomaaliya waxay 2024 gaartay 20.2 milyan oo doollar.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/south-sudan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waxay aqoonsatay Koonfur Suudaan 10 Luulyo 2011, maalin kadib xorriyadda, Madaxweyne Shariif Sheekh Axmedna wuxuu ka qeyb galay dabaaldeggii Juba. Labaduba hadda waa xubno Bulshada Bariga Afrika: Madaxweyne Salva Kiir, oo guddoomiye ka ahaa EAC, ayaa goob joog ka ahaa markii Soomaaliya saxiixday heshiiska ku biiritaanka 16 Diseembar 2023. Soomaaliya waxay safaarad ku leedahay Juba, ganacsato Soomaaliyeedna waxay ganacsi ku leeyihiin Koonfur Suudaan oo dhan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/south-korea/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Koonfur Kuuriya iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 25 Sebtembar 1987. Seoul waxay Soomaaliya ka daboosha safaaraddeeda Nairobi, ciidan badeed oo burcad-badeed la dagaallama ayay Gacanka Cadmeed ku haysaa tan iyo 2009, waxayna 2025 Soomaaliya u iib geysay alaab dhan 12.7 milyan oo doollar. Tan iyo 2022 Kuuriya waxay WFP u siisay 7.6 milyan oo doollar oo nafaqo iyo cunto dugsiyeed loogu talagalay Soomaaliya.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/south-africa/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Koonfur Afrika iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo rasmi ah dhiseen 2012, sannadkaas oo Koonfur Afrika ay sidoo kale u ballanqaaday R100 milyan si loo dhiso hay'adaha Soomaaliya. Soomaaliya waxay 3 Luulyo 2025 Pretoria ka furtay dhismo safaaradeed oo ay leedahay, halka Koonfur Afrika ay Soomaaliya kala socoto safaaraddeeda Nayroobi. Koonfur Afrika waxay 2024 Soomaaliya u dhoofisay $9.2 milyan oo alaab ah. Qiyaastii 22,000 qaxooti iyo magangalyo-doon Soomaali ah ayaa halkaas ku nool, weerarrada lagu qaado dukaamada Soomaalidana waa arrin had iyo jeer labada dowladood ka dhex taagan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/sierra-leone/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Sierra Leone waxay ciidan 850 askari ah u dirtay howlgalka Midowga Afrika ee Soomaaliya bishii Abriil 2013, waxayna fadhiyeen Kismaayo. Waxay ka bexeen Janaayo 2015 kadib markii cudurka Ebola uu joojiyay beddelkoodii. Tan iyo markaas waxay dirtaa booliis: laba sarkaal oo Sierra Leone ah ayaa hoggaamiyay booliiska howlgalka, Augustine Magnus Kailie (2019) iyo Hillary Sao Kanu (2 Maarso 2023).

https://calankii.com/so/relations/saudi-arabia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Sacuudi Carabiya waa mid ka mid ah suuqyada ugu waaweyn ee alaabta Soomaaliya, gaar ahaan xoolaha nool; 2023 waxay Soomaaliya ka iibsatay alaab dhan US$283 milyan. Waa dowladda Khaliijka ee ugu gargaarka badan Soomaaliya diiwaannada QM, US$34.8 milyan 2025. Labada dal waxay 9 February 2026 Riyaad ku saxiixeen is-afgarad iskaashi milatari.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/rwanda/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Ruwanda iyo Soomaaliya waxay 27 Oktoobar 2025 Kigali ku saxeexeen Heshiis Iskaashi Guud, waxayna isku raaceen in la sameeyo Guddi Joogto ah oo Wadajir ah. Safiirka Ruwanda ee Soomaaliya, Martin Ngoga, wuxuu xilka qabtay Janaayo 2025, safiirka Soomaaliya ee Daar es Salaamna wuxuu sidoo kale wakiil ka yahay Ruwanda. Ruwandi lagu magacaabo Patrick Mazimhaka ayaa hoggaamiyay ergadii xaqiiqo-raadinta ee AU u dirtay Somaliland 2005. Ganacsigu wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii $0.7 milyan 2024.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/russia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu ahaa hub-bixiyaha ugu weyn ee Soomaaliya laga soo bilaabo 1962, wuxuu dhisay dekedda Berbera, wuxuuna Soomaaliya la saxeexday heshiis saaxiibtinimo oo 20 sano ah 11 Luulyo 1974. Soomaaliya heshiiskaas waxay burisay, la-taliyeyaashii Soofiyeetigana way eriday Nofembar 1977, kadib markii Moosko taageertay Itoobiya dagaalkii Ogaadeenya. Tan iyo markaas xiriirku waa yar yahay.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/qatar/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Qatar iyo Soomaaliya midba midka kale safaarad ayuu ku leeyahay, waxayna 19 January 2026 Doha ku saxiixeen heshiis iskaashi difaac. Gargaarka Qatar wuxuu inta badan ka yimaadaa Sanduuqa Horumarinta Qatar iyo Qatar Charity, kuwaas oo 2025 sheegay US$45.5 milyan oo gargaar bini'aadannimo ah. Ganacsigu waa yar yahay: 2023 Qatar waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$7.6 milyan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/palestine/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waxay aqoonsatay Dawlada Falastiin 15 November 1988, maalintii lagu dhawaaqay, tan iyo markaasna waxay ku taageertaa Jaamacadda Carabta, OIC iyo QM. Safiirka Falastiin Ruwayd Caadil Maxamed wuxuu warqadaha ku gudbiyay Muqdisho January 2025. Falastiin waxay ku biirtay bayaannada diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland, dowladda Soomaaliyana waxay sheegtay in Israa'iil qorsheyneyso inay Falastiiniyiinta Gaza u guuriso Somaliland, taas oo Israa'iil beenisay.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/pakistan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Bakistaan iyo Soomaaliya xiriir ayay lahaayeen tan iyo 1960, labaduba waa xubno OIC. Askartii Bakistaan waxay ahaayeen ciidamadii ugu horreeyay ee QM ee Muqdisho yimaada, 14 Sebtembar 1992, 25 ka mid ahna waxaa lagu dilay 5 Juun 1993. Bakistaan waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$90.6 milyan oo alaab ah 2024, inta badan bariis, in ka badan 700 arday oo Soomaali ahna waxay ku jireen jaamacadaha Bakistaan 2025.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/oman/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Cumaan waa mid ka mid ah saddexda suuq ee ugu waaweyn ee alaabta Soomaaliya, oo ay la socdaan Sacuudiga iyo Imaaraadka. 2023 waxay Soomaaliya ka iibsatay alaab dhan US$180 milyan, waxayna u iibisay US$257 milyan. Cumaaniyiintu waxay xeebta Banaadir si dabacsan u maamulayeen 1728 ilaa 1880-meeyadii, labada dowladoodna waxay 1983 Masqad ku saxiixeen heshiis duulis.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/oic/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waxay xubin ka tahay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka tan iyo shirkii lagu aasaasay Rabat 1969. OIC waxay xafiis gargaar ka furtay Muqdisho March 2011, xubnihiisuna waxay August 2011 ballan-qaadeen US$350 milyan oo loogu talagalay abaarta. 10 January 2026, wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda ee OIC waxay go'aan ku diideen aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/norway/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Norway waxay arrimaha Soomaaliya ka maamushaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi, waxayna leedahay ergey gaar ah oo Soomaaliya u qaabilsan. Bishii Maarso 2020 waxay Soomaaliya amaah ahaan u siisay 365.9 milyan oo doollar dhowr saacadood, si ay u bixiso deyntii Bangiga Adduunka, taas oo u furtay jidka cafiska deynta. Norway waxay 2012 ilaa 2018 bixisay qiyaastii 2.7 bilyan oo karoonka Norway (NOK), waxayna 2026 qorsheysay 102 milyan oo NOK oo gargaar bini'aadamnimo ah.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/north-korea/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Waqooyiga Kuuriya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 13 Abriil 1967, xiriirkaas weli waa la diiwaangeliyaa. Waqooyiga Kuuriya safaarad ayay Muqdisho ku lahayd ilaa shaqaalaheedu Janaayo 1991 la baxsadeen diblomaasiyiin Koonfur Kuuriya ah. Tan iyo markaas xiriirku waa yar yahay: guddi QM ah ayaa 2020 hoobiye lagu ganay garoonka Muqdisho ku xiray nashqad Waqooyiga Kuuriya.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/netherlands/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Holland waxay Soomaaliya u aragtaa dal mudnaan u leh gargaarkeeda, iyadoo raacaysa istaraatiijiyad 2023–2026 ah oo ku saabsan garsoorka, amniga, shaqada iyo socdaalka. Safaaradda Holland ee Nairobi ayaa u xilsaaran Soomaaliya, waxaana Muqdisho jooga qunsul sharafeed. Safiir Henk Jan Bakker wuxuu warqadihiisa u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Sebtembar 2025.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/morocco/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Marooko waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo January 1979. 28 November 2025 wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda waxay saxiixeen qorshe iskaashi 2026–2028, Marookona waxay deeqaha waxbarasho ee ardayda Soomaaliyeed ka dhigtay 120 sannadkii. Soomaaliya waxay taageertaa mowqifka Marooko ee Saxaraha Galbeed, waxayna u codeysay Go'aanka Golaha Ammaanka 2797 31 October 2025; Marookona waxay sheegtay inay taageerto madaxbannaanida Soomaaliya.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/malaysia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Malaysiya iyo Soomaaliya waxaa inta badan isku xira ganacsiga, waxbarashada iyo qaxootiga. Malaysiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$96.9 milyan oo alaab ah 2024, inta badan saliidda timirta iyo caano, qiyaastii 2,945 Soomaali ahna waxay ka diiwaangashanaayeen UNHCR ee Malaysiya Febraayo 2026. Askari Malaysiyaan ah ayaa ciidanka QM ee Muqdisho lagu dilay 3 Oktoobar 1993.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/libya/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Libiya waxay 1974 Soomaaliya amaah ahaan u siisay 2 milyan oo dinaar Libiyaan ah si loo dhammaystiro garoonka diyaaradaha Kismaayo. Labada dowladood xiriirka waxay u jareen laba jeer, 1977 dagaalkii Ogaadeenya iyo 1981 taageerada Libiya ee jabhadaha Soomaalida, waxayna dib u soo celiyeen 1985. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu Febraayo 2025 booqday Tripoli, halkaas oo lagu saxeexay afar heshiis is-afgarad. Maanta arrinta ugu weyn waa socdaalka: kumanaan Soomaali ah ayaa Libiya u mara Talyaaniga, Soomaaliyana waxay halkaas ka soo celisaa muhaajiriin.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/kuwait/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Kuwayt iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo 1964. Xiriirka Kuwayt inta badan waa lacag: Sanduuqa Kuwayt ee Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha Carabta wuxuu dhammaadkii 2025 Soomaaliya ku lahaa US$123.9 milyan, 19% deynta dibadda Soomaaliyana waa dinaar Kuwayti ah. 1990 Soomaaliya waxay taageertay isbahaysigii ka soo horjeeday duullaankii Ciraaq ee Kuwayt.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/kenya/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Kiinya iyo Soomaaliya waxay wadaagaan xad dhul, dad Soomaali ah oo badan oo Kiinya ku nool iyo ciidamo ka mid ah howlgalka Midowga Afrika, tan iyo Maarso 2024-na labaduba waa xubno Ururka Bariga Afrika. Kiinya waxay sheegtay in ay 2024 Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan US$129.8 milyan. Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ayaa 12 Oktoobar 2021 sawirtay xadkooda badda, go'aankaas oo Kiinya aysan aqbalin.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/jordan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Urdun waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo January 1967, markii safiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaaliya uu yimid Cammaan. Midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kale: safiirka Soomaaliya ee Dimishiq, Abiib Muuse Faarax, wuxuu warqadaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Boqor Cabdalla II 6 September 2026. Golaha Wasiirrada Soomaaliya wuxuu August 2025 ansixiyay heshiis iskaashi difaac oo lala galay Urdun.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/japan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Jabaan waxay Soomaaliya ugu shaqaysaa inta badan sidii deeq-bixiye, iyadoo sii marisa JICA iyo hay'adaha QM, waxayna Soomaaliya kala socotaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi. Gargaarka bini'aadannimo ee Jabaan wuxuu ugu sarreeyay US$51.4 milyan 2013, Ra'iisul Wasaare Shinzo Abe-na wuxuu ballan qaaday US$40 milyan markii Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh booqday Tokyo Maarso 2014. Tan iyo 2009 Jabaan waxay Jabuuti ka dirtaa maraakiib iyo diyaarado la dagaallama burcad-badeedda.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/italy/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Talyaanigu wuxuu koonfurta Soomaaliya xukumayay laga soo bilaabo heshiisyadii ilaalinta 1889 ilaa 1941, kadibna wuxuu u maamulay wisaayad QM 1950 ilaa 1 Luulyo 1960. Safaaraddiisa Muqdisho wuxuu dib u furay 2014. Talyaanigu wuxuu hoggaamiyaa howlgalka tababarka ciidamada ee Midowga Yurub, wuxuuna 2024 Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab qiimaheedu yahay $30.6 milyan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/israel/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya weligeed ma aqoonsan Israaiil, xiriir diblomaasiyadeedna kama dhexeeyo. 26 Diseembar 2025 Israaiil waxay noqotay dalkii ugu horreeyay ee xubin ka ah QM oo aqoonsada Somaliland. Dowladda Soomaaliya waxay sheegtay in go'aankaas uusan sharci ahayn, waxaana diiday Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta, IGAD iyo OIC. Israaiil waxay Abriil 2026 magacawday safiirkeedii ugu horreeyay ee Somaliland, Michael Lotem, Somaliland-na waxay safaarad ka furatay Qudus 15 Juun 2026.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/ireland/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Ireland waxay Soomaaliya ka qaabishaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi, safiirkeeduna wuxuu 1 Agoosto 2017 waraaqaha aqoonsiga u gudbiyay Madaxweyne Farmaajo. Ciidamada Ireland waxay 1993 iyo 1994 Baydhabo ka wadeen koox gaadiid, gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Ireland ee 2024-na wuxuu ahaa 10.7 milyan oo doollar. Hay'adaha Irishka ah ee Concern Worldwide iyo Trócaire waxay Soomaaliya ka shaqeeyaan tan iyo 1980-meeyadii iyo 1992.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/iraq/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Ciraaq waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo 17 October 1966. Ciraaq waxay dhammaadkii 1970-meeyadii Soomaaliya u dhistay warshad sifaynta shidaalka, waxayna saaxiib dhow la ahayd dowladdii Siyaad Barre, balse 1990 Soomaaliya waxay la safatay isbahaysigii ka soo horjeeday Ciraaq. Soomaaliya waxay 2015 dib u furtay safaaraddeeda Baqdaad. Dhammaadkii 2025 Soomaaliya waxay Ciraaq ku lahayd deyn US$227.12 milyan ah.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/iran/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waxay xiriirka u jartay Iiraan January 2016, waxayna dalka ka saartay diblomaasiyiinta Iiraan oo xirtay Hay'adda Imaam Khomeini ee Muqdisho. Xiriirka rasmiga ah wuxuu bilaabmay 1972. Ganacsigu wuu sii socday: 2022 Iiraan waxay Soomaaliya u iibisay US$36.9 milyan, 2018-na kormeerayaasha QM waxay ogaadeen in dhuxul Soomaali ah oo la mamnuucay loo marinayay aagagga xorta ah ee Iiraan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/indonesia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Indunisiya iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed lahaayeen tan iyo 21 Disembar 1960. Indunisiya waxay Soomaaliya ka daboosha safaaraddeeda Nairobi, safiirkeeduna tan iyo 2025 waa Tyas Baskoro Her Witjaksono Adji. Ganacsigu hal dhinac ayuu u socdaa wuuna korayaa: alaabta Indunisiya Soomaaliya u dhoofisay, oo badankeed saliid timireed iyo dhar ah, waxay 2025 gaadhay 163.2 milyan oo doollar.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/india/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Hindiya iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir dejiyeen 1960, Xafiiska Ergada Sare ee Hindiya ee Nairobi ayaana hadda Soomaaliya kala socda. Hindiya waxay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay US$765.66 milyan oo alaab ah 2024–25, waxayna ka keentay US$35.20 milyan; 2024 waxay Soomaalida siisay 5,252 fiiso. Ku dhawaad 4,600 askari oo Hindi ah ayaa ka shaqeeyay UNOSOM II 1993–94, ciidamada badda Hindiyana tan iyo 2008 waxay la dagaallamaan burcad-badeedda.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/imf/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waxay IMF ku biirtay 31 August 1962. Kadib ku dhowaad soddon sano oo deyn aan la bixin ay ka xirtay, waxay 25 March 2020 bixisay deyntii IMF, waxayna 13 December 2023 gaartay heerka dhammaystirka HIPC, taas oo deynta dibadda ka dhigtay US$0.6 bilyan halkii ay ka ahayd US$5.3 bilyan. Barnaamij ECF ah oo SDR 105 milyan ah ayaa socda ilaa 18 December 2026.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/igad/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waa mid ka mid ah dalalkii aasaasay IGAD, ururka Geeska Afrika ee 1986 loo aasaasay IGADD, 1996-na dib loo bilaabay. IGAD xafiis ayay Muqdisho ku leedahay, waxayna halkaas ka wadaa mashaariic nabadeed, xuduud iyo caafimaad. December 2025 iyo June 2026 waxay mar kale taageero u muujisay midnimada Soomaaliya kadib aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/germany/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Jarmalka iyo Soomaaliya xiriir diblomaasiyadeed ayay lahaayeen tan iyo 1 Luulyo 1960. Jarmalku Soomaaliya wuxuu kala xiriiraa safaaraddiisa Nairobi, Soomaaliyana safaarad bay ku leedahay Berlin. Jarmalku wuxuu iskaashiga horumarka ku qiyaasaa €546 milyan, 2025-na wuxuu saxeexay heshiis kale oo €75 milyan ah. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Berlin kula kulmay Olaf Scholz 5 Nofembar 2024.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/france/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Faransiisku Soomaaliya wuxuu kala xiriiraa safaaraddiisa Nairobi. Paris waxay sheegtaa in xiriirka labada dal uu yahay mid yar, inta badanna ay ka shaqeyso Midowga Yurub iyo QM. Faransiisku waa deyn-bixiyaha saddexaad ee Soomaaliya ee Naadiga Paris, 2024 wuxuu Soomaaliya u dhoofiyay alaab $13.6 milyan ah, dhammaadkii 2025-na wuxuu martigelinayay 17,014 qaxooti Soomaali ah.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/finland/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Finland iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 12 Maarso 1971. Xiriirka Finland wuxuu ku dhisan yahay gargaar, oo 2024 ahaa 15.1 milyan oo doollar, dhexdhexaadin nabadeed, iyo bulsho Soomaali ah oo tiradoodu tahay 28,167 qof. Laga bilaabo 2022, xildhibaanka Muqdisho ku dhashay Suldaan Saciid Axmed waa ergeyga wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Finland ee dhexdhexaadinta nabadda Geeska Afrika.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/european-union/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Midowga Yurub iyo kii ka horreeyay waxay Soomaaliya la shaqaynayeen tan iyo 1960-meeyadii, markii Soomaaliya xubin la-xiriire ah ka noqotay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha Yurub. Tan iyo 2008, Midowga Yurub wuxuu wadaa saddex hawlgal: Atalanta oo badda ah, EUTM Somalia oo tababar ah iyo EUCAP Somalia oo rayid ah. December 2025 wuxuu taageeray midnimada Soomaaliya, wuxuuna ku baaqay wadahadal Somaliland.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/ethiopia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya waxay Janaayo 2025 dib u soo celiyeen xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed ee buuxa, kadib khilaaf sanad qaatay oo ka dhashay heshiiskii is-afgaradka dekedda ee Itoobiya la gashay Somaliland 1 Janaayo 2024. Khilaafkaas waxaa soo afjaray Baaqii Ankara ee 11 Diseembar 2024. Itoobiya waxay sheegtay in ay 2023 Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan US$142 milyan, inta badan khudaar ay ku jirto qaad.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/eritrea/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Eratareya waxay 30 Luulyo 2018 Asmara ku heshiiyeen in ay dhisaan xiriir diblomaasiyadeed, kadib ku dhawaad 15 sano oo xiriir la'aan ah. QM waxay 14 Nofembar 2018 ka qaaday cunaqabateyntii 2009 ee Eratareya. Laga bilaabo 2019 ku dhawaad 5,000 oo askari Soomaaliyeed ayaa lagu tababaray Eratareya. 4 Oktoobar 2026 madaxweynayaasha Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Isaias Afwerki waxay Masar iyo Suudaan la saxiixdeen Baaqa Wadajirka ah ee El Alamein.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/egypt/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Masar iyo Soomaaliya waxay 14 Agoosto 2024 saxeexeen borotokool iskaashi millateri, 23 Janaayo 2025-na waxay saxeexeen baaq iskaashi istaraatiiji ah. Masar waxay Agoosto 2024 ka furtay Muqdisho dhismo safaaradeed cusub, EgyptAir waxay Muqdisho bilowday Luulyo 2024, ganacsigana wuxuu 2024 gaaray $127.7 milyan. Xiriirka wuxuu ku bilaabmaa safarradii Masartii hore ee Punt.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/eac/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waa xubinta siddeedaad ee Bulshada Bariga Afrika. Waxay codsatay March 2012, waxaa la aqbalay shirkii Arusha 24 November 2023, waxay saxiixday heshiiska ku biirista 15 December 2023, waxayna xubin buuxda noqotay 4 March 2024. Ugu yaraan sagaal xildhibaan oo Soomaali ah ayaa ku jira Golaha Sharci-dejinta Bariga Afrika.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/djibouti/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Jabuuti waxay martigelisay shirkii Carta oo 25 Ogosto 2000 Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan u doortay madaxweyne, iyo hannaankii nabadda Jabuuti oo 31 Janaayo 2009 Shariif Sheekh Axmed u doortay madaxweyne. Ciidamadeeda waxay ku jiraan howlgalka Midowga Afrika tan iyo 20 Diseembar 2011. Jabuuti waxay sheegtay in 2023 ay Soomaaliya u dhoofisay alaab dhan US$54 milyan, kana soo dejisay US$84.2 milyan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/denmark/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Iskaashiga Denmark iyo Soomaaliya wuxuu socday afar toban sano, waana mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada gargaarka laba-geesoodka ah ee Denmark ugu waaweyn. Qorshaheeda 2024 ilaa 2028 waa 1.1 bilyan oo karoonka Denmark (DKK), waxaana laga maamulaa Nairobi iyadoo xafiisyo ku leh Muqdisho iyo, laga bilaabo Agoosto 2012, Hargeysa. Denmark waxay si gaar ah u xoogga saartaa Somaliland, iyadoo sheegtay in arrintaasi ka duwan tahay hammiga Somaliland ee madaxbannaanida.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/cuba/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Kuuba iyo Soomaaliya waxay ahaayeen saaxiibbo dhow horraantii iyo badhtamihii 1970-meeyadii, markii la-taliyayaal Kuuban ah ay caawiyeen tababarka jabhadaha Soomaaliyeed. 1977 Fidel Castro wuu ku guuldareystay inuu Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya heshiisiiyo, Kuubana kumanaan askari ayay u dirtay inay Itoobiya la dagaallamaan dagaalkii Ogaadeenya. 13 Nofembar 1977 Soomaaliya waxay jartay xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed ee Kuuba.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/china/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Shiinaha iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed dejiyeen 14 Diseembar 1960, Sebtembar 2024-na waxay u qaadeen iskaashi istaraatiiji ah. Shiinaha wuxuu sheegay in ganacsiga labada dal uu gaaray US$1.027 bilyan 2025. Shiinaha wuxuu 1960 ilaa 1991 Soomaaliya ka dhisay in ka badan 80 mashruuc, oo ay ku jiraan Tiyaatarka Qaranka iyo Isbitaalka Banaadir, wuxuuna aqoonsan yahay Dowladda Federaalka oo keliya, Somaliland-na ku jirto.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/canada/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Kanada iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir dejiyeen 1968, waa la hakiyay 1991, dib ayaana loo soo celiyay 2013. Kanada waxay Soomaaliya kala socotaa Nairobi, waxayna 2022–23 bixisay CAD 78 milyan oo gargaar ah. Ganacsiga alaabtu wuxuu ahaa CAD 3.6 milyan 2023, Kanadana waxaa ku noolaa 65,555 qof oo asal ahaan Soomaali ah 2021.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/burundi/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Xiriirka Burundi iyo Soomaaliya wuxuu ku dhisan yahay ciidamo: Burundi waxay ahayd dalkii labaad, Yugandha kadib, ee 2007 askar u diray howlgalka Midowga Afrika, markii ugu badnaydna waxay lahayd qiyaastii 5,400. Diseembar 2024 labada dowladood waxay isku khilaafeen qaybta Burundi ee AUSSOM, balse AU ayaa ciidamada Burundi sii haysay, Luulyo 2026-na koox Burundi ah ayaa weli fadhiday Jowhar. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh wuxuu Bujumbura booqday Nofeembar 2023 iyo Oktoobar 2024.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/brazil/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Barasiil iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed yeesheen 1987, Barasiilna Soomaaliya waxay ka daboosha safaaraddeeda Nairobi. Xiriirku badankiisu waa ganacsi: Barasiil waxay 2025 Soomaaliya u iib geysay alaab dhan 125.9 milyan oo doollar, ku dhowaad dhammaan sonkor, waxna kama soo iibsan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/belgium/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Beljim iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir yeesheen 5 Luulyo 1960, afar maalmood kadib xorriyadda. Beljim waxay Soomaaliya ka qaabishaa safaaraddeeda Nairobi, halka Brussels ay Soomaaliya muhiim ugu tahay inay tahay xarunta Midowga Yurub, oo halkaas ku martigeliyay shirkii New Deal ee 2013. Ciidamada Beljim waxay ka qeyb galeen hawlgalladii QM ee 1992 ilaa 1993, alaabta Beljim u dhoofisay Soomaaliyana waxay 2023 gaartay 13.0 milyan oo doollar.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/bangladesh/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Bangaladhesh iyo Soomaaliya midkoodna safaarad kuma laha caasimadda kan kale; safiirka Soomaaliya ee Islamabad ayaa xilsaaran Dhaka. Bangaladhesh waxay ciidan u dirtay UNOSOM I iyo II sannadihii 1990-meeyadii. Burcad-badeedda Soomaalida waxay qabsadeen laba markab oo Bangaladhesh ah: Jahan Moni (Diseembar 2010 ilaa Maarso 2011) iyo MV Abdullah (12 Maarso ilaa 14 Abriil 2024).

https://calankii.com/so/relations/bahrain/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Baxrayn waxay xiriir lahaayeen tan iyo 29 October 1972. Safiirka Soomaaliya ee Riyaad ayaa Baxrayn u fadhiya. 2023 Baxrayn waxay Soomaaliya ka soo iibsatay alaab US$8.6 milyan ah, inta badan xoolo nool, 2011 iyo 2012-na waxay Muqdisho ka maalgelisay isbitaal iyo machad macallimiin. Baxrayn ma saxiixin bayaankii December 2025 ee diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/australia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Australia iyo Soomaaliya waxay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed rasmi ah yeesheen 20 Abriil 2010. Australia safaarad kuma laha Soomaaliya; xiriirka ugu weyn waa gargaar, nabad-ilaalintii 1990-meeyadii iyo bulsho Soomaaliyeed oo 2021 gaadhay 18,401 qof. Gargaarka Australia wuxuu ugu sarreeyay 63.1 milyan oo doollar sannadkii abaarta 2011, wuxuuna 2024 ahaa 1.5 milyan.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/arab-league/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Dowladaha Carabta 1974, iyadoo noqotay xubintii ugu horreysay oo dadkeedu aysan asal ahaan Carab ahayn. Sanaadiiqda Carabta weli waxay ka mid yihiin kuwa ugu badan ee Soomaaliya deyn ku leh: dhammaadkii 2025, Soomaaliya waxay ku lahayd US$206.3 milyan Sanduuqa Carabta ee Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada, iyo US$202 milyan Sanduuqa Lacagta Carabta. December 2025 Jaamacaddu waxay diiday aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/algeria/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya iyo Aljeeriya waxay xiriir lahaayeen ugu yaraan tan iyo March 1974. Xiriirku si degdeg ah ayuu u koray 2025: Soomaaliya waxay August ka furtay xarun cusub oo safaarad ah magaalada Aljeers, Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud wuxuu November booqasho rasmi ah ku tagay, Aljeeriyana waxay kordhisay deeqaha waxbarasho. 8 February 2026 Aljeeriya waxay cafisay deynta Soomaaliya ee US$1.56 milyan ahayd. Labaduba waxay 2025 ku wada jireen Golaha Ammaanka QM.

https://calankii.com/so/relations/african-union/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Soomaaliya waxay xubin ka ahayd Ururka Midnimada Afrika iyo Midowga Afrika tan iyo 25 May 1963. Midowga Afrika hawlgal ayuu Soomaaliya ku lahaa tan iyo 2007; kan hadda waa AUSSOM, oo loo kordhiyay ilaa dhammaadka 2026, lacagna u yar tahay. 6 January 2026, Golaha Nabadda iyo Amniga ee AU wuxuu cambaareeyay aqoonsiga Israa'iil ee Somaliland, wuxuuna ku baaqay in la laalo.

https://calankii.com/so/people/uthman-al-zaylai/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Fakhrudiin Cusmaan bin Cali al-Zaylaci wuxuu ahaa faqiih Islaami ah oo qarnigii 14aad noolaa, magaciisuna macnihiisu yahay 'kan Saylac ka yimid'. Wuxuu wax ka dhigi jiray Qaahira, halkaas oo ardayda xeebta Soomaalidu ay hoy u gaar ah ku lahaayeen al-Azhar, wuxuuna qoray Tabyiin al-Xaqaa'iq, sharraxaad afar mujallad ah oo lagu tiriyo tixraacyada ugu waaweyn ee fiqhiga Xanafiga. Wuxuu ku dhintay Qaahira sannadkii 743 Hijriga (1342 ama 1343).

https://calankii.com/so/people/sheikh-hussein-of-bale/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Sheekh Xuseen, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Sheekh Xuseen Baliale, wuxuu ahaa daaci muslim ah oo qarnigii 13aad ku dhashay Marka oo ku taal xeebta Soomaalida. Hiddaha ayaa u aaneeya inuu Islaamka u keenay dadka buuraha Baale iyo Sidaamo ee Itoobiya maanta. Qabrigiisa, oo ku yaal magaalada Sheekh Xuseen, waxaa sannadkii laba jeer u yimaada qiyaastii 50,000 xujey, dhalashadiisa iyo geeridiisa. Buug ku saabsan karaamooyinkiisa, Rabiic al-Quluub, ayaa Qaahira lagu daabacay 1920-meeyadii.

https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-transitional-federal-parliament-2004/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Baarlamaanka Federaalka KMG waxa la sameeyay shirkii nabadda ee Kenya 2004, waxa uuna lahaa 275 kursi oo beelaha loo qaybiyay. Liiska xubnaha waxa markii ugu horreysay la daabacay 29 Agoosto 2004. Boggani waa 278-ka magac ee nuqulka Wikipedia.

https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-somaliland-house-of-representatives-2021/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland waxa uu leeyahay 82 xubnood, oo la doortay 31 Maajo 2021, lix degaan doorasho oo gobollada ah. Guddoomiyuhu waa Yaasiin Xaaji Maxamuud Xiir (Faratoon). Boggani waxa uu liis-gareynayaa dhammaan 82-da xubnood, gobol gobol, sida uu golaha bartiisu u daabaco.

https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-puntland-parliament-2024/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Golaha Wakiilada Puntland waxa uu leeyahay 66 xubnood. Liiska baarlamaanka 6aad waxa lagu dhawaaqay 1 Janaayo 2024, waxana ku jira 17 xubnood oo ka yimid degaannada SSC-Khaatumo. Golaha ayaa doortay guddoomiye Cabdirisaaq Axmed Siciid, 8 Janaayona madaxweynaha.

https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-parliament-2022/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

1 Abriil 2022 Guddiga Hirgelinta Doorashooyinka Heer Federaal (FEIT) waxa uu shaaciyay magacyada 245 xildhibaan oo loo doortay Golaha Shacabka, aqalka hoose ee Baarlamaanka 11aad, iyo lambarka kursi kasta. 50 ka mid ah waa haween. Boggani waa liiskaas oo dhan, dowlad-goboleed kasta iyo kursi kasta.

https://calankii.com/so/institutions/members-of-parliament-2016/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Baarlamaanka 10aad waxa si dadban loo doortay Oktoobar iyo Nofembar 2016, waxa uuna xilka qabtay 27 Diseembar 2016. Waa kii ugu horreeyay ee laba aqal leh. Boggani waxa uu liis-gareynayaa 268 xildhibaan oo Golaha Shacabka ah iyo 53 senator, sida ay bogga baarlamaanku muujiyeen Abriil 2017.

https://calankii.com/en/society/wadaad-writing/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Wadaad's writing (far wadaad) is the use of Arabic letters to write Somali, or Arabic mixed with Somali words. It was used by religious scholars and merchants for letters, petitions and religious poems. Sheekh Aweys of Baraawe wrote Somali poems in it in the late 1800s; Maxamed Cabdi Makaahiil (1930s) and Muuse Galaal (1954) proposed fuller spellings.

https://calankii.com/en/society/wadaad-sheekh-and-xaaji-religious-roles/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

In Somali society a wadaad is anyone who devotes his life to religion. Wadaddo taught, led prayers, wrote documents and judged by religious law. Sheekh (sheikh) is the title for a learned man or the head of a Sufi order. A macallin teaches the Qur'an school, and xaaji is the honoured title of someone who has made the Hajj. Among nomads, the man of religion traditionally stood apart from the warrior and from clan politics.

https://calankii.com/en/society/tunni/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Tunni are a Digil clan of the Rahanweyn. They live between Baraawe and Qoryooley in Lower Shabelle, and east of the Juba around Jamaame. Some farm and keep livestock inland, and others are traders and fishers in Baraawe. Abbink lists five Tunni lines, and Wikipedia records a Tunni sultanate before the Ajuran.

https://calankii.com/en/society/tsunami-2004-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

On 26 December 2004 the tsunami from the Sumatra earthquake reached Somalia, 5,000 km away, around noon local time. About 300 people died, most on the low-lying Hafun (Xaafuun) peninsula. A UNESCO survey called the Puntland coast "by far the area hardest hit" west of India. Waves ran up 5 to 9 metres on the Puntland coast. About 18,000 households needed urgent help.

https://calankii.com/en/society/swahili-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Two Swahili-related languages are native to Somalia. Chimwiini (Chimbalazi) is the language of the old families of Baraawe; Kibajuni (Tikuu) is spoken by the Bajuni of Kismaayo and the Bajuni Islands. Both are Bantu languages close to Swahili. Since 1991 most Chimwiini speakers live abroad, with fewer than 15,000 speakers in all.

https://calankii.com/en/society/somali-writing-systems/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somali has been written in Arabic script, in three scripts invented by Somalis (Osmanya about 1920 to 1922, Borama about 1933 and Kaddare in 1952) and in the Latin alphabet, which became official on 21 October 1972. The language commission set up in 1961 looked at 18 different writing systems, 11 of them Somali inventions.

https://calankii.com/en/society/somali-work-songs/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalis have short song forms for almost every task: pounding grain in the mortar, watering camels (shubaal), churning butter, marching lambs. Children's songs such as 'Maqalay warlay' and 'Waryaa waraabe' use the same short metres. Scholar Maxamed Cabdillaahi Riiraash describes these as the building blocks of the longer forms like the jiifto and geeraar.

https://calankii.com/en/society/somali-womens-poetry/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Buraambur is the classical form of Somali poetry composed and performed by women. Because the professional memorisers who spread poems were all men, women's political poems rarely travelled. Radio, cassettes and live group shows changed that from the 1970s, carrying poets such as Xaliimo Cali Kurtin, Maryan Xaaji Xasan and Xabiiba Xaaji Aadan.

https://calankii.com/en/society/somali-sign-language/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somali Sign Language is the sign language of deaf people in Somalia and Djibouti. It began in 1997, when a deaf Somali man trained at a deaf school in Wajir, Kenya, opened the first school for deaf children in Borama. It grew from Kenyan Sign Language and spread to schools in Hargeysa and Djibouti.

https://calankii.com/en/society/somali-poetic-metre/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Every Somali poem follows a metre (miisaan) built from long and short vowels, plus alliteration. Poets used the metres for centuries without naming the rules. Somali scholars, above all Cabdillaahi Diiriye Guuleed 'Carraale' and Maxamed Xaashi Dhamac 'Gaarriye', first wrote the rules down in the 1970s, after Somali gained its Latin script.

https://calankii.com/en/society/somali-dialects/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Linguists group the speech of Somalis into five dialect groups: Northern Somali, Benadir, Ashraf, Maay and Digil. The largest survey, by Marcello Lamberti in 1981, studied 52 dialect variants across southern Somalia. Northern Somali is the base of written Standard Somali; Maay and the Digil varieties differ most from it.

https://calankii.com/en/society/ramadan-and-eid-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalis fast from dawn to sunset through Ramadaan, then celebrate Ciidul Fitri when the new moon of Shawwal (Soonfur) is seen. Iftar usually opens with dates and water, followed by sambuus, bajiye and canjeero. Prices rise during the month, and imams urge giving to the poor. Ciidul Adxa, at the end of the Hajj, is the peak season for livestock exports to Saudi Arabia. In March 2026 Eid al-Fitr was marked on the same day across the country.

https://calankii.com/en/society/polio-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The largest polio years reported to WHO are 2013 (195 cases) and 2005 (185 cases). The 2013 to 2014 wild polio outbreak began in Somalia and spread to Kenya and Ethiopia; its last case had paralysis in Somalia in August 2014. Since 2017 Somalia has had outbreaks of vaccine-derived poliovirus types 2 and 3; the type 3 outbreak was declared closed in 2021.

https://calankii.com/en/society/other-disease-outbreaks-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Besides cholera, measles, polio and diphtheria, Somalia has had outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (1997–98 and 2006–07, when WHO counted 114 cases and 51 deaths in Somalia), kala-azar in Sanaag (2025) and dengue in Somaliland (declared 24 February 2026). In August 2024 the federal health ministry said no mpox cases had been found in Somalia.

https://calankii.com/en/society/osmanya-script/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Osmanya is an alphabet made for Somali between 1920 and 1922 by Cusmaan Yuusuf Keenadiid of the Hobyo ruling family. It is written left to right, with 22 consonant signs and, in its later form, 8 vowel signs, plus its own digits. The Somali Youth League taught it from 1945. It has been in Unicode since 2003 (U+10480 to U+104AF).

https://calankii.com/en/society/osman-mahamoud/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Osman Mahamoud (Cismaan Maxamuud) are a Majeerteen line of the Harti and Darod, one of the three Mahamoud Saleebaan lines. They are the main clan of Bari region, around Boosaaso and Qardho. The Majeerteen Sultanate of Boqor Osman Mahamud and the Hobyo Sultanate of Yusuf Ali Kenadid both came from this line.

https://calankii.com/en/society/omar-mahamoud/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Omar Mahamoud (Cumar Maxamuud) are a Majeerteen line of the Harti and Darod, one of the three Mahamoud Saleebaan lines. They are the main clan of northern Mudug, around Gaalkacyo, and of southern Nugaal. Abbink lists the Reer Khalaf, Reer Hersi and Reer Mahad as their lines.

https://calankii.com/en/society/northern-somali/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Northern Somali is the largest Somali dialect group, spoken from Djibouti and the northwest through the northeast, the Somali Region of Ethiopia, northern Kenya and the Lower Juba. Lamberti's map puts it at more than 70% of all Somalis. It is the base of Standard Somali and the language of most classical Somali poetry.

https://calankii.com/en/society/mushunguli-language/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Mushunguli, or Chizigula, is a Bantu language spoken by Somali Bantu people in Jamaame, Kismaayo, Mogadishu and the Juba valley. It is a form of Zigua (Zigula), a language of Tanzania, the homeland of many people taken to the Somali coast as slaves in the 1800s. Wikipedia, citing Ethnologue, gives about 34,000 speakers.

https://calankii.com/en/society/mosques-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia's oldest dated mosques stand in Hamar Weyne, Mogadishu, with inscriptions from 1238 and 1269. The old quarter alone has about 25 small mosques. The largest modern mosque is the Mosque of Islamic Solidarity, built in 1987 with Saudi funding for up to 10,000 worshippers, closed in the war and restored from 2006 to 2015. The Ali Jimale Mosque near Mogadishu airport opened in 2022 for up to 5,000.

https://calankii.com/en/society/mohamed-zubeir/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Mohamed Zubeir (Maxamed Subeer) are an Ogaden line of the Darod. They hold the west-bank rangelands of the Juba, from the river through Afmadow district into Kenya, and are the main clan of west-bank Jilib. The EUAA says Kismayo has been dominated by the Ogaden, 'particularly the large Mohamed Zubeir' line.

https://calankii.com/en/society/mogadishu-cathedral/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Mogadishu Cathedral was a Catholic cathedral built from 1923 to 1928 under the Italian colonial governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi, in a Norman style modelled on the cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily. It was the seat of the Catholic Diocese of Mogadishu, which covers all of Somalia. Bishop Salvatore Colombo was shot dead there in 1989. The building has been unused since January 1991, was largely destroyed in 2008, and has not been rebuilt.

https://calankii.com/en/society/mirifle/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Mirifle are one of the two halves of the Rahanweyn (Digil-Mirifle) family, with the Digil. They are divided into two groups, the Sagaal (nine) and Sideed (eight). They live mainly in Bay and Bakool, around Baidoa and Xudur. Their larger clans include the Leysan, Hariin, Hadame, Eelay and Jiron.

https://calankii.com/en/society/migrant-boat-disasters/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Thousands of Somalis and Ethiopians have died crossing the Gulf of Aden to Yemen. UNHCR counted over 1,400 dead or missing on that crossing in 2007 alone. The largest losses recorded include January 2008 (116 dead when smugglers forced passengers overboard), 18 December 2012 off Bosaso (55 dead) and 10 June 2024 off Yemen (at least 49 dead, 140 missing). In April 2016 up to 500 people, including 200 to 300 Somalis according to Somalia's information minister, were feared dead in the Mediterranean.

https://calankii.com/en/society/measles-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Measles is endemic in Somalia. The highest yearly counts reported to WHO are 23,039 cases in 2017, 17,361 in 2022 and 17,298 in 2011, all drought years. In 2025 about 61% of one-year-olds had a first measles dose and 31% a second dose (WHO/UNICEF estimates).

https://calankii.com/en/society/mawlid-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Mawlid (Somali Mawliid or Mowliid) marks the birth of the Prophet Muhammad on 12 Rabi' al-Awwal. In Somalia it is led mainly by the Sufi orders, with Qur'an recitation, religious songs, processions and camels slaughtered for communal meals. Al-Shabaab banned public celebrations as an innovation; they returned to Mogadishu after 2011. The government made Mawlid a national holiday in 2015. By calculation the next Mawlid falls about 14 August 2027.

https://calankii.com/en/society/majeerteen/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Majeerteen (Majerteen) are a Harti clan of the Darod, also called Mohamed Harti. They live mainly in Bari, Nugaal and northern Mudug, with a community in Kismayo. Their best-known lines are the Osman Mahamoud, Isse Mahamoud and Omar Mahamoud, together called Mahamoud Saleebaan, and the Ali Saleebaan. The Majeerteen sultanates ruled the north-east coast before Italian rule.

https://calankii.com/en/society/maay-language/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Af-Maay is the speech of the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) and their neighbours in southern Somalia, from the Ethiopian border to near the coast between Mogadishu and Kismaayo, with Baydhabo at its centre. It lacks the throat sounds c and x of Northern Somali. The 2012 constitution names Maay beside Maxaa-tiri as the Somali language.

https://calankii.com/en/society/luway/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Luway (Luwai) are a Mirifle clan of the Rahanweyn, in the Sagaal (nine) group. Abbink places them in the Aysha Omardin line, beside the Hubeer and Hadama. The EASO lists them among the Rahanweyn groups of Bakool, and ACLED codes them as a Mirifle group.

https://calankii.com/en/society/leysan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Leysan (Laysaan) are a Mirifle clan of the Rahanweyn, in the Sideed (eight) group. They live in Bay and Bakool, and are the majority in Baidoa's Berdale neighbourhood. The EASO says they were the dominant Mirifle clan before 2018. The EUAA records clashes in 2024 between Leysan fighters and South West State forces in Bardaale.

https://calankii.com/en/society/leelkase/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Leelkase (Lelkase, Laylkase) are a Darod clan of the Tanade line. They live mainly around Galdogob and Gaalkacyo in northern Mudug, and across the border in Ethiopia, with groups in Nugaal, Bari and the south. The EUAA records a long feud between the Leelkase and the Sa'ad (Habar Gidir) in Galdogob and Bandiiradley.

https://calankii.com/en/society/jiron/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Jiron (Jeron) are a Mirifle clan of the Rahanweyn, in the Sideed (eight) group. Abbink places them under Boqol Daabe, beside the Leysan and Ma'alim Weyne. The EASO lists them among the Rahanweyn groups of Bakool. ACLED codes them under two spellings, Jiron and Jeron.

https://calankii.com/en/society/jiiddu/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Jiiddu (Jiddu, Jiido) are a Digil clan of the Rahanweyn with their own language, Af-Jiiddu. They live in Lower Shabelle, Bay and Middle Juba, around Qoryooley. Abbink lists three Jiiddu lines: Hafow, Farre and Gogo. The EUAA records a Garre and Jiiddu dispute in Qoryooley that turned deadly in 2024.

https://calankii.com/en/society/jidwaaq/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Jidwaaq (Jidwaq) are a Darod clan of the Absame line. Their three main branches are the Abaskuul, the Yabarre and the Bartire. They live mainly around Jigjiga in Ethiopia's Somali Region, with groups in Jubaland and Kenya. The 1500s chronicle of Imam Ahmad's wars names their ancestors among the Somali forces of Adal.

https://calankii.com/en/society/isse-mahamoud/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Isse Mahamoud (Ciise Maxamuud) are a Majeerteen line of the Harti and Darod, one of the three Mahamoud Saleebaan lines. Garowe is their clan homeland, and they are the main clan of Nugaal region. Wikipedia lists three main branches: Muuse Ciise, Maxamed Ciise and Abokor Ciise.

https://calankii.com/en/society/hubeer/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Hubeer are a clan counted with the Rahanweyn (Digil-Mirifle). Abbink and ACLED place them in the Mirifle. Wikipedia says they live in Bay, around Qansax Dheere and Baidoa, and in Lower Shabelle, Gedo and Lower Juba. It also reports that they trace descent to Yahabur, outside the Saab line.

https://calankii.com/en/society/harti/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Harti are a group of Darod clans that trace their line to Saleh Abdi, called Harti. Their best-known clans are the Majeerteen, Dhulbahante and Warsangali, with smaller ones such as the Dishiishe. They live mainly in Puntland, in Sool and Sanaag, and in Kismayo, with communities in Ethiopia and Kenya.

https://calankii.com/en/society/hariin/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Hariin (Harin) are a Mirifle clan of the Rahanweyn, in the Sideed (eight) group. They are the majority in Baidoa's Adada and Mursal neighbourhoods. The EASO calls the Hariin the power base of South West State president Abdiaziz Laftagareen, and says power within the Mirifle shifted toward them after 2018.

https://calankii.com/en/society/hargeisa-waaheen-market-fire-2022/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

On the evening of 1 April 2022, the first night of Ramadan, fire swept through Waaheen, Hargeisa's main market. It burned for about 16 hours. No one died, and 28 people were badly injured. The Somaliland Red Crescent and the government estimated that almost 2,000 shops and stalls were destroyed and over 12,000 people affected. The mayor of Hargeisa put early losses at US$1.5 to 2 billion.

https://calankii.com/en/society/hajj-from-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia's Hajj quota with Saudi Arabia is 11,500 pilgrims a year, signed again for the 2026 season. The Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs sets a fixed package price, US$4,604 in 2025 and capped at US$4,543.50 for 2026, and only licensed companies may sell it. Pilgrims fly direct from Mogadishu, Hargeisa, Garowe and Bosaso. The government supported 9,043 pilgrims in 2023.

https://calankii.com/en/society/hadame/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Hadame (Hadama) are a Mirifle clan of the Rahanweyn, in the Sagaal (nine) group. The EASO names them among the strongest Mirifle clans. They live in Bakool and Bay, and are the majority in Baidoa's Buulo Hadame neighbourhood. ACLED also codes a separate Hadame group under the Gaaljecel (Hawiye).

https://calankii.com/en/society/geeraar/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The geeraar is a classical Somali poetic metre with short lines of about six to eight syllables, built around a fixed core of long, short, short, long. It was traditionally recited on horseback and used for war, challenge and praise. Faarax Nuur's 'Rag sabaan ka sabaan baan' is one of the best-known geeraar poems.

https://calankii.com/en/society/garre/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Garre (Gurreh) are a Somali clan placed in different families by different sources: under the Digil of the Rahanweyn, or with the 'pre-Hawiye' Gardere group. They live in Lower Shabelle around Qoryooley, in Gedo around Ceel Waaq, and in north-eastern Kenya and southern Ethiopia, where many also speak Oromo.

https://calankii.com/en/society/garre-language/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Af-Garre is the Cushitic speech of the Garre of southern Somalia. In Somalia it is spoken in the Baydhabo, Diinsoor, Bur Hakaba and Qoryooley districts and is counted among the Digil varieties. Many Garre in Mandera, Kenya, and southern Ethiopia speak a Borana Oromo dialect instead. Its closest relative outside Somalia is Aweer.

https://calankii.com/en/society/gardere-yakabur-and-mayle/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Gardere, Yakabur and Mayle are three lines that Abbink groups as 'pre-Hawiye'. They claim descent from a brother of Irir, son of Samaale, so they sit beside the Hawiye, not inside it. Abbink places the Hawaadle and a Garre line under Mayle. Wikipedia says the Italian scholar Colucci coined the term 'pre-Hawiya'.

https://calankii.com/en/society/floods-in-somalia-2007-2024/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Shabelle and Juba rivers flood often, and Beledweyne is flooded more than any other town. The UN record (ReliefWeb) lists Somali floods in almost every year from 2007 to 2024. The largest before 2023 were the 2018 Gu floods (830,000 affected), the 2019 Deyr floods (547,000 affected, 370,000 displaced) and the 2020 Gu floods (919,000 affected, 412,000 displaced, 24 dead).

https://calankii.com/en/society/floods-2023-deyr/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

From October to December 2023, El Niño and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole brought heavy Deyr rains that flooded the Jubba and Shabelle rivers. The government's assessment says the floods affected about 2.48 million people, displaced over 1.2 million and killed 188. In the 16 districts studied, damage and losses came to US$176.1 million, and recovery needs to US$230.6 million. Beledweyne was the hardest-hit town.

https://calankii.com/en/society/floods-1997-deyr/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

From late October 1997, El Niño rains flooded the Juba and Shabelle valleys. By 17 February 1998 the confirmed death toll was 2,311, and about 1 million people still needed help. Over 227,000 people were displaced, more than 60,000 hectares of crops and farmland were destroyed, and cholera and Rift Valley fever followed. The UN appealed for US$15.3 million.

https://calankii.com/en/society/famines-and-droughts-timeline/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalis give names to severe droughts. Xarama-cune (1913–14, "eating the forbidden") and Dabadheer (1973–75, "long-tailed") are the best known; the Red Cross also records Mahanaw (1980s), Mahadiid (1990s) and Sima (from 2011, "equal"). Famine was declared in 2011 and killed about 258,000 people. The 1991–92 famine killed about 212,000 to 248,000. Famine was projected but not declared in 2017 and 2022.

https://calankii.com/en/society/famine-2010-2012/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

From late 2010 to early 2012, drought, poor harvests, high food prices and blocked aid caused famine in southern Somalia. The UN declared famine on 20 July 2011 and declared it over on 3 February 2012. A study for the UN food security unit and FEWS NET estimated 258,000 excess deaths between October 2010 and April 2012, 133,000 of them children under five.

https://calankii.com/en/society/famine-1991-1993/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The famine of 1991 to 1993 struck southern Somalia during the civil war, after drought, fighting in the farming areas between the Jubba and Shabelle rivers, and the closure of the ports. A 1994 study put excess deaths at 212,000 to 248,000; the UN estimated in 1992 that perhaps 300,000 had died since November 1991. The worst-hit were farmers in Bay, Bakool, Lower Shabelle and Lower Juba, and displaced people in camps.

https://calankii.com/en/society/eelay/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Eelay (Elay, Helai) are a Mirifle clan of the Rahanweyn. Abbink lists six Eelay lines, among them Borohad, Nassiye and Gedafade. The EASO names them among the strongest Mirifle clans and among the long-settled groups of Lower Shabelle. ACLED data show fighting between Eelay groups in Bay in 2023 to 2025.

https://calankii.com/en/society/drought-2020-2023/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

From late 2020, Somalia had five rainy seasons in a row with too little rain. In September 2022 the IPC projected famine in Baidoa and Burhakaba districts of Bay region, the first time it projected famine without one already declared. Famine was not declared. A study for the health ministry, WHO and UNICEF estimated 71,100 excess deaths between January 2022 and June 2024, about 40% of them children under five.

https://calankii.com/en/society/drought-2016-2018/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Four poor rainy seasons in a row, from April 2016 to December 2017, brought severe drought to Somalia. By mid-2017 6.2 million people, about half the population, needed aid, and close to one million were displaced. The president declared a national disaster on 28 February 2017. Famine was not declared. A study by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine estimated about 45,000 excess deaths in 2017 and 2018.

https://calankii.com/en/society/drought-1973-1975-dabadheer/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Abaartii Dabadheer, "the long-tailed drought", struck the herding regions of northern and central Somalia in 1973 to 1975. The government declared a state of emergency in November 1974 and brought about 250,000 people into some 20 relief camps. Deaths are put at about 18,000. In 1975 the government moved about 100,000 former herders to new farming and fishing settlements in the south.

https://calankii.com/en/society/dishiishe/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Dishiishe (Dashiishe) are a small Harti clan of the Darod. Abbink places them under Mora Hasse, beside the Tinleh, Kaptanle and Maganlabbe. They live mainly south and south-east of Boosaaso in Bari, with groups in Sanaag and Kismayo. Wikipedia also records Dishiishe communities in Oman's Dhofar and in Yemen.

https://calankii.com/en/society/disasters-in-somalia-list/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

This is a dated list of Somalia's recorded disasters: droughts and famines, floods, cyclones, the 2004 tsunami, disease outbreaks, fires and air and boat disasters. The deadliest were the 1991–92 famine (about 212,000 to 248,000 deaths), the 2010–12 famine (about 258,000) and the 2016–18 and 2020–23 droughts. Each line links to the page or UN record with the figures.

https://calankii.com/en/society/diphtheria-2023-2025/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Red Cross dates the outbreak to January 2023, when diphtheria re-emerged in Puntland. WHO counted 838 cases in 2024 and 3,622 in 2025. By mid-November 2025 there had been 3,129 suspected cases and 132 deaths that year, most in Banadir and Puntland. Most cases had never been vaccinated.

https://calankii.com/en/society/digil/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Digil are one of the two halves of the Rahanweyn (Digil-Mirifle) family, with the Mirifle. They are mostly settled farmers in southern Bay and Lower Shabelle, between the Juba and Shabelle rivers. Their clans include the Geledi, Tunni, Garre, Jiiddu, Begedi, Dabarre and Shanta Caleemo.

https://calankii.com/en/society/digil-languages/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Digil varieties are the most varied Somali speech forms. Lamberti counts four: Tunni (Diinsoor, Baraawe, Jilib), Dabarre (Diinsoor, Qansax Dheere, the Juba), Garre (Baydhabo, Diinsoor, Bur Hakaba, Qoryooley) and Jiiddu (Qoryooley, Diinsoor, Jilib). Jiiddu is the most distinct of all Somali varieties.

https://calankii.com/en/society/dhulbahante/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Dhulbahante (Dulbahante) are a Harti clan of the Darod, also called Said Harti. They live mainly in Sool, southern Sanaag and Buuhoodle, with communities in Ethiopia, Kismayo and Kenya. Their traditional leaders hold the title Garaad. Most of the Dervish movement's fighters came from them, and in 2023 their elders formed SSC-Khaatumo, now North Eastern State.

https://calankii.com/en/society/desert-locusts-2019-2021/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Desert locusts began breeding in Puntland, Somaliland and Galmudug in late 2019, after unusually heavy rain and Cyclone Pawan. FAO called it the worst outbreak in Somalia in over 25 years. By December 2019 about 70,000 hectares were infested. On 2 February 2020 the federal government declared the upsurge a national emergency, and FAO warned that it could push half a million more Somalis into hunger.

https://calankii.com/en/society/dabarre/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Dabarre are a Digil clan of the Rahanweyn with their own language, Af-Dabarre, shared with the Iroole. They live in Bay, around Diinsoor, and on the east bank of the Juba in Bu'aale district. Abbink lists two Dabarre lines, Dirmedo and Ieran. The EUAA records a dispute between the Gelidle and Dabarre in Diinsoor.

https://calankii.com/en/society/cyclones-in-somalia-2013-2020/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Four tropical cyclones struck Somalia between 2013 and 2020. The November 2013 cyclone in Puntland killed 162 people and about 1 million livestock. Cyclone Sagar hit Awdal and Woqooyi Galbeed in May 2018. Cyclone Pawan hit Puntland in December 2019. The Red Cross called Cyclone Gati, on 22 November 2020, "the strongest ever storm to hit Somalia"; it brought more than a year's rain to Bari in two days.

https://calankii.com/en/society/covid-19-in-somaliland/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somaliland announced its first two COVID-19 cases on 31 March 2020. By 6 December 2021 its Ministry of Health Development had recorded 8,342 cases and 586 deaths, about 68% of the deaths in the last few months during the Delta wave. In January 2022 Taiwan donated 150,000 vaccine doses.

https://calankii.com/en/society/covid-19-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia confirmed its first COVID-19 case on 16 March 2020 in Mogadishu. By March 2023 WHO recorded 27,334 confirmed cases and 1,361 deaths for Somalia. A satellite study of Mogadishu's graves estimated 3,200 to 11,800 excess deaths in the city from January to September 2020 alone. The first vaccines arrived on 15 March 2021, and by July 2023 about 7.7 million people had completed a vaccine course.

https://calankii.com/en/society/cholera-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia first reported cholera to WHO in 1970. The largest years on record are 2017 (78,701 cases and 1,163 deaths), 2011 (77,636 cases and 1,130 deaths) and 2007 (41,643 cases and 1,182 deaths). The 2017 outbreak began in Hiiraan in January, during the drought, and peaked in May and June. Cholera is endemic, and outbreaks follow both droughts and floods.

https://calankii.com/en/society/borama-script/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Borama or Gadabuursi script is an alphabet for Somali devised about 1933 by Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Nuur, the qaadi of Borama. It was written left to right and used by his circle in Borama for poems and letters. I. M. Lewis published its letters and texts in 1958, including two gabay, a geeraar and a qasida.

https://calankii.com/en/society/benadiri-somali/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Benadir Somali is the group of coastal dialects spoken from Hobyo to south of Marka, including Mogadishu. Lamberti divides it into five subgroups: Abgaal, Gaaljecel, Ajuuraan, Xamar (the speech of Xamar Weyne) and Biimaal. It shares 40 of 67 dialect features with Northern Somali.

https://calankii.com/en/society/bartire/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Bartire (Bartirre) are a Jidwaaq clan of the Absame and Darod, also called Barre Jidwaaq. They live mainly near Jigjiga, the lower Fafan and upper Jarar in Ethiopia's Somali Region, with groups near Bu'aale and in the Hagar area of Jubaland. Their 19th-century Garaad, Xirsi Faarax 'Wiil Waal', ruled from Jigjiga.

https://calankii.com/en/society/awrtable/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Awrtable (Ortable) are a Darod clan that trace their line to Yusuf, a son of Darod. They live mainly in Nugaal and Mudug in Puntland, around Eyl, Burtinle, Garowe and Gaalkacyo, with groups in Ethiopia and Jubaland. Their largest line, Wikipedia says, is Muse Ibraahim. Their elder carries the title Ugaas.

https://calankii.com/en/society/aulihan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Aulihan are an Ogaden line of the Darod. They hold pasture and wells around Fafaduun and Baardheere, live on the west bank of Middle Juba, and on both sides of the Ethiopia border in Bakool. The EUAA calls them one of the two strongest clans in Middle Juba, with the Mohamed Zubeir.

https://calankii.com/en/society/ashraf-somali/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Af-Ashraaf is the speech of the Ashraaf of southern Somalia's coast. It has two branches: Af-Shingaani in the Shingaani quarter of Mogadishu, and the Lower Shabelle branch around Marka, with the Af-Marka, Af-Gendershe and Af-Jilib varieties. Linguists Christopher Green and Evan Jones argue it should be treated as a language variety of its own.

https://calankii.com/en/society/ali-saleebaan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Ali Saleebaan (Cali Saleebaan) are a Majeerteen line of the Harti and Darod. They live mainly in north-eastern Bari, where the EUAA calls them very relevant politically, and in Arma. ACLED codes their Bicidyahan and Colyahan groups. The EASO records land disputes between them and other Majeerteen lines in Bari.

https://calankii.com/en/society/air-crashes-in-somalia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The deadliest air crash in Somalia was Somali Airlines Flight 40, which crashed near Balcad on 20 July 1981 and killed all 50 people on board. Other fatal crashes include a Belarusian Il-76 that crashed after take-off from Mogadishu in March 2007 (11 dead), an Ethiopian Air Force An-12 at Mogadishu in 2013 (4 dead), an aid plane brought down at Bardaale in May 2020 (6 dead), which an African Union report said Ethiopian troops shot down by mistake and a Trident Aviation DHC-5 near Mogadishu in March 2025 (5 dead). In 2016 a bomb exploded on Daallo Airlines Flight 159; only the bomber died.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/yemen/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia and Yemen face each other across the Gulf of Aden and have traded and moved people across it for centuries. Yemen hosted 40,335 refugees from Somalia at the end of 2025, down from 255,894 in 2017, while Somalia hosted 13,496 Yemeni refugees. Yemen reported US$13.5 million of exports to Somalia and US$10.6 million of imports, mostly live animals, in 2024. Both governments have embassies, and Somalia backs Yemen's internationally recognised government against the Houthis.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/world-bank/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The World Bank lent to Somalia from 1965 to 1990, then stopped for almost three decades. Since Somalia cleared its arrears on 5 March 2020 and won debt relief on 13 December 2023, the Bank's IDA arm has built a portfolio of about US$2.34 billion in grants, covering cash transfers, health, water, power and budgets. It works from Nairobi.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/united-states/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The United States recognised Somalia on 1 July 1960, closed its Mogadishu embassy on 5 January 1991, recognised the Federal Government on 17 January 2013 and reopened a permanent mission in December 2018. US aid obligations peaked at about US$1.18 billion in 2023 and fell to about US$212 million in 2025. In 2026 Washington still recognises Somalia's 1960 borders, including Somaliland, while Congress debates that policy.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/united-kingdom/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The United Kingdom ruled British Somaliland from the 1884–1886 treaties until 26 June 1960, and has had an embassy in Mogadishu since 25 April 2013. Britain hosted the London Somalia conferences of 2012, 2013 and 2017, signed a strategic partnership with Somalia on 21 November 2023, and holds the pen on Somalia at the UN Security Council. Two-way trade was £56 million in the year to June 2026, and the UK planned a £71 million country budget for 2026/27.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/un/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia joined the UN on 20 September 1960 and sat on the Security Council in 2025 and 2026, its first seat since 1971 to 1972. UN political missions worked in Somalia from 1992 until the last one, UNTMIS, closed on 31 October 2026. UN agencies stay, and the 2026 humanitarian plan asked for US$852 million.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/uganda/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Uganda sent the first African Union troops to Somalia on 6 March 2007 and kept the largest contingent for almost twenty years. In late October 2026 it began a phased withdrawal of its about 4,500 AU troops, due to end in August 2027, while about 2,000 stay under a bilateral deal. The two governments hold a Joint Permanent Commission, whose mid-term review in Mogadishu ended with the Mogadishu Declaration on 22 October 2026.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/uae/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The United Arab Emirates is Somalia's largest trading partner and the home of the port operator DP World, which runs Berbera in Somaliland and, through P&O Ports, Bosaso in Puntland. The UAE sold Somalia US$1.5 billion of goods in 2023. On 12 January 2026 Somalia's cabinet cancelled all agreements with the UAE, including the Berbera, Bosaso and Kismayo port deals and security cooperation.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/turkey/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Turkey is one of Somalia's closest partners. It reopened its Mogadishu embassy on 1 November 2011 after Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's famine visit of 19 August 2011, and says its aid has passed US$1 billion. Turkish firms run Mogadishu's port and airport, Turkey sold Somalia about US$425 million of goods in 2023, and since April 2026 a Turkish ship has drilled Somalia's first deep-sea oil well.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/tunisia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia and Tunisia have had relations since July 1969. Neither keeps an embassy in the other's capital: Somalia's ambassador in Algiers, Yusuf Ahmed Hassan, presented credentials in Tunis on 6 May 2026. Tunisia called Israel's recognition of Somaliland 'a serious act' and stated its 'absolute support' for Somalia's unity in January 2026. Trade is small: Tunisia exported US$265,000 to Somalia in 2023.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/tanzania/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia and Tanzania revived their ties after Somalia joined the East African Community in March 2024. President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud made a state visit to Dar es Salaam in April 2024, and in December 2024 Tanzania's foreign minister led the first cabinet-level visit to Mogadishu in over three decades. Nine agreements followed by mid-2025, including a deal for Air Tanzania flights to Mogadishu and Tanzanian scholarships from January 2026.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/taiwan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia does not have official relations with Taiwan and recognises the People's Republic of China. Taiwan and Somaliland opened representative offices in Hargeisa and Taipei in 2020. In April 2025 Somalia stopped accepting Taiwan-issued travel documents; Taiwan asked it to revoke the step and China's embassy backed it.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/syria/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia and Syria have had relations since December 1964. Somalia kept ties through Syria's civil war and sent a resident ambassador, Abiib Muse Farah, who presented credentials to President Ahmad al-Sharaa in September 2025. Syria rejected Israel's recognition of Somaliland on 28 December 2025. Syria hosted several hundred to several thousand Somali refugees after 1991.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/switzerland/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Switzerland recognised Somalia right after independence on 1 July 1960 and covers it from its embassy in Nairobi. Somalia is a priority country for Swiss development work: a new 2026–2029 programme for Somalia and the nearby dry lands of Kenya and Ethiopia has a budget of about CHF 112 million. Trade is tiny, just over CHF 367,000 in 2020, and UNHCR counted 4,565 Somali refugees in Switzerland at the end of 2025.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/sweden/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Sweden recognised Somalia on independence in 1960 and has never had a resident ambassador in Mogadishu; its ambassador to Somalia works from a Somalia Section in Nairobi. Sweden is one of Somalia's largest European donors: its 2018 to 2022 strategy was worth SEK 3,072 million, it gave SEK 392.3 million in 2025, and its 2026 to 2028 strategy plans about SEK 200 million a year, including work on returns and migration.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/sudan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Sudan has been a mediator and a place of study for Somalis since the 1960s: President Ibrahim Abboud brokered the 1964 Ethiopia–Somalia ceasefire, Khartoum hosted government–Islamic Courts talks in 2006, and thousands of Somalis studied at Sudanese universities. When war broke out in Sudan in April 2023, Somalia evacuated its students. On 4 October 2026 the two leaders signed the El Alamein Joint Declaration, which backed both countries' unity.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/spain/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Spain has no embassy in Somalia; its ambassador in Nairobi has been accredited to Somalia since late 2012. Spain's tie runs mostly through the sea: it hosts the headquarters of the EU's Atalanta anti-piracy operation at Rota since 29 March 2019, and the 2009 hijacking of the Basque tuna boat Alakrana led to direct talks with Somalia's government. Spain's exports to Somalia reached US$20.2 million in 2024.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/south-sudan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia recognised South Sudan on 10 July 2011, the day after independence, and President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed attended the celebrations in Juba. Both are now members of the East African Community: South Sudan's President Salva Kiir, as EAC chair, witnessed Somalia sign its accession treaty on 16 December 2023. Somalia has an embassy in Juba, and Somali traders run businesses across South Sudan.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/south-korea/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

South Korea and Somalia established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1987. Seoul covers Somalia from its embassy in Nairobi, keeps an anti-piracy naval unit in the Gulf of Aden since 2009, and sold Somalia goods worth US$12.7 million in 2025. Since 2022 Korea has given US$7.6 million through WFP for Somali nutrition and school meals.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/south-africa/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

South Africa and Somalia established formal diplomatic relations in 2012, when South Africa also committed R100 million to help build Somali institutions. Somalia opened a Somali-owned embassy building in Pretoria on 3 July 2025, while South Africa covers Somalia from its High Commission in Nairobi. South Africa exported $9.2 million of goods to Somalia in 2024. About 22,000 Somali refugees and asylum seekers live there, and attacks on Somali shopkeepers have been a recurring issue between the governments.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/sierra-leone/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Sierra Leone sent an 850-strong battalion to the AU mission in Somalia in April 2013, based in Kismayo, and withdrew it from January 2015 after the Ebola outbreak blocked its rotation. Since then it has contributed police: two Sierra Leonean officers led the AU mission's police component, Augustine Magnus Kailie from 2019 and Hillary Sao Kanu from 2 March 2023, and a 160-strong Sierra Leone police unit served in Kismayo in 2024.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/saudi-arabia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Saudi Arabia is one of Somalia's main export markets, buying US$283 million of Somali goods in 2023, mostly live animals. It is also the largest Gulf humanitarian donor to Somalia in UN records, with US$34.8 million in 2025. The two countries signed a military cooperation memorandum in Riyadh on 9 February 2026.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/rwanda/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Rwanda and Somalia signed a General Cooperation Agreement in Kigali on 27 October 2025 and agreed to set up a Joint Permanent Commission. Rwanda's ambassador to Somalia, Martin Ngoga, took up his post in January 2025, and Somalia's ambassador in Dar es Salaam also covers Rwanda. A Rwandan, Patrick Mazimhaka, led the African Union's 2005 fact-finding mission to Somaliland. Trade was about $0.7 million in 2024.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/russia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Soviet Union was Somalia's main arms supplier from 1962, built up the port of Berbera and signed a 20-year friendship treaty with Somalia on 11 July 1974. Somalia ended the treaty and expelled Soviet advisers in November 1977, after Moscow backed Ethiopia in the Ogaden war. Ties since then have been small: Russian exports to Somalia reached US$14.8 million in 2021, mostly wheat, and Russia's position on Somalia is now set mainly in the UN Security Council.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/qatar/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Qatar and Somalia have embassies in each other's capitals and signed a defence cooperation agreement in Doha on 19 January 2026. Qatar's aid shows mostly through the Qatar Fund for Development and Qatar Charity, which together reported US$45.5 million of humanitarian funding to Somalia in 2025. Goods trade is small: Qatar sold Somalia US$7.6 million of goods in 2023.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/palestine/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia recognised the State of Palestine on 15 November 1988, the day it was declared, and has backed Palestinian statehood in the Arab League, the OIC and the UN since. Palestine's ambassador Rowaid Adil Mohamed presented credentials in Mogadishu in January 2025. Palestine joined the statements rejecting Israel's recognition of Somaliland, and Somalia's government says Israel plans to move Palestinians from Gaza to Somaliland, which Israel denies.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/pakistan/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Pakistan and Somalia have had relations since 1960 and both belong to the OIC. Pakistani troops were the first UN security personnel to reach Mogadishu, on 14 September 1992, and 25 were killed there on 5 June 1993. Pakistan exported US$90.6 million of goods to Somalia in 2024, mostly rice, over 700 Somali students were in Pakistani universities in 2025, and in 2026 the two governments widened security and military training ties.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/oman/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Oman is one of Somalia's three main export markets, with Saudi Arabia and the UAE. It bought US$180 million of Somali goods in 2023 and sold Somalia US$257 million. Omani rulers held a loose authority over the Banaadir coast from 1728 to the 1880s, and the two states signed an air services agreement in Muscat in 1983.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/oic/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia has been a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation since its founding summit in Rabat in 1969. The OIC opened a humanitarian office in Mogadishu in March 2011, and its members pledged US$350 million for the famine that August. On 10 January 2026 its foreign ministers adopted a resolution rejecting Israel's recognition of Somaliland.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/norway/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Norway runs its Somalia work from its embassy in Nairobi and keeps a special envoy for Somalia. In March 2020 it lent Somalia US$365.9 million for a few hours so Somalia could clear its World Bank arrears, the step that opened the way to debt relief. Norway gave about NOK 2.7 billion in aid in 2012 to 2018 and plans NOK 102 million in humanitarian aid for 2026.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/north-korea/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia and North Korea established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1967, and the ties are still listed today. North Korea had an embassy in Mogadishu until its staff fled with South Korean diplomats in January 1991. Since then contact is thin: a UN panel traced one mortar round fired at Mogadishu airport in 2020 to a North Korean design.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/netherlands/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

The Netherlands treats Somalia as a focus country for its aid, under a 2023–2026 country strategy on justice, security, jobs and migration. Its embassy in Nairobi covers Somalia, with an honorary consul in Mogadishu, and Ambassador Henk Jan Bakker presented his credentials to President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud in September 2025. Dutch exports to Somalia were US$11.5 million in 2024.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/morocco/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Somalia and Morocco have had relations since January 1979. On 28 November 2025 their foreign ministers signed a 2026–2028 cooperation roadmap and Morocco raised its scholarships for Somali students to 120 a year. Somalia backs Morocco's position on Western Sahara and voted for UN Security Council Resolution 2797 on 31 October 2025; Morocco states its support for Somalia's sovereignty.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/malaysia/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Malaysia and Somalia are linked mainly by trade, education and refugees. Malaysia exported US$96.9 million of goods to Somalia in 2024, mostly palm oil and dairy products, and about 2,945 Somalis were registered with UNHCR in Malaysia in February 2026. A Malaysian soldier was killed with the UN force in Mogadishu on 3 October 1993.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/libya/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Libya lent Somalia 2 million Libyan dinars in 1974 to finish Kismayo airport, but the two governments broke relations twice, over the Ogaden war in 1977 and over Libyan support for Somali rebels in 1981, before restoring them in 1985. President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud visited Tripoli in February 2025 and signed four memoranda. Today the main issue is migration: thousands of Somalis cross Libya towards Italy, and Somalia brings migrants home from there.

https://calankii.com/en/relations/kuwait/2026-11-13T00:00:00Z

Kuwait and Somalia have had relations since 1964. Kuwait's tie is mostly money: the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development was owed US$123.9 million at the end of 2025, and 19% of Somalia's foreign debt is in Kuwaiti dinars. Somalia backed the coalition that reversed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990.