# Somalia and the United States

> US–Somalia relations, 1960 to 2026: ambassadors, the 1991 embassy closure, 2013 recognition, aid, debt relief, remittances and Somaliland.

Source page: https://calankii.com/en/relations/united-states/
Last checked: 2026-11-13
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

## How do Somalia and the United States relate today?

The two countries have full diplomatic relations. The US embassy sits inside the Mogadishu international airport complex ([Congressional Research Service, IF10155, 21 July 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)). Somalia's embassy is at 1609 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC ([Embassy of Somalia in the US](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=11590)).

The post of US ambassador has been empty since Richard H. Riley was recalled in December 2025 ([Mogadishu Times, 23 December 2025](https://mogtimes.com/articles/65428/US-Ambassador-to-Somalia-among-career-diplomats-recalled-in-Trump-shake-up)). Justin Davis has led the embassy as chargé d'affaires since January 2026 ([Streamline Feed, 15 September 2026](https://streamlinefeed.co.ke/news/trump-nominates-career-diplomat-devin-kennington-as-somalia-ambassador)). On 14 September 2026 the White House sent the nomination of Devin Kennington as ambassador to the Senate ([Horn Diplomat via AllAfrica, 15 September 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202609160061.html)).

The relationship in 2026 has three main parts:

- **Security:** the United States carried out more than 130 air strikes in Somalia in 2025 and nearly 70 in the first half of 2026 ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)).
- **Aid:** US obligations for Somalia fell from US$1,181 million in fiscal year 2023 to US$212 million in 2025 ([ForeignAssistance.gov country data](https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.explorer.devtechlab.com/us_foreign_aid_country.csv)).
- **Migration:** Somali nationals have been barred from entry since 9 June 2025, and Temporary Protected Status for Somalia ended on 14 August 2026 ([Holland & Knight, 5 June 2025](https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/06/president-trump-issues-new-travel-ban-19-countries-face-restrictions); [Dawan Africa, 19 August 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/us-court-clears-way-to-end-tps-for-somalia-affecting-nearly-1100-people)).

## When did contact begin?

A US Consulate General was working in Mogadishu before independence. On 1 July 1960 it was raised to an embassy, with Andrew G. Lynch as chargé d'affaires ([Office of the Historian](https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia)). The same day, President Dwight Eisenhower sent a message of congratulations to President [Aden Abdulla Osman](/en/people/aden-abdulle-osman/), which recognised the new [Somali Republic](/en/states/somali-republic-1960-1969/) ([Office of the Historian](https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia)).

US aid began before independence. Obligations were US$0.7 million in 1954 and US$15.1 million in 1962 ([ForeignAssistance.gov country data](https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.explorer.devtechlab.com/us_foreign_aid_country.csv)). After the 1969 coup, Somalia aligned with the Soviet Union ([Embassy of Somalia in the US](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=11590)).

Ties warmed again in 1977, when the Soviet Union backed Ethiopia in the [Ogaden War](/en/history/ogaden-war-1977/) ([Library of Congress Country Study, via country-studies.com](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). A 1980 access agreement gave US forces use of ports and airfields at Berbera, Kismaayo and Mogadishu in exchange for military and economic aid ([Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). Contemporary reports put the package at US$42 million over two years ([Christian Science Monitor, 3 September 1980](https://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/amphtml/1980/0903/090349.html)).

## Who are the ambassadors and envoys?

US chiefs of mission in Somalia, from the State Department's own list ([Office of the Historian, chiefs of mission](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/chiefsofmission/somalia)):

- **Andrew G. Lynch:** chargé d'affaires from 1 July 1960, ambassador 11 July 1960 to 7 May 1962.
- **Horace G. Torbert Jr.:** 31 January 1963 to 29 August 1965.
- **Raymond L. Thurston:** 23 November 1965 to 15 December 1968.
- **Fred L. Hadsel:** 28 June 1969 to 18 July 1971.
- **Matthew J. Looram Jr.:** 13 March 1972 to 5 July 1973.
- **Roger Kirk:** 8 October 1973 to 20 February 1975.
- **John L. Loughran:** 13 August 1975 to 5 November 1978.
- **Donald K. Petterson:** 8 December 1978 to 30 December 1982.
- **Robert B. Oakley:** 26 January 1983 to 12 August 1984.
- **Peter S. Bridges:** 19 December 1984 to 14 May 1986.
- **Trusten F. Crigler:** 3 June 1987 to 1 April 1990.
- **James K. Bishop:** 19 September 1990 to 5 January 1991, when the embassy closed.
- **Katherine S. Dhanani:** nominated 25 February 2015; nomination withdrawn 11 May 2015.
- **Stephen M. Schwartz:** 9 August 2016 to 21 July 2017, the first ambassador since 1991.
- **Martin Dale:** chargé d'affaires, 21 July 2017 to 13 November 2018.
- **Donald Y. Yamamoto:** from 17 November 2018.

Later ambassadors:

- **Larry André Jr.:** arrived in January 2022 ([Garowe Online, 30 March 2023](https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/us-president-joe-biden-appoints-new-ambassador-to-somalia)).
- **Richard H. Riley IV:** presented credentials to President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, reported on 22 June 2024 ([Villa Somalia, 22 June 2024](https://villasomalia.gov.so/president-hassan-sheikh-receives-new-u-s-ambassador-to-somalia/)); recalled in December 2025 and left in January 2026 ([Horn Diplomat via AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202609160061.html)).
- **Justin Davis:** chargé d'affaires from January 2026 ([Streamline Feed](https://streamlinefeed.co.ke/news/trump-nominates-career-diplomat-devin-kennington-as-somalia-ambassador)).
- **Devin Kennington:** nominated 14 September 2026; he was acting deputy chief of mission in Mogadishu in 2023–24 ([Horn Diplomat via AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202609160061.html)).

Somali ambassadors in Washington since 2014:

- **Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke:** ambassador before becoming prime minister; the first Somali ambassador to the US in more than two decades ([Garowe Online, 18 September 2015](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/new-somalia-ambassador-presents-credentials-to-obama)).
- **[Ahmed Isse Awad](/en/people/ahmed-isse-awad/):** presented credentials to President Barack Obama in September 2015 ([Garowe Online](https://www.garoweonline.com/index.php/en/news/somalia/new-somalia-ambassador-presents-credentials-to-obama)).
- **Ali [Sharif](/en/society/asharaaf/) Ahmed:** presented credentials to President Donald Trump on 16 September 2019 ([Hiiraan Online, 17 September 2019](https://hiiraan.org/news4/2019/Sept/165541/ambassador_ali_sharif_ahmed_presented_his_credentials_to_president_donald_trump.aspx)).
- **Dahir Hassan Abdi:** nominated 19 May 2024, presented credentials to President Joe Biden on 18 September 2024 ([Embassy of Somalia](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=8980)). In June 2026 he also became non-resident ambassador to Canada ([Shabelle via AllAfrica, 25 June 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202606250354.html)).

## Who built the tie?

- **Dwight Eisenhower**, US president, recognised the Somali Republic by message on 1 July 1960 ([Office of the Historian](https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia)).
- **Abdirashid Ali Shermarke**, prime minister, was a presidential guest in Washington on 27–29 November 1962 ([Office of the Historian, visits](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)).
- **Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal**, prime minister, made an official visit on 14–16 March 1968 ([Office of the Historian, visits](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)).
- **Mohamed Siad Barre**, president, made an official working visit on 9–14 March 1982, two years after the access agreement ([Office of the Historian, visits](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)).
- **Hillary Clinton**, Secretary of State, announced US recognition of the Somali government on 17 January 2013 with President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud ([VOA via GlobalSecurity, 17 January 2013](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2013/01/mil-130117-voa13.htm)).
- **Hassan Sheikh Mohamud**, president, received recognition in 2013 and attended the US–Africa summits of 2014 and 2022 ([Office of the Historian, visits](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)).
- **John Kerry**, Secretary of State, made the first visit by a serving secretary to Somalia on 5 May 2015 ([Office of the Historian, travels](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/secretary/somalia)).
- **Donald Yamamoto**, ambassador, opened the permanent mission in Mogadishu in December 2018 ([Al Jazeera, 5 December 2018](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/reopens-permanent-diplomatic-mission-somalia-181205084151621.html)).
- **Richard Riley**, ambassador, and **Bihi Egeh**, finance minister, signed the cancellation of US$1.14 billion of Somali debt on 5 November 2024 ([AFP via EWN, 5 November 2024](https://ewn.co.za/2024/11/05/us-writes-off-over-1-billion-of-somalia-debt)).
- **Ted Cruz**, senator and chair of the Senate Africa subcommittee, asked President Trump on 14 August 2025 to recognise [Somaliland](/en/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/) ([Office of Senator Cruz, 14 August 2025](https://www.cruz.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sen-cruz-calls-for-us-recognition-of-somaliland)).
- **Scott Perry**, congressman, introduced the Republic of Somaliland Independence Act (H.R. 3992) on 12 June 2025 ([Congress.gov, bill text](https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr3992/BILLS-119hr3992ih.htm)).
- **Ali [Mohamed Omar](/en/people/mohamed-omar-1999/) [Balcad](/en/regions/middle-shabelle/)**, Somalia's state minister for foreign affairs, offered in February 2026 to renew the 1980 access agreement ([Shabelle via AllAfrica, 24 February 2026](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602240595.html)).

## What agreements have they signed?

- **1980:** military access agreement for ports and airfields at Berbera, Kismaayo and Mogadishu ([Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). Its text is classified ([Christian Science Monitor, 3 September 1980](https://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/amphtml/1980/0903/090349.html)).
- **17 January 2013:** exchange of diplomatic notes on recognition of the Federal Government ([Al Jazeera, 17 January 2013](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/1/17/us-to-recognise-somali-government)).
- **5 November 2024:** bilateral agreement cancelling US$1.14 billion of debt ([AFP via EWN](https://ewn.co.za/2024/11/05/us-writes-off-over-1-billion-of-somalia-debt)).

The United States and Somalia have no trade agreement ([Office of the US Trade Representative](https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/somalia)).

## Which leaders have visited?

Somali leaders in the United States ([Office of the Historian, visits](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/somalia)):

- **27–29 November 1962:** Prime Minister Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, presidential guest.
- **14–16 March 1968:** Prime Minister Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal, official visit; private visit on 6 October 1969.
- **11 October 1974:** President Mohamed Siad Barre, private visit.
- **9–14 March 1982:** President Siad Barre, official working visit.
- **17 January 2013:** President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, at the State Department and White House ([VOA via GlobalSecurity](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2013/01/mil-130117-voa13.htm)).
- **5–6 August 2014 and 13–15 December 2022:** President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, US–Africa Leaders Summits.
- **September 2025:** President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, UN General Assembly and meetings with US officials in New York ([Shabelle via AllAfrica, 29 September 2025](https://allafrica.com/stories/202509290046.html)).

US leaders in Somalia:

- **31 December 1992 to 2 January 1993:** President George H. W. Bush visited Mogadishu, Baidoa and [Baledogle](/en/institutions/us-military-in-somalia/) ([Office of the Historian, presidential travels](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/somalia)).
- **5–6 May 2015:** Secretary of State John Kerry met President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke and regional leaders in Mogadishu ([Office of the Historian, travels](https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/secretary/somalia)).

## How much do they trade?

Trade is small. In 2025 US goods exports to Somalia were US$49.7 million and imports were US$0.7 million ([USTR](https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/somalia)). Services trade was US$120 million in 2025 ([USTR](https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/somalia)).

US exports include legumes, grain, baked goods and machinery; imports are mainly precious stones ([Embassy of Somalia in the US](https://usa.mfa.gov.so/?p=11590)). Somalia is not eligible for trade preferences under AGOA ([USTR](https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/somalia)).

### What about remittances and banking?

- **7 November 2001:** the US Treasury blocked the al-Barakaat money transfer network under Executive Order 13224 ([Federal Register, 19 March 2002](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2002-03-19/pdf/02-3291.pdf)). Two [Barakaat](/en/businesses/al-barakat/) entities and one person were removed from the list on 3 November 2009 ([The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/us-lifts-sanctions-on-somali-group-of-companies-1436786)).
- **2011:** Sunrise Community Banks in Minnesota closed Somali-American remittance accounts ([MinnPost, February 2015](https://www.minnpost.com/community-sketchbook/2015/02/banks-decision-end-wire-transfers-leaves-twin-cities-immigrant-communit/)).
- **6 February 2015:** Merchants Bank of California, which handled an estimated 60 to 80 percent of money sent to Somalia, ended its accounts with Somali transfer companies ([VOA Learning English, 2015](https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/somalis-unable-to-send-money-home-from-united-states/2643069.html)).
- **9 January 2026:** the Treasury issued a Geographic Targeting Order requiring banks and money transmitters in Hennepin and Ramsey counties, Minnesota, to report transfers over US$3,000 to people abroad ([Fox 9, January 2026](https://www.fox9.com/news/treasury-department-foreign-transactions-hennepin-ramsey-counties-jan-9)). It was reissued on 7 August 2026 to run to 6 February 2027 ([FinCEN order, August 2026](https://www.fincen.gov/system/files/2026-08/Minnesota-GTO-Order.pdf)).

## How much aid and money has gone in?

US aid obligations to Somalia by fiscal year, in current US dollars ([ForeignAssistance.gov country data](https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.explorer.devtechlab.com/us_foreign_aid_country.csv)):

- **1960s:** US$3.0 million (1960), US$15.1 million (1962), US$16.4 million (1967).
- **1980s:** US$87.3 million (1980), US$116.7 million (1985), US$21.3 million (1989).
- **1990s:** US$5.8 million (1990), US$55.6 million (1992), US$108.0 million (1993), US$14.8 million (1995).
- **2000s:** US$13.9 million (2000), US$103.4 million (2006), US$448.8 million (2009).
- **2010s:** US$469.5 million (2012), US$252.6 million (2015), US$742.2 million (2018), US$762.7 million (2019).
- **2020s:** US$825.1 million (2020), US$1,137.1 million (2022), US$1,181.0 million (2023), US$765.2 million (2024), US$212.0 million (2025).

US humanitarian funding recorded by the UN's Financial Tracking Service was US$1.28 billion in 2022, US$433 million in 2024 and US$53.6 million in 2025 ([OCHA FTS, 2022](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2022&groupby=organization); [2024](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2024&groupby=organization); [2025](https://api.hpc.tools/v1/public/fts/flow?countryISO3=SOM&year=2025&groupby=organization)). The United States was Somalia's largest humanitarian donor until 2025 ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)).

Other money flows:

- **Debt:** Somalia owed the United States US$1.14 billion, cancelled on 5 November 2024 ([AFP via EWN](https://ewn.co.za/2024/11/05/us-writes-off-over-1-billion-of-somalia-debt)). In 2019 Congress approved up to US$35 million for the first phase of cancelling this debt ([CRS, 17 January 2020](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.14.pdf)).
- **African Union mission:** the United States has given nearly US$1.6 billion to troop-contributing countries and almost US$2 billion to the UN Support Office in Somalia ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)).
- **Cuts:** in 1989 the George H. W. Bush administration ended military aid, and in 1990 Somalia became ineligible for aid after defaulting on loans ([Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). In 2025–26 most US programmes in Somalia were terminated or allowed to expire ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)).

## What about security?

In 1992 the United States led UNITAF, about 37,000 troops from 24 countries, under Security Council resolution 794 ([UN Peacekeeping, UNOSOM II background](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). On 3 October 1993, 18 US soldiers were killed in Mogadishu, and US forces were withdrawn by 31 March 1994 ([UN Peacekeeping](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). Since 2007 the United States has trained and equipped African Union and Somali forces, including the Danab special forces, and it has carried out air strikes since 2003 ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)).

See [Foreign forces in Somalia](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/), [US air strikes in Somalia](/en/history/us-air-strikes-in-somalia/) and [UN intervention 1992–1995](/en/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/).

## How does the United States deal with Somaliland and the member states?

The United States did not recognise Somaliland's 1991 declaration ([Country Study](https://country-studies.com/somalia/relations-with-the-united-states.html)). The State Department told Congress in 2026 that it recognises "the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Somalia, which includes the region of Somaliland" ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)).

Main events:

- **14 March 2022:** Somaliland President Muse Bihi Abdi began a visit to Washington and met members of Congress and officials ([The EastAfrican](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/somaliland-leader-muse-bihi-in-us-3747684)).
- **17 March 2022:** senators Jim Risch, Chris Van Hollen and Mike Rounds introduced the Somaliland Partnership Act ([US Senate Foreign Relations Committee](https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/risch-van-hollen-rounds-applaud-committee-passage-of-somaliland-legislation)).
- **12 June 2025:** H.R. 3992 proposed recognising Somaliland; it was referred to the House Foreign Affairs Committee ([Congress.gov](https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr3992/BILLS-119hr3992ih.htm)).
- **August 2025:** the House Appropriations Committee asked the State Department for a report within 120 days on wider engagement with Somaliland ([Horn Diplomat, 1 August 2025](https://www.horndiplomat.com/?p=51460)).
- **Late December 2025:** after Israel's recognition on 26 December, President Trump answered "No" when asked if the United States would follow ([Al-Ahram](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/559424.aspx)).
- **February 2026:** a Somaliland official offered Washington access to bases and minerals; Somalia's government said such deals must go through federal institutions ([Shabelle via AllAfrica](https://allafrica.com/stories/202602240595.html)).
- **September 2026:** President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi "Irro" made his first US visit, arriving in early September ([Dawan Africa, 6 September 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/somaliland-president-arrives-in-us-for-first-visit-since-taking-office)). On 29 October President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud said the United States had not changed its position on Somalia's unity ([Dawan Africa, 30 October 2026](https://www.dawan.africa/news/hassan-says-us-still-backs-somalia-unity-after-irro-visit)).

In [Puntland](/en/states/puntland/), US air strikes have supported operations against the Islamic State cell since 2024 ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)).

## Have there been disputes?

- **Embassy closure, 1991:** the embassy closed on 5 January 1991, but relations were never cut ([Office of the Historian](https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia)).
- **Travel bans:** Somalia was one of seven countries in the 2017 visa ban ([CRS, 2020](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.14.pdf)). A proclamation of 4 June 2025 fully suspended entry of Somali nationals from 9 June 2025, citing weak government control and refusal to take back nationals ([Holland & Knight](https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/06/president-trump-issues-new-travel-ban-19-countries-face-restrictions)). Ambassador Dahir Hassan Abdi said Somalia was ready for dialogue ([Horn Observer](https://hornobserver.com/articles/3354/We-Dont-Want-Them-Trump-Imposes-Full-Travel-Ban-on-Somalia-and-11-Other-Countries)).
- **Remarks on Somalis, December 2025:** on 2 December 2025 President Trump said of Somalis, "I don't want them in our country" ([Al Jazeera, 4 December 2025](https://aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/4/from-mogadishu-to-minneapolis-somalis-reject-trumps-bigoted-remarks)). Prime Minister [Hamza Abdi Barre](/en/people/hamza-abdi-barre/) said it was "better to ignore" the words ([Al Jazeera](https://aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/4/from-mogadishu-to-minneapolis-somalis-reject-trumps-bigoted-remarks)).
- **Temporary Protected Status:** the Department of Homeland Security ended TPS for Somalia; a Boston court let the decision take effect on 14 August 2026, affecting nearly 1,100 people ([Dawan Africa](https://www.dawan.africa/news/us-court-clears-way-to-end-tps-for-somalia-affecting-nearly-1100-people)).

## How many Somalis live in the United States?

The US Census Bureau's 2024 survey counted 259,694 people of Somali ancestry ([ACS 2024 1-year, B02025, via Census Reporter](https://api.censusreporter.org/1.0/data/show/acs2024_1yr?table_ids=B02025&geo_ids=01000US)). See [United States (Somali diaspora)](/en/diaspora/united-states/).

## Where does the United States stand in the UN and other bodies on Somalia?

The United States voted for resolution 794 in December 1992 and led the force it created ([UN Peacekeeping](https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unosom2backgr2.html)). [Al-Shabaab](/en/history/al-shabaab/) has been listed by the State Department as a Foreign Terrorist Organization since 2008 ([Federal Register, 18 March 2008](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2008-03-18/pdf/E8-5444.pdf)). Executive Order 13536 of 12 April 2010 set up US sanctions on people who threaten Somalia's peace ([OFAC, 13 April 2010](https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20100413)). In 2026 the administration planned to end funding for the UN Support Office in Somalia ([CRS, 2026](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10155/IF10155.19.pdf)).

## Related pages

- [United States (Somali diaspora)](/en/diaspora/united-states/)
- [Somali Americans in public office](/en/diaspora/somali-americans-in-public-office/)
- [Foreign forces in Somalia](/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia/)
- [US air strikes in Somalia](/en/history/us-air-strikes-in-somalia/)
- [UN intervention 1992–1995](/en/history/un-intervention-1992-1995/)
- [Battle of Mogadishu 1993](/en/history/battle-of-mogadishu-1993/)
- [Al-Barakat](/en/economy/al-barakat/)
- [Debt and debt relief](/en/economy/debt-and-debt-relief/)
- [Remittances in numbers](/en/economy/remittances-in-numbers/)
- [Hassan Sheikh Mohamud](/en/people/hassan-sheikh-mohamud/)
- [Siad Barre](/en/people/siad-barre/)
- [Abdirashid Ali Shermarke](/en/people/abdirashid-ali-shermarke/)
- [Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal](/en/people/mohamed-haji-ibrahim-egal/)
- [Omar Abdirashid Sharmarke](/en/people/omar-abdirashid-sharmarke/)
- [Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi Irro](/en/people/abdirahman-mohamed-abdullahi-irro/)
- [Muse Bihi Abdi](/en/people/muse-bihi-abdi/)

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