# Institutions and organisations

Source page: https://calankii.com/en/institutions/
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

- [Every aid organisation funded in Somalia, 2024 to 2026: UN agencies and NGOs by money received](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/aid-organisations-funding-2024-2026.md): A directory of every UN agency, international NGO, Somali NGO and other body recorded as receiving humanitarian funding for Somalia in 2024, 2025 and 2026, with the amounts from the UN Financial Tracking Service and a CSV download.
- [Every federal government body in Somalia and its budget, 2025 to 2027](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/federal-bodies-and-budgets.md): A directory of every body in Somalia's federal budget: ministries, agencies, courts, commissions and security forces, with 2025 spending, 2026 budget and 2027 proposed budget in US dollars, and a CSV download.
- [The Federal Government of Somalia: how it is organised](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/federal-government-of-somalia.md): How Somalia's federal government is built: its history since 2012, its branches, ministries, agencies and independent offices, how it relates to the member states, its staff and budget, and where to find each part.
- [Federal Parliament of Somalia: the House of the People and the Upper House](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/federal-parliament.md): What Somalia's Federal Parliament does, how its 329 seats are filled, who sits in each house, and the laws behind it, from 1960 to 2026.
- [International bodies in Somalia: the UN, the African Union, the World Bank and the IMF](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/international-bodies-in-somalia.md): Which international bodies work in Somalia, what each does, how the UN presence changed in 2024 to 2026, and Somalia's own seats in world bodies.
- [Puntland's institutions: constitution, parliament, courts and electoral commission](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/puntland-institutions.md): How Puntland's government works: its constitution, parliament, president, courts, attorney general, auditor general and electoral commission, with numbers and sources.
- [Somali Red Crescent Society (Bisha Cas): what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-red-crescent-society.md): What the Somali Red Crescent Society does: founding, clinics, Keysaney hospital, rehabilitation centres, disaster work, leaders, partners and funding.
- [Somali universities one by one: SNU, Hargeisa, Amoud, Mogadishu, SIMAD, Benadir and Puntland State](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/main-universities.md): Profiles of Somalia's and Somaliland's main universities: when each was founded, who runs it, where its campuses are, what it teaches and how many students it has.
- [Somalia's federal government: the President, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/president-and-council-of-ministers.md): How Somalia's federal executive works: the President's powers, the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, the list of ministries, and presidents since 1960.
- [State media in Somalia: SONNA, Radio Mogadishu, SNTV, Radio Hargeisa and Puntland TV](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/state-media.md): The government-owned news agency, radio and television stations of Somalia, Somaliland and Puntland: when each began, who runs them and what they broadcast.
- [Elections in Puntland (Doorashooyinka Puntland)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/elections-in-puntland.md): How Puntland chooses its president, parliament and local councils: the clan-delegate system, the presidential votes from 1998 to 2024, the 2021 and 2023 direct local elections with results, and Puntland's position on federal elections.
- [Constitution of Somalia (Dastuurka Soomaaliya): 1960 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/constitution-of-somalia.md): Somalia's constitutions from 1960 to 2026: the 1960 constitution, the 1979 constitution, the 2000 and 2004 charters, the 2012 Provisional Constitution, and the 2024 and 2026 amendments, with the votes and the dispute over them.
- [Deputy Prime Ministers of Somalia, 2005 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/deputy-prime-ministers-of-somalia.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Hussein Mohamed Farah Aidid, Abdihakim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi, Hussein Arab Isse, Fawzia Yusuf Adam, Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed, Mohamed Omar Arte and others.
- [Rival and transitional heads of Somalia, 1991 to 2012](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/rival-heads-of-somalia-1991-to-2012.md): Who claimed or held the top post in Somalia from 1991 to 2012: Ali Mahdi, the Aidids, the National Salvation Council, the Arta and Federal transitional governments and the Islamic Courts.
- [Lafoole University (Lafoole College), Somalia's teacher training college](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/lafoole-university.md): Lafoole College near Afgooye: Somalia's teacher training college from the 1960s to 1991, its programmes, students, and the gap its closure left.
- [Speakers of the Somali Parliament since 1956 (Guddoomiyeyaasha Baarlamaanka)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/speakers-of-parliament.md): Every speaker of Somalia's parliament from 1956 to 2026: the National Assembly, the People's Assembly, the transitional parliaments, the House of the People and the Upper House, with dates and votes.
- [Members of Somalia's Federal Parliament (Xildhibaannada Baarlamaanka Federaalka)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/members-of-parliament.md): Lists of the members of Somalia's Federal Parliament: all 54 senators of the Upper House by member state, and the House of the People members in the official directory, with seat numbers and roles.
- [Elections in Somalia: how voting and selection work (Doorashooyinka Soomaaliya)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/elections-in-somalia.md): How Somalia chooses its parliament and President: the elections of 1956 to 1969, one-party votes under the military government, the clan-delegate system of 2000 to 2022, the 2024 election laws, the 2025 and 2026 direct votes and the 2027 timetable.
- [Politics of Somalia: how power is shared (Siyaasadda Soomaaliya)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/politics-of-somalia.md): How politics works in Somalia: the federal system, clan power-sharing, political parties from the Somali Youth League to the Justice and Solidarity Party, the opposition Somali Future Council, and relations with the member states.
- [Governors of the Central Bank of Somalia, 1960 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/governors-of-the-central-bank-of-somalia.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Abdi Adan Mohamed, Abdi Haji Abikar, Abdullahi Ahmed Addow, Abdirahman Nur Hirsi, Omar Ahmed Omar, Mahmoud Jama Ahmed and others.
- [Madina Hospital (Medina Hospital), Mogadishu](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/madina-hospital.md): Madina (Medina) Hospital in Mogadishu: opened 1968, Somalia's main trauma hospital, its role after bombings and ICRC support.
- [Ministry of Education of Somalia (Wasaaradda Waxbarashada): what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-education.md): What Somalia's federal education ministry does: curriculum, national exams, teachers, school counts and higher education, how it shares the work with the member states, and the separate ministries in Puntland and Somaliland.
- [Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) in Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/norwegian-refugee-council-somalia.md): What the Norwegian Refugee Council does in Somalia: since when, staff, people reached in 2025, who leads it, funding 2024 to 2026, and what it says about 2026.
- [Somalia's courts: the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court and how the judiciary works](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/courts-and-judiciary.md): How Somalia's courts are organised, what the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court do, who appoints judges, and the laws behind them, with sources.
- [Somaliland's institutions: president, parliament, Guurti, courts and central bank](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-institutions.md): How Somaliland is governed: the President, the House of Representatives, the Guurti, the courts, the Bank of Somaliland and the electoral commission.
- [UNICEF in Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/unicef-somalia.md): What UNICEF does in Somalia: its offices, staff and partners, who leads it, the funding it receives, and what it reports about child malnutrition in 2026.
- [Elections in Somaliland (Doorashooyinka Somaliland)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/elections-in-somaliland.md): How elections work in Somaliland: the three-party rule, the National Electoral Commission, every presidential, parliamentary and local election since 2002 with results, and the 2026 term extension.
- [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Somalia (Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda): embassies and diplomacy](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-foreign-affairs.md): What Somalia's foreign ministry does, who leads it, where Somalia has embassies, the main issues in 2024 to 2026, and what Somalis abroad can get from an embassy.
- [Save the Children in Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/save-the-children-somalia.md): What Save the Children does in Somalia: since when, people reached in 2025, who leads it, funding 2024 to 2026, and what it reports about hunger in 2026.
- [Somaliland Ministry of Finance and Economic Development: budget and taxes](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-ministry-of-finance.md): What Somaliland's finance ministry does, who leads it, the 2026 budget, the 2027 budget process and the 2026 public finance law.
- [United Somali Congress (USC), 1989–2003](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/united-somali-congress.md): The USC, 1989–2003: founding in Rome, Aidid's military wing, the fall of Mogadishu in 1991, the Ali Mahdi and Aidid wings, and what became of them.
- [World Food Programme (WFP) in Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/wfp-somalia.md): What the World Food Programme does in Somalia: food and cash aid, Baxnaano, school meals, UNHAS flights; who leads it; funding 2024 to 2026; and what it reports about hunger in 2026.
- [Concern Worldwide in Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/concern-worldwide-somalia.md): What Concern Worldwide does in Somalia: since when, where, people reached in 2025, programmes, partners and funding 2024 to 2026.
- [Constitution of Somaliland (Dastuurka Somaliland)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/constitution-of-somaliland.md): What Somaliland's 2001 constitution says: territory, religion, language, the three-party limit, the President, the House of Representatives, the Guurti, the courts, women's rights and how it can be amended, with its history from 1991.
- [FAO in Somalia: farming, livestock, fisheries and the FSNAU and SWALIM data units](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/fao-somalia.md): What FAO does in Somalia: staff, offices and projects, who leads it, funding 2024 to 2026, and what it reports doing in 2026.
- [Ministry of Health of Somalia (Wasaaradda Caafimaadka): what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-health.md): What Somalia's federal health ministry does: policy, vaccines, medicines, coordination of aid; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; what it reports doing in 2026; and how the work is shared with Puntland, Somaliland and the member states.
- [Ministry of Interior, Federal Affairs and Reconciliation of Somalia (Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-interior.md): What Somalia's interior and federal affairs ministry does: relations with the member states, local councils, reconciliation and local elections, with the Banadir council vote of 2025 to 2026.
- [Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), 1985–2004](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-patriotic-movement.md): The SPM, 1985–2004: origins, army defections in 1990, the Jess and Morgan wings, Kismayo, the 1998 Jubaland project, and later groups.
- [Somaliland Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-ministry-of-foreign-affairs.md): What Somaliland's foreign ministry does, who leads it, its work on recognition, Israel's 2025 recognition, and its 2026 statements on Somalia, Ethiopia and Berbera.
- [Ministry of Finance of Somalia (Wasaaradda Maaliyadda): budget, taxes and debt](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-finance.md): What Somalia's finance ministry does, who leads it, its revenue, budget and debt work, its reform plans for 2026 to 2030, and where its reports are published.
- [OCHA in Somalia and the Somalia Humanitarian Fund](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ocha-somalia.md): What OCHA does in Somalia: coordination, the 2026 aid plan, the Somalia Humanitarian Fund, who leads it, and its funding 2024 to 2026.
- [Somali National Front (SNF), 1991–2001](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-national-front.md): The SNF, 1991–2001: who formed it, its leaders, the 1991–92 campaign, Gedo, relations with Ethiopia and al-Itihaad, and its merger into the TNG.
- [Somaliland Civil Service Commission: hiring for government jobs](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-civil-service-commission.md): What Somaliland's civil service commission does, who leads it, and how its 2026 recruitment of 774 civil servants by open competition works.
- [Ministry of Energy and Water Resources of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-energy-and-water.md): What Somalia's federal energy and water ministry does: electricity law and tariffs, solar and water projects, the plan to import power from Ethiopia; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing.
- [Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism of Somalia (Wasaaradda Warfaafinta)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-information.md): What Somalia's information ministry does: government statements, state media, media law and licensing, culture and tourism, with its leaders and how to reach it.
- [Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA), 1995–2004](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/rahanweyn-resistance-army.md): The RRA, 1995–2004: founding at Jhaffey, the taking of Huddur and Baidoa, Ethiopian support, the 2002 South West State and split, and the move into the TFG.
- [Somaliland Ministry of Education and Science: schools and national exams](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-ministry-of-education.md): What Somaliland's education ministry does, who leads it, its national exams and the 2026 results, and how it differs from the federal system.
- [World Health Organization (WHO) in Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/who-somalia.md): What WHO does in Somalia: health system support, vaccines and outbreaks, who leads it, its funding 2024 to 2026, and what it reports doing in 2026.
- [Ministry of Defence of Somalia (Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga): what it does and who has led it](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-defence.md): What Somalia's federal Ministry of Defence does, how it is organised, the 2015 Guulwade Plan, payroll and budget, and a list of defence ministers from 1960 to today.
- [Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-petroleum-and-minerals.md): What Somalia's petroleum and minerals ministry and the Somali Petroleum Authority do: the 2020 Petroleum Law, the 2020 licensing round, the Turkish agreements of 2024 and 2025, the Curad-1 well; who leads them; budgets 2025 to 2027.
- [Somali National Alliance (SNA)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-national-alliance.md): The Somali National Alliance, 1992–2002: how it was formed, its member factions, the war with UNOSOM II, the split with Osman Atto, Hussein Aidid's leadership and its end.
- [UNFPA in Somalia: mothers' health, population data and gender-based violence](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/unfpa-somalia.md): What UNFPA does in Somalia: mothers' health, population data, gender-based violence reporting and youth work; its funding 2024 to 2026; and what it reports in 2026.
- [IOM in Somalia: migration, displacement and stabilisation](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/iom-somalia.md): What IOM does in Somalia: displacement tracking, migrants, stabilisation, who leads it, its funding 2024 to 2026, and what it reports in 2026.
- [Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-agriculture.md): What Somalia's federal agriculture ministry does: irrigation, seeds, pests, food security and farm investment; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; the projects that fund it; and what it reports doing in 2026.
- [Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development of Somalia (Wasaaradda Qorsheynta)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-planning.md): What Somalia's planning ministry does: national development plans, the National Transformation Plan 2025 to 2029, donor coordination, investment and statistics, and where to find its reports.
- [Somali Democratic Movement (SDM)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-democratic-movement.md): The Somali Democratic Movement, the Digil and Mirifle movement founded in 1989: its place in the Somali National Alliance, the 1993 Baidoa congress and council, and its successor, the RRA.
- [Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs of Somalia (Wasaaradda Cadaaladda)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-justice.md): What Somalia's justice ministry does: the constitution, laws, courts, prisons and legal aid, the 2024 and 2026 constitutional changes, who leads it and how to use it.
- [Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-labour-and-social-affairs.md): What Somalia's federal labour and social affairs ministry does: labour law, work permits, skills training and the Baxnaano cash transfers; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing.
- [UNHCR in Somalia: refugees, returnees and displaced people](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/unhcr-somalia.md): What UNHCR does in Somalia: refugees, returnees, displacement monitoring, who leads it, its funding 2024 to 2026, and what it reports in 2026.
- [Ministry of Ports and Marine Transport of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-ports-and-marine-transport.md): What Somalia's federal ports ministry does: port rules, the ship register, maritime treaties and Mogadishu port; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing in 2026.
- [UNDP in Somalia: governance, elections, justice and climate](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/undp-somalia.md): What UNDP does in Somalia: governance, elections, justice, local government and climate; who leads it; its country programme for 2026 to 2030; and its funding.
- [Ministry of Fisheries and Blue Economy of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-fisheries-and-blue-economy.md): What Somalia's federal fisheries ministry does: fishing licences, boat registration, the SOMTURK partnership, exports to China; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing.
- [Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI), 1983–1997](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/al-itihaad-al-islamiya.md): Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya, 1983–1997: founding, leaders, Bosaso and Luuq, war with Ethiopia, the end of its armed wing, and the people who went on to later movements.
- [AMISOM, the African Union Mission in Somalia, 2007–2022](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/amisom.md): AMISOM, 2007–2022: mandate, troop contributors and numbers, commanders, main operations, losses, funding and the record of abuses, until it became ATMIS.
- [Attorney General of Somalia: the federal prosecution service](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/attorney-general.md): What Somalia's Attorney General does, its legal basis, the cases it handles by type, the state prosecutors, and how to report a crime or get help.
- [Institutions of Jubaland, South West, Galmudug and Hirshabelle: parliaments, leaders and courts](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/member-state-institutions.md): How the governments of Jubaland, South West State, Galmudug and Hirshabelle are built: parliaments, how members are chosen, speakers, presidents, constitutions, courts, attorneys general and civil servants, with 2026 results.
- [Intergovernmental Academy of Somali Language (AGA)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-language-academy.md): What the Intergovernmental Academy of Somali Language does, its founding, its Mogadishu headquarters, its leaders, its federal budget line and its 2026 conference.
- [International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/icrc-somalia.md): What the ICRC does in Somalia: its offices, its work with the Somali Red Crescent, detainee visits, family links and aid; its funding 2024 to 2026.
- [Ministers of Defence of Somalia, 1960 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministers-of-defence-of-somalia.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal, Ali Ismail Yacqub, Hilowle Moalin Mohamed, Aden Isaq Ahmed, Abdirahman Haji Mumin, Haji Yusuf Iman Guled and others.
- [Ministry of Communications and Technology of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-communications-and-technology.md): What Somalia's federal communications ministry does: telecom and internet policy, data protection, cybersecurity, digital government and the post; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and the bodies under it.
- [Somalia's independent commissions: what each one does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/independent-commissions.md): The independent commissions in Somalia's constitution: human rights, anti-corruption, electoral, boundaries, inter-state, security, truth and reconciliation, ombudsman.
- [ATMIS, the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia, 2022–2024](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/atmis.md): ATMIS, 2022–2024: why it was created, its drawdown in phases, the bases handed over, the attacks on its camps, and the move to AUSSOM.
- [Foreign Ministers of Somalia, 1960 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/foreign-ministers-of-somalia.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Abdullahi Issa Mohamud, Ahmed Yusuf Dualeh, Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal, Haji Farah Ali Omar, Omar Arteh Ghalib, Mohamed Siad Barre and others.
- [Ministry of Commerce and Industry of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-commerce-and-industry.md): What Somalia's federal commerce ministry does: company registration, trade licences, standards and trade policy; the eBusiness portal; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and its ministers since 2015.
- [Puntland Ministry of Finance: budget, revenue and spending](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/puntland-ministry-of-finance.md): What Puntland's finance ministry does, who runs it, its budgets for 2025, 2026 and 2027, where its money comes from and how it is spent.
- [AUSSOM, the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia, 2025 to now](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/aussom.md): AUSSOM, the AU mission since January 2025: how it was approved, its size and troop allocations, Egypt and Ethiopia, Burundi's exit, and the funding gap.
- [Foreign Ministers of Somaliland, 1991 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/foreign-ministers-of-somaliland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Sheikh Yusuf Ali Sheikh Madar, Osman Abdillahi Jama, Hassan Ali Awaleh, Suleiman Mahmud Adan, Mahmoud Salah Nur, Abdihamid Garad Jama and others.
- [Governors of French Somaliland, 1884 to 1977](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/governors-of-french-somaliland.md): Every French commandant, governor and high commissioner of Obock, French Somaliland and the Territory of the Afars and the Issas, 1884 to 1977, with dates and sources.
- [Jubaland Ministry of Finance and Economic Development: budget and revenue](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/jubaland-ministry-of-finance.md): What Jubaland's finance ministry does, who leads it, its 2025 budget, where its money came from in 2025, and its work with the federal government on accounts.
- [Ministry of Family and Human Rights Development of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-family-and-human-rights.md): What Somalia's federal ministry for family and human rights does: women, children, disability and human rights; the Somali Disabled Agency; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing.
- [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-environment-and-climate-change.md): What Somalia's federal environment and climate ministry does: climate policy, climate finance, biodiversity and the UN climate talks; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing.
- [Puntland Ministers of Planning and International Cooperation, 2007 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/puntland-ministers-of-planning-and-international-cooperation.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Ali Abdi Aware, Farah Adan Dhala, Daud Mohamed Omar, Ali Ahmed Fatah, Shire Haji Farah, Abdiqafar Elmi Hange and others.
- [South West State Ministry of Finance: budget and revenue](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/south-west-state-ministry-of-finance.md): What South West State's finance ministry does, its 2025 accounts, the 2026 change of government, and plans for tax collection.
- [Commanders of the Somali army since 1960 (Taliyaha Ciidanka Xoogga)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-army-commanders.md): Every commander of the Somali armed forces since 1960, with their dates: the Republic, the military government, the transitional government and the federal government.
- [Finance Ministers of Somalia, 1956 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/finance-ministers-of-somalia.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Salad Abdi Mohamed, Osman Ahmed Roble, Abdulkadir Mohamed Aden, Awil Haji Abdullahi Farah, Ali Omar Shego, Sufi Omar Mohamed and others.
- [Hirshabelle Ministry of Finance and Economic Development: budget and revenue](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/hirshabelle-ministry-of-finance.md): What Hirshabelle's finance ministry does, its budgets for 2025 to 2027, where its money came from in 2025, and the 2025 dispute over road taxes.
- [Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation of Somalia and the Civil Aviation Authority](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-transport-and-civil-aviation.md): What Somalia's federal transport and civil aviation ministry and the Somali Civil Aviation Authority do: airspace, air traffic control, airlines, airports and road transport; who leads them; budgets and overflight income 2025 to 2027.
- [Finance Ministers of Somaliland, 1991 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/finance-ministers-of-somaliland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Ismail Mahmud Hurre, Abdillahi Mohamed Duale, Ibrahim Abdi Muse, Mohamed Ahmed Samatar, Mohamed Dhimbil Galbedi, Awil Haji Omar and others.
- [Foreign forces in Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/foreign-forces-in-somalia.md): Which foreign states have deployed or trained forces in Somalia since 2006: Ethiopia, Kenya, the United States, Turkey, the UAE, Egypt, Eritrea and others, from the sources.
- [Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-religious-affairs.md): What Somalia's federal religious affairs ministry does: Hajj, mosques, endowments and religious guidance; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing for the 2026 Hajj.
- [Ministry of Public Works, Reconstruction and Housing of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-public-works.md): What Somalia's federal public works ministry does: roads, public buildings, building permits, housing policy and urban projects; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing in 2026.
- [Turkey's military in Somalia: Camp TURKSOM, drones and the sea pact](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/turkey-military-in-somalia.md): Turkey's military role in Somalia since 2017: the TURKSOM base and the units it trains, armed drones and helicopters, the 2024 defence pact and navy, troop mandates, and the offshore oil link.
- [Ministry of Internal Security of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-internal-security.md): What Somalia's federal internal security ministry does: police, NISA, immigration and security coordination with the member states; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing in 2026.
- [The United Arab Emirates' military in Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/uae-military-in-somalia.md): The UAE's military role in Somalia: the Puntland maritime police, training and pay for federal units, the 2018 break, bases at Bosaso and Berbera, air strikes in Puntland, the 2024 attack and the 2026 cancellation.
- [Ministry of Youth and Sports of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-youth-and-sports.md): What Somalia's federal youth and sports ministry does: youth policy, the National Youth Council, sport and the 2026 to 2030 Youth, Peace and Security plan; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and what it reports doing.
- [The United States military in Somalia: AFRICOM, Baledogle and Danab](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/us-military-in-somalia.md): The US military in Somalia since 2007: Africa Command, the Baledogle airfield, the Danab brigade it trains, troop numbers, the 2020 withdrawal and 2022 return, and the 2024 bases agreement.
- [Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range of Somalia: what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ministry-of-livestock-forestry-and-range.md): What Somalia's federal livestock ministry does: animal health, export certificates, forests and rangeland; livestock exports by year; who leads it; its budget 2025 to 2027; and its partners.
- [Qatar and Saudi Arabia: Gulf military support to Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/qatar-saudi-military-in-somalia.md): Qatar's and Saudi Arabia's military support to Somalia: armoured vehicles in 2019, Somali soldiers trained in Doha, and the 2026 defence agreements, set against the Gulf rivalries.
- [Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a (ASWJ), 1991–2021](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ahlu-sunna-waljamaa.md): Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a: Sufi origins, the 2008 turn to arms against al-Shabaab, Ethiopian support, its battles in Galgaduud, deals with the TFG and Galmudug, and 2021.
- [Financial Reporting Center of Somalia (FRC): the financial intelligence unit](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/financial-reporting-center.md): What Somalia's Financial Reporting Center does: suspicious transaction reports, anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing; the 2016 law and its 2025 amendment; who leads it; its budget; and its 2025 numbers.
- [National Independent Human Rights Commission of Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/national-human-rights-commission.md): How Somalia's human rights commission was set up in 2025 and 2026, its members and chair, its budget, and what it reports doing in 2026.
- [Somali National Bureau of Statistics (SNBS): who counts Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/national-bureau-of-statistics.md): What the Somali National Bureau of Statistics does, its law, its main surveys and reports, the 2024 business census, and how to get its data.
- [Somaliland armed forces (Ciidanka Qaranka Somaliland)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-armed-forces.md): Somaliland's army, coast guard and police: how they were formed after 1991, their size and budget, leaders, how they counter al-Shabaab, and the conflicts in the east.
- [National Civil Service Commission of Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/national-civil-service-commission.md): What Somalia's civil service commission does, who leads it, its budget, the size of the civil service, and the 2026 dispute over open competition for director posts.
- [Puntland's security forces: Darawiish, PSF, PMPF and police](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/puntland-security-forces.md): Puntland's forces explained: the Darawiish, the US-backed Puntland Security Force, the maritime police, intelligence and police, their leaders, and Operation Hilaac.
- [Vice Presidents of Somaliland, 1991 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/vice-presidents-of-somaliland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Hassan Isse Jama, Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah Tolwaa, Dahir Riyale Kahin, Ahmed Yusuf Yasin, Abdirahman Saylici, Mohamed Aw-Ali Abdi.
- [Bank of Somaliland (Baanka Somaliland): Somaliland's central bank](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/bank-of-somaliland.md): What the Bank of Somaliland does: currency, licensing, payments; its governors; its 2026 to 2028 plan; and its work on access to SWIFT and US banks.
- [Hizbul Islam, 2009–2014](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/hizbul-islam.md): Hizbul Islam, 2009–2014: the four founding groups, its leaders, war with al-Shabaab over Kismayo, absorption in 2010, the 2012 break and the turn to politics.
- [Jubaland security forces (Darawiish)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/jubaland-security-forces.md): Jubaland's security forces: the Darawiish, their roots in the Raskamboni movement, the 2013 agreement, and the 2024–2025 clashes with federal forces at Ras Kamboni and in Gedo.
- [Vice Presidents of Puntland, 1998 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/vice-presidents-of-puntland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Mohamed Abdi Hashi, Ahmed Mohamoud Gunle, Mohamed Ali Yusuf, Hassan Dahir Afqurac, Abdisamad Ali Shire, Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar Amey and others.
- [Ras Kamboni brigades and the Raskamboni movement](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/raskamboni-movement.md): The Ras Kamboni brigades and the Raskamboni movement: Hassan al-Turki's group, the 2009 split, Ahmed Madobe, the Kenya alliance, Kismayo in 2012, and Jubaland.
- [Speakers of the Somaliland Houses of Representatives and Elders, 1991 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/speakers-of-somaliland-parliament.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Ibrahim Megag Samatar, Ahmed Abdi Mohamed Habsade, Abdirahman Hussein Beedaani, Ahmed Muhammad Aden Qaybe, Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi Irro, Bashe Mohamed Farah and others.
- [State forces of Galmudug, Hirshabelle and South West](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/state-forces-galmudug-hirshabelle-south-west.md): The security forces of Galmudug, Hirshabelle and South West State: their Darawiish and police, the National Security Architecture, the Galkacyo joint force, Barawe in 2023, and 2026 pay talks.
- [Macawisley: the clan militias of central Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/macawisley.md): Macawisley, the clan militias of Hiiraan and central Somalia: origins, their part in the 2022 offensive, government support, reported abuses, and the debate over the model.
- [Mayors of Hargeisa, 2003 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/mayors-of-hargeisa.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Aadan Cumar Fure, Hussein Mohamed Jiciir, Abdurrahman Mahmoud Aidiid, Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge.
- [Egypt's military in Somalia: the 2024 pact and AUSSOM](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/egypt-military-in-somalia.md): Egypt's military role in Somalia: the August 2024 agreement, arms flights and special forces, Ethiopia's objections, the 2025 strategic partnership, and Egypt's planned AUSSOM contingent.
- [Presidents and Prime Ministers of Djibouti, 1957 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/leaders-of-djibouti.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Mahamoud Harbi Farah, Hassan Gouled Aptidon, Ahmed Dini Ahmed, Ali Aref Bourhan, Abdallah Mohamed Kamil, Ismail Omar Guelleh and others.
- [Ethiopia's military in Somalia since 2006](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ethiopia-military-in-somalia.md): Ethiopia's military role in Somalia: the 2006–2009 intervention, the Mogadishu fighting of 2007 and Human Rights Watch's findings, troops inside and outside the AU missions, and the 2024 crisis.
- [Presidents of the Somali Region of Ethiopia, 1993 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/presidents-of-the-somali-region-of-ethiopia.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Abdullahi Mohamed Sa'di, Hassan Jire Qalinle, Abdirahman Ugas Mohamed Qani, Ahmed Makahel Hussein, Mahdi Ayoub Guleed, Eid Dahir Farah and others.
- [Kenya's military in Somalia: Linda Nchi, AMISOM and El Adde](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/kenya-military-in-somalia.md): Kenya's military role in Somalia since 2011: Operation Linda Nchi, Kismayo, the AU missions, the El Adde and Kulbiyow attacks, the 2016 air strikes in Gedo, and UN findings on the charcoal trade.
- [The UK and the EU in Somalia: EUTM, Atalanta and the Baidoa training centre](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/uk-eu-military-in-somalia.md): The UK's and the EU's military role in Somalia: the EU training mission since 2010, the Atalanta naval operation since 2008, EU funding of the AU missions, and UK training in Baidoa.
- [Uganda's military in Somalia, 2007 to 2027](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/uganda-military-in-somalia.md): Uganda's military role in Somalia: the first AU troops in 2007, the largest contingent through AMISOM, ATMIS and AUSSOM, losses, the Golweyn court martial, and the 2026–2027 withdrawal.
- [Burundi's military in Somalia, 2007 to 2025](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/burundi-military-in-somalia.md): Burundi's military role in Somalia: the 2007 arrival, its contingent in AMISOM and ATMIS, losses, the 2016–2017 allowances dispute with the EU, and its exit from the AU mission in 2025.
- [Leaders of Jubaland, 1925 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/presidents-of-jubaland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: John Lionel Bretherton, Cecil Thornehill Davenport, Corrado Zoli, Mohamed Said Hersi Morgan, Omar Haji Masale, Ahmed Warsame Mohamed and others.
- [Leaders of Khaatumo, SSC-Khaatumo and the North Eastern State, 2012 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/leaders-of-khaatumo-and-north-eastern-state.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Ahmed Ilmi Osman Karash, Abdinur Ilmi Qaje Binde, Mohamed Yusuf Jama Indhasheel, Ali Khalif Galaydh, Abdikadir Ahmed Aw-Ali Firdhiye, Ali Abdullahi Gaboobe.
- [Mayors of Mogadishu and Governors of Banadir, 1936 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/mayors-of-mogadishu.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Romeo Campani, Rag Scarpa, Dr. Sicar, Luigi Barbino, Marcelio Baudino, Sanatore Guliano and others.
- [Office of the Auditor General of Somalia: who checks how public money is spent](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/auditor-general.md): What Somalia's Auditor General does, its law, how audits reach parliament, what the 2024 audit found, and where to read the reports.
- [Presidents of Galmudug, 2006 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/presidents-of-galmudug.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Mohamed Warsame Ali Kimiko, Mohamed Ahmed Alin, Abdi Hasan Awale Qeybdiid, Abdikarim Hussein Guled, Mohamed Hashi Abdi Arabey, Ahmed Duale Gelle Haaf and others.
- [Presidents of Hirshabelle, 2016 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/presidents-of-hirshabelle.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Mohamud Abdi Gaab, Ali Abdullahi Osoble, Ali Abdullahi Hussein Gudlawe, Mohamed Abdi Waare, Ali Jeyte Osman.
- [Presidents of Puntland, 1998 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/presidents-of-puntland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Mohamed Abshir Muse, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Yusuf Haji Nur, Jama Ali Jama, Mohamed Abdi Hashi, Mohamud Muse Hersi Adde and others.
- [Presidents of Somaliland, 1991 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/presidents-of-somaliland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal, Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur, Dahir Riyale Kahin, Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud Silanyo, Muse Bihi Abdi, Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi Irro.
- [Presidents of South West State, 2002 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/presidents-of-south-west-state.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Hassan Mohamed Nur Shatigadud, Madobe Nunow Mohamed, Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, Abdulkadir Sharif Sheikhuna Maye, Abdiaziz Hassan Mohamed Laftagareen, Ahmed Mohamed Hussein and others.
- [Short-lived Somali administrations and their leaders, 1998 to 2023](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/short-lived-somali-administrations.md): Leaders of short-lived Somali administrations: Maakhir (2007 to 2009) and Ximan iyo Xeeb (2008 to 2015), with dates and sources.
- [Eritrea and Somalia: sanctions, the 2018 thaw and the recruits trained in Eritrea](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/eritrea-and-somalia-military.md): Eritrea's military relations with Somalia: the 2009 UN sanctions over support to armed groups, their lifting in 2018, and the about 5,000 Somali recruits trained in Eritrea from 2019 to 2022.
- [Djibouti's military in Somalia since 2011](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/djibouti-military-in-somalia.md): Djibouti's military role in Somalia: its first AMISOM troops in December 2011, its sector around Beledweyne in Hiiraan, battalion rotations, and its place in AUSSOM.
- [Islamic State in Somalia (ISS), 2015 to now](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/islamic-state-somalia.md): Islamic State in Somalia: origins in 2015, leaders, size estimates by year, Qandala 2016, money networks, US strikes, and Puntland's 2025 Operation Hilaac.
- [Al-Shabaab: how it is organised, and who has led it](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/al-shabaab-structure-and-leaders.md): Al-Shabaab's structure: emir, councils, departments, regional governors, headquarters by year, leaders and deputies, size estimates over time, and how it raises money.
- [Naval missions off Somalia: Ocean Shield, CTF-151, China's escorts and Djibouti's bases](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/naval-missions-off-somalia.md): The international naval missions against piracy off Somalia since 2008: NATO's Ocean Shield, Combined Task Force 151, China's escort fleets, and the foreign bases in Djibouti that support them.
- [Governors of Italian Somaliland, 1889 to 1960](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/governors-of-italian-somaliland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Vincenzo Filonardi, Antonio Cecchi, Emilio Dulio, Giorgio Sorrentino, Igino Badolo, Ugo Ferrandi and others.
- [Members of Somaliland's House of Representatives, elected 2021 (Golaha Wakiilada)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/members-of-somaliland-house-of-representatives-2021.md): All 82 members of Somaliland's House of Representatives elected in 2021, by region, with the Speaker, deputies and committees, from the House's own site.
- [National Communications Authority of Somalia (NCA): what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/national-communications-authority.md): What Somalia's National Communications Authority does: licensing, spectrum, competition, consumer protection and cybersecurity; who leads it; its budget; and what it reports doing.
- [SoDMA, the Somalia Disaster Management Agency: droughts, floods and emergency aid](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/disaster-management-agency.md): What Somalia's disaster management agency SoDMA does, its history and legal basis, its departments, who leads it, the criticism it has faced, and how to reach it in an emergency.
- [Somali National Army (Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-national-army.md): The Somali National Army today: history since 1960, divisions and special units (Danab, Gorgor), size, who trains and pays it, equipment, and its war with al-Shabaab.
- [Governors of British Somaliland and the northern coast, 1830 to 1960](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/governors-of-british-somaliland.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Sayyid Muhammad al-Barr, Haji Sharmarke Ali Salih, Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad, Ahmad Rashid Husni Pasha, Abdirahman Bey, Muhammad Ra'uf Pasha and others.
- [Immigration and Citizenship Agency of Somalia: passports, visas and borders](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/immigration-and-citizenship-agency.md): What Somalia's Immigration and Citizenship Agency does: passports, e-visas (ETAS), residence permits, border control, refugees and citizenship; who leads it; its budget and fee income 2025 to 2027; and how to apply.
- [Members of Somalia's House of the People, 11th Parliament (2022)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/members-of-parliament-2022.md): All 245 House of the People members named by Somalia's election team (FEIT) in April 2022, by member state and seat number (GSH#), with women marked.
- [National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/nisa.md): NISA, Somalia's intelligence agency since 2013: what it does, its directors, special units Gaashaan and Waran, foreign support, the Ikran Tahlil case, and rights reports.
- [Members of Somalia's 10th Federal Parliament (2016 to 2022)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/members-of-parliament-2016.md): Names of the members of Somalia's 10th Federal Parliament, 2016 to 2022: 268 House of the People members and 53 Upper House senators.
- [National Economic Council of Somalia (NEC): what it does](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/national-economic-council.md): What Somalia's National Economic Council does: economic advice to the President, research and the National Economic Situation Report; who sits on it and who leads it; and how it relates to the planning and finance ministries.
- [Somali Police Force (Booliska Soomaaliyeed)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-police-force.md): The Somali Police Force since 1960: its origins, first commander, the Darawishta, collapse in 1991, rebuilding, the Haramcad unit, training partners and size today.
- [Data Protection Authority of Somalia: who checks how your data is used](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/data-protection-authority.md): What Somalia's Data Protection Authority does, the 2023 law behind it, who leads it, its budget 2025 to 2027, and what it reports doing in 2026.
- [Members of Puntland's House of Representatives, 2024 to 2029](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/members-of-puntland-parliament-2024.md): All 66 members of Puntland's House of Representatives for 2024 to 2029, by region, from the signed list announced on 1 January 2024.
- [Somali Navy](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-navy.md): The Somali Navy: founding with Soviet help in 1964, collapse in 1991, re-establishment in 2009, and the 2024 ten-year agreement with Turkey to rebuild it.
- [Members of Somalia's Transitional Federal Parliament, 2004](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/members-of-transitional-federal-parliament-2004.md): The members of Somalia's Transitional Federal Parliament selected in 2004, from the list published on 29 August 2004.
- [Somali Air Force (Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliyeed)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-air-force.md): The Somali Air Force from the Aeronautical Corps of the 1950s to today: its Soviet-era fleet, the Ogaden war, 1988 bombing of the north, collapse in 1991, and rebuilding since 2015.
- [Somali Petroleum Authority: the oil and gas regulator](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-petroleum-authority.md): What the Somali Petroleum Authority does, who has led it, its budget 2025 to 2027, and its plans for a bidding round in 2026.
- [National Disability Agency of Somalia (Hay'adda Naafada)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/national-disability-agency.md): What Somalia's National Disability Agency does, who leads it, its budget 2025 to 2027, the 2024 disability law and the 5% quota, and what it reports doing.
- [Somaliland Camel Corps (1914–1944)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-camel-corps.md): The Somaliland Camel Corps, 1914–1944: the Camel Constabulary and Dul Madoba, the 1920 campaign against the Dervishes, the defence of Tug Argan in 1940, and its end.
- [National Commission for Higher Education: who checks Somalia's universities](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/national-commission-for-higher-education.md): What Somalia's higher education commission does, the 2024 law, its members and leaders, its first budget in 2027, and its 2026 plans for checking universities.
- [Somaliland Police Force (Ciidanka Booliska Somaliland)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-police.md): Somaliland's police: how the force was re-formed after 1991, its size, units, weapons and commissioners, outside support, the Custodial Corps, and human rights reporting.
- [Somali troops under Italian rule: the Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops, 1908 to 1941](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-colonial-troops-italian.md): The Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops under Italian rule from 1908 to 1941: its founding, the zaptié and dubat, the Walwal clash of 1934, the war with Ethiopia and the end of Italian rule.
- [Somalia's medicines regulator and the 2026 Medicine Law](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/medicines-regulator.md): Who regulates medicines in Somalia: the interim agency set up in 2023, the Medicine Bill passed in January 2026, its first budget line, and what is reported about the sector.
- [Somali Bureau of Standards (SOBS): product standards and inspection](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-bureau-of-standards.md): What the Somali Bureau of Standards does, who leads it, its budget 2025 to 2027, inspections at ports and markets, and the Made in Somalia mark.
- [Somali Academy of Sciences, Culture and Arts (SOMASCA)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-academy-of-sciences-and-arts.md): What the Somali Academy of Sciences, Culture and Arts does, who has led it, its budget 2025 to 2027, the 2023 dispute over Maay, and its 2026 call for a new arts law.
- [Demobilisation and the programme for disengaged combatants](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/disengaged-combatants-programme.md): How Somalia has demobilised fighters: militia hand-overs in 2007, the 2013 national programme for people leaving al-Shabaab, screening, the Serendi centre, amnesty offers, children, and the debate.
- [Somali Agricultural Regulatory and Inspection Service (SARIS): seeds, pesticides and fertiliser](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-agricultural-regulatory-and-inspection-service.md): What SARIS does, the 2024 laws behind it, its laboratory and import rule, its budget, and its 2026 checks on fruit-ripening chemicals.
- [Sultans of Ifat and Adal, 1197 to 1577](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/sultans-of-ifat-and-adal.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Umar Walasma (Umar Dunya-Hawaz), Ali Baziyu, Haqq ad-Din Umar, Husein Umar, Nasr ad-Din Umar, Mansur Ali and others.
- [Sultans of Mogadishu, 10th to 19th centuries](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/sultans-of-mogadishu.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Abu Bakr ibn Fakhr ad-Din, Ismail ibn Muhammad, Al-Rahman ibn al-Musa'id, Yusuf ibn Sa'id, Sultan Muhammad, Rasul ibn Ali and others.
- [Sultans of the Isaaq, 1750 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/sultans-of-the-isaaq.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Guled Abdi, Farah Guled, Hassan Farah, Deria Hassan, Abdillahi Deria, Rashid Abdillahi and others.
- [Sultans of the Habar Yoonis, about 1769 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/sultans-of-the-habar-yoonis.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Sugulle Ainanshe Hirsi, Diriye Sugulle, Hersi Aman, Nur Ahmed Aman, Awad Diiriye, Dolal Nur and others.
- [Garaads and sultans of the Warsangali, 1613 to 2026](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/rulers-of-the-warsangali.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Abdulle Mahmud, Ali, Naleye, Mohamed, Mohamud Ali, Mohamud and others.
- [Sultans of the Majeerteen and of Hobyo, about 1800 to 1927](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/sultans-of-majeerteen-and-hobyo.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Mahmud IV, Uthman II, Yusuf IV, Mahmud V ibn Yusuf, Osman Mahamud, Yusuf Ali Kenadid and others.
- [Sultans of Geledi, about 1750 to 1908](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/sultans-of-geledi.md): Every holder of the office, with dates and a source on each row: Ibrahim Adeer, Mahamud Ibrahim Adeer, Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, Ahmad Yusuf, Uthman Ahmad.
- [UN Monitoring Group on Somalia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/un-monitoring-group-somalia.md): The UN Monitoring Group on Somalia: its mandate under the arms embargo, how it worked, and what its July 2012 report found on corruption, al-Shabaab, piracy, arms flows and private security.
- [Somali National Movement (SNM), 1981–1991](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-national-movement.md): The SNM, 1981–1991: founders, five elected chairmen, how it raised money, the 1983 Mandera raid, the 1988 war in the north, and the road to 18 May 1991.
- [Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), 1978–2001](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-salvation-democratic-front.md): The SSDF, 1978–2001: the 1978 coup attempt, the 1981 merger in Aden, the 1982 border war, Ethiopian support, splits, and the founding of Puntland.
- [Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somali-democratic-alliance.md): The Somali Democratic Alliance, the Gadabuursi movement founded in 1989: its leader, the events around Borama in 1990–92, and its split over Somaliland's independence.
- [Piracy off Somalia: the groups, the peak and the response](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/piracy-off-somalia.md): Piracy off Somalia from the 2000s to 2026: why it began, the main networks and bases, ransoms, the naval and onshore response, prosecutions, and the resurgence after 2023.
- [Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/ogaden-national-liberation-front.md): The Ogaden National Liberation Front: its founding in 1984, the 1991 elections, the 2007 Abole attack, Ethiopia's counter-insurgency campaign and the 2018 peace agreement.
- [Edna Adan Maternity Hospital (Edna Adan University Hospital), Hargeisa](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/edna-adan-hospital.md): The Edna Adan hospital in Hargeisa: how it was built from 1997, opened in 2002, its midwife training, births, maternal deaths and the university.
- [Diaspora-built mother and child hospitals in Baardheere and Caabudwaaq](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/diaspora-built-mother-and-child-hospitals.md): Three small mother and child hospitals founded by the Somali diaspora: East and West Bardera in Baardheere (2006, 2008) and Abudwak in Caabudwaaq (2009).
- [East Africa University (EAU), Bosaso](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/east-africa-university.md): East Africa University in Bosaso, Puntland: founding in 1999, its eight campuses, faculties, distance learning and rector.
- [Gollis University, Hargeisa](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/gollis-university.md): Gollis University in Hargeisa: founding in 2004, its campuses, faculties, master's degrees, fees and research institute.
- [University of Burao (Jaamacadda Burco)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/university-of-burao.md): The University of Burao in Burco, Togdheer: founded 2004, its faculties, campus, branches and how it is governed.
- [Kismayo University (Jaamacadda Kismaayo)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/kismayo-university.md): Kismayo University in Kismaayo, Lower Juba: founded 2005, its campus, faculties, governance, memberships and partners.
- [Admas University in Hargeisa and Garoowe](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/admas-university-hargeisa-and-garowe.md): Admas University's campuses in Hargeisa (2006) and Garoowe (2014): how they started, programmes, students, graduates and accreditation.
- [Somaliland University of Technology (SUTECH), Hargeisa](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/somaliland-university-of-technology.md): SUTECH in Hargeisa: founded in 2000 as CAAT, its 20-hectare campus funded by the Islamic Development Bank, faculties and partners.
- [University of Somalia (UNISO), Mogadishu](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/university-of-somalia.md): University of Somalia (UNISO) in Mogadishu: founded 2005, its six colleges, branch in Ceelasha Biyaha, students and master's programmes.
- [Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST), Mogadishu](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/jamhuriya-university.md): JUST in Mogadishu: founded 2011, its faculties, campuses in Hodan, accreditation, research and incubation centres, and its 2025 graduation.
- [Zamzam University of Science and Technology (ZUST), Mogadishu](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/zamzam-university.md): Zamzam University (ZUST) in Mogadishu: from a 2012 farm training school to a university with six faculties, campuses in Baidoa and Jowhar, and research centres.
- [Maakhir University, Badhan (now Somali National University, Badhan campus)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/maakhir-university.md): Maakhir University in Badhan, Sanaag: founded 2010 by the diaspora, Kuwaiti funding, first graduates 2014, and its move into the Somali National University in 2019.
- [Barwaaqo University, Somaliland's women's university](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/barwaaqo-university.md): Barwaaqo University near Hargeisa: Somaliland's first residential women's university, founded 2017, its education degrees, fees, admission and results.
- [University of Gedo (Jaamacadda Gedo), Baardheere](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/university-of-gedo.md): University of Gedo in Baardheere: opened 2008 with diaspora fundraising, its first programmes, planned campuses and staff.
- [Universities in Laascaanood (Las Anod): Nugaal, Ilays and others](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/universities-in-laascaanood.md): Universities in Laascaanood, Sool: Nugaal University (2004), Ilays National University (2012), and branch campuses of Gollis and East Africa University.
- [Private universities in Mogadishu: Indian Ocean, City, Horseed, Jobkey and more](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/private-universities-in-mogadishu.md): Mogadishu's smaller private universities: Indian Ocean University (1993), Horseed (2010), Jobkey (2011), City University (2012), Hope and others, with founding dates and programmes.
- [Garissa University, Kenya: history, courses and the 2015 attack](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/garissa-university.md): Garissa University in north-eastern Kenya: when it opened, what it teaches, who leads it, and the 2 April 2015 attack and court case.
- [University of Djibouti (Université de Djibouti)](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/university-of-djibouti.md): Djibouti's public university: founded 2006, its faculties and institutes, campus at Balbala, student numbers and notable people.
- [Jigjiga University (Jaamacadda Jigjiga), Somali Region of Ethiopia](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/jigjiga-university.md): Jigjiga University in the Somali Region of Ethiopia: founded 2007, its colleges, Somali language institute, staff, students and graduates.
- [Abaarso School of Science and Technology, near Hargeisa](https://calankii.com/en/institutions/abaarso-school.md): Abaarso School near Hargeisa: founded 2009, a selective English-language boarding school whose students win scholarships to top US universities.