# History

Source page: https://calankii.com/en/history/
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

- [Carried the banner: every generation since 1895](https://calankii.com/en/history/carried-the-banner-since-1895.md): Since 1895, when the Sayyid began, every generation of Somalis has carried the banner of one free and prosperous Somalia.
- [What held us back: seven forces that repeat across 130 years](https://calankii.com/en/history/what-held-us-back.md): The same seven forces appear again and again in the Somali record since 1895, and they held back every generation that carried the banner.
- [Timeline: the 1300s to independence in 1960](https://calankii.com/en/history/timeline-1300s-to-1960.md): From Mogadishu's trading towns and the Adal Sultanate to the Somali Youth League and the union of 1 July 1960, these are the dated events that shaped Somali…
- [Medieval and early modern polities, 1300s–1700s (Mogadishu, Ifat/Adal, Ajuran)](https://calankii.com/en/history/medieval-and-early-modern-polities-1300s-1700s.md): Between the 1300s and the 1700s, Somalis lived in rich coastal city-states such as Mogadishu and in large Muslim states such as Adal and Ajuran.
- [Sultanates, the coast and customary law, 1700s–1880s (Geledi, Isaaq, Majeerteen, Hobyo, Bardera, xeer)](https://calankii.com/en/history/sultanates-the-coast-and-customary-law-1700s-1880s.md): From the 1700s to the 1880s, Somalis ran their own sultanates, such as Geledi, Majeerteen, Hobyo and the Isaaq Sultanate, and settled disputes through xeer…
- [Partition, 1884–1926](https://calankii.com/en/history/partition-1884-1926.md): Between 1884 and 1926 the Somali lands were divided into five parts: British Somaliland, French Somaliland (Djibouti), Italian Somaliland, the…
- [Resistance, 1890s–1945 (Banaadir, Dervishes, Hassan Barsane, Sheikh Bashir)](https://calankii.com/en/history/resistance-1890s-1945.md): From the 1890s to 1945, Somalis resisted colonial rule in every part of their land: the Banaadir towns and the Marka hinterland in the south, the Dervish movement of…
- [Fascist rule and the war, 1923–1941](https://calankii.com/en/history/fascist-rule-and-the-war-1923-1941.md): From 1923 to 1941 Fascist Italy ruled southern Somalia by force, ended the last northern sultanates in 1926, and during the Second World War briefly held…
- [Nationalist era, 1943–1960 (SYL, SNL, NUF, HDM)](https://calankii.com/en/history/nationalist-era-1943-1960.md): Between 1943 and 1960 Somalis built the modern movement for unity and independence.
- [Independence and union, 26 June – 1 July 1960](https://calankii.com/en/history/independence-and-union-26-june-1-july-1960.md): On 26 June 1960 British Somaliland became independent, and on 1 July 1960 the former Italian trust territory became independent and the two united as the…
- [Civilian era, 1960–1969](https://calankii.com/en/history/civilian-era-1960-1969.md): From union on 1 July 1960 to the coup of October 1969, Somalia was a civilian democracy that held elections and changed governments peacefully.
- [Siad Barre era, 1969–1991](https://calankii.com/en/history/siad-barre-era-1969-1991.md): From the coup of 21 October 1969 to his fall in January 1991, Siad Barre's military government wrote Somali down, taught millions to read and built roads, th…
- [Collapse, 1991–2000](https://calankii.com/en/history/collapse-1991-2000.md): After Siad Barre fell in January 1991, no one agreed on who would govern. The fronts that removed him split, Mogadishu was divided, famine killed hundreds of…
- [Islamist movements and transitional governments, 2000–2012](https://calankii.com/en/history/islamist-movements-and-transitional-governments-2000-2012.md): From 2000 to 2012 Somalis worked to rebuild a national government through a series of transitional governments, while Islamic courts, armed groups and…
- [1991–1999: Collapse, local peacemaking, UN era and faction talks](https://calankii.com/en/history/rebuilding-1991-1999.md): After the state collapsed in 1991, Somalis rebuilt from the ground up. Elders made peace in the north, business people funded courts and phone and money netw…
- [2000–2006: Transitional governments and the rise of the courts](https://calankii.com/en/history/rebuilding-2000-2006.md): How Somalis rebuilt without a central state, 2000–2006: the local peacemaking, the talks and the governments of the period.
- [2007–2012: Insurgency, Djibouti process, and the end of transition](https://calankii.com/en/history/rebuilding-2007-2012.md): From 2007 to 2012 Somalis and their partners rebuilt a national government step by step.
- [Timeline: the Federal Republic, 2012 to November 2026](https://calankii.com/en/history/timeline-2012-to-2026.md): Newest first: the dated events in Somali politics from the end of the transition in August 2012 to November 2026, each with its source.