# Somalis who came home from abroad: who they are and what they built

> Diaspora Somalis who came home: return numbers, programmes for doctors and civil servants, businesses built, MPs with dual citizenship, frictions, risks.

Source page: https://calankii.com/en/diaspora/diaspora-who-came-home/
Last checked: 2026-11-12
Publisher: Calankii (https://calankii.com)

No official count exists of diaspora Somalis who have come home to live or work. Data on the scale of return "is lacking", the Heritage Institute says ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). What is counted: IOM's MIDA programme brought back over 400 Somali professionals from 17 countries in 20 years ([UN News, 15 Aug 2025](https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/08/1165666)).

This page is about Somalis who lived abroad, often as citizens of other countries, and came back by choice. People sent back against their will are on [Who is sent back to Somalia, and how many?](/en/diaspora/deportations-and-returns/). Refugees returning from camps are counted on [What happened to Somalis after they left?](/en/diaspora/life-after-leaving/).

## How many diaspora Somalis have come home?

No government or UN body publishes a total. The Heritage Institute for Policy Studies (HIPS) found return "rarely permanent but often circular" in its study of Mogadishu, Garowe and Hargeisa ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). That study rested on 29 returnee interviews and three focus groups with people who stayed (same source).

What the studies do measure:

- **Hargeisa:** in a 2010 survey of 40 private investors in [Somaliland](/en/states/somaliland-1991-to-2026/), 53% said they were returnees from abroad ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Of local NGOs, 33% had staff from the diaspora (same source).
- **Minneapolis to Mogadishu:** a University of Minnesota study of 80 returnee interviews found most [Twin Cities Somalis](/en/diaspora/minneapolis-st-paul/) stayed less than a year ([University of Minnesota via EurekAlert, 4 Mar 2015](https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/603855)).

Hansen named this pattern "revolving returnees" in his 2007 study of Somaliland ([Hansen, University of Copenhagen, 2007](https://research.diis.dk/en/publications/revolving-returnees-meanings-and-practices-of-transnational-retur/)). Hammond calls them the "part-time diaspora" ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)).

## When did they come back?

Returns came in waves, starting in the north.

- **Late 1990s, Hargeisa and [Burco](/en/regions/togdheer/):** returns from Europe and North America began to grow, first as short visits to check property ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). One Hargeisa district became known as "Half [London](/en/diaspora/london/)" for its UK returnees (same source).
- **From 2011, Mogadishu:** diaspora members came back to open hospitals, schools, hotels and restaurants as al-Shabaab was pushed back ([VOA, 29 Apr 2015](https://voanews.com/a/somali-hotel-chain-owner-strives-to-make-a-difference/2741899.html)). The government declared Mogadishu "open for business" in 2012 ([The National, 4 Sep 2014](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/back-to-the-future-the-challenges-facing-somalias-returning-diaspora-1.237191)).
- **After 2012:** returns became "increasingly visible", HIPS reported in 2014 ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). By 2015, daily Turkish Airlines flights to Mogadishu were one sign of rising returns ([PRIO, 18 Jun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)).

Western citizenship made return possible, HIPS found, because it allows travel back and forth and evacuation in a crisis ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Return was realistic mainly for people with money and professional networks in Somalia (same source).

## Which programmes brought doctors, teachers and civil servants home?

Most programmes pay diaspora experts for short placements in public bodies, so they can train local staff.

- **QUESTS-MIDA (IOM and UNDP):** placed diaspora experts in public institutions; 126 had been placed by February 2013 ([IOM via ReliefWeb, 22 Feb 2013](https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/iom-somalia-quests-mida-expert-presents-guidelines-%E2%80%98new-deal-process%E2%80%99-aid)). Placements ran from a few months to 18 months ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Backers included the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Finland and Sweden ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)).
- **MIDA FINNSOM (IOM, funded by Finland):** the first phase, July 2008 to December 2009, made 22 health assignments in [Puntland](/en/states/puntland/) and Somaliland ([IOM, 7 Jul 2011](https://www.iom.int/news/somali-diaspora-finland-helps-revitalize-northern-somalias-health-sector)). By January 2019, 159 Somali experts from Finland had worked in Somalia and about 4,000 local workers had been trained ([Finnish Somali League, 24 Jan 2019](https://somaliliitto.fi/en/2019/01/24/finland-and-iom-are-celebrating-their-co-operation-in-health-care-in-somalia/)).
- **MIDA FINNSOM Health and Education, phase 3 (2023 to 2025):** planned 40 diaspora experts and training for at least 40 local professionals and 40 graduates ([EU Global Diaspora Facility](https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/?p=20711)).
- **Connecting Diaspora for Development (CD4D), IOM Netherlands:** 87 assignments in Somalia since 2016, in ministries, Somali National University and Benadir Regional Administration ([CD4D](https://connectingdiaspora.org/countries-cd4d2/somalia/)).
- **All MIDA work in Somalia:** over 400 Somalis from 17 countries in 20 years, in schools, hospitals and ministries ([UN News, 15 Aug 2025](https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/08/1165666)). IOM also lists MIDA projects funded through Italy, JICA, Sida and the African Development Bank ([IOM Somalia](https://somalia.iom.int/mida-projects)).

In 2015 the World Bank wrote that the means for using diaspora skills in government were "still weak", noting mainly QUESTS-MIDA ([World Bank, Project Appraisal Document 97861-SO, 2015](https://cip.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/PROJECT-APPRAISAL-DOCUMENT-PAD-JUL-2015.pdf)).

## What did the work achieve in hospitals?

The Finnish programme's hospital results were reported by city in 2019 ([Finnish Somali League, 24 Jan 2019](https://somaliliitto.fi/en/2019/01/24/finland-and-iom-are-celebrating-their-co-operation-in-health-care-in-somalia/)):

- **Hargeisa:** newborn deaths at Hargeisa Central Hospital fell from 24% to 5%. Dialysis, intensive care and dental units were set up.
- **Garowe:** a newborn unit at [Garowe General Hospital](/en/society/hospitals-by-city/) cut monthly newborn deaths from 70 to 3 by late 2016.
- **Mogadishu:** patients at Yardimel Hospital rose from 800 to 4,000 in 2017 to 2018.

## What businesses and institutions did returnees build?

In Somaliland, returnees own most of the larger hotels and restaurants, a 2015 study found ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). They are major shareholders in money transfer and telephone companies, and one opened a Coca-Cola franchise (same source).

Documented examples, by organisation:

- **The Village restaurants, Mogadishu:** opened by a chef who returned from London; by 2015 the chain employed over 100 people in Mogadishu ([VOA, 29 Apr 2015](https://voanews.com/a/somali-hotel-chain-owner-strives-to-make-a-difference/2741899.html)).
- **First Somali Bank, Mogadishu:** opened in May 2012 with about US$2 million by a businessman back from 24 years in the US ([How We Made It In Africa, 18 Jun 2012](https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/p/opening-a-bank-in-somalia-not-a-crazy-idea-says-businessman)). Bank details are on [Banks](/en/economy/banks/).
- **Hargeisa International Book Fair:** held every year since 2008 by organisers based abroad, with dozens of diaspora volunteers ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)).
- **[Edna Adan University Hospital](/en/institutions/edna-adan-hospital/), Hargeisa:** opened in 1998 by Somaliland's first trained midwife; it hosts diaspora volunteer and trainee health workers (same source).
- **Iftiin Foundation, Mogadishu:** founded in 2012 by returnees to teach young people leadership and link entrepreneurs to funders ([The National, 4 Sep 2014](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/back-to-the-future-the-challenges-facing-somalias-returning-diaspora-1.237191)).

Smaller ventures in Mogadishu included taxi firms, gyms, estate agents, florists and dry cleaners ([PRIO, 18 Jun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)). Most returnees, though, work in government and non-profit groups, HIPS found ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Wider investment rules are on [Investing in Somalia](/en/economy/investing-in-somalia/).

## How many returnees serve in government?

- **Federal parliament:** 105 of 275 MPs in the 10th Parliament held a second citizenship, down from 198 in the 9th ([Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative, 19 Jan 2017](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/somalia-number-of-mps-with-dual-citizenship-falls-from-198-to-105/)). The largest groups were British (29), American (22) and Kenyan (10), by the Wakiil database count (same source).
- **Senate:** 20 of 54 senators are returned diaspora, a 2026 analysis reports ([African Arguments, 11 Aug 2026](https://africanarguments.org/?p=48185)).
- **Prime ministers:** every prime minister from 2000 to 2022 reportedly held Western dual citizenship (same source).
- **Somaliland:** in 2011, people in Hargeisa estimated that 20% to 30% of MPs came from the diaspora ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). Half of the first cabinet formed after the 2010 election were returnees (same source).

The federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs set up a Department of Diaspora Affairs in October 2013 ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Somaliland's Diaspora Agency and Puntland's Diaspora Department both date from 2010 (same source). The federal department now offers investment help and support for return migrants ([Ministry of Foreign Affairs](https://web.mfa.gov.so/diaspora-overview/)).

## Can a Somali keep a second citizenship?

Yes, under the 2012 Provisional Constitution. Article 8(3) says a Somali citizen "cannot be deprived of Somali citizenship, even if they become a citizen of another country" ([Provisional Constitution, 2012](https://hrlibrary.law.umn.edu/research/Somalia-Constitution2012.pdf)).

The constitution approved on 4 March 2026 bars the president, prime minister, speaker and chief justice from holding another citizenship ([Anadolu Agency, 4 Mar 2026](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/somali-parliament-approves-new-constitution/3850086)). Ordinary MPs may still hold two ([African Arguments, 11 Aug 2026](https://africanarguments.org/?p=48185)). In July 2026 the President told ministers to give up foreign passports or resign, the same analysis reports.

In Somaliland, Citizenship Law No. 22 of 2002 lets a citizen by birth take another nationality without losing Somaliland citizenship ([Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/somaliland-citizenship-law-2002/)). Passport rules are on [The Somali passport](/en/states/somali-passport/).

## How do returnees and those who stayed get along?

People who stayed often welcome returnees and value years of money sent home, HIPS found ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). It named three sources of tension: a perceived sense of superiority, job advantages, and living apart in safer areas (same source).

- **Jobs and pay:** Hargeisa students told a researcher in 2012 that returnees "take our jobs" and push up rents ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)). The same students said returnees bring skills and investment (same source).
- **Prices:** return has pushed up prices and salaries, and some businesses serve mainly diaspora customers ([PRIO, 18 Jun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)). A US$10 to US$15 meal is out of reach for most residents ([The National, 4 Sep 2014](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/back-to-the-future-the-challenges-facing-somalias-returning-diaspora-1.237191)).
- **Commitment:** people who stayed read circular return as a lack of commitment ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Returnees, in turn, said local people did not value their efforts ([World Bank, 2015](https://cip.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/PROJECT-APPRAISAL-DOCUMENT-PAD-JUL-2015.pdf)).

Returnees often come to be called "locals" within months, HIPS noted ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Teenagers sent back by diaspora parents to learn the culture are called *dhaqan ceelis* ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)).

## What risks do returnees face?

[Al-Shabaab](/en/history/al-shabaab/) issued specific threats against diaspora returnees, HIPS reported in 2014 ([HIPS, 2014](https://heritageinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/HIPS_Policy_Brief_007-2014_ENGLISH.pdf)). Diaspora businesses such as the Village restaurant were deliberately targeted ([PRIO, 18 Jun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)).

- **Mogadishu, September 2012:** a bombing at the Village restaurant killed 15, including three journalists; many diaspora returnees were among the dead and wounded ([Al Jazeera, 21 Sep 2012](https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2012/9/21/blast-cripples-somalias-lively-spot)).
- **Kismayo, 12 July 2019:** an al-Shabaab attack on the Asasey Hotel killed 26, among them a Somali-Canadian journalist and two Americans ([PBS NewsHour/AP, 13 Jul 2019](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/world/somali-forces-end-extremist-siege-of-kismayo-hotel-26-dead)).

Other risks are weak legal protection, little bank lending and almost no insurance ([PRIO, 18 Jun 2015](https://www.prio.org/comments/328)). Many programme experts left after placements because they could not move their families back ([Hammond, 2015](https://www.ceris.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Diaspora-returnees-to-Somaliland-LauraHammond-2015.pdf)).

## What else has been reported?

- **IOM placements:** [IOM Somalia](/en/institutions/iom-somalia/)'s projects page says 186 diaspora advisors have been placed in 31 Somali institutions, for 3 to 18 months each; the page is undated ([IOM Somalia, projects](https://somalia.iom.int/projects)). A 2016 IOM outreach report gave 415 diaspora experts in more than 80 public institutions across Puntland, Somaliland and south-central Somalia ([Hiiraan Online, October 2016](https://hiiraan.com/news4/2016/Oct/118359/iom_reaches_out_to_somali_diaspora_through_outreach_program.aspx)).
- **National Diaspora Policy:** an EU diaspora-for-development factsheet says Somalia ratified its National Diaspora Policy in 2023 ([EUDiF, Somalia factsheet, 2024](https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/CF_Somalia-v.1.pdf)). The state news agency later reported the foreign ministry still finalising consultations before taking the policy to the Council of Ministers ([SONNA](https://sonna.so/en/state-minister-for-foreign-affairs-gives-directions-on-finalizing-the-national-diaspora-policy-consultation)). The two accounts conflict.

## Related pages

- [What happened to Somalis after they left?](/en/diaspora/life-after-leaving/)
- [Who is sent back to Somalia, and how many?](/en/diaspora/deportations-and-returns/)
- [What did Somalis leave behind when they fled?](/en/diaspora/what-somalis-left-behind/)
- [Remittances in numbers](/en/economy/remittances-in-numbers/)
- [Investing in Somalia](/en/economy/investing-in-somalia/)
- [Banks](/en/economy/banks/)
- [The Somali passport](/en/states/somali-passport/)

## Sources

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27. EU Global Diaspora Facility (EUDiF). Somalia diaspora engagement factsheet. 2024. https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/CF_Somalia-v.1.pdf. Checked 2026-11-12.
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